A transducer is provided with an integral smart card reader. For security applications the transducer is a biometric information input device. The device provides co-operative operation of the smart card and the transducer to provide user specific processing of biometric information provided by the user. Because of the integral smart card reader, tampering and monitoring of security operations is prevented.

Computer security is fast becoming an important issue. With the proliferation of computers and computer networks into all aspects of business and daily life--financial, medical, education, government, and communications--the concern over secure file access and data communications is growing. One method of preventing unauthorized access to files is by using encryption and cipher techniques. These techniques convert data into other forms of data in a fashion that is reversible. Once encrypted, the data is unintelligible unless first decrypted. RSA, DES and CAST are known encryption techniques, which are currently believed to provide sufficient security for computer communications and files.
Each of these encryption techniques uses a cipher key. Such a key is crucial to the encryption/decryption process. Anyone with a correct key can access information that has previously been encrypted using that key. The entry of the key from the keyboard is impractical since such a key must be remembered by a user for entry and as such is liable to be discovered by an individual desiring access to existing encrypted files.
Further, there is great concern over communication of keys within commercial and governmental offices. It is common for users to inform others of their keys or to transfer their keys to others for use during holidays, sick days, or even as a reminder of the key should the user forget. Also, keys are often written down at the workstation in case a user should forget. Such written passwords undermine the security of many systems.
In DES encryption, the key is a numerical value, for example 56 bits in length. Such a key can be used to encrypt and subsequently to decrypt data. The security of the data once encrypted is sufficient that the key is required to access the data in an intelligible form. Thus the security of the data is related to the security of the key.
Some encryption systems use keys stored on the same device as the encrypted files. This is akin to storing a lock and its key in the same location. A knowledgeable user gaining access to the device could locate the key and access the data. Other encryption systems use keys stored on portable cards. Such a key is accessed via a password entered at the keyboard. Other users can take such a portable card and such a password can be discovered. The portable card is equally subject to transfer between employees and improper storage--at a user's desk.
In a fingerprint input transducer or sensor, the finger under investigation is usually pressed against a flat surface, such as a side of a glass plate, and the ridge and valley pattern of the finger tip is sensed by a sensing means such as an interrogating light beam.
Various optical devices are known which employ prisms upon which a finger whose print is to be identified is placed. The prism has a first surface upon which a finger is placed, a second surface disposed at an acute angle to the first surface through which the fingerprint is viewed and a third illumination surface through which light is directed into the prism. In some cases, the illumination surface is at an acute angle to the first surface, as seen for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,187,482 and 5,187,748. In other cases, the illumination surface is parallel to the first surface, as seen for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,109,427 and 5,233,404. Fingerprint identification devices of this nature are generally used to control the building-access or information-access of individuals to buildings, rooms, and devices such as computer terminals.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,353,056 in the name of Tsikos issued Oct. 5, 1982, discloses an alternative kind of fingerprint sensor that uses a capacitive sensing approach. The described sensor has a two dimensional, row and column, array of capacitors, each comprising a pair of spaced electrodes, carried in a sensing member and covered by an insulating film. The sensors rely upon deformation to the sensing member caused by a finger being placed thereon so as to vary locally the spacing between capacitor electrodes, according to the ridge/trough pattern of the fingerprint, and hence, the capacitance of the capacitors. In one arrangement, the capacitors of each column are connected in series with the columns of capacitors connected in parallel and a voltage is applied across the columns. In another arrangement, a voltage is applied to each individual capacitor in the array. Sensing in the respective two arrangements is accomplished by detecting the change of voltage distribution in the series connected capacitors or by measuring the voltage values of the individual capacitances resulting from local deformation. To achieve this, an individual connection is required from the detection circuit to each capacitor.
Portable fingerprint devices are known in the art. One such device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,467,403 and relates to a portable imaging device for capturing fingerprint images and transmitting them to a central location for verification. Such a device is useful in an information gathering and identification process comprising a large central database of fingerprint information. It does not, however, address the current concern for personal privacy with regards to the fingerprint data. Further, such a system can only act to verify identification and thus restrict access from a central location. This requires communications, which are inherently unsecured.
One concern associated with remote fingerprint sensors relates to the transmission of information used for verification. Whereas a fingerprint is unique and cannot be easily duplicated, such is not the case for the electronic representation of the fingerprint. Knowledgeable individuals with incentive to gain access to a system can record such an electronic representation for use at a later time. In addition, the signal providing access may be recorded for later use thus circumventing a security system.
PCMCIA, an organisation comprised of hundreds of manufacturers of memory cards and related peripheral equipment, has established standards for peripheral and memory cards. PCMCIA cards enhance the capabilities of a computer by providing a standard hardware interface and standard software protocols. PCMCIA cards have been designed with memory, fax machines, modems, and disk drives. The standard connector size makes them compatible with many portable computers and the PCMCIA standard allows for easy installation and removal of cards. One such PCMCIA card that is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,468,952 is a bar code scanning device. Such a device provides convenience in portability as well as use.
The PCMCIA has established spatial standards for circuit boards intended to be used in portable computers. PCMCIA has developed a 68 pin memory card standard for three memory card types.
Type I Memory Cards are the same width and length as a common credit card, about 54 mm.times.85.6 mm, but are thicker than a credit card. The thickness of a Type I card is 3.3 mm.
Type II Memory Cards are used by those companies which are utilizing memory components that are too high to be housed within a Type I card. Type II Memory Cards are also the same overall length and width as credit cards, but have a raised body cross section in the substrate area which gives them an overall thickness of 5 mm. The raised substrate areas of these cards are 48 mm in width.
Type III Memory Cards are the result of a recent movement sponsored by the Small Form Factor Committee to enable 1. 8"Small Form Factor Disk Drives to be plugged into memory card connectors. Type III Memory Cards are the same length and width as Type I Memory Cards; however, Type III Memory Cards have a substrate area thickness of 10.5 mm. Also, Type III Memory Cards require card guide opening width of 51 mm on the header connector to accommodate the slightly wider raised substrate area.
Another type of card that is now commonly available and well known in the art is a Smart Card. The Smart card comprises a microprocessor, non-volatile storage and random access memory (RAM) all on a small portable card. The use of Smart Cards is increasing because they present a convenient method for providing software and a processor for executing same within a compact and portable device. For example, a smart card credit card can maintain balance information and update a balance when used. Since information is stored on the card and security functions for protecting the information are also on the smart card, the resulting card is temper resistant and also portable alleviating a need to electronically transmit information to each device requiring access to the information. As such, smart cards are known to be advantageous for numerous applications
Before the advent of computers and imaging devices, research was conducted into fingerprint characterisation and identification. Today, much of the research focus in biometrics has been directed toward improving the input transducer and the quality of the biometric input data. Fingerprint characterization is well known and can involve many aspects of fingerprint analysis. The analysis of fingerprints is discussed in the following references which are hereby incorporated by reference:
Xiao Qinghan and Bian Zhaoqi,: An approach to Fingerprint Identification By Using the Attributes of Feature Lines of Fingerprint," IEEE Pattern Recognition, pp 663, 1986; PA1 C. B. Shelman, "Fingerprint Classification--Theory and Application," Proc. 76 Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Countermeasures, 1976; PA1 Feri Pernus, Stanko Kovacic, and Ludvik Gyergyek, "Minutaie Based Fingerprint Registration," IEEE Pattern Recognition, pp 1380, 1980; PA1 J. A. Ratkovic, F. W. Blackwell, and H. H. Bailey, "Concepts for a Next Generation Automated Fingerprint System," Proc. 78 Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Countermeasures, 1978; PA1 K. Millard, "An approach to the Automatic Retrieval of Latent Fingerprints," Proc. 75 Carnahan Conference on Electronic Crime Countermeasures, 1975; PA1 Moayer and K. S. Fu, "A Syntactic Approach to Fingerprint Pattern Recognition," Memo Np. 73-18, Purdue University, School of Electrical Engineering, 1973; PA1 Wegstein, An Automated Fingerprint Identification System, NBS special publication, U.S. Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards, ISSN 0083-1883; no. 500-89, 1982; Moenssens, Andre A., Fingerprint Techniques, Chilton Book Co., 1971; and, PA1 Wegstein and J. F. Rafferty, The LX39 Latent Fingerprint Matcher, NBS special publication, U.S. Department of Commerce/National Bureau of Standards; no. 500-36, 1978. PA1 a housing; PA1 a biometric information input means disposed within the housing for capturing biometric data and providing a first signal in dependence thereon; PA1 a peripheral card interface disposed within the housing for interfacing with the peripheral card and for receiving the first signal and providing same to the peripheral card; data transfer means for providing data in dependence upon the captured biometric data to the computer; and PA1 means for receiving a second signal from the peripheral card and providing the second signal to the data transfer means. PA1 a housing; PA1 a transducer disposed within the housing for capturing biometric information and converting the biometric information into a first signal; PA1 a peripheral card interface disposed within the housing for accepting a peripheral card; PA1 means for providing the first signal to the peripheral card interface; and PA1 data transfer means for receiving the first signal and coupled with the peripheral card interface for receiving a second signal therefrom and for transmitting a signal dependent upon one of the first signal and the second signal from the device to the system. PA1 providing biometric information to the transducer; PA1 detecting a presence of a peripheral card interfaced with the peripheral card interface; PA1 if a peripheral card is detected, using the peripheral card, transforming the data into a first signal and providing the first signal to the data transfer means; PA1 if a peripheral card is not detected, providing a different signal based on the data to the data transfer means; PA1 transmitting the signal received by the data transfer means to the computer. PA1 a housing; PA1 a transducer disposed within the housing for capturing biometric information and converting the biometric information into a first signal; PA1 a peripheral card interface disposed within the housing for accepting a peripheral card; PA1 means for providing the first signal to the peripheral card interface; PA1 means for receiving a second other signal from the peripheral card interface; PA1 means for detecting a peripheral card interfacing with the peripheral card interface and for providing an indication of a presence or an absence of the peripheral card; PA1 data transfer means for receiving at least one of the first signal and a second other signal from the peripheral card interface and for transmitting a signal to the system in dependence upon the received signal and the indication.
Of course, other contact imagers such as palm print imagers are also known to exist.

Biometric input device with peripheral port


Processes for the extraction of PHAs from biomass, said processes comprising: combining the biomass containing the PHAs with a single main solvent to form a biomass liquor; heating the biomass liquor to at least partially solubilize the PHAs from the biomass to form a PHA liquor; separating the biomass from the PHA liquor to form a PHA-enriched liquor; evaporating from 0% to about 50% of the single main solvent from the PHA-enriched liquor to form a solvent vapor and a concentrated PHA-enriched liquor; and cooling the concentrated PHA-enriched liquor to form precipitated PHAs and an impure solvent liquor. Optionally, further recovering the precipitated PHAs from the impure solvent liquor by filtration under pressure. A PHA-enriched liquor and a concentrated PHA-enriched liquor.

Plastics such as polyesters are typically produced from petrochemical sources by well-known synthetic means. These petrochemical-based polymers take centuries to degrade after disposal. Concern over plastic waste accumulation in landfills has resulted in the recent movement toward using biodegradable polymers instead.
Synthetic biodegradable polymers have not enjoyed great success in the marketplace due to their high production cost. However, advances in biotechnology have led to less expensive means of production. Specifically, biodegradable aliphatic copolyesters are now produced by large-scale bacterial fermentation. Collectively termed polyhydroxyalkanoates or PHAs, these polymers may be synthesized in the bodies of natural or recombinant bacteria fed with glucose in a fermentation plant. Like their petrochemical precursors, the structural, and in turn mechanical, properties of PHAs may be customized to fit the specifications of the desired end product. However, unlike their petrochemical precursors, PHAs degrade both aerobically and anaerobically.
PHAs are enormously versatile, and as many as 100 different PHA structures have been identified. PHA structures may vary in two ways. First, PHAs may vary according to the structure of the R-pendant groups, which form the side chain of hydroxyalkanoic acid not contributing to the PHA carbon backbone. Second, PHAs may vary according to the number and types of units from which they are derived. For example, PHAs may be homopolymers, copolymers, and terpolymers. These variations in PHA structure are responsible for the variations in their physical characteristics. In turn, the variations in physical characteristics are what make generic application of the known PHA extraction processes inefficient.
Solvent extraction has been described as one method of extracting PHAs from bacteria and plants. However, solvent extraction of structurally flexible PHA polymers is challenging, because these PHAs crystallize slowly and tend to stick together to form a gel as the extraction solvent is removed. Gel formation is undesirable, because it requires the additional, costly steps of driving the solvent out of the gel, and flaking the remaining structurally flexible PHAs, to obtain a neat polymer. Several two-solvent extraction processes purport to circumvent the gel formation problem. However, two-solvent extractions may be more costly than single-solvent ones, because they generally require twice as much solvent and may preclude recycling of solvents without additional solvent processing, such as separating the two solvents.
For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for a simple and more economical process for extracting structurally flexible PHA polymers from bacteria and plants. Such a process would preferably involve a single recyclable main solvent that is preferably environmentally friendly.

Solvent extraction of polyhydroxyalkanoates from biomass


A data transmission method, apparatus, device, and a computer-readable storage medium are provided. The data transmission method of the present disclosure includes receiving data sent by a User Equipment UE, determining a Session Management Function SMF, and forwarding the data to the SMF, wherein after the SMF receives the data, the SMF forwards the data to a User Plane Function UPF.

In a Fifth-Generation (5G) technical solution, a User Equipment (UE) needs to establish a radio signaling bearer and a data plane bearer before transmitting data. After interaction and negotiation in a signaling plane, the UE, a radio side and a core network establish a Protocol Data Unit (PDU) session on an end-to-end path, and then the UE can send data through a data plane.
In this process, the number of signalings interacted among the UE, the radio network and the core network is large, radio resource consumption is significant, and consumption at the UE is also significant. Therefore, a data transmission method in the related art consumes a large amount of resources.

Data transmission method, apparatus and device and computer-readable storage medium

China Mobile Communication Co., Ltd Research Institute

China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd.


This three dimensional ornament is designed to be suspended in outdoor situations where it is free to rotate in the wind and thereby enhance the aesthetic qualities of the area in which it is deployed and to make the wind velocity visible. The ornament is a turbine type section with an open interior section that may be filed with various decorative plates or spirals.

The present invention relates to an improvement in the design of three dimensional decorative ornaments. More specifically, to a method of building these three dimensional ornaments in a manner so that they are made up of an outside design element which is constructed to both enhance the overall aesthetics of the invention and to provide the mechanism by which it rotates in the wind and an internal element that has decorative purposes.
Decorative ornaments are commonly employed to enhance the appearance or to personalize living or work space. In the recent past, the use of specialized ornaments in outdoor situations has also become increasingly popular. Some examples of this later use of such devices are wind chimes, weather vanes having decorative elements incorporated into their designs, reflective globes, and hanging three dimensional ornaments designed to freely spin in the wind. The general purpose of all of these different ornaments is to add a personal decorative touch to outdoor spaces such as gardens and yards and to aid in making the wind velocity visible.
The three dimensional wind ornaments have become very popular in the recent past as they add a degree of motion as well as color into the desired setting. These types of ornaments are generally constructed out of a plurality of concentric circles, or other simple geometric shapes, which are joined together at a central spine at progressing compass degrees. This method of construction results in an ornament that, when rotated by wind or other mechanical method, results in an ornament that visually changes during the rotation process. Additionally, these ornaments are also constructed of a material that catches and reflects light in a way that greatly enhances these visual effects.
Another problem inherent to these types of three dimensional ornaments is that their design incorporating many different surfaces often results in a visual appearance that is overly busy or too complex to be aesthetically pleasing. Additionally, the design of these ornaments also does not lend itself to the incorporation of ancillary design elements such as representations of common animals, birds or the like. The incorporation of these additional design elements can add a great deal to these three dimensional ornaments and this limitation of the available designs unnecessarily diminishes the potential size of the market in this area.
From the foregoing discussion it can be seen that it would be desirable to provide a three dimensional ornament for the purpose of enhancing the look of outside spaces that is designed in such a manner so that the passage of wind will cause it to rotate changing its overall appearance in a continual fashion. Additionally, it can be seen that it would be desirable to provide such a three dimensional ornament which is designed in a aesthetically simple manner to provide the desired visual stimulus to the location in a manner that is not overwhelming. Finally, it can also be seen that it would be desirable to provide such a three dimensional ornament that provides a base both functionally and aesthetically for the incorporation of ancillary design elements into the ornament.


A reusable image recording medium having improved capability of formation and removal of images such as toner images. The medium comprises a substrate and a coating formed on a surface of the substrate and having a recording surface with image forming material-peelability, wherein the recording surface has a surface smoothness of 200 seconds or lower as measured by a Bekk smoothness tester.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to paper-like image recording media used in image forming devices based on electrophotography or thermal transfer and, more particularly, to reusable image recording media which are applied to an image forming device equipped also with a means for removing an image forming material such as ink from a substrate onto which the image forming material has been fixed, whereby image formation by the image forming materials and removal thereof can be repeated many times.
2. Description of Related Art
Recently, the global atmospheric problems have come to light and the importance of forest resource protection has been recognized. Reduction in utilization of wood resources as raw materials for paper has become an important problem. As one of remedies for reduction of the utilization, recycle of once used paper, without disposal as waste paper, is advanced now. Reuse of water paper is one of important means for recovering resources but has many problems, including leakage of confidential documents and/or data (particularly in companies or corporations), fractional recovery of different kinds of paper and transportation, as well as a storage space and administration of collected waste paper, in the recovery of waste paper. In the reuse of waste paper, fibers are shortened during re-pulping, leading to reduction in quality of reused paper, and an apparatus for deinking the images is further required. Since a paper-manufacturing machine is large, complex and expensive, the paper reuse can only be conducted by specific companies, not by an individual. Unless the fractional recovery, transportation, storage and operation of a huge apparatus are efficiently carried out, a large amount of energy will be consumed, i.e., the amount of CO.sub.2 discharged will be increased, whereby the warming of the earth due to increase of C.sub.2, which is also one of the global atmospheric problems, may be further accelerated.
In order to solve such a problem, there has been disclosed a method for reusing once used paper by erasing images thereon. For instance, reference may be made to the following methods.
Japanese Patent Application Laid Open (JP-A) No. 2-55195 discloses an image-erasable printing medium comprising a plastic, metal, liquid-impermeable paper or ceramic as an image support and a film of a silicone rubber releasing agent known as a silicone sealing agent coated on the surface of the support. The method for erasing an image comprises subjecting the image formed from a heat fusible ink on the support to heat and pressure through a heat fusible peeling medium followed by cooling the medium to have the image adhered to the peeling medium, thereby peeling off it from the support. The coating of the releasing agent can be migrated and partially adhered to the contract portions of, for example, a carrier roller when the agent is carried within the image forming apparatus, resulting in jamming of paper due to slipperiness. When this is repeated, the image surface may be stained since the toner floating within the apparatus may be adhered to the printed matters.
If the thickness of the coating is decreased to reduce the migration, the heat fusible ink can not be peeled out of the support. Even with regard to thinner coatings, if the surface smoothness is increased, the heat fusible ink can be peeled off. However, fixation of images decreases. In the above cited patent application publication, plain materials such as PET and laminate films having a smoothness of at least 300 seconds as measured by a Bekk smoothness tester are used as substrates. That a coating has the above-mentioned migration means that the effect of the coating as a releasing agent may be reduced upon repeated reuse. In short, the cause of migration is weak bonding such as in the case where a coating is merely applied or deposited onto a support.
On the other hand, when an image recording material is fixed on a coating having a sufficient thickness (e.g., 3 .mu.m or more) that a heat fusible ink may be peeled off, the fixation will be so poor that some fixed images may be easily peeled off only by rubbing with hands. Thus, the storage stability of recording is poor.
In short, the technique disclosed in the publication is unsatisfactory in the migration of coatings, fixation of images and peelalility.
Japanese Patent Application laid Open (JP-A) No. 5-216376 discloses a recording medium (paper) comprising a releasing agent applied on its recording surface. A toner constituting an image is transferred and removed by bringing the medium into contact, under pressure the recording paper, with a medium comprising an easily offsetting material upon erasion of the image. The releasing agent includes silicone oils, fluorinated oils and other aliphatic oils. When these oils are used, they must be applied onto a recording paper at a concentration such that the recording paper should be transparent, in order that the toner may exhibit sufficient peelability. Such a recording paper will be such a low quality that may ruin the impression of plain papers. Further, the fixation of images is also so poor that some fixed images may be easily peeled off only by rubbing with hands. Thus, the storage stability of recording is poor. Additionally, there is observed some migration resulting in the same problems as those of Japanese Patent Application Laid Open (JP-A) No. 2-55295.
Japanese Patent Application Laid Open (JP-A) No. 6-219068 discloses a reusable recording paper wherein a thermally convertible material, such as a fluorine-containing acrylate, whose adhesion with an image forming material will be lowered upon heating, is applied on or incorporated into a recording paper. (Fixation of images are conducted by pressure and the problem of the fixation with heat and pressure is explicitly mentioned.) The recording paper is for thermal transfer and has a higher smoothness than plain papers. Generally, common thermal transfer papers have a smoothness of about 200 seconds or higher as measured by a Bekk smoothness tester. Common plain papers generally have a smoothness of 20 to 100 seconds. If the smoothness exceeds 200 seconds, the impression of specialty papers increases in view of the gloss, touch and writing properties.
In order to obtain satisfactory peelability by coating or impregnating, with a fluorine-containing acrylate material, a plain paper such as a wood free paper or a copying paper having a smoothness of 160 seconds or lower, the thickness of the coating will reach 4 to 5 .mu.m and the smoothness will be 250 seconds or higher, which is within the field of specialty papers. Further, the fluorine-containing acrylate material has a bad adhesion with a thermal transfer recording paper as a substrate. Therefore it exhibits migration, so that a paper feeding roller and a recording paper may often slip in a copying machine, resulting in clogging of recording papers and/or bad printing due to misregistration. For such reasons, it is required to create a region without being coated or impregnated with the thermally convertible material on a portion of the thermal transfer recording paper; therefore it is not easy to manufacture the recording paper, resulting in a higher cost of manufacture. Further, in the electrophotographic copying machine commonly used at present, an image forming material is fixed by subjecting the recording paper to heat and pressure; therefore, the use of fixation of images with pressure only is too low in flexibility.
In the above-mentioned recording papers, the concentration of a recorded image by writing with a pencil, ball pen or aqueous pen will be low and the image is obscure, or they will repel recording materials for such writing.
In each of the above-mentioned techniques, when a color image where the whole thereof is printed in a solid form is formed by an image forming device using an electrophotographic or thermal transfer method, reproduction of the media is not easy because of poor peelability of the image thereon.


The invention relates to fast-gelling plasticizer preparations comprising at least one aryl alkylsulfonate of the formula R1—SO2—O—R2 and at least one diol dibenzoate of the general formula R3C(O)O—Y—O(O)CR4 and/or at least one dibenzyl dicarboxylate of the general formula R3CH2O(O)C—Z—C(O)OCH2R4, and also to its use as plasticizer in plastics, and to plastics which comprise these plasticizer preparations.

For decades, plasticizers have been used for processing plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride. Recently, the requirements placed upon the plasticizers have become more stringent with respect to performance and non-toxicity to humans and the environment. One important requirement relates to minimum solution temperature and gel time. Solution temperature in the context of plasticizers is the temperature at which a homogeneous phase is formed from a polyvinyl chloride dispersion in a plasticizer (L. Meier: "Weichmacher" ["Plasticizers"], in R. Gächter, H. Müller (Ed.): Taschenbuch der Kunststoffadditive [Plastics additives handbook], 3rd Edition, pp. 361-362, Hanser Verlag, Munich 1990). Plasticizers with a low gel time permit fast processing that saves energy.
In the prior art, applications which require fast gelling use predominantly alkyl benzyl esters of aromatic polycarboxylic acids, an example being butyl benzyl phthalate (L. Meier: "Weichmacher" ["Plasticizers"], in R. Gächter, H. Müller (Ed.): Taschenbuch der Kunststoffadditive [Plastics additives handbook], 3rd Edition, p. 397, Hanser Verlag, Munich 1990).
However, the demands placed upon modern plasticizers include low volatility, as well as a low solution temperature. The volatility of plasticizers leads to undesired embrittlement, for example of flexible polyvinyl chloride, and also to pollution by what are known as volatile organic substances (VOCs), the intention being to avoid these in applications in close contact with consumers.
European Union Directive 2005/84/EC for phthalates imposes certain restrictions on the use of diisononyl phthalate (DINP), di(isodecyl)phthalate (DIDP), and di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) for the production of childrens' toys which have small parts. It also provides for a total ban on the use of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) at concentrations greater than 0.1% for childrens' toys. Producers of PVC plasticizers reacted to this new Directive by developing phthalate-free alternatives, such as diisononyl hexahydrophthalate (Hexamoll® DINCH) from BASF AG. Other phthalate-free plasticizers are aryl alkylsulfonates (Mesamoll®, Lanxess Deutschland GmbH) or esters of benzoic acid (Benzoflex® grades, Velsicol Chemical Corp.), and these are in successful use.
However, many of these phthalate-free alternatives exhibit less-than-ideal property profiles, which accordingly can be improved for use as PVC plasticizers. A targeted change in the property profile of aryl alkylsulfonates, without impairing their favorable properties, is of great interest to their users. This can be achieved, for example, via use of small additions of additional components.
The object of the present invention consisted in finding phthalate-free plasticizer preparations which feature lower volatility than that of the individual components and which moreover have lower gel times than would be expected from a linear relationship between the individual components.
Surprisingly, it has now been found that phthalate-free plasticizer preparations of a mixture composed of at least one aryl alkylsulfonate and of at least one ester of benzoic acid with polyhydric alcohols exhibit such properties, as also do plasticizer preparations of a mixture composed of at least one aryl alkylsulfonate and of benzyl esters of polybasic aliphatic carboxylic acids, e.g. dibenzyl adipate.


A method for integrating the IT components which support a business process into a single end-to-end management platform is provided. The method comprises decomposing a business process into a set of enabling applications and then documenting the technology elements and support organizations which are necessary to execute those enabling applications. The required monitors for the business process enabling technology can be deployed which will allow the mapping of technology problems to business problem and the development of correlation rules. This information is then used to develop an end-to-end business process event management (or other system management disciplines such as performance management) platform, which can be integrated into any preexisting event management process. In one embodiment of the present invention, the event management platform can be constructed between several business entities.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a business method for computer networks. More specifically, the present invention relates to the integration of disparate applications into a single functional application model that is then managed from an IT perspective as a single integrated system.
2. Description of Related Art
Currently, companies have "business processes" such as a Banking loan process, that are enabled by multiple heterogeneous technology. Because the business process itself may span multiple lines of business both internally and externally (supply chain processes), very often the enabling technology is of disparate types, managed by disjoint groups with little systems management integration between them. An example of this would be a loan process that is enabled by technology ranging from application, database, network, and server. In this example, it is very likely that each application, and associated enabling technology, would have a support group. Each group has a very focused view on their component, but no one has the business process view which is the aggregate of each of these "towers" as viewed by the business. The systems management paradigm is not aligned with how the business consumes the technology at the business level, and therefore does not reflect the true "health" of the business process as viewed by the consumers of the business process.
Therefore, a method of integrating the disparate applications into a single functional application model that includes the interdependencies, relationships and interfaces of each application would be desirable.

Business systems management: realizing end-to-end enterprise systems management solution

International Business Machines Corporation


An external control type fan clutch device has a sealed housing with a torque transmission chamber incorporating a drive disk therein. The drive disk has an oil reserving chamber. The sealed housing is supported on a rotary shaft with the drive disk fixed thereto. A valve member (armature) controls opening and closing of an oil circulating flow passage hole provided on a side wall of the oil reserving chamber. The valve member has magnetism and is actuated by an electromagnet supported on the rotary shaft for opening or closing the oil circulating flow passage hole. A ring-like magnetic body is disposed between the electromagnet and the rotary shaft for efficiently transmitting a magnetic flux of the electromagnet to the armature of the valve member. The external control type fan clutch device achieves size reduction, weight reduction and power saving.

Conventionally, as a fan clutch device of this type, one of a system is known in which a torque transmission chamber incorporating a drive disk therein is provided in a sealed housing composed of a nonmagnetic case and a cover mounted on the case, the case and the cover being supported via a bearing on a rotary shaft to which the drive disk is fixed; a side wall face of an oil reserving chamber formed by a hollow in the drive disk is provided with at least one oil circulating flow passage hole communicating with a torque transmission gap; a valve member having magnetism for opening or closing the oil circulating flow passage hole is provided; and rotary torque transmission from a drive side to a driven side is controlled by using an electromagnet to actuate the valve member to increase or decrease an effective contact area of oil in a torque transmission gap formed between the drive side and the driven side.
As an external control type fan clutch device of this type, one of a system in which an electromagnet fixed to a rotary shaft side is energized to actuate a valve member via an armature of the valve member mounted on a drive disk, thereby externally controlling opening and closing of a circulating flow passage. The configuration of the device employs a system in which a magnetic flux due to excitation of a coil of the electromagnet is transmitted to the armature of the valve member composed of a leaf spring through a magnetic path of the rotary shaft composed of a highly magnetic permeable magnetic material to make up a magnetic circuit (magnetic loop) for return to the electromagnet again, and then the flow rate of the torque transmission oil is controlled by actuating the valve member within the clutch device using the electromagnet (see U.S. Pat. No. 4,987,986).
The conventional external control type fan clutch device described above has a disadvantage. More particularly, since the magnetic circuit (magnetic loop) is configured utilizing the bearing supporting the electromagnet actuating the valve member on the rotary shaft, there is the problem that the magnetic circuit is too long to efficiently transmit magnetic force of the electromagnet to the armature, excessive electromagnetic force is required in order to attract the armature, the size and weight of the electromagnet is increased, the size and weight of the fan clutch device cannot be reduced, and power consumption is also increased.
The invention has been made to solve the disadvantage of the convention external control type fan clutch device described above, and the object of the invention is to provide an external control type fan clutch device where size reduction and weight reduction, and power saving are achieved in a fan clutch device.


Paper machine deckle defining structure is protected from fiber accumulations by a uniformly distributed water film that continuously flows from a flat, horizontal upper surface over all smoothly faired lower surfaces of the deckle elements.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to fourdrinier paper machines. More specifically, the present invention relates to deckle structures for confining the papermaking stock pond carried on the fourdrinier screen.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Fourdrinier paper machines are characterized by a closed loop web formation screen driven over an open, flat table surface. Extremely dilute, aqueous papermaking stock is jetted upon the traveling screen from a horizontally elongated nozzle; usually associated with a stock accumulation chamber called a headbox.
As the traveling screen carries the stock flow from the slice jet landing zone, aqueous vehicle, i.e., water, drains through the screen to leave the fiber constituent of the papermaking stock accumulated upon the upper screen surface as a consolidated mat.
Between the stock landing zone and that longitudinally displaced point along the screen belt traveling route whereat the mat consolidates into a paper web, the stock is supported on the screen surface as a liquid pond of diminishing depth. Without lateral containment, lateral liquid stock flow cross-directionally sweeps fiber towards the screen sides thereby undesirably tapering the paper web edge thickness.
To prevent such undesirable thickness tapering along the paper web edges, lateral pond confinement structures called "deckle boards" are positioned above and along the screen edges in the machine running direction from the slice landing zone. Traditionally, deckle boards are similar to a pair longitudinal dams, each extending along the screen traveling direction respective to each lateral edge of the screen with the screen per se running under the deckle boards.
A more recent innovation to the deckle structure has been to combine the deckle board with a screen edge cupping rail located outboard of the deckle board, as represented by U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,387 to R. L. Beran et al. The curled screen edges, traveling along respective, oppositely cupped rail profiles, hydraulically confine the stock pond. The deckle boards, internally of the cupped rails, are vertically positioned above the screen as to leave a substantial hydraulic channel beneath the lower deckle board edge. Machine white water fills the flow channel between the cupping rail and the outside surface of the deckle board. The inside faces of the deckle boards delineate the outer edge limits of the stock fiber. Standing waves generated in the stock pond are permitted to pass under the deckle board into white water channel and dissipate up the edge cup profile without reflection.
All deckle structure, whether of the traditional design or that using cupped rails, is positioned within close proximity of the energetically traveling stock pond. The structure is located within a virtual mist of fiber particles being continuously splashed from the traveling stock pond. These fiber particles have a high adhesive affinity for any solid surface such as is offered by the deckle structure. Fiber coatings continue to accumulate and soon begin to flake off in agglomerated chunks and fall into the fresh stock pond for web processing. Such web integrated chunks of agglomerated old fiber disrupt the web quality and runnability.
Although the prior art, as represented by U.S. Pat. No. 3,607,624 to W. R. Moody, has partially recognized the value of protecting the deckle structure with a continuously flowing water film, that recognition did not teach a functional structure that would adequately accomplish the objective. Many portions of the Moody structure are not water film flushed and are fiber accumulation surfaces.

Paper machine deckle structure with a c-clip support beam


In an ethylene oxide process, the stripping and reabsorption operations, normally carried out in separate vessels, are carried out in a single vessel which is divided by a baffle into separate sections where reabsorption and stripping are carried out.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus useful for the formation of ethylene oxide, or more particularly for ethylene oxide reabsorption and carbon dioxide stripping on a commercial scale. This apparatus finds particular use as an improved single column ethylene oxide reabsorber/stripper vessel. According to this invention, the steps of ethylene oxide re-absorption and carbon dioxide stripping, which normally are carried out in separate vessels, are carried out in a single column vessel having an internal dividing baffle. The apparatus may also be used for other chemical processing systems that require reabsorption and stripping.
2. Description of the Related Art
The oxidation of ethylene to form ethylene oxide and the various recovery procedures associated therewith as well as additional conversion of ethylene oxide to ethylene glycol are well known and widely practiced commercially. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,945,551, 6,184,175, 5,646,087, and 6,533,843.
Typically, an ethylene oxide product is absorbed from the oxidation reaction gases in an aqueous absorbent liquid to form a dilute ethylene oxide solution. The ethylene oxide is stripped from the dilute aqueous solution and, the stripper overhead is sent to a condenser where the bulk of the water is condensed and separated. The ethylene oxide vapor stream from the stripper overhead concentrated in ethylene oxide is passed to a re-absorber where ethylene oxide is re-absorbed in water and thus separated from inerts which are vented. The ethylene oxide re-absorber solution, which also contains substantial amounts of dissolved carbon dioxide, is sent to a glycol feed stripper where carbon dioxide is separated by steam/inert gas stripping. Such conventional operation is illustrated in the attached FIG. 1.
The invention provides an improved apparatus wherein the functions of both a conventional re-absorber column and glycol feed stripper column are combined and carried out in a single column, which is divided by an internal baffle into separate reabsorption and stripping sections.
Such a combined single-column vessel offers several economic advantages, including simplification of industrial operations, and reduction in required floor area necessary for such equipment. Furthermore, since exposure of ethylene oxide to external fire is a significant safety hazard, a reduction in equipment would lessen the surface area of equipment requiring fireproofing, reduce potential exposure to fire, and improve the overall safety of the plant.

SD Lizenzverwertungsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG Lenbachplatz 6


The invention provides a method for separating target cells from a plurality of cells which is based on a reversible high affinity interaction between two molecules. The method comprises: forming a target cell/cell binding reagent/first molecule/second molecule/solid support complex, wherein the cell binding reagent is specific for target cells present within a plurality of cells and wherein the first molecule reversibly binds to the second molecule; removing non-target cells of the plurality of cells not attached to the solid support; and reversing the first molecule binding to the second molecule, thereby releasing the target cells as separate cells from the plurality of cells.

Throughout this application various publications are referenced, many in parenthesis. Full citations for each of these publications are provided at the end of the Detailed Description. The disclosures of each of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference in this application.
The isolation of a phenotypically unique subpopulation of cells from a heterogenous cell population based on differential expression of cell surface markers is an essential step in many medical and biological research investigations. In addition, several protocols for the treatment of hereditary or acquired diseases that depend on the efficient selection of subpopulations of cells either are currently being employed or are in clinical trials. For example, in bone marrow (BM) or peripheral blood stem cell transplantation, hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HPC) are being purified from harvested BM or leukophoresis products to eliminate contaminating tumor cells or potentially alloreactive T cells (reviewed in Gee 1994; Berenson et al. 1996). In addition, stem cell gene therapy protocols are under development that also rely on HPC selection (Kohn 1995). Thus, it is clear that cell separation technologies are important in basic biological and medical research and in clinical medicine and the importance of this technology is likely to grow in the future.
At present, the available cell separation media employ monoclonal antibodies (Mab) that bind to specific cell surface antigens and are linked to solid (Lebkowski et al. 1992; Bensinger et al. 1990) or magnetic (Egeland et al. 1993; Miltenyi et al. 1990) matrices through covalent means or via biotin/avidin or immunoglobulin/anti-immunoglobulin interactions. The cells are either used without detachment from the matrix or are released by mechanical agitation, enzymatic digestion or dissociation induced by binding of an anti-mouse Fab antibody (Shpall et al. 1994). The mechanical agitation and enzymatic methods for releasing bound cells can result in damage to the targeted cell population and are difficult to monitor. Accordingly, a cell separation methodology is still needed that can separate target cells with specificity and without damaging the target cells.

Calmodulin-based cell separation technique


According to one embodiment, an excitation inrush current suppression device for suppressing excitation inrush currents flowing through a breaker of the three-phase collective operation type for opening and closing connection is configured to measure a three-phase AC voltage of the power supply bus bar to calculate prospective magnetic fluxes of the transformer, and to measure a three-phase AC voltage on the transformer side to calculate residual magnetic fluxes of the transformer after shutoff, so as to set the breaker closed when polarities of the prospective magnetic fluxes respectively agree with polarities of the residual magnetic fluxes in all of the phases respectively.

It is known in general that, when a transformer is in a state where a residual magnetic flux is present in its iron core, and it is supplied with power to perform no-load excitation, large excitation inrush currents are caused to flow. The excitation inrush currents reach a level several times larger than the rated load current of the transformer. If such large excitation inrush currents flow, the system voltage fluctuates and may affect the consumers when the voltage fluctuation is large.
Accordingly, as a method for suppressing excitation inrush currents of this kind, it is known to use a resistor-equipped breaker in which a closing resistor and a contact are connected in series. The resistor-equipped breaker is connected in parallel with the main contact of a breaker. This resistor-equipped breaker is set closed in advance of the main contact of the breaker. Consequently, the excitation inrush currents are suppressed.
As another suppression method, there is known a method for a three-phase transformer of the directly grounded type, which is supplied with power by three breakers of the single-phase operation type, wherein the method suppresses excitation inrush currents in activating the transformer by first closing an arbitrary one of the breakers of the three phases and then closing the other breakers of the remaining two phases.
Further, there is known a method for a three-phase transformer of the non-effectively grounded type, which is supplied with power by a breaker of the three-phase collective operation type, wherein the method suppresses excitation inrush currents in activating the transformer by measuring the values of residual magnetic fluxes present in the iron core at shutoff of the transformer and then controlling the closing phase position of the breaker.
On the other hand, as a method for converting a three-phase AC (alternate current) voltage to single-phase AC voltages, a Scott connection, Woodbridge connection transformer, and modified Woodbridge connection are known. Transformers of these connection types are used for supplying power to, e.g., single-phase electric furnaces or single-phase AC electric vehicles.
However, the above-described methods for suppressing excitation inrush currents have problems, as follows.
In the case of the excitation inrush current suppression method using a resistor-equipped breaker, since the resistor-equipped breaker needs to be added to an ordinary breaker, the entire breaker system becomes larger.
Further, none of the excitation inrush current suppression methods pays attention to activation of a transformer that converts a three-phase AC voltage to single-phase AC voltages, as mentioned above.
For example, in the case of the method that measures residual magnetic fluxes and then controls the closing phase position of the breaker, the manner of controlling a three-phase transformer for power systems cannot be applied as is to a transformer that converts a three-phase AC voltage to single-phase AC voltages. This is so because transformers of these connection types are structured such that magnetic fluxes present in the transformer iron core cannot be calculated simply by measuring the phase voltages or line voltages on the three-phase AC side.

Excitation inrush current suppression device


The present invention relates to novel indole derivatives useful in down-regulating estrogen receptor expression. Also included are methods for the treatment of neoplasms or of controlling the growth of a neoplasm in a patient afflicted with a neoplastic disease, especially estrogen-dependent neoplasms such as those associated with breast, ovarian and cervical tissue. Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of prophylactically treating a patient at risk of developing a neoplastic disease state. Also provided is a method for treating autoimmune diseases. Also included are pharmaceutical compositions of the novel indole derivatives.

The present invention relates to novel indole derivatives useful to down-regulate estrogen receptor expression and to treat neoplasms, especially estrogen-dependent neoplasms such as those associated with breast, ovarian, uterine and cervical tissue, and other disorders associated with estrogen activation.
The present invention provides novel indole derivatives compound of the formula ##STR1## wherein n is an integer from 1 to 12;
P is 0 or 1; PA1 X is from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy and --OC(O)R.sub.6 ; PA1 R.sub.1 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or a radical chosen from the group consisting of ##STR2## wherein q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; PA1 Y is each time taken from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, and --OC(O)R.sub.6 ; PA1 G is --NH-- or --(CH.sub.2).sub.r -- wherein r is 1, 2, or 3; PA1 R.sub.7 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl; PA1 R.sub.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or the radical ##STR3## R.sub.3 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl; R.sub.4 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl; PA1 R.sub.5 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkyl, or phenyl; or PA1 R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 may be taken together with the adjacent nitrogen to form a ring --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --G.sub.1 --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 -- wherein G.sub.1 is a direct bond, --NCH.sub.3 --, --CH.sub.2 --, or --O--; and PA1 R.sub.6 is each time taken is independently selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, phenyl and substituted phenyl having from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy; PA1 P is 0 or 1; PA1 X is from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy and --OC(O)R.sub.6 ; PA1 R.sub.1 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or a radical chosen from the group consisting of ##STR5## wherein q is 1, 2, 3, or 4; PA1 Y is each time taken from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, and --OC(O)R.sub.6 ; PA1 G is --NH-- or --(CH.sub.2).sub.r -- wherein r is 1, 2, or 3; PA1 R.sub.7 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl; PA1 R.sub.2 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or the radical ##STR6## R.sub.3 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl; R.sub.4 is hydrogen or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl; PA1 R.sub.5 is hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkyl, or phenyl; or PA1 R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 may be taken together with the adjacent nitrogen to form a ring --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --G.sub.1 --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 -- wherein G.sub.1 is a direct bond, --NCH.sub.3 --, --CH.sub.2 --, or --O--; and PA1 R.sub.6 is each time taken is independently selected from the group consisting of C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, phenyl and substituted phenyl having from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy; PA1 a) the term "C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl" refers to a saturated straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl radical of from one to four carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, and tertiary butyl; PA1 b) the term "C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkyl" refers to saturated straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl radicals of one to eight, including methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, hexyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, heptyl, 2,2-dimethyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-hexyl, octyl, 4-methyl-3-heptyl and the like; PA1 c) the term "halogen", "halo", "halide", or "Hal" refers to fluorine atom, chlorine atom, bromine atom, or iodine atom; PA1 d) the term "C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy" refers to a straight or branched alkoxy group containing from one to four carbon atoms, such as methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, isobutoxy, t-butoxy, and the like; PA1 e) the designation "--C(O)--" refers to a carbonyl group of the formula: ##STR7## f) the term "phenyl" refers to ##STR8## g) the term "substituted phenyl" refers to ##STR9## wherein Y is from 1 to 3 substituents independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, and --OC(O)R.sub.6 wherein R.sub.6 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl having from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy; PA1 h) the term "benzyl" refers to ##STR10## i) the term "substituted benzyl" refers to ##STR11## wherein Y is from 1 to 3 substituents independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, and --OC(O)R.sub.6 wherein R.sub.6 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl having from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy; PA1 j) the term "benzoyl" refers to ##STR12## k) the term "substituted benzoyl" refers to ##STR13## wherein Y is from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, and --OC(O)R.sub.6 wherein R.sub.6 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl having from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy; PA1 l) the term "Pg" refers to a protecting group as described in Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis by T. Greene as is well known and appreciated by those skilled in the art; and PA1 m) the term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to base addition salts including any non-toxic organic or inorganic basic addition salts of a compound of the formula provided or any of its intermediates. Illustrative bases which form suitable salts include alkali metal or alkaline-earth metal hydroxides such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, or barium hydroxides; ammonia, and aliphatic, cyclic, or aromatic organic amines such as methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, isopropyldiethylamine, pyridine and picoline. PA1 n) the term "C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 alkyl" refers to a saturated straight or branched chain hydrocarbyl radical of from one to six carbon atoms and includes methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tertiary butyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like; PA1 o) the designation ##STR14## when G is --NH-- refers to wherein Y is from 1 to 3 substituents independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, and --OC(O)R.sub.6 wherein R.sub.6 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 ##STR15## alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl having from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, and --OC(O)R.sub.6 wherein R.sub.6 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl having from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy; and PA1 when G is --(CH.sub.2).sub.r -- refers to ##STR16## wherein r is 1, 2, or 3; and PA1 Y is from 1 to 3 substituents independently chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, and --OC(O)R.sub.6 wherein R.sub.6 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl having from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, and --OC(O)R.sub.6 wherein R.sub.6 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, phenyl or substituted phenyl having from 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy.
with the proviso that when n is 1 then at least one R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, and R.sub.5 is not hydrogen;
or their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
The present invention includes methods to treat neoplasms or of controlling the growth of a neoplasm in a patient afflicted with a neoplastic disease comprising administration of a compound of formula provided.
Another embodiment of the present invention is a method of prophylactically treating a patient at risk of developing a neoplastic disease state comprising administration of a compound of the formula provided.
Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer among women and the second biggest killer of women. The age-adjusted incidence rate for breast cancer among women in the United States between 1986 and 1987 was 108.9 per 100,000. This is over two times greater than the age-adjusted incidence rate for cancer of the colon, the second leading form of cancer in women. Satariano, W. A., Aging, Comorbidity, and Breast Cancer Survival: An Epidemiologic View. in The Underlying Molecular, Cellular, and Immunological Factors in Cancer and Aging, (Young, S. S. and Warner, H. R., eds.) Plenum Press, New York, pp. 1-11, 1993.
In women, the risk of developing breast cancer increases dramatically with age (Pike et al., "The epidemiology of breast cancer as it relates to menarche pregnancy and menopause." in Banbury Report 8: Hormones and Breast Cancer (Pike, M. C., Siiteri, P. K. and Welsch, C. W., eds.), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, pp. 3-21, 1981). The risk of a woman developing breast cancer by age 30 is about one in 2,500. The risk of a woman developing breast cancer by age 60 is one in 24. Although significant advances have been made regarding the treatment options for those with breast cancer, the mortality rate for breast cancer remains high.
The difference of incidence of breast cancer among pre- and post-menopausal women suggests exposure to estrogen is critical to onset and malignant progression of breast cancer. This conclusion is strengthened by comparing the incidence of breast cancer in women and men; women develop breast cancer about 100 times the frequency of men. Ovariectomy and/or antiestrogenic and antiprogestational drugs have been successfully used in treatment of breast cancer (Iino, Y. et al., Antiestrogen therapy for breast cancer: Current strategies and potential causes for therapeutic failure, in: Regulatory Mechanisms in Breast Cancer, Lippman, M. E. and Dickson, R. B., eds., Klower Academic Publishers, Norwell, Mass., pp. 221-238, 1990).
The steroid dependence of some breast cancers has been known for almost 100 years and both endocrine therapy and surgery (ovariectomy/adrenalectromy) have been used for the control of this disease. Steroid dependence has been explained by varying estrogen receptor levels in breast tumors. Of those tumors possessing detectable estrogen receptor, determined by cytosols containing greater than ten fmol of estrogen receptor per mg of protein, over 60% have proved to be responsive to endocrine therapy, whereas those containing less than ten fmol of receptor per mg of protein, less than 5% have responded.
Estrogens are thought to regulate the growth of tumor cells via estrogen receptors (ERs) present in the cytosol. ERs are "activated" upon binding with ligands such as estradiol and estrogen. Once bound, the estrogen-estrogen receptor complex migrates through the cytosol and into the nucleus, where the complex is thought to initiate the transcription of other proteins. The binding of estrogen to the estrogen receptor exposes groups which enable the complex to form tight complexes with both acidic and basic macromolecules such as DNA, acidic polysaccharides, histones and other basic proteins. After binding, a series of events follows, including dissociation from heat shock proteins, dimerization and binding to DNA at an estrogen response element (ERE). After binding to the DNA, the activated estrogen-ER complex is thought to interact with transcription factors and stabilize preinitiation complex at the promoter, allowing RNA polymerase to initiate gene transcription and resulting in transcription of mRNA. Subsequent steps in the transformation of normal cells to tumor cells has yet to be elucidated; but prevention of estrogen activation of breast cells is thought to prevent subsequent development of uncontrolled cellular growth resulting from estrogen-activated transcription.
Many of the receptors for virtually all relevant steroid hormones have been cloned and sequenced. As a result, it has been discovered that the steroid hormone receptors belong to a large superfamily of nuclear receptors, that includes the receptors for retinoic acid, thyroid hormones and several genes for which a physiological ligand is as of yet not know, designated "orphan" receptors.
Common to all members of the nuclear receptor family is a short DNA-binding domain composed of about 70 amino acid residues containing many conserved cysteines. Eight of these conserved cysteines can be organized into two so-called "zinc" fingers, a structure first proposed for the transcription factor FTIIIA from Xenopus laevis. Each zinc finger contains four cysteine residues tetrahedrally coordinating a zinc ion.
Based on sequence conservation of the two zinc "fingers", each of which is encoded by a separate exon, the nuclear receptor genes have been classified into two subfamilies. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is the prototype of the smaller subfamily that includes the progesterone receptor (PR), androgen receptor and the mineralocorticoid receptor. The prototype of the larger subfamily is the estrogen receptor (ER) and this group includes the vitamin D.sub.3 receptor, the various thyroid hormone receptors, the receptors for retinoic acid and many of the orphan receptors.
ER has been characterized as having two activation domains, referred to as TAF1 (located at the amino terminus of the receptor) and TAF2 (located in the 60 amino acidcarboxyl terminus). TAF1 activation is estrogen independent; once delivered to DNA it can activate transcription. Studies on human ER mutants have demonstrated that the action of TAF1 and TAF2 depends on the promoter context; on certain promoters, both the TAF1 and TAF2 activations are required for transcriptional activity. On other promoters, the TAF1 and TAF2 activators function independently.
Significant research has been conducted on estrogen agonists and antagonists useful to treat neoplasms associated with the breast. The antiestrogen tamoxifen is widely used in the endocrine therapy of hormone-dependent breast cancer. About 40% of the patients do not respond to tamoxifen treatment despite the presence of ERs in the malignant tissue. Maass, H., et al., Cancer, 46:2783 (1980). One possible reason for failure may be due to the weak estrogenic activity of tamoxifen or due to the incomplete antagonism of tamoxifen. The antagonist activity of tamoxifen is thought to arise from its intrinsic inability to activate the TAF2 function of the estrogen receptor. Tzukerman, M. T., et al., Mol. Endocrin., 8(1):21-30 (1994). However, toxicological problems associated with tamoxifen treatment, including tumor flares, vaginal cornification and hypercalciemia, make long term tamoxifen treatment undesirable in some situations. In addition, some tumors are tamoxifen-resistant despite the existence of estrogen receptors. Therefore, there is a need for a better method of treating estrogen-dependent neoplasms.
In an effort to develop "pure" antiestrogen drugs, researchers investigated estrogen-like compounds. One of the earliest was ICI 164,384 (11-(3-17.beta.-dihydroxyoestra-1,3,-5(10)-trien-7.alpha.-yl)-N-n-butyl-N- methylundecanamide). ICI 164,384 has been shown to inhibit DNA binding of the mouse estrogen receptor by interfering with receptor dimerization. Fawell, S. E., et al., Proc. Nat'l. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:6883-6887 (1990). Von Angerer and his colleagues have developed derivatives of 2-phenylindole with an aminoalkyl chain at the indole nitrogen. Von Angerer, E., et al., J. Med. Chem. 1990, 33, 2635-2640. These 1-(amino-alkyl)-2-phenylindoles are estrogen antagonists and were thought to avoid the problems associated with the estrogenic activity of tamoxifen.
The statistics of incidence of breast cancer in men and women, pre and postmenopausal, indicates that exposure of the mammary gland to ovarian estrogens and progestins is critical to onset and malignant progression of breast cancer. Other growth regulatory mechanisms may also play a role in the loss of ovarian function during menopause and may also play a role in the onset of breast cancer. Furthermore, a genetic factor(s), inherited familial autosomal dominant genes, are also thought to influence the risk of breast cancer.
ERs are widely distributed throughout the body in organ tissues associated with female reproduction, e.g., vagina, cervix, corpus uteri, fallopian tubes, ovaries and breast. The presence of ERs are not limited to cells in female reproductive organs; ERs are also found in cells throughout the body, including the uterus (Quarmby, V. E., et al., Endocrin., 114:694-702 (1984)!, bone Yamamoto, T. T., et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 48:2172-2176 (1990); Migliaccio, S. et al., Endocrin., 130:1756-1758 (1992); Eriksen E. F., et al, Science, 241:84-86 (1988)!, kidney Davidoff, M., et al., Histochem., 9:39-48 (1980)!, and brain Fox, T. O., Nature, 258:441-443 (1975)!. As of yet, the understanding of the role these ERs play in normal and disease states is not well defined. Given the pleotrophic effect estrogen is known to have on cells, it is logical to expect that gene transcription resulting from activation of ERs contributes uncontrolled cell growth (neoplasia) and/or cellular dysfunction in ER-expressing cells.
Heightened estrogen activity may play a role in the symptoms associated with a number of seemingly unrelated diseases. Autoimmune diseases appear to be due to the failure of normal mechanisms of self-tolerance. Some autoimmune diseases involve an immune response against self-molecules that are expressed in anatomically remote sites; others are due to immune responses to ubiquitous nuclear and cytomplasmic antigens. Human autoimmune diseases have been classified in several ways; many have been linked to genes encoding the major histocompatibilty complex (MHC), class I or class II. Susceptibility to autoimmune diseases is also associated with environmental factors, such as preceding infection, and endocrine factors. Many autoimmune diseases have a peak incidence at or shortly after puberty and a second peak incidence in the forties and fifties, ages when the endocrine system is changing. Autoimmune diseases are generally worse in women than in men, often flaring after pregnancy, and approximately two thirds of those afflicted with autoimmune diseases are women. Therefore, estrogen activity is implicated in the etiology of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, insulin-dependent diabetes, Graves' disease, myasthenia gravis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and myasthenia gravis typically proceed with periods of deterioration and remission. The periods of deterioration correlate with female hormones, stress and infection. An explanation for these observations may be that estrogen activation of the estrogen receptor results in gene transcription of the nearby gene encoding gamma-interferon, which aggravates the autoimmune process. Therefore, prevention of estrogen-induced transcription would be expected to alleviate or even prevent the symptoms of such diseases.

Indole derivatives useful to treat estrogen-related neoplasms and disorders


The present invention relates to a device, a method and a program for generating a multidimensional reaction-type image, and a method and a program for reproducing a multidimensional reaction-type image. The method for generating a multidimensional reaction-type image, according to one embodiment of the present invention, comprises the steps of: a computer acquiring a plurality of multidimensional image frames forming a base image (S200); generating a three-dimensional cell combination on the basis of a configuration region in the base image and a particular frame density in the configuration region (S600); and matching image frames corresponding to respective detailed cells (S1000).

Embodiments of the inventive concept described herein relate to a device, a method and a program for generating a multidimensional reaction-type image, and a method and a program for reproducing a multidimensional reaction-type image.
Recently, a technology for capturing an image has been developed dramatically. Not only camcorders and digital cameras, but also mobile terminals such as smart phones may also capture high resolution images. Furthermore, a 360-degree camera, a 3D image camera and the like are emerging.
The image is captured by an image capturing device and stored in a specific format, and played by a playable terminal. Image playback is provided unilaterally in time order without interaction with viewers. In other words, the viewers may sense only the visual feeling through playing images.

Device, method and program for generating multidimensional reaction-type image, and method and program for reproducing multidimensional reaction-type image


A method of clean removal of ions from an ion trap mass spectrometer removes ions having a mass greater than a desired ion mass m using non-linear resonance. The ion trap mass spectrometer includes two end cap electrodes and an annular electrode. A high-frequency quadrupolar field with at least one superposed weak multipolar field is generated in the ion trap mass spectrometer. Higher mass ions are eliminated with minimal loss of ions having the desired mass m by adjusting the amplitude of a storage HF so that one of the physically determined non-linear resonance conditions of the multipolar field is satisfied for ions of mass m+1. The ions are weakly oscillated by applying an HF excitation voltage to the end caps of the ion trap mass spectrometer, such that ions of mass m+1 receive energy through non-linear resonance from the storage HF and leave an ion trap of the ion trap mass spectrometer. Ions having the desired mass m remain inside an ion cage.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a method of clean removal of ions of mass m+1 from a Paul ion trap mass spectrometer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Before performing certain investigative procedures on ions having a desired mass m in an ion cage, ions of a desired mass m must be at least partially "isolated" by removing undesired ions of a mass other than mass m from the ion cage, such that only ions of mass m remain in the ion cage. Such procedures include, for example, generating daughter-ion spectra in the ion cage and investigating ion/molecule reactions of specific ions.
Ions must be initially generated from gaseous starting substances in order to then isolate ions of the desired mass m. The ions are usually generated inside the ion cage. Typically, the ions are generated by electron impact ionization, in which a beam of electrons is directed into the cage. Other methods of ionization can also be used, such as photon ionization using lasers or chemical ionization.
In all of the known ionization processes wherein ionization occurs inside the ion cage, ions having a mass other than the desired mass m are generated simultaneously with ions of mass m, even when pure gaseous starting substances are introduced into the ion cage. However, ions of the desired mass m are necessary in order to perform the above-mentioned investigative procedures. Further, where complex mixtures are used as starting substances, such as in the investigation of pyrolysis products, isolating ions of the desired mass m is even more difficult than isolating ions generated from a substantially pure starting substance.
Of the known ion isolation methods, the oldest method of eliminating all undesired ions uses a corner of the ion stability graph. If the electrodes of the ion cage are supplied with a precisely adjusted DC voltage and high-frequency (HF) amplitudes, the working point for the ions to be isolated can be localized to a corner of a known a/q stability graph of a quadrupole cage. Therefore, all ions other than ions of the desired mass m, or undesired ions, will be outside the stability region. Kinetic energy is transferred from the high-frequency (HF) field to the undesired ions, causing undesired ions to leave the quadrupole cage.
The quadrupole cage can also be operated in the above-described mode during ionization. However, operating the quadrupole cage in the above-described mode during ionization results in a low yield of ions of the defined mass m, since high losses of ions occur in this region. Further, the method cannot be applied to non-linear quistors with octupolar fields. Non-linear quistors have certain advantages over other kinds of quadrupolar cages, as the non-linear resonance conditions run through the corners of the stability region.
In a non-linear quistor, a non-linear field pattern from the center of the quistor to the annular electrode and the end cap electrodes is generated by superposition of higher-order multipolar fields. For example, given a quistor, a weak octupolar field is superimposed on a quadrupolar field. In this case, ion resonance occurs if the secular frequencies f.sub.r and f.sub.z of the ions in the r and z direction satisfy the equation f.sub.r +f.sub.z =Fs/2, where Fs is the frequency of the storage high-frequency (HF). The resonance condition is normally written as .beta..sub.r +.beta..sub.z =1, which defines a curve in the a/q stability graph that extends through both corners used for ion isolation and intersects the line a.sub.z =0 at approximately q.sub.z =0.78.
The non-linear resonance has virtually no effect for ions undergoing extremely weak oscillation or for ions remaining in the resonance state for a short time. However, if the amplitude of oscillation of the secular motion increases or if the ions remain in the resonance state for a longer time, kinetic energy from the storage HF is transferred to the ions. The effect is greater the closer the working point is to the edge of the stability region. The amplitude increases exponentially and the ions leave the cage, mainly by striking the electrodes. Further, the resonance condition satisfied by the equation .beta..sub.r +.beta..sub.z =1 intersects the two useful corners of the stability graph, resulting in an almost complete loss of the desired ions.
Another known method for isolating ions, in which HF voltages are used exclusively (i.e., no DC voltage), is discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,749,860. An HF ejection voltage is applied at a fixed frequency between the end caps of the ion cage. The frequency is selected such that ions having a mass one unit higher than the desired mass m, or ions of the mass m+1, are ejected. Ejection of the m+1 ions is achieved if the secular frequency is in resonance with the ejection frequency. The amplitude of the HF voltage is then increased, so that all ions of lower mass are eliminated when they cross the instability boundary .beta..sub.z =1. The process is continued until the mass m-1 has been eliminated.
Using the same method, when the HF amplitude is increased, the fixed ejection frequency ejects ions of progressively higher masses, beginning with the mass m.sub.1, as the secular frequencies of these ions is altered with the HF amplitude. Ions having progressively higher masses experience resonance and are ejected. The accuracy of this ion ejection process, however, is limited. For example, if the neighboring mass m+1 is to be completely eliminated within a reasonable time, the losses of mass m will be high (more than 90%). On the other hand, if the mass m must be obtained with a high yield, the mass m+1 will not be completely ejected. The process is also disturbed considerably by space charge effects when a number of ions are contained in the cage.
Yet another known method for isolating ions was proposed by R. Yost et al. during the AMS meeting in 1991. In this method, both instability limits .beta..sub.z =1 and .beta..sub.z =0 are used by applying suitable HF amplitudes followed by positive or negative DC voltages. This method is superior to the two previously discussed methods for isolating ions. However, the instability limit .beta..sub.z =0 is not sharply delimited, but rather forms a very soft transition. Thus, a small percentage of the masses m+1 and m+2 are still present, even if the proportion of these ions in the starting substance is relatively low.
In yet another method for isolating ions, a special form of sextupole and/or octupole potential is superposed on the quadrupole potential by providing electrodes having a special shape. The shape of the electrodes increases the withdrawal rate of analyzed ions without altering the mass resolution capacity. This method is discussed, for example, in German Patent Application P 40 17 264.3-33, which is not a prior publication.


A method for estimating the effective volumetric capacity of a truck body is provided. The method includes the step of establishing a side-to-side profile of a generic load model. A front-to-rear profile of the generic load model is also established. Load plateau lines having predetermined dimensions are established in the front-to-rear and side-to-side profiles and the height of the plateau lines are determined. A top profile of the generic load is then created and the shape of the load plateau is adjusted into a closed curve shape. The front, rear and side load lines below the final outer boundary of the load plateau are then contoured into a generally conical shaped surface. The final three-dimensional generic load model is formed by where this generally conical shaped surface intersects the sides walls, front and floor of the truck body. The volume of the final three-dimensional generic load model can then be calculated.

In mining and construction environments, off-highway trucks are used to haul a variety of different materials such as, for example, coal, rock, ore and overburden materials (i.e. the material overlying ore/coal deposits). Such off-highway trucks generally comprise a truck chassis or frame, which supports a truck body for receiving and carrying a load.
The carrying capacity of a truck is defined by two parameters: the weight or load carrying capacity of the truck and the volumetric carrying capacity of the truck body. These two parameters must be synchronized with the density of the material to be carried by the truck to ensure that the truck is properly utilized. If not, the truck can be operating either under capacity, i.e. short in payload, or over capacity, i.e. with a heavier than desired payload.
The truck manufacturer defines the weight carrying capacity of an off-highway truck. For a given haulage application, dividing the truck weight carrying capacity by the density of the material to be carried yields the required optimal volumetric carrying capacity for the truck body in that application.
Presently, off-highway truck manufacturers provide a volumetric capacity rating for their truck bodies that is presently based on the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) Standard SAE J1363 (January 1985, reaffirmed November 1995) ("the SAE standard"). Unfortunately, however, this SAE standard does not provide a very accurate estimate of the actual volumetric carrying capacity of a truck body.
The SAE standard rates the volumetric capacity of a truck body both in struck and heaped volumetric capacities. The sum of its struck volume and its 2:1 heap above the struck volume/struck line is its 2:1 heaped volume. Under the SAE standard, the struck volume of large off-highway truck dump bodies is based on an assumed struck load which extends upward from the rear edge of the floor of the truck body (on open ended truck bodies) at a 1:1 slope (corresponding to a material angle of repose of 45 degrees) to the top edge of the side walls of the body. The heaped volume is based on an assumed load heap defined by the truck body sides and the line defined by the intersection of the rear struck line and the body sides and extends upwards at a 2:1 slope (corresponding to an angle of repose of 26.6 degrees).
There are major dimensional problems with the SAE 2:1 heaped volumetric rating methodology set forth in the SAE standard. First, with respect to the struck volume calculation, there are very few materials that will stand at a 1:1 slope in a static condition let alone in a dynamic condition, i.e. when the truck is moving. Second, the heaped volume calculation is based on a different slope or material angle of repose than is used in calculating the struck volume. Thus, the SAE standard essentially assumes a load that does not have a constant material angle of repose, i.e. a load wherein the angle of repose of the load material at the rear of the truck body changes from 45 degrees to 26.6 degrees above the side walls of the truck body. In the real world, each particular side of a load heap carried in a truck body nearly always has a substantially constant angle of repose. However, it should be noted, that each side of a load heap, i.e. front, back, left and right may not always have the same angle of repose.
The third major problem with the methodology of the SAE standard is that it attempts to define the load heap by a series of four flat planes, which together resemble the roof of a house. In actuality, load heaps carried in truck bodies have a configuration that is more conical in shape.
Accordingly, the methodology of the SAE standard is based on a load model that is different in several critical respects from the actual real world configuration of a load carried by a truck body. As a result, the SAE standard produces a truck body volumetric capacity rating that does not accurately reflect the actual achievable volumetric carrying capacity of a truck body. In fact, the SAE standard consistently overrates the volumetric carrying capacity of a truck body. This is recognized in certain South American countries where the practice is to "de-rate" the SAE standard volumetric capacity of a truck body to 85% of the volumetric rating produced by the SAE standard. This method, however, also provides little more than a rough estimate of the actual volumetric carrying capacity of a truck body.
Since the SAE standard substantially overrates the actual volumetric weight carrying capacity of a truck body, off-highway truck users typically are unable to achieve the full load-carrying capabilities of their truck. Moreover, attempts to match the effective volumetric carrying capacity of a truck body with the materials being hauled and the weight carrying capacity of the truck so as to achieve full payload utilization of the truck amount to little more than guesswork because of the inaccuracy of the SAE standard. Accordingly, a need exists for a method to accurately estimate the effective volumetric carrying capacity of a truck body.

Method of estimating the volumetric carrying capacity of a truck body


A sensor is provided, which includes a substrate, an insulating layer formed on the substrate, a semiconductor formed on the insulating layer, an ohmic contact formed on the semiconductor, a sensor input electrode and a sensor output electrode formed on the ohmic contact, and a passivation layer formed on the sensor input electrode and the sensor output electrode. A sensor control electrode may also be formed between the substrate and the insulating layer. A thin film transistor array panel including the sensor and a liquid crystal display panel including the sensor are further provided.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sensor, a thin film transistor array panel including the sensor, and a display panel including the sensor. More particularly, the present invention relates to an improved temperature sensor, a thin film transistor array panel including the temperature sensor, and a display panel including the temperature sensor.
(b) Description of the Related Art
Display devices used for monitors of computers and television sets generally include self-emitting display devices such as organic light emitting displays ("OLEDs"), vacuum fluorescent displays ("VFDs"), field emission displays ("FEDs"), and plasma panel displays ("PDPs"), and non-emitting display devices such as liquid crystal displays ("LCDs") requiring an external light source.
An LCD includes two panels provided with field-generating electrodes and a liquid crystal ("LC") layer having dielectric anisotropy interposed therebetween. The field-generating electrodes supplied with electric voltages generate an electric field across the LC layer, and the light transmittance of the LC layer varies depending on the strength of the applied field, which can be controlled by the applied voltages. Accordingly, desired images are displayed by adjusting the applied voltages.
The light for an LCD may be provided by lamps equipped at the LCD or may instead be natural light.
Since optical characteristics of the liquid crystal within the LC layer are changed based on temperature, a temperature variation of the LCD has to be considered for improving reliability thereof.
That is, since the optical characteristics such as refractive index, dielectric constant, coefficient of elasticity, and viscosity of the liquid crystal are in inverse proportion to thermalization energy of liquid crystal molecules within the LC layer, values of the optical characteristics decrease as the temperature of the liquid crystal becomes higher. Thus, to optimize a state of the liquid crystal for good driving of the LCD, the temperature variation of the LCD due to internal heating and temperature within the ambient environment has to be detected.
A temperature sensor is disposed on a printed circuit board ("PCB") mounted with a plurality of driving circuits to detect a temperature variation of the LCD. However, the PCB is generally disposed on a rear side of the LCD, on which the lamps and electric elements generating heat are disposed, instead of a front side thereof, on which the LC layer is installed, adjacent to the outside. Thus, the temperature sensor detects a temperature at the rear side which has a large temperature deviation caused by the heat. As a result, since the detected temperature by the temperature sensor has a large difference with respect to a temperature of the LC layer, temperature compensation of the LCD based on the temperature of the LC layer is not precisely achieved. In addition, since the temperature sensor is separately installed on the PCB, design redundancy of the LCD and manufacturing cost are increased.

Sensor, thin film transistor array panel, and display panel including the sensor