Provided is a pixel circuit including: an electro-optical element, a driving transistor; a writing control transistor whose first conduction terminal is connected to a data line and whose control terminal is connected to a scanning line; and an initialization transistor whose first conduction terminal is connected to a control terminal of the driving transistor, to whose second conduction terminal an initialization voltage is applied, and whose control terminal is connected to a first control line. In a case of a P-channel transistor, a high-level voltage to be given to the control terminal of the initialization transistor is lower than a high-level voltage to be given to the control terminal of the writing control transistor.

Organic EL display devices including pixel circuits including organic electro luminescence (hereinafter referred to as "EL") elements have recently been coming into practical use. The pixel circuit of the organic EL display device includes not only the organic EL elements but also driving transistors, writing control transistors, and the like. Thin film transistors (hereinafter referred to as a "TFTs") are used as these transistors. The organic EL elements are a type of electro-optical elements, and emit light of luminance in accordance with the amount of electric current that flows. Each of the driving transistors is arranged in series with the corresponding organic EL element, and regulates the amount of electric current that flows through the organic EL element.
The characteristics of the organic EL elements and the characteristics of the driving transistors vary from one element/transistor to another, and fluctuate over time. Hence, for the purpose of making the organic EL display device display images of high picture quality, it is necessary to compensate the variation and the fluctuation of the elements. There are two known methods of compensating the characteristics of the elements in the organic EL display device: compensation performed within the pixel circuit; and compensation performed outside the pixel circuit. In the former method, there may be a case where a process for initialize the voltage of the control terminal of the driving transistor to a predetermined level is performed before inputting a voltage (hereinafter referred to as the "data voltage") into the pixel circuit in accordance with the image signal. In such a case, an initialization transistor is provided in the pixel circuit.
Many pixel circuits including organic EL elements have been proposed so far. For example, PTL 1 describes a pixel circuit 91 illustrated in FIG. 10, and NPL 1 describes a pixel circuit 92 illustrated in FIG. 11. Note that to facilitate the comparison with the disclosure of the present application, names of the elements and signal lines in FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 are changed from their respective names used in their original pixel circuits.
The pixel circuit 91 illustrated in FIG. 10 includes seven TFTs, that is, a TFT TR11 to a TFT TR17. The TFT TR11, the TFT TR15, and the TFT TR13 function as a driving transistor, a writing control transistor, and an initialization transistor, respectively. The gate terminal of the TFT TR15 and the gate terminal of the TFT TR13 are connected respectively to a scanning line Gi and a control line Pi.
The pixel circuit 92 illustrated in FIG. 11 includes five TFTs, that is, a TFT TR21 to a TFT TR25. The TFT TR21, the TFT TR23, and the TFT TR25 function as a driving transistor, a writing control transistor, and an initialization transistor, respectively. The gate terminal of the TFT TR23 and the gate terminal of the TFT TR25 are connected respectively to a scanning line Gi and a scanning line Gi-1.

Display device and method for driving same


A guide device guides a load carrier of an elevator installation along a guide surface and comprises a guide element contacting the guide surface and connected by a connecting element with the load carrier such that the guide element is movable relative to the load carrier in a first and/or a second positional range. The connecting element comprises first and second resilient elements in a serial arrangement, wherein movement of the guide element in the first range deforms both resilient elements and movement of the guide element in the second range exclusively deforms the second resilient element. The overall stiffness of the connecting element is a function of the respective position of the guide element. Stiffness of the second resilient element increases during compression in the second range, wherein the overall stiffness is substantially constant at a transition between the first and the second ranges.

The present invention relates to a guide device for the guidance of a load carrier of an elevator installation along at least one guide surface.
By the term 'load carrier' there are to be understood in this connection all movable masses which can be moved in an elevator installation along a guide surface. Falling under this term are, in particular, elevator cars and counterweights. The latter serve in an elevator installation for compensation for the weight of other load carriers.
A guide device of the stated kind is used in elevator systems in order to stabilize the position of a load carrier movable along a guide surface. Such a guide device usually comprises at least one guide element which is disposed in contact with the guide surface and is connected with the load carrier by means of a connecting element in such a manner that the guide element is movable relative to the load carrier or the load carrier is movable relative to the guide element.
In a typical realization of the guide device, the respective guide surface can be defined by, for example, the surface of a guide rail and a roller can be used in each instance as a guide element and a resiliently deformable structure, which connects a rotational axle of the roller with the respective load carrier, in each instance as a connecting element. The connecting element can be, for example, a spring or an arrangement of several springs. In addition, several guide surfaces and correspondingly several guide elements can be used for guidance of the respective load carrier.
Connecting elements which allow a resilient deformation in the case of a mechanical load offer the possibility of connecting a guide element with a load carrier in such a manner, and in each instance keeping it in contact with a guide surface, such that the respective connecting element is deformed to a predetermined extent by comparison with a relaxed state and thus has a predetermined bias. By virtue of the bias, each guide element exerts a force on the respective guide surface. Such connecting elements are used in order to stabilize the load carrier in its equilibrium position with respect to the guide surface. If the respective connecting element is deformed in the case of deflection of the load carrier out of the equilibrium position, then there results therefrom a restoring force which acts on the load carrier and the size of which grows with increasing deflection of the load carrier out of the equilibrium position and thus opposes the deflection. It is thus ensured that the load carrier adopts an equilibrium position with respect to the respective guide surface when the guide element is constantly in contact with the respective guide surface.
The respective connecting element substantially determines the travel behavior of a load carrier moved along a guide surface. The stiffness of the connecting element is of particular significance in that case. The stiffness of the connecting element is a measure for a change in the force which has to be realized in order to change the position of the respective guide element by a predetermined distance.
The stiffness of a connecting element plays a significant role with respect to the travel comfort particularly in the case of a guide device for guidance of an elevator car. The connecting elements have to be so constructed in every case that they absorb the maximum permissible disturbance forces and keep a deviation of the load carrier from a predetermined equilibrium position within a predetermined limit. Different requirements have to be taken into consideration in the design of a connecting element with respect to stiffness. If the stiffness is too great, the elevator car has a hard coupling to the respective guide surface by way of a connecting element and the corresponding guide element. In this case during travel of the elevator car disturbing forces due to non-rectilinearities of a guide surface or load displacements lead to severe shocks which would be perceived by passengers to be unacceptable. If—at the other extreme—the stiffness is too low, then small deflections of the elevator car from the equilibrium position would indeed be sensed by passengers as less disturbing. On the other hand, large disturbing forces would lead to unacceptably large deflections of the elevator car from the equilibrium position. The latter is problematic, since only a limited space is available for lateral deflections of a elevator car perpendicularly to its direction of movement and, in addition, the connecting elements for constructional reasons—in order to avoid a mechanical contact between stationary and moved components of the elevator installation and damage of individual parts—allow only a limited play for relative movement of a guide element with respect to the elevator car. For example, the movement of the elevator car relative to a guide device is limited by the construction of a safety brake device, which the elevator car has to have in order to brake the elevator car at guide surfaces of the guide rail in the case of emergency and to stop it. During normal travel the elevator car may, in fact, deflect only so far from an equilibrium position with respect to the guide surfaces that the safety brake device does not come into contact with the guide surfaces.
Known connecting elements which act by a single spring on a guide element have a stiffness which is intrinsic to construction and which is usually constant for all positions of the guide element. With a connecting element which has a constant stiffness, however, the requirements which have to be fulfilled in operation of an elevator installation cannot be fulfilled or are able to be fulfilled only insufficiently. In the best cases, compromise solutions are possible which are unsatisfactory with respect to usual expectations, particularly with respect to the extreme requirements imposed in the case of applications in high-speed elevators.
With the speeds at which high-speed elevators are operated even slight unevennesses of guide surfaces lead to large transverse forces. In order to ensure, in operation, an acceptable travel comfort even in the case of large transverse forces, guide devices were proposed with a respective connecting element having a stiffness which is variable in dependence on the setting of the guide element relative to the respective load carrier.
For example, there is shown in European patent EP 0 033 184 a guide device for a load carrier of an elevator installation in which at least one guide element is disposed in contact with the guide surface and is connected by means of a connecting element with the load carrier in such a manner that the guide element is movable relative to the load carrier between different positions in a first and a second positional range. The connecting element comprises a first and a second resilient element in the form of a first and a second helical spring. The helical springs are arranged in series in such a manner that in the case of movement of the guide element in the first positional range the two helical springs are deformed in the direction of their longitudinal extent. A change in length of the first helical spring is mechanically limited in such a manner that in the case of movement of the guide element in the second positional range exclusively the second resilient element is deformed. The two helical springs each have a constant stiffness, wherein the stiffness of the second helical spring is greater than the stiffness of the first helical spring. This results in an overall stiffness of the connecting element which is determined by the respective stiffnesses of the first and second helical springs and is a function of the respective position of the guide element. The overall stiffness adopts higher values in the second positional range than in the first positional range. In this construction of the connecting element the overall stiffness of the connecting element is constant each time not only in the first positional range, but also in the second positional range. With this construction of the connecting element it is indeed possible, through appropriate specifications for the stiffnesses of the first and the second helical spring, to softly couple the guide element to the guide surface when the guide element is disposed in the first positional range and to firmly couple it to the guide surface when the guide element is disposed in the second positional range. However, in the case of transition of the guide element from the first positional range to the second positional range an abrupt transition from soft to hard coupling to the guide surface takes place. The overall stiffness of the connecting element accordingly has a non-constant jump at the transition of the guide element between the first positional range and the second positional range. This abrupt transition is in operation more disturbing the greater the difference between the stiffnesses of the two helical springs. Since each connecting element accepts the maximum permissible disturbing forces and has to keep deviation of the load carrier from a predetermined equilibrium position within a predetermined limit, the stiffness of the second helical spring must be selected to be greater the smaller the stiffness of the first helical spring. Accordingly, an improved travel comfort in the case of small deflections of the load carrier from its equilibrium position is achieved and in that case a diminished travel comfort in the region of the transition between the first and the second positional range is taken into account.

Guide device for guidance of a load carrier of an elevator installation


A printed circuit board (PCB) and a method of manufacturing the same is described. The PCB includes a substrate defining a major plane and an integrated electromagnetic interference and compatibility (EMC/EMI) shielding enclosure configured to enclose the substrate. The shielding enclosure includes a metallic top layer deposited on top of the major plane of the substrate so as to envelop an uppermost layer of the substrate, a metallic bottom layer deposited on bottom of the major plane of the substrate so as to envelop a bottommost layer of the substrate, and a metallic side layer formed along a length of one or more edges of the substrate to electrically connect the metallic top layer and the metallic bottom layer.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the inventors hereof, to the extent the work is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted to be prior art against the subject matter of the present disclosure.
Wireline communication links for some high-speed interfaces, particularly for networking applications, operate under various standards that include strict electromagnetic compatibility requirements incorporating cable shielding specifications. However, in many situations, EMC shielding is challenging in high-speed automotive networking with shielded cable channels. More particularly, connections of cable shields to printed circuit board (PCB) grounds through cable connectors can still cause various EMC issues. For example, it is difficult to divert radiofrequency (RF) noise currents from the shielded cables through the connector to the PCB grounds.

On-board integrated enclosure for electromagnetic compatibility shielding


A spinal implant includes a first member that is curved along an axis between opposite ends. The first member defines a bore and a first thread. A second member is positioned in the bore and is curved between opposite ends. The second member includes a second thread engaged with the first thread. The second thread includes a series of gear teeth. A third member is positioned in the bore and is curved between opposite ends and includes opposite ends. A driver includes a gear configured to engage the gear teeth such that rotation of the driver relative to the first member and the second member rotates the second member relative to the first member to translate the second member relative to the first member along the axis. Systems and methods are disclosed.

Spinal disorders such as degenerative disc disease, disc herniation, osteoporosis, spondylolisthesis, stenosis, scoliosis and other curvature abnormalities, kyphosis, tumor, and fracture may result from factors including trauma, disease and degenerative conditions caused by injury and aging. Spinal disorders typically result in symptoms including pain, nerve damage, and partial or complete loss of mobility.
Non-surgical treatments, such as medication, rehabilitation and exercise can be effective, however, may fail to relieve the symptoms associated with these disorders. Surgical treatment of these spinal disorders includes fusion, fixation, corpectomy, discectomy, laminectomy and implantable prosthetics. In procedures, such as, for example, corpectomy and discectomy, fusion and fixation treatments may be performed that employ implants to restore the mechanical support function of vertebrae.
Furthermore, it is noted that there is an increasing need for polyetheretherketone (PEEK) based expandable corpectomy devices. However, since PEEK is weaker than other materials, such as, for example, titanium or stainless steel, PEEK based expandable corpectomy devices tend to break under high load scenarios, such as, for example, when the devices bear anatomical loads. This disclosure describes an improvement over these prior technologies.


A flow rate measurement device includes a branched pipe passage having an inlet side end portion detachably joined in a branched manner to an upstream portion of on-off valve V0 provided on an outlet end portion of a gas supply line, and an outlet side end portion of the branched pipe passage joined to a gas flow-out side, an on-off valve V provided on the outlet side of the branched pipe passage, a pressure detector and a temperature detector that detect gas pressure and temperature on the upstream side of the on-off valve V, and an arithmetic operation control device receiving detection signals as input from the pressure detector and the temperature detector, and which arithmetically calculates gas flow rate of gas flowing in the branched pipe passage, and the flow rate measurement device is detachably joined in a branched manner to the upstream portion of the on-off valve V0.

A gas supply device of a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus, etc., is generally configured to switch and supply a large variety of gases to an object to use the gas, such as a process chamber, so that a necessary process gas, whose flow rate is controlled by a flow rate controller provided for each kind of supply gas, is supplied to the object to use the gas. The flow rate measurement of each flow rate controller described above is performed at appropriate time intervals generally by a build-up method (or rate of pressure rise (ROR) method), and flow rate measurement is performed by comparing a set flow rate of the flow rate controller with an actual control flow rate measured by the build-up method, etc.
FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 show examples of conventional flow rate measurement devices and methods of a flow rate controller for a gas supply device. Specifically, in the measurement device and method shown in FIG. 5, first, a flow rate measurement unit U0 including a build-up tank BT with a known inner volume, an inlet on-off valve V1, an outlet on-off valve V2, a pressure detector Pd, and a gas temperature detector Td, is joined to a gas supply line L in a branched form. Next, for example, to measure a flow rate controller MFC1 of a gas supply device GF, first, on-off valves V02, V0n, and V0 are closed and on-off valves V01, V1, and V2 are opened, so as to flow the gas into the tank BT, and a pressure detected value P1 and a temperature detected value T1 at a time t1, in a state where the on-off valves V1 and V2 are opened, or at a time t1 in a state where the on-off valve V2 is closed after the on-off valves V1 and V2 are opened, are measured. Next, a pressure detected value P2 and a temperature detected value T2 are measured Δt seconds after the on-off valve V1 is closed from the opened state of the on-off valves V1 and V2 or Δt seconds after the time t1 in a state where the on-off valve V2 is closed after the on-off valves V1 and V2 are opened.
Then, from the respective measured values described above, a rate of pressure rise ΔP/Δt is obtained, a flow rate Q is calculated based on Q=(ΔP/Δt)×(V/RT), and a flow control value of the flow rate controller MFC1 is confirmed. The flow rate calculation formula is for arithmetically calculating a build-up flow rate into the tank BT on the assumption that the gas is an ideal gas, and V is a total inner volume of the build-up tank VT and the pipe passage on the upstream side, R is a gas constant, and T is a gas temperature inside the tank BT.
On the other hand, in the measurement method shown in FIG. 6, a flow rate measurement unit U1 without the build-up tank is joined to a gas supply line L in a branched form. Then, for example, to measure the flow rate controller MFC1 of the gas supply device GF, first, on-off valves V0, V00, V02, and V0n are closed and on-off valves V01, V1, and V2 are opened to supply the gas at a set flow rate from the flow rate controller MFC1 to the flow rate measurement unit U1, and then, the on-off valve V2 is closed. After the on-off valve V2 is closed, when the pressure detected value of the pressure detector Pd reaches pressure P1, a first measurement is performed to measure the pressure P1 and the temperature T1. Thereafter, when the pressure detected value of the pressure detector Pd reaches P2 (or when a set time of t seconds elapses), a second measurement is performed to measure the pressure P2 and the temperature T2.
In addition, by arithmetically calculating a sum V of a pipe passage inner volume Ve of the portion of the gas supply lines L and Ls from the on-off valve V00, the on-off valve V01, the on-off valve V02, and the on-off valve V0n on the upstream side of the flow rate measurement unit U1 to the on-off valve V1 and an inner volume Vt of the flow passage between the on-off valve V1 and the on-off valve V2 of the flow rate measurement unit U1 based on the flow rate formula Q=(ΔP/Δt)×(V/RT) by using a rate of pressure rise ΔP/Δt obtained by the same measurement method as in the case of FIG. 5, and the flow rate value Q of the flow rate controller MFC1 at that time, the total inner volume V is obtained in advance.
Then, from the respective measured values described above, a gas absolute flow rate Qo at a temperature of 0° C. at 1 atm from the flow rate controller MFC1 is obtained based on the relationship between the inflow mass dG and an elapsed (inflow) time dt of the gas. That is, the inflow mass dG can be expressed by dG=ro·Qo·dt (provided that dt is an elapsed (inflow) time and ro is a specific weight of the gas). Based on the pressures P and temperatures T measured by the first measurement and the second measurement described above, an ideal gas has a relationship of PV=nRT, and by substituting the mass G for the mole number n, the relationship of PV=GRT is established.
Therefore, on the assumption that the gas pressure P1, gas temperature T1, gas mass G1 are measured by the first measurement, and the gas pressure P2, gas temperature T2, and gas mass G2 are measured by the second measurement, the difference in mass G (inflow mass dG) is expressed by dG=G2−G1=P1/T1·V/R−P2/T2·V/R=(P1/T1−P2/T2)·V/R . . . Formula (I), and from the above-described formula dG=ro·Qo·dt, the absolute flow rate Qo of the gas can be calculated by Qo=(P1/T1−P2/T2)·V/R·1/(ro·t). Based on the calculated value Qo, it is determined whether the flow rate control performance of the flow rate controller MFC1 is proper.
In the method shown in FIG. 6, the objects of the invention are (1) to reduce errors of the calculated reference flow rate by using a coefficient that is a compression factor in Formula (1) described above since application of the ideal gas equation becomes difficult depending on the kind of gas, and (2) to determine the timing to start the second measurement after the first measurement based on a pressure rise value when the control flow rate is in the range of 1000 to 2000 Standard Cubic Centimeters per Minute (SCCM) or based on an elapsed time when the control flow rate is in the range of 2 to 1000 SCCM.
In the method shown in FIG. 6, it is also a matter of course that a rate of pressure rise ΔP/Δt is obtained from the respective measured values described above, a flow rate Q is calculated based on Q=(ΔP/Δt)×(V/RT), and it can be determined whether the flow rate control value of the flow rate controller MFC1 is proper based on the calculated value.
The method using the build-up tank BT shown in FIG. 5 has problems including that (1) the flow rate measurement device increases in size (must be made larger) due to the use of the build-up tank BT and it is not possible to downsize the dimensions of the gas supply device, (2) the measured value of the gas temperature inside the tank BT significantly fluctuates according to the position of attachment of the temperature detector Td, (3) the gas temperature T during rise of the gas pressure inside the tank significantly fluctuates and does not become a constant temperature T, and (4) when a temperature change of the outside air is large, the gas temperature during pressure detection changes and fluctuation of the temperature detected value T increases, etc., so that even if the gas is close to an ideal gas, high flow rate measurement accuracy cannot be obtained.
On the other hand, in the method shown in FIG. 6, the valve V1 is provided on the flow-in side of the flow rate measurement unit U1, and via this valve, the unit U1 is joined to the end portion of the branched connection pipe passage Ls. However, this valve V1 is not used for flow rate measurement at all, rather, the presence of this valve V1 poses various problems, namely, that fluid resistance increases, a drive mechanism of the valve V1, for example, an electromagnetic valve and drive fluid piping, etc., become necessary, the component cost and assembly cost increase, an operation delay is caused by the driving performance of the valve V1, and timing adjustment becomes necessary, etc.
In the method shown in FIG. 6, in order to measure a sum volume V of the flow passage inner volume Ve of the fluid supply line L and the branched connection pipe passage Ls and the flow passage inner volume Vt of the flow rate measurement unit U1, the valve V1 is opened and closed twice, and during this time, the inside of the flow rate measurement unit U1 is vacuumed. These valve openings and closings require too many procedures to perform flow rate measurement.

Flow rate measurement device and flow rate measurement method for flow rate controller for gas supply device


A head and neck restraint system includes a headpiece, a saddle, and tensioners connecting the headpiece to the saddle. The headpiece resides on top of a crew member's head and the saddle includes a saddle strap residing under the crew member's buttocks. The tensioners are pneumatic muscles which contract when a flow of gas is provided by gas generators. The gas generators are triggered by a G-sensor or by the initiation of a predetermined event. Triggering signals pass through a manifold from an ejection seat, aircraft, or vehicle. Contraction of the pneumatic muscles pulls the headpiece toward the saddle, thereby restraining the head, neck, and spine. The system is worn as an undergarment or incorporated into a garment. A manual adjustment provides head support during flight. The system is particularly useful for preventing head and neck injuries during ejection from or crash of an aircraft or vehicle.

The present invention relates to restraint systems which restrain a crew member body in high dynamic environments, such as during ejection from an aircraft or crash of a vehicle, and in particular to an improved system worn under normal gear for restraint of the head, neck, and spinal column.
Head and neck restraint systems have wide application to many injury prone environments including aircraft ejection. Because aircraft ejection presents one of the most complex and challenging environments for a restraint system, the background of the present invention will primarily be described in that context. Clearly, other applications fall within the scope of the present invention. Ejection sequences vary by manufacturer as well as by ejection mode. The ejection mode is related to altitude, airspeed, and in some cases, attitude. Generally, there is a Launch Phase, a Sustainer Rocket Phase, and a Recovery Phase. The following description is highly simplified.
The Launch Phase first prepares the seat for ejection by positioning (called haulback) of the crew member's torso with a ballistic-powered inertia reel. Haulback begins almost simultaneously with ejection initiation, as would head and neck restraint actuation. Next, a ballistic catapult guides the ejection seat upward to a point where there is little or no danger of flame impingement while the seat and crew member are still in the cockpit when the sustainer rocket(s) fire. Seat sensors detect the ejection conditions. All Launch Phase events occur within approximately 180 milliseconds and 39 inches of travel. During the Launch Phase, the crew member is exposed to possible spinal compression injury during initial catapult motion, neck injury from the sudden upward movement, head injury from headrest impact, and a whiplash-type injury from entry into a high-speed airstream.
The Sustainer Rocket Phase provides the force to propel the ejection seat away from the aircraft, clearing the empennage, to a height sufficient for successful parachute opening. The seat has selected a mode of operation for the Recovery Phase. The seat and crew member are fully presented to the effects of windblast and no longer connected to the aircraft by the catapult. The seat is free to pitch, roll, and yaw to more dangerous attitudes. During the Sustainer Rocket Phase, the crew member is exposed to possible windblast-related neck and limb injuries as well as spinal injury from dynamic overshoot as the spine extends after the initial compression of the launch phase.
The Recovery Phase, which includes parachute deployment and opening, is dependent upon altitude and airspeed. At low altitude and airspeed, the parachute will deploy immediately; at low altitude and high airspeed, the seat will delay parachute deployment until the airspeed is reduced by the drogue parachute; and at very high altitude, parachute deployment will be delayed until the seat and crew member drop to approximately 14,000 feet, descending under a drogue parachute to stabilize the seat/crew member mass. At parachute deployment, the crew member is released from the seat, which falls away. At high speed, inflation of the parachute causes an opening shock, transmitted directly to the crew member's body, which is free of the ejection seat. After full inflation, the crew member swings down under the parachute canopy and a survival kit deploys. During the Recovery Phase, the crew member is exposed to possible neck and/or spinal injury from the full-body whiplash effects of parachute opening shock.
The U.S. government and ejection seat manufacturers have historically recognized a need for a restraint system which reduces or eliminates head and neck injuries during and following aircraft ejection. Secondarily, but still significant, is the concern for spinal injuries. Such a system must meet many challenging requirements. Designing a system to perform within the high dynamic environment of aircraft ejections without radical changes to the ejection system is one challenge. Creating a system which can function in the limited human factors footprint of a high technology cockpit is another. Integrating with the multiple platforms of aircraft, electronics, ejection seat, and personal equipment is another. Accommodating the desires and requirements of pilots and maintenance crews is another challenge.
Unfortunately, past concepts have encountered substantial problems of varying types, such as dependency on seat stabilization, protection in one axis while load induction in other axes, major changes to seat design structures or configurations, dependence on the tautness of existing harnesses, inability to withstand high velocity windblast, and/or the lack of crew acceptance.


A light emitting device according to the present invention includes: a first light source for emitting light having a first wavelength; and a second light source for emitting light having a second wavelength which is different from the first wavelength, wherein the first light source and the second light source are arranged in the same housing, and a relationship of θh1>θh2 is satisfied, where θh1 denotes an angle (full-width-half-maximum) of radiation of the light emitted from the first light source in the horizontal direction, and θh2 denotes an angle (full-width-half-maximum) of radiation of the light emitted from the second light source in the horizontal direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light emitting device and an information processing apparatus for optical recording/reproduction of information.
2. Description of the Related Art
When a single apparatus is used to record/reproduce information for a plurality of recording mediums which have different recording density of information, in general, an information processing apparatus having a plurality of light sources is used. For example, for recording mediums such as a Digital Versatile Disc (hereinafter referred to as "DVD") and a compact disk (hereinafter referred to as "CD") which have different formats, a technique for recording/reproduction of information using a single apparatus having two light sources with different wavelengths has been developed and is practically used.
A light emitting device is used in many practical apparatuses having a plurality of light sources. Conventionally, such a light emitting device has a housing which accommodates a single light source. Accordingly, a plurality of light emitting devices are required for a plurality of light sources.
Recently, Japanese Laid-open publication No. 2002-190133 proposes an apparatus including a light emitting device having a single housing which accommodates two light sources for emitting light having different wavelengths (hereinafter referred to as "two wavelength light source device"). According to the light emitting device, the structure of the apparatus can be simplified, the cost of the apparatus can be reduced due to the reduction of the adjustment steps of parts and assemblies, or high reliability of the apparatus can be achieved.
FIG. 5 shows an exemplary structure of an apparatus including a two wavelength light source device. In FIG. 5, 51a denotes a first light source for emitting light having a wavelength λ1 and 51b denotes a second light source for emitting light having a wavelength λ2. The light sources 51a and 52b are arranged within a two wavelength light source device 51.
The light 2 emitted from the light source 51a is reflected by a beam splitter 4, and is converted into substantially collimated light by a collimating lens 5. The substantially collimated light is converged to a first recording medium 7 by an objective lens 6.
The reflected light from the first recording medium 7 reaches the beam splitter 4 through the opposite path. A portion of the light is transmitted through the beam splitter 4 and enters into a light detector 10 via a detection lens 9. Various signals such as a focus signal, a tracking signal and an RF signal can be detected based on the light entering into the light detector 10.
Herein, the structure of the light detector 10 and/or a detection system for various signals are not essential to the invention, since they are already known in public. Therefore, the detailed description thereof will be omitted.
The light 3 emitted from the second light source 51b also reaches the objective lens 6 through the same path as the light 2 emitted from the first light source 51a and converged to a second recording medium 8. Because the first recording medium 7 and the second recording medium 8 have different thickness of the substrates, the objective lens 6 has a structure in which any spherical aberration is corrected for each thickness of the substrates.
Herein, the structure of the objective lens 6 and/or the method for correcting the spherical aberration are not essential to the invention, since they are already known in public. Therefore, the detailed description thereof will be omitted.
The reflected light from the second recording medium 8 reaches the beam splitter 4 through the opposite path. A portion of the light is transmitted through the beam splitter 4 and enters into a light detector 10 via a detection lens 9. Various signals such as a focus signal, a tracking signal and an RF signal can be detected based on the light entering into the light detector 10.
Again, the structure of the light detector 10 and/or a detection system for various signals are not essential to the invention, since they are already known in public. Therefore, the detailed description thereof will be omitted.
Recently, needs for recording information on the recording medium such as CD and DVD at high speed have been increased. In order to accommodate those needs, it is necessary to output light to the objective lens, wherein the light has a high power sufficient to perform high speed recording.
The angle (full-width-half-maximum) of radiation of light emitted from a semiconductor laser having a high power output, which is currently used as a light source for CD recording or a light source for DVD recording, is between 7 to 10 degrees in the horizontal direction and between 16 to 23 degrees in the vertical direction. Thus, the light source for CD recording and the light source for DVD recording have substantially the same radiation characteristics.
It is assumed that an angle of radiation of light emitted from a light source and a Numerical Aperture (hereinafter referred to as "NA") of an objective lens are the same. In this case, as an optical magnification fc/fo is smaller, the efficiency of light becomes higher. Herein, fc denotes a focusing distance of the collimating lens and fo denotes an focusing distance of the objective lens. This enables to efficiently introduce the light from the semiconductor laser into the objective lens.
For this reason, a smaller fc/fo is more advantageous to realize an apparatus corresponding to high-speed recording, which requires that the objective lens outputs light having a high power.
However, making the fc/fo much smaller reduces the rim strength causing some adverse effects such as making the diameter of the focusing spot become larger, dropping signal quality of the reflected light from the recording medium and not obtaining sufficient apparatus performance.
For this reason, fc/fo=4-5 is adopted as a range of the optimal optical magnification when a common semiconductor laser for CD recording is used.
In DVD recording/reproducing, the recording density of information per unit area is higher than for a CD. Therefore, the focusing spot is needed to be narrower than for a CD. For that reason, the wavelength of the semiconductor light source is made shorter than the light source for CD (CD: substantially 0.78 μm, DVD: substantially 0.60-0.67 μm) and the NA of the objective lens is made larger (CD: substantially 0.45-0.53, DVD: substantially 0.60-0.67). Also the rim strength needs to be higher than the optical system for CD recording. Therefore, fc/fo for DVD is higher than that for CD and fc/fo=6-7 is optimum when currently a common semiconductor laser for DVD recording is used.
However, because an optical system from a light source 10a to the objective lens 6 and an optical system from a light source 10b to the objective lens 6 are identical, an optical magnification fc/fo is substantially identical (to be precise, because of differences of refractive index for each wavelength, and the focusing distance of the lens for each wavelength are slightly different), thus, each cannot obtain the optimum fc/fo. Accordingly, when the optimum fc/fo is different, such as the optical system for DVD recording and the optical system for CD recording, there is a problem that a CD high-speed recording performance and recording/reproducing performance resulting from a focusing performance of a focusing spot for DVD are not compatible.
Specifically, when a plurality of light sources use a light emitting device arranged within a same housing and optical systems having different optimum optical magnifications (fc/fo), such as the ones used for an optical system for DVD recording and an optical system for CD recording, are composed of identical optical systems, the conventional technique can not obtain an optimum fc/fo for each optical system. Therefore, when an optical magnification is made to a value close to the optimum fc/fo for an optical system for DVD recording, the efficiency from a light source of a CD becomes lower and a high-speed recording performance can not be obtained. On the other hand, when an optical magnification is made to a value close to the optimum fc/fo for an optical system for CD recording, the rim strength of light incident on an objective lens from a light source for DVD drops, a focusing performance of the focusing spot of DVD drops and therefore, the desired DVD record-reproducing performance is not able to be obtained.
The present invention solves the conventional problems. Using a plurality of light sources of different wavelengths, it is intended to improve a recording-reproducing performance for a recording medium with a plurality of kinds of different specifications.

Light emitting device and information processing apparatus

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A method for designing an illumination light source, includes acquiring a control feature to control a dimension of a transferred pattern of a mask pattern; designating a plurality of illumination elements illuminating the mask pattern; designating first illumination lights to each of first polarization states of a light emitted from each of the illumination elements; calculating a first optical image of the control feature, formed on a first imaging plane by each of the first illumination lights; and determining an illumination shape and a polarization state distribution of the light, based on an optical characteristic of the first optical image.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to photolithography, and more particularly to a method for designing an illumination light source of an exposure tool, a method for designing a mask pattern, a method for manufacturing a photomask, a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, and a computer program product for designing an illumination light source.
2. Description of the Related Art
In an exposure process for manufacturing a semiconductor device, a mask pattern drawn on a photomask is transferred onto a resist film deposited on a semiconductor substrate. In an exposure tool that transfers the mask pattern, a light emitted from an effective light source illuminates the photomask. The illumination light transmitted and diffracted from the photomask is collected on the resist film by a projection lens to form an optical image. The resist film is sensitized by the formed optical image. The exposed semiconductor substrate is developed to form a resist pattern.
Errors induced by the exposure tool may cause a dimensional variation in the resist pattern from a desired value. For example, the induced errors may include an error of an exposure dose, an error of a height of the substrate with respect to a lens, i.e., a focus error, and the like. Based on a variation tolerance of a dimension of the resist pattern, it is possible to determine the accuracy of an exposure dose and a focus, which are required for the exposure tool. The accuracy of an exposure dose and a focus are respectively referred to as an exposure latitude and a depth of focus.
Image capability of an exposure tool for a fine pattern is represented by the following Rayleigh equation:R=k1×λ/NA   (1)Here, R is the resolution of the exposure tool expressed in term of the smallest resolvable half-pitch that is one half of a minimum period of a periodic pattern. λ is a wavelength of an exposure light. NA is a projection side numerical aperture of a projection lens of the exposure tool. k1 is a factor that indicates efficiency of a photolithography process.
When the k1 factor is lower, i.e., when a finer mask pattern is exposed without changing the wavelength λ of the exposure light and the numerical aperture NA of the projection lens, an exposure latitude and a depth of focus for the mask pattern are decreased. Thus, a dimension of a transferred resist pattern may easily vary outside the range of a variation tolerance. Therefore, a higher transfer accuracy is required for the exposure tool.
To solve such problem, a method for increasing an exposure latitude and a depth of focus for a mask pattern by using a modified illumination has been proposed. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. S61-91662 discloses an illumination method in which a light intensity of a periphery of an effective light source is larger than a center portion thereof. By use of the modified illumination such as an annular illumination and a quadrupole illumination, the exposure latitude and depth of focus for a fine mask pattern can be increased.
However, when the mask pattern is further miniaturized, even by using the annular illumination or the quadrupole illumination, it may be impossible to ensure a sufficient exposure latitude and a sufficient depth of focus for the mask pattern. Additionally, when a variety of features of mask patterns having different dimensions are provided in the photomask, it is not easy to determine which type of modified illumination is better to use. A method to select an optimal illumination, from among a plurality of illuminations, by trial and error is generally implemented by calculating an exposure latitude and a depth of focus. However, the method to select an optimal illumination necessitates a great amount of time and effort.
In order to optimize a shape of an illumination aperture, a proposal has been disclosed, in which an effective light source is divided into a plurality of minute areas, and a normalized image log-scale (NILS) at each of the best focus and defocus of a light intensity distribution is used as an index (see Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. P2004-128108). The normalized image log-scale is defined as a slope of the logarithm of an optical image. Additionally, there has been disclosed a method in which an effective light source is divided in a grid pattern to calculate a light intensity of a lattice point on a semiconductor substrate for each grid of the effective light source, and to optimize a shape of an illumination aperture based on a dispersity of the light intensity (see Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. P2004-79714).
Furthermore, when a pattern dimension is less than the wavelength of an illumination light, a dimensional variation of an image, depending on a polarization state of the illumination light, increases. When a light enters a surface of a semiconductor substrate, a vibration direction of an electric field vector may be perpendicular to the plane of incidence (S-polarization), or parallel to the plane of incidence (P-polarization).
The vibration directions of the electric field vectors of the P-polarized lights that interfere with each other are not parallel to each other. The vibration directions of the electric field vectors of the S-polarized lights that interfere with each other are parallel to each other. Thus, an image contrast of the P-polarization deteriorates as compared with the S-polarization. The image contrast deterioration increases as a mask pattern becomes finer. Accordingly, by applying an S-polarized light, the image contrast is improved, and exposure latitude is increased. As a result, a variation of a resist dimension may decrease.
However, in an actual photomask for semiconductor device manufacturing, mask patterns are arranged in different directions. Thus, it is not easy to determine which polarized light is used to illuminate the mask patterns.

Method for designing an illumination light source, method for designing a mask pattern, method for manufacturing a photomask, method for manufacturing a semiconductor device and a computer program product


Video printing paper used for a video printer is disclosed. A receiving layer comprising a polymeric material is formed on a surface of the video printing paper. Polyvinyl aromatic carboxylic acid ester or copolymer of it is used for the receiving layer. In the receiving layer, resin compatible with the polyvinyl aromatic carboxylic acid ester or its copolymer may also be used by 50 percent by weight or less. It is also possible to add a compound enhancing the dyeing property to the receiving layer. The compound for enhancing the dyeing property are exemplified by ester compounds and urethane compounds. This enables formation of an image superior in light resistance and weather resistance.

Conventionally, attempts to form an image on video printing paper have been made in the following manner. That is, an image composed of a dyestuff transferred onto a surface of resin-coated paper by heating an ink ribbon having a dyestuff layer containing a sublimating-type disperse dye with a thermal head in a dot pattern in accordance with video signals is formed. The Video printing paper has a two-layer structure of a receiving layer and a sheet-like base material. The receiving layer is a layer for receiving the image composed of the dyestuff transferred from the ink ribbon, for example, a sublimating-type disperse dye, and maintaining the image formed by receiving the dyestuff. Up to now, polyester copolymer, polycarbonate copolymer, and polyvinyl chloride copolymer have been used as materials composing the receiving layer.
However, the image formed on the conventional video printing paper with the receiving layer composed of the above-mentioned resin has been insufficient in dyeing property, light resistance, and weather resistance. Therefore, occasionally visibility of the formed image declined, or the color of the image changed. This is believed to be due to susceptibility of the dyestuff to light, moisture, and oxygen in the air, because of the presence of the dyestuff transferred by the thermal head in the vicinity of the surface of the receiving layer.

Polyvinyl aromatic carboxylic acid ester and video printing paper


A vocabulary sub-set is selected from a large speech recognition dictionary. The selected vocabulary sub-set may be used in a real time directory assistance system to improve the system's real-time performance. The selection process is effected on the basis of the cost-benefit ratio, the benefit being measured in savings in operator working time. On the other hand, the cost is measured in terms of hardware limitations, namely processor throughput. Typically, the vocabulary sub-set is limited to a maximum number orthographies that would enable the system to achieve real-time performance.

In addition to providing printed telephone directories, telephone companies provide telephone directory assistance services. Users of these services call predetermined telephone numbers and are connected to directory assistance operators. The operators access directory databases to locate the directory listings requested by the users, and release the telephone numbers of those listings to the users.
Because telephone companies handle a very large number of directory assistance calls per year, the associated labor costs are very significant. Consequently, telephone companies and telephone equipment manufacturers have devoted considerable effort to the development of systems which reduce the labor costs associated with providing directory assistance services.
One difficulty associated with the automation of directory assistance services is the requirement to process in real time databases including a very large number of orthographies. In essence, two factors limit the real-time performance of a speech recognition system, namely memory and processor throughput. Due to increased memory capabilities in the speech recognition hardware, the memory constraints is never reached. In rare cases, where indeed the memory capacity is exhausted, it is possible to increase that capacity at a relatively low cost. Therefore, the real limiting factor in a real-time speech recognition system is processor throughput. Given the maximum processor throughput achievable, it is possible to compute the maximum sized vocabulary that can be processed. Presently, a typical machine can process a recognition acoustic graph consisting of 130,000 nodes.
The benefit of a speech recognition vocabulary is usually measured in terms of savings in operator working time. Indeed, if a single orthography in the vocabulary can save a few seconds of operator's time daily, this entry is highly desirable in the vocabulary since it yields net productivity gain. Take the example of a restaurant listing "The Red Ship" in a given locality. If this listing is requested often by callers, its inclusion in the vocabulary is highly desirable because it frees operator's time as the recognition process and release of the telephone number to the caller is effected without any human intervention. On the other hand, the vocabulary also contains orthographies which are confusing and often lead to low recognition probabilities. Those entries in the vocabulary are not very beneficial since they lead to situations that must be resolved with the assistance of the human operator. Thus, the processing time invested in attempting to automatically process the request is wasted since ultimately the operator has to be involved.
Against this background it becomes apparent that there is a need in the industry to develop a method and an apparatus that is capable of effecting a vocabulary selection to derive a sub-set of a large speech recognition dictionary that improves the process of directory assistance.

Method and apparatus for selecting a vocabulary sub-set from a speech recognition dictionary for use in real time automated directory assistance


A computer-implemented method for protecting organizations against spear phishing attacks may include (1) searching a plurality of websites for user profiles belonging users who are affiliated with an organization and who have access to at least one privileged computing resource controlled by the organization, (2) retrieving, from the user profiles, personal information describing the users, (3) determining, based on the personal information, that a portion of the user profiles belongs to an individual user with access to the privileged computing resource, (4) identifying at least one phishing attack risk factor in the user profiles that belong to the individual user, and (5) assessing, based at least in part on the phishing attack risk factor, a risk of a phishing attack targeting the individual user to illegitimately gain access to the privileged computing resource. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.

Advanced persistent threats (APTs) are a growing problem in the world of information security. APTs are groups that are capably of effectively targeting a specific entity. APTs may range from nation-states to organized crime and may threaten the security of an organization in a variety of ways. Sensitive data is commonly targeted by APTs, causing monetary and reputation damages to affected organizations. APTs may steal intellectual property, financial details of customers and employees, organizational strategy information, or any other type of confidential data. Many attacks by APTs begin with a spear phishing attack against a member of the organization. Spear phishing attacks may use personal information about a targeted member of an organization to individualize the phishing attack, giving the attack a greater chance of success.
Traditional systems for preventing phishing attacks are seldom capable of securing organizations against individualized phishing attacks such as spear phishing. Many traditional systems may focus on preventing generic phishing attacks against the entire organization, and may lack the fine-grained controls necessary to prevent more specific phishing attacks. Traditional systems may not be capable of identifying which members of the organization may be likely targets for phishing attacks. Accordingly, the instant disclosure identifies and addresses a need for additional and improved systems and methods for protecting organizations against spear phishing attacks.

Systems and methods for protecting organizations against spear phishing attacks


A surface light source device has a light-conductor plate operable to conduct light inside and allows the light to exit at a light-exit surface to outside, a light source that is small compared to a width of the light-conductor plate, having a first surface arranged opposite to a light incident surface of the light-conductor plate, and a second surface opposite the first surface, and a fixture having fit pieces engaged on fit areas formed on the light conductor plate, an abutment piece urged to a push area formed on the second surface of the light source, and clamp pieces urged to clamp steps formed on the light source. The abutment piece urges the push area to the light incident surface by an elastic reactive force generated by elastic deformation of the fixture between the fixture and the abutment piece.

Conventionally, various displays including liquid-crystal displays use surface light source devices as backlights, front-lights and the like. For liquid-crystal displays featured small in thickness and light in weight, there are increasing demands for the displays of personal computers, etc. However, no light emissions occur on the liquid-crystal panel per se, external light or a supplementary light source is required in order to view the content being displayed. Meanwhile, there are recent needs toward thickness reduction and power saving due to greatly increasing demands for liquid-crystal displays on the mobile devices such as cellular phones and PDAS. For this reason, efficient utilization of light is of a problem of importance.
Under the technical background like the above, transition is gradually from those using so-called linear light sources, such as cold cathode tubes to surface light source using LEDs (light-emitting diodes). There is a desire to construct a surface light source device with using LEDs in the number to a possible small extent.
The surface light source device using so-called a point light source is based on the principle that the light emitted from a point light source is introduced to the interior of a light-conductor plate through its light incident surface, and spread throughout the light-conductor plate while being totally reflected at between the main and back surfaces of the light-conductor plate. By a polarization pattern formed in the backside of the light-conductor plate, the light is caused to exit toward the front so that the light can exit at the surface of the light-conductor plate.
FIG. 1(a) is a plan view showing a structure of a conventional surface light source device 1, FIG. 1(b) is a cross-sectional view on line X-X in FIG. 1(a), and FIG. 1(c) is a bottom view of the surface light source device 1. In the surface light source device 1, a point light source 2 resin-encapsulated with an LED chip is mounted on a flexible printed board 4 by use of solder 3. The flexible printed board 4 is opened with a crimp hole 5. The light-conductor plate 6, a transparent resin mold, is formed with a light-emission window 7 in a corner thereof. In the vicinity of the light-emission window 7, a crimp pin 8 projects in an underside of the light-conductor plate 6. The point light source 2 is inserted in the light-emission window 7 of the light-conductor plate 6, and the crimp pin 8 is inserted through the crimp hole 5 of the flexible printed board 4. The crimp pin 8 is heated and crushed thereby effecting thermal crimping and fixing the point light source 2 onto the light-conductor plate 6.
However, in the surface light source device I of such a structure, in case the light-emission window 7 of the light-conductor plate 6 and the point light source 2 are the just equal in size, there is a difficulty in automatically inserting the point light source 2 in the light-emission window 7. Thus, a slight clearance is provided to between the point light source 2 and the light-emission window 7. Consequently, in the state the point light source 2 is mounted, a gap occurs between a front surface (light-emission window) of the point light source 2 and a wall surface (light incident surface) of the light-emission window 7. As shown in FIG. 2, light leak readily occurs through the gap toward the main and back surfaces of the light-conductor plate 6, thus making it impossible to efficiently introduce the light emitted from the point light source 2 into the light-conductor plate 6. Thus, there is a problem of lowering in light utilization efficiency. Particularly, on the surface light source device using a point light source 2, such light leak is to cause a great reduction of light utilization efficiency because the emission light amount at light source is lower as compared to the cold cathode tube or the like.
Meanwhile, in such a surface light source device 1, the flexible printed board 4 is thermally crimped by the crimp pin 8, the crimp pin 8 is considerably long in projection length even after thermal crimping if considering a setup strength. Usually, the thickness d in the crimping portion is as great as 0.3 mm. Consequently, the thickness of the surface light source device 1 overall including the crimp pin 8 is significantly great as compared to the thickness of the light-conductor plate 6 itself in the region other than the crimp pin 8, resulting in an increased thickness of the entire surface light source device 1 and hence a difficulty in reducing the thickness thereof.
Furthermore, in such a surface light source device 1, because the point light source 2 in plan is aligned with the light-emission window 7, the positional accuracy in plan thereof is favorable. However, in the direction thicknesswise of the light-conductor plate 6, the point light source 2 is aligned by abutting the flexible printed board 4 against an underside of the light-conductor plate 6. There undergo affections due to the variation, etc. in thickness of a solder 3 and inclination of an LED chip mounted, resulting in deviation in positional accuracy of the point light source 2 in the height direction. In case such variation in the height direction exists where a gap like the above is occurring between the front surface of the point light source 2 and the wall surface of the light-emission window 7 as mentioned above, light leak increases thus resulting in a problem of further lowering in light utilization efficiency.
For this reason, in order to eliminate the gap of between the front surface of the point light source 2 and the wall surface of the light-emission window 7, there is a proposal that a projection 9 protruding from the wall surface of the light-emission window 7 is abutted against a backside of the point light source 2 to thereby urge the front surface of the point light source 2 on the wall surface of the light-emission window 7. This structure can decrease the leak of the light emitted from the point light source 2. However, even this structure still requires a crimp pin 8 thus not solving the problem that the surface light source device 1 is increased in thickness into a difficulty to reduce the thickness.
Meanwhile, there are strong demands for device thickness reduction as seen in portable appliances, which inevitably imposes the need to reduce the thickness of the surface light source devices correspondingly. The conventional surface light source device has the overall thickness of 1.3 mm. Recently, demand is for a surface light source device having a thickness of 1.0 mm or smaller even at its point light source portion. Subtracting a flexible printed board thickness of 0.2 mm therefrom, the point light source must be suppressed 0.8 mm or smaller in thickness. There are a variety of proposals on the thickness reduction for the surface light source device. However, in the method of thermal crimping by placing the point light source 2 within the light-conductor plate 6 as in the surface light source device 1 shown in FIG. 1, the region crimped is as thick as 0.3 mm. Excepting the thickness of the crimping region and the thickness of the flexible printed board 4, there is a need for a point light source to have a thickness of 0.5 mm or smaller. At present, the point light source of side emission is minimally 0.6 mm thick.
In a surface light source device 10 shown in FIG. 4, a recess 11 is formed in an outer peripheral surface of a light-conductor plate 6, to arrange a point light source 2 in a manner opposing to the recess 11. A reflective sheet 12 is bonded between an upper surface of the point light source 2 and the upper surface of the light-conductor plate 6 while a reflective sheet 12 is bonded also between the lower surface of the point light source 2 and the lower surface of the light-conductor plate 6.
With this method, the light, emitted from the point light source 2 to the above of the surface of the light-conductor plate 6 or to the below of the back surface of the light-conductor plate 6, can be reflected upon the reflective sheet 12 and guided to the light-conductor plate 6, as shown in FIG. 5, which improves light utilization efficiency. However, in this method, the point light source 2 and light-conductor plate 6 are not sufficiently aligned before bonding the reflective sheet 12. In case variations occur in the gap between the point light source 2 and the light-conductor plate 6 due to the variation in bonding the reflective sheet 12, there is a decrease in the light introduced into the light-conductor plate 6 thus lowering light utilization efficiency. Furthermore, because the reflective sheet 12 is bonded on the both surfaces of the light-conductor plate 6, the surface light source device 10 increases in thickness. In addition, components increase in the number.
Meanwhile, in a surface light source device 17 shown in FIG. 6, snap-formed fitting holes 19 partly cut away are previously provided in a flange 18 formed of an exterior resin of a point light source 2. As shown in FIG. 7, the flange 18 with the point light source 2 is fitted over the outer peripheral surface of the light-conductor plate 6 in a manner covering a region a recess 11 is formed. By elastically fitting the fitting holes 19 of the point light source 2 with the fitting pins 20 projecting on the both surfaces of the light-conductor plate 6, the point light source 2 is fixed. However, even on this surface light source device 17, where there occur variations in the gaps between the point light source 2 and the light-conductor plate 6 due to errors in the fitting holes 19 or fitting pins 20, the light introduced to the light-conductor plate decreases to lower the light utilization efficiency. Furthermore, because the flange 18 is laid over the both surfaces of the light-conductor plate 6, the surface light source device 17 increases in thickness.
Meanwhile, in a surface light source device 21 shown in FIG. 8, crimp holes 22 are previously opened in both sides of a point light source 2 as shown in FIG. 9. After inserting the crimp pins 23 projecting in an outer peripheral surface of the light-conductor plate 6 into the crimp holes 22 of the point light source 2, the crimp pins 23 are thermally crimped to thereby attach the point light source 2 to the light-conductor plate 6. However, in this surface light source device 21, a gap readily occurs at between the point light source 2 and the outer peripheral surface of the light-conductor plate 6 due to variations in thermal crimping. There is a problem that, if a gap occurs, light leaks through it thus lowering light utilization efficiency.
With the surface light source device of a structure attaching a point light source on the outer peripheral surface of light-conductor plate as above, there is a fear to cause a gap at between the point light source and the light-conductor plate, thus involving a problem that light leaks through the gap thus worsen the light utilization efficiency and wherein the structure is not resistive to impacts.


A method for forming oxides on buried N.sup.+ -type regions in a memory cell fabrication process, suitable for forming oxides on the bury N.sup.+ -type regions before self-aligned MOS device etching, comprises: (1) implanting a high concentration of impurity into the buried N.sup.+ -type regions; (2) annealing the chip; and (3) executing a dry oxide process and then a wet oxidation process to the chip, thereby preventing damage to the edges of buried N.sup.+ -type regions caused by non-uniform thickness of oxides on buried regions during self-aligned MOS etching and resolving the problem of non-uniform oxides on buried N.sup.+ -type regions.

1. Field of the invention
The invention relates to a semiconductor process and, in particular, to a method for forming oxides on buried N.sup.+ -type regions in a flash memory cell fabrication process in order to provide an etching stop function during self-aligned MOS device etching.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Referring to FIG. 1, a memory cell includes field oxides 10, first poly-silicon layers 12 and second polysilicon layers 14 formed in order using a conventional flash memory cell manufacturing process. Then, self-aligned MOS etching is performed on the second poly-silicon layers 14, thereby forming floating gates. Furthermore, oxides (not shown) are formed on buried N.sup.+ -type regions 16 (hereafter BN) which serve as etching stop regions during the above-mentioned self-aligned MOS etching.
In the conventional process, in order to prevent damage caused by etching, extremely thick oxides having an etching stop function are formed on doped regions of high concentration. The doped regions are formed by increasing the impurity concentration of BN regions through ion implantation, raising the temperature to about 900.degree. C., and annealing the substrate with buried N.sup.+ -type regions for about 60 minutes. The oxides are deposited in a high temperature vapor environment for about 20 minutes wet. The principle of forming extremely thick oxides on doped regions of high concentration is described in "Thermal Oxidation of Heavily Doped Silicon" disclosed by B. E. Deal et al. and "Thermal Oxidation of Heavily Phosphorus-Doped Silicon" disclosed by C. P. Ho et al.
However, in a sub-micron semiconductor fabrication process, since the area of a BN region 16 is only about 0.6 .mu.m.times.0.6 .mu.m as shown in FIG. 1 and the two sides of the BN region define the edges of the field oxides, the birds beaks 23a, 23b of field oxides 22a and 22b on the substrate 20 shown in FIG. 2 cover a part of the regions to be doped during ion implantation so that the dopant concentration on the two sides of a BN region is less than the dopant concentration in the center. As a result, the oxide on the center part of a BN region is thicker than those on the two sides of the BN region, resulting in the BN region at the edges of the field oxides 22a and 22b being too readily etched during subsequent etching, thereby creating a trench 24 as shown in FIG. 2.

Method for forming oxides on buried N.sup.+ -type regions


The invention is directed to an ink-jet recording apparatus including: a recording medium transport unit as defined herein; a full-line ink-jet head as defined herein; and an ultraviolet light illumination unit as defined herein, wherein the ultraviolet light illumination unit comprises an aperture-type hot-cathode tube, or an ultraviolet-setting ink-jet recording apparatus including: a recording medium transport unit as defined herein; and ink-jet head as defined herein; and an ultraviolet light illumination unit as defined herein, wherein: the ultraviolet light illumination unit comprises plural aperture-type hot-cathode tubes and apertures of at least one set of aperture-type hot-cathode tubes are rotated so that an overlap of their illumination regions is increased.

Ink-jet recording apparatus which form an image by discharging an ink which is set when receiving the energy of ultraviolet light or an electron beam toward a recording medium using an ink-jet head and then applying energy to the ink have various features; for example, they are environment-friendly, can perform high-sped recording on various recording media, and can produce high-resolution images because the ink is less prone to soak into recording media.
In particular, the development of apparatus using an ultraviolet-setting ink is making rapid progress because of case of handling of a light source, compactness, etc. And what is called a single-pass ink-jet recording apparatus in which a web-like recording medium capable of being transported at high speed is used, a fixed head wide enough to perform recording over the full width of a recording medium is opposed to the recording medium, and recording is completed by only one pass of the recording medium under the head has been invented by taking advantage of high-speed fixing performance of the ultraviolet-setting ink.
When color printing is performed with such a single-pass ink-jet recording apparatus, fixed heads are arranged in the number of colors in the transport direction of a recording medium. To prevent mixing of inks of different colors, JP-A-2004-314586 discloses an apparatus in which a light illumination means is disposed downstream of the head of each color.
JP-A-2004-237602 discloses an ink-jet recording system using cation-type ultraviolet-setting inks and inexpensive cold cathode fluorescent tubes or hot cathode fluorescent tubes.
FIG. 6 shows a single-pass ink-jet recording apparatus disclosed in JP-A-2004-314586. In FIG. 6, reference numeral 60 denotes a conventional single-pass ink-jet recording apparatus. In the single-pass ink-jet recording apparatus 60, a recording medium S is pulled out of a recording medium roll 61 which is a roll-wound recording medium. First, a desired image of a Y (yellow)-color ultraviolet-setting ink is recorded on the recording medium S as it is transported under a Y-color full-line ink-jet head 63Y in which a large number of ink-jet nozzles are arranged in the width direction (i.e., in the direction perpendicular to the paper surface of FIG. 6) of the recording medium S. Immediately thereafter, the Y-color ink that has been discharged and placed on the recording medium S is fixed receiving an active energy ray as the recording medium S passes under an active-energy-ray-setting lamp 64. High light intensity is necessary for setting of the ink, and a very expensive high-pressure mercury lamp, medium-pressure mercury lamp, or metal halide lamp is used as the light source.
Then, a desired image of an M (magenta)-color ultraviolet-setting ink is recorded on the recording medium S as it is transported under an M-color full-line ink-jet head 63M in which a large number of ink-jet nozzles are arranged in the width direction of the recording medium S. Immediately thereafter, the M-color ink that has been discharged and placed on the recording medium S is fixed receiving an active energy ray as the recording medium S passes under another active-energy-ray-setting lamp 64.
Then, a desired image of a C (cyan)-color ultraviolet-setting ink is recorded on the recording medium S as it is transported under a C-color full-line ink-jet head 63C in which a large number of ink-jet nozzles are arranged in the width direction of the recording medium S. Immediately thereafter, the C-color ink that has been discharged and placed on the recording medium S is fixed receiving an active energy ray as the recording medium S passes under another active-energy-ray-setting lamp 64.
Finally, a desired image of a B (black)-color ultraviolet-setting ink is recorded on the recording medium S as it is transported under a B-color full-line ink-jet head 63B in which a large number of ink-jet nozzles are arranged in the width direction of the recording medium S. Immediately thereafter, the B-color ink that has been discharged and placed on the recording medium S is fixed receiving an active energy ray as the recording medium S passes under a metal halide lamp 65 which is higher in light intensity than the above-mentioned active-energy-ray-setting lamps 64. Four-color-ink recording is thus performed.
As described above, because of a superior high-speed fixing characteristic, ultraviolet-setting inks are applied to the above-described single-pass ink-jet recording apparatus. And several systems are now on the market which are advantageous in that, for example, they are high in productivity, enable image drawing on various recording media, and are environment-friendly.
On the other hand, high light intensity is necessary for setting inks, and a very expensive high-pressure mercury lamp, medium-pressure mercury lamp, metal halide lamp, or the like is used as each ink-setting light source.
FIG. 7 shows an ink-jet recording apparatus disclosed in JP-A-2004-237602 which uses inexpensive hot cathode fluorescent tubes. In FIG. 7, reference numeral 70 denotes a single-pass ink-jet recording apparatus; 71, a transport belt, 73, ink-jet heads (73Y: yellow head, 73M: magenta head, 73C: cyan head, 73B: black head); 74, inexpensive hot cathode fluorescent tubes; and 75, a light source which is higher in power than the hot cathode fluorescent tubes 74 and provides sufficient light intensity to set inks.
The invention of JP-A-2004-314586 has the following problems. That is, in the case of a high-productivity apparatus, the ultraviolet light illumination unit is expensive because the illumination light intensity needs to be increased to compensate for short illumination periods. To prevent mixing of inks, the apparatus become very costly. On the other hand, the invention of JP-A-2004-237602 has a problem that the setting characteristic is insufficient particularly under a high-speed condition because of low light intensity of the hot cathode fluorescent tubes.


An insect trap having a rear cover attached to a wall which is connected to a separate and removable front cover. The front cover can be primarily round in shape with a plurality of slats and a shiny exterior appearance. An adhesive member, such as a sticky board, can be attached to the rear surface of the front cover. A light bulb is disposed within a ballast/socket member attached to the front of the rear cover. Once plugged in, light from the bulb is primarily and substantially retained within the trap by its capture in view of the rounded ends of the rear cover. The light illuminates the trap itself to attract insects to the area between the rear and front covers where the adhesive member is positioned.

Current indoor bug lights typical reflect light onto the wall and ceiling of a room as a way of attracting flying insects to the trap. These conventional traps are typically not pleasant in appearance and thus, distract from the overall ornamental decorative aspects of a room in which they are located. Given the physical appearance of the traps, and that their shining lights also calls to their attention, use for the traps is most likely to be found in a commercial establishment. The present invention is intended to overcome the problems of past insect traps which use light to attract insects for capture by the trap.


A module is electrically connectable to a computer system. The module includes at least one multilayer structure having a plurality of electrical contacts which are electrically connectable to the computer system. The module further includes a first printed circuit board coupled to the at least one multilayer structure. The first printed circuit board has a first surface and a first plurality of components mounted on the first surface. The first plurality of components is in electrical communication with the electrical contacts. The module further includes a second printed circuit board coupled to the at least one multilayer structure. The second printed circuit board has a second surface and a second plurality of components mounted on the second surface. The second plurality of components is in electrical communication with the electrical contacts. The second surface of the second printed circuit board faces the first surface of the first printed circuit board. The module further includes at least one thermally conductive layer positioned between the first plurality of components and the second plurality of components. The at least one thermally conductive layer is in thermal communication with the first plurality of components, the second plurality of components, and the electrical contacts.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to computer modules having a plurality of components mounted on two or more stacked printed circuit boards, and more specifically to high density memory modules using stacked printed circuit boards with heat dissipation structures.
2. Description of the Related Art
Computer systems often utilize modules comprising one or more printed circuit boards (PCBs). Each PCB has one or more components (e.g., integrated circuits or ICs) mounted thereon, and the components can be mounted on one side or on both sides of the PCB. In certain computer systems, the PCBs of the module are stacked next to one another to increase the functionality of the module. For example, board stacking is a method used to increase the memory density in memory subsystems. The technique is also used to increase the device density of other components, such as logic. Stacking enhances the capability of the module, particularly if components are assembled on each of the two sides of each of the stacked PCBs. In such configurations, the components mounted on one side of one PCB are positioned in close proximity to the components mounted on a neighboring side of a neighboring PCB.
Stacking configurations can cause problems due to power dissipation in the components which are in close proximity. Some or all of the components can generate significant amounts of heat, which can raise the temperature of the component itself or of the surrounding components of the module. The narrow air gap between the components on either side of the stacked PCBs prevents air flow which would otherwise keep the components within their specified operating temperature ranges. The raised temperature of these components can have harmful effects on the performance of the components, causing them to malfunction.
Prior art systems utilize heat spreaders to radiate the heat away from the heat-generating component and away from the surrounding components of the module. Such prior art heat spreaders are mounted over the heat-generating components. In stacked configurations, the prior art heat spreaders are typically mounted over components on an outside surface of the PCB (i.e., a surface away from a neighboring PCB). While these prior art heat spreaders can dissipate heat generated by the components on the outside surface of the PCB, components on the inside surfaces would remain hot. In addition, the components on the outside surface of the PCB are effectively cooled by air flowing across the components from a ventilation fan. However, the narrow air gap between the stacked PCBs would allow very little cool air from the ventilation fan to cool the components on the inside surfaces to within the specified operating temperatures.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

High density memory module using stacked printed circuit boards


A process and device for uniquely identifying an Internet enabled device with a unique identification. The process can include receiving an identification when an Internet user accesses an Internet resource, and determining position-based information for at least one of an Internet user and an Internet enabled device based on the identification. The identification may be authenticated, to reduce fraud. The identification may further be used to determine whether or not the device is in a particular geographic area of interest.

1. Field
The device and process is in general directed to unique Internet access identification.
2. Related Art
Internet advertising has become a multibillion dollar industry allowing various advertisers to provide directed advertisements to websites and search engines at minimal cost. The cost of such advertisement is typically based on the number of clicks an advertisement receives from various World Wide Web (www) Internet Users. Accordingly, an Internet advertiser typically pays for the advertisements in a per use or "pay-per-click" manner. In other words, when an Internet user selects or "clicks" an Internet advertisement, the advertiser is charged.
The Internet advertiser can typically provide the advertisements in a number of different ways. In one way, the Internet advertising can be generated by a search engine when an Internet User makes a search based on a particular set of key words or the like. The Internet advertiser can typically provide their advertisements to the search engine webpage thus providing the Internet User with an advertisement based on the search criteria.
A second way in which an Internet advertiser may provide their advertisement to Internet Users is to associate or embed their advertisement into a typical third party or non-search engine based webpage. In both of these cases, when the Internet User clicks on the Internet advertisement provided by the Internet advertiser, the Internet advertiser is typically charged a certain fee for the click.
Unfortunately the Internet advertising industry has been subject to a number of different types of fraud. One type of fraud is created when a user or an automated robotic computer fraudulently clicks an Internet advertisement. This clicking is not based on any interest in the Internet advertiser's advertisement, however the Internet advertiser is still typically subject to the pay-per-click cost generated when this fraudulent click is made to their Internet advertisement. The fraudulent clicks can be generated from those various individuals that will benefit from the pay-per-click cost to the Internet advertiser. These individuals include those that host the Internet advertisement, competitors that benefit from the advertiser losing money on advertising, and the like. For example various competitors of the advertisers may wish to harm the competitor who is providing Internet advertising in the same market. The harm could come by clicking on their Internet advertisements to run up the advertising cost to the Internet advertiser. This will typically weaken or eliminate the source of competition for this particular individual. In any event, no matter what the source of the fraudulent click to the Internet advertiser, the Internet advertiser ends up paying the cost for Internet advertisement that is not provided to an interested Internet user.
Another type of Internet advertising fraud is impression fraud. Impression fraud is the repeated loading of and reloading of a search engine page or web page having an advertisement. When repeatedly loading the webpage advertisement and not clicking on the webpage advertisement, the advertisement will appear to be a non-performing webpage advertisement. Accordingly because the webpage is non-performing, the search engine or web master will have a tendency to drop it.
A number of search engines have tried to reduce the amount of fraudulent clicks by employing various technologies or fraud filters. For example, at least one search engine has created algorithms that sift through the clicks to find patterns suggesting fraud. Once fraud is determined, they disregard the fraudulent clicks without regard to the source or motive of the clicks. One such way in which to determine fraudulent clicks is to ascertain a time and IP address from the source of the click. For example, an Internet advertiser may host a webpage advertisement in another webpage. This webpage advertisement will typically have its own very long Universal Resource Locator (URL). This URL is typically embedded with a string of information that includes the current time (in milliseconds), the last time the host webpage was updated (also in milliseconds), and various other data to track an Internet User behavior. Thereafter, the search engine may review this information to ascertain whether or not a particular Internet User has clicked on the same advertisement more than once. If the same Internet User has clicked on the advertisement multiple times, then the advertisement will only be considered to have received a single click. Another approach is to look for telltale behavior including proxy servers and clicks coming from geographic areas not likely to have customers. However, this information is typically very difficult to obtain.
These various approaches to reducing fraudulent clicks have been less than satisfactory. In particular, fraudulent clicks still make up a large percentage of the clicks that are received by typical advertisers.
Further, an Internet User on the World Wide Web is typically given Internet advertising that is not relevant to their geography. This is because a typical Internet User browses the Web in a manner such that no one knows their geographic location. Accordingly, local advertisers are typically not interested in providing any type of local advertisement on the World Wide Web as they rightfully believe that the majority of individuals will not typically be relevant to their advertising as they are out of the geographic location that could benefit them through their advertising. There is no solution to geographic locating of Internet Users that is satisfactory for dealing with the above-noted issue.
Accordingly, there is a need to uniquely identify an Internet User in order to determine that they are indeed a legitimate consumer for Internet advertising, and there is a further need to determine the geographic location of an Internet User in order to better direct geographic specific advertising to the Internet User.

Device and process for unique internet access identification


Provided is a method of aligning a camera using correspondence information between multi-images. The camera alignment method using correspondences between multi-images includes defining a correspondence relation between images photographed in the multi-camera system, estimating an initial position of the camera using the correspondence relation between the images and a Structure From Motion (SFM) algorithm, redefining a changed correspondence relation between the images as a result of the estimation of the initial position of the camera using a bundle edge to generate an optimal edge, and correcting the position of the camera based on the optimal edge.

A technology for correcting a position of a camera for each of given input images is one of important matters of concern in a computer vision field. To this end, an order of images should be defined first.
Most researchers correct a position of a camera by acquiring images in a predetermined direction to arbitrarily give an order of the images, or using a video camera having a predetermined order of images.
A method of defining an order of images using a video camera includes extracting all frames from a photographed video to extract only important frames for estimating position information about the camera, thereby removing unnecessary frames.
Sainz automatically gives an order of the images by extracting, as a subset, an image needed for camera correction from a photographed video image using information about feature points. Nister corrects a position of a camera by defining a partial image sequence for camera correction using three frames, extracting the partial image sequence using correspondences, giving an order to the partial image sequence. However, these methods simply intend to remove duplicate images because the order is predetermined upon photographing, and thus are difficult to apply to a snap image photographed at any position. In addition, since a camera is corrected using only a feature relation between adjacent images, an error may be accumulated during camera correction.
As another method, a user may directly decide an order of images. In this case, the user should review all images one by one and designate the order of the images. However, this method requires tremendous effort and time, and also it is quite difficult for the user to define the order of images.

Camera alignment method using correspondence between multi-images

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE