Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communications are described. A base station may determine a transmission beam configuration for transmitting multicast data to a user equipment (UE) in a joint transmission using a set of transmission/reception points (TRPs) based on outcomes of listen before talk (LBT) procedures performed at the TRPs. In some examples, the base station may indicate to the UE that the UE is to determine a UE beam configuration and a quasi co-location (QCL) relationship associated with the TRPs for receiving the multicast data based on signaling from the TRPs. In some examples, the base station may transmit multicast data from a first TRP (e.g., a serving cell) during a first transmission opportunity (TxOP), and the UE may determine the QCL relationship for the set of TRPs. During a second TxOP, the base station may transmit multicast data in a joint transmission from the set of TRPs.

Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations or one or more network access nodes, each simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE).
A wireless multiple-access communications system may support multicast communications with UEs, in which the system transmits information to multiple UEs simultaneously. The system may transmit the information using a base station associated with the system.

Dynamic single frequency network area with listen before talk uncertainty


A template system for use in conjunction with a multiple reservoir or chambered implantable infusion pump is disclosed. The template system preferably includes at least one template having opening(s) for guiding a needle or syringe to various ports of the multiple reservoir pump. Preferably, each template includes at least two surfaces for cooperating with a like portions of the implantable pump, for properly seating the template on the pump. A kit is also disclosed including three templates for guiding injections into different ports of the pump.

The present invention relates to implantable devices, and more particularly to a template system for use in conjunction with a multi-reservoir implantable pump.
Implantable pumps have been well known and widely utilized for many years. Typically, pumps of this type are implanted into patients who require the delivery of active substances or medication fluids to specific areas of their body. For example, patients that are experiencing severe pain may require painkillers daily or multiple times per day. Absent the use of an implantable pump or the like, a patient of this type would be subjected to one or more painful injections of such medication fluids. In the case of pain associated with more remote areas of the body, such as the spine, these injections may be painful for the patient. Furthermore, attempting to treat conditions such as this through oral or intravascular administration of medication often requires higher doses of medication and may cause severe side effects. Therefore, it is widely recognized that utilizing an implantable pump may be beneficial to both a patient and the treating physician.
Many implantable pump designs have been proposed. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,969,873 ("the '873 patent"), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein, teaches one such design. The '873 is an example of a constant flow pump, which typically include a housing having two chambers, a first chamber for holding the specific medication fluid to be administered and a second chamber for holding a propellant. A flexible membrane may separate the two chambers such that expansion of the propellant in the second chamber pushes the medication fluid out of the first chamber. This type of pump also typically includes an outlet opening connected to a catheter for directing the medication fluid to the desired area of the body, a replenishment opening for allowing for refilling of medication fluid into the first chamber and a bolus opening for allowing the direct introduction of a substance through the catheter without introduction into the first chamber. Both the replenishment opening and the bolus opening are typically covered by a septum that allows a needle or similar device to be passed through it, but properly seals the openings upon removal of the needle. As pumps of this type provide a constant flow of medication fluid to the specific area of the body, they must be refilled periodically with a proper concentration of medication fluid suited for extended release.
Thus, although these implantable devices dramatically decrease the amount of injections a patient is required to receive in order to treat a specific problem, a small number of injections are still required to regularly refill the implantable pump. These refilling injections are often difficult for a physician or other medical professional to administer, even though implantable pumps typically sit at or near the surface of a patient's skin, because of the lack of direct visibility of the pump and its openings. Furthermore, with each implantable pump generally including at least two different openings for admission of a needle therein, safety becomes a concern during refilling procedures. More particularly, it is vital that a long term supply of medication not be inadvertently directly injected into the patient through the aforementioned bolus port. Given the fact that the landscape of implantable pumps is changing to include more complicated multiple reservoir pumps, these safety concerns are often further exacerbated.
Therefore, there exists a need for a template system which decreases the difficulties and improves the safety of refilling procedures, especially during the refilling of multiple reservoir pumps or the like.

Template system for multi-reservoir implantable pump


An adjustable mounting system for a vehicular body component includes a base having a number of slide rails, with retainers slidingly engaged with the slide rails. Each retainer has a retention section for mounting the base to a surface within the vehicular body, which is attached to a slidably mounted pediment. Fastener retainers located within the pediments allow devices such as interior trim pieces to be attached to the adjustable mounting system.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mounting system for attaching various components, such as interior trim items, to a vehicular body, such as a body of a passenger automobile or truck.
2. Related Art
The production of high-quality automotive vehicles requires that various items be attached to the interior and exterior of a vehicle in a manner which is secure, to prevent inadvertent detachment of the items, such as trim items. Moreover, attachment hardware must be free from noise emanation during operation of a vehicle, and the attachment devices must be easily applied during production of vehicles. Stated another way, the direct labor cost required to install a mounting system must be low, especially given the current hypercompetitive nature of the automotive business.
Another desire of automotive manufacturers is to minimize the number of parts and pieces needed to produce a full line of vehicles. If a given component may be used throughout a manufacturer's range of vehicles, costs may be greatly reduced because of the absence of a need to tool individual parts for various vehicle lines.
It would be desirable to provide an adjustable mounting system for vehicle body components which is easily installed and which accommodates various spacings preferred for applying the fasteners of items attached to the mounting system.

Adjustable mounting system for vehicular body components


A process for making ionic liquids containing ion actives, which provide fabric treating benefits, surface treating benefits and/or air treating benefits. The ionic liquid is made from an ion active feedstock and an ionic liquid forming counterion feedstock, which preferably comprises another ion active.

In recent years, ionic liquids have been extensively evaluated as environmental-friendly or "green" alternatives to conventional organic solvents for a broad range of organic synthetic applications. Ionic liquids offer some unique characteristics that distinguish them from conventional organic solvents, such as no effective vapor pressure, a broad liquid range, high polarity and charge density, hydrophobic or hydrophilic characteristics, and unique solvating properties.
Additionally, ionic liquids have been shown to be effective in applications where water-based chemistry can be problematic (for example, applications involving proton transfer or nucleophilicity), or in applications where certain coordination chemistry could have a damaging effect on the substrates involved.
Recently, ionic liquids and ionic liquid cocktails have found applications in consumer products (such as home care, air care, surface cleaning, laundry and fabric care formulations) and industrial products. Exemplary ionic liquid containing consumer products are described in US 2004/0077519A1. Moreover, compositions containing ionic liquids composed of an ion active and an ionic liquid forming counterion are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 60/624,128.
Some ingredients used in consumer products are supplied by the manufacturers in a highly concentrated form. In some cases, up to 70-90 weight % of the concentrate is the active ingredient. The concentrates may use organic solvents, such as isopropanol or ethanol, and sometimes a minor amount (up to 10%) of water and/or surfactants may be used. In the process of making consumer products, the active concentrates are diluted with water and optionally alcohols. The resulting products are distributed to the retailers and/or consumers. Dispersibility and viscosity characteristics of these active concentrates can pose serious problems for the processors. Surfactant active materials are available as aqueous dispersions only at relatively low concentrations. It is generally not possible to prepare such aqueous dispersions with more than about 30% of the active materials without encountering intractable problems of product viscosity and storage stability. Such problems are manifested in phase separated and/or non-pourable products, inadequate dispersion and/or poor dissolving characteristics under normal use conditions.
It is desirable to take advantage of the various unique characteristics of the ionic liquid to address these problems.
Conventionally, ionic liquids are prepared by mixing the raw materials in chlorinated solvents, such as methylene chloride or carbon tetrachloride. To recover the ionic liquid, a vacuum is applied to evaporate the chlorinated solvents. It is not practical to use this conventional process for industrial production for several reasons. Vacuum evaporation is slow and energy intensive. Special measures must be employed in order to meet the regulatory requirements for handling these solvents. It is difficult to remove the final traces of the chlorinated solvents from the ionic liquid, thus, rendering the resulting ionic liquids unsuitable for many consumer product applications.
Therefore, it is desirable to have a batch, or, preferably, a continuous process for making ionic liquid active concentrates in an aqueous carrier. It is also desirable that the continuous process makes aqueous concentrates with high active contents. Specifically, it is desirable to have aqueous ionic liquid active concentrates having proper viscosity and dispersibility so that the concentrates can be easily processed into consumer products. Additionally, it is desirable that the ionic liquid active concentrates have phase or dispersion stability suitable for shipping and storage.

Process for making an ionic liquid comprising ion actives


A full duplex optical signal transmission system comprising a pair of transceivers interconnected by means of a single fiber optic cable is provided with an optical receiver for detecting transmitted and received optical signals and a delay and compensation circuit used in conjunction with a differential amplifier coupled to the optical signal receiver for separating the transmitted optical signal from the received optical signal for providing an output from the transceiver comprising a signal corresponding to the received optical signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to fiber optic transmission systems in general and in particular to a transceiver for providing full duplex signalling in an optical transmission system comprising a single fiber optic cable.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A full duplex communication transmission system in general comprises one or more transmission line(s) having both a receiver and a transmitter, i.e. transceiver, located at each end of the line(s) for simultaneously receiving and transmitting signals. Whatever the nature of the signals being transmitted and received by each of the transceivers, when a single transmission line is used some method or means must be provided for separating the signals, i.e. for distinguishing the transmitted signals from the received signals.
In known systems for transmitting and receiving electrical signals on a single coaxial cable, also known as an electrical hybrid, full duplex operation is achieved using differential amplifiers at each end of the cable. In a system of this type, for example, one half of the transmitted power is applied by means of a pair of voltage dividers to each input of the differential amplifier at each end of the cable and to one end of the cable. Since the same signal, i.e. the transmitted signal, is applied to both inputs of the differential amplifier, there is no output resulting therefrom. However, a signal received from the cable being applied to only one of the amplifier inputs will unbalance the amplifier and produce a corresponding signal on the output thereof. Thus, simultaneously transmitted and received signals are separated.
In optical transmission systems, previous proposals for achieving full duplex communication over a single fiber optic cable have involved suggestions for using different color optical sources in a frequency division multiplex scheme or using different polarizations of light (horizontal and vertical) to effectively separate each end of the duplex. The use of differential amplifiers or other types of comparators and associated circuits for providing full duplex operation in an optical transmission system does not appear to have been disclosed or suggested.

Transceiver for full duplex signalling on a fiber optic cable


The present invention provides a novel thermal printing recording apparatus which can perform printing at a resolution as high as not less than 600 DPI and a higher rate than the prior art. The thermal printing recording apparatus of the present invention comprises a light-emitting device which emits light according to image data, and a light-receiving heating element which selectively generates heat on the area irradiated with light from the light-emitting device. The light-receiving heating element comprises a photoconductive layer which reduces its resistivity on the irradiated area, a heating layer laminated thereon, and a pair of electrically conductive layers arranged interposing the photoconductive layer and the heating layer in such a manner that an electric current is passed to the heating layer through the photoconductive layer on the area whose resistivity has been reduced to cause the heating layer to generate heat, one of the two electrically conductive layers on the photoconductive layer side being a transparent layer and transmitting light from the light-emitting device. In this arrangement, the light-receiving heating element is irradiated with light from the light-emitting device on the light transmitting electrically conductive layer according to image data so that it can convert the optical image to a heat image to perform printing.

A representative example of the prior art thermal image printing technique is a printing mechanism shown in FIG. 11 using a thermal head 100 which is adapted to generate heat dotwise according to image signal to transfer an ink on an ink ribbon film 101 to a recording paper 102 so that imagewise printing is effected. Another example is a laser heat mode thermal printing technique shown in FIG. 12 which has been lately studied. In this mechanism, laser beam (LB) which has been emitted by a laser source 110 according to image signal is incident upon a special ink ribbon film 112 through a transparent support 111. The ink ribbon film 112 which has thus absorbed laser beam then generates heat to transfer an ink thereon to a recording paper 113 so that imagewise printing is effected. Shown at 120 in FIGS. 11 and 12 is a platen roll.
Many printing techniques employing such a thermal head have been realized in the form of apparatus. Many full-color printing techniques employing such a thermal head have been reported in Leng Svay et al., "Development of Multi-Head. Full-Color Thermal Transfer Process", preliminary transactions of Japan Hardcopy '89, page 197, Nobuhiro Inoue, "High Resolution Heat Transfer Thermal Printing Head", preliminary transactions of Japan Hardcopy '88, page 250, etc.
A laser heat mode thermal recording technique has already been proposed as disclosed in Mitsuru Irie et al., "Recording Properties of Laser Heat Transfer (3)", preliminary transactions of Japan Hardcopy '91, page 237 and JP-A-4-201485 (The term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application").
In the heat-sensitive transfer recording process disclosed in JP-A-4-201485, an infrared-absorbing heat-softening coloring material layer formed on a support is irradiated with laser beam from a semiconductor laser to cause the surface layer of the heat-softening coloring material layer to melt, followed by the contact of the heat-softening coloring material layer with a material to which the coloring material is transferred. In another embodiment of the heat-sensitive transfer recording process, a colorless infrared-absorbing adhesive layer formed on the surface of a heat-softening coloring material layer formed on a support is irradiated with laser beam from a semiconductor laser to cause the surface layer of the adhesive layer to melt, followed by the contact of the adhesive layer with a material to which the adhesive material is transferred.
However, the foregoing conventional techniques have disadvantages. In some detail, the printing technique employing the foregoing conventional thermal head is disadvantageous in that the preparation of a thermal head which provides selective heating in a minute area is technically difficult, making it very difficult on a technical and economical basis to realize a resolution as high as not less than 600 DPI. Thus, the reproduction of a high image quality on an ordinary paper is little feasible at present.
In the laser heat mode thermal recording technique, an infrared-absorbing heat-softening coloring material layer or the like is irradiated with laser beam from a semiconductor laser to cause the surface layer of the heat-softening coloring material layer or the like to melt, followed by the contact of the heat-softening coloring material layer or the like with a material to which the coloring material is transferred, making it possible to provide selective heating in an area almost equal to the diameter of the laser beam from the semiconductor laser and hence realize printing at a resolution as high as not less than 600 DPI despite of thermal recording. However, the laser heat mode thermal recording technique which comprises irradiating an infrared-absorbing heat-softening coloring material layer or the like with laser beam from a semiconductor laser to cause the surface layer of the heat-softening coloring material layer or the like to melt to perform image printing is greatly disadvantageous in that it requires some time until the surface layer of the heat-softening coloring material or the like is melted, inevitably reducing the printing speed and making it difficult to put this printing technique into practical use.

Thermal printing recording apparatus having a light-receiving heating element


An engine control device controls an engine. The control device includes a controller. The controller is configured to open the air bypass valve of the engine and close the waste gate valve of the engine when a first condition is satisfied, and thereafter determine that an execution condition of a boost pressure increase control is satisfied when a second condition is satisfied. The air-bypass valve disposed on an air-bypass passage that communicates between an upstream side and a downstream side of a compressor in an intake passage. The waste gate valve disposed on a waste gate passage that communicates between an upstream side and a downstream side of the turbine in an exhaust passage. The first condition represents a turbine pre-rotation start request, and the second condition represents a boost pressure increase request.

The disclosure relates to an engine control device for controlling a turbocharged engine.
A turbocharger is a supercharger in which a compressor is driven by a turbine, which is driven by exhaust gas expelled from an engine, to compress combustion air (fresh air or charge).
In the turbocharger, the turbine includes a waste gate valve provided to open and close a passage that is provided in such a manner as to bypasses the turbine with a view to control a boost pressure.
In recent years, electric waste gate valves have widely been used in which the opening of a valve can arbitrarily controlled.
In the turbocharger, the compressor includes an air-bypass valve provided to open and close a passage that is provided in such a manner as to bypass the compressor with a view to suppressing surging resulting from a quick closure of the throttle from a supercharged state.
With such a driving state that may generate surging, air can be recirculated from a downstream side (an engine main body side) to an upstream side (an air cleaner side) of the compressor by opening the air-bypass valve, whereby surging can be suppressed.
As a conventional technique regarding a boost pressure control of a turbocharged engine, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication (JP-A) No. 2016-98680 describes that to suppress a turbo lag, in the case where a waste gate valve is determined to be fully opened, whereas an air-bypass valve is determined not to be fully opened, a great opening is set for an air-bypass valve, and following this, the opening of a waste gate valve is returned to a base value.
Further, JP-A No. 2017-166456 describes that the waste gate valve is set to stay in an intermediate valve position in a non-supercharged state, and feedback control is performed to make an intake pipe pressure to approach a target intake pipe pressure. In this manner, the driving work of a turbine is reduced with a comparison of a case where a waste gate valve is normally closed, which turns out causing a compressor to have some degree of pre-rotation, whereby the occurrence of a turbo lag is suppressed to improve the drivability.
In the description of JP-A No. 2014-196678, a period for the air-bypass valve being opened is made as short as possible, although an air-bypass valve is opened when a target throttle passing air amount becomes a surge generation upper limit flow rate or less. This is because opening the air-bypass valve is effective in preventing the occurrence of a surge but may cause a problem in that a turbo lag is generated during reacceleration due to a reduction in boost pressure.


A faucet assembly including a base defining a water delivery passageway, a valve member received in the base and movable between a closed position wherein flow through the water delivery passageway is blocked and an opened position wherein flow through the water delivery passageway is permitted, a magnet secured to the valve member such that, when the valve member is rotated to the opened position, the magnet is aligned with a sensor bore of the base, and when the valve member is rotated to the closed position, the magnet is unaligned with the sensor bore, a metal rod positioned in the sensor bore, and a Hall effect sensor positioned below the base in alignment with the sensor bore and adapted to switch on when the magnet is aligned with the sensor bore and switch off when the magnet is unaligned with the sensor bore.

In addition to the hot and cold water faucets normally provided on a typical household countertop sink, an auxiliary faucet may be provided for an auxiliary water supply such as water hot enough for making coffee or tea, refrigerated water, or tap water which has been further processed to remove impurities and foreign tastes. A reverse osmosis (RO) tap water filtering system, for example, normally is provided with its own faucet for installation through the counter top, next to the sink.
As is known, an RO filtering process uses a semi-permeable membrane that has the ability to remove and reject a wide spectrum of impurities and contaminants from water using only typical household water pressure. This semi permeable membrane will effectively take out total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium, and heavy metals, as well as cysts, such as Giardia and cryptosporidium. These contaminants are automatically rinsed down the drain or injected into the hot water supply line (which normally is not used for drinking). The purified water is then stored in a tank for dispensing through the auxiliary faucet.
FIG. 9 shows a typical RO water filtering system 10 constructed in accordance with the prior art. The system 10 includes a filter assembly 14, a reverse osmosis membrane 18, a reverse osmosis storage tank 22, a flow restrictor 26, a shut-off valve 28, a carbon filter 70 and an auxiliary faucet 72. The faucet 72 includes a base 79. The filter assembly 14 includes a sediment filter 30 and carbon filters 34a, 34b. Intake water enters the system 10 from a cold-water angle stop valve 36, which is connected to a cold-water source 84, and is routed through an intake tube 38 to filter system 14. The cold-water angle stop valve 36 is also connected to a standard faucet 62 through a cold-water faucet line 64 providing cold water to the standard faucet. A hot-water angle stop valve 56 connects a hot-water source 82 through a hot-water faucet line 76 to the standard faucet 62.
The sediment filter 30 removes sediment such as sand and dirt and the like from the intake water, while the carbon filters 34a and 34b remove chlorine and other contaminants that cause bad color, odor and taste. The filtered water is then routed to the membrane 18 through a water tube 40. These filters normally have to be replaced after a certain period of time or after a certain amount of usage, whichever comes first.
The RO membrane 18 includes three ports: an intake port 42, a permeate outlet port 46, and a concentrate outlet port 50. The intake port 42 receives filtered intake water from the filter assembly 14 through the water tube 40. The permeate water is routed from outlet port 46 through permeate tubes 52a and 52b and shut-off valve 28 to tank 22 to be stored under pressure. The shut-off valve 28 is automatic and stops the flow of water to the membrane 18 and to the tank 22 when the tank is full. When the auxiliary faucet 72 is opened by a user, permeate water is forced from the tank 22, through a carbon filter 70, and though the faucet 72. Concentrate water is routed from the outlet port 50 through a wastewater tube 78, having a flow restrictor 26, through a drain tube 74 for subsequent disposal down drain 68. In a "zero-waste" system, the concentrate water is injected into the hot water supply 82 (which normally is not used for drinking).
A TDS monitor is to measure the Total Dissolved Solids in drinking water in order to check the effectiveness of the RO membrane. A properly operating membrane will reduce between 75% and 99% of dissolved solids depending on water conditions and temperature. When the membrane is not operating properly it needs to be replaced. Membranes have a life expectancy of between 2 and 5 years, depending on the incoming water conditions and the amount of use of the RO system.
What is still desired is a new and improved faucet assembly. Among other advantages and benefits, the new and improved faucet assembly will preferably include a water quality indicator for indicating when filters should be replaced.

Faucet assembly with water quality indicator


A control apparatus for a vehicle includes tire-force sensors, a tire-force estimator, a turning-state detector, and a warning unit. The tire-force sensors are disposed on respective wheels of the vehicle. The tire-force estimator estimates tire forces of the respective wheels on the basis of sensor signals outputted from the respective tire-force sensors. The turning-state detector detects a turning state of the vehicle. The warning unit generates a warning in a mode that differs depending on the turning state when at least one of the wheels is estimated to be in a limit state on the basis of the estimated tire forces.

The present disclosure relates to a control apparatus for a vehicle.
Various techniques for controlling a vehicle on the basis of the frictional state of the road surface have been proposed. For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2002-002472 proposes a technique for estimating the friction coefficient or the condition of the road surface on which the vehicle is traveling and performing feedback control of the traveling state of the vehicle by using the estimated friction coefficient or the condition of the road surface. The technique enhances the safety of the vehicle.

Control apparatus for vehicle and control method for vehicle


The present invention relates to methods and arrangements to establish an identity of a target T. The method comprises the following steps:—Collecting geographical location points A, B, C, D indicating presence of the target.—Interrogating at least one mobile network to fetch lists of identities of users located in defined areas C1-C3, each area covering a collected geographical location point.—Crosschecking between the fetched lists.—Identifying a single identity that is common to the fetched lists.

Lawful Interception and Data Retention of communications can be made based on knowledge of the identity of a party responsible for transmitting or receiving the communication. For example if a mobile telephone number of a criminal suspect is known, it is possible to intercept or retain electronic communication sent from or received by the criminal suspect's mobile telephone. In governments around the world, various law enforcement agencies may have the right to authorize this interception/retention in their respective jurisdictions.
FIG. 1A is part of the prior art and discloses an Intercept Mediation and Delivery Unit IMDU, also called Intercept Unit. The IMDU is a solution for monitoring of Interception Related Information IRI and Content of Communication CC for the same target. The different parts used for interception are disclosed in current Lawful Interception standards (see 3GPP TS 33.108 and 3GPP TS 33.107-Release 7). A Law Enforcement Monitoring Facility LEMF is connected to three Mediation Functions MF, MF2 and MF3 respectively for ADMF, DF2, DF3 i.e. an Administration Function ADMF and two Delivery Functions DF2 and DF3. The Administration Function and the Delivery Functions are each one connected to the LEMF via standardized handover interfaces HI1-HI3, and connected via interfaces X1-X3 to an Intercepting Control Element ICE in a telecommunication system. Together with the delivery functions, the ADMF is used to hide from ICEs that there might be multiple activations by different Law Enforcement Agencies. Messages REQ sent from LEMF to ADMF via HI1 and from the ADMF to the network via the X1_1 interface comprise identities of a target that is to be monitored. The Delivery Function DF2 receives Intercept Related Information IRI from the network via the X2 interface. DF2 is used to distribute the IRI to relevant Law Enforcement Agencies LEAs via the HI2 interface. The Delivery Function DF3 receives Content of Communication CC, i.e. speech and data, on X3 from the ICE. Requests are also sent from the ADMF to the Mediation Function MF2 in the DF2 on an interface X1_2 and to the Mediation Function MF3 in the DF3 on an interface X1_3. The requests sent on X1_3 are used for activation of Content of Communication, and to specify detailed handling options for intercepted CC. In Circuit Switching, DF3 is responsible for call control signaling and bearer transport for an intercepted product. Intercept Related Information IRI, received by DF2 is triggered by Events that in Circuit Switching domain are either call related or non-call related. In Packet Switching domain the events are session related or session unrelated. In Packet Switching domain the events are session related or session unrelated.
While Lawful Interception is a real-time exercise, data from the past is used when Data Retention is practiced. FIG. 1B belongs to the prior art and shows the Handover Interfaces between a Data Retention System DRS (see ETSI DTS/LI-00033 V0.8.1 and ETSI DTS/LI-0039) at a Communication Service Provider CSP, and a Requesting Authority RA. The figure shows an Administration Function AdmF used to handle and forward requests from/to the RA. A Mediation and Delivery function MF/DF is used to mediate and deliver requested information. Storage is used to collect and retain all possible data from external the data bases. The generic Handover Interface adopts a two port structure such that administrative request/response information and Retained Data Information are logically separated. The Handover Interface port 1 HIA transports various kinds of administrative, request and response information from/to the Requesting Authority and the organization at the CSP which is responsible for Retained Data matters. The HIA interface may be crossing borders between countries. This possibility is subject to corresponding national law and/or international agreements. The Handover Interface port 2 HIB transports the retained data information from the CSP, to the Requesting Authority. The individual retained data parameters have to be sent to the Requesting Authority at least once of available). The HIB interface may be crossing borders between countries. This possibility is subject to corresponding national law and/or international agreements.
Lawful Interception and Data Retention needs specific target information to be activated on a suspect. Law Enforcement Authorities receive the mandate to intercept a certain person usually from a judge. Their first task is to discover the target identities that they can use to activate LI. If the user has a subscription with a telecom operator it is rather straightforward to ask the operator for this information and then activate the interception on the discovered identities. Valid for both Lawful Interception and Data Retention is that in most cases criminals try to keep their "identities" secret by for example using prepaid anonymous subscriptions to mobile networks, possibly buying the SIM cards abroad in countries where it is not mandatory to disclose own identity to buy a prepaid SIM or by using SIMS registered to someone else. The problem at hand is thus how to discover efficiently the target identities of a well known person subject of lawful interception and or data retention due to a judicial warrant.

Lawful identification of unknown terminals


An apparatus to genearate a high-voltage regulation signal to control regulation of a display, including: a pulse generator to generate a pulse; a reference signal generator to generate a reference signal with a desired duty ratio using the pulse generated from the pulse generator; and a high-voltage signal generator to generate a switching signal with a duty ratio controlled by the reference signal, according to the pulse from the pulse generator and a feedback regulation output voltage, and to generate a high-voltage regulation signal according to the switching signal, wherein the feedback regulation output voltage is based upon the high-voltage regulation signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a regulation circuit for a Color Display Tube (CDT), and, more particularly, to an apparatus and method for generating a high-voltage regulation signal capable of protecting components in a regulation circuit.
2. Description of the Related Art
Images on a bright area of a display screen sometimes appear as being expanded, and images on a dark area of the display screen sometimes appear as being contracted. This situation occurs because of a poor high-voltage regulation. Generally, image displays include a regulation circuit for controlling such a high-voltage regulation which has a direct influence on picture quality.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a regulation circuit used in a conventional Color Display Tube (CDT). The regulation circuit comprises an oscillation circuit 100, a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) generator 110, a switching unit 120, a transformer 130, an error detector 140, and a feedback unit 150.
The oscillation circuit 100 generates an oscillation clock pulse. The PWM generator 110 generates and outputs a PWM control signal for controlling a high-voltage regulation using the oscillation clock pulse. The switching unit 120 outputs a signal switched according to the PWM control signal output from the PWM generator 110.
The transformer 130 generates and outputs a high-voltage regulation signal at a secondary side, using an output signal from the switching unit 120 as a primary-side voltage. The transformer 130 supplies the high-voltage regulation signal via a secondary-side output to the CDT, and simultaneously supplies a feedback voltage, proportional to the high-voltage regulation signal, to the PWM generator 110 via the feedback unit 150.
The error detector 140 detects an error using the signal output from the switching unit 120. When an error is detected, the error detector 140 notifies the PWM generator 110 of the error to enable the PWM generator 110 to stop outputting the PWM signal.
However, in the conventional regulation circuit, an error is detected after an excessive current due to the error already flows to the switching unit 120, and then the voltage signal input to the switching unit 120 is controlled. Therefore, components constituting the switching unit 120 can be damaged due to the excessive current. Such a damage of the switching unit adversely affects the control of the regulation voltage, thereby resulting in deterioration of picture quality of the CDT. Furthermore, the components constituting the switching unit 120 must be frequently replaced, resulting in an increase in cost of the whole system.

Apparatus and method for generating high-voltage regulation signal in a display


The present invention provides an excitation control circuit, a control method using the same and an electrically excited wind power system having the same. The excitation control circuit comprises at least one converter and at least one AC/DC conversion module. The converter is located between an AC electric grid and a wind power generator, so as to convert AC power generated by the wind power generator into AC power corresponding to the AC electric grid. The input side of the AC/DC conversion module is electrically connected between the converter and the wind power generator, and the output side is coupled to an excitation device. The AC/DC conversion module is used to convert the AC power from the wind power generator into a DC voltage, and provides an excitation current for the wind power generator using the DC voltage.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to the field of wind power generation technology. More particularly, the present invention relates to an excitation control circuit, a control method and an electrically excited wind power system including the same.
2. Description of Related Art
With the ever-increasing seriousness of energy-related problems in recent times, much attention has been given to power generation realized through renewable energy, such as wind power generation and solar electrical energy generation. Taking wind power generation as an example, from a stall-regulated wind power system to a variable-speed-and-constant-frequency (VSCF) wind power system, and from a wind power system with a gear case to a direct-drive wind power system without a gear case, the installed capacity of wind power generation in Taiwan and other countries is developing rapidly. Specifically, with the continuous increase in the unit capacity of a current wind power generator, VSCF technology is gradually playing a dominate role. In a current megawatt wind power generator, the gearbox is a component with a relatively high fault rate, so that much attention has been given to the development of the direct-drive wind power system without a gearbox. This is also the case due to such a system's advantages of low noise, long turbine operation time and low operation maintenance costs.
There are two main types of direct-drive wind power systems, namely, the permanent magnet-type system and the electrical excitation-type system. However, with the high cost of rare earth materials, the manufacturing costs associated with a permanent magnet-type wind power system are high. As a result, research and development is increasingly being focused on the electrically excited wind power system.
In the prior art electrically excited wind power system, the input voltage of a DC-DC converter is provided by a DC (direct current) bus of a single set of back-to-back converters (formed by a generator-side converter and a grid-side converter), and an appropriate DC voltage is outputted after being bucked by the DC-DC converter for use as supply the excitation device. However, when the DC-DC converter malfunctions, the wind power generator is suddenly de-excited, causing the disappearance of torque, and therefore the converter cannot provide a brake torque to the wind power generator, resulting in damage to the components in the wind power generation system. In another structure of an electrically excited wind power system, by using the AC (alternating current) voltage of the electric grid, a main excitation switch, a power frequency transformer and a controlled rectifier bridge are sequentially arranged to output a rectified DC voltage. Thus an excitation winding is directly provided, or the rectified DC voltage is provided to a DC-DC converter and then an appropriate DC voltage is outputted after being bucked by the DC-DC converter for use as supply to the excitation device. However, the size of the power frequency transformer is large and the cost thereof is high. More seriously, when the voltage of the electric grid drops or when a power failure of the electric grid occurs, the DC input voltage of the DC-DC converter disappears, and the wind power generator is suddenly de-excited, causing a sudden change in torque.
When the wind power generator is suddenly de-excited, causing a disappearance of the torque in the electrically excited wind power system of the prior art, this significantly reduces the reliability of electrical excitation and the operation stability of the system. In view of this, many in the industry are endeavoring to find ways in which to design a reliable excitation control circuit, so as to improve the operation stability of the excitation device and ensure that the magnetic field does not disappear suddenly.

Excitation control circuit, control method and electrically excited wind power system having the same


An image coding method of coding a current block to be coded using a first reference index indicating a first reference picture and a first motion vector, includes: calculating, using a second reference index and a second motion vector used to code a corresponding block, a third reference index and a third motion vector as respective candidates for the first reference index and the first motion vector; determining a value of a flag that indicates whether or not to code the current block using the third reference index and the third motion vector as the first reference index and the first motion vector; and coding the current block using the first reference index and the first motion vector according to the value of the flag, and adding the value of the flag to a bitstream generated by the coding.

An image coding apparatus typically compresses information by utilizing spatial and temporal redundancies of an image (including a still image and a moving image). Frequency domain transform is used as a method that utilizes the spatial redundancy. Inter prediction is used as a method that utilizes the temporal redundancy. Inter prediction is also referred to as inter-picture prediction.
When coding a current picture, an image coding apparatus that employs inter prediction uses a coded picture preceding or following the current picture in display order (display time order), as a reference picture. The image coding apparatus applies motion estimation to the current picture with respect to the reference picture, to derive a motion vector.
The image coding apparatus then performs motion compensation based on the motion vector, to obtain prediction image data. The image coding apparatus calculates a difference between the prediction image data and the image data of the current picture, and codes the calculated difference. The image coding apparatus thus removes the temporal redundancy.
In the motion estimation, the image coding apparatus calculates a difference between a current block to be coded in the current picture and each block in the reference picture, and determines, as a reference block, a block having a smallest difference in the reference picture. The image coding apparatus estimates the motion vector using the current block and the reference block.
An image coding apparatus according to the standardized image coding scheme called H.264 (see Non Patent Literature (NPL) 1) uses three picture types, namely, I picture, P picture, and B picture, for compressing information. The image coding apparatus does not perform inter prediction on the I picture, but performs intra prediction on the I picture. Intra prediction is also referred to as intra-picture prediction.
The image coding apparatus performs inter prediction on the P picture, by referencing to one coded picture preceding or following the current picture in display order. The image coding apparatus performs inter prediction on the B picture, by referencing to two coded pictures preceding or following the current picture in display order.
In inter prediction, the image coding apparatus generates a reference list (also referred to as a reference picture list) for specifying a reference picture. A coded reference picture which is referenced to in inter prediction is assigned a reference picture index (also referred to as a reference index) in the reference list. For example, the image coding apparatus holds two reference lists (L0, L1) to reference to two pictures for the B picture.
FIG. 34 shows an example of such reference lists. Reference picture list L0 in FIG. 34 is an example of a reference picture list corresponding to a first prediction direction in bidirectional prediction. In reference picture list L0 in FIG. 34, reference picture r1 whose display order number is 2 is assigned a reference picture index of 0. Reference picture r2 whose display order number is 1 is assigned a reference picture index of 1. Reference picture r3 whose display order number is 0 is assigned a reference picture index of 2.
That is, in reference picture list L0 in FIG. 34, a reference picture closer to the current picture in display order is assigned a smaller reference picture index.
Reference picture list L1 in FIG. 34 is an example of a reference picture list corresponding to a second prediction direction in bidirectional prediction. In reference picture list L1 in FIG. 34, reference picture r2 whose display order number is 1 is assigned a reference picture index of 0. Reference picture r1 whose display order number is 2 is assigned a reference picture index of 1. Reference picture r3 whose display order number is 0 is assigned a reference picture index of 2.
Thus, two different reference picture indexes may be assigned to a specific reference picture included in two reference picture lists (e.g. reference pictures r1 and r2 in FIG. 34), and the same reference picture index may be assigned to a specific reference picture included in two reference picture lists (e.g. reference picture r3 in FIG. 34).
Prediction using only reference picture list L0 is called L0 prediction. Prediction using only reference picture list L1 is called L1 prediction. Prediction using both reference picture lists L0 and L1 is called bidirectional prediction or bi-prediction.
In L0 prediction, the preceding direction is often used as the prediction direction. In L1 prediction, the following direction is often used as the prediction direction. Reference picture list L0 is set to correspond to the first prediction direction, whereas reference picture list L1 is set to correspond to the second prediction direction.
Based on these relations, the prediction direction is classified as any of the first prediction direction, the second prediction direction, and the bidirection. Prediction in the case where the prediction direction is the bidirection is also referred to as bidirectional prediction or bi-prediction.
In the image coding scheme called H.264, a motion estimation mode is available as a coding mode (also referred to as an inter prediction mode or a prediction mode) for the current block in the B picture.
In the motion estimation mode, the image coding apparatus estimates the motion vector of the current block. The image coding apparatus generates the prediction image data using the reference picture and the motion vector. The image coding apparatus then codes the difference between the prediction image data and the image data of the current block and the motion vector used for the generation of the prediction image data.
As mentioned above, the motion estimation mode includes bidirectional prediction for generating the prediction image by referencing to two coded pictures preceding or following the current picture. The motion estimation mode also includes unidirectional prediction for generating the prediction image by referencing to one coded picture preceding or following the current picture. Bidirectional prediction or unidirectional prediction is selected for the current block.
The image coding apparatus according to the image coding scheme called H.264 is also capable of selecting a coding mode referred to as a temporal direct mode, when deriving the motion vector in the coding of the B picture. The method of inter prediction in the temporal direct mode is described below, with reference to FIG. 35.
FIG. 35 is a diagram showing the motion vector in the temporal direct mode. FIG. 35 shows an example where the image coding apparatus codes block a in picture B2 in the temporal direct mode. In this case, the image coding apparatus uses motion vector vb that has been used when coding block b, which is at the same position as block a, in picture P3 which is a reference picture following picture B2. Motion vector vb references to picture P1.
Upon coding block a, the image coding apparatus obtains a reference block from each of picture P1 which is a preceding (forward) reference picture and picture P3 which is a following (backward) reference picture, using a motion vector parallel to motion vector vb. The image coding apparatus then performs bidirectional prediction to code block a. That is, the image coding apparatus codes block a by using motion vector va1 to picture P1 and motion vector vat to picture P3.
Moreover, a merge mode is available as a coding mode for the current block in the B picture and the P picture. In the merge mode, the image coding apparatus copies a motion vector and a reference picture index from an adjacent block of the current block, to code the current block. The image coding apparatus also adds, for example, an index of the adjacent block whose motion vector and reference picture index have been copied, to a bitstream. This enables the decoder to select the same motion vector and reference picture index as those used in the coder.
A specific example is described below, with reference to FIG. 36A. In FIG. 36A, adjacent block A is a coded block that is left adjacent to the current block. Adjacent block B is a coded block that is upper adjacent to the current block. Adjacent block C is a coded block that is upper right adjacent to the current block.
In FIG. 36A, adjacent block A is a block coded by bidirectional prediction, and has motion vector MvL0_A of the first prediction direction and motion vector MvL1_A of the second prediction direction. Adjacent block B is a block coded by unidirectional prediction, and has motion vector MvL0_B of the first prediction direction. Adjacent block C is a block coded by unidirectional prediction, and has motion vector MvL0_C of the first prediction direction.
In the example in FIG. 36A, motion vectors MvL0_A, MvL0_B, and MvL0_C reference to the same reference picture RefId×L0, while motion vector MvL1_A references to reference picture RefId×L1.
In this example, the image coding apparatus selects, from adjacent blocks A, B, and C, an adjacent block whose motion vector and reference picture index are to be copied to the current block. Here, the image coding apparatus selects such an adjacent block that maximizes the coding efficiency. The image coding apparatus then adds a merge block index indicating the selected adjacent block, to the bitstream.
For instance, in the case of selecting adjacent block A, the image coding apparatus codes the current block using motion vectors MvL0_A and MvL1_A and the reference pictures referenced to by motion vectors MvL0_A and MvL1_A. The image coding apparatus then adds only a merge block index indicating the use of adjacent block A, to the bitstream.
FIG. 36B shows an example of the merge block index. The image coding apparatus adds only such a merge block index to the bitstream, thus reducing the amount of information for motion vectors and reference picture indexes.

Image coding method and image decoding method


A method of passive ranging and geolocation of multiple emitters by a single detection platform. Two independent emission sequences support formulation of two independent algebraic equations involving a triangular arrangement of platform and emitters. One sequence constitutes an interrogation signal by one emitter and a transponded or reflected signal from another. A second emission sequence constitutes the reversed order of emitters from those of the first emission sequence. The method utilizes the steps of measuring the time difference of arrival at the platform of signals having travelled the direct path and the transponded or reflected paths, and measuring the angles of arrival of received signals for each independent emission sequence. A series of steps computing ranges and angles based on prior measurements provide a set of desired ranges and angles identifying the relative positions of the emitters relative to the platform. The invention may be employed in bistatic or transponded mode depending on the kind of signal emissions that are to be exploited. In the bistatic mode, the energy from an emitter is reflected from the other emitter. In the transponder mode the emitters communicate in an interrogation-transpond format with signals with known and small internal time delays. In the transponder mode, both signals are direct path signals.

The present invention relates to target location, and more particularly, to a passive method of locating targets.
In electronic warfare, the enemy typically employs high-power radars, navigation beacons and identification friend or foe (IFF) equipment to detect penetrating aircraft and to aid and recognize its own aircraft. When the radar detects a penetrating aircraft, a radar operator interrogates it with an IFF signal to determine its identity. If the aircraft is friendly, it responds to the IFF interrogation with a transponded signal, usually on a different frequency than that of the interrogation. During this short time of response to interrogation, the friendly aircraft is an active emitter. The command and response sequence can be accurately timed to determine the range between the interrogator and the aircraft. If an unfriendly aircraft is detected, the radar operator vectors a fighter aircraft to intercept the penetrating aircraft.
In the setting described above, it is very desirable that the penetrating aircraft passively locate the enemy radar and interceptors in range and in azimuth without using the active sensors. To this end, the penetrating aircraft carries direction finding equipment such as an electronic support measure (ESM) system, for example. However, the direction finding equipment may be any type of SONAR or electromagnetic system which includes detection equipment suitable for detecting target emissions. The detection equipment may be located on any type of vehicle, including an aircraft, submarine or surface ship. Consequently, due to the generic applicability of the present invention, the vehicle carrying the detection system is hereinafter referred to as a platform.
Conventional electronic ranging and geolocation techniques do not fully utilize available information, and rely on signals originating from active search radars or bistatic returns provided by echoes from other targets in the vicinity. The techniques fall into roughly three categories.
The first category includes those that rely on long baselines and use either crossing of bearings or hyperbolic lines of position derived from time difference of arrival. These techniques require either multiple platforms or special tactics. An example of multiple platforms is a system with two receivers located in each wing tip of an aircraft, for example. This approach acquires theoretical information with which to compute the range to the emitter. An example of special tactics requires that a single platform fly along a baseline while taking measurements over a long time. Multiple platforms result in a more costly and complex system. Flying along a baseline requires that the emitter be stationary and preferably off to the side of the platform thus rendering the system less effective for emitters directly ahead of the platform. Furthermore, the process requires a relatively long time, and is inconsistent with adequate reactive maneuvers by the platform while under enemy attack. These disadvantages make it impractical for single platform penetration missions.
The second category includes techniques that employ bistatic ranging with prior knowledge of one or more of the sides of the triangle formed by the emitters and a receiver. This information, however, may not be available or current immediately prior to a mission. Likewise, it may not be sufficiently accurate in a dynamic engagement mission. This work is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,370,656 to Frazer and Lewis.
The third category includes techniques that employ bistatic ranging along with determination of one or more of the angles of the triangle formed by the platform, an emitter and a secondary reflector. One such technique determines the angle between the range vectors from the platform to the emitter and from the platform to a reflecting target by directional measurements relative to the platform. A second approach determines the angle between the range vectors from the emitter to the platform and from the emitter to a secondary target. This is done by measuring the time delay as the main radar beam sweeps through the platform and the secondary target. The measurement is taken as the time delay between the passing of the main beam and the measurement of the main beam reflection from the secondary target. This technique requires knowledge of the scan time of a search radar. This technique is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,757 to Munich and Schecker. Either technique has limited areas of application since modern radars may not scan in a regular pattern or with a constant scan speed.
Accordingly, it is an objective of the present invention to provide a method of range and azimuth determination that utilizes all available active emissions from other sources. Another objective of this invention is to provide a method for measuring range and heading information that utilizes only momentary emission from secondary sources such as enemy IFF transmissions. It is a further objective of the present invention to provide a method for measuring range and heading which utilizes the responsive nature of the IFF transmissions and utilizes known internal delays of IFF transmissions responsive to radar interrogation. Yet another objective of this invention is to provide a method for measuring range and heading which utilizes existing, fielded and operational, direction finding equipment and systems. A still further objective of the present invention is the provision of a method for measuring range and heading which operates both in a bistatic mode or transponded mode, depending on available signals to be exploited. Another objective of this invention is to provide a method for measuring range and heading which obtain solutions of target locations that is substantially instantaneous in time.


Systems and methods are disclosed for automatically assessing and conforming software development modules to accessibility guidelines in real-time. The systems may facilitate an incremental development of applications. One or more modules or base codes of the application, as they are developed, may be tested for compliance to various accessibility standards (e.g., Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0). If a module or base does not meet a specific threshold of compliance, systems and methods allow for an automatic modification of the module or base code to make it more compliant to the accessibility standards.

Software developers are increasingly trying to make applications accessible to populations that have visual, hearing, motor, or cognitive disabilities. These populations are typically unable to reap the benefits of many software applications. For example, these populations living with disabilities may be unable to discern various graphics presented by a software application, hear sounds caused by software application, or respond by moving the mouse, keyboard, or other input modules. Software applications may be tested for how well they are made accessible to people with disabilities through web accessibility standards. For example, versions of the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAGs) (e.g., WCAG 1.0, WCAG 2.0, etc.) are a set of standard guidelines put together by a consortium that outlines how software applications can be compliant. Software developers may use testing applications based on these accessibility standards to redevelop older, non-compliant software applications into newer software applications that comply with the accessibility standards. Yet, the process of redeveloping old software applications is often laborious and inefficient. There is a desire for a system, method, and platform for developing new software efficiently and seamlessly, where each component of the software during its development can be readily tested for compliance to and redeveloped to conform to accessibility standards in real-time. Various embodiments described herein may address one or more of the shortcomings described above.

Systems and methods for automatically assessing and conforming software development modules to accessibility guidelines in real-time


An extraction device for extracting an analyte from living tissue is disclosed that comprises a power source; a first electrode and second electrode connected to the power source; and a holding unit for holding a collecting medium for collecting analyte extracted from living tissue, wherein the collecting medium is in contact with both the first electrode and second electrode continuously. An analyzer comprising the extraction device, method for extracting an analyte, and method for extracting and analyzing an analyte are also described.

Conventional clinical examinations are generally performed by detecting the presence and measuring the amount of material in a collected blood specimen. For example, diabetes patients, themselves, frequently-measure their blood sugar level and determine the insulin dosage and food restrictions and amount of exercise based on the measured blood sugar level, as they self-manage their blood sugar. In this way the diabetes patient must measure her blood sugar level several times per day. Since measuring the blood sugar level is normally accomplished by measuring a blood sample collected using a piercing tool, there is some associated physical pain and stress for the patient. From this point of view, a simple examination that is less stressful for the patient and that does not require blood collection is very desirable.
In response to this desire, conventional devices have been disclosed that use a so-called reverse iontophoresis to extract interstitial fluid by means of an electrical current flowing through the skin (for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,279,543, and International Patent Publication No. 96/00110). In the devices using the reverse iontophoresis method disclosed in these patent publications, interstitial fluid is extracted using two collection media corresponding to a positive electrode and negative electrode.
In the devices using the reverse iontophoresis method disclosed in these patent publications, since interstitial fluid is extracted using two collection media corresponding to a positive electrode and negative electrode, the analyte extracted from living tissue is dispersed in the two collection media. Therefore, a problem arises with regard to the pain and damage to the subject because a relatively large electric current is required to extract to the two collection media the amount of analyte necessary for analysis within a predetermined time.

Extraction device, analyzer, extraction method, and analysis method


The present invention is recyclable photographic film base which includes a cellulose acetate support. An antistatic layer is superposed on one side of the support and includes an antistatic agent. A barrier layer comprising a polymeric composition having a glass transition temperature of less than 90.degree. C. overlies the antistatic layer. In a preferred embodiment the polymeric composition of the barrier layer in poly(isobutyl methacrylate).

Photographic film comprises a light sensitive coating on a polymeric support. Since about 1930 one support material has been cellulose triacetate (sometimes referred to as cellulose acetate). During the manufacture of cellulose acetate-based photographic film, a certain amount of waste is generated, either during the casting of the support and application of gelatin subbing and backside layers, or during application of the sensitizing layers. In addition, once the film has been used it is possible to recover the support material for reuse of the polymer by separating the light sensitive coating from the polymer support and then treating the support. Given the cost of virgin cellulose acetate, it is economically beneficial to recycle any cellulose acetate support that fails to meet specifications for one reason or another. Numerous ways have been devised for recovery of cellulose acetate supports.
Research Disclosure Item 12629, published October 1974, Research Disclosure Item 19634, published August 1980, U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,844,711, 3,956,088 and 5,500,328 describe some techniques for treating film supports to recover cellulose acetate.
The recycling or recovery operation involves the chemical stripping and removal of all layers from the cellulose acetate-base to make it fit for reuse. Support that has been so treated is called recycled acetate support.
Cellulosic film support used for consumer films can build up static charge when transported through coating machines during manufacture or through cameras during use. This static charge can discharge and fog the light sensitive emulsion layers, hence, the need for static protection. Since photographic films are used under a variety of humidity conditions, it would be advantageous to use a humidity independent antistatic agent to maximize static protection. If some antistatic agents are not protected from photographic processing solutions, however, they can lose their conductivity and the film is prone to pick up dust which leads to white spots on prints. A protected antistatic agent, in turn, would maintain its conductivity after processing and reduce or eliminate white spots on prints.
Another problem associated with processing of photographic films is that of scum formation. Sources of the scum include residual processing solution or salt deposits from hard water. A backing layer that minimizes the formation of scum and reduces the need to clean the negatives before printing is highly desirable.
The incorporation of a lubricant in a backing layer improves the transport of the support or film through production equipment and cameras and is highly desirable.
Thus, there exists a need for a backing system for photographic elements which provides all of the above-mentioned features. The present invention describes a two or three layer backing for a photographic element which includes a cellulose acetate support, an antistatic layer which is process survivable, a barrier layer comprising a water-insoluble polymer and preferably an overcoat lubricant layer. The backing system of the present invention provides antistatic protection for cellulose acetate films and is removable thereby allowing recycling of the cellulose acetate support.

Recoverable backings for cellulose acetate film support


Methods for oxidizing organic compounds using hydroxyl radicals formed through redox cycling chelator-mediated Fenton chemistry are disclosed. The methods include generating a reactive oxygen species by contacting a redox cycling chelator with an oxygen containing oxidant and a transition metal species. By contacting the resulting reactive oxygen species with an organic compound, the organic compound is oxidized. The preferred transition metal species is a cationic transition metal, such as iron or copper. The disclosed methods may be used to degrade organic waste compounds and dyes, activate lignocellulosic materials for bonding and produce adhesive formulations.

Oxidation of organic compounds is of significant concern in many areas, including waste degradation, the manufacture of wood products, and the preparation of adhesive materials. Accordingly, significant effort has been expended to develop methods of oxidizing organic compounds. Low-cost, environmentally-friendly systems to effectively oxidize organic compounds are being sought. One approach has focused on the use of free-radicals. Free-radicals are typically highly energetic and unstable, and can oxidize a broad spectrum of compounds.
The generation of free-radicals by biological systems is known. Research by Koenigs on the action of "Fenton" reagents against cellulose and wood cell wall components suggested that iron and hydrogen peroxide were involved in the production of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals which could initiate the depolymerization of cellulose in wood as: Fe2++H2O2→Fe3++HO.+HO— ("Hydrogen peroxide and iron: a microbial cellulolytic system?" in Cellulose as a Chemical and Energy Resource. Symposium 5, Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Wilke, C. R. (Ed.), John Wiley and Sons, New York 5:151-159 (1975)). Hydroxyl radicals can also be generated in the presence of metals by the related Haber-Weiss reaction (Haber and Weiss, Proc. R. Soc., 147:332-351 (1934)) as: O2—+H2O2→O2+HO—+HO. This reaction is now known to occur via the superoxide reduction of iron with hydrogen peroxide oxidation of iron to produce hydroxyl radicals.
One potential application of free radical oxidation is the production of wood products. Lignin comprises as much as 40% of wood's mass. Lignin is composed of phenylpropane units linked by several forms of ether or carbon-carbon bonds (Sjöström and Eero, Wood Chemistry, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, Calif., pp. 12, 13, 73-84 (1993)). Lignin's random and noncrystalline network structure makes it a very thermodynamically stable biopolymer (Glasser, W. G., Forest Prod. J., 31(3):24-29 (1981)). The biosynthesis of lignin begins with phenylpropanoid precursors through an enzymatic oxidative coupling mechanism between free phenoxy radicals.
Bonding of lignocellulosic material is essential for the manufacture of a variety of wood products including particleboard, fiberboard, oriented strand board, laminated wood products, and plywood. In current commercial wood bonding processes, an adhesive is spread or sprayed on the surface of the material. The theories for adhesion between the adhesive and wood structure or its components include mechanical interlocking, diffusion, and adsorption or surface reaction (Pocius, A. V., Adhesion and Adhesives Technology: An introduction, Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich, Germany, pp. 118-130 (1997)). Procedures have been proposed to create such adhesion through formation of wood-to-wood chemical bonds, but have not met commercial acceptance. Non-enzymatic methods to promote autoadhesion between lignocellulosic materials have received much attention over the last century. Linzell et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 2,388,487 (1945)) patented the fabrication of compressed fiber composites through the use of a ferric compound, such as ferric sulfate, to facilitate a self-bonding mechanism of wood. Stofko et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,312 (1977)) patented a process for bonding lignocellulosic materials through the use of a liquid carrier and an oxidant with heat and pressure. In their system, white fir wood shavings with a moisture content of about 12% were sprayed with a solution containing hydrogen peroxide while another equal part of the shavings were sprayed with a catalyst solution of ferrous sulfate and hydrochloric acid. Then, equal amounts of the respective shavings sprayed with the reactants were mixed together and a conventional particle mat was formed. The mat was cold-pressed, hot-pressed, and then samples were tested for internal bond strength. The strength of the bond was comparable to the strength achieved by traditional adhesives.
Enzymatic systems to promote lignin activation and fiber bonding have also been proposed. For example, Kharazipour et al., J. Adhesion Sci Tech. 11(3): pp. 419-4217 (1997) and others (Haars, A. and Hutterman, A., U.S. Pat. No. 4,432,921 (1984); Felby et al., Appl. Microbiol., Biotechnol., 48:459-464 (1997)) described a procedure for bonding wood fragments together in the manufacturing of a composite product. A commonality in their procedures for bonding wood fragments is the activation of the middle lamella lignin of the wood cell wall through incubation with phenol-oxidizing enzymes. Using this technique, molded products were created without additional bonding agents or chemicals. The chemical reactions involved in these self-bonding systems are not fully understood, but oxidative coupling of phenolic units contained in wood is either the main or at least one of the main reactions leading to autoadhesion of lignocellulosic materials (Stofko, J. and Zavarin, E., U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,312 (1977); Haars, A. and Hutterman, A., U.S. Pat. No. 4,432,921 (1984); Kharazipour et al., J. Adhesion Sci. Technol., 11(3):419-427 (1997); Felby et al., Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 48:459-464 (1997)). Possibly, phenolic free radical formation and subsequent coupling occurs at precisely the time surfaces to be bonded are in close contact (Stofko, J. and Zavarin, E., U.S. Pat. No. 4,007,312 (1977)) (some polysaccharide-to-polysaccharide or lignin-to-polysaccharide bonding may also occur during the oxidation).
Certain brown-rot fungi, such as Gloeophyllum trabeum, secrete low molecular weight compounds, initially described as catecholate phenolics, that have been hypothesized to be involved in the degradation of wood (Koenigs, J. W., Arch. Microbio., 99:129-145 (1974); Backa et al., Holzforschung, 46(1):61-67 (1992); Hyde et al., Microbiology, 143:259-266 (1997); Hirano et al., Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 41:334-341 (1995); Jellison et al., App. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 35:805-809 (1991); Chandhoke et al., FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 90:236-266 (1992); Goodell et al., J. Biotech., 53:133-1 62 (1997); Paszczynski et al., 1999; Kerem et al., 1999; Xu et al., J. Biotechnology, 67:43-57 (2001)). The orthodihydroxy forms of these catecholate compounds have the capability to bind and reduce the oxidized (ferric) form of iron (Pracht et al., "Abiotic Fe(III) Induced Mineralization of Phenolic Substances", Chemosphera, in press (2001)). The reduced iron is then available to participate in Fenton reactions with hydrogen peroxide produced by wood-rotting fungi (Koenigs, J. W., Arch. Microbio., 99:129-145 (1974); Hyde et al., Microbiology, 143:259-266 (1997); (Haber et al., Proc. R. Soc. London, 147:332-351 (1934); Schimdt et al., Am. Wood Preserver Assoc., 77:157-164 (1981)). The resulting highly reactive hydroxyl radicals may then initiate degradation of the wood cell wall through phenolic oxidation. Therefore, the chelators produced by the fungi likely play a role in non-enzymatic wood decay processes since enzymes have been shown to be too large for initial wood cell wall penetration (Flournoy et al., Holzforschung, 45: 383-388 (1991)).
Another potential application of free radical oxidation is in the preparation of adhesive materials. It is known that enzymatically oxidized lignin compounds may be used as wood adhesives (Viikari, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,708). More specifically, it has been postulated that the phenoxy radicals of lignocellulosic materials may provide adhesion to non-oxidized lignocellulosic materials. Components derived from annual plant materials, such as feruloylarabinoxylans, as well as oxidized phenolic polysaccharides can also be used as adhesives for lignocellulosic materials (Feldman et al., WO 96/03546).
Yet another potential application of free radical oxidation is in the degradation of waste products from leaking storage facilities or accidental or even purposeful discharge. The most common types of contaminants found at waste sites are aromatic and aliphatic organic compounds. Organic waste products may be derived from a wide variety of activities, including the manufacture of petroleum products, plastics, and wood products.
Aromatic and aliphatic organic compounds may be present in surface water as well as soil and groundwater. Especially problematic in groundwater and soil contamination are aromatic and aliphatic compounds refined from petroleum hydrocarbons such as gasoline, fuel oil, motor oil, polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylene as well as organic monomeric waste compounds from the manufacture of plastics. Aromatic and aliphatic waste compounds include halogenated organic substances and solvents which may present a significant carcinogenic risk.
In-situ groundwater and soil remediative techniques using strong oxidizing agents, such as hydrogen peroxide are known. (Vigneri et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,141; Wilson et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,525,008; Peter et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,356,539). Although these techniques are partially effective in degrading aromatic and aliphatic organic compounds are waste products, the oxidative techniques were limited because of the short half life of the hydroxyl radical intermediates.
Aromatic organic waste may also be produced, for example, from wood preservation treatment to produce products such as railway ties, telephone poles and marine pilings. Wood is treated with compounds such as creosote or chlorinated phenols such as pentachlorophenol. Degradation of aromatic organic waste from wood preservation treatments using ferrous iron salt and hydrogen peroxide is known. (Eisenhauer H. R., Water Pollution Control Federation Journal, 36(9): 1116-1128 (1964); Jasim et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,716,528). However, the utility of these methods is limited by the short half life of the hydroxyl radicals.
Aromatic waste is also produced from the use of dyes. Dyes have been used increasingly in the textile and paper industry because of their cost effectiveness, stability and color variety. Currently, there are about 3,000 different dyes available on the commercial market. Among them, azo dyes are the largest class of dyes used in the industry. Other synthesized dyes include anthraquinone, triphenylmethane, and sulfur dyes etc. (Lubs, The Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes and Pigments, Hafner Publishing Co., Darien, Conn. (1970)). Although these dyes help make our world more colorful, the pollution problem caused by their release into the environment has received considerable attention.
To many textile and paper finishing plants, removing color from industrial effluents is a major issue in wastewater treatment. Biological treatment is a commonly used method, and biodegradation of dyes by anaerobic and aerobic microorganisms has been studied extensively during the past several decades (Chung et al., Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 18:175-190 (1992)). Some commonly used microorganisms in dye biodegradation include bacteria, actinomycetes, yeasts, and fungi (Azmi et al., Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 22(2): 185-191 (1998); Banat et al., Bioresource Technology, 58: 217-227 (1997); Paszczynski et al., Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 13(5): 378-384 (1991); Wong et al., Wat. Res., 30(7): 1736-1744 (1996)). Recently, many researchers have also concentrated on enzymatic systems responsible for the degradation and degradation of dyes during biotreatment (Cao et al., Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 15: 810-817 (1993); Young et al., Wat. Res., 31(5): 1187-1193 (1997); Palma et al., Symposium of 7th International Conference on Biotechnology in the Pulp and Paper Industry, Vancouver, B103-105 (1998)). For the more resistant dyes, however, costly physical and/or chemical decolorizing processes are often the only available treatment alternatives. Physical and chemical techniques which have been explored for dye degradation include flocculation combined with flotation, electroflotation, membrane-filtration, ion-exchange, irradiation, precipitation, and adsorption etc. (Lin et al., Wat. Res., 27: 1743-1748 (1993); Ulker et al., J. Environ. Sci. Health, A29: 1-16 (1994); Banat et al., (1996); Huang et al., Am. Dyestuff Reporter, 83: 15-18 (1994); Adams et al., Ozone Sci. Engng., 17: 149-162 (1995)). Although these physical and/or chemical techniques have been shown to be effective with some specific dyes, they have significant shortcomings. Major disadvantages include: costly equipment requirements and operation expenses; large amounts of sludge generated in certain processes; excess amount of chemical usage; low efficiency color reduction; and sensitivity to variable input streams (Banat et al., 1996).
Other approaches to the degradation of dyes involve chemical oxidation processes to remove color. Oxidative techniques are usually found in the literature to treat colored wastewater. Some commonly used chemical oxidants include chlorine and/or ozone (Namboodri et al., American Dyestuff Reporter, 3: 17-22 (1994); Namboodri et al., American Dyestuff Reporter, 4: 17-26 (1994); Perkins et al., Textile Chemist and Colorist, 27(1): 31-37 (1995); Strickland et al., Textile Chemist and Colorist, 27(5): 11-15, (1995)), UV irradiation with H2O2 (Hosono et al., Appl. Radiat. Isot., 44(9): 1199-1203 (1993); Safarzedeh et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,214 (1993); Yang et al., Textile Chemist and Colorist, 30(4): 27-35 (1998)), Fenton's reagent (Spadaro et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., 28(7): 1389-1393 (1994); Zhu et al., Wat. Res., 30(12): 2949-2954 (1996); Nakagawa, et al., Biol. Pharm. Bull., 16(11): 1061-1064 (1993)) and combinations of these activators. Methods of degrading organic species via oxidative processes are known in the art. See Table 1.
Previous studies have shown that active oxygen species may play a major role in many or most dye oxidation processes. For some mills, certain oxidation treatment schemes may be applicable. None of these processes, however, is effective enough to be used commonly for mills or dye mixtures. In addition, none of these methods use a redox cycling chelator.
Free radicals, especially oxygen based radical species, are very active and strong oxidants that are capable of breaking down dye molecules. Nakagawa et al. studied the bleaching profiles of cyanine dyes exposed to a controlled Fenton reaction. They found under different conditions, hydroxyl radicals (.OH) and/or superoxide radicals (.O2−) were the primary radical responsible for the bleaching of cyanine dyes. However, these free radicals, especially the hydroxyl radical, usually have short lifetimes that limited their application. Safarzedeh described a mediated Fenton method, which employed the photolysis of ferric oxalate to keep generating Fe(II) for Fenton's reaction in the treatment of organic contaminants. The method, however, has some drawbacks such as the competitive UV absorption by byproducts, which reduced the efficiency of treatment and limited the concentration of contaminants that can be treated.
TABLE 1Comparison of degradations based on active oxygen speciesPROCESSAdvantagesDisadvantagesNaOClSimple equipment and processHigh toxicityrapid degradationSalt formationO3Short reaction timesHigh equipment costNo salt and sludge formationNot applicable for all dye typesNo COD reductionToxicity and hazard handlingUV/H2O2Short reaction timeNot applicable for all dye typesReduction of CODRelatively high energy andNo salt and sludge formationequipment costLimited productionFentonSimple equipment and easyLong reaction timeoperationSalt and sludge formationReduction of COD (exceptwith reactive dyes)Increase of DO (dissolvedoxygen) in waterFSR*Simple equipment and easySalt formationoperationGas formation during electrolysisReduction of COD (exceptwith reactive dyes)Increase of DO (dissolvedoxygen) in water*FSR: Fenton Sludge Recycling System is an oxidative degradation process applying Fenton reaction and a subsequent sludge recycling stage.
Therefore, there is a need to develop a novel, effective oxidation process for the degradation of aromatic and aliphatic organic compounds. In addition, there is a need in the art for a non enzymatic, chelator-mediated, free radical system (Goodell et al., J. Biotech., 53: 133-1 62 (1997); Xu et al., J. Biotech., 67, 43-57 (2001)) for oxidation of lignocellulosic material and formation of wood fiber composites, which promote a more environmentally friendly and less expensive alternative for bonding of wood in the wood composite industry. Finally, there is an additional need to develop a non-enzymatic method of producing an adhesive formulation by forming phenoxy radicals. Such methods for producing adhesives would be less expensive and more environmentally friendly than the alternative methods for producing adhesives from organic molecules. Surprisingly, the present invention meets these and other needs.

Oxidation using a non-enzymatic free radical system mediated by redox cycling chelators


A method for producing an organic electronic device according to an embodiment includes: a device base formation step; a dehydration step of dehydrating a protective film-bearing sealing member under a pressure of 1000 Pa or more while conveying the protective film-bearing sealing member 10 in which a protective film 30 is laminated on a sealing member 20; and a sealing member bonding step of peeling off the protective film 30 from the protective film-bearing sealing member which has been subjected to the dehydration step and bonding the sealing member 20 to a device base. In the dehydration step, an atmosphere gas G1 having a dew point of −40° C. or lower is caused to flow from a downstream side to an upstream side in a conveyance direction of the protective film-bearing sealing member.

An organic electronic device includes: a device base on which a first electrode, a device functional portion (including an organic layer), and a second electrode are provided on a substrate in this order; and a sealing member that seals the device functional portion. As the sealing member, for example, a technique in which an adhesive layer (resin composition layer) is laminated on a sealing base (support) as described in Patent Literature 1 is known. Such a sealing member is bonded to a device base via the adhesive layer. In the technique described in Patent Literature 1, a protective film (cover film) is provided on the adhesive layer of the sealing member until the sealing member is bonded to the device base. Since the sealing member is configured to prevent an organic layer of a device functional portion from deteriorating due to moisture, it is preferable that the sealing member itself be also dehydrated.

Method for producing organic electronic device


The invention relates to an assessing device (13) for assessing the suitability of a shape of an instrument like a guidewire for a registration of a position and shape determination device (10) like an optical shape sensing device with an imaging device (2). Curvature values being indicative of the curvature at several positions along the instrument are determined, which are used for determining shape feature values. These shape feature values are then used for determining a suitability value being indicative of the suitability of the shape of the instrument for the registration procedure, wherein an output is provided to a user based on the determined suitability value. The user can therefore modify the shape until the output indicates that the shape of the instrument is suitable for the registration, without requiring any image. This can reduce a radiation dose if the image is, for instance, an x-ray image.

In order to guide a physician during an interventional procedure, an imaging device like an x-ray C-arm device can be used which provides images showing an interventional instrument within a subject. Moreover, a position and shape determination device can be used for determining the position and shape of the interventional instrument within the subject, wherein the position and shape determination device can be, for instance, an optical shape sensing device. In order to properly guide the physician during the interventional procedure, it is required to register the position and shape determination device with the imaging device, wherein a resulting registration transformation can be used to generate overlay images in which a representation of the instrument in its determined position and shape is overlaid over the images generated by the imaging device. The registration is carried out in a registration procedure which is performed before the actual interventional procedure is started, i.e. the registration procedure is especially carried out before the interventional instrument is introduced into the subject. For the registration a user like the physician or another person prepares at least the interventional instrument, i.e. he/she positions the interventional instrument and optionally changes its shape and then acquires a first image while the imaging device is in a first position and a second image while the imaging device is in a second position. Based on these acquired first and second images and a determination of the current position and shape by the position and shape determination device the imaging device and the position and shape determination device are registered to each other. If the preparation for the registration was not good enough for providing an accurate registration result, the entire registration procedure including the preparation must be repeated, which prolongs the registration process, or the guidance for the physician during the actual interventional procedure would be relatively inaccurate.

Assessing device for assessing an instrument's shape with respect to its registration suitability


There are provided a plasma display device in which dark contrast can be enhanced without deteriorating an image quality and a method of driving a plasma display panel. In a case of driving a plasma display device in which a magnesium oxide layer containing a magnesium oxide crystal to be excited by the irradiation of an electron beam and performing a cathode luminescence having a peak in a wavelength range of 200 to 300 nm by a sub-field method, in order to initialize all display cells, reset discharge is caused in each of the display cells in M sub-fields of N consecutive sub-fields (0<M<N).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plasma display device having a plasma display panel and a method for driving the plasma display panel.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, a display device having a large screen and a reduced thickness has been demanded and various thin display devices have been put to practical use. An AC discharge-type plasma display panel (hereinafter, refer to as a PDP) has been noticed as one of such thin display devices. The PDP has a front transparent substrate serving as a display screen and a rear substrate. A plurality of row electrodes are formed on the front transparent substrate and a plurality of column electrodes are formed on the rear substrate so as to cross the plurality of row electrodes. Between the front transparent substrate and the rear substrate, a discharge space which is filled with a discharge gas is formed. Pixel cells serving as pixels are formed at respective intersections of the row electrodes and the column electrodes including the discharge space.
In order to perform a display with grayscale level luminance in such a PDP, grayscale driving is performed based on a sub-field method. For example, a method of grayscale-driving a PDP in which each of frames of an input video signal is divided to eight sub-fields, and a full-scale write period, a full-scale erasure period, an address period, and a sustain discharge period are provided for each sub-field has been suggested (for example, see FIG. 5 in Japanese Patent No. 2756053). At this time, in the full-scale write period, a predetermined amount of wall charges is formed in all pixel cells by forcibly causing write discharge in all pixel cells. Further, through the write discharge, priming particles by the amount required for causing discharge in the address period described later are formed in all pixel cells. Specifically, the write discharge caused in the full-scale write period is referred to as initialization discharge through which the priming particles for surely causing discharge in each address period are formed and the amount of the wall charges over all pixel cells are uniform. Next, in the full-scale erasure period, the wall charges formed in all pixel cells are erased by causing erasure discharge with respect to all pixel cells. In the address period, the write discharge is selectively caused with respect to each of the pixel cells according to display data and the wall charges are formed in only pixel cells to be turned on. Then, in the sustain discharge period, sustain discharge is repeatedly performed with respect to only pixel cells in which the wall charges are formed, by the number of times assigned to each of the sub-fields. By driving in such a manner, a display is performed with a grayscale level luminance corresponding to times the sustain discharge is caused in each of the eight sub-fields.
However, since the light emission due to the initialization discharge (write discharge) caused in the full-scale write period has no relation with an actual display image, contrast at the time of displaying a relatively dark image, that is, dark contrast is deteriorated. Accordingly, a driving method in which the full-scale write period is provided in only a head sub-field of each of the eight sub-fields and the initialization discharge is caused in the full-scale write period of the head sub-field so as to suppress dark contrast from deteriorating has been suggested (for example, see FIG. 2 in Japanese Patent No. 2756053).
However, when the number of times of the initialization discharge in a display period of one field (frame) is simply reduced, the priming particles in each pixel cell become insufficient. Therefore, there is a problem in that the selective discharge may be not surely caused in the address period and an image quality may be deteriorated.

Plasma display device and method for driving a plasma display panel