In a chromatography quantitative measuring apparatus according to the present invention, a beam applied from a light source to a chromatography test strip is formed into an elliptical shape by an optical means such as a cylindrical lens, a variation in absorbance that accompanies elution of a marker regent is detected while the elliptical beam is applied between a marker reagent hold part and a detection part, and a measurement is automatically started in a prescribed period of time since the detection of variation. According to the chromatography quantitative measuring apparatus so configured, non-uniform coloration is reduced by shaping the beam elliptically with the optical means, whereby the accuracy of quantitative analysis is enhanced, and the apparatus can be operated easily.

Hereinafter, a description will be given of a spectrophotometer as a conventional chromatography quantitative measuring apparatus. FIG. 25(a) is a diagram schematically illustrating the configuration of the conventional reflective spectrophotometer, and FIG. 25(b) is a diagram illustrating the constitution of a chromatography test strip.
In FIG. 25(a), an optical beam 11 emitted from a lamp 1 is input to a diffraction grating 3 via a reflector 2. The optical beam 11 input to the diffraction grating 3 is selected thereby for its light wavelength, and the optical beam 11 is narrowed by an aperture 4 and input to a glass plate 5. The optical beam 11 reflected at the glass plate 5 is received by a first photomultiplier tube 7 as a reference beam 6. On the other hand, the optical beam 11 transmitted through the glass plate 5 is applied to a part of a chromatography test strip 8, and a scattering light 9 from the chromatography test strip 8 is received by a second photomultiplier tube 10. Output signals from the first photomultiplier tube 7 and the second photomultiplier tube 10 are respectively subjected to Log transformation, and a value obtained by subtracting a Log transformed value for the second photomultiplier tube 10 from a Log transformed value for the first photomultiplier tube 7 is output as an absorbance signal.
As shown in FIG. 25(b), the immuno-chromatography test strip 8 utilizing an antigen antibody reaction comprises an application part 81 where a liquid sample as an inspection target solution is applied, a marker reagent hold part 82 which holds a marker reagent which is moved by permeation of the liquid sample and has a substance that is specifically bounded to an analysis target included in the liquid which flows therein, a detection part 83 where the marker reagent and the analysis target are bounded and immobilized, a part for absorbing the sample which flows therein, and a remaining base part 84.
An operation of the so-configured chromatography quantitative measuring apparatus will be described.
First, when an inspection target solution is applied to the application part 81, the inspection target solution is developed on a development layer 85. At this time, when the inspection target solution reaches the marker reagent hold part 82, a marker reagent is eluted and specifically bonded to an analysis target included in the inspection target solution. Then, this bounded material is immobilized at the detection part 83, and a non-immobilized residual marker reagent flows downstream of the development layer 85 without being immobilized.
Next, as shown in FIG. 25(a), a beam is applied to the chromatography test strip 8 from the light source 1 so as to measure the concentration of the analysis target included in the inspection target solution. A previously-calculated calibration curve indicates a relationship between the difference between the absorbance signal at the base part 84 of the chromatography test strip 8 and the absorbance signal at the detection part 83, and the concentration of a sample to be measured. The concentration of the sample is calculated by detecting the difference between the absorbance signal at the base part 84 and that at the detection part 83.
While analysis by immuno-chromatography is generally qualitative, a method of quantitative analysis has also been developed. For example, Japanese Published Patent Application No. Hei. 8-240591 discloses a method by which the degree of coloration is quantitatively measured by measuring signals of absorbance, reflection, and the like at a coloration part on a test strip employing a spectrophotometer after a sample is applied to the immuno-chromatography test strip and a reaction is caused thereon. Further, Japanese Published Patent Application No. Hei. 11-142338 discloses a method by which the absorbance at the coloration part is measured without influence of outside light by using a light emitting diode as a light source.
However, in the conventional chromatography quantitative measuring apparatus, which has no problem with respect to immuno-chromatography for qualitative analysis, in the case of quantitative analysis, when, for example, a liquid sample including cellular components, such as blood, is to be analyzed, the viscosity of the liquid sample or the existence of cellular components generates partial clogging, resulting in non-uniform coloration at the base part of the immuno-chromatography test strip. Thus, as the concentration is obtained by the difference between the absorbance signal at the base part and that at the detection part, when an error is generated due to the non-uniform coloration at the base part according to the position where a beam is applied, a quantitative measurement is disturbed. Further, when a spectrophotometer which uses a lamp as a light source is used, it is difficult to reduce the size and cost of the apparatus.
Further, in the above-described conventional chromatography quantitative measuring apparatus, since the inspection target solution is slowly developed on the development layer 85, a value of a detection signal is gradually varied with time at the detection part 83 of the chromatography test strip 8. That is, in order to obtain a more stable measurement result, it is important to manage time to perform a measurement. In the conventional measurement using a spectrophotometer, there is no function of managing time, and as a result, an inspector has to manage time manually, which causes trouble in a measurement operation. Further, there is sometimes a test strip on which a normal measurement is disturbed according to the inspection target solution or a state of the chromatography test strip 8. In the conventional measurement using a spectrophotometer, there is no function of detecting the state of the inspection target solution or the chromatography test strip 8, and as a result, an inspector has to judge the state manually, which causes trouble in a measurement operation. Furthermore, since a marker reagent remains at the marker reagent hold part 82 of the chromatography test strip 8 even after its elution, influences of the residual marker reagent must be reduced in order to enhance the accuracy of a quantitative measurement. However, in the conventional measurement using a spectrophotometer, there is no function of recognizing the residual marker reagent, and as a result, an inspector has to recognize it manually, which causes trouble in a measurement operation.
Further, an immuno-chromatography test strip for a qualitative or semi-quantitative measurement is generally put in a hollow casing and discarded together with the casing when an inspection is ended. For example, in Japanese Published Patent Applications No. Hei. 1-503174 and No. Hei. 6-180320, methods are disclosed in which a casing 90 with an injection part 91 through which a liquid sample is applied to the immuno-chromatography test strip, and an aperture 92 for observing a coloration part are provided, and the degree of coloration is visually judged as an inspection result, as shown in FIG. 25(c). Further, in immuno-chromatography quantitative analysis for measuring the degree of coloration by a multi-purpose spectrophotometer, there is no problem in employing the casing when the frequency of measurements is low. However, when a quantitative measurement is performed frequently for the purpose of clinical examination or the like, there is a problem of the cost of the casing and a storage space to be secured. On the other hand, when the quantitative measurement is performed by solely employing the immuno-chromatography test strip without the casing, the test strip is put on a measurement table of the spectrophotometer directly, so that a sample adheres to a measuring apparatus. Furthermore, the test strip must be attached to the measuring apparatus precisely so that a beam is accurately applied to the base part and the detection part.
The present invention is made to solve the above-mentioned problems. Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a chromatography quantitative measuring apparatus which makes highly accurate immuno-chromatography quantitative analysis possible and realizes a reduction in the size and cost of the apparatus, a chromatography quantitative measuring apparatus which improves operationality thereof, or a chromatography quantitative measuring apparatus which enhances the accuracy of a quantitative measurement.

Device for chromatographic quantitative measurement


A glass furnace for continuous operation, including a melting tank for containing a glass melt, and at least one magnetic actuator configured to generate a time-varying magnetic field suitable for moving a stirring body immersed in the glass melt.

Glass melting is an energy- and capital-intensive process. The melting energy needed to convert mixed raw material (bulk) into fully molten and refined glass ranges from 0.6 to 1 MWh/ton. Today's glass furnaces operate with a thermal efficiency around 45%, so that, in other words, more energy is released into the environment than is used to convert the raw materials to molten glass. Further, a typical fuel-fired floating glass furnace has a lifetime of about 5 to 15 years. With such limited lifetime, the average time for which the glass melt must be retained in the furnace, 5 to 10 hours, is relatively long and not satisfactory from a productivity point of view. If the thermal efficiency of the process can be improved and/or the retention time can be reduced, considerable savings will ensue.
With regard to the retention time, the state of the art includes various attempts to homogenize the glass melt at a faster pace. Such attempts include electromagnetic stirring (EMS) technology by means of externally applied Lorentz forces. While solid silicate-type glass like its raw materials (batch) are dielectric in solid form, with a resistance of about 1011 to 1013 Ω×m, a glass melt at 1500° C. is weakly electrically conductive due to the presence of mobile ions, such as Na+ and K+. The resistivity of the glass melt may vary from 0.001 to 0.1 Ω×m depending on the temperature and the concentration of alkali metal oxides (Na2O, K2O) and divalent metal oxides (PbO, CaO, BaO, MgO). This weak conductivity is sufficient to allow satisfactory EMS in small, electrically heated glass melt crucibles. However, since the glass melt is relatively resistive—with a resistivity about 104 times that of molten iron—the EMS produces significant excess heat.
An alternative prior art approach, so-called melting boosting, is suitable for larger fuel-heated furnaces as well. It includes heating the glass melt locally using vertical electrodes. Such heating is normally localized to regions far from the main heat source and/or where it may stimulate thermal convection efficiently.
An interesting problem is to reduce the average retention time in a glass furnace (of any industrially applicable size) by improving the flow circulation. Another desirable aim is to reduce the statistical variation of the retention time in a continuous glass furnace, which would then allow an increase of the flow speed without jeopardizing the quality of the final product.

Continuous glass melting tank with an immersed stirring body


A method for generating a pulse-position-modulated signal. The signal includes a temporal succession of waveforms among Ns waveforms obtained by time shift that is an integer multiple of an elementary time duration Tc. The method includes the following steps executed for a k rank symbol among Ns symbols: obtaining, a set of N modulation coefficients cl(k), a modulation coefficient of index n, cn(k), being expressed as the product of a reference modulation coefficient cn(r) coming from the Fourier series decomposition of a reference waveform associated with a symbol of rank r multiplied by a phase shift term the argument of which is proportional to n; and generating M temporal samples of a k-th waveform carrying the symbol of rank k by Fourier transformation of said set of N modulation coefficients cl(k).

Connected things, which are presented as being "the Internet third revolution" are now becoming increasingly prevalent in all fields of daily and corporate life. Most of these things are intended for the production of data through their integrated sensors in order to give value-added services to their owners.
The very applications concerned are such that these connected things are mainly nomadic things. In particular, they should be capable of transmitting data produced regularly or at request to a distant user.
To this end, long-range radio transmission of the mobile cellular radio type (2G/3G/4G, etc.) has been a technology of choice. This technology has indeed made it possible to benefit from efficient network coverage in most countries.
However, the nomadic aspect of these things is often accompanied a need for energy autonomy. Now, even when based on the most energy-efficient mobile cellular radio technology, these connected things presently show consumption levels that rule out large-scale deployment at reasonable costs.
Faced with the problems of consumption by radio links for such nomadic applications, novel low-consumption radio technologies and low-bit-rate radio technologies, specifically dedicated to the "Internet of Things" networks, i.e. radio technologies for networks known as LPWAN (low-power wide-area networks), are now appearing. More particularly, these emerging technologies may be classified under two categories:                on the one hand, there are proprietary technologies such as for example the technology of the company Sigfox®, or the LoRa® technique or again the technology of the firm Qowisio®. In practice, these non-standardized technologies all rely on the use of the "industrial, scientific and medical" (or ISM) frequency band and on the regulations associated with its use;        on the other hand, there are several technologies promoted by standardizing organizations. For example, we can cite three technologies that are being standardized with the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project): NB-IoT (Narrow Band—Internet of Things), LTE MTC (Long Term Evolution—Machine Type Communication) and EC-GPRS (Extended Coverage General Packet Radio Service).
In this context, it appears that there is a risk that different technologies dedicated to data transmission for connected things might coexist, as is presently the case with cell-type communications.
Now, since the problems and issues related to the cost and autonomy of things are preponderant, there is a need to develop optimized solutions that make it possible to support different types of modulations, whether at transmission or at reception, in order to prevent approaches that superimpose different existing technologies and that lead to solutions that are costly and inefficient in terms of energy consumption.
Besides, certain operators such as Bouygues® or Orange® in France, have already taken to the LoRa® technology to deploy their networks dedicated to connected things.
There is therefore a need for a new technique enabling a multi-mode approach whether it is at transmission or at reception, especially adapted to the PPM modulation used by the LoRa® technology.

Method for generating a pulse-position-modulated signal, demodulation method and corresponding computer program product and devices


Disclosed is an image heating apparatus. The image heating apparatus includes a rotatable heating member for heating an image on a recording material in a nip portion, and a heating unit for heating the heating member from the outside thereof. With this structure, a warm-up time period or a first print-out time period can be reduced, and low power consumption can be accomplished. Further, satisfactory image quality can be realized with no heating (fixing) irregularity. The heating member has a low thermal conductive elastic layer, and a heat storage layer outside the low thermal conductive elastic layer to have a volume heat capacity larger than the low thermal conductive elastic layer. A heat capacity of the heat storage layer per unit surface area of a fixing member is in a range of 100 J/m2K to 600 J/m2K.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image heating apparatus adapted for use as a heat fixing apparatus to be mounted on an image forming apparatus, such as a printer or a copying machine, utilizing electrophotography technology or electrostatic recording technology.
In addition, the present invention relates to a rotatable heating member that is employed by the image heating apparatus.
As such an image heating apparatus, there are a fixing apparatus for fixing an unfixed image on a recording material, a glossiness enhancing apparatus for increasing a glossiness of an image by heating an image fixed on a recording material, and so on, for example.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the image forming apparatus, a fixing apparatus is used in order to heat and fix an unfixed toner image formed and carried on a recording material to the recording material. As such a fixing apparatus, the fixing apparatus of a contact heating type is widely used. In the contact heating type fixing apparatus, a rotatable heating member (hereinafter, referred to as fixing roller) heated at a predetermined temperature is brought into contact with the recording material in a nip portion. In this way, the unfixed toner image on the recording material is heated and fixed to the recording medium so as to form a fixed image.
The fixing roller may be heated by one of an inside heating type and an outside heating type (surface heating type). In the internal heating type, a heating unit (heat source: heater) is disposed in the fixing roller, and the fixing roller is heated from the inside thereof so as to heat the surface of the fixing roller at a predetermined fixing temperature. In the outside heating type, a heating unit is disposed outside the fixing roller, and the fixing roller is heated from the outside thereof so as to heat the surface of the fixing roller at a predetermined fixing temperature.
The outside heating type fixing apparatus heats the fixing roller from the outside thereof by a heating unit of a small heat capacity, such as a heat roller of a small diameter having a small ceramic heater or a halogen heater. According to the outside heating type fixing apparatus, it is possible to rapidly increase the surface temperature of the fixing roller, thereby reducing a warm-up time period, as compared with the internal heating type fixing apparatus.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H06-075491 discusses a fixing roller (heat roller) for outside heating configured to reduce a time period required to increase temperature to a fixable temperature. That is, the fixing roller includes a core metal, a heat insulating layer, a heat transfer layer, and a surface layer (toner release layer). The heat insulating layer is made of silicon rubber to have elasticity at the outer periphery of the core metal. The heat transfer layer is made of a metallic material to have a thickness of 5 μm to 100 μm at the outer periphery of the heat insulating layer. The surface layer is made of fluorine resin to have a thickness of 5 μm to 30 μm at the outer periphery of the heat transfer layer.
The fixing roller has elasticity, such that a high-quality image with no fixing irregularity can be formed. In addition, the surface of the fixing roller is heated, and thus even if the elastic layer is provided below the surface layer of the fixing roller, it is possible to rapidly increase the surface temperature of the fixing roller.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-123117 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-317788 discuss a construction that a high thermal conductive silicon rubber layer is disposed between a heat insulating elastic layer and a release layer.
By increasing thermal conductivity near the surface layer of the fixing roller, heat from an external heating unit is easily transferred, and thus the surface temperature of the fixing roller is rapidly increased. Therefore, a warm-up time period can be reduced.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-101865 discusses an image forming apparatus including a fixing member and a pressure member pressed into contact with the fixing member, a recording material being heated in a pressure nip portion pinched therein. Each of the fixing member and the pressure member is provided with a heat insulating elastic layer, a high thermal conductive silicon rubber layer, and a high thermal conductive release layer. A heat roller serving as an external heating unit comes into contact with the fixing member and the pressure member. Then, heat is applied to both sides of the recording material, that is, a side on which an unfixed toner is carried (hereinafter, this is referred to as a foreside, and the other side is referred to as a backside), and the backside.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-101865 also defines thermal conductivity of a high thermal conductive solid rubber layer and a heat insulating elastic layer in order to reduce the warm-up time period. With this construction, the warm-up time period can be reduced not more than 60 seconds.
In the outside heating type, however, a heating unit is not provided in the image forming apparatus, or only the fixing roller is provided with a heating unit. Accordingly, if the fixing roller and the pressure member have small heat capacity in order to reduce the warm-up time period, the following problems may occur.
That is, when the fixing roller that is not provided with a heat source therein comes into contact with the recording material to transfer heat thereto, the surface temperature of the fixing roller is decreased. For this reason, if the surface of the fixing roller is not heated by the heating unit at a significantly high temperature, a sufficient heat amount may not be applied to the recording material.
The available surface temperature of the fixing roller surface is limited to be not more than a predetermined temperature in view of heat resistance of the fixing roller, a temperature detection element, and a safety element. For example, even if silicon rubber having high heat resistance is used for the elastic layer of the fixing roller, when the fixing roller is successively used at high temperature of not less than 230° C., rubber is deteriorated and may be destroyed. The fixing roller needs to secure a sufficient heat amount required for heating and fixing in the fixing nip portion at a temperature less than 230° C.
If a high thermal conductive layer is provided near the surface of the fixing roller, a temperature near the fixing roller can be effectively increased by the heating unit. In this case, however, if the surface temperature of the fixing roller required for heating and fixing is excessively high, the fixing roller may not be used safely and stably.
For this reason, if heat capacity near the surface of the fixing roller is not appropriate, in addition to internal heat insulation performance and high thermal conductivity near the surface, the fixing roller may not store a heat amount required for heating and fixing toner to the recording material.
The discussions on the known outside heating type fixing apparatus have not suggested the appropriate heat capacity near the surface of the fixing roller.
The discussions on the known outside heating type fixing apparatus relate to a heating apparatus in which the warm-up time period is approximately 60 seconds. At present, there is a need for an image heating apparatus in which power is not consumed during a standby state, and it takes a short time period from when a print signal is received until the recording material on which an unfixed toner image is formed is heated and fixed. This time period is usually not more than 20 seconds.
A low thermal conductive layer is provided in the fixing roller, and the fixing roller is heated from the surface thereof. However, the expected warm-up time period is so long that heat reaches the inside of the fixing roller, not only the surface thereof. In this case, it is not taken into consideration that heating and fixing are performed with a heat amount stored near only the surface of the fixing roller within a shot warm-up time period of not more than 20 seconds.
The known outside heating type heat fixing apparatus has not been embodied as an apparatus that does not consume power during the standby state, sufficiently reduces the time period from when the print signal is received until the recording material on which the unfixed toner image is formed is heated and fixed, and achieves sufficient fixing performance for the recording material.
The time period from when the print signal is received until the recording material on which the unfixed toner image is formed is heat fixed is hereinafter referred to as a first print-out time period.

Image heating apparatus and rotatable heating member used for the same


A fluid closing action dampened shutoff valve for closing a high pressure fluid conductor is formed by a valve body interposed in a high pressure fluid conductor. The valve body contains a valve seat and a normally open valve for seating on the seat and interrupting fluid flow through the valve body in response to fluid pressure above a predetermined value in the conductor. The valve includes a stem slidably supported by and projecting, at one end portion, outwardly of the body. An end plate is secured to the body by posts in axially spaced relation with respect to the valve stem and axially supports a dashpot on the valve stem and a pressure collapsible rod-like pin axially interposed between the dashpot and the end plate.

This invention relates to control of fluid in relatively high pressure fluid conducting lines and more particularly to a cushioned closing action shutoff valve.
1. Field of the Invention
A globe or single seat type valve interposed in a relatively high pressure fluid conducting pipe line, when moved to a closed position by high pressure fluid collapsing a pressure responsive pin the valve in the globe or single seat type valve moves from a fluid passageway fully open position to a completely closed fluid passageway position in milliseconds.
If the fluid in the line is a gas this presents no problem, however, if the fluid is a liquid this sudden flow stoppage of fluid in a line of several miles in length creates tremendous pressure in the pipeline which may equal twice the pressure which caused the valve to close in the first place. This excessive pressure as a result of a globe or single seat type valve closing quickly is highly undesirable.
This invention solves this problem by dampening the movement of the valve toward its seat in a closing action.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The most pertinent patents are believed to be my U.S. Pat. No. 5,067,511 issued Nov. 26, 1991 for HIGH PRESSURE FLUID EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN VALVE.
This patent features a valve body connected with a fluid conductor in which a valve moved toward its seat by fluid pressure includes an elongated valve stem projecting through a valve bonnet to collapse a pin due to fluid pressure on the unbalanced valve stem area referenced to atmospheric pressure giving an axial force to buckle the restraining pin for permitting the valve to close with its seat and stop fluid flow through the valve body.
This invention provides a valve body similarly having a valve fluid pressure moved toward its seat in which the valve has an elongated stem connected with a dashpot which cushions valve impact on its seat in response to high pressure fluid collapsing a pin and moving the valve to close with its seat.

Dashpot dampened high pressure fluid shutoff valve


Electrical parasitic parameters can lead to reflections and switching noise in a circuit causing signal distortions. A stripline configuration semiconductor device (10) can be manufactured to reduce the overall parasitic parameters, especially inductance, of a device. In one embodiment, a semiconductor die (12) having a grounded backside (20) is directly bonded with an electrically conductive adhesive (22) to a metal base (16), thus grounding the metal base. The die is also electrically connected to a leadframe (14) by wire bonds (24). An electrically insulating adhesive (28) is used to seal a metal lid (18) to the metal base with the die and leadframe disposed between the lid and base, thus forming a protective package body. The lid is grounded to a ground lead (26) of the leadframe with a solder bridge (30). An additional advantage to having a metal package body is that it provides shielding for the device.

In any semiconductor device, the electrical parameters of capacitance and inductance are always present and cause signal delays in addition to signal distortions. These electrical parameters are considered parasitic parameters. All signal lines have a certain capacitance; they store an electric charge when a voltage is applied. To change the voltage, the amount of charge must be changed by the flow of electric current. This flow causes the buildup of a magnetic field that induces voltage into the current-carrying line (self-inductance), resisting the current flow, and into the other lines in the proximity of line being switched (mutual-inductance) causing a current flow there. The time during which the signal transits from its old value to the new value is limited by the current flow. Thus, the transition time increases with increasing capacitance. Shorter transition times improve performance.
The design of faster devices is concerned with the reduction of the device input capacitance and with the reduction of the driving impedance. The packaging of these devices can control the signal line capacitance to the reference plane, line self-inductance, and interline capacitances and inductances. Consequently, it can control the signal distortions and the appearance of unwanted interferences.
One internal cause of degradation as the signal propagates through the package are reflections. Signal reflections can increase transition time in a circuit. Reflections may also split the signal into two or more pulses with the potential of causing erroneous switching in subsequent circuits. Therefore, it is desirable to control signal reflections.
As semiconductor device technology advances wherein devices are operating at higher speeds and the number of inputs/outputs (I/Os) simultaneously switching increases, the need to control inductance in a semiconductor device becomes more critical to control simultaneous switching noise. Switching noise is an induced voltage on the power distribution system at the circuit terminals caused by the rapidly changing current caused by the simultaneous switching of many drivers.
Switching noise is directly proportional to slew rate and is caused by the inherent inductance of the power and ground lines. The higher the inductance, the higher the change in current. It is desirable to have low power and ground inductances to reduce the slew rate magnitude, thus reducing simultaneous switching noise.
Simultaneous switching noise is a problem in any package that has a large power and/or ground inductance. In packaging design considerations, switching signal I/Os should be sandwiched between two planes, for example, two ground planes or a power and ground plane, thus providing low inductance paths for switching currents during both low to high and high to low logic transitions. The effective inductance of a switching circuit is a function of self and mutual inductance. Inductance of package interconnects affects both noise and speed characteristics of a packaged semiconductor device.
A stripline sandwiches a conductor between two planes, either power or ground. The conductor is further separated from the two planes by a dielectric, so that the resulting structure is that of a conductor sandwiched by a dielectric further sandwiched by two planes. In a stripline configuration, the inductance of the conductor can be reduced to approximately 30% of its original inductance.

Shielded stripline configuration semiconductor device and method for making the same


The invention is directed to a method of synthesising silicoaluminophosphate and aluminophosphate molecular sieves using synthesis templates that contain at least one template of general formula R1R2N—R3, wherein R1 and R2 are independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and hydroxyalkyl groups having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; R3 is selected from the group consisting of 4- to 8-membered cycloalkyl groups, optionally substituted by 1 to 3 alkyl groups having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, and 4- to 8-membered heterocyclic groups having from 1 to 3 heteroatoms, said heterocyclic groups being optionally substituted by 1 to 3 alkyl groups having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and the heteroatoms in said heterocyclic groups being selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S. In particular, the present invention relates to the synthesis of silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves of the CHA framework type having a low silicon to aluminium atomic ratio.

Olefins are traditionally produced from petroleum feedstock by catalytic or steam cracking processes. These cracking processes, especially steam cracking, produce light olefin(s) such as ethylene and/or propylene from a variety of hydrocarbon feedstock. It has been known for some time that oxygenates, especially alcohols, e.g. methanol, are convertible into light olefin(s). The preferred methanol conversion process is generally referred to as a methanol-to-olefin(s) process, where methanol is converted to primarily ethylene and propylene in the presence of a molecular sieve.
Some of the most useful molecular sieves for converting methanol to olefin(s) are the metalloaluminophosphates such as the silicoaluminophosphates (SAPO's). There are a wide variety of SAPO molecular sieves known in the art, of these the more important examples include SAPO-5, SAPO-11, SAPO-18, SAPO-34, SAPO-35, SAPO-41, and SAPO-56. For the methanol-to-olefins process SAPO molecular sieves having the CHA framework and especially SAPO-34 are particularly important catalysts. The CHA framework type has a double six-ring structure in an ABC stacking arrangement. The pore openings of the structure are defined by eight member rings that have a diameter of about 4.0 Å, and cylindrical cages within the structure of approximately 10×6.7 Å ("Atlas of Zeolite Framework Types", 2001, 5th Edition, p. 96). Other SAPO molecular sieves of CHA framework type include SAPO-44, SAPO-47 and ZYT-6.
The synthesis of SAPO molecular sieves is a complicated process. There are a number of variables that need to be controlled in order to optimise the synthesis in terms of purity, yield and quality of the SAPO molecular sieve produced. A particularly important variable is the choice of synthesis template, which usually determines which SAPO framework type is obtained from the synthesis. U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,440 (Wilson et al.) teaches that "not all templating agents suitably employed in the preparation of certain species . . . are suitable for the preparation of all members of the generic class." It is also well known that the same template may induce the formation of different framework types.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,871 (Lok et al.), the synthesis of a wide variety of SAPO materials of various framework types is described with a number of specific examples. Also disclosed are a large number of possible organic templates, with some specific examples. In the specific examples a number of CHA framework type materials are described. The preparation of SAPO-34 is reported, using tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH), or isopropylamine, or mixtures of TEAOH and dipropylamine (DPA) as templates. Also disclosed is a specific example that utilizes cyclohexylamine in the preparation of SAPO-44. Although other template materials are described, there are no other templates indicated as being suitable for preparing SAPO's of CHA framework type.
Since the synthesis of SAPO-34 was reported in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,871, tetraethylammonium hydroxide (TEAOH) either alone, or in combination with dipropylamine (DPA), has been the preferred template for preparing SAPO-34. However, there are problems associated with the use of TEAOH and DPA. When used alone, TEAOH affords a limited range of synthesis parameters. For example, under certain conditions TEAOH will also template the synthesis of SAPO-18 which has the AEI framework type. TEAOH is thus relatively intolerant to synthesis condition variations. TEAOH is sometimes combined with DPA. However, DPA has a low boiling point (110° C.) resulting in the need for production plants that can handle high pressures. In certain countries, the use of DPA requires special regulatory authorizations due to its toxicity. Also, DPA is an aggressive template and is often implicated in re-dissolution of the silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve during its synthesis, resulting in poor quality crystalline product due to surface pitting of the crystals. Finally, it has proved difficult up to now to make pure phase CHA silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieves with a low silicon to aluminium atomic ratio.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,871, it was reported that SAPO-44 was obtained "as the major phase" using cyclohexylamine as a template. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,415 (Liu, et al.), relatively pure CHA SAPO-44 was obtained using the same template but with control of the ratio of template to aluminium source and the ratio of phosphorous source to aluminium source.
In European Patent Publication No. EP 0 993 867, it was reported that the use of methylbutylamine resulted in SAPO-47 and the use of cyclohexylamine resulted in impure SAPO-44. Methylbutylamine has an even lower boiling point, at 91° C., than DPA.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,861,739 (Pellet, et al.), Example 102, it was reported that the use of N,N-diethylethanolamine produced CoAPSO-47 having Si concentrated on the peripheries of the crystal and Co at the center.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,440 (Wilson et al.), triethanolamine, N,N-dimethylethanolamine, N,N-diethylethanolamine, N-methyldiethanolamine, and N-methylethanolamine, were all used to prepare AlPO4-5, aluminophosphates of framework type AFI. N-methylethanolamine was also reported to produce AlPO4-21 of framework type AWO.
In European Patent Publication No. EP 0 993 867, it was reported that diethanolamine produced SAPO-34 and SAPO-5 under different synthesis conditions.
In the art various attempts have been made to improve the synthesis of AlPO4 or SAPO molecular sieves. One approach has been the addition of a source of fluoride ions to the synthesis mixture.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,096,684 (Guth et al.), morpholine and tetraethylammonium hydroxide were found to template the production of SAPO-34 when in the presence of HF. According to Guth et al., the use of HF in combination with the organic template results in silicoaluminophosphates which have improved thermal and hydrolytic stability.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,487 (Kuehl et al.), SAPO-20 was produced from synthesis mixtures containing tetramethylammonium hydroxide and fluoride ions from water soluble sources of fluoride such as Na, K and ammonium fluoride.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,001,328 (Lillerud et al.), a silicoaluminophos-phate indicated as UiO-S7 was prepared using tetramethylammonium hydroxide pentahydrate or tetramethylammonium hydroxide, in combination with HF.
In a Ph.D. thesis (E. H. Halvorsen, University of Oslo, 1996), it was reported that low silica SAPO-34, designated as UiO-S4, was produced using TEAOH template in combination with HF.
Wilson et al., reported that it is beneficial to have lower Si content for methanol-to-olefins reaction (Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 29, 117-126, 1999). Low Si content has the effect of reducing propane formation and decreasing catalyst deactivation.
As can bee seen from the disclosures described herein, there have been a number of attempts to utilize alternative synthesis templates for the CHA framework type, with limited success. It is desirable therefore to find new synthesis templates that are specific for the synthesis of silicoaluminophosphate or aluminophosphate molecular sieves of CHA framework type. It is also desirable to find new templating systems which afford more effective control of the final composition of silicoaluminophosphates of CHA framework types and in particular control of the Si/Al (silicon to aluminium atomic) ratio in the final product. In molecular sieves of CHA framework type, the Si/Al atomic ratio is often expressed as the number of Si atoms per CHA cage of the molecular sieve, each CHA cage being composed of 12 T atoms (T atoms are either Si, Al or P). It is also desirable to find templates suitable under a wide range of molecular sieve synthesis conditions for the synthesis of silicoaluminophosphate or aluminophosphate molecular sieves of CHA framework type.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Synthesis of aluminophosphates and silicoaluminophosphates


A transimpedance amplifier (TIA) circuit comprises a first operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) having an input and an output. A second OTA has an input and an output. A third OTA has an input that communicates with the output of the first OTA and an output that communicates with the input of the second OTA. A first feedback path communicates with the input and the output of the first OTA and that includes a first resistor. A second feedback path communicates with the input and the output of the second OTA and that includes a first resistance. A third feedback path communicates with the input of the first OTA and the output of the second OTA.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Operational amplifiers (opamps) are used in many different types of circuits including preamplifiers, variable gain amplifiers and the like. Referring now to FIG. 1A, an amplifier 20 includes an opamp 24 and a feedback path 28 that couples an output of the opamp 24 to an inverting input thereof. The non-inverting input is coupled to ground or another reference potential. The amplifier 20 in FIG. 1A has a gain value of one. For this reason, the amplifier 20 is usually called a unity-gain amplifier or buffer.
Referring now to FIG. 2A, an amplifier 30 is shown that is similar to the unity-gain amplifier 20 in FIG. 1A. However, in the amplifier 30, a resistance R is provided in the feedback path 28. Another resistance R is connected between an input of the amplifier 30 and the inverting input of the opamp 24. The amplifier 30 has a gain value of two.
The most relevant characteristics of an amplifier circuit are usually gain and bandwidth. In order to derive the bandwidth, an open loop response technique is used. The technique of looking at the open loop response provides information relating to the bandwidth and maximum achievable bandwidth of an amplifier circuit.
The DC gain of the open loop response is determined by opening the feedback loop and attaching a voltage source to an input side of the opened feedback loop. The output voltage is sensed at an output side of the opened feedback loop. Open loop response versions of the circuits in FIGS. 1A and 2A are shown in FIGS. 1B and 2B. To derive the bandwidth, the DC gain of the open loop response and the first dominant pole P1 are found. Assuming stable operation, there is only one dominant pole P1 located below the crossover frequency. The crossover frequency is the product of the DC gain of the open loop response and the first dominant pole P1. The crossover frequency usually defines the bandwidth of the closed-loop amplifier. The maximum available bandwidth is related to the second non-dominant pole P2.
Referring now to FIGS. 3A and 3B, the open loop response for the amplifiers in FIGS. 1B and 2B is shown, respectively. There is a constant gain from DC to a frequency of the first dominant pole P1. At the frequency of the pole P1, the gain begins falling. There is an inverse relationship between gain and bandwidth of the amplifiers 20 and 30. In FIG. 3A, the amplifier 20 has a gain of one. Therefore, the gain is constant until the zero crossing. In FIG. 3B, the gain is two until the intersection with the open loop response. In general, higher gain values are associated with lower bandwidth and lower gain values are associated with higher bandwidth. The bandwidth of the amplifier 30 is approximately half of the bandwidth of the unity-gain amplifier 20 while the gain of the amplifier 30 is twice the gain of the amplifier 20.
Referring now to FIG. 4, it may be desirable to adjust the frequency of poles P1 and P2 for some applications. For example, it may be desirable for the amplifier to provide a relatively constant bandwidth at different gain values. In FIG. 4, the gain values are relatively constant from DC up to the frequency of the first dominant pole P1. Because the first dominant pole P1 is close to the second non-dominant P2, the gain values fall off sharply upon reaching the first dominant pole P1.
Various compensation techniques are known for adjusting the frequency of the poles of the amplifier. The opamp may be implemented using a two-stage amplifier. In two-stage amplifiers, Miller compensation and Ahuja compensation are sometimes used. Miller compensation employs a feedback capacitor connected across an input and output of the second stage amplifier. In Ahuja compensation, a current gain device is added in the feedback loop of the second stage amplifier. Another compensation technique is used in folded cascode circuits that are output compensated. Specifically, a capacitor is coupled to an output of the circuit.
Referring now to FIGS. 3A, 3B and 5, it is difficult to adjust the frequencies of the poles P1 and P2 shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B without creating stability problems. In FIG. 5, the phase response that is associated with the open loop responses of FIGS. 3A and 3B is shown. The phase response is 180 degrees from DC to about the frequency of the first pole P1. At the frequency of pole P1, the phase response is approximately 90 degrees. The phase response remains at 90 degrees from the frequency of the first dominant pole P1 until about the frequency of the second non-dominant pole P2. At the frequency of the second non-dominant pole P2, the phase response is approximately zero degrees.
The phase response in FIG. 5 also illustrates a phase margin of approximately 90 degrees. The phase margin is usually defined at unity gain. For acceptable stability, the phase margin should be greater than approximately 55–60 degrees otherwise oscillation will occur. Therefore, the 90 degree phase margin that is shown in FIG. 5 is typically acceptable. However, moving the frequency of the second non-dominant pole P2 closer to the zero crossing will reduce the phase margin. At some point, this will cause oscillation. Conversely, moving the first dominant pole P1 closer to the zero crossing in FIGS. 3A and 3B will increase the phase margin. At some point, this too will cause oscillation. For these reasons, it is generally not possible to adjust the frequencies of the poles P1 and P2 shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B to produce the open loop response of FIG. 4 without creating stability problems.
Referring now to FIGS. 6A and 6B, a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) 60 includes an opamp 64 having a transconductance value (−gm). The opamp 64 has a feedback resistor (Rf) 66. A capacitance (C1) 70 is connected between an input of the TIA 60 and ground or a reference potential. Another capacitance (C2) 72 and a load resistance (RL) 74 are connected between the output of the TIA 60 and ground or a reference potential. An input 76 to the TIA 60 is a current I and an output 80 of the TIA 60 is a voltage V.
Referring now to FIG. 7, the open loop response for the TIA 60 in FIG. 6B is shown. At DC, the gain is equal to gmRL. If we assume that the capacitance C1 is much greater than the capacitance C2 and the resistance Rf is large, the frequency of the first dominant pole P1=1/(C1Rf). Further, the frequency of the second non-dominant pole P2=1/(C2*(RL in parallel with Rf)). The zero crossing occurs at a frequency of (gmRL)/(C1Rf).
Referring now to FIG. 8, the closed loop response for the TIA 60 is shown. Two different gain curves are illustrated in FIG. 8. One curve corresponds to the resistance Rf=Rf1 and the other curve corresponds to the resistance Rf=Rf2, where Rf2>Rf1. For a given value of Rf, higher gain is associated with lower bandwidth and lower gain is associated with higher bandwidth.

Variable-gain constant-bandwidth transimpedance amplifier


In some embodiments, a plurality of real-time monitoring node signal inputs receive streams of monitoring node signal values over time that represent a current operation of the industrial asset control system. A threat detection computer platform, coupled to the plurality of real-time monitoring node signal inputs, may receive the streams of monitoring node signal values and, for each stream of monitoring node signal values, generate a current monitoring node feature vector. The threat detection computer platform may then compare each generated current monitoring node feature vector with a corresponding decision boundary for that monitoring node, the decision boundary separating a normal state from an abnormal state for that monitoring node, and localize an origin of a threat to a particular monitoring node. The threat detection computer platform may then automatically transmit a threat alert signal based on results of said comparisons along with an indication of the particular monitoring node.

Industrial control systems that operate physical systems (e.g., associated with power turbines, jet engines, locomotives, autonomous vehicles, etc.) are increasingly connected to the Internet. As a result, these control systems may be vulnerable to threats, such as cyber-attacks (e.g., associated with a computer virus, malicious software, etc.), that could disrupt electric power generation and distribution, damage engines, inflict vehicle malfunctions, etc. Current methods primarily consider threat detection in Information Technology ("IT," such as, computers that store, retrieve, transmit, manipulate data) and Operation Technology ("OT," such as direct monitoring devices and communication bus interfaces). Cyber-threats can still penetrate through these protection layers and reach the physical "domain" as seen in 2010 with the Stuxnet attack. Such attacks can diminish the performance of a control system and may cause a total shut down or even catastrophic damage to a plant. Currently, Fault Detection Isolation and Accommodation ("FDIA") approaches only analyze sensor data, but a threat might occur in connection with other types of threat monitoring nodes. Also note that FDIA is limited only to sensor nodes. Moreover, an FDIA approach may be unable to distinguish between an original occurrence of a threat as compared to effects of the threat as abnormal behavior propagates throughout a system. As a result, localization of the threat to a particular node may not be possible. It would therefore be desirable to protect an industrial asset control system from cyber threats in an automatic and accurate manner even when attacks percolate through the IT and OT layers and directly harm control systems.

Threat detection and localization for monitoring nodes of an industrial asset control system


After embedding a silicon oxide film within a second trench that opens in a semiconductor substrate using a silicon nitride film as a hard mask, the silicon oxide film over the silicon nitride film is polished, and then, wet etching is performed before a step for removing the silicon nitride film, and thereby the upper surface of the silicon oxide film within a first trench opened in the silicon nitride film is retreated.

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, and relates more specifically to a technology effective in being applied to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device including an element isolation region.
As the structure of the element isolation region arranged in the main surface of a semiconductor substrate in order to electrically isolate plural regions (active regions) that respectively form the semiconductor element from each other in the main surface of the semiconductor substrate, STI (Shallow Trench Isolation), LOCOS (Local Oxidization of Silicon), and the like are known.
In Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2000-200878, a method for forming the element isolation region of the STI structure is described.

Method for manufacturing semiconductor device


A method performed by a global transaction validation system includes receiving a transaction request from an originator, processing the transaction request by generating a data message containing the transaction data and by generating a notification message including at least part of the transaction data, transmitting the data message to the recipient financial institution, transmitting the notification message to a recipient device associated with the transaction recipient, receiving a return notification from the recipient device, and validating the transaction request based on the return notification indicating that the transaction is valid.

When an originator of a financial transaction initiates a payment to a recipient, also known as a beneficiary, the payment must travel from a financial institution of the originator, where the payment is originated, to a financial institution of the recipient. The payment may also travel from the financial institution of the originator through one or more intermediary banks before reaching the financial institution of the recipient. This is especially true when an originator initiates a global payment to a foreign recipient. In such a case, it is typical for the foreign payment to travel through a plurality of intermediary banks located in different countries. For example, a payment originating in the United States with a final destination at a beneficiary bank in Kenya may travel from the originating bank to a first intermediate bank in the United Kingdom, then to a second intermediate bank in South Africa, then to a third intermediate bank in Kenya before reaching the beneficiary bank.
Each intermediate transfer may be subject to different government rules and regulations depending on which borders are being crossed as part of each transfer. Further, each intermediary bank typically charges a fee for their services. When initiating a global payment, the originator may enter insufficient information to satisfy government regulations of each county that the transaction passes through, or enter incorrect information, such as an incorrect payment amount owed to the beneficiary or directing the payment to the wrong beneficiary entirely. If insufficient or incorrect information is provided, the transaction can be returned up the chain of intermediate banks to the originator for repair, for example, for the provision of required information. If incorrect information is provided (e.g., an incorrect account of the beneficiary, an incorrect currency, or an incorrect amount of payment) but the beneficiary still receives the funds, the beneficiary may request that the originator send another payment to correct the deficiency. In these scenarios, delays and additional fees are typically added to the process.

Prepayment validation by originator and beneficiary


In apparatus for superresolution microscopy or microlithography, wherein a spot in the specimen to be examined or in the microlithographic medium is raised to an excited state by a first pulse of light, and a second pulse of light reduces the excitation in the peripheral parts of the spot to increase the resolution of the instrument, a method whereby the wavelength of the second pulse in the specimen or medium is the same as the wavelength of the first pulse, thereby allowing the cost and complexity of the apparatus to be lowered.

Hell and Wichmann in U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,588 and Baer in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,777,342, 5,866,911, 5,952,668 and 6,259,104 proposed using stimulated emission to quench excitation in the peripheral parts of an excited spot in a scanning fluorescence microscope to improve resolution. In this method a spot was excited by a light pulse of one wavelength (the excitation wavelength) and quenched by a subsequent light pulse of a second wavelength (the quenching wavelength). The technique is often referred to as "STED" for "stimulated emission depletion" microscopy. This method has been experimentally verified as published in various papers from the laboratory of Stefan Hell.
Other techniques related to STED have been proposed that do not involve stimulated emission, but share with STED the need for providing an exciting beam to the specimen paired with a second beam to reduce excitation in the peripheral parts of the excited spot or line, thereby "sculpting" the excited spot or line to have a sharper central maximum. An example of such alternative techniques, which will be referred to herein as "STED-like," is excited state depletion microscopy (Hell and Kroug, Appl. Phys. B. 60:495(95)), where the sculpting beam pulse occurs before the excitation pulse and renders molecules exposed to the sculpting beam temporarily insensitive to subsequent excitation by the excitation beam. Furthermore, various STED-like techniques have been proposed that employ proteins and dye molecules able to switch between a fluorescent and non-fluorescent forms by light pulses of appropriate wavelengths.
Although these STED and STED-like techniques promise greatly improved resolution, the requirement of providing two extremely short pulses of different wavelengths in the specimen, such that the pulses are synchronized with each other, has impeded the acceptance of the technique as a practical route to superresolution. Although various proposals have been made to create two synchronized pulsed output beams with different wavelengths from a single input laser (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,911), such proposals require some frequency converting devices such as frequency multiplying crystals or optical parametric oscillators to convert the wavelength of one or both of these beams, so that even though the two beams had the same wavelength when they leave the laser, after conversion, when they reach the specimen, the beams had different wavelengths. Besides adding cost and complexity to the instrument, some frequency conversion devices are designed to be optimum at just one wavelength, limiting the versatility of the system. Furthermore the techniques require that the focusing optics be achromatized in order to deal with different excitation and quenching wavelengths. Another factor that has impeded the wider adoption of the technique is that because of the complexity of the apparatus to provide two synchronized pulses of different wavelengths to the specimen, the implementations have been in the form of special purpose integrated instruments not well suited to the modular architecture of current scanning microscopes.

Superresolution in devices with single wavelength illumination


A first tire having a cavity filled with cured and foamed elastomeric material and a recycled foamed elastomeric material. The recycled foamed elastomeric material was removed from a second tire for recycling in the first tire.

Foam filled tires are especially useful in applications involving industrial and off-the-road vehicles, where it is essential to maintain the vehicles in service, since time lost for repairs is very costly. It is known to fill tires with a curable and foamable elastomeric material, which, after heat curing, expands to a closed cell foam rubber composition that provides an operating pressure within the tire. Such foam filled tires are substantially deflation proof and almost indestructible from normal hazards, for example, bolts, nails, large holes, jagged curbs, sharp rocks, deep water, etc. Thus, foam filled tires substantially reduce the time such vehicles are down for repairs.
Examples of filled tires are shown and described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,022,810, 3,381,735, 3,650,865, 3,872,201, 4,060,578 and 6,623,580. U.S. Pat. No. 3,650,865 provides one example of filling a tire cavity with a curable and foamable elastomeric material to pressurize the tire. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,650,865 and 6,623,580 describe methods of making a foam filled tire by inserting layers of a curable and foamable elastomeric material within a cured tire. The tire is heated to cure the curable and foamable elastomeric material contained therein. The heat curing process can be performed either before, or after, the tire is mounted on a rim. Heating causes the layers of the curable and foamable elastomeric material to expand and form a closed cell foam rubber composition that provides an internal tire pressure.
Tires filled with such a curable and foamable elastomeric material have a damping similar to that of a pneumatic tire and thus, provide a pneumatic-like ride, which is especially important with unsprung off-the-road vehicles. Further, the performance of such foam filled tires is often superior to the performance of tires filled with other materials. However, tires filled with the curable and foamable elastomeric material are more expensive to produce and thus, such foam filled tires suffer a cost disadvantage.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved foam filled tire and method of manufacture that reduces the cost of making a tire filled with a closed cell foam rubber composition.

Tire filled with recycled and curable elastomeric material and method


A dosage form comprising a tablet core containing at least one active ingredient and having at least one modified release coating that partially surrounds the tablet core is disclosed. The tablet core is preferably in the form of a compressed core wherein the at least one modified release coating is provided on a position of the exterior surface of the compressed core using dipping technology. The invention also relates to a method of manufacturing the dosage form and a method of treatment using the dosage form.

Modified release pharmaceutical dosage forms have long been used to optimize drug delivery and enhance patient compliance, especially by reducing the number of doses of medicine the patient must take in a day. In some instances, it is also desirable for a dosage form to deliver more than one drug at different rates or times. Modified release dosage forms should ideally be adaptable so that release rates and profiles can be matched to physiological requirements. Because the onset and duration of the therapeutic efficacy of drugs vary widely, as do their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination, it is often desirable to modify the release of different drugs in different ways, or to have a first dose of drug immediately released from the dosage form, while a second dose of the same or a different drug is released in a modified, e.g., delayed, pulsatile, repeat action, controlled, pH dependent, sustained, prolonged, extended, or retarded manner.
Well known mechanisms by which a dosage form can deliver drug at a controlled rate include permeation, diffusion, erosion, and osmosis. It is often practical to design dosage forms that use a combination of the above mechanisms to achieve a particularly desirable release profile for a particular active ingredient.
An important objective of modified release dosage forms is to provide a desired blood concentration versus time (pharmacokinetic, or PK) profile for the drug. Fundamentally, the PK profile for a drug is dependent on the rate of absorption of the drug into the blood, and the rate of elimination of the drug from the blood. To be absorbed into the blood (circulatory system), the drug must first be dissolved in the gastrointestinal fluids. For those relatively rapidly absorbed drugs whose dissolution in the gastrointestinal fluids is the rate limiting step in drug absorption, controlling the rate of dissolution (i.e., drug release from the dosage form) allows the formulator to control the rate of drug absorption into the circulatory system of a patient. The type of PK profile, and correspondingly, the type of dissolution or release profile desired, depends on, among other factors, the particular active ingredient and physiological condition being treated.
One particularly desirable PK profile is achieved by a dosage form that delivers a delayed release dissolution profile, in which the release of one or more doses of drug from the dosage form is delayed for a pre-determined time after contacting of the dosage form by a liquid medium, such as for example, by the gastro-intestinal fluid after ingestion by the patient. The delay period ("lag time") can be followed either by prompt release of the active ingredient ("delayed burst"), or by sustained (prolonged, extended, or retarded) release of the active ingredient ("delayed then sustained"). U.S. Pat. No. 5,464,633 to Jagotec, for example, discloses delayed-release dosage forms consisting of a core containing an active and polymeric substances and an external layer completely coating the core in which the external coating layer is applied by a compression coating process.
One particularly desirable type of delayed release PK profile is obtained from a "pulsatile" release profile, in which for example, a first dose of a drug is delivered, followed by a delay period ("lag time") during which there is substantially no release of the drug from the dosage form, followed by either prompt or sustained release of a subsequent dose of the same drug. In one particularly desirable type of pulsatile drug delivery system, the first dose is released essentially immediately upon contacting of the dosage form with a liquid medium and the delay period corresponds approximately to the time during which a therapeutic concentration of the first dose is maintained in the blood. Pulsatile delivery systems are particularly useful for applications where a continuous release of drug is not ideal. Examples of this are drugs exhibiting first pass metabolism by the liver, drugs that induce biological tolerance, i.e., the therapeutic effect decreases with continuous presence of the drug at the site of action, and drugs whose efficacy is influenced by circadian rhythms of body functions or disease. One typical pulsatile dosage form design contains the first dose of drug in an exterior coating, or shell, while subsequent doses of drug are contained in underlying layers of subcoatings, or a central core. Pulsatile dosage forms may deliver an active ingredient in a pH dependent or pH independent manner. pH dependent types of dosage forms typically deliver the active ingredient through the addition of a pH dependent polymer, such as an enteric or reverse-enteric polymer.
PCT Publication No. WO99/62496 to Alza, for example, discloses a dosage form comprising an immediate-release dose of drug contained within an overcoat applied onto a surface of a semi-permeable coating of an osmotic dosage form. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,857,330 and 4,801,461 to Alza disclose dosage forms comprising an exterior drug coat that surrounds a semi-permeable wall, which in turn surrounds an internal compartment containing a second dose of drug, and comprises exit means for connecting the interior of the dosage form with the exterior environment of use. These dosage forms are designed to release drug immediately from the exterior coating, followed by a relatively short delay period, followed by a sustained release of drug from the internal compartment.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,849 to Pharmidea discloses a tablet that releases active substances at successive times, comprising a first layer containing a portion of the active substance, a water soluble or water gellable barrier layer, and a third layer containing the remaining portion of active substance, wherein the barrier layer and the third layer are in an insoluble, low-permeable casing. The casing can be applied by various methods such as spraying, compression, or immersion, or the tablet parts can be inserted into a pre-formed casing. These systems suffer from the complexity and high cost of assembling multiple, separate compartments comprising multiple, different compositions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,177 to Jagotec, discloses a system for the controlled release of active substances, consisting of: (a) a deposit-core; and (b) a support-platform applied to the deposit-core. The deposit-core contains active substance and a polymeric material having a high degree of swelling on contact with water or aqueous liquids, a gellable polymeric material, and other adjuvants able to provide the mixture with suitable characteristics for its compression and for its intake of water.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,126,767 to Perrigo, discloses a capsule medicament consisting of a solid core covered with two shrink-wrapped, hard-shell gelatin capsule halves. The solid core is covered with the hard-shell gelatin capsule halves by individually shrink-wrapping onto first one end of the core a first hard-shell gelatin capsule half and then individually shrink-wrapping onto a second end of the core a second hard-shell gelatin capsule half. The capsule medicament is designed for immediate release of the active ingredient.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,113,945 to Perrigo, discloses a caplet or tablet core with a clear or single color uniform covering that is applied either through an enrobing process, by spraying or by a single dip-coating step. The core itself can have a first color or be colorless, and its clear or single color covering has the outer surface of one end or one side colored by a dye to provide a two-color appearance. The dye can be applied by dipping or spray painting with a jet-spraying apparatus.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,156 to BM Research discloses a composition for controlled delivery of at least one active substance comprising a first cellulose derivative which has thermoplastic properties and which is substantially insoluble in an aqueous medium in which the composition is to be used, and at least one of a second cellulose derivative which is soluble or dispersible in water, a plasticizer, and a filler.
U.S. Patent Publication No. 20030070584 to McNeil discloses a water soluble, gelatin-free dip coating for pharmaceutical solid dosage forms such as tablets comprising HPMC and xanthan gum, carrageenan, and mixtures thereof, or HPMC and castor oil or maltodextrin.
U.S. Patent No. 20080166407 to Shalaby et al. discloses multifunctional, single, bilayer, and trilayer coated tablets for combination therapy wherein the bioactive agents responsible for the therapeutic multifunctionality are present as a combination of a gastric acid-reducing agent, such as omeprazole and ranitidine, and at least one analgesic/anti-inflammatory agent, such as acetaminophen, naproxen sodium, ibuprofen, tolmetin, and aspirin.
All references cited are incorporated by reference in their entirety herein.
Coating methods such as those described above have inherent disadvantages, including long processing times, limited ability to allow functional placement of coatings, or multiple coating steps in order to provide multiple release rates (as in spray coatings), thick coatings which can affect swallowability and limit types of release rates (such as compression coatings), or the use of laser drilling equipment (such as osmotic coatings).
There is a need in the art for improved dosage forms for providing modified release of active ingredient.

Partial dip coating of dosage forms for modified release


A manufacturing method of a vertical channel transistor array is provided. The method includes following steps. A plurality of embedded word lines are formed at bottoms of trenches, and each of the embedded word lines is located at a first side wall of one of the trenches and connected to first sides of the semiconductor pillars in the same row. Each of the embedded word lines is not connected to second sides of the semiconductor pillars in the same row, and the first sides are opposite to the second sides. Only one embedded word line is correspondingly connected to the semiconductor pillars arranged in one row. An isolation structure is formed between a second side wall of each of the trenches and each of the embedded word lines. The first side wall is opposite to the second side wall.

Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a semiconductor device and a manufacturing method thereof. More particularly, the invention relates to a vertical channel transistor array and a manufacturing method thereof.
Description of Related Art
With the development of powerful microprocessors, software is more capable of programming and calculating an increasing amount of data. Therefore, the fabrication of memories has become essential in the semiconductor industry. A dynamic random access memory (DRAM) is a volatile memory (VM) and is constituted by a plurality of memory cells. Each of the memory cells in the VM is mainly composed of a transistor and a capacitor, and all memory cells are electrically connected to one another through word lines (WL) and bit lines (BL).
As science advances day by day, the length of the channel region of each transistor in the DRAM is gradually decreased together with the reduction of the device dimension, so as to accelerate the operation of the device. Thereby, however, a significant short channel effect occurs in the transistors, and an ON current is likely to decrease.
Accordingly, a conventional solution aims to change the horizontal transistor into the vertical transistor. In such a DRAM structure, the vertical transistors are formed in trenches, and embedded bit lines and embedded word lines are formed, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,355,230.
Owing to increasing integrity of semiconductor devices, the dimension of the semiconductor devices needs to be decreased. As such, complexity of the semiconductor manufacturing process is raised, and electrical performance of the semiconductor is likely to be affected. Currently, researches are directed to formation of semiconductor devices with the reduced size and favorable performance.

Manufacturing method of vertical channel transistor array


An optical network includes an optical ring that is capable of transmitting, between two or more nodes, a plurality of working traffic streams that include traffic transmitted in one of a plurality of wavelengths. A node is capable of transmitting, in a first wavelength, a first protection traffic stream associated with a first working traffic stream, in response to an interruption of the first working traffic stream. A node is also capable of transmitting, in a second wavelength, a second protection traffic stream associated with a second working traffic stream, in response to an interruption of the second working traffic stream. The optical network also includes a regeneration element capable of selectively regenerating the first protection traffic stream. The regeneration element is also capable of tuning the regeneration element to receive traffic in the second wavelength and of selectively regenerating the second protection traffic stream.

Telecommunications systems, cable television systems and data communication networks use optical networks to rapidly convey large amounts of information between remote points. In an optical network, information is conveyed in the form of optical signals through optical fibers. Optical fibers comprise thin strands of glass capable of transmitting the signals over long distances with very low loss.
Optical networks often employ wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) or dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) to increase transmission capacity. In WDM and DWDM networks, a number of optical channels are carried in each fiber at disparate wavelengths. Network capacity is based on the number of wavelengths, or channels, in each fiber and the bandwidth, or size of the channels. Nonetheless, the static assignment of traffic streams to particular channels results in inflexible systems unable to efficiently use available network capacity and other network resources.

Method and system for shared optical regeneration


An annular combustor for a gas turbine engine includes a sector in the primary combustion zone that operates at a reduced level of airflow than the remaining portion of the combustor by providing fixed air openings in the dome or fuel nozzles and in the combustion air admission holes. This allows the combustor to operate at higher fuel/air ratios with a minimum of complexity in the hardware.

As is well known the combustors for gas turbine engines have, from a technical standpoint, made significant advances in the state of the art over recent years. Combustor efficiency, for example, for aircraft jet engines operates in the high 90 percentile. Additionally, the technology has made significant improvement in reducing or eliminating pollutants and/or smoke emanating from the combustion process.
However, the requirements for combustors that are intended to meet demands for future aircraft needs will require even further advances in combustor technology. Obviously, aircraft engine performance is predicated on attaining high turbine inlet temperatures. Higher inlet turbine temperature, within a given limit, will manifest into improved thrust-to-weight ratios and specific fuel consumption with a consequential improvement in engine performance.
Thus, future demands will require that the advanced combustion system attendant these high performance engines will have to operate at a temperature rise at high power that is significantly higher than that of state-of-the-art combustors. However, it is of paramount importance that the designer of the combustor meets the increased temperature rise requirement without degrading heretofore established levels of performance, smoke density and pollutants exhausting from the engine.
In addition to the demanding requirements already alluded to, the combustor must be able to be re-lighted within specified altitudes. And when these engines are employed in lightweight aircraft, it is contemplated that the combustor will operate at lower than the levels of temperature rise associated with state-of-the-art combustors during engine deceleration and idle and will be required to be sufficiently stable in order to facilitate ground handling.
To gain better insight to the complexity and operability problems posed by high temperature rise combustors, it perhaps will be worthwhile comparing the requirements of the combustor with the stability characteristics of the combustion process. To this end, the graph which is a plot of fuel/air ratio vs. the stability correlation parameter is presented in FIG. 1. As is known, since most combustion occurs in the combustor's primary zone or region, this section of the combustor is selected for discussion purposes. The stability correlation parameter which has become a standard measurement in the combustor art contains the following terms applied to the primary zone:
V=Average through-flow velocity PA0 P=Pressure level PA0 T=Inlet Air Temperature
When these terms are combined in a non-dimensional parameter (V/PT.sup.2) increasing velocity, decreasing pressure and/or decreasing temperature increases the stability parameter to higher levels. They likewise adversely affect the combustion process by making it more difficult for supporting combustion. Stated another way, higher values of the stability parameter incur more severe and more difficult combustor operating requirements.
As is noted from an inspection of FIG. 1, the curve defines stability limit which is generated by reducing and increasing fuel/air ratios until blowout occurs. Hence, combustor operations falling within the left-hand side of the parabola-shaped stability limit curve A will be stable and any operations to the right of curve A will be unstable. Further, curve B defines an upper limit of fuel/air ratio and operations above this limit will exhibit excessive levels of smoke.
Hence, as is apparent from the foregoing in combustor operation for conventional, state-of-the-art combustors, the primary zone fuel/air ratios are set so that they fall below curve B and the engine deceleration, idle and altitude re-ignition requirements fall within the left-hand side (stable operation) of curve A. This is shown by curve C and altitude re-light operation is defined as operating point E, using as a standard an altitude of 30 thousand feet and the aircraft flight speed of 0.8 Mach Number as the point of re-ignition.
Curve F represents the combustor operations at increased levels of temperature rise contemplated for future advanced technology engines. Obviously, to assure combustion operation is below the smoke limit (B), the combustor primary zone air flow must likewise be increased, moving the combustor operating curve F closer to stability curve A, which obviously illustrates the increased severity of the requirements of the combustor. And, as noted, the deceleration and the altitude ignition represented by point G may fall outside of the stability limits (curve A). And what is indeed apparent, the trend is such that as temperature rise increases to a higher value, the combustor's operating line moves even to more severe requirements such that even the idle (points H and J on curves C and F, respectively) may likewise fall outside of the stability limit (curve A).
Engineers and scientists have been battling with this problem for some time and have attempted to resolve it by several different approaches. Some of these approaches, all of which have exhibited significant disadvantages, include variable fuel staging, variable geometry and double annular combustor. There are no known solutions demonstrated in the prior art which satisfactorily solve the problems alluded to above.
Fuel staging contemplates delivering fuel to the combustor through fuel nozzles wherein some nozzles flow more fuel than others so that fuel flow is scheduled for two or more types of fuel nozzle. By proper scheduling it is therefore possible to provide localized fuel enrichment in a portion of the combustor thereby holding the deceleration and idle conditions of curve F within the stability limits as shown by the dash line K extending from the bottom of curve F. These systems do not resolve the basic stability requirements and may still have the altitude ignition problem as noted by point G' in the graph of FIG. 1.
Variable geometry combustor offers a more realistic approach to solving the problems enumerated above but only at the expense of additional costs, weight and complexity associated with the hardware necessary to make the geometry variable. In this approach, the airflow to the primary zone is varied by mechanically adjusting the air metering orifices. Hence, the fuel/air ratio and stability parameter at given combustor operating points are altered so that the operating requirements remain in the stable region which is to the left of curve A.
The last of the approaches suggested is the double annular combustor and this combustor arrangement utilizes airflow staging to solve the problems alluded to above. An example of a double annular combustor is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,934,409 granted to H. A. Quillevere et al on Jan. 27, 1976.
In these combustors the primary zone is made up with an inner annulus and an outer annulus. One of these annuli (primary) is designed to accept a relatively low airflow which will exhibit good stability characteristics. The other annulus (secondary) accepts a relatively higher airflow and is allowed to exceed stability limits at low power and altitude ignition operating conditions. Given that the primary annulus will sustain and propagate combustion to the secondary annulus, combustion will be sustained and the combustor is relightable at altitude conditions.
However, the double annular construction inherently requires extra air admission devices and fuel nozzles resulting in a heavier and more expensive combustion system.
These types of approaches described above as well as conventional state-of-the-art combustion systems all provide circumferentially uniform airflow distribution. In some instances the airflow distribution may be locally tailored in some manner around fuel nozzles or diffuser struts to provide uniform exit temperature distribution. An example of localized tailoring of airflow around the fuel nozzle is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,696,157 granted to G. Y. G. Barbier et al on Sep. 29, 1987. This patented system as well as the other systems alluded to herein repeat the airflow distribution around the combustor and this distribution is a function of the fuel nozzles or a function of diffuser struts in the case of attempting to compensate for the diffuser struts.
In all these instances, the designer intends to provide circumferentially uniform or circumferentially repetitive airflow distribution. Additionally, the fuel flow distribution is uniform from nozzle to nozzle during high power operation.
Another approach that is worthy of mention is the approach disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,970 granted to D. A. Hudson et al. on Jan. 26, 1988 and that approach is akin to the variable geometry approach alluded to in the above. In the U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,970, supra, the dome of the annular combustor is circumferentially divided into a sector or sectors. Airflow control valves vary the airflow in a given sector(s) to define a region in the primary zone for varying the fuel/air ratio and control the burning in that sector(s). However, like the variable geometry approaches mentioned above, this system incurs the same disadvantages.
We have found that we can obviate the disadvantages detailed hereinabove while extending combustor lean extinction and stability limits.


An object of the present invention is to provide a lithium-ion secondary battery having a large charge and discharge capacity and excellent cycle characteristics irrespective of kind and shape of a current collector. The lithium-ion secondary battery comprises an electrode comprising a primer layer for protecting a current collector and a crosslinking agent layer comprising a compound being capable of crosslinking an aqueous binder contained in the primer layer, the both layers being disposed between a current collector and an active material layer comprising a sulfur-based active material.

A lithium-ion secondary battery which is a kind of a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a battery having a large charge and discharge capacity, and is used predominantly as batteries for electronic mobile devices. Further the number of lithium-ion secondary batteries used as a battery for electric vehicles is increasing, and improvement of performance is expected.
Some examples of active material for a positive electrode of a lithium-ion secondary battery that are generally used are those comprising a rare metal such as cobalt or nickel. However, an amount of rare metals available on the market is small, and rare metals are not always easy to obtain and in addition, are expensive. Therefore, active materials for a positive electrode using a material in place of rare metals are demanded. Further, in the case of oxide compound-based active materials for a positive electrode, oxygen in an active material for a positive electrode is released due to overcharging, and as a result, an organic electrolytic solution and a current collector are oxidized and burnt, thereby resulting in possible firing or explosion.
Under such a situation, recent attention has been paid to a technique using sulfur as an active material for a lithium-ion secondary battery. Sulfur is not only easily available and is inexpensive as compared with rare metals but also can increase a charge and discharge capacity of a lithium-ion secondary battery. For example, in a lithium-ion secondary battery using sulfur as an active material for a positive electrode, it is known that a charge and discharge capacity which is as large as about six times that of a lithium-ion secondary battery using lithium cobalt oxide which is a material generally used for a positive electrode can be achieved. Further, sulfur has an advantage such that a reactivity is lower as compared with oxygen and a risk of causing firing or explosion is low.
Furthermore, J P 2002-154815 A and JP 2015-092449 A disclose composite active materials comprising sulfur, carbon material and the like. By using such a carbon-sulfur composite active material, elution of sulfur into an electrolytic solution can be inhibited and cycle characteristic of a lithium-ion secondary battery can be improved.

Electrode for lithium-ion secondary battery

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


A write head, particularly a buried servowrite head provided with a head face (21) having a longitudinal direction (L) along which a magnetic recording medium can be relatively moved with respect to the magnetic head, and a width direction (W) oriented transversely to the longitudinal direction. In order to write signals simultaneously in various tracks, the write head is provided with a structure having integrated, juxtaposed write units (25a; 25b) extending substantially transversely to the longitudinal direction and the width direction and each being provided with at least one write gap (27a; 27b). One write gap of the one write unit and one write gap of the other write unit of every two adjacent write units are situated in mutually different planes (P1; P2) which are oriented substantially transversely to the longitudinal direction.

The invention relates to a magnetic head, particularly a write head, provided with a head face having a longitudinal direction along which a magnetic recording medium can be relatively moved with respect to the magnetic head, and a width direction oriented transversely to the longitudinal direction, and further provided with transducing gaps terminating in the head face.
The invention also relates to a device for writing signals in a magnetic recording medium, comprising a write head and means for relatively moving the recording medium with respect to the magnetic head along the contact face.
The invention further relates to a servosystem for controlling the position of a magnetic head with respect to tracks of a magnetizable recording medium which can be relatively moved with respect to the head and has a plurality of juxtaposed tracks.
The invention further relates to a read head for use in the servosystem.
A magnetic recording system is known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,318,141, in which use is made of buried servo or track position indication signals for the purpose of tracking. For writing servosignals, use is made of a magnetic head which is provided with a write winding and a single write gap. The write gap has a relatively large gap length so that the servosignals can be recorded to a large depth in the recording medium. The magnetic head further has a single write/read gap which, viewed in the track direction, is present behind said write gap. In accordance with a first method, the write/read gap is used in combination with a write circuit for storing data signals in a less deep part of the recording medium, while the servosignals are read simultaneously. In accordance with a second method, the recorded data signals and the recorded servosignals are read simultaneously. A drawback of the known device and the magnetic head used therein is that only one write gap is present so that only one information track can be written and read.

Magnetic head and system for controlling the position of a magnetic head


This disclosure relates to dielectric chaff materials or fibers which are small in character for packing and expandable on release to produce clouds of great cross section. Polymer materials are treated chemically and/or irradiated with nuclear or electronic radiation which partially decomposes the polymer. Upon release, the polymer is heated to create gas bubbles from within which expand the dielectric fibers to change the density and shape of the dielectric.

This invention relates to chaff dispersing and more particularly to dispersed chaff dipoles which have improved fall rate.
Chaff is known to be primarily an electromagnetic reflector material used for military purposes as a countermeasure against enemy radars. Chaff may be made of solid metallic elements of a specific length and diameter. Also, it may be made of small non-metallic elements coated with a thin coating of a particular metal, thus bringing about a savings of metal. Millions of these elements may be packaged into a dispenser and dispersed as necessary to present false target information to confuse the enemy. Chaff is typically packaged in units about twice the size of a cigarette pack. When individual fibers of such a unit are widely dispersed in the atmosphere they create a radar echo similar to that of a small aircraft. If a stronger echo is wanted, one dispenses two or three units simultaneously.
The effects produced by chaff depend upon the manner in which it is used. If the bundles are dropped continuously (a continuous or stream drop) they will cause a long line of radar returns across a PPI scope. Several side by side stream drops will form a chaff corridor and an aircraft flying within that corridor cannot be seen by certain radars using certain frequencies. These applications of chaff constitute a form of jamming.
Chaff bundles may also be dropped randomly (a random drop) in which case the radar scope may become filled with chaff returns so that the radar operator has difficulty finding the aircraft. This is a deception technique similar to false target generation. Finally, chaff may be dropped in bursts of several bundles. Against a tracking radar, a chaff burst will create a larger radar echo than the dropping vehicle. Thus, the radar will tend to lock on to the chaff rather than the aircraft. This technique is thus very similar to track breaking. In this role, chaff is used also for ship protection

Method for producing variable density/electric dipole property chaff decoy material


Nanosized cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate is synthesized by forming a solution including an organic compound and compounds of lithium, lanthanum, and zirconium; drying the solution to yield a solid; and heating the solid in the presence of oxygen to pyrolyze the organic compound to yield a product comprising nanosized cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate.

Lithium lanthanum zirconate (LLZO) may have a cubic or tetragonal crystal structure. The cubic phase has high lithium-ion (Li-ion) conductivity, but is only thermodynamically favorable at high temperatures (>600° C.). The tetragonal phase is stable at room temperature, but has poor ionic conductivity. Currently, most LLZO is synthesized through solid state reactions, typically requiring high temperatures, repeated heat treatments, ball milling or other mixing methods, as well as carefully controlled addition of extrinsic dopants to stabilize the cubic phase at room temperature. Dopants used in these processes, however, often form impurity phases, particularly at interfaces and grain boundaries, resulting in reduced overall conductivity.

Preparation of nanosized cubic lithium lanthanum zirconate fast ion conductor via facile polymer-chelate combustion route

Arizona Board of Regents on behalf of Arizona State University