A device for fracturing calcifications in heart valves including an expandable stabilizer (14) and expandable impactor arms (20) assembled on and deployed by a delivery system (10), wherein the delivery system (10) is operable to move the impactor arms (20), while in an expanded position, with respect to the stabilizer (14) with sufficient energy so as to fracture a calcification located in tissure which is sandwiched between the stabilizer (14) and the impactor arms (20).

Essential to normal heart function are four heart valves, which allow blood to pass through the four chambers of the heart in the proper flow directions. The valves have either two or three cusps, flaps, or leaflets, which comprise fibrous tissue that attaches to the walls of the heart. The cusps open when the blood flow is flowing correctly and then close to form a tight seal to prevent backflow.
The four chambers are known as the right and left atria (upper chambers) and right and left ventricles (lower chambers). The four valves that control blood flow are known as the tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary, and aortic valves. In a normally functioning heart, the tricuspid valve allows one-way flow of deoxygenated blood from the right upper chamber (right atrium) to the right lower chamber (right ventricle). When the right ventricle contracts, the pulmonary valve allows blood to flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery, which carries the deoxygenated blood to the lungs. The mitral valve, allows oxygenated blood, which has returned to the left upper chamber (left atrium), to flow to the left lower chamber (left ventricle). When the left ventricle contracts, the oxygenated blood is pumped through the aortic valve to the aorta.
Certain heart abnormalities result from heart valve defects, such as is stenosis or calcification. This involves calcium buildup in the valve which impedes proper valve leaflet movement.

Fracturing calcifications in heart valves


A radially uniform spring-biased intra-pole plug connector and transformer outside the trunk configuration for an electric artificial tree is described. The radially uniform plug comprises a springed-tip and a prong, and allows the tree trunk segments to be connected at any point along their 360 degree circumference. The plug connector resembles the structure of a car cigarette lighter. A mold is used to sandwich the plug within the trunk. A plug portion of the plug connector is housed in one trunk segment, and a receptacle portion is housed in a different trunk segment, such that when the trunk segments are assembled, the plug is connected, illuminating the tree. The plug allows the electrical wiring to be hidden and housed within the trunk, providing safety, convenience to the user and giving the tree a cleaner appearance. The transformer outside the trunk configuration makes the trunk safer, more lightweight and less bulky.

Christmas trees have long been used as a decoration to celebrate the holiday season. Artificial trees are typically used instead of real trees because of their safety, convenience, and ability to be stored and used more than once without degradation. Part of their convenience arises from their ability to be electrically configured prior to assembly. However, assembling and disassembling artificial trees can be cumbersome, especially when they contain a number of electric cords and lighting instrumentalities. Assembling the tree can also be cumbersome when the assembler has to locate a precise radial alignment for stacking the trunk segments for combining them together. Also, the assembler should be able to tell whether or not the trunk segments and lighting instrumentalities are actually connected. What is needed is an electrical connection configuration for an artificial tree to facilitate assembly and disassembly, such that the user does not have to locate and attach power cords in the bottom and middle section of the tree, does not have to locate a precise radial alignment during stacking, and is informed that the plug is connected. What is also needed is a way to make the trunk lightweight and less bulky, and resistant to dangerous overheating.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,132,139 describes a Christmas tree in which each hollow connecting rod has cords connecting the terminals of the first connecting member to the terminals of the second connecting member thereof. The user has to find and connect the plugs within the rods described in the '139 patent. Also, the '139 patent discusses neither a radially uniform spring-biased plug connector that allows trunk segments to be connected anywhere along their perimeter, nor a transformer outside trunk configuration to make the trunk safer, more lightweight and less bulky. U.S. Pat. No. 6,951,405 describes the use of artificial trunks and branches of a decorative tree to provide a set of decorative light strings along with the electrical connectors wound on the tree itself. The '405 patent does not describe a radially uniform spring-biased plug connector for a tree whose electrical plugs are hidden from the user inside the tree trunk pole solving a problem of convenience and appearance for end users. It also does not describe an assembly that informs the assembler that the plugs are connected with certainty, and that enables connection of the tree segments at any point along their 360 degree circumference. Also, the '405 patent does not discuss a transformer outside the trunk configuration to make the trunk safer, more lightweight and less bulky. U.S. Publication No. 2004/0120687 describes a Christmas tree having a segmented trunk and fiber optic decorative illumination for each tree segment wherein there is an individual light source or sources for the fiber optics of each segment. It does not describe a radially uniform spring-biased intra-pole plug connector for an artificial tree whose plugs and electrical wiring are hidden within the trunk of the tree, that enables insertion along any point along the 360 degree circumference of the trunk segments, and that informs the user that the plug is connected. The 2004/0120687 publication also does not disclose a transformer outside the trunk configuration.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Radially uniform spring-biased intra-pole plug connector and transformer


A label on an electronic product may be written electronically and maintains the last display state when power is removed from the label. There are many different types of digital paper and electronic paper known in the art that would be suitable for use as such labels. The label includes multiple defined regions that may be independently written, with one of the regions defined to display failure information for the electronic product. In one implementation, the failure information is available on the electronic product itself. In another implementation, the failure information includes information received from a source external to the electronic product. The display of failure information on the label may be in human-readable and/or machine-readable form. The result is a label on an electronic product that provides reliable information regarding a failure of the electronic product.

1. Technical Field
This invention generally relates to detecting failures in electronic products, and more specifically relates to ways of indicating failures of an electronic product.
2. Background Art
Failures in an electronic product may be difficult to diagnose. When a product fails, a technician typically performs some action to diagnose the failure, and the failed product may then be tested further after it is returned. Current methods for documenting failures use either paper that is attached to a failed electronic product, or send failure information to a database which can then be retrieved later as needed. Both of these methods suffer from potential human errors caused by the technician that diagnoses the problem entering incorrect or incomplete information, and may require the technician that receives the paper or database failure information to perform further tests or to perform data mining and analysis of the failure information. Without a way to automate the process of identifying failed parts and acting on the failure information, the electronics industry will continue to suffer the drawbacks of known inefficient and error-prone methods for documenting failure of an electronic product.

Label for an electronic product that provides failure information when the product fails

International Business Machines Corporation


An edge-emitting semiconductor laser includes a resonator structure having an active layer. A low reflection three-layer film is provided on in emitting edge face of the resonator structure and a high reflection multi-layer film is provided on a rear edge face of the resonator structure. The low reflection three-layer film is formed in an exemplary embodiment by sequentially stacking a first Al2O3 layer having a thickness of 10 nm, an Si3N4 film having a thickness of 190 nm, and a second Al2O3 layer having a thickness of 10 nm.

The present invention relates to an edge-emitting semiconductor laser device, and particularly to a semiconductor laser device capable of realizing stable operation with a high output over a long period of time by suppressing degradation of an emitting edge face due to catastrophic optical damage.
In a GaAs based edge-emitting semiconductor laser device, there occurs a phenomenon that, along with the increased injection current in order to enlarge an optical output, the optical output is rather abruptly decreased. This is due to catastrophic optical damage (COD) at an emitting-edge face of the semiconductor laser device. It is known that such COD may occur on the basis of the following mechanism.
A high density surface level is present on an emitting edge face of a semiconductor laser device, and accordingly, when a current is injected in the semiconductor laser device, a non-radiative recombination current flows via the surface level. As a result, the carrier density near the emitting edge face becomes lower than that in the laser, to yield light absorption. The light absorption causes heat generation, to raise the temperature of a portion near the emitting edge face, so that a band gap energy near the emitting edge face is reduced, to further increase the optical absorption. The positive feedback loop associated with optical absorption and heat generation significantly raises the temperature of the emitting edge face, which finally leads to fusing of the emitting edge face, thereby stopping laser oscillation. It is also known that optical absorption may be increased by oxidation of the emitting edge face and occurrence of point-defects such as vacancies at the emitting edge face.
To prevent occurrence of such COD at an emitting edge face of a semiconductor laser device, a countermeasure has been made to output laser light from the emitting edge face as much as possible by forming a low reflection film on the emitting edge face.
Japanese Patent No. 2870486 (hereinafter, referred to as "first related art") discloses a semiconductor laser device, wherein a low reflection two-layer film having an Al2O3 film and an Si3N4 film is provided on en emitting edge face. This document describes that since the direction of the stress due to strain caused in the Al2O3 film is reversed to the direction of the stress due to strain caused in the Si3N4 film, the stress due to strain caused in the Al2O3 film is canceled by the stress due to strain caused in the Si3N4 film, to thereby eliminate the stress due to strain in the stacked film having the Al2O3 film and the Si3N4 film.
The above document further describes that since the stress due to strain caused in the emitting edge face of the semiconductor laser device can be reduced by providing the two-layer film having the Al2O3 film and the Si3N4 film on the emitting edge face, it is possible to suppress occurrence of point-defects such as vacancies due to strain caused by the stress at the emitting edge face, and hence to form a stable dielectric-compound semiconductor interface, thereby suppressing degradation of the emitting edge face due to COD.
Japanese-Patent Laid-open No. Hei 6-224514 (hereinafter, referred to as "second related art") discloses a semiconductor laser device configured such that a two-layer film including an Si film having a relatively high thermal conductivity and an Al2O3 film having a relatively low thermal conductivity is provided as a high reflection coating film on a rear edge face of the semiconductor laser device, wherein the thermal conductivity of the entire high reflection coating film is increased by making the thickness of the Al2O3 film thinner than λ/n1 (λ: wavelength, n1: refractive index of Al2O3) and making the thickness of the Si film thicker than λ/n2 (λ: wavelength, n2: refractive index of Si), to improve the heat dissipation performance of the semiconductor laser device.
The above-described first related art, however, has the following problems.
The semiconductor laser device according to the first related are is intended to suppress degradation of the emitting edge face due to the COD by canceling the stress due to strain caused in the emitting edge face by providing the stacked film having the Al2O3 film and the Si3N4 film thereon.
Accordingly, the thicknesses of the Al2O3 film and the Si3N4 film and the film formation conditions thereof are required to be set such that the edge reflectance against a specific emission wavelength becomes a specific value on the basis of a refractive index (n=1.6) of Al2O3 and a refractive index (n=2.1) of Si3N4, and that the stress due to strain caused in the emitting edge face is canceled.
In actual, however, it is very difficult to select the thicknesses of the Al2O3 layer and the Si3N4 layer and the film formation conditions thereof so as to satisfy both the edge reflectance and the canceling of the stress due to strain. An additional problem is that since the degree of freedom in film formation conditions of the Al2O3 layer and the Si3N4 layer is small, the film formation thereof is very difficult.
As a result, from the viewpoint of practical use, it is difficult to apply the first related art to a variety of semiconductor laser devices different from each other in terms of emission wavelengths, edge reflectance, and application use.
The first related art has another problem that since Si3N4 poor in chemical thermal stability is exposed, the resistance against chemicals at the subsequent processing steps, for example, a cleaning step becomes low, to degrade the fabrication yield, and the optical characteristic is varied depending on the progress of oxidation due to atmospheric air accompanied by drive of the semiconductor laser device.
A further important problem of the semiconductor laser device provided with the low reflection multi-layer film according to the first related art is that the laser characteristic is easy to be degraded, thereby making it difficult to realize stable operation over a long period of time.
The second related art, which is intended to provide the high reflection film on the rear edge face of the semiconductor laser device, is technically difficult to be applied to the emitting edge face of the semiconductor laser device.
If the second related art is applied to the emitting edge face, since the Si film causes optical absorption for light having a wavelength in a 0.8 μm band or less, the emission wavelength range of the semiconductor laser device to which the second related art is applied is limited.


A locking device for a drive shaft of a rotating tool member of a working tool includes a securing element fixedly connected to the drive shaft of the rotating tool member. A locking bolt has a longitudinal axis and is axially moveable between a locking position and a release position. The securing element has at least one catch opening for receiving the locking bolt in the locking position. An actuating element is positioned adjacent to the locking bolt. A spring element has a first end and a second end whereby the first end is connected to the actuating element. The second end projects into the travel path of the locking bolt and engages the locking bolt for moving it into the locking position or into the release position when the actuating element is operated.

The present invention relates to a locking device for the drive shaft of a rotating tool member of a working tool, especially a cutting tool of a trimmer etc., wherein a securing element is fixedly connected to the drive shaft and has a catch opening for a locking bolt. The locking bolt is axially displaceably supported within the housing of the working tool and cooperates with an actuating element that displaces the locking bolt from its locking position within the catch opening into a release position outside of the catch opening. The locking bolt is axially displaceable by a cam which projects into the travel path of the locking bolt and which is actuated by the actuating element.
From German Patent Application 195 42 144 a reliable locking device is known in which the locking bolt is permanently loaded by a spring force in the direction of the locking position at the securing disc. The cam projecting into the travel path of the locking bolt is connected to a turn knob and can release the locking bolt counter to the force of the spring into a release position. The turn knob must be secured in its position in which it holds the locking bolt in the release position to counteract the spring force of the spring acting on the locking bolt is supported and, on the other hand, to compensate acceleration forces resulting from operation of the cutting tool and acting on the locking bolt.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve a locking device of the aforementioned kind such that the acceleration forces acting on the locking bolt in its release position can be securely compensated to thereby prevent the accidental actuation of the locking device.

Locking device for a rotary member of a working tool


A method and system of physically solving the charge, mass, and current density functions of organic molecules using Maxwell's equations and computing and rendering the physical nature of the chemical bond using the solutions. The solutions can be used to solve the dipole moments in molecules or induced dipole moments between species that in turn can be used to solve condensed matter parameters and reaction kinetics. The results can be displayed on visual or graphical media. The display can be static or dynamic such that electron motion and specie's vibrational, rotational, and translational motion can be displayed in an embodiment. The displayed information is useful to anticipate reactivity and physical properties. The insight into the nature of the chemical bond of at least one species can permit the solution and display of those of other species to provide utility to anticipate their reactivity and physical properties.

The old view that the electron is a zero or one-dimensional point in an all-space probability wave function Ψ(x) is not taken for granted. Rather, atomic and molecular physics theory, derived from first principles, must successfully and consistently apply physical laws on all scales [1-13]. Stability to radiation was ignored by all past atomic models, but in this case, it is the basis of the solutions wherein the structure of the electron is first solved and the result determines the nature of the atomic and molecular electrons involved in chemical bonds. Historically, the point at which quantum mechanics broke with classical laws can be traced to the issue of nonradiation of the one electron atom. Bohr just postulated orbits stable to radiation with the further postulate that the bound electron of the hydrogen atom does not obey Maxwell's equations—rather it obeys different physics [1-13]. Later physics was replaced by "pure mathematics" based on the notion of the inexplicable wave-particle duality nature of electrons which lead to the Schrödinger equation wherein the consequences of radiation predicted by Maxwell's equations were ignored. Ironically, Bohr, Schrödinger, and Dirac used the Coulomb potential, and Dirac used the vector potential of Maxwell's equations. But, all ignored electrodynamics and the corresponding radiative consequences. Dirac originally attempted to solve the bound electron physically with stability with respect to radiation according to Maxwell's equations with the further constraints that it was relativistically invariant and gave rise to electron spin [14]. He and many founders of QM such as Sommerfeld, Bohm, and Weinstein wrongly pursued a planetary model, were unsuccessful, and resorted to the current mathematical-probability-wave model that has many problems [1-18]. Consequently, Feynman for example, attempted to use first principles including Maxwell's equations to discover new physics to replace quantum mechanics [19].
Starting with the same essential physics as Bohr, Schrödinger, and Dirac of e− moving in the Coulombic field of the proton and an electromagnetic wave equation and matching electron source current rather than an energy diffusion equation originally sought by Schrödinger, advancements in the understanding of the stability of the bound electron to radiation are applied to solve for the exact nature of the electron. Rather than using the postulated Schrödinger boundary condition: "Ψ→0 as r→∞", which leads to a purely mathematical model of the electron, the constraint is based on experimental observation. Using Maxwell's equations, the structure of the electron is derived as a boundary-value problem wherein the electron comprises the source current of time-varying electromagnetic fields during transitions with the constraint that the bound n=1 state electron cannot radiate energy. Although it is well known that an accelerated point particle radiates, an extended distribution modeled as a superposition of accelerating charges does not have to radiate. The physical boundary condition of nonradiation of that was imposed on the bound electron follows from a derivation by Haus [20]. The function that describes the motion of the electron must not possess spacetime Fourier components that are synchronous with waves traveling at the speed of light. Similarly, nonradiation is demonstrated based on the electron's electromagnetic fields and the Poynting power vector. A simple invariant physical model arises naturally wherein the results are extremely straightforward, internally consistent, and predictive of conjugate parameters for the first time, requiring minimal math as in the case of the most famous exact equations (no uncertainty) of Newton and Maxwell on which the model is based. No new physics is needed; only the known physical laws based on direct observation are used.
The structure of the bound atomic electron was solved by first considering one-electron atoms [1-13]. Since the hydrogen atom is stable and nonradiative, the electron has constant energy. Furthermore, it is time dynamic with a corresponding current that serves as a source of electromagnetic radiation during transitions. The wave equation solutions of the radiation fields permit the source currents to be determined as a boundary-value problem. These source currents match the field solutions of the wave equation for two dimensions plus time when the nonradiation condition is applied. Then, the mechanics of the electron can be solved from the two-dimensional wave equation plus time in the form of an energy equation wherein it provides for conservation of energy and angular momentum as given in the Electron Mechanics and the Corresponding Classical Wave Equation for the Derivation of the Rotational Parameters of the Electron section of Ref. [1]. Once the nature of the electron is solved, all problems involving electrons can be solved in principle. Thus, in the case of one-electron atoms, the electron radius, binding energy, and other parameters are solved after solving for the nature of the bound electron.
For time-varying spherical electromagnetic fields, Jackson [21] gives a generalized expansion in vector spherical waves that are convenient for electromagnetic boundary-value problems possessing spherical symmetry properties and for analyzing multipole radiation from a localized source distribution. The Green function G(x′,x) which is appropriate to the equation(∇2+k2)G(x′,x)=−δ(x′−x)  (1)in the infinite domain with the spherical wave expansion for the outgoing wave Green function is
                              G                                (                                          x                ′                            ,              x                        )                          =                                            ⅇ                                                -                  ⅈ                                                                                k                                                                                        x                    -                                          x                      ′                                                                                                                            4                            π                                                                              x                  -                                      x                    ′                                                                                                                                  =                      i                                                                          k                                                      ∑                                  l                  =                  0                                ∞                                                                                j                    l                                                                          (                                          kr                      <                                        )                                                                                h                    l                                          (                      1                      )                                                                                (                                          kr                      <                                        )                                                                                ∑                                          m                      =                                              -                        l                                                              l                                                                                Y                                                  l                          ,                          m                                                *                                                                                (                                                                              θ                            ′                                                    ,                                                      ϕ                            ′                                                                          )                                                                                Y                                                  l                          ,                          m                                                                                (                                                  θ                          ,                          ϕ                                                )                                                                                (        2        )            Jackson [21] further gives the general multipole field solution to Maxwell's equations in a source-free region of empty space with the assumption of a time dependence eiωnt:
                              B          =                                    ∑                              l                ,                m                                                                [                                                                                a                      E                                                                                (                                              l                        ,                        m                                            )                                                                                f                      l                                                                                (                      kr                      )                                                                                X                                          l                      ,                      m                                                                      -                                                      i                    k                                                                                a                      M                                                                                (                                              l                        ,                        m                                            )                                                                                ∇                                          ×                                                                        g                          l                                                                                (                          kr                          )                                                                                X                                                  l                          ,                          m                                                                                ]                                                                                E          =                                    ∑                              l                ,                m                                                                [                                                                    i                    k                                                                                a                      E                                                                                (                                              l                        ,                        m                                            )                                                                                ∇                                          ×                                                                        f                          l                                                                                (                          kr                          )                                                                                X                                                  l                          ,                          m                                                                                +                                                                            a                      M                                                                                (                                              l                        ,                        m                                            )                                                                                g                      l                                                                                (                      kr                      )                                                                                X                                          l                      ,                      m                                                                                ]                                                          (        3        )            where the cgs units used by Jackson are retained in this section. The radial functions ft(kr) and gt(kr) are of the form:gt(kr)=At(1)ht(1)+At(2)ht(2)  (4)Xt.m is the vector spherical harmonic defined by
                                                        X                              l                ,                m                                                                (                              θ                ,                ϕ                            )                                =                                    1                                                l                                                        (                                          l                      +                      1                                        )                                                                                LY                                  l                  ,                  m                                                                          (                                  θ                  ,                  ϕ                                )                                                                                where                            (        5        )                                L        =                              1            i                                          (                          r              ×              ∇                        )                                              (        6        )            The coefficients aE(l,m) and aM(l,m) of Eq. (3) specify the amounts of electric (l,m) multipole and magnetic (l,m) multipole fields, and are determined by sources and boundary conditions as are the relative proportions in Eq. (4). Jackson gives the result of the electric and magnetic coefficients from the sources as
                                                        a              E                                                  (                              l                ,                m                            )                                =                                                    4                                π                                                                                k                  2                                                            i                                                                      l                                                              (                                              l                        +                        1                                            )                                                                                ∫                                                Y                  l                                      m                    *                                                                                {                                                                                ρ                                                                                ∂                                                                                ∂                                        r                                                                                [                                                                                rj                                          l                                                                                (                                          kr                                          )                                                                                ]                                                                                +                                                                                ik                                    c                                                                                (                                                                          r                                      ·                                      J                                                                        )                                                                                j                                      l                                                                                (                                      kr                                      )                                                                                -                                                                                ik                                                                                ∇                                                          ·                                                              (                                                                  r                                  ×                                  M                                                                )                                                                                j                              l                                                                                (                              kr                              )                                                                                }                                                                                ⅆ                    3                                                      x                                                                                and                            (        7        )                                                      a            M                                          (                          l              ,              m                        )                          =                                                            -                4                                          π                                                                                k                2                                                                    l                                                  (                                      l                    +                    1                                    )                                                                                ∫                                                            j                  l                                                                  (                  kr                  )                                                                          Y                l                                  m                  *                                                                          L                ·                                  (                                                            J                      c                                        +                                          ∇                                              ×                        M                                                                              )                                                                                ⅆ                  3                                                x                                                                        (        8        )            respectively, where the distribution of charge ρ(x,t), current J(x,t), and intrinsic magnetization M(x,t) are harmonically varying sources: ρ(x)e−iωt, J(x)e−iωt, and M(x)e−iωt.
The electron current-density function can be solved as a boundary value problem regarding the time varying corresponding source current J(x)e−iωt that gives rise to the time-varying spherical electromagnetic fields during transitions between states with the further constraint that the electron is nonradiative in a state defined as the n=1 state. The potential energy, V(r), is an inverse-radius-squared relationship given by given by Gauss' law which for a point charge or a two-dimensional spherical shell at a distance r from the nucleus the potential is
                              V                                (            r            )                          =                  -                                    ⅇ              2                                      4                                            πɛ                0                                          r                                                          (        9        )            Thus, consideration of conservation of energy would require that the electron radius must be fixed. Addition constraints requiring a two-dimensional source current of fixed radius are matching the delta function of Eq. (1) with no singularity, no time dependence and consequently no radiation, absence of self-interaction (See Appendix III of Ref. [1]), and exact electroneutrality of the hydrogen atom wherein the electric field is given by
                              n          ·                      (                                          E                1                            -                              E                2                                      )                          =                              σ            s                                ɛ            0                                              (        10        )            where n is the normal unit vector, E1 and E2 are the electric field vectors that are discontinuous at the opposite surfaces, σx is the discontinuous two-dimensional surface charge density, and E2=0. Then, the solution for the radial electron function, which satisfies the boundary conditions is a delta function in spherical coordinates—a spherical shell [22]
                              f                                (            r            )                          =                              1                          r              2                                                      δ                                      (                              r                -                                  r                  n                                            )                                                          (        11        )            where rn is an allowed radius. This function defines the charge density on a spherical shell of a fixed radius (See FIG. 1), not yet determined, with the charge motion confined to the two-dimensional spherical surface. The integer subscript n is determined during photon absorption as given in the Excited States of the One-Electron Atom (Quantization) section of Ref. [1]. It is shown in this section that the force balance between the electric fields of the electron and proton plus any resonantly absorbed photons gives the result that rn=nr1 wherein n is an integer in an excited state.
Given time harmonic motion and a radial delta function, the relationship between an allowed radius and the electron wavelength is given by2πrn=λn  (12)Based on conservation of the electron's angular momentum of, the magnitude of the velocity and the angular frequency for every point on the surface of the bound electron are
                              v          n                =                              h                                          m                e                                                          λ                n                                              =                                    h                                                m                  e                                                2                                π                                                                                r                  n                                                      =                                                            m                  e                                                                  r                  n                                                                                (        13        )                                          ω          n                =                                            m              e                                                  r              n              2                                                          (        14        )            To further match the required multipole electromagnetic fields between transitions of states, the trial nonradiative source current functions are time and spherical harmonics, each having an exact radius and an exact energy. Then, each allowed electron charge-density (mass-density) function is the product of a radial delta function
      (                  f                          (          r          )                    =                        1                      r            2                                            δ                                (                          r              -                              r                n                                      )                                )    ,two angular functions (spherical harmonic functions Ytm(θ,φ)=Plm(cos θ)eimφ), and a time-harmonic function eimωnt. The spherical harmonic Y00(θ,φ)=1 is also an allowed solution that is in fact required in order for the electron charge and mass densities to be positive definite and to give rise to the phenomena of electron spin. The real parts of the spherical harmonics vary between −1 and 1. But the mass of the electron cannot be negative; and the charge cannot be positive. Thus, to insure that the function is positive definite, the form of the angular solution must be a superposition:Y00(θ,φ)+Ylm(θ,φ)  (15)The current is constant at every point on the surface for the s orbital corresponding to Y00(θ,φ). The quantum numbers of the spherical harmonic currents can be related to the observed electron orbital angular momentum states. The currents corresponding to s, p, d, f, etc. orbitals are
                              l          =          0                                                                                ρ                                      (                              r                ,                θ                ,                ϕ                ,                t                            )                                =                                                    ⅇ                                  8                                    π                                                                                r                    2                                                                                [                                  δ                                                        (                                          r                      -                                              r                        n                                                              )                                                  ]                                                                [                                                                    Y                    0                    0                                                                          (                                          θ                      ,                      ϕ                                        )                                                  +                                                      Y                    l                    m                                                                          (                                          θ                      ,                      ϕ                                        )                                                              ]                                                          (        16        )                                          l          ≠          0                                                                                ρ                                      (                              r                ,                θ                ,                ϕ                ,                t                            )                                =                                                    ⅇ                                  4                                    π                                                                                r                    2                                                                                [                                  δ                                                        (                                          r                      -                                              r                        n                                                              )                                                  ]                                                                [                                                                                Y                          0                          0                                                                                (                                                      θ                            ,                            ϕ                                                    )                                                                    +                                                                                Re                                                                    {                                                                                Y                              l                              m                                                                                (                                                              θ                                ,                                ϕ                                                            )                                                                                ⅇ                                                          ⅈ                                                                                mω                                n                                                                                t                                                                                }                                                                                ]                                                          (        17        )            where Ylm(θ,φ) are the spherical harmonic functions that spin about the z-axis with angular frequency ωn with Y00(θ,φ) the constant function and Re{Ylm(θ,φ)einωnt}=Plm(cos θ)cos(mφ+mωnt).
The Fourier transform of the electron charge-density function is a solution of the four-dimensional wave equation in frequency space (k, ω-space). Then the corresponding Fourier transform of the current-density function K(s,Θ,Φ,ω) is given by multiplying by the constant angular frequency corresponding to a potentially emitted photon.
                              K                                (                          s              ,              Θ              ,              Φ              ,              ω                        )                          =                  4                                                                          πω            n                                                                        sin                                                  (                                      2                                                              s                      n                                                                                r                      n                                                        )                                                            2                                                  s                  n                                                                  r                  n                                                      ⊗            2                              π                                                              ∑                                  υ                  =                  1                                            ∞                                                                                (                                              -                        1                                            )                                                              υ                      -                      1                                                                                (                                              π                                                                                sin                                                                                Θ                                            )                                                              2                                                                    (                                                  υ                          -                          1                                                )                                                                                (                                              υ                        -                        1                                            )                                        !                                                                                (                                              υ                        -                        1                                            )                                        !                                                                                Γ                                                              (                                              1                        2                                            )                                                                                Γ                                                              (                                              υ                        +                                                  1                          2                                                                    )                                                                                (                                              π                                                                                cos                                                                                Θ                                            )                                                                                2                                                                                υ                                            +                      1                                                                                2                                          υ                      +                      1                                                                                2                                                        υ                    !                                                                                (                                          υ                      -                      1                                        )                                    !                                                                                s                                                            -                      2                                                            υ                                                  ⊗                2                                          π                                                              ∑                                      υ                    =                    1                                    ∞                                                                                (                                                      -                            1                                                    )                                                                          υ                          -                          1                                                                                (                                                      π                                                                                sin                                                                                Φ                                                    )                                                                          2                                                                                (                                                          υ                              -                              1                                                        )                                                                                (                                                      υ                            -                            1                                                    )                                                !                                                                                (                                                      υ                            -                            1                                                    )                                                !                                                                                Γ                                                                          (                                                      1                            2                                                    )                                                                                Γ                                                                          (                                                      υ                            +                                                          1                              2                                                                                )                                                                                (                                                      π                                                                                cos                                                                                Φ                                                    )                                                                                2                                                                                υ                                                    +                          1                                                                                2                                                  υ                          +                          1                                                                                2                                                                    υ                        !                                                                                (                                                  υ                          -                          1                                                )                                            !                                                                                s                                                                  -                        2                                                                  υ                                                                                1                                              4                                                π                                                                                [                                                                        δ                                                                                (                                                          ω                              -                                                              ω                                n                                                                                )                                                                          +                                                  δ                                                                                (                                                          ω                              +                                                              ω                                n                                                                                )                                                                                ]                                                                                (        18        )            The motion on the orbitsphere is angular; however, a radial correction exists due to special relativistic effects. When the velocity is c corresponding to a potentially emitted photonsn·vn=sn·c=ωn  (19)the relativistically corrected wavelength is (Eq. (1.247) of Ref. [1])rn=λn  (20)Substitution of Eq. (20) into the sinc function results in the vanishing of the entire Fourier transform of the current-density function. Thus, spacetime harmonics of
            ω      n        c    =            k                                      or                                                        ω          n                c                                    ɛ                      ɛ            o                                =    k  for which the Fourier transform of the current-density function is nonzero do not exist. Radiation due to charge motion does not occur in any medium when this boundary condition is met. There is acceleration without radiation. (Also see Abbott and Griffiths and Goedecke [23-24]). Nonradiation is also shown directly using Maxwell's equations directly in Appendix 1 of Ref. [1]. However, in the case that such a state arises as an excited state by photon absorption, it is radiative due to a radial dipole term in its current-density function since it possesses spacetime Fourier transform components synchronous with waves traveling at the speed of light as shown in the Instability of Excited States section of Ref. [1]. The radiation emitted or absorbed during electron transitions is the multipole radiation given by Eq. (2) as given in the Excited States of the One-Electron Atom (Quantization) section and the Equation of the Photon section of Ref. [1] wherein Eqs. (4.18-4.23) give a macro-spherical wave in the far-field.
In Chapter 1 of Ref. [1], the uniform current density function Y00(θ,φ) (Eqs. (16-17)) that gives rise to the spin of the electron is generated from two current-vector fields (CVFs). Each CVF comprises a continuum of correlated orthogonal great circle current-density elements (one dimensional "current loops"). The current pattern comprising each CVF is generated over a half-sphere surface by a set of rotations of two orthogonal great circle current loops that serve as basis elements about each of the
                    (                              -                          i              x                                ,                      i            y                    ,                      0                                      i              z                                      )                                            and                                              (                                            -                              1                                  2                                                                                i              x                                ,                                    1                              2                                                                i              y                                ,                      i            z                          )              -    axis    ;the span being π radians. Then, the two CVFs are convoluted, and the result is normalized to exactly generate the continuous uniform electron current density function Y00(θ,φ) covering a spherical shell and having the three angular momentum components of
      L    xy    =                    +                  /                      -                          ℏ              4                                                        (                              +                          /                              -                designates                                                                                both                                                              the                                                              positive                                                              and                                                              negative                                                              vector                                                              directions                                                              along                                                              an                                                              axis                                                              in                                                              the                                                              xy                                -                              plane                )                                            and                                              L        z              =                  ℏ        2            .      The z-axis view of a representation of the total current pattern of the Y00(θ,φ) orbitsphere comprising the superposition of 144 current elements is shown in FIG. 2A. As the number of great circles goes to infinity the current distribution becomes continuous and is exactly uniform following normalization. A representation of the
      (                            -                      1                          2                                                        i          x                    ,                        1                      2                                            i          y                    ,              i        z              )          -      axisview of the total uniform current-density pattern of the Y00(φ,θ) orbitsphere with 144 vectors overlaid on the continuous bound-electron current density giving the direction of the current of each great circle element is shown in FIG. 2B. This superconducting current pattern is confined to two spatial dimensions.
Thus, a bound electron is a constant two-dimensional spherical surface of charge (zero thickness and total charge=−e), called an electron orbitsphere that can exist in a bound state at only specified distances from the nucleus determined by an energy minimum for the n=1 state and integer multiples of this radius due to the action of resonant photons as shown in the Determination of Orbitsphere Radii section and Excited States of the One-Electron Atom (Quantization) section of Ref. [1], respectively. The bound electron is not a point, but it is point-like (behaves like a point at the origin). The free electron is continuous with the bound electron as it is ionized and is also point-like as shown in the Electron in Free Space section of Ref. [1]. The total function that describes the spinning motion of each electron orbitsphere is composed of two functions. One function, the spin function (see FIG. 1 for the charge function and FIG. 2 for the current function), is spatially uniform over the orbitsphere, where each point moves on the surface with the same quantized angular and linear velocity, and gives rise to spin angular momentum. It corresponds to the nonradiative n=1, l=0 state of atomic hydrogen which is well known as an s state or orbital. The other function, the modulation function, can be spatially uniform—in which case there is no orbital angular momentum and the magnetic moment of the electron orbitsphere is one Bohr magneton—or not spatially uniform—in which case there is orbital angular momentum. The modulation function rotates with a quantized angular velocity about a specific (by convention) z-axis. The constant spin function that is modulated by a time and spherical harmonic function as given by Eq. (17) is shown in FIG. 3 for several t values. The modulation or traveling charge-density wave that corresponds to an orbital angular momentum in addition to a spin angular momentum are typically referred to as p, d, f, etc. orbitals and correspond to an l quantum number not equal to zero.
It was shown previously [1-13] that classical physics gives closed form solutions for the atom including the stability of the n=1 state and the instability of the excited states, the equation of the photon and electron in excited states, the equation of the free electron, and photon which predict the wave particle duality behavior of particles and light. The current and charge density functions of the electron may be directly physically interpreted. For example, spin angular momentum results from the motion of negatively charged mass moving systematically, and the equation for angular momentum, r×p, can be applied directly to the wavefunction (a current density function) that describes the electron. The magnetic moment of a Bohr magneton, Stern Gerlach experiment, g factor, Lamb shift, resonant line width and shape, selection rules, correspondence principle, wave-particle duality, excited states, reduced mass, rotational energies, and momenta, orbital and spin splitting, spin-orbital coupling, Knight shift, and spin-nuclear coupling, and elastic electron scattering from helium atoms, are derived in closed form equations based on Maxwell's equations. The agreement between observations and predictions based on closed-form equations with fundamental constants only matches to the limit permitted by the error in the measured fundamental constants.
In contrast to the failure of the Bohr theory and the nonphysical, unpredictive, adjustable-parameter approach of quantum mechanics, multielectron atoms [1, 5] and the nature of the chemical bond [1, 6] are given by exact closed-form solutions containing fundamental constants only. Using the nonradiative electron current-density functions, the radii are determined from the force balance of the electric, magnetic, and centrifugal forces that correspond to the minimum of energy of the atomic or ionic system. The ionization energies are then given by the electric and magnetic energies at these radii. The spreadsheets to calculate the energies from exact solutions of one through twenty-electron atoms are available from the internet [25]. For 400 atoms and ions the agreement between the predicted and experimental results are remarkable [5]. Here I extend these results to the nature of the chemical bond. In this regard, quantum mechanics has historically sought the lowest energy of the molecular system, but this is trivially the case of the electrons inside the nuclei. Obviously, the electrons must obey additional physical laws since matter does not exist in a state with the electrons collapsed into the nuclei. Specifically, molecular bonding is due to the physics of Newton's and Maxwell's laws together with achieving an energy minimum.
The structure of the bound molecular electron was solved by first considering the one-electron molecule H2+ and then the simplest molecule H2 [1, 6]. The nature of the chemical bond was solved in the same fashion as that of the bound atomic electron. First principles including stability to radiation requires that the electron charge of the molecular orbital is a prolate spheroid, a solution of the Laplacian as an equipotential minimum energy surface in the natural ellipsoidal coordinates compared to spheroidal in the atomic case, and the current is time harmonic and obeys Newton's laws of mechanics in the central field of the nuclei at the foci of the spheroid. There is no a priori reason why the electron position must be a solution of the three-dimensional wave equation plus time and cannot comprise source currents of electromagnetic waves that are solutions of the three-dimensional wave equation plus time. Then, the special case of nonradiation determines that the current functions are confined to two-spatial dimensions plus time and match the electromagnetic wave-equation solutions for these dimensions. In addition to the important result of stability to radiation, several more very important physical results are subsequently realized: (i) The charge is distributed on a two-dimension surface; thus, there are no infinities in the corresponding fields (Eq. (10)). Infinite fields are simply renormalized in the case of the point-particles of quantum mechanics, but it is physically gratifying that none arise in this case since infinite fields have never been measured or realized in the laboratory. (ii) The hydrogen molecular ion or molecule has finite dimensions rather than extending over all space. From measurements of the resistivity of hydrogen as a function of pressure, the finite dimensions of the hydrogen molecule are evident in the plateau of the resistivity versus pressure curve of metallic hydrogen [26]. This is in contradiction to the predictions of quantum probability functions such as an exponential radial distribution in space. Furthermore, despite the predictions of quantum mechanics that preclude the imaging of a molecule orbital, the full three-dimensional structure of the outer molecular orbital of N2 has been recently tomographically reconstructed [27]. The charge-density surface observed is similar to that shown in FIG. 4 for H2 which is direct evidence that MO's electrons are not point-particle probability waves that have no form until they are "collapsed to a point" by measurement. Rather they are physical, two-dimensional equipotential charge density functions as derived herein. (iii) Consistent with experiments, neutral scattering is predicted without violation of special relativity and causality wherein a point must be everywhere at once as required in the QM case. (iv) There is no electron self-interaction. The continuous charge-density function is a two-dimensional equipotential energy surface with an electric field that is strictly normal for the elliptic parameter ξ>0 according to Gauss' law and Faraday's law. The relationship between the electric field equation and the electron source charge-density function is given by Maxwell's equation in two dimensions [28,29] (Eq. (10)). This relation shows that only a two-dimensional geometry meets the criterion for a fundamental particle. This is the nonsingularity geometry that is no longer divisible. It is the dimension from which it is not possible to lower dimensionality. In this case, there is no electrostatic self-interaction since the corresponding potential is continuous across the surface according to Faraday's law in the electrostatic limit, and the field is discontinuous, normal to the charge according to Gauss' law [28-30]. (v) The instability of electron-electron repulsion of molecular hydrogen is eliminated since the central field of the hydrogen molecular ion relative to a second electron at ξ>0 which binds to form the hydrogen molecule is that of a single charge at the foci. (vi) The ellipsoidal MOs allow exact spin pairing over all time that is consistent with experimental observation. This aspect is not possible in the QM model.
Current algorithms to solve molecules are based on nonphysical models based on the concept that the electron is a zero or one-dimensional point in an all-space probability wave function Ψ(x) that permits the electron to be over all space simultaneously and give output based on trial and error or direct empirical adjustment of parameters. These models ultimately cannot be the actual description of a physical electron in that they inherently violate physical laws. They suffer from the same shortcomings that plague atomic quantum theory, infinities, instability with respect to radiation according to Maxwell's equations, violation of conservation of linear and angular momentum, lack of physical relativistic invariance, and the electron is unbounded such that the edge of molecules does not exist. There is no uniqueness, as exemplified by the average of 150 internally inconsistent programs per molecule for each of the 788 molecules posted on the NIST website [31]. Furthermore, from a physical perspective, the implication for the basis of the chemical bond according to quantum mechanics being the exchange integral and the requirement of zero-point vibration, "strictly quantum mechanical phenomena," is that the theory cannot be a correct description of reality as described for even the simple bond of molecular hydrogen as reported previous [1, 6]. Even the premise that "electron overlap" is responsible for bonding is opposite to the physical reality that negative charges repel each other with an inverse-distance-squared force dependence that becomes infinite. A proposed solution based on physical laws and fully compliant with Maxwell's equations solves the parameters of molecules even to infinite length and complexity in closed form equations with fundamental constants only.
For the first time in history, the key building blocks of organic chemistry have been solved from two basic equations. Now, the true physical structure and parameters of an infinite number of organic molecules up to infinite length and complexity can be obtained to permit the engineering of new pharmaceuticals and materials at the molecular level. The solutions of the basic functional groups of organic chemistry were obtained by using generalized forms of a geometrical and an energy equation for the nature of the H—H bond. The geometrical parameters and total bond energies of about 800 exemplary organic molecules were calculated using the functional group composition. The results obtained essentially instantaneously match the experimental values typically to the limit of measurement [1]. The solved function groups are given in Table 1.
TABLE 1Partial List of Organic FunctionalGroups Solved by Classical Physics.Continuous-Chain AlkanesBranched AlkanesAlkenesBranched AlkenesAlkynesAlkyl FluoridesAlkyl ChloridesAlkyl BromidesAlkyl IodidesAlkenyl HalidesAryl HalidesAlcoholsEthersPrimary AminesSecondary AminesTertiary AminesAldehydesKetonesCarboxylic AcidsCarboxylic Acid EstersAmidesN-alkyl AmidesN,N-dialkyl AmidesUreaCarboxylic Acid HalidesCarboxylic Acid AnhydridesNitrilesThiolsSulfidesDisulfidesSulfoxidesSulfonesSulfitesSulfatesNitroalkanesAlkyl NitratesAlkyl NitritesConjugated AlkenesConjugated PolyenesAromaticsNapthaleneTolueneChlorobenzenePhenolAnilineAryl Nitro CompoundsBenzoic Acid CompoundsAnisolePyrroleFuranThiopheneImidizolePyridinePyrimidinePyrazineQuinolineIsoquinolineIndoleAdenineFullerene (C60)GraphitePhosphinesPhosphine OxidesPhosphitesPhosphates
The two basic equations that solves organic molecules, one for geometrical parameters and the other for energy parameters, were applied to bulk forms of matter containing trillions of trillions of electrons. For example, using the same alkane- and alkene-bond solutions as elements in an infinite network, the nature of the solid molecular bond for all known allotropes of carbon (graphite, diamond, C60, and their combinations) were solved. By further extension of this modular approach, the solid molecular bond of silicon and the nature of semiconductor bond were solved. The nature of other fundamental forms of matter such as the nature of the ionic bond, the metallic bond, and additional major fields of chemistry such as that of silicon, organometallics, and boron were solved exactly such that the position and energy of each and every electron is precisely specified. The implication of these results is that it is possible using physical laws to solve the structure of all types of matter. Some of the solved forms of matter of infinite extent as well as additional major fields of chemistry are given in Table 2. In all cases, the agreement with experiment is remarkable [1].
TABLE 2Partial List of Additional Molecules and Compositionsof Matter Solved by Classical Physics.Solid Molecular Bond of the Three Allotropes of CarbonDiamondGraphiteFullerene (C60)Solid Ionic Bond of Alkali-HydridesAlkali-Hydride Crystal StructuresLithium HydrideSodium HydridePotassium HydrideRubidium & Cesium HydridePotassium Hydrino HydrideSolid Metallic Bond of Alkali MetalsAlkali Metal Crystal StructuresLithium MetalSodium MetalPotassium MetalRubidium & Cesium MetalsAlkyl Aluminum HydridesSilicon Groups and MoleculesSilanesAlkyl Silanes and DisilanesSolid Semiconductor Bond of SiliconInsulator-Type Semiconductor BondConductor-Type Semiconductor BondBoron MoleculesBoranesBridging Bonds of BoranesAlkoxy BoranesAlkyl BoranesAlkyl Borinic AcidsTertiary AminoboranesQuaternary AminoboranesBorane AminesHalido Boranes Organometallic MolecularFunctional Groups and MoleculesAlkyl Aluminum HydridesBridging Bonds of Organoaluminum HydridesOrganogermanium and DigermaniumOrganoleadOrganoarsenicOrganoantimonyOrganobismuthOrganic Ions1° Amino2° AminoCarboxylatePhosphateNitrateSulfateSilicateProteinsAmino AcidsPeptide BondsDNABases2-deoxyriboseRibosePhosphate Backbone
The background theory of classical physics (CP) for the physical solutions of atoms and atomic ions is disclosed in Mills journal publications [1-13], R. Mills, The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics, January 2000 Edition, BlackLight Power, Inc., Cranbury, N.J., ("'00 Mills GUT"), provided by BlackLight Power, Inc., 493 Old Trenton Road, Cranbury, N.J., 08512; R. Mills, The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics, September 2001 Edition, BlackLight Power, Inc., Cranbury, N.J., Distributed by Amazon.com ("'01 Mills OUT"), provided by BlackLight Power, Inc., 493 Old Trenton Road, Cranbury, N.J., 08512; R. Mills, The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics, July 2004 Edition, BlackLight Power, Inc., Cranbury, N.J., ("'04 Mills GUT"), provided by BlackLight Power, Inc., 493 Old Trenton Road, Cranbury, N.J., 08512; R. Mills, The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics, January 2005 Edition, BlackLight Power, Inc., Cranbury, N.J., ("'05 Mills GUT"), provided by BlackLight Power, Inc., 493 Old Trenton Road, Cranbury, N.J., 08512; R. L. Mills, "The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics", June 2006 Edition, Cadmus Professional Communications-Science Press Division, Ephrata, Pa., ISBN 0963517171, Library of Congress Control Number 2005936834, ("'06 Mills GUT"), provided by BlackLight Power, Inc., 493 Old Trenton Road, Cranbury, N.J., 08512; R. Mills, The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Quantum Mechanics, October 2007 Edition, BlackLight Power, Inc., Cranbury, N.J., ("'07 Mills GUT"), provided by BlackLight Power, Inc., 493 Old Trenton Road, Cranbury, N.J., 08512; R. Mills, The Grand Unified Theory of Classical Physics, June 2008 Edition, BlackLight Power, Inc., Cranbury, N.J., ("'08 Mills GUT-CP"); in prior published PCT applications WO2005/067678; WO2005/116630; WO2007/051078; WO2007/053486; and WO2008/085,804, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,188,033; U.S. Application No. 60/878,055, filed 3 Jan. 2007; 60/880,061, filed 12 Jan. 2007; 60/898,415, filed 31 Jan. 2007; 60/904,164, filed 1 Mar. 2007; 60/907,433, filed 2 Apr. 2007; 60/907,722, filed 13 Apr. 2007; 60/913,556, filed 24 Apr. 2007; 60/986,675, filed 9 Nov. 2007; 60/988,537, filed 16 Nov. 2007; 61/018,595, filed 2 Jan. 2008; 61/027,977, filed 12 Feb. 2008; 61/029,712, filed 19 Feb. 2008; and 61/082,701, filed 22 Jul. 22, 2008, the entire disclosures of which are all incorporated herein by reference (hereinafter "Mills Prior Publications").

System and method of computing and rendering the nature of dipole moments, condensed matter, and reaction kinetics


Methods and apparatus, including computer program products, for an interface that generates a report including a series of load test results. An interface can generate such a report that includes a series of load test results by initiating load testing of a first and second application during a first and second test run, and initiating combining of test results of the first and second test runs. The report can individually characterize the test results as members of a series of test runs. Load testing and combining of test results can be initiated at a single interface.

The present disclosure relates to data processing by digital computer, and more particularly to an interface for one or more series of tests.
In general, an application can have varying performance due to a number of factors. For example, applications that use a network, such as network-based applications, can have performance affected by network traffic, locked resources that need to be accessed often by many users, hardware limitations, and a limited allocation of network bandwidth. Load testing or performance regression of applications can be performed to determine performance bottlenecks. Load testing of, for example, network-based applications can involve testing the application with different loads of simulated transactions, simulated users, or both.


A system for characterizing thermal properties of thermally anisotropic heterogeneous samples includes a heating element, a first temperature sensing device, a second temperature sensing device, and a computing system. The heating element is positioned at a first location within a sample and heats the sample. The first temperature sensing device outputs data indicative of temperatures of the first location to the computing device. The second temperature sensing device outputs data indicative of temperatures of the second location to the computing device. The computing device computes a thermal conductivity of the sample based upon the temperatures of the first location. The computing device further outputs an indication of a portion of the sample to which the thermal conductivity pertains based upon the second temperatures.

Electronic components and other devices are commonly embedded in, surrounded by, or potted with barrier materials to provide thermal dissipation, electrical or thermal insulation, or mechanical shock resistance to the embedded device. In some applications, it may be desirable or necessary to incorporate the benefits of multiple different types of materials into a barrier. By way of example, it may be desirable to pot an aircraft-mounted electronic device with a first material that provides thermal dissipation of waste heat from the electronic device, and to further surround the potted device with a second material that provides mechanical shock resistance. However, it is generally not straightforward to determine the thermal characteristics of a barrier that includes multiple materials. For instance, while it may be possible to determine a thermal conductivity of a material layer in isolation, it is generally difficult to determine a thermal conductivity of a barrier that includes multiple layers.

Thermal measurement apparatus and methods for anisotropic thermal materials

National Technology & Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC


A rotating power receptacle for an electronic device is provided. The power receptacle includes a socket, coupled to a circuit board, and providing power to an electronic device. The power receptacle also includes a post connector that is in rotating contact with the socket. The power receptacle further includes a flexible ground spring, coupled to the circuit board; the flexible ground spring extending adjacent to the post connector and providing a ground connection for the electronic device. The power receptacle also includes a rotating member that is positioned in an opening in a housing of the electronic device. The rotating member has an opening through which a power supply connector is enabled to connect to the post connector and the flexible ground spring to provide a rotating power connection for the electronic device.

Many electronic devices are portable, e.g., notebook computers, laptop computers, tablet computers, hand-held computers, digital cameras, portable disk drives, wireless telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and audio/video players and recorders. To function, these devices need a power source. Although such devices are often battery powered, it is also common to provide power through connection to another source of electrical power, e.g., an electrical outlet. Connection to such sources of power is typically accomplished through a power adapter.
A typical power adapter is configured with a power converter that is connected by two cables between the electronic device and the power source. One cable includes a jack or connector that is adapted to connect to a power receptacle of the electronic device. The power receptacle of the electronic device is typically connected directly to a circuit board, e.g., mother or daughter board, of the electronic device. The second cable of the power adaptor includes a plug for connecting to the power source. Some power adapters include only one cable between the power converter and the electronic device. In this case, the connection to the power source is built into the power converter.
Unfortunately, the cord that connects the power adapter to the power receptacle of the electronic device is prone to cause damage to the power receptacle of the electronic device if the cord is suddenly pulled, pushed or jerked in the wrong direction, e.g., sideways or into the power receptacle. For example, it is not uncommon to pick up an electronic device that is connected to a power outlet and walk away without unplugging the cord. It is also not uncommon to trip over the cord while the electronic device is plugged into an outlet. These events cause forces to be applied to the power receptacle of the electronic device in a manner that can cause the power receptacle to be dislodged from the circuit board thereby permanently damaging the power connection. To repair the electronic device, it is often necessary to replace the entire circuit board. In many instances, this repair may cost the consumer close to the full replacement price of the electronic device.
For the reasons stated above and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the specification, there is a need in the art for improvements in providing power to portable electronic devices.
In accordance with common practice, the various described features are not drawn to scale but are drawn to emphasize features relevant to the embodiments of the present invention. Reference characters denote like elements throughout figures and text.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


An apparatus includes a housing, a spring-loaded plunger within the housing, and a spring-loaded rotating lock extending from the housing. The spring-loaded plunger includes a slot and an end portion. The end portion is configured to extend outside the housing and to be moved inward at least partially into the housing. The spring-loaded rotating lock includes a shaft, a locking pin positioned on the shaft, and a disc positioned on the shaft and having a recess. At least part of the spring-loaded plunger fits within the recess of the disc and is configured to contact the disc, and at least part of the disc fits within the slot.

There are numerous situations in which two or more components need to be physically fastened or otherwise secured together for at least some amount of time. For example, an electronic device or other device may need to be temporarily secured to a cart, table, or other structure for transport, testing, or other purposes. Often times, locking pins are used to temporarily secure components together. However, commercially-available locking pins typically do not provide adequate reliability when securing components together. For instance, a typical ball-lock pin having a diameter of 0.375 inches (0.9525 centimeters) may provide only about 0.065 inches (0.1651 centimeters) of locking surface and typically requires close operator attention to ensure that the ball-lock pin is installed properly.


An optical strain gauge for measuring strain and torque on a rotating member. The apparatus includes a plurality of electrically resistive torque sensing elements secured to a rotating shaft which generate an output signal to a light. The magnitude of the light varies in accordance with the torque or strain sensed by the sensing elements. The optical signal transmitted by the light is received by an optical transmitting element having a plurality of fiber optic strands. The fiber optic strands pick up the received light and transmit the light to a photo sensing element which then transmits the signal to an intensity meter. The intensity meter provides an indication of the magnitude of the optical signal, and thus the magnitude of the sensed torque or strain. The apparatus does not require conventional slip rings or other like devices and is not susceptible to electromagnetic interference or other objectionable electrical phenomena.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to apparatus for detecting strain and torque on various members, and more particularly to an apparatus and method for detecting strain and/or torque on a rotating member such as an input shaft of a transmission, and for generating optical signals in accordance with the sensed strain and/or torque without the use of slip rings and other devices commonly required in such applications.
2. Discussion
Strain gauges are used in a variety of applications to measure the strain and/or torque experienced by various members. Many such applications are in connection with the testing of various components of an automobile, such as various shafts and members used in engines and transmissions of motor vehicles.
In previous applications, it has generally been necessary to use some form of slip ring or like element which is attached to the rotating shaft being sensed. The slip ring generally receives electrical signals from electrical sensing elements. The slip ring transmits the electrical signals via brushes or other like components to test equipment where the electrical signals can be converted into useful information to indicate the strain and/or torque experienced by the member being sensed.
In many applications, such as with transmissions, it is desirable to measure the strain and/or torque experienced by, for example, an input shaft of the transmission during operation. With most transmissions used with motor vehicles, space is very limited adjacent the input shaft, thus making it difficult and, in some instances, impossible to use conventional slip rings. As will also be appreciated, the brushes used with slip rings are also subject to wear and thus require periodic replacement. Various forms of strain and/or torque sensing systems are disclosed in the following patents, the disclosure of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference:
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,529,312, 4,630,354, PA1 4,767,164, 4,962,495, PA1 5,422,477, 5,438,882
It would therefore be highly desirable to provide some form of strain and/or torque sensing apparatus and method which is capable of being used with a wide variety of members, and particularly with a rotating member such as an input shaft of a transmission, without requiring the use of slip rings and other electromechanical devices. It would further be highly desirable if such an apparatus and method could be employed which makes use of optical signals which are not susceptible to electrical interference and other objectionable phenomena that previously developed sensing systems must be concerned with.
It would be further highly desirable if an apparatus and method for sensing strain and/or torque on rotating members could be provided which makes use of a minimum number of independent components which facilitate use in complex components, such as transmissions, where space is very limited.

Method and apparatus for measuring strain and load on rotating shafts