A terminal device has at least one measurement sensor for measuring a physical quantity of a measurement target. A control unit switches the measurement sensor, when activated, from a non-activated state to an activated state. An activation unit, which is driven at lower power consumption than the measurement sensor, activates the control unit when a physical quantity having a correlation with the physical quantity of the measurement target has satisfied a given activation condition.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a terminal device for transmitting results obtained by measuring (metering) physical quantities using measurement sensors, a communication system including the terminal device and a method of activating the terminal device.
2. Background Art
In a sensor network system, a sensor terminal device performs transmission of results obtained by measuring physical quantities using measurement sensors to a base station device.
In a wireless sensor described in PTL 1, power of a power supply unit can be supplied when a sensor to be operated without the power is in an on-state, power of the power supply unit is not supplied when the sensor is in an off-state, and a transmission unit performs transmission of given information by wireless communication to the outside by receiving the power of the power supply unit.

Terminal device, communication system and method of activating terminal device


The present invention relates to methods that employ peptides or peptide derivatives to inhibit hepatitis C virus infection. The present invention is based in part on the discovery that E2 envelope glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus has previously undescribed domains that are important for interactions with cellular or viral proteins that are necessary for early steps in HCV infection. The present invention provides peptides and methods of treatment and prophylaxis of diseases induced by hepatitis C virus and related viruses.

Viruses must infect host cells to replicate, produce a spreading infection, and cause disease. Infection by enveloped viruses requires binding of the virion to one or more structures on the cell surface (Flint and McKeating, 2000). The initial step may be a low affinity non-specific binding (Barth et al., 2003). Subsequently, the virus binds with high affinity to primary receptors, and then in some cases to secondary receptors or co-receptors (Bartosch et al., 2003; Hsu et al., 2003; Roccasecca et al., 2003; Cormier et al., 2003;_Pohlmann et al., 2003; Zhang et al., 2004). The cell surface binding steps can be associated with a variety of structural rearrangements of the virion surface proteins and changes in protein-protein interactions between the viral surface proteins (Jardetsky and Lamb, 2004; Modis et al., 2004; Bressanelli et al., 2004; Gibbons et al, 2004). The latter steps can expose the fusion peptide, a hydrophobic domain of a viral glycoprotein that is able to interact with cell membranes (Flint et al., 1999; Allison et al., 2001). In some cases, the binding of the virus to the cell surface receptors triggers uptake of the virus through endocytic, or similar vesicular pathways (Garry and Dash, 2003; Jardetsky and Lamb, 2004). Exposure to more acidic conditions in the vesicles can trigger conformational changes in the viral surface proteins, including those that expose the fusion peptide (Kuhn et al., 2002; Lescar et al., 2001). For most viruses, binding to the cellular receptor is primarily the function of one viral surface protein, whereas fusion of the viral and cellular membranes is primarily the function of another viral surface protein. An example of a virus with separate receptor binding and fusion protein is HIV. The receptor binding protein of HIV is the surface glycoprotein (SU; gp120) and the fusion protein is the transmembrane glycoprotein (TM;gp41) (Kwong et al., 1998; Gallaher et al., 1987; 1989). Most viruses with class I fusion proteins in which the fusion peptide is located at or near the amino terminus, for example retroviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses arenaviruses and coronaviruses, use one protein for receptor binding and another for fusion (Wilson et al., 1981; Gallaher et al, 1996; 2001). Alphaviruses, which have a class II fusion protein with an internal fusion peptide, also use one protein principally for receptor binding and another for fusion of the viral and cellular membranes (Straus and Straus, 1994). The envelope (E) protein encoded by members of the flavivirus genus of the Flaviviridae, has an internal fusion peptide, but serves both receptor binding and fusion function (Allison et al., 2001).
Hepatitis C virus encodes two envelope glycoproteins, E1 (gp35) and E2 (gp70), both with C-terminal transmembrane anchor domains (Flint and McKeating, 2000). E2 interacts with several cell surface proteins (CD81, SR-BI and L-SIGN) suggesting that it is the receptor binding protein of HCV (McKeating, 2004). The function of E1 is less clear and may act to chaperone E2 (Flint et al., 1999; Garry and Dash, 2003). Synthetic peptides corresponding to hepatitis C virus E2 can block infection mediated by hepatitis C virus. Structural determinations of the hepatitis C virus E2 allow the identification of several heretofore unknown features of hepatitis C virus E2 for drug and vaccine development.
The Flavivirus family includes a variety of important human and animal pathogens. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the leading viral cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (Poynard et al., 2003). In the United States alone, an estimated 4 million people are infected with HCV. This is approximately four times the number infected by HIV. Each year in the US, 30-50,000 new HCV infections occur, and about 15-20,000 people die. Moreover, these numbers are expected to increase dramatically given that a substantial portion of HCV infected individuals show little or no response to the only currently approved therapeutics (i.e. treatment with interferons and/or ribavirin). HCV infection is spread primarily through needle sharing among drug users, although there is some risk from accidental needle sticks, blood products before 1992, chronic blood dialysis, and frequent sexual contact. Current treatments for HCV using ribavirin and interferon cost ˜$8,000 to $20,000 per year, and are only partially successful in about half of patients treated. Overall, about 80% of HCV carriers suffer chronic liver inflammation and cirrhosis, of these 25% will develop end stage liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (Colombo, 2000). End stage HCV disease is the most frequent indication for liver transplants and this costs $250,000 to $300,000. Better drugs to treat HCV infection and an effective vaccine to prevent HCV infection are urgently needed.

The Administrators Of The Tulane Educational Fund


A portable wireless terminal provides a signal output circuit for outputting an audio signal to a speaker or to earphones from an earphone jack via a plug, and a controller for controlling the signal output circuit to output an arbitrary audio signal or another audio signal to the speaker and/or the earphones at an arbitrary timing when the audio signal is being outputted to the speaker and/or the earphones. Thereby, an audio signal can be outputted to the desired speaker and/or the earphones that have been arbitrary selected by switching the signal output circuit without pulling the plug out of the earphone jack when the audio signal is being outputted to the speaker and/or the earphones.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to a portable wireless terminal, a method of outputting sound and a method of picking up sound, and is suitably applied, for example, to a digital mobile phone having a music data reproducing function.
2. Background Art
Recently, there is a digital mobile phone in that music can be recorded for example in an internal memory as digital data, and the user can enjoy the music by reproducing the music data from the memory as a music player while he/her does not make a call at the place where he/she is.
In the above digital mobile phone, for example earphones are used to reproduce music data. The music data is reproduced from the memory in the state where a plug connected to the above earphones is inserted into an earphone jack provided on the digital mobile phone. The above reproduced music data is converted into an analog audio signal and transmitted to the earphones from the earphone jack via the plug. Thus music based on the audio signal is emitted from the above earphones.
Furthermore, if a call comes on the reproducing of the music data, the digital mobile phone informs the user of the call incoming by superimposing a signal for ringing tone on the audio signal corresponding to the above music data and transmitting them to the earphones, and ringing an incoming tone from the earphones along with music.
Thereby, even if a call comes on the reproducing of music data; the digital mobile phone can make the user speak over the phone with the other party by informing the user of the call incoming.
In this digital mobile phone, however, the earphone jack is a mechanical switch. If the earphones plug is inserted into the above earphone jack, only the earphones are forcedly made to work instead of a speaker provided on the digital mobile phone.
Therefore, in the digital mobile phone, if a call comes while listening to the music with the earphones, to speak by the phone with the other party, the user have to pull the earphones plug out of the earphone jack to make the speaker work. There has been a problem that it is bad in usability.

Portable wireless terminal, method of outputting sound, and method of picking up sound


A fluid holder includes: a housing having an inner surface and at least one fluid outlet; a piston in slidable engagement with the inner surface and having first and second opposed surfaces with a threaded opening extending therebetween, the first surface of the piston and the inner surface of the housing defining a fluid chamber in communication with the at least one fluid outlet; and a threaded member engageable with the threaded opening, a first portion of the threaded member extending from the first surface of the piston, the threaded member being rotatably coupled to the housing on the first portion of the threaded member for rotation in the threaded opening of the piston such that rotation of the threaded member causes a force to be exerted by the threaded member on the housing and on the piston to expand or contract the fluid chamber.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates generally to lubrication, and more particularly to a fluid holder and an electromechanical lubricator employing the same.
2. Description of Related Art
Known electromechanical lubricators include fluid holders that are detachably coupled to drive assemblies. In known electromechanical lubricators, the drive assembly causes rotation of a threaded member that is threaded through a threaded piston, urging the threaded piston in a direction that tends to expel fluid out of a fluid chamber through a fluid outlet. However, particularly with viscous fluids, rotation of the threaded member tends to cause pressure to accumulate in the fluid chamber, which results in a thrust force along the threaded member against the drive assembly.
The thrust force exerted by the threaded member against the drive assembly can cause increased friction in the drive assembly. This increased friction may accelerate wear of the drive assembly, for example by causing misalignment of gears in the drive assembly, which may result in reduced life span for the drive assembly.
The increased friction also requires delivery of more power by the drive assembly, thereby shortening the life span of batteries or other power sources for the drive assembly. The increased friction from the thrust force on the drive assembly may also limit the pressure that the drive assembly can exert on the fluid, and may limit the temperature range in which the lubricator can operate. Also, an accumulation of thrust force on the threaded member can cause the drive assembly of the lubricator to separate from the lubricator, and this potential for a significant accumulation of thrust force on the threaded member can cause disassembly of the lubricator to be difficult or unsafe.

Fluid holder and electromechanical lubricator employing same


An interior armrest for an automotive vehicle includes upper and lower horizontal walls and a channel-shaped lateral impact contactor joined to the upper horizontal walls by the means of shear planes. The lateral impact contactor has a number of wedge-shaped vertical interruptions which cooperate with the shear planes to produce a controlled collapse in the event of a lateral impact of an occupant of the vehicle against the armrest.

For decades, automotive designers have striven to design armrests which mitigate force input to a vehicle occupant in the event of a side impact against a door or other panel of the vehicle having an interior trim including a fixed armrest. U.S. Pat. No. 3,400,979 discloses an armrest in which a honeycombed member formed of metal, paper, or plastics, is filled with a material such as polyurethane-foamed filler material. A problem with the armrest of the '979 patent resides in its excessive weight and cost. U.S. Pat. No. 4,869,543 discloses an armrest having a number of vertical ribs, but lacking vertical rigidity imparted by the horizontal, vertically separated walls of an armrest according to the present invention.
A multi-function armrest according to the present invention solves the problems found in prior art armrests by providing an armrest which has excellent vertical stability and load bearing capability, while offering multi-function capability, as well as the ability to collapse in a controlled manner when impacting the torso of a vehicle occupant seated alongside the armrest, in the event of a lateral impact directed against the vehicle.

Multi-function armrest for automotive vehicle


A method is for controlling a synchronous motor includes a stator, a rotor with a position and a speed, a direct axis and a quadrant axis. The method includes: providing a position control, a speed control and a current control programs; executing either the position control program or the speed control program to produce a quadrant axis current; executing the current control program; detecting the synchronous motor to obtain a first, a second and a third phase currents, and digitizing the three phase currents; using the three phase currents and the quadrant axis current to calculate a direct axis current; converting the direct axis current and quadrant axis current to a direct axis voltage command and quadrant axis voltage command; executing a pulse width modulation for the direct axis and the quadrant axis voltage commands, to get a trigger signal for controlling the synchronous motor.

(1) Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a controlling method of a motor, and especially relates to an adaptive controlling method of a synchronous motor.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
In traditional industry or high-tech industry, the electric motor as an indispensably apparatus. The electric motor has the advantage of small rotor inertia, good starting performance, easy to heat etc., but the control mathematical model of electric motor is a complex nonlinear system. Therefore, it is required to use more complex control technology to complete the drive and control.
The most commonly used control method is proportional-integral-derivative controller (commonly known as PID controller) in recent industry. The structure of PID controller is simple and high stability, but its parameter values are fixed, it must rely on experience or the trial and error to find the controller parameters, and manually adjusted at the scene. When the motor subject to external interference, especially nonlinear interference, the considered variables of PID controller are relative increase in the adjustment. Consequently, when design the motor control system, it is difficult to achieve good response by one group of control parameters. On the other hand, the parameters of the control system also changes because of the environmental impact, then results in the deterioration of the control performance. There are many higher control theory used in the design of the motor control system to improve control system performance, but the relative complexity enhance.
Therefore, how to provide a low complexity adaptive control architecture, so that the control parameters can be adjusted at any time with the change of command or the environment, that is the problem our technology desperately wants to solve.

NATIONAL TAIWAN UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


A method of making a semiconductor device including a semiconductor chip having a plurality of pads, and a lead frame having a plurality of leads. Each of the plurality of leads has a mounting surface for mounting the semiconductor device, a wire connection surface having a thick portion, and a thin portion whose thickness is thinner than the thick portion. The length of each wire connection surface was furthermore formed shorter than the mounting surface, by arranging so that the thin portion of each lead dives below the semiconductor chip, securing the length of the mounting surface of each lead, a distance from the side face of the semiconductor chip to the side face of a molded body of the semiconductor device being shortened as much as possible, and the package size is brought close to chip size, with miniaturization of QFN.

A conventional plastic molded type semiconductor device consists of a semiconductor element mounted by adhesives on the die pad part, a plurality of inner lead parts whose tip parts were arranged opposing to the die pad part, a metal thin wire having connected the semiconductor element and the inner lead part, and sealing resin having molded the enclosure. Even if an upset structure in a die pad part is not formed, the edge part of the mounted semiconductor element can be made to approach the tip part top face of an inner lead part, since the tip part of an inner lead part has the thin thick portion which deleted top-face thickness (for example, refer to Patent Reference 1).
[Patent Reference 1] Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-37219 (FIG. 1)

Semiconductor device having plurality of leads


A protective tube for a laser endoscope that prevents the passage of laser smoke towards the oral cavity of a patient, removes debris from the endoscope and which is adapted to be inserted through the oral cavity and into an esophagus of a patient receiving medical treatment, the protective tube comprising a curved resilient member having a proximal end and a distal end, the proximal end including a mouthpiece and the distal end including a first sealing means and a second sealing means, the first sealing means forming a first seal between an outer surface of the tube and an inner surface of the esophagus and the second sealing means forming a second seal between an inner surface of the tube and an outer surface of the laser endoscope.

It is a common practice to perform both diagnostic and therapeutic esophageal endoscopy on human medical patients to discover and rectify abnormalities that may occur in the esophagus and portions of the stomach and duodenum. For example, endoscopy is frequently used in patients suspected of having reflux esophagitis, benign strictures, gastrointestinal distress and bleeding, esophageal rings, esophageal ulcers, malignant tumors and cancers. The aforementioned abnormalities may be treated by various techniques, including laser therapy. This is especially beneficial, among other things, in tumor removal, coagulation of ulcer beds and treatment of certain esophageal cancers. However, along with the many benefits of laser therapy, there are certain disadvantages, including the production of laser smoke which migrates towards the oral cavity, nasal passage and lungs and is injurious to these tissues. Specifically, the smoke causes oxygen depletion in the lungs and may contain viable cancer tissues which can affect the patient and operating room personnel. Another disadvantage of laser therapy is that debris produced from the laser often collects on the distal end of the endoscope. During removal of the endoscope from the patient, this same debris may adhere to any tissue or equipment it contacts, and may adhere to the endoscope during its reinsertion into the patient.
Despite the above-mentioned disadvantages, laser therapy is still widely used in conjunction with a variety of medical devices such as endoscopes, angioscopes, catheters and the like. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,770,653 discloses a catheter for laser angioplasty that includes a positioning means in the form of an expandable balloon at its distal end. Expansion of the balloon increases the distal end portion until it contacts the walls of the vascular lumen or other cavity within a patient to form a seal and stabilize the distal end of the catheter. This patent further discloses, and is primarily concerned with, an aiming mechanism for positioning an optical fiber within an arterial lumen so as to direct the fiber towards a particular site therein. Other known devices in this general medical field also include an endobronchial or endotracheal tube having inflatable cuffs which preclude air in the patient's lungs from escaping through the trachea or bronchus.
While the above-cited '653 patent is directed to the aiming or positioning of optical fibers, it does not address the particular problems associated with smoke and debris which are typically encountered in laser surgery. Likewise, the above-mentioned endobronchial and endotracheal tubes address entirely different problems from those which occur in laser surgery.
These aforementioned devices, while providing an effective remedy to various unrelated problems associated with endoscopy, do not teach or suggest any sealing means, or any other means, which solve the specific problem of smoke and debris control encountered in laser surgery.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a protective tube for a laser endoscope that prevents the passage of laser smoke towards the oral cavity of a patient and which is adapted to be inserted through the oral cavity and into an esophagus of a patient receiving medical treatment.
Another object of the invention is to provide a protective tube for a laser endoscope that removes debris build-up from the distal end of the endoscope so that this same debris will not adhere to the interior of the protective tube during removal of the endoscope and later cause damage to the endoscope during its reinsertion into the tube.
Another object of the invention is to provide a protective tube for a laser endoscope that is adapted to fit any existing laser endoscope and which may be attached thereto quickly and easily.
Another object of the invention is to provide a protective tube for a laser endoscope that serves as a guide during insertion of the endoscope.
Another object of the invention is to provide a protective tube for a laser endoscope that precludes any tissue injury in the oral cavity and nasal passage.
Another object of the invention is to provide a protective tube for a laser endoscope that may be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Another object of the invention is to provide a protective tube for a laser endoscope that is disposable.
A further object of the invention is to provide a protective tube for a laser endoscope that is easy to manufacture and cost effective to use.


A method for monitoring a fan comprises measuring power usage of the fan, determining a derivative of the measured fan power usage, tracking the derivative over time, and predicting impending fan failure based on the tracked fan power usage derivative.

Fans are a relatively low reliability component in a power supply system. Failure of one or more fans in a fan array may cause an entire power supply system to fail due to overheating. Conventionally, fans are often replaced at regular maintenance intervals to avoid fan failure, sometimes replacing good fans and increasing maintenance costs while failing to replace fans that fail at a rate higher than expected.
In highly available system, an ability to hot-swap and cold-swap failed field replaceable units (FRUs) is common and useful. However, a maintenance schedule that depends on waiting until a FRU fails subjects a user to down-time and possible damage upon occurrence of a random failure event. Accordingly, many systems use hot-swap FRUs, enabling the system to continue to run during failure and repair. However, many or most fan failures occur due to wearing or aging and, although a first failing fan may be replaced, other redundant fans are also likely to be near end-of-life.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A data coding device for coding data, to be transmitted as part of data communication, to signals of a first frequency range, not used for voice communication with a first set of performance features, and a conversion device are provided. The conversion device has an interface for connecting a voice terminal having a second set of performace features and for transmission of data coded to signals of a second frequency range that are to be transmitted with the second set of performance features as part of voice communication. The conversion device also has a coding means for recording signals of the second frequency range to signals of a third frequency range that is located outside the first frequency range. Furthermore, a frequency-separating filter for feeding signals of the first and third frequency range into the subscriber line is provided.

Subscriber lines of public or private communication networks provided for voice communication are increasingly being used also for data communication. Known examples of these are the transmission technologies summarized under the code xDSL (x Digital Subscriber Line), that permit very high data transmission rates. Widespread xDSL technologies are, for example, ADSL (Asynchronous Digital Subscriber Line), HDSL (High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line), VHDSL (Very High Bit Rate Digital Subscriber Line), VADSL (Very High Bit Rate Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) or SDSL (Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line).
With the ADSL-Over-ISDN technologies, as they are known, that are widespread in public communication networks, a frequency range of 162-1102 kHz that can still be physically transmitted via the subscriber line is used for data transmission, in addition to a 0-120 kHz frequency range for an ISDN basic access reserved for voice communication. Because the given frequency ranges are disjunctive, voice and data can be transmitted independently and parallel to each other via a common subscriber line. For this purpose, voice terminals and data terminals are coupled via a frequency-separating filter, often known as a splitter, to the common subscriber line. A particular voice terminal is in this case connected via a S0 or a UK0 interface to the splitter.
Because, however, the ADSL-Over-ISDN technology is essentially designed for public communication networks and their subscriber lines and voice terminals, the set of performance features for voice terminals is substantially limited.

System for voice and data communication via a common subscriber line


A power transmission control device provided in a power transmission device of a non-contact power transmission system includes a drive clock signal generation circuit that generates a drive clock signal that specifies a drive frequency of a primary coil, a driver control circuit that generates a driver control signal based on the drive clock signal and outputs the driver control signal to a transmission driver, a waveform adjusting circuit that outputs a waveform adjusting signal of an induced voltage signal of the primary coil, a pulse width detection circuit that receives the waveform adjusting signal and the drive clock signal and detects pulse width information relating to the waveform adjusting signal, and a control circuit that detects a change in secondary-side load based on the detected pulse width information.

The present invention relates to a power transmission control device, a power transmission device, an electronic instrument, a non-contact power transmission system, and the like.
In recent years, non-contact power transmission (contactless power transmission) which utilizes electromagnetic induction to enable power transmission without metal-to-metal contact has attracted attention. As application examples of non-contact power transmission, charging a portable telephone, a household appliance (e.g., telephone handset), and the like has been proposed.
JP-A-2006-60909 discloses related-art non-contact power transmission. JP-A-2006-60909 implements data transmission from a power reception device (secondary side) to a power transmission device (primary side) by means of load modulation. The power transmission device determines whether the data transmitted from the power reception device is "0" or "1" by detecting an induced voltage in a primary coil using a comparator or the like.
According to the technology disclosed in JP-A-2006-60909, the data transmitted from the power reception device is detected by comparing the peak voltage of the induced voltage with a given threshold voltage. However, the threshold voltage used to determine the detected voltage varies due to a variation in an element constant such as a power supply voltage or coil inductance. This makes it difficult to accurately detect a change in secondary-side load.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Power transmission control device, power transmission device, electronic instrument, and non-contact power transmission system


A mechanism is provided for customized power rating for computer equipment. A power monitor determines actual power consumption by computer equipment in a facility. After equipment has been stressed, an operator sends the actual power consumption information to the manufacturer. The manufacturer receives the actual power consumption information and issues a certificate that acknowledges the equipment will not consume more power than what was measured. The manufacturer may provide digital media that instructs power management hardware in the computer equipment to adhere to an actual case power limit. The power management hardware treats the actual case power limit as a hard power limit. That is, the power management hardware will not specify a power cap higher than the actual case power limit. The power management hardware prevents the equipment from crossing the actual case power limit.

The present application relates generally to an improved data processing apparatus and method and more specifically to an apparatus and method for customized power rating for computer equipment.
Information technology (IT) equipment is required to indicate its power consumption (rating). The rating is used to determine appropriate electrical wiring based on the electrical code. The manufacturer affixes labels to equipment specifying the power rating information, which may include maximum (peak) current, maximum combined wattage, continuous power, or the like. Only installations that adhere to appropriate wiring practices are insurable.
The power consumption of IT equipment depends on the configuration of the equipment and the workload that the equipment runs. To stay within limits, manufacturers rate the equipment for "worst case" conditions (e.g., 35° C., high altitude, etc.), maximum configuration (e.g., all processor sockets full, all drive bays full, all expansion card slots occupied, all memory slots occupied, etc.), and extreme workloads (e.g., linear algebra functions, power virus, etc.).
Data center and IT operators request an amount of power from the power company based on the power rating of the equipment. Insurance companies determine how much power the equipment can consume and still be insurable. However, computer equipment seldom uses the amount of power indicated by the manufacturer's power rating, which results in unnecessary capital investments that impede IT growth.

Customized power rating for computer equipment

International Business Machines Corporation


An optical semiconductor device is disclosed that includes an optical element mounted on a substrate and a window lid sealing the optical element in a space on the substrate. The window lid includes a frame member and a glass plate member. The frame member, formed by performing drawing on a metal plate, includes a top plate part having an opening window, a peripheral side plate part connected to the peripheral edge of the top plate part so as to surround a space thereon, and a flange part extending outward from the peripheral edge of the peripheral side plate part on the side opposite from the top plate part. The glass plate member, contained in the space formed by the top plate part and the peripheral side plate part, is welded to the substrate-side surface of the top plate part and the internal surface of the peripheral side plate part.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to optical semiconductor devices with a window lid, and more particularly to a semiconductor-type projection device.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIGS. 1A and 1B are diagrams illustrating a conventional semiconductor-type projection device 10. According to the semiconductor-type projection device 10, a DMD (digital micromirror device) main body 12 is mounted in a recess 11a on the upper surface of a ceramic substrate 11. A window lid 13 is fixed on the substrate 11 so as to close the recess 11a so that an internal space 14 is hermetically sealed. A window part 15 through which light passes is formed in the window lid 13.
A metal layer 11b is formed around the recess 11a on the upper surface of the substrate 11. The window lid 13 includes a Kovar frame member 16 and a glass plate member 17. As illustrated in FIG. 2F, the frame member 16 includes a frame part 16a and a flange part 16b extending outward therefrom with an opening window 16c formed inside the frame part 16a. The glass plate member 17 is fitted into the opening window 16c inside the frame member 16a. The peripheral surface of the glass plate member 17 is welded to the internal surface of the frame part 16a by matched welding so as to ensure air tightness therebetween. Further, the flange part 16b is seam-welded to the metal layer 11b of the substrate 11 so as to also ensure air tightness. The thickness t1 of the flange part 16b is as thin as 0.25 mm so as to ensure excellent seam welding. As a result, a matched welding part 18 is formed between the peripheral surface of the glass plate member 17 and the internal surface of the frame part 16a, and a seam welding part 19 is formed between the flange part 16b and the metal layer 11b of the substrate 11. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 2-65190 discloses such a configuration.
Matched welding, which is accompanied by chemical reaction, may generate fine air bubbles or cracks in the glass plate member 17. The fine air bubbles or cracks appear in the window part 15 although in its periphery. Accordingly, light passing through the periphery of the window part 15 is affected by the air bubbles or cracks so as to reflect diffusely. This may affect the characteristics of the semiconductor-type projection device 10. This adverse effect is likely to be produced in particular when the window part 15 cannot be formed to be large in size. Further, the fine air bubbles or cracks exist in a part visible from above the semiconductor-type projection device 10. This impairs the appearance. In the case of viewing mass-produced semiconductor-type projection devices 10 from above, the rate of appearance of fine air bubbles in the window part 15 is 8%, and the rate of appearance of fine cracks in the window part 15 is 4%, which are relatively high.
The length of a seal pass L1 (FIG. 1A) by the matched welding part 18 is obtained by the thickness of the frame part 16a. However, it is difficult to make the thickness of the frame part 16a greater than a predetermined value. As a result, the seal pass L1 is limited to approximately 3 mm, and cannot be longer.
FIGS. 2A through 2F are diagrams for illustrating a process for manufacturing the frame member 16. As illustrated in FIG. 2A, the frame member 16 employs a thick plate material 20 of a thickness t2 of approximately 3 mm as its material. Primary window opening is accomplished by performing blanking on the thick plate material 20 by press working as illustrated in FIG. 2B. Then, as illustrated in FIG. 2C, a peripheral part 16a2 of an initial frame part 16a1 is pressed by stamping so that an initial flange part 16b1 is formed. Further, as illustrated in FIG. 2D, secondary window opening is accomplished by press working so that the opening window 16c is formed. Then, as illustrated in FIG. 2E, the peripheral part of the initial flange part 16b1 is trimmed, and finally, as illustrated in FIG. 2F, the upper and lower surfaces of the trimmed flange part 16b2 are ground so that the trimmed flange part 16b2 has the thickness t1. Thereby, the frame member 16 is manufactured.
The thickness t2 of the plate material 20, which is the material of the frame member 16, is more than ten times the thickness t1 of the flange part 16b.
Accordingly, the plate material 20 must be pressed greatly in size, so that a large-size stamping machine is required. Further, it is difficult to obtain a predetermined size only by stamping, so that grinding is performed after stamping. This increases the manufacturing cost of the frame member 16.


A bumper beam for a vehicle that is lightweight and high in strength is provided. A bumper beam for a vehicle includes a first member and a second member. The first member includes a first top panel part, two first vertical wall parts, and two first flange parts. The second member includes a second top panel part, two second vertical wall parts, and two second flange parts. The second top panel part includes a protruding part that protrudes toward a side opposite to the first top panel part. The two second vertical wall parts are disposed such that the second vertical wall parts respectively face close the first vertical wall parts inside the first member. The two second flange parts are disposed such that the second flange parts are connected to the two second vertical wall parts and joined to the first flange parts, respectively.

A bumper beam is provided inside a bumper of a vehicle. This is to ensure a safety of the vehicle by causing the bumper beam to bear a collision load at a time of collision. There has been a need for bumper beams that are lightweight from viewpoints of reducing. CO2 and improving fuel efficiency. In order to achieve weight reduction of bumper beams, it is necessary to reduce plate thicknesses of the bumper beams while enhancing strengths of the bumper beams.
High-strength bumper beams are disclosed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 07-309184 (Patent Literature 1), Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 06-328988 (Patent Literature 2), Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 06-171441 (Patent Literature 3), and Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2011-111074 (Patent Literature 4).
A bumper beam disclosed in Patent Literature 1 includes a reinforcing member that is disposed in a box-shaped space formed of a plurality of members joined together. The reinforcing member extends along a front-to-back direction of a vehicle. Patent Literature 1 describes that accordingly the strength of the bumper beam is as high as that of a conventional bumper beam, a weight reduction and a low cost can be achieved.
A bumper beam disclosed in Patent Literature 2 has a box-shaped cross section and includes a reinforcing member inside the box-shaped cross section. The reinforcing member extends along a vertical direction of a vehicle. An upper wall part and a lower wall part are therefore prevented from deforming outward when a load is imposed in a front-to-back direction of the vehicle. Patent Literature 2 describes that this enhances strength of the bumper beam.
A bumper beam disclosed in Patent Literature 3 includes a reinforcing member in an inner space having a box-shaped cross section made by combining hat-shaped press formed bodies. The reinforcing member extends along a vertical direction of a vehicle. Patent Literature 3 describes that this enhances strength of the bumper beam, and the bumper beam is prevented from deforming.
A bumper beam disclosed in Patent Literature 4 includes a front reinforcement member and a rear reinforcement member. The front reinforcement member includes a front groove that is depressed from a front face side toward a rear face side of the bumper beam. The rear reinforcement member includes a rear groove that is depressed from a front face side toward a rear face side of the bumper beam. The front groove is fitted to the rear groove. Patent Literature 4 describes that this improves an energy absorption property of the bumper beam.


Methods of modulating interfacial characteristics in a self-assembled, force-transmitting peptide network at a fluid-fluid interface are disclosed. The methods involve exposing a peptide capable of participating in a self-assembled, force-transmitting peptide network, either before or after it interacts with other peptides to form the peptide network to a stimulus that alters the chemical and/or physical properties of the peptide. Use of such methods in applications such as emulsions and foams are also disclosed.

The adsorption of polypeptides and proteins at fluid-fluid interfaces is fundamental to a number of industrial applications ranging from food processing (Faergemand et al., 1997 and references cited therein) and biphasic catalysis (Cascao-Pereira et al., 2003a) to oil recovery (Mohammed et al., 1993). Adsorbed protein layers confer mechanical strength to fluid interfaces, thus altering their properties. In oil-water emulsions, the presence of a protein layer having mechanical strength affects both the ease of initial droplet disruption (Williams et al., 1997) and subsequent emulsion stability during storage (Dickinson et al., 1988). Similarly, in foams, the presence of an interfacial protein layer possessing mechanical strength increases foam stability in the medium to long term (Cascao-Pereira et al., 2003b, Cascao-Pereira et al., 2003c).
The viscoelasticity of a protein layer adsorbed at a fluid-fluid interface can be determined directly (Jones and Middelberg, 2002a, Jones and Middelberg, 2002c) and the presence of a protein layer capable of transmitting force in the interface predicts emulsion stability under conditions where predictions based on interfacial tension fail (Jones and Middelberg, 2003). Furthermore, the ability to transmit force in a fluid interface is not an exclusive property of proteins, but short (11-25 residue) peptides can also form force-transmitting networks at fluid-fluid interfaces (Jones and Middelberg, 2002b). Like proteins, such peptides self-locate to a fluid interface from bulk solution and may form nanostructured networks with defined mechanical properties. Such peptide networks may be useful in the formation of emulsions and foams and could also be useful in coatings or in the formation of drug delivery agents.
However, in a number of situations, stabilization of a fluid-fluid interface, such as formation of a stable emulsion, foam, coating or drug delivery agent may be required for a particular reason but subsequent stabilization of the interface is not required. Alternatively, there may be a requirement to delay formation of a stabilized fluid-fluid interface, thereby delaying formation of a stable emulsion, foam, coating or drug delivery agent. In other applications there may be a requirement to stabilize and destabilize a fluid-fluid interface, for example in an emulsion, foam, coating or drug delivery agent, a plurality of times. An emulsion may be destabilized by the addition of a demulsifier and a foam may be destabilized by the addition of a defoamer. However, the use of traditional demulsifiers and defoamers can be expensive and impose additional complexity and cost on a method. Furthermore, once added, a traditional demulsifier or defoamer causes the breakdown of an emulsion or foam or prevents an emulsion or foam forming but its effects may be difficult to reverse or remove after addition as the chemical composition of the interface is altered by the addition of agents that compete for interfacial space. There is a need for a method which allows modulation of the stabilization of a fluid-fluid interface, such as in an emulsion, foam, coating or drug delivery agent, to allow control of formation, dissipation and the strength or stability of the emulsion, foam, coating or drug delivery agent formed.
The present inventors have now found that interfacial characteristics, such as force transmission, of a self-assembled, force-transmitting peptide network may be modulated allowing the properties of a fluid-fluid interface, such as in an emulsion, foam, coating or drug delivery agent, formed with the peptide network to be manipulated in a predictable manner thus allowing the peptide networks to be formed and dissipated in response to particular stimuli or allowing the strength and/or elasticity and/or rate of formation of the peptide network to be manipulated by a particular stimulus.


An article which includes a layer of formable fabric of the type which when subjected to molding under heat and/or pressure possesses a high degree of stiffness. A layer of variable compression fabric capable of assuming variable thickness when subjected to molding under heat and/or pressure being bonded to the surface of the variable compression fabric, with said layers are made of the same thermoformable polymeric chemical substance.

The present invention relates in general to a composite article and more specifically to a moldable nonwoven fibrous composite article.
In the fabrication of articles containing polymeric materials which possess sufficient strength and stiffness to function as automobile trunk liners, it is known to take sheets of thermoformable material having different properties, dispose them as layers, and then compress them together under heat and pressure in a mold. At least one layer is used which imparts strength and stiffness and another layer produces bulk sufficient for molding. U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,319 discloses automobile trunk liners fabricated from a fibrous composite having outer layers composed of non-woven fabric consisting essentially of polypropylene staple fiber and an intermediate layer composed of extruded polypropylene. Such prior art fibrous composites are assembled simultaneously with the extrusion of the intermediate polypropylene layer. The inner surfaces of the two outer non-woven fabric layers adhere to the surfaces of extruded polypropylene by the heat generated in the extrusion process and the consequent molten state of adjacent surfaces that melt during the process. With all three layers containing the same polymer, namely polypropylene, eventual recycling of the articles is facilitated.
Several shortcomings are inherent in this prior art procedure. Because the intermediate layer imparting bulk necessary for molding is extruded, articles molded therefrom will necessarily be of uniform thickness. Another shortcoming is that the fibrous composite must be assembled simultaneously with extrusion of the intermediate layer.

Moldable composite article and method of manufacture


A spin-valve type magnetic head which has sufficiently high output is provided. In one embodiment, a structure in which high output coexists with high stability is achieved by letting a GMR-effect and a current-path-confinement effect manifest themselves at the same time in a GMR-screen layer consisting of a ferromagnetic metal spike-like part and a half-covering oxide layer.

The present invention relates to a magnetic recording/reproducing apparatus and a magnetic head equipped therein, and specifically, relates to a magnetic head for a high density magnetic recording/reproducing apparatus and a manufacturing method thereof.
A magnetoresistive magnetic head is used for a read sensor in a high density magnetic recording technology mainly composed of a hard disk and is a part which exerts a strong influence on the performance of the magnetic recording technology. Within the framework where the recording density of magnetic recording apparatus was made higher rapidly, the prior art could not achieve a magnetic recording apparatus with a sufficiently high recording density; specifically a magnetoresistive magnetic head which functions as the read element with sufficient output and sensitivity against external magnetic fields, and excellent characteristics with sufficient stability could not be obtained, so that it has been difficult to achieve the functions of a recording apparatus.
Recently, it is well known that the magnetoresistance of a multi-layered film in which ferromagnetic metal layers are stacked through a non-magnetic metal layer, a so-called giant magnetoresistance, is large. In the past, when this magnetoresistance is used for a magnetic head, a current flowing in the plane of the layered film, a so-called CIP-GMR, is used. Moreover, recently there has been research on a current-perpendicular-to-the-plane giant magnetoresistance, a so-called CPP-GMR, in which current flows in the film thickness direction of the layered film. The present invention relates to a magnetoresistive spin-valve sensor and a magnetic head using a CPP-GMR. Examples of patent references in this field include JP-A No. 204094/2003, JP-A No. 208744/2002, and JP-A No. 355682/2004.

CPP-GMR magnetic head having GMR-screen layer

Hitachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


A system for preventing upward migration of contaminants in soil having capillary pores defined therein, the system comprising the soil and a hydrophobic substance applied to the soil, the substance being attracted to enter the capillary pores so that a barrier is formed which, under unsaturated soil conditions, prevents the upward migration of contaminants carried by water through the capillary pores in the soil.

With reference to FIG. 1 of the drawings, the reference numeral 10 generally designates a cross-section of soil which has been contaminated with a water soluble contaminant. One such contaminant may be produced water from oil field operations, which water may contain brine and other water soluble contaminants. The soil 10 is comprised of surface soil 12 having a thickness of about six to twenty-four inches, and subsoil 14 which lies beneath the surface soil. A portion of the interface between the surface soil 12 and the subsoil 14 is identified by the reference numeral 2. As shown in FIG. 2 in an enlargement of the portion 2 of the soil 10, the surface soil 12 and the subsoil 14 each comprise soil particles 16 naturally arranged so as to define relatively large macropores 18, and relatively small capillary pores 20 which constitute a continuum extending between the surface soil and the subsoil.
When the soil 10 is saturated with water (i.e., the macropores 18 are filled with water, not shown), for example, after irrigation or precipitation such as natural rainfall, water migrates downwardly from the surface soil 12 primarily through the macropores 18 into the subsoil 14, as indicated by the arrow 22 in FIG. 1. If dissolved contaminants (not shown) such as salts, acids, bases, metals, organic substances, and the like are in the surface soil 12, then the contaminants are carried by the water into, or through, the subsoil 14 where the contaminants have little effect on vegetation (not shown) that may be present in the surface soil.
During dry periods, when evaporation and transpiration rates exceed precipitation rates, water evaporates and transpires from the surface soil 12, leaving the surface soil dryer than the subsoil 14. Under these types of unsaturated conditions (i.e., when the macropores 18 contain air instead of water) water may migrate upwardly from the subsoil 14 through the continuum of capillary pores 20 to the surface soil 12, as indicated by the arrow 24 in FIG. 1, rather than downwardly through the macropores 18, as indicated by the arrow 22 in FIG. 1. Dissolved contaminants in the subsoil 14 are then carried upwardly with the water into the surface soil 12, where the water evaporates, resulting in an accumulation and increased concentration of contaminants in the surface soil. The presence of such contaminants in the surface soil 12 inhibits the growth of vegetation and accelerates erosion of the soil and is, accordingly, detrimental to a number of different land management schemes, including agriculture, oil and gas production, mining, land farming, highway right-of-way management, and the like.
Barriers may be created to prevent the upward capillary migration of water and dissolved contaminants in unsaturated soil. The most common type of barrier utilized comprises a layer of clean gravel 26, with very few fines, positioned in the soil 10, as depicted in FIG. 3, at a selected depth and generally substantially between the surface soil 12 and the subsoil 14. Because the gravel 26 does not include capillary pores necessary to sustain the unsaturated migration of water from the subsoil 14 to the surface soil 12, the continuity of capillary pores 20 necessary to sustain capillary migration of water in the soil 10 is broken. Therefore, water and contaminants in the subsoil 14 cannot migrate upwardly from the subsoil 14 through the capillary pores 20 to the surface soil 12, as indicated by the shortened arrow 24a. Water and contaminants can, however, continue to migrate downwardly from the surface soil 12 through the gravel barrier 26 to the subsoil 14, as indicated by the arrow 22. Gravel barriers have a number of drawbacks. For example, gravel barriers require a poorly-graded gravel with minimal fines to be effective and, furthermore, are usually economically and technically impractical for soil remediation. Additionally, if it is ever desirable to remove the gravel barrier, such removal is even more economically and technically impractical than laying the barrier.
Therefore, what is needed is an economic and practical system and method for creating a barrier that prevents the upward capillary migration of contaminants in soil, and that is readily removable.

Method and system for preventing upward migration of contaminants in soil


A numerical procedure is disclosed to improve the prediction of heat fronts when simulating hot fluid injection in viscous hydrocarbon reservoirs. The mathematical model is composed of the conventional governing equations that describe multiphase fluid flow and energy balance. The reservoir geometry can be partitioned into a regular Cartesian grid or an irregular corner-point geometry grid. The numerical procedure uses the finite different (FD) method to solve the flow equations and the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method to solve the energy balance equation. The proposed FD-DG method is an alternative to the traditional solution procedure that uses the FD method to solve both the flow and the energy equations. The traditional method has the deficiency that it may require excessive number of grid cells to achieve acceptable resolution of the heat fronts. The proposed FD-DG method significantly reduces numerical dispersion near discontinuities in the solution of the energy equation and therefore provides a better capture of the heat fronts. To obtain a desired accuracy in the energy equation solution, the FD-DG method can be orders of magnitude faster than the traditional method. The superiority of the FD-DG method is that it converges on coarser grids while the traditional method requires much finer grids.

Viscous and heavy oil subsurface deposits represent a significant portion of the recoverable hydrocarbon reserve in the world. Heavy hydrocarbons cannot be efficiently recovered by the conventional oil recovery techniques (primary and secondary) because of relatively high viscosity and therefore low mobility of oil. Hot fluid injection is one of the successful techniques that is currently adopted in the industry to reduce oil viscosity and mobilize oil towards the production wells. Numerical methods are widely used in the oil industry as a means to model the mechanisms that dominate fluid flow behavior in the subterranean formation. Computer simulations help to predict reservoir performance with different scenarios that are intended to optimize recovery processes and the corresponding economic forecast.
In reservoir simulation, numerical methods are used to approximate the solution of the mathematical equations that describe the material balance and dynamic behavior of multiphase, multicomponent fluid flow in the subsurface. The simulation model predicts the thermodynamic behavior of several hydrocarbon components under certain temperature and pressure conditions, the interaction between the fluids and the rock formation, and rock mechanics. Reservoir simulation, in a larger sense, coordinates the underground transient flow behavior with the surface processing facilities that manage the injection and production rates in the wells and the surface flowlines constraints.
Two types of simulation models are common in reservoir simulation literature: compositional and black oil. In a compositional model, the number of components and pseudo-components is typically around ten and the thermodynamic phase behavior is usually modeled by an equation of state (EOS). The EOS predicts the phase split of a mixture into gas and oil phases and estimates the compositions of each phase. The black-oil model is a simplification of the compositional model. It incorporates simulation of three components that correspond to gas, oil, and water phases.
In conventional oil recovery models, temporal and spatial variations of the temperature in the reservoir are usually negligible. The system is considered isothermal and therefore solving the energy equation is not needed. In thermal recovery processes, however, the energy equation should be solved in conjunction with the flow equations.
Simulation models require input data that describe reservoir geometry, rock properties such as porosity and permeability, fluid properties such as fluid composition, and pressure-volume-temperatures (PVT) information of the fluid, and well production and injection data.
Finite difference (FD) is one of the numerical methods that is mostly used in commercial reservoir simulators. In this method, the reservoir geometry is subdivided into a grid composed of contiguous and non-overlapping volume entities known as grid-cells or grid-blocks. Two grid-types are commonly used in reservoir simulation literature: regular Cartesian grid and irregular corner-point-geometry grid. Rock properties are assigned to each grid-block and the sought variables such as the pressure, phase saturations and composition are calculated as average values in the grid-blocks. The number of grid-blocks in a simulation model depends on the desired resolution of the solution, the size of the reservoir, and the level of geological complexities, such as number of faults and rock heterogeneities.
In the FD scheme, the Taylor series expansion is used to define the derivative functions in governing flow and energy equations. Most commercial models use the first order form of the approximation of derivatives. As a result, state variables such as saturation, composition and temperature are computed to be constant in a computational grid-block. There are a few inherent advantages of the finite-difference method including: 1) simplicity; 2) ease of extension from 1D to 2D and 3D; and 3) compatibility with certain aspects of physics of two- and three-phase flow. On the other hand, one of the major disadvantage of the FD method is that it provides poor accuracy if the solution has sharp changes in space such as in case of moving heat front in hot fluid injection process. The FD method may introduce significant numerical dispersion that smears sharp fronts in the solution. An assessment of numerical dispersion influence in isothermal compositional modeling is provided by Coats "An Equation of State Compositional Moder' (October 1980, Society of Petroleum Engineering), pp. 363-376. In hot fluid injection processes in heavy oil reservoirs, temperature has significant influence on oil viscosity and consequently on the ultimate oil recovery prediction. Accurate prediction of the heat front is therefore crucial. The need for fine gridding in thermal recovery models, such as steam-assisted-gravity-drainage (SAGD) is shown by Card et al. "Numerical Modeling of Advanced In-Situ Recovery Processes in Complex Heavy-Oil and Bituman Reservoirs" (November 2005, Society of Petroleum Engineering, SPE97476). The SAGD process is described in the Canadian patent 1,304,287.
The FD method may require an excessive number of grid-blocks to improve the accuracy of the solution, which eventually may add significant computation time. U.S. Pat. No. 7,164,990 B2 uses a streamline method to reduce numerical dispersion in the FD method. Dynamic grid refinement is another technique suggested in the literature to reduce the number of grid-blocks in unwanted regions in the reservoir. One embodiment of Dynamic grid refinement is described by Sammon (Dynamic Grid Refinement and Amalgamation for Compositional simulation" (February 2003, Society of Petroleum Engineering, SPE79683).

Heat front capture in thermal recovery simulations of hydrocarbon reservoirs


An electrothermal article including a fabric member defining an inner space. A connector is disposed outwardly of the inner space in the fabric member and has conductive first and second terminals. A plurality of elongated flat heating elements is disposed in the inner space in the fabric member. Each of the elongated flat heating elements has first and second end portions. The first end portions of the elongated flat heating elements are grouped into a first bundle and are connected electrically to the first terminal of the connector. The second end portions of the elongated flat heating elements are grouped into a second bundle and are connected electrically to the second terminal of the connector.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an electrothermal article, such as an electric blanket, a mattress pad, a heating pad, and the like, more particularly to an electrothermal article including a plurality of elongated flat heating elements that have two grouped end portions.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electrothermal articles commonly used in our daily life include electric blankets and mattress pads. As shown in FIG. 1, a conventional heating blanket 101 includes an upper fabric sheet 10, a lower fabric sheet 11, an inner space 100 defined between the upper and lower fabric sheets 10, 11, and a heating wire 12, which is generally made from a nickel-chromium material, and which is meanderingly disposed in the inner space 100. The upper and lower fabric sheets 10, 11 are stitched together. The heating blanket 101 has a corner 13 provided with a connector 2 that is disposed outwardly of the inner space 100. The connector 2 has two terminals 20, 21. Each of the terminals 20, 21 has a power supply-connecting end 200, 210 and a heating wire-connecting end 201, 211. The power supply-connecting ends 200, 210 of the connector 2 protrude outwardly of the heating blanket 101. The heating wire-connecting ends 201, 211 of the connector 2 are connected to two ends 120, 121 of the heating wire 12, respectively, so as to form a loop. When the power supply-connecting ends 200, 210 of the connector 2 are electrically connected to a power supply, the heating wire 12 will generate heat caused by a current flowing therethrough. However, the user will feel uncomfortable when sitting on the heating blanket 101 due to the thickness and hardness of the heating wire 12. In addition, the heating wire 12 of the conventional heating blanket 101 may break when bent inappropriately or during a washing operation.


In a bandwidth management system and method for guaranteeing quality of service (QoS) in a Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) network, bandwidth use information used to establish or terminate a call is provided, a bandwidth is reset when the bandwidth use information is provided, and available bandwidth information which is changed according to the reset bandwidth is reported.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a bandwidth management system and method for guaranteeing quality of service (QoS) in a Voice over Internet protocol (VoIP) network.
2. Related Art
VoIP is a communication technology which provides voice telephone service, multimedia video conference service, and the like using an Internet protocol (IP), and is applicable to various devices and application services on IP networks and public switched telephone networks (PSTNs).
Methods for guaranteeing quality of service (QoS) of such Voice over Internet protocol (VOIP) services include congestion control, queue management, type of service (ToS) processing, and the like.
The QoS guaranteeing method using congestion control avoids congestion occurring due to the presence of various traffic on the network. An IP address and a port number to be processed should be first set in order to avoid congestion.
In the QoS guarantee method using queue management, packets are collected in a queue and are sent to a buffer on a transmission link using a scheduling method. Packets requiring guaranteed QoS must be put in a first queue. To this end, an IP address and port number used for a service requiring guaranteed QoS should be set in advance.
In the QoS guarantee method using ToS processing, a class of service (CoS) for each packet is determined using priority of three bits of a ToS field included in a packet sent to the network. In other words, a predefined IP address and port number should be known in order to determine the priority of three bits of the ToS field.
As described above, in the QoS guarantee methods using congestion control, queue management and ToS processing, the IP address and port number for a service requiring guaranteed QoS should be statically preset by a device manager.
Similarly, in congestion control, queue management and ToS processing used to provide guaranteed QoS in VoIP service, ranges of an IP address and port number for the VoIP service should be statically set. However, this is inconvenient because it is necessary to know port allocation policies for VoIP service of several manufacturing companies when VoIP terminals available from the manufacturing companies are used.
When the statically set IP address is used in both VoIP service and IP application service (e.g., file transfer protocol (FTP) or Telnet) as described above, QoS in the VoIP service cannot be guaranteed.
In other words, since the VoIP service and the IP application service requiring guaranteed QoS are based on one statically set IP address, congestion control, queue management, and ToS processing for the VoIP service are not performed. Therefore, QoS in the VoIP service cannot be guaranteed.
In particular, a conventional switch/router having a traffic management function uses a technique by means of which a bandwidth for strict priority queuing (SPQ) is statically set for a specific IP/port for the VoIP service in advance according to, for example, a ratio of a possible simultaneous call number to a total user number.
However, although the bandwidth is set in advance by calculating the number of simultaneous calls, the bandwidth for each VoIP call varies with codec negotiation, which is a characteristic of the VoIP call. Therefore, it is difficult to set an accurate bandwidth.
In SPQ and weight round robin (WRR) used together for real time data service and general data service, the bandwidth used by the SPQ is continuously used for the VoIP service, resulting in a limitation on effective traffic management.
When traffic bandwidth which can be processed by the switch/router is exceeded, a buffer manager's drop function is used, but bypass call service via a legacy trunk of an IP-private branch exchanger (PBX) is not considered.

Bandwidth management system and method for guaranteeing quality of service in voice over internet protocol network


A power-receiving-side control circuit of a power reception device performs intermittent load modulation by causing an NMOS transistor to be turned ON/OFF during normal power transmission. A power-transmission-side control circuit included in a power transmission control device of a power transmission device monitors, an intermittent change in the load of the power reception device during normal power transmission. The power-transmission-side control circuit determines that a foreign object has been inserted between a primary coil and a secondary coil and stops power transmission when an intermittent change in load cannot be detected. The amount of power supplied to the load may be compulsorily reduced when the load state of the load is heavy.

The present invention relates to a power reception control device, a power transmission control device, a non-contact power transmission system, a power reception device, a power transmission device, an electronic instrument, and the like.
In recent years, non-contact power transmission (contactless power transmission) which utilizes electromagnetic induction to enable power transmission without metal-to-metal contact has attracted attention. As application examples of non-contact power transmission, charging a portable telephone, a household appliance (e.g., telephone handset), and the like has been proposed.
JP-A-2006-60909 discloses a non-contact power transmission device using a primary coil and a secondary coil, for example.
When a non-contact power transmission system successively transmits power in a state in which a metallic foreign object (e.g., thin metal sheet) is inserted between a primary coil (transmission coil) and a secondary coil (receiving coil), a magnetic flux passes through the metallic foreign object so that a short-circuit current (eddy current) flows through the metallic foreign object, whereby the metallic foreign object generates heat and reaches a high temperature (e.g., about 100° C.). The user may be burned when the metallic foreign object reaches a high temperature. Moreover, when the product is partially melted due to heat generated from the metallic foreign object, the product may catch fire.
Since instruments are designed to reduce the space in which a foreign object is inserted by minimizing the space between a power transmission device and a power reception device, the above-mentioned problem generally rarely occurs.
However, a situation may be considered in which a malicious person inserts extremely thin metal foil between a power transmission device and a power reception device, for example. Therefore, measures against insertion of a foreign object are indispensable when putting a non-contact power transmission system into practical use.
As technology relating to measures against insertion of a foreign object, technology has been proposed which provides a dedicated sensor which detects a foreign object (JP-A-2001-275280).
In the technology disclosed in JP-A-2006-60909, a secondary voltage detection section and a secondary current detection section (i.e., dedicated sensor) are provided in a secondary-side instrument (e.g., power-receiving-side portable terminal), and information obtained by the dedicated sensor is transmitted from the secondary-side instrument to a primary-side instrument. The primary-side instrument determines whether or not a primary current (current supplied to primary coil) is an overcurrent using the received information, and controls power supply based on the determination result.
According to the technology disclosed in JP-A-2006-60909, since the dedicated sensor which detects insertion of a foreign object is necessary, the number of parts of the secondary-side instrument increases. Therefore, this technology is disadvantageous from the viewpoint of the mounting area and cost. Moreover, signal processing which detects the secondary voltage and the secondary current and determines whether or not the primary current is an overcurrent is considerably complicated. This imposes load on the primary-side instrument and the secondary-side instrument.

Power reception control device, power transmission control device, non-contact power transmission system, power reception device, power transmission device, and electronic instrument


Disclosed are a rock drilling experimental device and a method for simulating true triaxial conditions of deep well drilling; the device includes an energy supply module, an experimental loading module, a hydraulic supply module, a parameter control module and a data acquisition module. The device provides power through the energy supply module; the experimental loading module applies three directional stresses, a liquid column pressure and a pore pressure to a rock specimen by simulating a formation environment, and simultaneously drills into the rock specimen with a bit; the hydraulic supply module provides a hydraulic pressure to the liquid column pressure, the pore pressure and the three directional stresses in the experimental loading device; and the parameter control module is used to control a displacement module of the experimental loading module to move, and adjust a displacement, the pressure and a temperature to the target values.

In oil and gas drilling engineering, how to break rocks efficiently and improve a drilling efficiency is an eternal theme. However, a real bottom hole environment of deep well drilling is complex, and an influence law of factors such as a high temperature, a high pressure, a high ground stress on a rock crushing efficiency of tools is unclear, thus seriously affecting an innovation of a speed-up technology in deep well drilling. In the existing rock drillability experimental evaluation methods and standards, rock drillability tests are usually carried out without simulating any bottom hole environment. Therefore, the tests are far from real bottom hole conditions of deep well drilling, and may not provide an effective support for an improvement of the speed-up technology in drilling.
In the application with a patent number of CN103806907B, a device and a method for testing rock drillability in deep and ultra-deep well drilling are put forward. This device realizes the rock drillability test under a conventional triaxial condition (two horizontal principal stresses are equal), but the device still may not represent the influence of unequal horizontal principal stresses on the rock drillability in complicated formations.
To sum up, at present, it is urgent to design a rock drilling experimental device and a method for simulating true triaxial conditions of deep well drilling, and then get the influence law of the high temperature, the high pressure and the high ground stress at the real bottom hole of deep well drilling on the rock crushing efficiency.

Rock drilling experimental device and method for simulating true triaxial conditions of deep well drilling


The organic light emitting display includes a plurality of pixels positioned at intersections of scan lines, emission control lines, and data lines, a scan driver for sequentially supplying scan signals to the scan lines at a first driving frequency in order to select the pixels in units of horizontal lines, and an emission driver for sequentially supplying emission control signals to the emission control lines at a second driving frequency different from the first driving frequency in order to control emission of the pixels.

1. Field
Embodiments relate to an organic light emitting display and a method of driving the same. More particularly, the embodiments relate to an organic light emitting display capable of being driven at a low driving frequency, and a method of driving the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
High weight and large volume are disadvantages of cathode ray tubes (CRT). Recently, various flat panel displays (FPD) have been developed that are capable of reducing weight and volume. The FPDs include liquid crystal displays (LCD), field emission displays (FED), plasma display panels (PDP), and organic light emitting displays.
Among the FPDs, the organic light emitting displays display images using organic light emitting diodes (OLED). The OLEDs generate light by re-combination of electrons and holes. The organic light emitting display has high response speed and is driven with low power consumption.
The organic light emitting display includes a plurality of data lines, scan lines, and a plurality of pixels. The plurality of pixels are at intersections of power lines, arranged in a matrix. Each pixel includes an organic light emitting diode, at least two transistors, and at least one capacitor. The two transistors include a drive transistor.

Organic light emitting display and method of driving the same


A measuring apparatus is configured to be connected to an electrode to measure biopotential. The measuring apparatus has an input box to which the electrode is connected. The input box has a tubular elastic member configured to hold a cap to be mounted on the electrode, and an insertion portion configured such that the elastic member is insertable into the insertion portion. The elastic member has an entrance having a first inner diameter and a contracted portion having a second inner diameter smaller than the first inner diameter.

The presently disclosed subject matter relates to a measuring apparatus, an elastic member, and an input box.
In acquiring biopotential of a subject using a needle electrode, a medical personnel may need to hold the needle electrode with a hand when, for example, it is between measurements. This is inconvenient as the medical personnel can use only the other hand during a measurement work.
When mounting a cap on a needle portion of the needle electrode after its use, care has to be taken so that blood left on the needle does not contact the cap.
In view of this, an electrode connection box may be provided with a holder to hold a needle electrode. Neuropack X1 is a related art product of Nihon Kohden. See, e.g., https://us.nihonkohden.com/media/1066/meb-2300-brochure_nmlb-27c-co-02162.pdf.
However, caps have a variety of shapes. The holder is made of a hard resin or the like, the same material as a housing of the connection box. Therefore, the elastically deformable range of the holder is small. When a shape of the cap for the needle electrode does not match a shape of an opening of the holder, the needle electrode on which the cap is mounted cannot be held in the holder, in which case the medical personnel may need to hold the needle electrode in a hand during the measurement.

Measuring apparatus, elastic member, and input box


The invention discloses a simplified four step process for making an optical disc master or alternatively a WORM disc by first making or obtaining a transparent polymer disc with a tracking groove of desired geometry molded therein, then spin coating an optically active lamina on the grooved side of the disc, then recording data on said polymer disc with groove controlled and tracked laser means by ablating active lamina, forming pits, the shape of which is determined by the groove geometry and finally depositing a conductive and reflective lamina over the pitted active lamina. To change the OD master to an OD WORM, a protective cover is added to the electrically conductive and optically reflective lamina.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a process for manufacture of an optical disc (OD) master on which data is recorded and from which an OD stamper may be made by conventional electroforming means for mass duplication of many OD's identical to the master, and which process may be alternatively used to make a Write Once Read Many (WORM) OD for test and validation of systems for backup archieval of data, or for general production of recorded OD's.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An OD master which may also include a compact disc (CD) master, is an article from which essentially all prerecorded mass produced consumer OD's are subsequently molded. Indeed, the OD master is a master mold for a stamper which produces many OD's. The master is the first article in the OD manufacturing process that presents data or information on a disc or platter that one can read by optical means and from which copies may be made. All subsequent OD manufacturing and duplication processors or operations transfer that identical form, format and data from one article or disc to the next by various means, to include vacuum deposition, electroforming/plating, or injection molding processes. Prior to making the OD master, data or information would conventionally be recorded on tape or other storage devices, from which the data is transformed to the OD master by optical means for mass duplication thereof.
Past techniques for producing a master combined existing technologies from various industries. The most prominent of these techniques is the photo resist concept of the semiconductor industry. The master, and subsequently molded and duplicated OD's, comprise a series of its describing optically recorded information that lay on an actual or imagined spiral line or track that starts at an inner radius near the center of the disc and continues to an outer radius near the periphery of the disc. Conventionally, the pits are approximately 0.6 .mu.m wide, 0.9 to 3.3 .mu.m long, 0.12 .mu.m deep, and are separated from neighboring tracks on either side thereof by 1.6 .mu.m (10.sup.-6 meters).
To accomplish the above format, the photoresist technique commonly used in the semiconductor industry was used. By such method, a lamina of photoresist material is traditionally spin coated upon a very smooth, polished circular plate of glass. The glass plate with photoresist lamina is then placed in an oven to cure the photo resist. The photoresist coated, glass plate is next set upon a turntable which is caused to spin at a variably decreasing rate of speed to yield a constant linear velocity (CLV) of approximately 1.2 meters per sec for a point in the surface of the glass plate traveling radially outward from the center of the plate. In such systems a data modulated laser is set immediately above the glass plate and is suspended by a relatively large and complex translational mechanism to cause the laser to very gradually, and at a steady radial rate, move outwardly from the center of the spinning glass plate while concomitantly radiating the surface of the plate which in effect produces a spiral track of data in the photo resist material. This process is referred to as mastering. What happens is that the areas designated to become pits are exposed to laser light along the spiral path as the plate rotates. After all data is recorded in the photoresist lamina on the glass plate, the plate is placed in at least one bath of developing solution, typically a multistep process, where the exposed areas in the photoresist are etched out leaving a series of pits. The glass plate with etched photoresist is then oven dried, followed by metalization of the photoresist lamina by vacuum deposition of a thin conductive lamina of metal thereon, which yields the desired master. The master is finally subjected to an analysis and validation process prior to electroforming to make a stamper and replication.
The foregoing type of mastering system is quite expensive in terms of capital equipment involved, labor, space, sensitivity to motion and shock, time and costs. Operating costs to produce a single master can be relatively expensive.
As an alternative to the photoresist mastering system, another technique evolved which incorporates the use of a material which undergoes ablation when exposed to a laser thereby forming the desired pit. This process brought forth a number of advantages over the photoresist process, including a reduction in the process steps by eliminating, among others, developing and curing steps, which results in a less costly procedure and much shorter completion time, and the ability to monitor the quality of the disc concurrent with the mastering process of recording data thereon.
This mastering process, known as non-photo resist (NPR), utilizes what is referred to as a dry process formula (DPF) photoreactive coating. In this case, a unique material which needs no oven-curing, developing or drying procedures, is spin coated upon a glass plate disc. The plate and DPF material are then set upon a turntable for mastering and concomitant analysis. The laser creates pits in real time by ablation permitting simultaneous direct read after write (DRAW) for analysis of error rate and conformance to standards. Metalization of the pitted layer is conducted to complete the mastering process. Once such a master is made, conventional electroplating and replication processes are accomplished to make a stamper which is then used for mass duplication of OD's by conventional injection molding processes.
The NPR system makes some improvement over the prior art largely due to eliminating etching processing and oven-curing but it does not eliminate motion sensitivity nor the need for expensive and complex translator mechanisms and the glass reconditioning process. Capital expense for such systems is still substantial, and the cost to produce a single master is still relatively expensive.
Yet another mastering process is referred to as a direct metal mastering (DMM) process. In the DMM process, instead of using a laser to either expose or cause ablation of the surface material, a tiny diamond stylus actually engages the surface, usually metal, and gouges the pits. Although technically feasible, this concept has had no meaningful application in industry if for no other reason because the "no contact" laser systems offer inherent increased reliability, longevity and efficiency over mechanical systems.
Therfore, although satisfactory for intended purposes at the time, the prior art possess inherent limitations, and there continues to be a long standing need for a more efficient, less time consuming, and less expensive method for manufacture of an OD master. The invention disclosed herein does just that.

Product and process for manufacturing an optical disc master


To get out a roof (2) retracted in a storage space (7) therefrom, a link mechanism carries out pushing-out operation of push-pull cable (90) so that a grip member with the roof (2) gripped thereby is moved by an elastic force of a main spring (79) along a rail (74) from a retracted position to a gripping position, where the roof (2) is then released from gripped condition by the grip member.

Conventionally, a roof locking apparatus for a vehicle provided in a vehicle body and for holding a retractable roof in a storage space has been known (refer to Patent Document 1.) The roof locking apparatus for a vehicle is adapted to hold a front end of the roof in the storage space, which can prevent the roof from wobbling in the storage space.
Patent Document Japan Patent Application KOKAI Publication No. 2002-264658


Detection of a fingerprint feature is performed on the basis of a directional distribution of a fingerprint obtained by setting a plurality of points on a circle having a center corresponding to a mark point on a directional pattern of ridges, obtaining inner products of vectors indicating tangent lines and vectors indicating ridges at the respective points and providing a distribution of the inner products as a directional distribution of ridges. As a first method, a Fourier expansion unit Fourier-expands the directional distribution of ridges and outputs Fourier coefficients for every frequency component, a power calculation unit calculates power of every frequency component on the basis of the Fourier coefficients, and a power determination unit detects the fingerprint feature on the basis of the power of every frequency component. As a second method, a smoothing unit divides the directional distribution of ridges into a plurality of parallel distributions and smoothes the respective partial distributions, and a zero cross detection unit detects the number of changes of value of the plurality of the smoothed partial distributions from positive to negative or negative to positive as the number of zero crossings, and detects the fingerprint feature on the basis of the number of zero crossings.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method of classifying and extracting features of a fingerprint or palm print and, particularly, to a fingerprint feature detecting apparatus and method for detecting features of a fingerprint.
2. Description of the Related Art
Examples of a prior art method of detecting features of a fingerprint using a computer is disclosed in a paper entitled "Automated Fingerprint Classifier" by F. Noda, S. Ohteru, H. Kobayashi and T. Kato, published in the Proceedings of 2nd International Pattern Recognition Conference, August, 1974 and in a paper entitled "Fingerprint Classification by Directional Distribution Patterns" by O. Nakamura, K. Goto and T. Minami, published in the Transaction of the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers, Vol. J65-D, No. 10, October 1982, pp. 1286-1293.
In the former example which will be referred to as the Noda et al method, a fingerprint is considered as a vector field and a feature thereof is detected by performing a surface integral of divergence in a local area thereof and, in the latter example which will be referred to as the Nakamura et al method, a fingerprint feature is detected by patterning a directional distribution of ridges and matching a resulting pattern with a preliminarily prepared standard pattern.
The Nakamura et al method, which is closer to the present invention than Noda et al method, will be described with reference to FIG. 17.
In the Nakamura et al method, a directional distribution pattern generating unit 302 produces a directional distribution pattern of ridges in an area around a certain mark point on a fingerprint such as shown in FIG. 18, a distance calculation unit 303 calculates a distance between the directional distribution pattern thus produced and a preliminarily produced standard pattern, and a distance determination unit 304 determines a category corresponding to the standard pattern having the minimum distance to the produced pattern.
First, a processing in the directional distribution pattern producing unit 302 will be described. As shown in FIG. 19, a circular area of the fingerprint having the mark point as a center is divided to 16 sectors and, among angles of ridge directions j with respect to a center line L.sub.i in a sector area W.sub.i, small angles (not larger than 90.degree.) are represented by r.sup.j.sub.i. An average C.sub.i of r.sup.j.sub.i for N ridge directions contained in the sector area W.sub.i is obtained according to the following equation (1): ##EQU1## and a two dimensional directional distribution pattern of all of the 16 sectors areas is obtained by repeating this processing for all of the sectors.
The directional pattern of ridges is classified to four categories, first to third categories including feature patterns, "whorl", "loop" and "delta", respectively, and a fourth category including non-feature patterns called "periphery". The respective whorl and loop are referred to as "core". The directional distribution patterns of whorl, loop, delta and periphery are two dimensional patterns specific to the respective categories as shown in FIG. 20.
Next, a processing performed in the distance calculation unit 303 will be described. In order to classify these two dimensional patterns, it is necessary to preliminarily select feature points and peripheral portions of a directional pattern of ridges visually and prepare standard patterns C.sup.t for the respective categories. The distance calculation unit 303 calculates a distance D between the standard pattern and the directional pattern of ridges according to the following equation (2): ##EQU2## where the letter S denotes an amount of rotation of the standard pattern in calculating the distance. That is, the minimum distance is D among a plurality of distances obtained by matching while rotating the standard pattern for every constant angle shift.
The distance determining unit 304 compares the minimum distances for these categories with each other to determine a fingerprint feature whorl, loop or delta to which the standard pattern having the minimum distance belongs, and outputs the feature thus obtained as a result 305 of the detection.
In the conventional fingerpring feature detecting method, however, it is necessary to preliminarily select a feature point visually and prepare the standard pattern by using the directional distribution pattern in the vicinity of the feature point, which is a time consuming procedure. Further, since the distance calculation is performed between quantized patterns, the distance value depends on rotation of the directional pattern of ridges, and thus the detection accuracy is degraded.
This fact will be described by employing a case of delta as a feature with reference to FIGS. 21 and 22. A directional distribution of the delta pattern includes three protrusions and three valleys each between adjacent ones of the protrusions as shown by the thick solid line in FIG. 21. The directional distribution pattern is put on the 16 sector areas and the directional distribution pattern is sampled at points indicated by the small black squares. On the other hand, when the same directional distribution pattern is rotated counterclockwise by (360/32) degrees, a directional distribution pattern shown in FIG. 22 is obtained. Then, when the directional distribution pattern thus obtained is put on an area divided to 16 sectors, the pattern is sampled at points indicated by the small black squares. Although the directional distribution patterns shown in FIGS. 21 and 22 are the same originally, the distance does not become zero even if the matching is performed while rotating in a stepwise manner one with respect to the other by a constant angle, due to the difference in sampling point between the patterns. Therefore, the distance value depends on rotation of the fingerprint and thus the detection accuracy is degraded.
An object of the present invention is to provide a fingerprint feature detecting apparatus for detecting fingerprint feature, which does not require a preliminary preparation of standard pattern, does not depend on the rotation of a directional pattern of ridges, and is capable of maintaining high detection accuracy.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a fingerprint feature detecting method for detecting a fingerprint feature, which does not require a preliminary preparation of standard pattern, does not depend on the rotation of a directional pattern of ridges, and is capable of maintaining high detection accuracy.

Apparatus and method for detecting features of a fingerprint based on a set of inner products corresponding to a directional distribution of ridges


A method for manufacturing a chip package is provided. The method including: arranging a plurality of dies over a carrier; depositing encapsulation material over the carrier wherein the plurality of dies are covered by the encapsulation material thereby forming a structure including the encapsulation material and the plurality of dies; and removing encapsulation material thereby forming a thinned portion of the structure and a further portion of the structure including encapsulation material thicker than the thinned portion.

Very thin chips, e.g. chips having a thickness of less than 100 μm are challenging to handle due to their size. Presently, electronic circuits are manufactured at wafer level, e.g. front end processes may be carried out on a wafer. The wafer which may have at least a specified thickness, and depending on diameter, may be handled with a costly carrier system. Following which, thinning may be carried out and solder material may be provided on the wafer backside. Presently, during production of electronic components, e.g. power electronics, thin chips may be provided with back side metallization and may require a special sawing process.
The thin chips, with backside metallization must be singulated, e.g. individualized. The thin chips may be subsequently placed on an interposer in a serial pick and place process, and soldered under high pressure and temperature. The thin chips may be soldered onto the interposer with inert gas at extremely high temperatures, e.g. temperatures greater than 300° C. Soldering very thin chips therefore places limits on through-put and places high stress, e.g. high pressure and high temperatures, on the thin chips.
Current methods, e.g. current production and/or manufacturing methods introduce a large expenditure into the chip handling and place limits on the size of the carrier due to bending and/or deflection, as wafers become thinner. The carrier system may limit the processing temperature of further back side processing such as soldering, curing or any other re-flow processes. The thin wafers, e.g. thin silicon wafers must be sawed with thick metal on the back side. Furthermore, thin chips need to be picked from the sawing foil and using an ultra violet UV foil may be necessary. High costs and yield loss may be incurred through the processing of thin wafers and chips, e.g. back side metallization, sawing, die bonding, etc from extremely thin wafers and chips.

Methods for manufacturing a chip package