There is provided a process for the treatment of a paper drill bit comprising the steps of subjecting the drill bit to deep cryogenic treatment, and coating the drill bit with a dry film fluorocarbon lubricant is a resin-bonded fluoropolymer coating.

The present invention relates to the field of paper drilling and more particularly relates to the manufacture of a drill bit for use in drilling through paper or other similar materials.
Paper drilling machines can be used to drill holes in paper or other materials. In a paper drilling machine, the holes are drilled by a series of drill bits. The drill bits are positioned generally vertically and located above a horizontal surface on which the materials to be drilled are placed. After the material to be drilled has been placed on the paper drilling machine, the drill bits are rotated at high speed and lowered to engage the material and drill through it. Once the drill bits have completed drilling the holes, the drill bits are raised so as to permit the drilled material to be removed, and the drilled material is removed.
There is a need for a paper drill bit with improved wear characteristics.
It is an object of the invention to provide a drill bit which overcomes or mitigates at least one of the disadvantages of the prior art.
In a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for the treatment of a drill bit comprising the steps of subjecting said drill bit to deep cryogenic treatment, and coating said drill bit with a dry film fluorocarbon lubricant. A preferred lubricant is a resin-bonded fluoropolymer coating.
More particularly, the deep cryogenic treatment comprises the steps of tempering a drill bit at about 375xc2x0 F. for about two hours; cooling the drill bit slowly to ambient temperature; cooling the drill bit to approximately xe2x88x92120xc2x0 F., and soaking the drill bit at about xe2x88x92120xc2x0 F. until uniformly chilled; cooling the drill bit to about xe2x88x92300xc2x0 F. to about xe2x88x92340xc2x0 F. and maintaining the drill bit at about xe2x88x92300xc2x0 F. for two hours per inch of thickness; warming the drill bit to about xe2x88x92175xc2x0 F. and soaking the drill bit at xe2x88x92175xc2x0 F. until uniform in temperature; warming the drill bit to ambient temperature and soaking the drill bit in still air until the drill bit is uniformly at ambient temperature; tempering the drill bit at about 375xc2x0 F. by soaking the drill bit at about 375xc2x0 F. for two hours; and cooling the drill bit to ambient temperature.
In another aspect of the present invention, coating the drill bit with a dry film fluorocarbon lubricant comprises the steps of cleaning the drill bit; immersing the drill bit in a bath of the dry film lubricant; removing the drill bit from the bath; allowing the drill bit to dry at ambient temperature; and baking the drill bit for at least one baking time period at a baking temperature sufficient to bake the dry film fluorocarbon lubricant onto the drill bit.
In yet another aspect of the present invention, the dry film fluorocarbon lubricant is a resin-bonded fluoropolymer coating.
More particularly, the dry film fluorocarbon lubricant is Emralon 305(trademark) having a composition as follows, by volume:
The foregoing composition is relative to the final product, and 5 percent is lost through evaporation.
It has been found important to remove cuttings by means of a vacuum device. Such vacuum device can also serve to cool the drill bit.
In a still further aspect of the invention there is provided a novel drill bit particularly adapted for drilling paper produced by the process of the invention.


A changeover control unit of an information processing system transmits data to either one of at least two input buffers such as a printer buffer, key buffer and the like, the data being transmitted via a single signal line or functionally a single signal line connecting the at least two input buffers and the control section of the machine. The data includes a communication control data for controlling the control section and the buffers, or an information processing data from the key buffer. The change-over control unit judges the code of the data, decides whether the data is for a printer buffer, key buffer or the like, and changes over the receiving positions for the data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information processing system having a communication function, and more particularly relates to an information processing system having means for controlling communication using a key input device and a machine control character.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Functions of various machines have been improved with the advance of scientific technique, and in addition, at present, the development of machines which can communicate with each other via communication paths such as network, has occurred. For example, if typewriters have a communication function apart from its essential function, it is possible to use the key board as an input device and to use the printing unit as an output device. By so doing, typewriters could have a variety of applications such as to a Key board Send and Receive terminal, or KSR terminal for an information processing system or transmission system.
The processing capabilities of the printing unit of a typewriter, however, is poor so that the operation speed is extremely lowered if the communication speed is set so as not to bring about malfunction (missing character) even during "next line", "next page" processing or the like. In this case, if the host is arranged to automatically interrupt the transmission, the communication control becomes complicated. In view of the above, by setting the communication speed at the usual printing speed of a printing unit, in the event only when processings require much time such as when the printing unit is disabled to output a received data, a protocol (functional character), for example, X.multidot.ON (DC1)/X.multidot.OFF(DC2) or ENQ/ACK can be used for controlling communication. In synchronizing the processings, for example, in the X.multidot.ON/X.multidot.OFF control, as the KSR terminal (typewriter) sends out "X.multidot.OFF(DC2)", the transmission of data to the KSR terminal from the host is interrupted, and upon reception of "X.multidot.ON(DC1)", the transmission is resumed. Alternatively, in the ENQ/ACK control, with "ACK" not transmitted or "NAK" transmitted, a disabled condition of reception is indicated, or "ACK" is transmitted only when the reception is enabled. With the synchronizations as above, the degradation of the overall efficiency due to the operation requiring a long processing time as in " next line", "next page" or the like has been avoided. However, with the key board of a KSR terminal, a control code may be produced generally by depressing a character key while depressing another particular control key. For example, if the "Q" key is depressed while the "CONTROL" key on the key board is depressed, the same code (11).sub.H as "X.multidot.ON(DC1)" is transmitted to the host. Thus, distinguishing from a control code "X.multidot.ON(DC1)" key for synchronizing control with the printing unit can not be performed, resulting in malfunction in the printing unit. Therefore, during the enabled condition of the printing unit, it has been impossible to input or transmit the above various control characters on the key board.

Information processing system for transmitting information from one apparatus to another


A device for delivering a drug includes a body having a proximal end and a distal end and an opening in the distal end thereof. An orifice mechanism at the distal end of the body communicates with the opening. The orifice mechanism includes an inner member having a proximal end and a distal end; a winding helically wound around the inner member; and wherein the winding and the inner member define a first channel for carrying a drug therethrough. An inlet is at the proximal end of the winding and an outlet is at the distal end of the inner member.

The present invention relates, in general, to drug delivery, and in particular, to a new and useful device for delivering drugs to the body of a patient at a very low fluid flow rate. The present invention also includes the method of manufacture of the novel drug delivery device.
Fluid delivery devices, and particularly, drug delivery devices are known. Additionally, it is also known within the fluid delivery or drug delivery field, that fluids, such as drugs, can be moved through helical flow paths. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,998,244 (Bentley) describes a drip irrigation valve with a helical flow path for the delivery of various agricultural liquids, such as fertilizers to be fed through an irrigation system. This particular system is useful for providing drip irrigation that conserves water, minimizes weed growth and facilitates the transport of the agricultural liquids through the irrigation system.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,176,683 (Leibinsohn) describes a flow regulator useful in apparatus designed for administering liquids to the body. The device is a presettable fluid flow regulator having an elongated sleeve of flexible material and a core within the sleeve having a helical recess of varying cross section carved or scored into the core. A ring on the outside of the sleeve has an internal diameter slightly less than the outer diameter of the sleeve and is used to squeeze the sleeve against the core to define a flow passage between the core and the sleeve. The volume of flow is determined by the longitudinal position of the ring along the sleeve.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,270,483 (Yamada et al.) describes a liquid discharge regulator and a liquid feeder that utilizes a liquid discharge regulator. The regulator has a channel spirally carved or formed on the surface of a passage forming member. The surface of the passage forming member is brought into close contact with the inner surface of a housing part wherein the channel functions as a liquid passage. The passage forming member is made of a plastic material by using injection molding manufacturing and mass production. The main purpose behind using the plastic material made exclusively through the injection molding process for the formation of the passage forming member is aimed at reducing manufacturing costs of the regulator.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,985,305 (Peery et al.) describes a back-diffusion regulating outlet consisting of a male threaded member in threaded relationship with a smooth interior surface of a reservoir thereby forming a helical flow path. As clearly shown, similar to the other prior art flow regulator devices, the regulating outlet consists of a solid core of material which serves as a male threaded member, i.e. a screw, that is in mating relationship with the smooth interior surface of the reservoir.
To date, there have been no fluid flow regulator devices, mechanisms or drug delivery devices using these type of mechanisms that can be provided or manufactured in an extremely efficient manner, easily and readily adaptable to any desired designed configuration, and having extremely low cost of manufacturing.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Medical device for fluid delivery having low fluid flow rate


A cell pattern for use with a frequency reuse plan is disclosed. Seven clusters each comprising N cells per cluster are grouped together as a modified cluster. Each cell is further divided into three sectors. The total number of available frequency channels are divided into a F times seven (F*7) number of groups. Frequency channels associated with a group are then assigned to each of the cells within the modified cluster. In order to increase call capacity within a particular sector, a frequency channel previously assigned to a corresponding sector within the same cell group is reused. Within a continuing increase in channel re-usage within a particular modified cluster, the (N*7)/(F*7) reuse plan is gradually lowered to the original N/F reuse plan without re-configuring the frequency allocation throughout the network.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a cellular telecommunications network and, in particular, to a cell pattern within such a network using an adaptive frequency reuse plan.
2. Description of Related Art
Frequency reuse patterns are cell-based schemes for assigning the frequency channels available within a particular cellular telecommunications system. The most basic unit of any frequency reuse pattern is a cell. Each cell within a frequency reuse pattern is assigned a number of frequency channels. A plurality of cells are then associated together and referred to as a cluster and utilizes all of the frequency channels available to a particular cellular telecommunications system. Groups of clusters are then used to provide a cellular coverage area within the cellular telecommunications system and the frequency channels allocated for one cluster are reused in other clusters. The scheme for recycling or reassigning the frequency channels throughout the serving coverage area is referred to as a reuse plan. The distance between a first cell using a particular frequency channel within a first cluster and a second cell using the same frequency channel within a second cluster is further known as a reuse distance.
The reuse of the same frequency channels by a number of different cells implies that cells may suffer from co-channel interferences. It is therefore desirable for the received strength of the serving carrier (C) within each cell to be higher than the total co-channel interference level (I). As a result, the higher the carrier to interference (C/I) value, the better the speech quality. A higher C/I value is obtained partly by controlling the channel reuse distance. The larger the reuse distance between adjacent cells utilizing the same frequency channels, the lesser the co-channel interferences created between those cells.
The C/I ratio is further related to a frequency reuse plan (N/F) where N indicates the number of cells included within a single cluster and F indicates the number of frequency groups. For example, the C/I ratio is directly related to the following equation: EQU D.sub.R =(3*F).sup.1/2 *R
Where:
D.sub.R is the reuse distance; PA1 F is the number of frequency groups; PA1 R is the radius of a cell.
Accordingly, the larger the F value, the greater the reuse distance. However, it is not always desirable to use a larger F value to increase the C/I ratio. Since the total number of available frequency channels (T) is fixed within a particular mobile network, if there are F groups, then each group will contain T/F channels. As a result, a higher number of frequency group (F) would result in a fewer channels per cell and lesser call capacity.
For most cellular systems, capacity is not a major issue when the system initially goes into operation. Therefore, in order to achieve a high C/I value and to improve the quality of speech connection, a high frequency reuse plan (N/F), such as 9/27, is initially used. However, as the capacity increases, the cellular telecommunications network has to resort to a lower frequency reuse plan, such as a 7/21 or 4/12, to allocate more frequency channels per cell. Consequently, the whole cellular telecommunications network and its associated clusters and cells need to be reconfigured with a new frequency reuse plan. Such reconfiguration and reallocation requires an investment of considerable time and resource. On the other hand, due to poorer speech connection quality, it is undesirable to use a low frequency reuse plan from the beginning when there is no need for high capacity.
Accordingly, there is a need for a mechanism to enable service operators to adapt their frequency plan according to their capacity and C/I without re-configuring the channel allocation.


The object of the invention is to provide proteins that have both DNA primase activity and DNA polymerase activity. This subject is solved by a protein (p41) that has an amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. This is for the first time that proteins that have both DNA primase activity and DNA polymerase activity were found. A protein (p46) that has amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 forms a complex with p41, and enforces DNA synthesis activity that is independent and/or dependent from primer of p41.

A DNA polymerase that synthesizes DNA chain having a sequence that is complementary to base sequence of the template DNA is used commonly as an essential reagent for genetic engineering experiments like PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), a base determination of DNA, a site-specific mutagenesis, and so on. Contribution of the enzyme to the progress of molecular medicine, molecular biology, and biochemistry is enormous.
To examine the enzyme called a DNA polymerase closely, biochemical character of each enzyme is different, and various DNA polymerases are sold in the market until now. Each enzyme has different characteristics like thermo stability, synthesized chain elongation ability, ability to proofread wrong base in synthesizing, preference of a template DNA, and they are selected according to the object of the experiment.
However, these enzymes are not sufficient to satisfy all the objects of experiments. More suitable new DNA polymerase is desired to be developed to each object. Also, as the basic characteristic of DNA polymerase, short chains of nucleotides, a primer, are essential in order to start DNA synthesis reaction, so the PCR needs a pair of site-specific primers for amplification area, and, it is necessary to prepare the primer that amplifies target area and the primer needs to be added to a reaction mixture for each experiment.


A spinal implant may be deployable, when positioned within a vertebral space between a pair of vertebral bodies, from a first laterally non-expanded condition to a second laterally expanded condition. The spinal implant may include top beams and bottom beams separated by at least one post that is, in one embodiment, length variable in response to a load put on the implant after deployment of the implant. In an alternate embodiment, at least one post is laterally variable in response to a load put on the implant. In another embodiment, one of the posts may be centrally located.

A. Field of Invention
This invention pertains to the art of methods and apparatuses regarding spine surgery and more specifically relates to surgical procedures, associated instrumentation and a motion preserving implant to be positioned within, and in some embodiments deployed within, a vertebral space.
B. Description of the Related Art
The volume of spinal surgeries to treat degenerative disc and facet disease has steadily increased over the past decade, fueled by population demographics and advancements in diagnostic and instrumentation adjuncts. Improvements in intraoperative radiological imaging and surgical technique have generated a great deal of interest in applying minimally invasive surgical (MIS) techniques to spinal applications. As in other surgical subspecialties, it is hoped such minimally invasive techniques applied to spinal surgery will result in less soft tissue trauma, less operative blood loss, reduced operative time, faster recovery periods and lower costs.
Known spinal surgical techniques, though generally working well for their intended purposes, have been adopted from traditional open surgical (non-MIS) techniques. As a result, known spinal surgical methods, instrumentation and interbody implants have disadvantages. One disadvantage is that the physical components are relatively large and bulky. This reduces surgeon visualization of the surgical site. Another disadvantage of know spinal surgical methods is that known surgical tools and implants are cumbersome and difficult to maneuver within the limited surgical space available.
As a result of the aforementioned disadvantages, many intradiscal "fusion" implants have been developed to replace a degenerative disc and to maintain stability of the disc interspace between adjacent vertebrae until a solid arthrodesis has been achieved. These known "interbody fusion devices" have had variable geometries and have been classified by Zdeblick et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 6,695,851 into two basic categories; solid implants and bony ingrowth implants. Examples of solid implants are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,878,915, 4,743,256, 4,349,921 and 4,714,469. The previously noted patent to Zdeblick et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 6,695,851) as well as U.S. Pat. No. 4,820,305 to Harms et al. are examples of bony ingrowth implant devices. Other types of implants in the interbody fusion device category are provided in the following U.S. Pat. No. 5,397,364 to Kozak; U.S. Pat. No. 5,015,247 to Michelson, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,878,915, 4,743,256, 4,834,757 and 5,192,327 to Brantigan; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,961,740 and 5,055,104 to Ray; and 4,501,269 to Bagby.
The devices provided in the aforementioned references all have relatively fixed geometries, most commonly rectangular, trapezoidal, or cylindrical in shape. Jackson, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,773,460, has developed anterior interbody device that is expandable relative to the vertical axis of the intradiscal space. Despite this progression in intradiscal implant geometry, a device having an optimized geometry to provide an optimal vertebral endplate footplate is lacking. A specific surgical method and complementary implant instrumentation system is also lacking. Various surgical methods have been devised for the implantation of interbody fusion devices. Dr. Gary Michelson's technique and associated instruments as provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,484,437 is but one example. These known techniques along with their associated instruments and implants lack one or more of the criteria for optimal use in anterior, posterior, or transforaminal minimally invasive approaches compatible with currently available minimally invasive spine surgery and/or minimal access spinal techniques (MAST).
The present invention provides methods and apparatuses for overcoming these disadvantages by providing an interbody implant, that in some embodiments provides motion-preserving articulation, that allows for minimally invasive spinal surgery.

Spine surgery method and motion preserving implant


Impact modified styrenic polymers having a discontinuous rubber phase having a particle size of at least 4 micrometers may be polymerized in continuous stirred tank reactors, stirred plug flow reactors and continuous stirred loop reactors using an auger agitator.

The field of the manufacture of impact modified plastics is relatively old and the current industrial processes for their manufacture are fairly well known. According to conventional technology, typically a solution of rubber, typically comprising 1 to about 20, preferably from 3 to 12 weight %, most preferably 4 to 10 weight % of rubber dissolved in one or more monomers is polymerized in a first stage reactor under mechanical agitation. The first stage of the polymerization may be carried out in a batch process or preferably may be carried out in a continuous process. Continuous process configurations would include continuous stirred tank reactors, continuous stirred loop reactors or stirred plug flow reactors.
In the production of high impact polystyrene in a batch process or in a stirred plug flow reactor, initially the rubber-like composite phase is the continuous phase and the resin phase (monomer/resulting polymer phase) is dispersed. Typically, in conventional processes, as the polymerization proceeds in time with a batch reactor or in space with a stirred plug flow reactor at some point between 5 and 20% conversion the system undergoes particulation by phase inversion under the application of a shear field generated by mechanical agitation. That is, the rubber-like composite phase becomes the dispersed phase and the resin phase becomes the continuous phase. This does not happen instantaneously but occurs over a period of time or space, typically from 10 to 50 minutes or reactor space which produces 2 to 8% conversion. That is, the rubber-like composite phase and resin phase become co-continuous for a period of time before the particulation process is complete.
The ternary phase diagram of the styrene-polystyrene-polybutadiene system has been well studied and is well known. For example, the phase diagram and what happens during the polymerization of high impact polystyrene is discussed in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology, published in 1983, Volume 21, pages 823 through 826.
In the production of high impact polystyrene in a continuous stirred tank reactor or a continuous stirred loop reactor the rubber phase is particulated by the mechanism of dispersion. That is, the rubber or rubber-like composite phase is quickly dispersed as droplets in a continuous stirred tank or continuous stirred loop reactor that is operated with a continuous resin phase.
Applicants have been able to locate little art relating to processes for making resins that contain a large particle size dispersed phase. Generally in the art the conventional wisdom is that the upper particle size is limited by the need to provide sufficient mixing in the reactors to meet heat transfer requirements and to prevent reactor fouling. Therefore the maximum attainable particle size is system dependent.
Canadian Patent 1,160,791, issued Jan. 17, 1984 to the Dow Chemical Company discloses a process to polymerize a high impact polystyrene (HIPS) having a dispersed phase (rubber phase) particle size of about 3.8 micrometers by including a major amount of a C.sub.6-10 aliphatic hydrocarbon in the syrup. The present invention does not contemplate inclusion of a major amount of a C.sub.6-10 aliphatic hydrocarbon in the syrup. Thus Applicants have eliminated an essential feature of the prior art.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,187,261, issued Feb. 5, 1980, assigned to Standard Oil Company teaches a similar approach to preparing a HIPS having a large particle size. According to the reference the polymerization is carried out at a relatively low conversion so there is excess monomer in the syrup when it is devolatilized. In effect this may act as a hydrocarbon solvent/diluent. The particle size is up to 9 micrometers. Again the process of the invention is directed to a chemical method rather than a mechanical method of producing such a large particle size distribution.
South African patent publication 811001 assigned to BASF discloses a bulk suspension process using high amounts of rubber (28%) in a styrenic phase. The dispersed phase particles have a size of about 4.5 micrometers. The present invention does not contemplate such a high content of rubber or the use of a suspension process.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,447 issued Jun. 14, 1983, assigned to Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc. teaches a process for producing rubber modified styrenic resins in which the rubbery phase including rubber-like polymer is transformed into dispersed particles in a stirred tank reactor having both a helical blade agitator mounted in a draft tube and an auxiliary agitator. Comparative example 3 discloses the use of the helical blade agitator in a draft tube without the use of an auxiliary agitator. The present invention does not contemplate the presence of an auxiliary agitator nor does it contemplate the presence of a draft tube. That is, in accordance with the present invention the auger agitator is used without, or in the absence of, a draft tube.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,294 issued May 6, 1986, assigned to Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals, Inc. and Toyo Engineering Corporation teaches a process for the manufacture of ABS in which the reactor in which phase inversion takes place has a screw type agitator mounted in a draft tube in conjunction with an auxiliary agitator at the bottom. As noted above, the present invention does not contemplate the presence of an auxiliary agitator nor does it contemplate the presence of a draft tube.
The present invention seeks to provide a mechanical means to prepare a syrup having a volume average particle size distribution of greater than 4, preferably greater than 6, most preferably not less than 8 micrometers.


A method was developed for the screening of antioxidant efficacy in food and feed matrices. The novel method uses radical initiators to accelerate the oxidation process. Consequently the screening of the oxidation process can be performed at significantly lower temperatures compared to the existing methods. The use of initiators improves the correlation between accelerated screening and real shelf life. This resolves an important issue that is frequently raised concerning the applicability of accelerated oxidation tests conducted at high temperatures. Furthermore feed and food products can be analyzed in their original states because lower temperatures have less influence on the product matrix.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to a method of screening the activity of antioxidant compounds and, more particularly, to a high throughput method for screening the activity of antioxidant compounds at ambient temperatures to more accurately determine antioxidant activity in actual use.
2. Background of Related Art
Antioxidant research is a time-consuming activity when protected samples are evaluated under normal storage conditions. Oxidation at room temperature or below is relatively slow. The signs of emerging rancidity typically only appear after several weeks or even months. For an efficient evaluation of antioxidant systems faster methods of analysis are needed. Many accelerated methods such as Oxidative Stability Instrument (Omnion Inc. Illinois, USA) or OSI, oxygen bomb and Rancimat (Metrohm, CH) use increased temperature to initiate and accelerate the oxidation process. The relation between the rate of any chemical reaction (including oxidation) and temperature can be illustrated using the Arrhenius equation:
                    k        =                  A                                                                          ⅇ                                          -                                  E                  A                                            RT                                                          (        1        )            where k is the rate constant, A is the frequency factor, e is the mathematical constant, EA is the activation energy, and R is the gas constant. The complete term
                    ⅇ                              -                          E              A                                RT                                    (        2        )            counts for the fraction of molecules present in a gas that have energies equal to or in excess of activation energy at a particular temperature. The frequency factor A includes the frequency of collisions and their orientation. This last parameter varies with temperature, although not much. It can be taken as constant across small temperature ranges.
It is possible to calculate what happens to a chemical reaction when the temperature is increased by 10° C., for example from 20 to 30° C. (293 K to 303 K). Because the frequency factor A can be considered constant for this small temperature change, it is only necessary to calculate how equation (2) changes due to the increased temperature. For a typical activation energy of 50 kJ/mol, the following results are obtained:
            For                                      293                                      K                    :                                                    ⅇ                              -            50.000                                8.31            *            293                                =          1.21                                              10                  -          9                                For                                      303                                      K                    :                                                    ⅇ                              -            50.000                                8.31            *            303                                =          2.38                                              10                  -          9
These calculations show that the fraction of the molecules able to react has almost doubled by increasing the temperature by 10° C. This causes the rate of reaction to almost double. This is the merit of this rule-of-thumb often used in simple reaction rate work. As for most simple rules it is only an approximation and therefore should be used with great care for the estimation of shelf life. There are a few other important disadvantages to the use of accelerated oxidation at high temperatures:
First of all, there are limitations to the applicability of Arrhenius' law. The rate constant increases as the temperature goes up, but the rate of increase falls off quite rapidly at higher temperatures. This means that there is no linear correlation between tests at higher temperatures and the actual storage temperature. Also the reaction mechanism of the oxidation process typically changes at higher temperature. Consequently the activation energy of the new mechanism probably will be different, and the linear correlation is lost (Frankel, E. N. Stability methods. In Lipid Oxidation; The Oily Press Ltd: Dundee, Scotland; 1998, Vol. 10, pp. 99-114).
Secondly the high temperature of analysis may change the food or feed matrix. Emulsions can break easily, fats will melt, proteins will denature and coagulate (e.g., meat will be cooked), and water may evaporate out of the product. All these transitions can change the matrix considerably and therefore have a dramatic effect on the correlation of the analysis with the shelf life of the original product.
The analysis of more volatile antioxidants is difficult at high temperatures because an unknown amount of antioxidant activity can be lost during the measurement.
Besides increased temperature it is also possible to use metal ions to increase the oxidation rate (Yoshida, Y.; Niki, E. Oxidation of Methyl Linoleate in Aqueous Dispersions Induced by Copper and Iron. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1992, 1, 107-114; Yoshida, Y.; Niki, E. Oxidation of Phosphatidylcholine Liposomes in Aqueous Dispersions Induced by Copper and Iron. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1992, 1849-1854). Obviously this is not an option for antioxidant research because a high level of metal ions interferes with chelators present in formulations and therefore gives erroneous results.
There is a need, therefore, for new methods for initiating and accelerating oxidation at low temperatures.

Method for high throughput screening of antioxidants at near ambient temperatures


The tile-holding fixture has a fixture wall with an adhesive mask opening therein. Stops adjacent the opening permit positioning of a tile on the face of the wall while tile adhesive is applied by the applicator through the mask opening. The fixture also has a scraper wall provides the combined function of scraping adhesive from the applicator and resting the applicator. The interior of the fixture serves as a reservoir for tile adhesive so that the proper amount of adhesive can be quickly and accurately applied.

Ceramic tile is employed as a floor surface and as a wall surface. Ceramic tile is attached to those surfaces by means of adhesive. The adhesive is applied to the tile or to the surface, and the tile is laid against the surface in a position in accordance with tile installation guidelines or tiles already in place. The use of the proper amount of adhesive is important to achieve the correct height of the tile with respect to the substrate surface. When the adhesive is placed on the back of the tile, is important so that it does not appear in the inter-tile spaces.
Present-day adhesive application is usually accomplished by laying four lumps of adhesive on the back of the tile, spaced from the corners. When the tile is placed against the substrate, these lumps spread out, but hopefully not to the extent that they appear in the inter-tile spaces The positioning and quantity of the lumps of adhesive require experience. This is part of the skill of the trade.
It is difficult to use and position the correct amount of adhesive. Therefore, the inexperienced homeowner who wants to set his own tile has problems in positioning and quantity of adhesive applied to the back of the tile. Thus, there-is need for a fixture which aids in the proper application of adhesive.

Tile-holding fixture for adhesive application


There is provided a separable multiple ply envelope assembly or mailer and process for making same having superimposed outerplies adhered together at their peripheral edges so as to form an envelope and including at least one extractible insert sheet formed from a respective inner ply, and a removable tear-off stub portion along at least one side or face of the assembly to which a corresponding side of the envelope and the insert are both attached, characterized in that the insert sheet is folded prior to its insertion between, and adherence together of the outer plies. Processes for constructing such an assembly are also disclosed.

Free insert mailers are known, as for example described in my International Patent Application WO-A-9321022. In general, removal of a tear-off stub portion along one side of the mailer allows free withdrawal of the inner ply or plies which are not otherwise attached to the assembly. A basic free insert mailer may comprise front and back outer plies which comprise the envelope, and inner plies comprising for example business forms. Two inner plies may be superimposed and glued together to form a smaller return envelope. This is not a prefolded envelope but may comprise a foldable closure flap. The inner plies may for example be die cut or chipped on three sides so that glue lines running transverse of the web to join the outer plies do not attach the inner plies, which are normally glued longitudinally along a fourth side to attach to the stub portion.
It will be appreciated that the multiple ply assembly is constructed from a plurality of webs which are generally pre-printed and subjected to successive and various transverse and longitudinal chipping, glueing, slitting and perforating steps during collation. The final collated assembly may, for example, be folded in a zig-zag fashion for delivery to a customer. The mailers when still connected may be run at speed through a computer printer before final separation.
However, the webs employed in the construction of the outer envelope and free inserts are normally of substantially the same width. This means that the inserts must comprise either single sheets, or single sheets attached together in a further glueing step as in the case of an inserted return envelope, of no greater width than the outer webs comprising the envelope proper. In other words, it has not been attempted to include a folded insert sheet of say twice the width of the outer plies in its unfolded condition, since this would involve the introduction of a web of substantially different width out of register with the other plies and necessarily involves a difficult folding operation. Nevertheless, the advantages of such an insert must be evident; a four-page form, promotional sheet or brochure can be printed on two sides of a single web; a folded insert is easier to read and allows more flexible graphic layout design on the side opened out; opening a folded insert to lie flat is possible, whereas two sheets placed one above the other and glued along one side are difficult to open out and to lie flat and may become detached; a folded insert designed as a brochure has a better appearance and does not have the feel and look of a business form.

Process for making an envelope assembly with folded insert


Apparatuses and methods for setting posts of columns in to the ground are provided. Expandable metals in response to hydrolysis that tend to fill in spaces and cavities, even over time, which is a useful feature when setting columns into the ground. A hydrolyzing fluid can be supplied, as necessary, to cause the hydrolysis of the expanding metal, or supplied by ground water. Upon hydrolysis, the expanding metal expands around the column to adhere and grip the column securely, while the metal may also expand outwardly to increase cross-sectional bulk lending to a more overall stabilization of a set column. The expandable metal may be provided as a solid sleeve drivable into the ground with a post, as an auger that can be used to turn a column into the ground or, as a rod that can be driven through the interior of a column into the ground.

Posts and columns when set into the ground frequently employ cement or a mortar to support the posts or columns. Over time, the cement or mortar may crack or degrade losing its supporting and anchoring capacity. If the posts or column comprise wood, the cracked cement or mortar accelerates the rotting of the wood. If the posts or column comprise a metal, the cracked cement or mortar accelerates the oxidation of the metal.


A new Angelonia plant named ‘Car Laver09,’ particularly distinguished by violet flower color, upright and medium-compact habit, dense foliage, strong stems, and good floriferousness.

The present invention comprises a new Angelonia, botanically known as Angelonia angustifolia and hereinafter referred to by the variety name 'Car Laver09.'
'Car Laver09' is a product of a planned breeding program. The new cultivar 'Car Laver09' has a violet flower color, upright and medium-compact habit with dense foliage, strong stems, and good floriferousness.
'Car Laver09' originated from a hybridization in a controlled breeding program in Gilroy, Calif. U.S.A. The female parent was an unpatented hybrid seedling identified as '148-3' with lavender color. '148-3' has a darker lavender color, taller plant habit, and is less floriferious than 'Car Laver09.'
The male parent of 'Car Laver09' was an unpatented hybrid seedling identified as '257-5' with lavender color. '257-5' has a darker flower color, less branching, and is less floriferious than 'Car Laver09.'
'Car Laver09' was selected as one flowering plant within the progeny of the stated cross in July 2003 in a controlled environment in Gilroy, Calif. U.S.A.
The first act of asexual reproduction of 'Car Laver09' was accomplished when vegetative cuttings taken from the initial selection in July 2003 in a controlled environment in Gilroy, Calif. U.S.A. The pollination took place in October 2002 and the seed sowing in April 2003 all in Gilroy, Calif., U.S.A.
Horticultural examination of plants grown from cuttings of the plant initiated in July 2003 in Gilroy, Calif. U.S.A., and continuing thereafter, has demonstrated that the combination of characteristics as herein disclosed for 'Car Laver09' are firmly fixed and are retained through successive generations of asexual reproduction.
'Car Laver09' has not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary significantly with variations in environment such as temperature, light intensity and day length.
A Plant Breeder's Right for this cultivar was applied for in Canada on Dec. 24, 2007. 'Car Laver09' has not been made publicly available more than one year prior to the filing of this application.


For experience-based dynamic sequencing of a set of process options, a first process option is executed at a first stage in a first sequence for a first set of members. The sequence includes several stages of executing a subset of the process options. An experience value is determined corresponding to executing the first process option. The experience value is normalized to calculate a normalized experience value corresponding to the first process option. Using the normalized experience value in a later stage from the plurality of stages, an evaluation is made whether a first trigger threshold is satisfied in a first activation function of a second process choice. When the first trigger threshold of the first activation function being satisfied, the second process choice is included in the first sequence at the later stage.

Queues are a commonly occurring feature in data processing systems as well as daily life. When there are more things that can be done with available resources, a queue is a commonly used mechanism to sequence the demand.
To begin with a daily life example, people at a theme park routinely form queues to experience a ride or attraction. The capacity of the ride or attraction is often less than the number of people demanding a use of that capacity. Consequently, arriving people take a position in a queue and await their turn to experience the ride or attraction.
Similarly, in a data processing system, a queue is useful for arranging the processes that are awaiting the use of the limited computing resources in the data processing system. Hereinafter, a reference to a "member" can be interpreted as a reference to a person when the scenario or embodiment is applied to a human circumstance, such as in the example of the theme park, and as a reference to a thread, a process, or generally a consumer of a resource in a data processing system when the scenario or embodiment is applied to a data processing system circumstance, such as in the example of the processes using a computing resource (process option) in the data processing system.
Hereinafter, a "sequence" or a "sequence of execution" can similarly be interpreted as a reference to an ordering of human activities or an ordering of computer processes depending on the circumstances of the scenario or embodiment.
Hereinafter, a "process option" can similarly be interpreted as a reference to a human activity, a process available in a data processing system, or a resource in a data processing system, depending on the circumstances of the scenario or embodiment.
A variety of ways exists in which to arrange or order the members for using one or more process options. For example, a first-in-first-out (FIFO) allows waiting members to be queued in the order of their arrival, i.e., in the order in which they presented their demand for the limited resource. A priority-based queuing technique queues members based on their priorities. A higher priority member is queued ahead of a lower priority member, for using the process option before the lower priority member. Many other methods for ordering members for using one or more process options are well known.
In a converse way, the queuing process can also be viewed as a sequencing of process options for a member to use. In other words, a queuing process can also be used to create a sequence in which a member will use a given set of process options.
Often, it is not a single process option that a member uses. Frequently, several members will want to use several process options in some order or sequence. For example, a group of people may want to go on five different rides at the park in some order. As another example, each of one thousand threads may want to use several hardware and software components of a data processing system in some sequence.

Experience-based dynamic sequencing of process options

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A fluoroberyllium borate non-linear optical single crystal is represented by a molecular formula of MBe2BO3F2, wherein M is Rb or Cs. The crystal can be grown by the flux method comprising the steps of mixing a fluoroberyllium borate compound and a flux in proportion, heating the mixture up to 750-800° C., keeping at this temperature and then cooling it to the temperature of 2-10° C. above the saturating point to obtain a fluoroberyllium borate solution at high temperature; putting the seed crystal fixed on the end of a crystal hanging bar into the fluoroberyllium borate solution at high temperature, rotating the crystal hanging bar, cooling the melt solution to its saturating point, then cooling it again slowly, pulling the obtained crystal out of the solution surface, cooling it to room temperature, then obtaining the present fluoroberyllium borate non-linear optical crystal. The crystal has nonlinear optical effect, broad transmittance wave and UV cut-off edge at 150 nm; neither deliquesces nor dissolves in dilute hydrochloric acid or dilute nitric acid; and has good chemical stability. The present crystal is applicable to the need of harmonic generations in the UV range and can be used to make nonlinear optical devices, achieve the output device for the second, third, fourth, fifth or sixth harmonic generations of Nd:YAG laser. They can be also used in harmonic generation devices of other laser wavelength and to generate coherent light with wavelength at or less than 266 nm.

Non-linear optical effect of a crystal is an effect that the frequency of the laser beam will be modified when a laser beam with certain polarization and incidence direction passes through the non-linear optical crystal (such as MBBF). The typical sketches of this effect are shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2.
The crystals with non-linear optical effect are named non-linear optical crystals. The non-linear optical effect herein implies the effect such as second harmonic generation (SHG), sum frequency generation (SFG), difference frequency generation (DFG), optical parametric oscillation (OPO), optical parametric amplification (OPA) and the like. Only those crystals without inversion center might exhibit non-linear optical effect. Using the non-linear optical effect of, the crystals, the non-linear optical devices can be constructed, for example, second harmonic generator, sum\difference frequency transformer, optical parametric oscillator and etc. The laser generated from the laser generator can achieve frequency transformation by the non-linear optical devices. For example, an infrared laser beam (e.g. 1064 nm) can be transformed to the spectrum region of visible, UV or even deep-UV (with the wavelength less than 200 nm) lasers through the non-linear optical crystals. Thus the non-linear optical crystals have great potential in the laser technique field. Nowadays, there are three kinds of inorganic non-linear optical crystals which are the most widely used ones in this wavelength region, i.e. the low temperature phase of barium meta-borate (β-BaB2O4, abbv. BBO), lithium triborate (LiB3O5 abbv. LBO) and potassium titaniol phosphate (KTiOPO4, abbv. KTP). However, the effective SHG output wavelengths of the three crystals mentioned above have some limitations in the UV spectrum region. For BBO, it is because that (1) (B3O6) group with large conjugated π orbital characteristics allows for the red shift of the band gap of the group, which results in the absorption edge of BBO crystals at 189 nm; (2) due to the limitation of the UV absorption edge, the crystals are not capable to generate harmonic laser with wavelength less than 193 nm; (3) the double refractive index of the BBO is Δn≈0.12 resulted from the planar (B3O6) group, and the large double refractive index leads to an acceptance angle of Δθ=0.45 mrad at fourth harmonic generation, which is too small for the practical uses of the devices. For LBO, the double refractive index is too small to achieve phase matching at short wavelength, therefore it is not able to achieve the effective SHG output in the same region. As to KTP, the UV cut-off is 350 nm, thus it is also not capable to generate UV harmonic laser. [BBO(β-BaB2O4), see Science in China B28, 235, 1985; LBO(LiB3O5) crystals, see Patents for Inventions in China 88102084; KTP (KTiOPO4), Handbook of Nonlinear Optical crystals].
So far, KBe2BO3F2 (abbv. KBBF) is the only non-linear optical crystal which is capable for direct SHG output in the deep UV region. This crystal is invented and developed by R&D Center for Crystals, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, a group under Academician C. T. Chen's leadership.
The KBBF crystal is constructed with planar triangular (BO3) group and tetrahedral (BeO3F) group, wherein the three O atoms of (BO3) group connect to Be atom respectively to form a 2-dimensional infinite net and the K+ ions locate between the planes, which interconnect by electrostatic force. Non-linear optical effect of the crystal is mainly contributed by (BO3) group. The (BO3) groups arrange in planes in the crystal lattice and they parallel with each other and are vertical to the crystal c axis, which allows for the superior non-linear optical properties of the crystal. The absorption edge of this crystal is 155 nm, the double refractive index thereof is about 0.07, and the phase matching region can be expanded to 170 nm. With prism-coupling technique, the KBBF crystal has achieved fifth harmonic generation output of the Ti:sapphire laser (157 nm-160 nm) [see J. Opt. Soc. Am. B (2004), 21(2)].

Fluoroberyllium borate non-linear optical crystals and their growth and applications

Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences


A photoelectric converting device provided with a control electrode area of a semiconductor of a first conductive type and at least two main electrode areas of a semiconductor of a second conductive type different from the first conductive type, and capable of accumulating photo-generated carriers in the control electrode area. The control electrode area becomes substantially depleted at the resetting operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information processing apparatus such as a distance measuring apparatus for automatic focusing of a camera, a copying machine, a facsimile apparatus, an image reader or a video camera, and more particularly a photoelectric converting device to be employed as an image sensor in such apparatus.
2. Related Background Art
The U.S. Pat. No. 4,686,554 granted to inventors Ohmi and Tanaka discloses a charge-accumulating photoelectric converting device of high sensitivity and a low noise level, in which the emitter of a bipolar transistor is connected to an output circuit including a capacitative load. In recent years, however, there are requirements for a higher resolving power, a higher sensitivity and a lower noise level for the photoelectric converting device.
Considered particularly troublesome are noises. The noises in a photoelectric converting device are principally fixed pattern noises and random noises.
Since the fixed pattern noises (FPN) can be compensated for by an external correction circuit, the basic requirement lies in the reduction of the random noises (RN). Stated differently, the reduction of the random noises leads to a higher performance of the sensor.
FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a unit cell of a conventional photoelectric converting device, wherein are shown an n-Si substrate 2', an n.sup.- -epitaxial area 2, a p-base area 3, an emitter area 4, and an emitter electrode 5. Also a p-MOS transistor is constituted by a p-area 62, the p-base area 3 and a gate electrode 61. In this photoelectric converting device, among the carriers generated by the incident light, the holes are accumulated in the base, and a signal corresponding to thus accumulated carriers is released from the emitter. Subsequently the p-MOS transistor forms an inversion layer under the gate electrode, whereby the base area 3 is maintained at the same potential as that of the drain area 62 to which a predetermined potential is supplied through the drain electrode 63, and the carriers are thus extracted from the base.
The various experiments of the present inventors have revealed that a cause of the random noises in the photoelectric converting device of the charge accmulating type lies in the incomplete transfer of photogenerated signal carriers in the resetting operation.
Another cause is the noise generation in the functioning of the transistor at the output signal readout.

Photoelectric converting device and information processing apparatus employing the same


The present disclosure defines a lever handing apparatus that permits simplified changing of the handing of a lever handle between a left hand and a right hand orientation. The lever handing apparatus includes an assembly with a rotatable spring cage housing and lever spindle that can be selectively rotated within an escutcheon housing to change the handing position of a lever arm. The handing orientation of the lever can be repositioned without removing a back plate or accessing internal components positioned within the escutcheon housing assembly.

Lever handles for lock and escutcheon assemblies can be repositionable approximately 180 degrees apart depending on whether the handle will be used on a door that opens from the left hand side or a door that opens from the right hand side. Typically lever handles are changed between right hand and left hand orientations by removing and reorienting portions of a handle assembly and/or opening the escutcheon trim assembly to gain access to adjustable internal components. This can be both time consuming and cumbersome for the lock installer. Accordingly there remains a need for further contributions in this area of technology.


Aspects relate to apparatuses and methods for linking posting data to a plurality of user identifiers. An exemplary apparatus includes a processor and a memory communicatively connected to the processor, the memory containing instructions configuring the processor to receive a plurality of user identifiers relating to a plurality of users, receive posting data from a posting generator of a plurality of posting generators, identify a plurality of keywords within the posting data, generate a keyword ranking, match a plurality of keywords of the keyword ranking to the plurality of user identifiers, and generate, as a function of the matching, a ranking of the plurality of user identifiers based on a superiority criterion of each user identifier using a fuzzy set inference system.

Video content (including short-form video content) has steadily been rising in popularity for many years. Its advantages as a communication medium are manifest. Search engines have become an everyday necessity over the years. Its advantages as a database and research tool are manifest. However, present ways of utilizing search engines to match and rank document content are not capable of optimizing the best match results.

Apparatuses and methods for linking posting data


Apparatuses and methods for band scanning in lean carrier operation are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method for a network node includes identifying at least one time period for transmitting a reference signal over a full cell bandwidth in lean earner operation, and transmitting a reference signal according to a bandwidth pattern. The bandwidth pattern is based at least in part on the identified at least one time period.

Some wireless communication network technologies make use of cell searching to support communications between the wireless device and the network node. Frequency searching is part of the overall cell search procedure. With that being said, some fundamental concepts related to frequency searching include channel raster and channel numbering, which influence the frequency search performance.
Channel Raster
In order to simplify the center of the carrier frequency search, or the so-called initial cell search, the center frequency of a radio channel is specified to be an integral multiple of a well-defined, generally fixed number, called a channel raster. The channel raster enables a wireless device (WD), such as a user equipment (UE) to tune its local oscillator only at one of the raster points assuming it to be the center frequency of the channel being searched. As an example, in Long-Term Evolution (LTE), the channel raster for all channels (i.e., all bandwidths) is 100 KHz.
Cell Search Procedure
In many technologies, such as, in Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), and next generation radio access technology such as New Radio (NR) the WD searches cells in a hierarchical manner, sometimes referred to as a hierarchical cell search procedure. This means the WD typically acquires frequency synchronization, cell frame timing, and cell physical identity in tandem. These concepts are discussed in the following sections:
Frequency Search or Band Scanning
When the WD is powered on it first searches the list of all possible frequencies (or channels) in a frequency band. The goal is to find, within a particular frequency band, the most suitable frequency channels in use within a region. Initially, the WD typically searches for every possible carrier frequency within a frequency band, and estimates or detects the energy received over the carrier frequency within the WD bandwidth (or within the system bandwidth, depending on the frequency band). This is sometimes called an initial cell search, a band scanning, or a frequency scanning. If the detected energy level indicates that there is a downlink (DL) transmission, i.e., transmission from the network node to the WD, then the WD proceeds with the next step of cell search as described in the next section.
The complexity of the frequency search can increase proportionally with the increase in the number of frequency bands to scan and also the number of carriers within each band.
Cell Timing and Cell ID Acquisition
In this phase or step, the WD proceeds with the remaining tasks, or more specifically, acquires the cell timing and cell identification (ID) of neighboring cells, which are operating on the same frequency channel found during the frequency search. During the frequency searching, the WD generally also detects the timing of the strongest cell. But this may depend largely upon the specific algorithm used for the frequency search. For example, the WD typically performs correlation over the synchronization sequences while assuming a certain center frequency.
In any case, after acquiring frequency synchronization the WD continues performing the neighbor cell search. The WD therefore continuously attempts to find the cell timing and the physical ID of the cells operating on the acquired carrier frequency.
Reference Signal Muting
Since Rel-8 in LTE, the Cell-specific Reference Signals (CRSs) are transmitted by the base station using full system bandwidth and in all DL subframes in a radio frame. The CRS is used by the WD for several procedures. Examples of such procedures are time and/or frequency tracking or synchronization, channel estimation, radio link quality measurements, cell selection, cell reselection, etc.
However, the CRSs are not used by the WD all the time. The continuous CRS transmission with full system bandwidth in one cell may cause interference at the WD operating in a neighboring cell. The CRS transmission also consumes base station (BS) power. Accordingly, in one example, the CRS can be muted outside the minimum bandwidth (e.g., 1.4 MHz) in a cell during the inactive time (e.g., OFF duration) of the discontinuous reception (DRX) and the CRS can be transmitted over full bandwidth (BW) during the active time (e.g., ON duration) of the DRX cycle.
FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a CRS muting operation. The term "muted CRS" refers to the transmission of CRS using reduced CRS bandwidth (e.g., over central 6 resource blocks (RBs) within a cell bandwidth (BW)) during an inactive time of the DRX, excluding warm up and cool down periods. The warm up and cool down periods typically occur during the inactive time and during which the CRS is transmitted over full BW of the cell, or over a larger bandwidth, as shown, for example, in FIG. 1. As a special case, warmup and/or cool down periods can be zero. During at least the active time of the DRX, the CRS are transmitted over full bandwidth, or larger bandwidth, as compared to the reduced CRS bandwidth. This is also called lean carrier operation, reference signal (RS) muting, or CRS muting. The lean carrier operation is applied when the DRX and/or enhanced DRX (eDRX) cycle is used.
DRX Cycle Operation
In LTE, the DRX cycle is used to allow the WD to save battery power. The DRX cycle is used in the radio resource control (RRC) idle state, but it can also be used in an RRC connected state. Examples of lengths of time corresponding to the DRX cycles currently used in the RRC idle state include 320 millisecond (ms), 640 ms, 1.28 second (s), and 2.56 s. Examples of lengths of time corresponding to the DRX cycles currently used in the RRC connected state may range from 2 ms to 2.56 s. The eDRX cycles are expected to be very long (e.g., ranging from several seconds to several minutes and even up to one or more hours). Typical values of eDRX cycles may be between 4-10 minutes.
The DRX cycle is configured by the network node and can characterized by at least the following parameters:
On-duration: During the On-duration of the DRX cycle, a timer (referred to as an "onDurationTimer"), which is configured by the network node, is running. This timer specifies the number of consecutive control channel subframes (e.g., Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), or Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel (ePDCCH) subframe(s)) at the beginning of a DRX Cycle. It is also interchangeably referred to as a DRX ON period. More specifically, it is the duration in terms of the number of consecutive downlink subframes that the WD needs to decode, after waking up from DRX to receive control channel (e.g. PDCCH, ePDCCH). This requires the WD to turn on its receiver during at least the DRX ON duration of the DRX cycle. When the onDurationTimer is running the WD is considered to be in DRX state of the DRX cycle.
DRX-inactivity timer: If the WD successfully decodes the control channel (e.g., PDCCH, ePDCCH, Machine Type Physical Downlink Control Channel (MPDCCH), Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel (NPDCCH), etc.) during the On-duration, then the WD starts a DRX-inactivity timer (see below) and stays awake until it expires. The DRX-inactivity timer specifies the number of consecutive control channel (e.g., PDCCH, ePDCCH) subframe(s) after the subframe in which a control channel (e.g., PDCCH) indicates an initial uplink (UL) or downlink (DL) user data transmission for this MAC entity. It is also configured by the network node. When the DRX-inactivity timer is running the WD is considered to be in the non-DRX state, i.e., no DRX is used.
DRX active time: DRX-active time is the duration during which the WD monitors the control channel (e.g., PDCCH, ePDCCH, MPDCCH, NPDCCH etc.). In other words, this is the total duration during which the WD receiver is active or awake. This includes the "on-duration" of the DRX cycle, the time during which the WD is performing continuous reception while the DRX-inactivity timer has not expired, as well as the time the WD is performing continuous reception while waiting for a DL retransmission after one HARQ RTT. In contrast, during DRX inactive time the WD receiver is not active or awake and therefore the WD is not expected to monitor any control channel.
The DRX operation in LTE is illustrated in FIG. 2 with more detailed parameters. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be applicable when the WD is configured with eDRX. The eDRX cycle has a DRX cycle length larger than a certain threshold (e.g., 5.12 seconds) and contains a paging transmission window (PTW) within each eDRX cycle. The PTW contains 1 or more DRX cycles.
The existing solutions described herein above have problems. In initial access, the WD typically has no prior information about the presence of the cell, which it tries to access, and is not aware of the center frequency of the synchronization signals (e.g., Primary synchronization signal/Secondary synchronization signal (PSS/SSS)) used for cell identification. In some deployment scenarios, (e.g., LTE) the center frequencies of the cell and of the synchronization signals are the same. However, in some other deployment scenarios, (e.g., NR) the center frequencies of the cell and of the synchronization signals (e.g., the synchronization signal block (SSB) in NR) may or may not be the same.
The first step for identifying the cell during initial access is to determine the presence of a carrier frequency over which the cell operates. This is referred to as frequency scanning, band scanning, frequency search, or initial cell search. The next step is to identify the cell operating on the determined carrier frequency by, for example, identifying the physical cell identification (PCI). This also includes the determination of the center frequency of the synchronization signals. In the band scanning procedure, the WD typically estimates the energy (Pe) over a certain frequency range in a certain time period and compare it with a certain energy threshold (Hg) to determine whether one or more cells may operate on a carrier frequency, F1, or in a certain carrier frequency range.
The band scanning procedure works fine in legacy systems where the reference signals (e.g., cell specific reference signals (CRSs)) are transmitted over the full cell bandwidth frequently in time resources (e.g., in every time resource, such as in every subframe (e.g., 1 ms in LTE)). However, the problem arises in future releases of LTE (e.g., Rel-15) or NR where cells employ lean carrier operation. In lean carrier operation, the reference signals can be muted or transmitted only within a certain part of the cell bandwidth, and also the WD RF bandwidth can be smaller than the cell bandwidth. This makes the legacy method of frequency scanning for initial access not suitable under this new scenario.

Method for band scanning when reference signal is transmitted over reduced bandwidth


An electrical component includes ceramic layers that are stacked to form a base body, electrode layers among the ceramic layers to form at least one capacitor, at least one phase gate on a ceramic layer that corresponds to a surface of the base body, contact surfaces on a top surface of the base body, and through contacts that electrically connect the electrode layers to the contact surfaces. The through contacts are inside the base body at least in part. Side surfaces of the base body are substantially free of surface metallic contacts and of metal plating.

From the publication JP03060148 a laminated LCR element is known which provides a capacitance between two electrode layers in a sequence of layers stacked one on top of the other. To contact the electrode layers, they are conducted up to the edge of the sequence of layers, whereby outer contacts are arranged on the front surfaces of the component body.
From the publication JP2000226689A a component is known in which electrode layers located inside a multi-layered sequence are contacted, both by lateral outer electrodes and by solder balls arranged on the top side of the component.
An electrical component is indicated which provides a sequence of ceramic layers lying one on top of the other. Preferably electrode layers are provided between ceramic layers. The electrode layers can form at least one capacitor.
It is also advantageous if the ceramic layers lying one on top of the other form a base body, whereby contact surfaces are arranged on the outer surface of the base body.
In addition to at least one capacitor, it is advantageous if another electrical function is integrated in the form of a phase gate. The phase gate is thereby arranged on the top surface of the base body of its ceramic layer.
The electrode layers are further connected in an electrically conductive manner with the contact surfaces by means of the through contacts running inside the base body. The side surfaces of the base body are free of surface metallic contacts/free of metal plating.
The component indicated here makes use of the basic idea according to which capacitors are integrated into an electroceramic multi-layered component. For one thing, outwardly contacting the capacitors by means of through contacts largely eliminates parasitic influences that negatively affect the function or the properties of the component. In addition, the use of through contacts also provides an extremely space-efficient contact with the component.
By integrating at least one other phase gate in addition to the capacitor, especially advantageous filter elements can be realized, whereby the filter element with the capacitor and the phase gate has two electrical basic components that rotate the phase of an AC signal in opposite directions. This allows the creation of filters with good properties, for example high insertion loss and broadband filter characteristics. At the same time, the phase gate rotates the phase between voltage and power in a direction opposite to that of the capacitor. For example, the capacitor rotates the phase in the positive direction, while the phase gate rotates the phase in the negative direction.
By arranging the phase gate on a ceramic layer, the phase gate can be integrated into the component in such a way that little space is used. Connecting the capacitor with contact surfaces on an outer surface of the base body makes it easy and convenient to contact the component, for example on a printed circuit board.
In one advantageous embodiment of the component, the phase gate can be represented by a resistor or by an inductance. An especially advantageous option is to design the phase gate as a layer resistor. A layer resistor of this type can be integrated in an especially space-efficient manner by arranging it on a ceramic layer in the component.
In one especially advantageous embodiment of the component, all ceramic layers are made of the same material. This allows the component to be made especially light by jointly sintering ceramic green film. In this case, any shrinkage that occurs cannot be adjusted.
Another embodiment of the component provides that all ceramic layers contain an electrical functional ceramic. The term "electrical functional ceramics" means materials that, for example, provide a high dielectric constant when capacitors are realized or, for example, provide a suitable voltage dependency for their resistors when varistors are realized. In terms of the component described here, functional ceramics above all have the property that they provide at least one electrical function in addition to the mechanical support function that gives the component its mechanical stability and which also supports electrode layers or other electrically conductive elements. The voltage dependency of the electrical resistor or the dielectricity constant was already indicated.
However, other material properties that can make an electrical functional ceramic from a conventional ceramic material used as a support are also possible. Specifically, a temperature dependency of the electrical resistor, a temperature dependency of the dielectricity constant or other similar properties are possible. Especially interesting for this invention are materials that are needed for realizing capacitors, varistors or inductances.
Also advantageous is a component in which the electrode layers and phase gates are contacted exclusively by means of the contact surfaces. The contact surfaces are located on an outer side of the base body, preferably on the top or bottom side of the base body, whereby the contact surfaces are contacted by means of through contacts. This embodiment of the component has the advantage that an especially space-efficient contact can be achieved. This embodiment also has the advantage that outer contacts to be arranged on the sides of the base body can be eliminated. This reduces the overall surface needed for the contacts, which can drastically reduce the component's susceptibility to failure as well as drastically reduce parasitic capacities and inductances.
In another embodiment of the component, the electrode layers and the phase gates are arranged at various planes. The electrode layers and the phase gates are advantageously arranged on top of one another. This has the advantage that only a relatively small footprint is used to create the component. Such components can be advantageously used especially in applications where space is a critical factor.
In one especially advantageous embodiment, the component can be designed so that the basic space requirement for the base body is only limited by the necessary capacity or by the required electrical resistor or the required inductance. The number of capacitors also limits the footprint required to integrate several capacitors that are located next to one another in the component.
A through contact generally has the property that it electrically connects the top side of a ceramic layer with its bottom side in an electrically conductive manner and to that end passes through the ceramic layer in the "thick" direction. For example, providing the ceramic layer with a hole that is filled with a conductive paste can create a through contact. The through contact can also be manipulated in the process of common integration during the sintering of the sequence of ceramic layers.
In another embodiment of the component, the capacitors and the phase gates form a filter switch. It is especially advantageous if the elements that are part of the filter are connected inside the base body. For example, the use of through contacts can be especially helpful in this instance.
In another embodiment of the component, a common contact surface is arranged in the middle of the outer surface; the contact surface is connected to one or more electrode layers. The common contact surface is preferably reconnected to the electrode layer or layers by a through contact. The electrode layers connected to the common contact surface form common electrodes for several capacitors. This means that the common electrodes can form the counter electrodes for various capacitors.
Another embodiment of the component provides a symmetrical design in which the component is formed symmetrically at a level that runs through the common contact surface. In this example, the common outer contact surface forms a point of symmetry, and the component can be symmetrically created around this point of symmetry. This design has the advantage of being very easy to manufacture.
In one particularly advantageous embodiment of the component, a phase gate is executed as a layer resistor or as a layer inductance. All phase gates can also be executed as layer resistors. It is also possible to execute one phase gate as a layer resistor and another phase gate as layer inductances.
The inductance can be present as a conductive path that is curved in several places, for example in the form of a meander or a spiral.
In another embodiment of the component, multiple filters are integrated. This embodiment has the advantage that the space-saving effect is increased. This can be realized, for example, by having several capacitors use the common electrodes.
In another embodiment of the component, a broadband filter is formed for electromagnetic interferences. Such a filter can, for example, filter frequency ranges between 800 MHz and 2500 MHz. However, using the component described here, it is also possible to create filters against electromagnetic interferences (RFI filters); these filters filter down into the kHz range.
In another embodiment of the component, one or more varistors can be contained. Varistors have the advantage that they facilitate the creation of ESD (Electro-Static Discharge) filters. Varistors are characterized in that they have a voltage dependent resistor. In the context of the component described here, they can, for example, be realized by arranging a ceramic layer containing a varistor material between two electrode layers. From the two electrode layers is created a component that represents a parallel circuit consisting of one varistor and one capacitor.
Another embodiment of the component provides that a common electrode layer overlaps four different areas of other electrode layers. With the help of one such embodiment, four different capacitors can be integrated into one component of the type described here, which is particularly space-efficient.
In another embodiment of the component, several identical filters can be integrated.
In another embodiment of the component, several different filters can be integrated.
In this connection, "identical filters" means those filters where the circuitry of the electrical components is identical and where the electrical components essentially exhibit the same characteristics.
In another embodiment of the component, a layer resistor can be arranged between two ceramic layers. With regard to this embodiment, it should be noted that the material for the layer resistor preferably should be a material that can be co-fired with the ceramic layers involved. In terms of varistor ceramics, in this instance it is especially advantageous to use for the layer resistor a metalliferous paste that is also used for the electrode layers. To obtain relatively high resistance values, it is therefore advantageous to execute the layer resistor in the form of a path curved in several places. With the help of this type of path that is curved in several places, resistances between 0.1 and 50 Ω can be realized. Such a component can be a particular advantage when used in circumstances where negligible dissipation loss and therefore negligible resistances are desired.
In another embodiment of the component, the layer resistor is arranged on an outer side of a ceramic layer. In this case, there is a greater range of possibilities in the selection of the layer-resistor materials because when the layer resistor is attached to an outer side of a ceramic layer, co-firing is no longer absolutely required. In addition and especially in this case, the use of the materials typically used for high resistances, for example RuO2, can significantly reduce the existing risk of damage to the ceramic. Such a risk is especially pronounced for varistor ceramics. In this case, one would first debind and then sinter the sequence of ceramic layers lying one on top of the other. The layer resistor is only applied as the last temperature step is being carried out. Because of the moderate temperatures employed during the last temperature step, it is no longer possible for the layer-resistor material to damage the ceramic layers. With the help of such a layer resistor applied on an outer side of a ceramic layer or on an outer side of the base body, resistance values between 0.05 and 100 Ω or even more can be realized. This embodiment is especially advantageous for filter applications requiring an impedance adjustment. Protective layers of insulation applied later can cover the layer resistor arranged on the surface.
Another embodiment of the component provides that the footprint of the base body be smaller than 2.5 mm2. The footprint is thus the top or bottom side of the base body, which lies parallel to the ceramic layers, one of which supports the contact surfaces. In this case, at least four capacitors and two phase gates are integrated.
In another embodiment of the component, the footprint of the base body measures less than 5.12 mm2. In this case, at least eight capacitors and at least four phase gates are integrated.
In another embodiment of the component, the footprint of the base body measures less than 8 mm2. In this case, eight, ten, twelve or even more capacitors are integrated. At least four phase gates are also integrated.
In another embodiment of the component, all capacitors integrated into the base body have the same capacity. In addition, all integrated phase gates exhibit the same electrical characteristics. For example, all integrated resistors would exhibit the same resistance. All integrated inductances would exhibit the same inductance.
In another embodiment of the component, at least two capacitors that exhibit different capacities are integrated. In addition, at least two phase gates that exhibit different characteristics are integrated. For example, two resistors that exhibit different resistances are integrated. Furthermore, two inductances that exhibit different inductances can also be integrated.
Another embodiment of the component provides a capacitor material as the material for the ceramic layers. Possible capacitor materials specifically include: COG, X7R, Z5U, Y5V or HQM materials. Involved here are single or multi-phase oxide systems with specific characteristics. The use of capacitor materials is especially possible if an EMI broadband filter is supposed to be realized.
Another embodiment of the component provides a varistor ceramic as the material for the ceramic layers. In this case, specifically an ESD filter can be realized. Possible material systems specifically include: ZnO—Bi and ZnO—Pr.
Another embodiment of the component provides a material as the material for the electrode layers, which material contains one or more materials from the following list of materials: silver, palladium, platinum, silver-palladium alloys, silver-platinum alloys, copper, nickel.
These materials have the advantage that they exhibit good electrical conductivity. In addition, they can be sintered together with an appropriate paste and combined with the ceramic layers preferably used here.
Another embodiment of the component provides a material as the material for layer resistors, which material contains one or more elements from the following list of materials: silver, palladium, platinum, silver-palladium, silver-platinum, silver-palladium-platinum.
These materials have the advantage that they can be sintered together with the materials preferably used here for the ceramic layers, and that when they are sintered together they do not damage the varistor ceramics described here. Another embodiment of the component provides a material as the material for the layer resistor, especially for a layer resistor located on the top surface of the base body, which material contains one or more elements from the following list of materials: RuO2, Bi2Ru2O7, C, Ti2N, LaB6, WO2, Al2O3, and various PbO compounds.
In another embodiment of the component, the components integrated into the component form an RC filter, an T filter or a Π filter.
In another embodiment of the component, the components integrated into the component from an ESD filter.
In another embodiment of the component, all ceramic layers are made from a uniform ceramic material.
Also indicated is a switching mechanism with the component, whereby the component is executed so that it contains two filters, and whereby the component connects an amplifier and a speaker.
The component and a switching mechanism is explained in greater detail below using exemplary embodiments and related figures.

Electrical component and circuit configuration with the electrical component


A boat cover system that can provide some level of protection to the interior of the boat when the boat is not in use, and can also provide some level of protection to the occupants of the boat when the boat is in use. The cover system may include a cover assembly that includes a support frame and a cover, where the support frame supports the cover. One or more cover supports may be provided for supporting the cover assembly. The one or more cover supports may be adapted to allow the cover assembly to be moved between a raised position and a lowered position. In some cases, more than one cover assembly may be used on a boat.

Many forms of boat covers are known, some of which are simple, make-shift canvas or like covers sometimes of the button-on, button-off type. Such boat covers are typically manually installed by the user of the boat, and provide some level of protection to the interior of the boat while the boat is not in use.
When in use, some boats include a sun shade cover, often called a bimini top or the like, that provides some level of protection to the occupants of the boat from the sun. In many cases, a fabric cover is mounted on a tubular aluminum framework, which can be either fixed on the boat for convertible movement and/or pivoted between a shade providing position and a folded non-shade providing position. In the shade providing position, the sun shade cover is often suspended above the interior of the boat with open sides so that the occupants can move about and interior of the boat and see laterally out of the sides of the boat. In the folded non-shade providing position, the fabric cover is typically wrapped around the tubular aluminum framework, and the entire structure is pivoted out of the way to one side of the boat, typically towards the rear of the boat.
What would be desirable is a boat cover that can provide some level of protection to the interior of the boat when the boat is not in use, and can also provide some level of protection to the occupants of the boat from the sun and/or other elements when the boat is in use.


The dynamoelectric rotor according to the present invention, includes: a rotor coil; a first pole core body and a second pole core body respectively having: first and second cylindrical portions on which the rotor coil is installed; first and second disk portions; and a plurality of first and second claw-shaped magnetic poles magnetized into North-seeking (N) poles and South-seeking (S) poles; and permanent magnets for reducing magnetic leakage flux between the adjacent claw-shaped magnetic poles, flange portions projecting in a circumferential direction and restricting radial movement of the permanent magnets due to centrifugal force being formed on first and second side surfaces of the claw-shaped magnetic poles, and a groove being formed on the first disk portion of the first pole core body to make the first claw-shaped magnetic poles of the first pole core body displace more than the second claw-shaped magnetic poles of the second pole core body.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a dynamoelectric rotor including permanent magnets disposed between adjacent claw-shaped magnetic poles, the permanent magnets reducing magnetic leakage flux between the adjacent claw-shaped magnetic poles.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, in rotors in which a first pole core body and a second pole core body having a plurality of claw-shaped magnetic poles are intermeshed, configurations are known that improve dynamoelectric output by disposing permanent magnets between adjacent claw-shaped magnetic poles to reduce magnetic leakage flux between the claw-shaped magnetic poles. (See Patent Literature 1, for example.)
Patent Literature 1
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. HEI 10-248221 (Gazette)
In the above dynamoelectric rotor, in order to prevent the permanent magnets from dislodging from the claw-shaped magnetic poles due to centrifugal force, flange portions projecting in a circumferential direction are formed on side surfaces of the claw-shaped magnetic poles.
In such configurations, although tip portion regions of the claw-shaped magnetic poles are displaced in a radial direction due to the centrifugal force, because the first pole core body and the second pole core body have identical shapes and equal rigidity, the first pole core body and the second pole core body are displaced equally in magnitude, and although the permanent magnets can be supported at the root portions of the claw-shaped magnetic poles, which have a high strength, in other words, at two points positioned at diagonally opposite corners of the rectangular permanent magnets, a large bending moment arises in the permanent magnets, and one problem has been that there is a risk that the permanent magnets may be damaged by plastic deformation, or by fatigue failure, etc.

Dynamoelectric rotor having permanent magnets disposed between adjacent claw-shaped magnetic poles


The present invention provides a semiconductor device using a support of new form which can further expand the range of design and enlarge a circuit size while restraining volume of a substrate than a flexible flat-plate substrate. A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device comprising the steps of: forming an insulating film on a fibrous support; forming a semiconductor film so as to be in contact with the insulating film; and forming a semiconductor device using the semiconductor film; wherein the step of forming the insulating film or the step of forming the semiconductor film is performed with the support rotating, using a rotational axis parallel to a longitudinal direction of the support as a center.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device formed on a linear support and further relates to a semiconductor device formed by using the manufacturing method.
2. Description of the Related Art
As for a semiconductor device represented by an integrated circuit, a substrate having a poor flexibility such as a semiconductor substrate and a glass substrate is used conventionally. In recent years, a highly flexible substrate represented by a plastic substrate has been used, thereby expanding the range of design of electronics to be mounted with the semiconductor device. A flexible substrate serves many uses since the design is regarded as important particularly in the case of a semiconductor device mounted in a position attracting public attention. By using a substrate having a shape that is not provided by merely bending and twisting the flexible substrate, the range of the design of the electronics is considered to be further expanded.
As for the electronics, high functionality is regarded as important as well as design characteristics. A scale of an integrated circuit is required to be large to make the electronics have high functionality, but, if degree of integration does not change, the area of integrated circuit layout is required to be enlarged. Accordingly, a larger substrate is required to be used, and design characteristics of electronics to be mounted with the substrate might be lost.

Semiconductor device and method for manufacturing the same

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


To provide data to a user front end while conserving processor resources and network bandwidth, a front end driver operates between the user front end and data processing and storage devices. When users access databases from the user front end, the front end driver maintains virtual objects containing control information associated with the windows and data items visible at the user front end. The user front end need only maintain data corresponding to the visible data items, while the front end driver provides updated versions of the visible data items to the user front end. The updated data items may be provided at refresh intervals, independent of the rate at which the front end driver downloads data from the storage devices. Thus, the system provides access to all database data in a manner that appears to the user as real time, while conserving resources at the user front end.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to data processing systems and, in particular, to systems that selectively display data.
2. Background Information
In known systems that use data that are updated frequently remote users download, for example, database tables, and are provided in real time updated data for the various entries in the tables. Thus, a remote user who makes use of one or more rows of a large database table must download the entire table to display the data in the rows of interest. In the example discussed below, a remote user who is a stock trader downloads a stock trading table that includes information for thousands of stocks in thousands of table rows. The thousands of rows are updated in real time, and thus, the remote user must utilize network bandwidth and front end memory that are sufficient to download, update and maintain the stock trading table.
Many users require the information for only a relatively small number of stocks. However, their front end systems must be capable of storing, maintaining and operating the entire stock trading table. Further, their networks must be capable of supplying updates to the various users in a sufficiently timely manner to promote trading. Accordingly, many of the users are required to have systems that have capabilities that are well beyond what would be required if only the data of interest are made available. What is needed is a system and method of operation that provides to respective users data of interest out of a larger collection of data in a manner that is sufficiently timely to promote real time use and updating of the data of interest.


A method and apparatus for transmitting a synchronization signal in a talk-around direct communication network is provided. The method includes: determining one of a plurality of second windows included in a first window as a synchronization reception window; selecting one of a plurality of synchronization slots included in the second windows as a first synchronization slot; transmitting a first synchronization signal through the first synchronization slot included in the second windows, excluding the synchronization reception window; detecting a second synchronization signal transmitted from other terminals using the first synchronization slot included in the synchronization reception window; and determining that a collision from amongst the synchronization signals has occurred based on the detection result.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for transmitting a synchronization signal in a talk-around direct communication network.
(b) Description of the Related Art
Some schemes to avoid a collision between synchronization signals from terminals in a talk-around direct communication (TDC) network have recently been suggested. Among these, a scheme that transmits a synchronization signal by using a vacant slot has not been able to prevent synchronization signals from colliding.
If the collision problem between synchronization signals is not resolved, synchronization between terminals cannot be maintained and the performance of communication service may deteriorate.

Method and apparatus for transmitting synchronization signal in talk-around direct communication network

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE