An apparatus for supplying mixed fuel includes a water container storing water; a fuel container storing fuel, including at least gaseous fuel, the fuel container being coupled to the water container by a pressure pipe for transferring internal pressure of the fuel container to the water container; and a mixer coupled to the water container through a water supplying pipe and coupled to the fuel container through a fuel supplying pipe, the mixer outputting mixed fuel through a mixed fuel supplying pipe. A water supplying unit includes a water container storing water and connected to a water supplying pipe, the water container having an outlet; and a pressure applying unit coupled to the water container for applying gas pressure to an inside of the water container to discharge water from the water container through the outlet.

In general, a fuel cell is a power generation system that directly transforms chemical energy due to reaction between hydrogen and oxygen into electrical energy. Here, a fuel cell system can either receive pure hydrogen or hydrogen obtained by reforming methanol, ethanol, natural gas or the like. Also, the fuel cell system can either receive pure oxygen or oxygen contained in air.
A polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which operates at a temperature of 100° C. and below, includes a fuel container to store fuel, a reformer to generate hydrogen by reforming the fuel, and an electricity generator to generate electricity having certain voltage and current by electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. The electricity generator includes at least one unit fuel cell to generate the electricity, and may have a structure in which a plurality of unit fuel cells are stacked.
In the PEMFC with this structure, the fuel stored in the fuel container is supplied to the reformer, the reformer generates hydrogen by reforming the fuel, and the electricity generator generates the electricity energy by the electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen.
The electricity generator substantially includes several to tens of unit fuel cells which are stacked. Here, each unit fuel cell includes a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) and a bipolar plate. The membrane-electrode assembly includes an electrolyte membrane, and an anode and a cathode attached to opposite sides of the electrolyte membrane. The bipolar plate is used as not only a passage through which hydrogen and oxygen needed for the reaction are supplied, but also a conductor connecting the anode and the cathode of each MEA in series. Through the bipolar plate, hydrogen is supplied to the anode, and oxygen is supplied to the cathode. At this time, hydrogen is oxidized in the anode and oxygen is reduced in the cathode, thereby causing electrons to move and generating electricity.
The reformer applies a reforming reaction to a mixture of fuel and water, thereby not only producing a reformed gas containing rich hydrogen needed for generating electricity in the electricity generator, but also removing carbon monoxide from the reformed gas in order to protect a catalyst of the fuel cell from being poisoned by carbon monoxide. Such a reformer generally includes a reforming unit for reforming the fuel to generate the reformed gas containing rich hydrogen, and a carbon monoxide remover to remove carbon monoxide from the reformed gas. The reforming unit employs a catalytic reaction such as steam reforming (SR), partial oxidation (PDX), auto-thermal reforming (ATR), and the like to get the reformed gas containing rich hydrogen. The carbon monoxide remover employs a catalytic reaction such as water gas shift (WGS), preferential CO oxidation (PROX) and the like, or hydrogen refinement using a separation film in order to remove carbon monoxide from the reformed gas.
Various materials containing hydrogen can be used as the fuel for the PEMFC. Particularly, a hydro-carbonaceous material is generally used. As the hydro-carbonaceous material, butane has recently attracted attention because it is readily available and also employed as a combustion fuel for a heat source needed for the reforming reaction.
Butane has a low boiling point and is easily liquefied at a low pressure, so that it is contained in the fuel container as being liquefied by a predetermined pressure. In the case of the fuel cell system employing butane contained in the fuel container, gasified fuel is discharged of itself from the fuel container to the fuel cell when a nozzle of the fuel container is opened, so that an additional fuel-supplying unit is not needed. However, because other water-supplying unit is still needed to drive the fuel cell, removing only the fuel-supplying unit so as to decrease the volume and the power consumption of the fuel cell system serves little purpose.

Fuel cell system and apparatus for supplying mixed fuel and water to the same


A phone jack box consisting of an enclosure adapted to receive phone jack terminals therein, and a wall plate clampingly engaged to a front frame portion of the enclosure in a secure manner is provided. The wall plate includes at least one wire cord outlet which is covered with a lid.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a phone jack box. More particularly, this invention is directed to a box that is able to provide protection from dust and water getting therein, and protects against children getting electric shocks.
2. Prior Art
In a modern family home, telephone jacks are installed in almost every room and even on the patio, for the convenience of people. A phone jack box is generally composed of a receptacle A and a wall plate B, as shown in FIG. 4. The receptacle A has jack terminals A1 disposed centrally, four apertures A2, at each corner, and a pair of holes A3 at opposing respective ends. The wall plate B includes a centrally located square aperture B1 adapted to provide access to the phone outlet jack of the receptacle A. The wall plate also includes four clamps B2 disposed at each of the four corners adapted to hold the wall plate B to the receptacle A by engagement therewith through the respective apertures A2. The receptacle A and the wall plate B, then are inserted into a wall box C with screws through the holes A3.
However, these phone jack boxes cannot prevent dampness from entering and having an influence on communication quality. Rain or water may get into the receptacle A and cause an electrical short circuit.

No. 38, Lane 21, Section 2, Chin Hwa Road


The present invention is directed to a golf ball heater comprising a rectangular container, the interior of which is outfitted with at least one heating element and rails for holding golf balls. One end of the container includes a sliding door for retrieving a heated golf ball. On one side of the container, a control box is outfitted with circuitry to cooperatively work with sensors in the container for purposes of selectively activating the heating element(s) according to whether or not the sliding door is open or shut and whether or not the temperature inside the container is within the optimal temperature range.

It is generally understood that a golf ball will travel significantly further when heated to at least 80° F. Accordingly, devices capable of heating and maintaining golf balls at such temperatures have significant practical utility for golfers in colder regions, where temperatures rarely, if ever, reach or exceed 80° F. Likewise, such devices are useful for all golfers during colder months of the year.
Several prior art devices have been proposed to enable golfers to take advantage of the aforementioned performance benefits associated with heated golf balls. These devices come in a wide array of shapes, sizes and configurations and employ a variety of means for heating golf balls disposed therein, including: chemical (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,545,362, 5,915,373 and 5,998,771), heated air (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,683,155, 4,420,681, 4,967,062 and 5,057,670), heated water (U.S. Pat. No. 4,049,949), conduction (U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,411), solar power (U.S. Pat. No. 5,860,415) and radiation (U.S. Pat. No. 4,155,002).
Despite the physical differences between existing golf ball heaters, however, virtually all of the devices disclosed in the above cited patents are deficient in at least one significant respect. None of these devices are equipped to portably, effectively and reliably heat and maintain golf balls within a desired temperature range, particularly over extended periods of play. For example, the heaters disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,049,949, 4,155,002, 4,967,062 and 5,057,670 require access to a standard electrical outlet in order for balls to become heated to the desired temperature range. During play, the respective heat sources are disabled and insulation is relied upon to keep the balls heated. Thus, while these devices are equipped to heat golf balls to a desired temperature, it cannot be said that they are capable of portably and effectively maintaining a desired temperature range over an extended period of time.
Prior art heaters employing other means for heating golf balls are similarly ill-equipped and insufficient for heating balls to a specific temperature and portably, effectively and reliably maintaining balls within an a specific temperature range. U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,411 discloses a golf ball heater relying on conductance to heat golf balls to the desired temperature. In addition, this device employs elements facilitating portable heating of golf balls, temperature monitoring and automatic application of heat where the temperature falls under the desired range. Power to the heating means is automatically shut off where the temperature exceeds the desired range. The problem, however, is that the operation of the heating means is independent from the retrieval of a heated ball. That is, where the user opens the device to retrieve a ball and leaves the heater open or fails to fully close the device, the heating means will continue to operate without effectively heating and maintaining the remaining balls within the desired range. Further, the exposed heating means poses a substantial safety risk.
Therefore, it is desirable that a device exist that reliably heats golf balls to a desired temperature, monitors and maintains that temperature, yet avoids the problems and hazards associated with existing golf ball heating devices.


A mutein recombinant adenosine deaminase having any oxidizable cysteine residue replaced by a non-oxidizable amino acid residue is disclosed. Stabilized recombinant adenosine deaminase, polymer conjugates and methods of treatment using the same are also disclosed.

Adenosine deaminase (ADA) has been used in the treatment of an enzyme deficiency disorder called severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) or "Bubble boy" disease for some time. For more than 15 years, Enzon Pharmaceuticals has made therapeutic ADA available for patients in the form of a PEGylated ADA prepared using a bovine source of the ADA enzyme.
Recently, there have been efforts to replace the bovine source enzyme with a recombinant source enzyme (hereinafter "rADA"). Both recombinant human ("rhADA") and recombinant bovine ("rbADA") have been considered as replacements for purified natural bovine ADA. The rbADA and rhADA enzymes are somewhat less stable than the native purified bovine enzyme that is currently employed. Both rhADA and rbADA are believed to degrade in a manner consistent with cysteine degradation: addition of oxygen; formation of dithiols; increasing degradation as pH increases; precipitation, especially as the pH is increased and the samples are concentrated. In the reduced state, cysteine contains a reactive —SH group (sulfhydryl) which is the form responsible for die degradation.
Evidence has suggested that a single, exposed cysteine may be responsible for the degradation that is seen for both rbADA and rhADA. Bovine ADA (i.e., native bovine ADA purified from bovine source) has a structure very similar to that of rhADA: both bovine ADA and rhADA have the same number of cysteines in the same positions of the primary sequence. Currently obtained recombinant human and recombinant bovine ADA contain degradants/impurities (dithiols) that are consistent with cysteine reactivity. Native bovine ADA differs structurally from recombinant bovine ADA in that native bovine ADA has a single mole of cysteine bound to each mole of ADA. Native bovine ADA is also stable to high pH, suggesting that the cysteine bound to the ADA is functioning as a protecting group.
One method for stabilizing recombinant human and/or recombinant bovine ADA is to cap the active Cys residue (Cys 74 of both mature rbADA and mature rhADA) with any one of oxidized glutathione, iodoacetamide, iodoacetic acid, cystine, other dithiols and mixtures thereof. This method is set forth by co-owned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/738,012, entitled, "Stabilized Proteins", the contents of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
Despite the foregoing, it would be advantageous to avoid the need for an additional capping step by modifying the protein structure to provide inherent stability immediately upon expression. U.S. Pat. No. 5,346,823 describes the stabilization of prokaryotic proteases such as subtilisin, and neutral protease, by replacing destabilizing Cys residues with Ser and other amino acid residues, by mutation. However, mutational analysis of active sites in ADA revealed that replacement of a Cys residue (Cys 262) resulted in an enzyme with significantly decreased activity, Bhaumik et al. 1993, The J. of Biol Chem, 268. (8):5464-5470. Thus, before the present invention, it was not known to stabilize adenosine deaminase enzymes by replacing an active and exposed Cys residue by another amino acid residue while retaining optimal useful enzyme activity.
Thus, it would be beneficial to provide both rbADA and rhADA that is stable, i.e., without significant degradation during storage and processing, at pH levels which are useful for optimum PEGylation of the enzyme.


The image forming apparatus comprises: a print head including a plurality of nozzles which eject droplets of a radiation-curable ink onto a recording medium; a conveyance device which causes the print head and the recording medium to relatively move to each other in a relative conveyance direction of the recording medium by conveying at least one of the print head and the recording medium in a direction substantially perpendicular to a width direction of the recording medium; an irradiation device which irradiates a radiation to the droplets of the ink, the droplets having landed on the recording medium; and a control device which controls the irradiation device so that the radiation is irradiated to a first ink droplet while a second ink droplet is in flight, the first ink droplet having been previously ejected from one of the nozzles in the print head and having landed on the recording medium, the second ink droplet being ejected from the same one of the nozzles so as to overlap with or make contact with the first ink droplet on the recording medium.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image forming apparatus and an image forming method, and more particularly to an image forming apparatus and an image forming method for forming images by ejecting ink from nozzles.
2. Description of the Related Art
Inkjet type image forming apparatuses include an image forming apparatus which forms images by ejecting an ultraviolet-curable ink (so-called "UV ink") onto a recording medium from nozzles provided in a print head. Conventionally, an image forming apparatus of this kind irradiates ultraviolet light (UV light) to all or a portion of the image formed on a recording medium after the end of a printing operation by the print head, so as to harden and fix the ink droplets which have been ejected onto the recording medium.
However, if ejected ink droplets land on the recording medium at a time interval that is shorter than the time required to permeate into the recording medium or to become fixed thereon, the ink droplets form one large ink droplet by combining and overlapping with each other before becoming fixed on the recording medium, or the ink droplets in which the dot shape is deformed permeate into the recording medium, and then there is a possibility of giving rise to bleeding, color mixing, and the like, so-called landing interference or droplet interference. Consequently, technology for preventing landing interference of this kind has been proposed (see Japanese Patent Application Publication Nos. 2001-310454, 2004-42548, and 2003-200564, for example).
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-310454 discloses a technology that an ultraviolet light irradiating unit provided in the print head irradiates ultraviolet light at the timing at which the ink droplets land on the recording medium.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-42548 discloses a technology that a pre-hardening (preliminary hardening) operation is performed by irradiating ultraviolet light of a level sufficient to prevent mixing of ink droplets (dots) which have landed on the recording medium, whereupon ultraviolet light is subsequently irradiated again to perform main hardening operation.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-200564 discloses a technology that an ultraviolet light source is provided on the back side of the print surface of a recording medium, ultraviolet light is irradiated from this light source to the recording medium. When a print head having nozzles is situated over the recording medium, irradiation of ultraviolet light to the nozzles is prevented by means of a shield plate which shields the ultraviolet light.
However, in the technology disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-310454, if the ultraviolet light is irradiated to the ink droplets on the recording medium, then a portion of the ultraviolet light is reflected and reaches the nozzles, thus causing the ink in the vicinity of the nozzle aperture (the ink in the vicinity of the nozzles) to harden. In particular, when ultraviolet light is irradiated from directly below the nozzles (in the ink ejection direction), the ink in the vicinity of the nozzles is liable to harden, and hence ejection faults such as nozzle blockages occur.
According to the technology disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-42548, if different nozzles (or print heads) eject ink droplets at a prescribed time delay with respect to each other, landing interference between ink droplets (dots) ejected from different nozzles can be prevented by performing pre-hardening between each droplets ejection. However, this technology is not considered about landing interference of the ink droplets ejected from the same nozzle. For example, if ink is ejected from the same nozzle in consecutive ejection cycles, the pre-hardening is not performed between these ejections, and hence landing interference occurs. In addition, the reflected portion of the ultraviolet light irradiated to the ink droplets on the recording medium is liable to harden the ink in the vicinity of the nozzles.
In order to resolve the problem of ink solidification in the vicinity of the nozzles, in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-200564, as described previously, an ultraviolet light source is provided on the back side of the print surface of a recording medium, ultraviolet is irradiated from this light source to the recording medium, and irradiation of ultraviolet light to the nozzles is prevented by means of a shield plate which shields the ultraviolet light when a print head having nozzles is situated over the recording medium. However, if ink is ejected from the same nozzle in consecutive ejection cycles, then the ultraviolet light remains shielded by the shield plate. Therefore, the ink droplets on the recording medium may not be hardened, and then landing interference may occur.

Image forming apparatus and image forming method


A two-stage planetary gear transmission having a first-stage planetary gear transmission and a second-stage planetary gear transmission is disclosed, wherein the carrier of the second-stage planetary gear transmission comprises first and second carrier parts integrally connected with each other. A hollow pinion shaft formed thereon with the sun gear of the second stage is rotationally supported on the first carrier part via a deep-channel ball bearing in a cantilevered condition. A carrier of the first stage for supporting planetary gears of the first stage is integrally formed on the end of the hollow pinion shaft of the second stage. A lubricant layer of about 15 .mu.m to about 20 .mu.m in width is formed between an inner race member of a planetary bearing and a planetary shaft for each of the planetary gears of the second stage. In addition, the gear ratio u1 of the first-stage planetary gear transmission is larger than the gear ratio u2 of the second-stage planetary gear transmission, and which is equal to or larger than about 5. According to the present invention, misalignment or improper meshing of the gears of the first stage can be adjusted by movement of the cantilevered pinion shaft of the second stage. Improper meshing of the planetary gears of the second stage can be adjusted by the lubricant layer. In addition, the noise from the planetary gear transmission can be reduced by setting the the gear ratios of the first and second stage as mentioned above.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to a planetary gear transmission. More specifically, this invention pertains to a planetary gear transmission having a carrier comprised of divided carrier parts between which a sun gear and planetary gears are disposed.
2. Related Art Description
A planetary gear transmission having a divided-type carrier is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. HEI 2-2334 filed on Jan. 9, 1990 in the name of the same assignee of the present patent application. This planetary gear transmission has a sun gear, a plurality of planetary gears meshed with the sun gear, a carrier for supporting the planetary gears rotationally, and an internal gear meshed with the planetary gears. The carrier is constituted by first and second carrier parts positioned opposite in the axial direction, between which the sun and planetary gears are accommodated. The first and second carrier parts are fixed by a plurality of fastening bolts. The internal gear is formed circumferentially on the inner surface of a ring member. The ring member has inner surface portions on both sides of the internal gear portion. These inner surface portions support rotationally the first and second carrier parts via ball bearings, respectively.
In the planetary gear transmission of this type, the sun and planetary gears are accommodated inside the carrier parts and the internal gear, so that the axial length of the transmission can be reduced compared to other types of planetary gear transmissions. Further, it is dynamically advantageous that the carrier having first and second carrier parts is supported on both sides by the ring member via the ball bearings.
This invention is directed to improvements of a planetary gear transmission having a divided-type carrier.
One object of this invention is to provide a planetary gear transmission with a mechanism for equally distributing load among gear elements even if manufacturing errors or misalignment of the parts occur.
Another object of this invention is to lower the noise generated from a planetary gear transmission having a divided-type carrier.
Still another object of this invention is to produce a planetary gear transmission having a divided-type carrier compactly.


An apparatus includes a first switching device and a second switching device connected in series between a first node and a second node, a first voltage blocking device and a second voltage blocking device connected in series between the first node and a third node, a flying capacitor connected between a common node of the first switching device and the second switching device, and a common node of the first voltage blocking device and the second voltage blocking device, and a controller configured to adjust power losses in the first switching device and the second switching device through controlling charge and discharge processes of the flying capacitor.

Switching-mode power converters are pervasive in many electronic applications from computers to automobiles. Generally, voltages within a switching-mode power converter are generated by operating a switch coupled to an inductor or a transformer. There may be a variety of conversion topologies. In accordance with the topology difference, switching-mode power converters can be divided into two categories, namely, isolated power converters and non-isolated power converters.
With respect to implementing a switching-mode circuit, a gate driver is used to efficiently drive a power transistor or a plurality of power transistors. The gate drive may be configured to accept a low power signal from a controller and produce switching signals at appropriate speeds and voltage levels. These voltage levels may be established, for example, by using external power sources, voltage regulators, level shifters, charge pump converters and any combinations thereof to ensure that the power transistor is turned on and off. The power transistor may be an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor ("IGBT") or a power Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor ("MOSFET"). The gate driver may have a single output for driving a single gate node of the power transistor. Alternatively, the gate driver may have two outputs for driving a high-side power transistor and a low-side power transistor, respectively.
In a gate driver for driving a high-side power transistor, a charge pump converter may be employed to provide bias power for switching the high-side power transistor. More particularly, the charge pump converter is connected between a power source and a bias input terminal of the gate driver. The charge pump converter is configured to convert the output voltage of the power source into a higher voltage, which is used to drive the high-side power transistor.
In operation, the power losses may be not evenly distributed among different switches of the charge pump converter. It would be desirable to have a simple and reliable control method to evenly distribute the power losses among different switches of the charge pump converter, thereby improving the performance of the charge pump converter.

Charge pump converter and control method


A catalyst comprising a noble metal supported on a diatomaceous earth and a transition metal zeolite is disclosed. The catalyst is used in an epoxidation process comprising reacting an olefin, hydrogen, and oxygen. The diatomaceous earth is readily available and may be used in a slurry process without further particle size enlargement.

Direct epoxidation of higher olefins (containing three or more carbons) such as propylene with oxygen and hydrogen has been the focus of recent efforts. For example, the reaction may be performed in the presence of a catalyst comprising gold and a titanium-containing support (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,623,090, 6,362,349, and 6,646,142), or a catalyst containing palladium and a titanium zeolite (see, e.g., JP 4-352771).
Mixed catalyst systems for olefin epoxidation with hydrogen and oxygen have also been disclosed. For example, Example 13 of JP 4-352771 describes the use of a mixture of titanosilicate and Pd-on-carbon for propylene epoxidation. U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,388 describes a catalyst comprising a noble metal and a titanium or vanadium zeolite, but additionally teaches that the Pd can be incorporated into a support before mixing with the zeolite. The catalyst supports disclosed include silica, alumina, and activated carbon. U.S. Pat. No. 6,498,259 discloses the epoxidation of an olefin with hydrogen and oxygen in a solvent containing a buffer in the presence of a catalyst mixture containing a titanium zeolite and a noble metal catalyst.
In a slurry epoxidation process using the mixed catalyst systems, liquid and/or gas product streams need to be separated from the solid catalyst particles. Generally it is necessary to make titanium zeolites and the supported noble metal catalyst into large enough particles (e.g., >1 μm) to make such separation (e.g., filtration) practically viable.


An elastically stretchable disposable wearing article has a front waist region, a rear waist region and a crotch region. This wearing article is formed with a first elastic zone, a second elastic zone and third elastic zones respectively exhibiting stretch stress adjusted to be decreased in this order. An elastically stretchable web is continuously fed in a machine direction, formed with pairs of slits in desired patterns so that two slits constituting each of the pairs may be symmetrically laid about a transversely middle zone of the web and then folded in a cross direction orthogonal to the machine direction so that the web may be alternately overlapped on itself about the transversely middle zone to form the wearing article.

The present invention relates to processes for making a 5 disposable wearing article having elastically stretchable. The present invention is based on, and claims priority from, Japanese Application Serial No. 2002-362501, filed Dec. 13, 2002, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
In the art of disposable wearing articles such as disposable diapers, it is well known to provide its crotch region with an elastically stretchable properties. For example, a process for elastication of a base material layer disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 1998-513070A is adapted to elasticize the base material layer used in an elastic pants-type article. Specifically, the base material layer is provided with elastic members attached thereto so that the elastic members are stretchable in a transverse direction but not in a longitudinal direction in the waist region of the wearing article and stretchable in the longitudinal direction but not in the transverse direction of the wearing article in the crotch region toward a midpoint of which the elastic members contract.
In the known wearing article as has been cited above, the direction in which the elastic members are stretchable in the crotch region must be turned by an angle of 90° with respect to the direction in which the elastic members are stretchable in the waist region. To achieve this, the, apparatus as well as the operation is inevitably complicated. In the wearing article obtained by this known process, the crotch region contracts in back-and-forth direction and thereby pulls an absorbent member such as a napkin attached to the inner side of the wearing article upward so as to come in close contact with a wearer's skin. At the same time, such contraction pulls the waist-surrounding upper end zone of the wearing article downward and thereby makes it difficult to stabilize the wearing article on a wearer.

Process for making disposable wearing article


The present invention provides a camera lens consisting of eight lenses and having a small height, a wide angle, and good optical properties. The camera lens includes, sequentially from an object side, a first lens having a positive refractive power; a second lens having a negative refractive power; a third lens; a fourth lens having a positive refractive power; a fifth lens; a sixth lens; a seventh lens having a positive refractive power; and an eighth lens having a negative refractive power. The camera lens satisfies specific conditions.

In recent years, various imaging devices using imaging elements such as CCDs and CMOSs are widely applied. With the development of miniaturization and high performance of these imaging elements, it is urgent to develop a camera lens with a small height, a wide angle, and good optical properties.
The technologies in terms of the camera lens consisting of eight lenses and having a small height, a wide angle, and good optical properties are driven to be developed. As a camera lens having a structure of eight lenses, a camera lens is provided to include a first lens having a positive refractive power, a second lens having a negative refractive power, a third lens having a negative refractive power, a fourth lens having a positive refractive power, a fifth lens having a negative refractive power, a sixth lens having a positive refractive power, a seventh lens having a positive refractive power and an eighth lens having a negative refractive power that are sequentially arranged from an object side.
Regarding the camera lens disclosed in the prior art, a ratio of an abbe number of the first lens and an abbe number of the second lens, a ratio of the abbe number of the first lens and an abbe number of the third lens, as well as a ratio of an on-axis distance from an image side surface of the fifth lens to an object side surface of the sixth lens and a focal length of the camera lens are insufficient, so that the height reduction is insufficient.


Dry-to-the-touch compositions containing a polymeric matrix and a anaerobically curable component present within the polymeric matrix are disclosed. In a particularly desirable form, the compositions are moisture curable. The compositions are non-flowable, at high temperatures, and have an improved solvent resistance once cured.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to curable adhesive and sealant compositions in a dry-to-the-touch form. More particularly, the present invention relates to dry-to-the-touch adhesive and sealant compositions which are particularly useful in threadlocking and sealing applications and may include various product forms of the compositions including dry-to-the-touch tapes and gaskets.
2. Brief Description of Related Technology
It is common practice in the use of threaded mechanical fasteners, such as nut/bolt assemblies, to apply to one or more of the threadable engagement surfaces thereof, an adhesive/sealant composition, termed a threadlocking composition, for the purpose of locking and/or sealing the constituent members of such fasteners when they are engaged in their final interlocked state.
Such threadlocking compositions significantly increased the torque required to break or turn the engaged threaded members. Conventional threadlocking compositions oftentimes include co-reactive adhesive systems. With this type of threadlocking composition, two or more components are mixed before applying the resulting composition to the threaded engagement surface(s) of the fastener on which the components in the threadlocking composition react to cure. Examples of such co-reactive systems include epoxy resin adhesive compositions.
Liquid adhesive compositions have long been used in sealing and threadlocking applications and have become a standard part of assembly production as well as in the maintenance of machinery, tools and the like. Among the liquid adhesive compositions commonly used in these applications are anaerobic compositions. These compositions provide excellent threadlocking and sealing properties when cured and that remain stable, and thus in liquid form, until they are placed between parts where they cure in the absence of air. Moreover, these compositions remain stable for long periods of time during storage in the bottle.
In many situations, the ability of the liquid adhesive composition to migrate from parts is problematic, causing contamination in the general vicinity, as well as contamination of the environment. One attempt to create a convenient ready-to-use threadlocking product has been the use of preapplied adhesive compositions, such as those in micro-encapsulated form. In such cases, the adhesive composition is applied to the threaded part, such as a bolt or nut, and remains in the uncured state until mated. Generally, in this case, components which would cause premature curing of the unmated part are kept separated from other components by encapsulation. The mating of the parts causes rupture of the encapsulation casing, thereby releasing the components for cure.
Compositions that are applied to parts just before mating have also relied on wax or wax-like matrices into which anaerobic curable resins are incorporated. While such compositions are easy to apply and have certain advantages, such as non-flowability due to their rheological properties, they are not dry-to-the-touch. Moreover, such compositions generally lose their non-flowable nature once certain temperatures are exceeded, such as 180° F. or in some cases involving polyamide matrices those temperatures may reach 260° C. (500° F.) before that happens, and thus lose their advantage over pre-applied or traditional liquid thread lockers since at these temperatures migration begins to occur. Moreover, the wax or wax-like matrices have been described as being used in significantly smaller amounts than the anaerobic component such as amounts of up to about 20% by weight of the total compositions.
While preapplied coatings have many advantages, special processing is sometimes required to prepare and apply the adhesive coatings in advance. Such compositions are not always useful on an as-needed basis, such as when an immediate need for application of a curable composition is required. For instance, it may be necessary to stock and inventory different sizes of pre-applied coated parts in advance. Thus, pre-applied coatings do not solve the problem for many applications requiring ready-to-use compositions.
Though conventional anaerobic threadlockers have been and remain well-received in the marketplace, there are shortcomings for certain commercial applications that have been observed with the use of conventional liquid anaerobic threadlockers, as well as known non-flowable, thixotropic anaerobic-based threadlockers. For instance, oftentimes such compositions do not fully cure through large gaps. Also, because of their nature of anaerobic cure, portions of the adhesive which remain exposed to air once applied to the parts will have difficulty curing (absent a secondary cure mechanism that is triggered). Thus, external bondlines which remain exposed to air on a nut/bolt assembly oftentimes will remain liquid unless additional additives and cure measures are taken to ensure cure. As a result, liquid compositions at the external bondlines tend to migrate. In the case of conventional non-flowable compositions, which depend on the thixotropic and/or rheological properties of the composition for their non-flowability, these compositions will flow if the temperature to which they are exposed is high enough. Additionally, the resistance to solvents of cured products (that have portions which remain uncured, as noted above) may be poor, indicative of questionable integrity when environmental interaction occurs. This may lead to contamination problems and hazardous conditions for the surroundings.
It would be extremely useful and a significant advance in the field of reactive threadlockers and sealants, to provide a reactive formulation useful for threadlocking applications, which overcomes the disadvantages of known compositions. It would also be highly advantageous to provide a cost effective dry-to-the-touch, easy to apply composition, as an alternative to such known threadlocking compositions.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Dry-to-the-touch anaerobically curable compositions and products made therefrom


An embodiment relates to a substance comprising an end-capped amino compound comprising an amino compound and at least a portion of an end capping agent, wherein the at least the portion of the end capping agent contains no primary alkyl amine group and wherein the substance exhibits no activity as measured by: (a) a Cytotox CALUX assay; (b) a Steroidogenesis ERα CALUX assay; (c) a AR CALUX assay; (d) a Anti ERrα CALUX assay; (e) a Steroidogenesis AR CALUX assay; (f) an anti-AR CALUX assay; (g) a TRβ CALUX assay; (h) a anti-TRβ CALUX assay; (i) a TTR-TRβ CALUX assay; or (j) a TPO assay.

In 1940, the patent U.S. Pat. No. 2,325,586 set the course for the development in the field of polymeric guanidines and their application as biocidal active substances. These polymeric guanidine salts are formed by a polymeric condensation reaction of organic compounds, bearing two amino groups with at least one free hydrogen atom. Cyanogen halides, monomeric guanidines, guanidino acid esters, dicyanamides and isocyanide dihalides can be taken into account as monomers for the formation of the herein described polymeric compounds. Since a condensation reaction is described here, water-free conditions are mandatory to achieve a good yield. As it is evident from the relevant examples of the U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,325,586 and 2,336,605, for the polymerization reaction of hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) and cyanogen bromide in ethanol not only absolute solvents have to be used, but also the required solvent amount is very high. The polymerization is carried out for 25 hours at reflux conditions, which reduces the efficiency of the whole process.
From all polymeric guanidines known, merely polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) carries relevance as an active substance today. This substance was first described in detail in the patent in 1950. Today, PHMB is commonly known as polyhexanide, Vantocil or simply PHMB with different molecular weights.
In addition, a number of polymeric guanidines are known, which can be produced by using different di- and polyamines, such as unbranched C6-C12 alkylene diamines, which are known from the EP Patent numbers 0439698 and 0439699.
In WO 1999/054291, a production process of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is described. PHMG can be used as an active substance for biocidal products. PHMG is prepared by a polycondensation of guanidine with an alkylene diamine in particular hexamethylene diamine. From WO 2001/085676 A1, a polymeric guanidine is known, which is prepared by the condensation reaction of guanidine and an oxyalkylene diamine. For the preparation of this polymer, guanidinium hydrochloride is dissolved in triethylene glycol diamine. The molecular weight of this was determined to be up to 3000 Da.
From WO2006/047800 A1, a polymeric condensation product is known, which is formed by reacting guanidine with an alkylene diamine and an oxyalkylene diamine. The condensation product is characterized according to its claims by the amino groups of the alkylene diamine and/or the oxyalkylene diamine being terminal.
Due to changes in the society and the recent requirements that an active substance needs to meet, most inventions in this field lost relevance. In 2010, an association, working in the chemical and biocidal products business, stated the needs for new developments of active substances in this field: "However, despite the growing number of applications the number of available biocide chemistries i.e. Active Substances (AS) is decreasing in the European Union (EU) concurrent with the implementation of the Biocidal Product Directive. [ . . . ] Emerging regulatory initiatives in the EU are driving towards more environmentally safe chemicals, used as such or in a wide range of products and applications." See: Elina Kähkönen, Teemu Hirvonen, and Katrina Nordstrom. "New biocide active substances: needs and challenges in the EU as viewed by industry." Journal of Business Chemistry 7.2 (2010).

Active biocidal substances and production process thereof


Described herein are methods and apparatuses for the provision and management of value added services without a requirement for specific client software on a wireless receive/transmit unit (WRTU). The methods and apparatuses described may be applied to wireless networks supporting HTTP transfers without disrupting the wireless network configuration. In the embodiments described herein, a web request may be received by a Service Management Entity (SME) that may be located in an access point (AP) from a WRTU. The SME may transmit a proxy auto-configuration (PAC) file to the WRTU. This PAC file may include a uniform resource locator (URL) associated with a Service Delivery Entity (SDE), and the URL chosen may be based on rules associated with a location of the WRTU. The SDE may then receive a second web request from the WRTU and respond by transmitting a message to the WRTU such as a transaction trigger.

Wireless receive/transmit units (WRTUs) such as cellular phones have been used primarily to receive voice calls and carry voice traffic and text (SMS) messages. Today, however, users use WRTUs to access information while on the go from a variety of different sources, such as the World Wide Web, application stores, and corporate resources. Smartphones, laptops, tablets, cameras, and sensors often include wide area 3G, 4G, LTE or other transceivers as well as WiFi transceivers. Advanced WRTUs (which use operating systems such as Apple's iOS, Android, and other advanced operating systems) require significant wireless network resources because of the large data traffic they generate. Some of the data-intensive tasks that may be performed on advanced WRTUs include web surfing, receiving and displaying web pages written in HTML5, downloading applications, downloading mapping elements and other geographic data, streaming of audio and video content, and video conferencing. The advent of social media and networks that allow users to check in, pin pictures, and upload all elements of their personal lives (even the most mundane details) require continual increases in available bandwidth.
Many WRTUs have the capability to support multiple air interfaces. For example, some WRTUs implement one or more "cellular" mobile technologies such as, but not limited to, UTMS, GSM, Edge, IS-95, WiFi, super-WiFi, WCDMA, TD-SCDMA, HSPDA, HSUDA, HSPA+, CDMA2000, IEEE 802.16 (Wimax), LTE, 3G, 4G, TD-LTE, and also implement "local" wireless technology such as Bluetooth, and Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technologies (such as those in the IEEE 802.11x family protocols, including 802.11a/b/g/n/af/ac).
WiFi (technologies in the IEEE 802.11 family) hot spots (also referred to as "WiFi hot spots", access points (APs), access point controllers (AP), or wireless access points (WAPs)) have become more and more prevalent in businesses and homes. Marketers, operators and consumers alike seek to have consistent services delivered across these different types of networks. Because, hot spot coverage may not be contiguous, WRTUs may roam in and out of coverage during the course of a day. Travelers using a WRTU may even roam through different time zones. Consistent service and marketing delivery has been difficult to achieve because when a WRTU moves to a business or enterprise hot-spot, registration may be controlled by a domain server, which may not be present at a private residence. Thus, service and marketing delivery is disrupted when a WRTU roams from a business or enterprise hot-spot to a home network. One limitation for providing advanced services to multi-RAT devices comes from the heterogeneous nature of the networks to which WRTUs such as smartphones may connect. To provide consistent, persistent services and marketing, client software has typically been downloaded in the WRTU to enable a server/managing node to interrogate the WRTU.
Geo-fencing is one example technique that may be used to trigger value-added services such as control of VPN or commercial offers. They may rely on a registration process or use of location derived from, for example, GPS, GLONASS, WiFi, Bluetooth, and other indoor and outdoor position technologies.

Clientless method for context driven wireless interactions


A dual-fuel engine has a primary fuel supply and a secondary fuel supply, the primary and secondary fuels being arranged in use to mix with each other and with air for combustion in one or more cylinders of the engine. The supply of both the primary and secondary fuels is arranged to be actively managed in accordance with a desired engine performance characteristic by an electronic controller. In one arrangement the supply of a primary fuel is arranged to be actively reduced when a secondary fuel is supplied to the engine.

The present invention relates to the control of multi-fuel engines and is concerned particularly, although not exclusively, with apparatus and a method for controlling a dual fuel engine, such as a diesel/gas engine.
Multi-fuel engines, i.e. engines which use more than one type of fuel, have been known for many years. One successful type of multi-fuel engine is the dual fuel engine which uses diesel oil as a base, or primary fuel, and either liquid petroleum gas (LPG), compressed natural gas (CNG) or liquefied natural gas (LNG) as an alternative or secondary fuel. Secondary fuels are often attractive because of their low cost compared to diesel oil. Some such engines, such as that described in GB 2372835 B use diesel oil and LPG as alternatives, i.e. one fuel or the other is used, with some provision for switching between the two.
Other previously considered engines, such as the example described in EP 03712309, utilise the combination of diesel and gas, which are combusted together in the engine. Combusting the two fuels together has a number of advantages when compared to the use of diesel alone. Firstly, the amount of diesel used for an equivalent engine performance can be considerably less. Additionally, a more complete combustion of the fuel can be achieved which can result in a reduction of particulates in the exhaust emission. More power, per cylinder explosion, can also be achieved.
Generally with previously considered "combination type" dual fuel engines the aim has been to reduce the amount of diesel (i.e. primary fuel) burned by the engine without losing performance. When gas (i.e. secondary fuel) is introduced into the fuel mixture burned in the cylinder the mixture burns more completely than a charge of diesel oil alone, which results in a reduction of oxygen in the exhaust gases. The reduction in oxygen content can be detected, using a lambda probe, by the engine control unit (ECU) installed by the engine manufacturer which determines that the fuel/air mixture is too rich, and accordingly reduces the amount of primary fuel which is injected.
The outcome is a reduction in primary fuel consumption, as well as lower particulates.
Thus far, dual fuel engines of the kind described above have resulted from converting single fuel engines. Conversion comes at a price, but generally it can be seen that if the cost of the secondary fuel is lower than that of the primary fuel there is the potential for economic benefit. There is also the potential for environmental benefit and performance improvements.
FIG. 1 of the accompanying drawings shows schematically an example of a previously considered control system for a dual fuel engine. This example is similar to the one described in the above-mentioned EP 03712309.
The engine, represented by 10, is a four-cylinder diesel engine, which has been converted to run on a combination of diesel and LPG. Diesel, the primary fuel, is supplied from a tank 12 by a fuel pump 14 to each cylinder into which it is injected using conventional diesel injectors. The rate of flow of the diesel fuel can be measured by a flow meter 16 and the pressure in the diesel line can be monitored by a pressure monitor 18. Air, for use in combusting the fuel, is drawn from an air intake valve 20. A gas tank 22 holds LPG for use as a secondary fuel. The gas, in liquid state, passes through a gas supply valve 24 to a vaporiser 26 where it is changed to a gaseous state before being directed to four gas injectors 28a, 28b, 28c and 28d, one for each cylinder, which are arranged to deliver the gas to a location in the air inlet manifold in a region adjacent to the air inlet valve (not shown) of each cylinder, so as to mix with the air there.
The quantity of gas delivered to the cylinders is controlled by a gas control valve 30.
An electronic controller 32 controls the gas supply valve 24 and the gas control valve 30. The controller 32 takes signals from a throttle position sensor 34, a manifold pressure sensor 36, a knock sensor 38, a crank sensor 40 (for r.p.m. information), a thermometer 42 for detecting the vaporiser temperature, and a lambda sensor 44 (for exhaust oxygen-content). An RS232 interface 46 is provided on the controller 32 to enable connection to a computer (not shown) for set up, system monitoring and diagnostics.
All of the sensors 34, 36, 38, 40, 42 and 44 are dedicated devices which are installed in the engine during the conversion process, as are the controller 32, gas injectors 28-28d, tank 22 and vaporiser 26.
Gas is supplied to the cylinders already mixed with air. The quantity of gas supplied is determined according to various factors that include the throttle position and the engine r.p.m. During the induction stroke, the gas and air mixture is drawn into the cylinder and towards the end of the compression stroke the oxygen and diesel ignite causing the gas to burn which in turn more fully and more aggressively combusts the diesel fuel, producing a greater power stroke. The combustion products which are eliminated in the exhaust stroke show reduced oxygen and particulates as compared with the combustion of diesel alone.
The above conversion can be expensive and time-consuming not least because of the number of devices which must be installed.

Apparatus and method for controlling a multi-fuel engine


Provided are systems and methods for image enhancement based on combining multiple related images, such as images of the same object taken from different imaging angles. This approach allows simulating images captured from longer distances using telephoto lenses. Initial images may be captured using simple cameras equipped with shorter focal length lenses, typically used on camera phones, tablets, and laptops. The initial images may be taken using two different cameras positioned a certain distance from each other. An object or, more specifically, a center line of the object is identified in each image. The object is typically present in the foreground portion of the initial images. The initial images may be cross-faded along the object center line to yield a combined image. Separating of the foreground and background portions of each image may be separated and separately processed, such as blurring the background portion and sharpening the foreground portion.

Many modern electronic devices, such as smart phones and laptops, are equipped with cameras. However, the quality of photo and video images produced by these cameras is often less than desirable. One problem is that these electronic devices use relatively inexpensive cameras and lenses in comparison, for example, with professional cameras. Another problem is a relatively small size of the mobile devices (the thickness of the mobile devices, in particular) requires the optical lens to be small as well. Furthermore, mobile devices are often operated at closed proximity to the object, e.g., between 300 mm and 900 mm and are equipped with a short focal length lens. As such, the produced images often suffer from perspective distortion resulting from using short focal length cameras at close distance to the subject.

Image enhancement based on combining images from multiple cameras


A highly portable semiconductor device and the like providing improved browsability of display. Provided is a semiconductor device including a flexible display panel, a first housing supporting a first region of the display panel, a second housing supporting a second region of the display panel, and a flexible base material firmly attached to the first housing. The display panel can be deformed into an open position where the first and second regions are substantially on the same plane or into a folded position where the first and second regions overlap with each other. The second housing includes a groove portion where the flexible base material can partly slide. Part of the flexible base material is inserted into the groove portion in the open position. The part of the flexible base material which is inserted into the groove portion is at least partly withdrawn in a deformation into the folded position.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an object, a method, or a manufacturing apparatus. In addition, the present invention relates to a process, a machine, manufacture, or a composition of matter. In particular, one embodiment of the present invention relates to a semiconductor device, a display device, a light-emitting device, a lighting device, driving methods thereof, or manufacturing methods thereof. In particular, one embodiment of the present invention relates to an electronic device, an information processor, and a communication information device, each of which has a display device, or manufacturing methods thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Portable information processors such as smartphones, tablets, and phablets are under active development. For example, an electronic device using a flexible display panel has been known (Patent Document 1). In addition, a multi-panel electronic device has been known (Patent Document 2).

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


The present invention provides that a gas discharge panel substrate assembly comprising: electrodes formed on a substrate, a dielectric layer covering the electrodes, and a protective layer covering the dielectric layer and in contact with a discharge space, wherein the protective layer includes MgO and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of an Al compound, a Ti compound, a Y compound, a Zn compound, a Zr compound, a Ta compound and SiC.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a gas discharge panel substrate assembly, a production method therefore and an AC type gas discharge panel.
2. Description of Related Art
There have been reported on various types of gas discharge panels, among which an AC type plasma display panel (PDP) of a three-electrode surface discharge structure has been introduced to the market.
FIG. 5 shows a schematic perspective view of a structure of a PDP on the market. The PDP is of a structure in which a front glass substrate 1 and back glass substrate 2 are adhered to each other. Provided on the front glass substrate 1 are display electrodes 3 constituted of transparent electrodes 31 and bus electrodes 32 and the display electrodes 3 are covered with a dielectric layer 4. Further formed on the dielectric layer 4 is a protective layer 5 made of a MgO layer with a high secondary electron emission coefficient. Address electrodes 6 are provided on the back glass substrate 2 so as to intersect with the display electrodes at right angles. Barrier ribs 7 are provided between the address electrodes 6 in order to define light emitting regions and phosphors 8 for red, green and blue are coated on the address electrodes 6 in the respective regions divided by the barrier ribs 7. Ne—Xe gas is sealed in the interior of a space formed by adhering the front glass substrate 1 and the back glass substrate 2 to each other.
FIG. 6 shows a state of a discharge cell in discharge as viewed in section. A voltage is applied between the display electrodes 3 each including a pair of two electrodes X and Y to form an electric field in a discharge space and to thereby excite Xe and generate gas discharge 9 and vacuum ultraviolet 10 is released therefrom. The ultraviolet 10 strikes the phosphor 8 to emit visible light 11. The discharge cell acts as a display by controlling the vacuum ultraviolet 10 in the electric field in the interior thereof. On this occasion, the vacuum ultraviolet 10 is directed to not only the phosphor 8 but also the front glass substrate 1. The protective layer (MgO layer) 5 and the dielectric layer 4 are formed on the front glass substrate 1 sequentially in the order starting at the discharge surface and since MgO passes a wavelength portion (165 nm or more) of the vacuum ultraviolet therethrough, part of the ultraviolet 10 reaches as far as the dielectric layer 4. In FIG. 6, the reference numbers 2 and 6 are the same as those in FIG. 5 in meaning.
As a method for forming a dielectric layer for use in a PDP, generally known is a method in which it is formed by dispersing frit glass. The frit glass is provided as a paste obtained by dispersing a glass component into a vehicle made of ethyl cellulose resin as a main component. The frit glass in this form is coated on a substrate by printing and is baked to thereby burn out the resin component with the result of formation of a dielectric layer made of a glass component as a main component. Furthermore, as methods for forming a dielectric layer more suitable for mass production in recent years, there have been proposed: a method in which frit glass in the shape of a sheet obtained by dispersing frit glass in acrylic resin or the like is adhered and baked and a method to use vapor phase film formation such as a CVD method.

Gas discharge panel substrate assembly having protective layer in contact with discharge space, and AC type gas discharge panel having the assembly


A router template for use in conjunction with a milling tool to create mortises of predetermined size and spacing in an underlying work surface, such as a door edge and door jamb, for butt hinges, a strike plate, and a latch plate. A plurality of router template bodies having template inserts will accommodate strike plates, latch plates, a variety of hinge sizes, and the typical thickness of these hardware work pieces. The router template bodies may be used in conjunction with a guide bar to provide typical positioning for the hinges along the door edge and jamb. This tool may be used with minimal adjustment.

The present invention relates generally to the milling of a mortise or series of mortises, and more particularly, to a hand tool for use in such a milling process for facilitating the proper size and placement of such mortises.
Within the field of carpentry, a need frequently arises to mill, often with the assistance of a chisel or mechanical router, a mortise of a particular size and position into the surface of wood or metal. Mortises are particularly needed in doors and associated door jambs for accommodating the leaves of a butt hinge. Such a mortise permits the hinge leaf to be recessed within the surface of the door or jamb, thereby ensuring proper closure of the door.
The mortise size will generally be determined by the dimensions of the hinge leaf. A 4-inch hinge, for example, is wider and longer generally than a 31/2-inch hinge. Therefore, the dimensions could be marked upon the work surface of the door or jamb, the thickness of the hinge leaf determined, and the resulting mortise obtained by removing the wood material therein by means of a chisel, jig, mechanical router, etc. However, such a "freehand" method of milling a mortise would require a great deal of skill and precision in order to obtain a cavity which will fit the hinge leaf without being too large, and which will allow the exposed surface of the hinge leaf to lie flush with the wood surface of the surrounding door or jamb instead of being overly or underly recessed. Moreover, the respective mortises of the door and jamb would need to be positioned exactly alike so that the door and jamb could be properly joined by means of the hinges. Improper milling or placement of a mortise, therefore, would requirement replacement of the door or jamb.
Hence, carpenters or contractors have resorted to the use of a template positioned against the work surface of the door or jamb in order to guide and facilitate the milling of a butt hinge mortise. Moreover, three or more such templates are generally part of a single hand tool so that the spacing between milled mortises may be predetermined and duplicated on both the door and jamb. One such prior art template device is manufactured and sold by Templaco. In consists simply of a long board in which three holes are located. The template is placed against the edge of a door or jamb, and three mortises are routed within the boundaries of the template holes. While simple in design, though, this template suffers from a number of disadvantages. First, there is no versatility between hinge sizes, thereby requiring use of completely separate templates. Second, it is not possible to use the template to mill mortises for either the strike plate positioned along the door jamb, or the latch plate positioned along the edge of the door (used for guiding the latch bolt, which is operated by the doorknob). Third, the template cannot be used for custom jobs in which the butt hinges must be positioned other than where the template holes require. This need usually arises where four hinges are used, or a replacement door is being installed in an existing door frame having unconventional hinge placements. Therefore, the Templaco device suffers from a severe lack of versatility, requiring ownership of multiple templates to accommodate different sizes of hinges, different spacing between hinges, and latch plates, strike plates, etc.
A more versatile template device is manufactured by Bosch, as Model Numbers 83037 or 83002. It consists of three metal template bodies arranged along adjustable extension rails. Each template body, in turn, incorporates metal hinge size plates, usually tightened with thumb screws. They slide toward and away from each other, and are set to match the length of the hinge in question. Adjustable stop pins rest against the edge of the jamb or the face of the door to ensure that the template is properly positioned to produce a mortise of correct width. Therefore, once the Bosch template is assembled for a particular job, adjustments need to be made for hinge length, door length, door thickness, and hinge spacing for each hinge, plus an adjustment for the clearance between the top of the door and the top door jamb. This requires a minimum of thirteen adjustments to the instrument, using difficult to locate knobs and scales, before three mortises may be milled on a door or jamb. Similar devices are manufactured or sold by Skil (Model No. 71022), Black & Decker (Model No. 58129), Porter-Cable (Model No. 59380), and Milwaukee (Model No. 49-54-0100).
Thus, this device is versatile to the point of being far more complicated to operate than is normally required for residential construction, which typically uses 4-inch or 31/2-inch hinges and standard 6'8" doors. Moreover, these devices are expensive, charging most occasional carpenters and home rehabbers for a degree of versatility that will never be used. Furthermore, these devices, like the Templaco template, do not accommodate milling of strike plate or latch plate mortises.
The template of the present invention overcomes these problems associated with the prior art by providing a versatile template for use with a standard 6'8" door, which can accommodate 4-inch and 31/2-inch butt hinges, latch plates, and strike plates; may be used for right or left hand doors; will automatically position the hinges and calibrate the router adjustment needed for variances in thicknesses between 31/2-inch butt hinges, strike plates, and latch plates; does not require assembly or adjustments; is cheaper than most templates commercially available; and is easy to use.


A dust collecting apparatus which is removably connected to a cleaner body is provided. The apparatus includes a cyclone body which forms a cyclone chamber and is in fluid communication with an air inlet passage on one side thereof; an exit pipe which is protruded from a bottom of the cyclone body to an upper side of the cyclone chamber; and a dust canister body which forms a dust collection chamber between the cyclone body and the dust canister body. The cyclone body is arranged eccentrically within the dust collection chamber so that a portion of the cyclone body has a common portion in contact with a portion of the dust canister body. The common portion is made of transparent materials to see through the cyclone chamber.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to a dust collecting apparatus for a vacuum cleaner, and more particularly to a dust collecting apparatus for separating dust entrained in air by rotating the air entrained with the dust.
2. Description of the Related Art
The dust collecting apparatus equipped in a vacuum cleaner generally separates the dirt or dust from external air entrained with the dust. Recently, so called "cyclone dust collecting apparatuses" have become widely used. The cyclone dust collecting apparatus can be semi-eternally used without using a dust bag. Such a dust collecting apparatus separates the dust entrained in the air using a difference of centrifugal force between the air and the dust by rotating the air.
One of the conventional dust collecting apparatuses, which is disclosed in Korean patent No. 560967 by the applicant of this application, is configured such that the dust is discharged in an opposite direction of gravity and the air separated from the dust is discharged in a direction of gravity. Herein, as the cyclone chamber is positioned in a center of a dust collection chamber, the dust flows into the cyclone chamber rotates and rises along the cyclone chamber and then exits the cyclone chamber, into the dust collection chamber outside the cyclone chamber by the centrifugal force.
In the conventional dust collecting apparatus, if a large volume of dirt flows into the dust collecting apparatus during operation of the cleaner, there occurs a problem in that the large volume of dirt can not exit the cyclone chamber or outlet pipe but remains within it, which results in decreasing suction force of the cleaner. Besides, since the user can not determine when the large volume of dirt remains, he has to disconnect the dust collecting apparatus from the cleaner body and then open a cover of it for the purpose of observing.
Additionally, in the conventional dust collecting apparatus, the dust canister has to be manufactured larger so as to increase an amount of dust collected, which results in increasing the size of the dust collecting apparatus. Accordingly, a solution to maintain the dust collecting apparatus in compact is necessary.

Dust collecting apparatus for vacuum cleaner


A neutron elastic scattering detector device for non-invasively detecting the presence of at least one predetermined element of an object of interest. The detector device comprises a neutron source that simultaneously outputs, at a creation time, a neutron in a first direction and an associated baseline particle in a second direction. The first direction is opposite of the second direction. The neutron can impinge upon the predetermined element of the object of interest and scatter therefrom in a third direction. A baseline particle detector system detects the baseline particle and outputs a baseline signal characteristic thereof. A neutron detector system detects the neutron and outputs a scattering signal in characteristic thereof. The processing unit analyzes the baseline signal and the scattering signal to determine the presence of the predetermined element.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
Recently, there has been an increasing need to permit the quick, non-invasive, non-destructive analysis of the chemical compositions of materials, especially when such materials are concealed, such as illicit materials or explosives, or otherwise spaced a considerable distance from the detection system, such as to improve personnel safety in the event of an explosion. That is, there exists a need for a rapid, non-visual, reliable, sensitive, low false-alarm rate detection process. Such a detection process can be particularly useful in the examination of transport items, such as by non-limiting example envelopes, parcels, luggage, trucks, or shipping containers. Such a detection process could also be particularly useful in the detection of explosives, biological weapons, or other materials concealed in the natural environment, such as antipersonnel or other types of land mines, explosives concealed in vehicles, and additionally useful in the non-invasive examination of munitions for use in determining appropriate deactivation procedures.
Magnetic inspection techniques can be useful for detecting metallic articles, such as weapons, but non-metallic articles such as explosives or narcotics are not detectable by such methods. Furthermore, explosives and narcotics, as a general rule, do not have readily distinguishable ionizing photon (X-ray or gamma ray) absorption characteristics, unless examined using low energy photons. However, the use of low energy photons limits such examination to smaller objects and, thus, may prove difficult to distinguish contraband and normal items of commerce. Both magnetic and X-ray and ionizing photon methods may not provide sufficient functionality and/or reliability in the detection of many types of contraband.
Thermal neutron activation analysis (TNAA) is a conventional method for determining chemical composition that utilizes neutrons to interrogate both samples in the laboratory and in concealed spaces. In TNAA, a source, generally of relatively low energy neutrons, is used to bombard the sample object of interest. The nuclei of the atoms comprising the sample capture the bombarding neutrons and are rendered radioactive. When these newly radioactive isotopes undergo radioactive decay, they emit energetic photons (gamma rays) or particles characteristic of the newly radioactive nuclei. These emitted photons or particles are then detected using various means by which the energies of the photons and/or particles are measured and used to identify the elemental composition of the sample object. This approach is capable of identifying various elemental compositions, but its practical utility is largely confined to low volume, low throughput applications as in a laboratory environment due, in part, to the high rate of attenuation of the low energy neutrons. There is also a low interaction probability for thermal neutrons in low atomic number materials, so a very large number of neutrons are needed for identifying these. Furthermore, a very large number of the possible thermal neutron interactions result in the production of radioactive nuclei that have persistent radioactivity. The fundamental process thus requires that the sample be made radioactive and the induced activity of many common materials, particularly metals, persists well beyond the inspection period and thus can present a health hazard. Items in the environment near the sample may similarly become radioactive. Because the composition of the materials in the container or space being inspected is not known in advance, the total amount of induced radioactivity and how long the induced activity will be present is similarly unknown. The duration of the radioactivity of many benign inspected items may be quite long.
Furthermore, neutron activation analysis is not very efficient for detecting nitrogen or carbon, two of the major components of explosives and narcotics, because nitrogen or carbon each have small capture neutron cross-sections as compared to heavier elements and metals. If these light elements are to be activated with high enough probability to produce useful signals for identification, the incident neutron flux must be relatively high and thus capable of inducing significant radioactivity in other benign components of the objects of interest being inspected. The method is further very insensitive to oxygen, an important component of many explosives and narcotics. Many explosives detection methods rely only upon the detection of nitrogen, but the nitrogen to oxygen ratio may be a significant indication of the presence of explosives and/or narcotics in an object.
While the discussion above describes the use of thermal neutrons (typically with energies below about 0.025 eV, the most probable energy) for activation analysis, higher energy (fast) neutrons may also be used. High energy neutrons have the potential advantage that they can penetrate further and thus may interrogate deeper into the interior of larger containers. In fact, their usage may be required for the interrogation of very large samples. Their use, however, suffers from the problems with persistence of lingering radioactivity in the object of interest and may pose other problems when the large neutron flux interacts with metals or heavy elements in the vicinity as described for methods using thermal neutrons described above. Furthermore, the capture cross-section for fast neutrons is often lower than for low energy neutrons and thus require an even higher incident neutron flux for reliable detection with low false alarm rates. Therefore, the target must be irradiated with large numbers of neutrons in order to get usable neutron activation data. This brings with it problems of unintended high flux neutron scattering that, for safety, requires substantially greater shielding, and thus a larger equipment footprint or personnel stand-off distances. It should also be understood that techniques employing neutrons having energies between those of fast and thermal suffer from some of the limitations of both techniques.
Inelastic neutron scattering (INS) is the process in which neutrons interact with the nuclei in object of interest producing an excited nuclear state, which then emit neutrons with a lower energy and gamma ray photons. In inelastic scatter the neutron induces an excited state in the target nucleus, which then "falls back" to its earlier energy by emitting a lower energy neutron and a gamma ray photon. Both the gamma ray photons and the neutrons have characteristic energies that, if measured, can identify the nuclei from which they were emitted. Inelastic scatter interactions do not make the target radioactive. Although there is a "delay" between when the neutron first interacts with the nucleus and when the gamma ray is emitted, this time is on the order of micro or nanoseconds, after which the target nucleus is returned to its previous state. The target may still be somewhat radioactive because a few of the source neutrons would be absorbed (as mentioned earlier) but this would not be as much of an issue as for absorption methods because inelastic scatter has a much higher interaction probability which would make it possible to have a much lower incident flux. Whenever neutrons are incident upon an object, especially objects containing lower atomic number materials, neutron elastic scattering also occurs with a very high probability. Inelastic neutron scattering methods do not use any information about object composition that arise from these very probable events. Thus methods using inelastic neutron scattering alone would require more neutrons to obtain the desired information than methods which use elastic scattering or a combination of elastic scattering with other processing. The persistent radioactivity and radiation hazards in INS would thus be higher than for methods taking advantage of neutron elastic scattering.
Neutron transmission analysis (NTA) has also been proposed for the inspection of closed containers. This approach uses neutrons in a similar fashion to ionizing photons to produce a "shadow" (transmission) image of the contents of a container. This method is identical to the way medical X-ray imaging works, except neutrons are used instead of X-ray photons. Neutrons are directed towards the object of interest and the transmitted (uninteracted) neutrons are detected on the far side by appropriately position sensitive detectors. Because some elements interact with neutrons much more strongly than others, the detected neutrons on the far side of the inspected object can cast an image whose intensity indicates the interactions with the object's components. This absorption may not be sufficiently specific to allow composition identification. A serious difficulty arises, however, because the absorption in elements other than the component elements of explosives and narcotics can be large and interfere with the detection process for the elements of interest. The high neutron fluxes required for adequate signal to noise to permit low false alarm rates again may generate radioactivity, as in TNAA, and thus the same safety hazard issues exist.
Another possible method for using neutrons to interrogate different targets is neutron elastic scatter (NES). NES has the highest interaction probability of any of the interactions discussed herein. In NES the incident neutron interacts by scattering off the target nucleus in a perfect elastic scatter. In these "billiard ball" calculations, the scattered neutron energy depends only on the incident neutron energy, the mass of the target nucleus, and the angle of scatter. Because this is the most likely type of neutron interaction for most materials (especially lighter ones), a smaller incident neutron flux can be used. This means that induced target radioactivity is minimized and thus there is less danger to personnel. This is the basis for the current application.
Further areas of applicability will become apparent from the description provided herein. It should be understood that the description and specific examples are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

The Regents of the University of Michigan


Computer-based method and system for urban planning of a facility are described herein. The method and system facilitate a user, without any hard knowledge of geographic information system (GIS) to perform quick geo-spatial analysis with a fully automated, single step, and single input process including automatically determining one or more criteria corresponding to the facility based on the facility type defined by the user, automatically performing data analysis on a plurality of data-sets, automatically determining and presenting at least one suitable site within the geographic area for the facility based on the data analysis.

Unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Urban planning help decision makers to understand the needs of a densely populated area and to determine how construction of a new urban facility will fit in with existing urban infrastructure to meet the regulatory demands. To make reliable decisions regarding the setup of the new urban facilities, various criteria such as social, environmental, and cultural etc. are considered. Based on the criteria, suitable sites to setup the new urban facilities are determined. The conventional computer-based systems for urban planning of the facility are not fully automatic and a user must have good knowledge of geographic information system (GIS) for operating the conventional computer-based systems.
Hence, it is apparent that a need exists for a Geo-spatial artificial intelligence (Geo-AI) based fully automated computer-based method and system with automatic data acquisition and processing for determining the suitable sites for the facility for urban planning and providing quantitative assessments with visualization.


There is disclosed a process for preparing 3-piperazinylbenzisothiazoles comprising reacting the specified 3-halo-1,2-benzisothiazole or 2-cyanobenzenesulfenyl halide in the presence of an alkylene glycol derivative. The process is industrially effective, easy and economical and can provide useful intermediates for production of pharmaceutical preparations.

For preparing 3-piperazinylbenzisothiazole derivatives, mainly two processes have been hitherto known. One of them is a process by reacting 3-halo-1,2-benzisothiazole with a piperazine compound according to the following reaction scheme (1): ##STR1## (JP-A 63-83067; JP-A 63-83085; EP-A 196096; J. Chem. Soc., Perkin. Trans., 1(8), 2141. 1988; Ger. Offen., 3530089; J. Med. Chem., 29(3), 359, 1986), and the other one is a process which is disclosed in JP-A 8-291134 which was previously filed by the present applicant, according to the reaction scheme (2): ##STR2## wherein X represents Cl or Br, and R represents H, alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms or substituted alkylene group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.

Process for preparation of 3 piperazinylbenzisothiazoles


The light intensity of a light beam emitted from a light source is appropriately controlled when the light beam is transmitted through a variable optical coupling efficiency device in an optical head. During a read mode, the light beam from the light source is incident on an optical disk at an intensity relatively weaker than that of the light source. By switching the optical coupling efficiency of the variable optical coupling efficiency device between a write mode and a read mode, the light intensity directed to an optical recording medium is substantially varied from the write mode to the read mode. This arrangement eliminates the need for substantially increasing the optical output power ratio of the light source of write power to read power.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a recording and playback apparatus for recording and playing back a variety of pieces of information to and from an optical recording medium, and an optical head for use in an optical apparatus such as the recording and playback apparatus, and a variable optical coupling efficiency device for use in the optical head.
2. Description of the Related Art
Optical recording media such as an optical disk have ruggedness (pits) representing signal information. Some recording media are used as playback purposes only. Some permit recording and playback operations using phase variation along a groove structure or using magneto-optical recording.
The optical head of a recording and playback apparatus such as an optical disk device which employs a write and read optical disk typically uses a semiconductor laser. The semiconductor laser light source typically gives a relatively high maximum optical output power to satisfy the following requirements.
(1) The semiconductor laser has difficulty in outputting a stable oscillation in a low output power level thereof, and laser noise becomes large in magnitude. To assure a required CNR (Carrier to Noise Ratio) during playback time, the output power of the laser must be set to be higher than a predetermined level. An laser output power of 2 to 5 mW is typically required.
(2) A writable optical recording medium performs a recording operation taking advantage of a rise in temperature of a recording layer due to an optical spot on the medium in which a light beam is focused. The recording power must be set to within a range that prevents the recording layer from being damaged by laser power during a playback operation while performing stable recording during a recording operation.
To satisfy these requirements, a difference in power must be permitted between during the playback operation and during the recording operation. A ratio of the maximum recording power/maximum playback power typically falls within a range of 5 to 20.
To perform recording at a speed higher than standard speed, a larger output power ratio is needed.
The maximum power rating of a light source of a write and read optical head is usually 20 to 50 mW to satisfy the above two requirements. A CD-R/RW that operates eight times as high as the standard speed has an output power of 100 mW.
A light source having a large optical output power is not only impracticable but also consumes much power.
If the maximum optical power rating is set to be low, no satisfactory playback characteristics are obtained because of a high noise level during the replay time.

Recording and playback apparatus and optical head including a variable optical coupling efficiency device


An electrode cap for obtaining EPM signals from a head of a subject, the cap comprising: (i) an insulating layer (33) for positioning adjacent to the head of the subject; (ii) an electrically conductive layer (29) comprising ionic conduction means, situated above the insulating layer so that in use, it is separated from the head of the subject by the insulating layer; (iii) a plurality of measurement signal electrodes (13) extending through the electrically conductive layer and the insulating layer for contacting the head of the subject, the measurement signal electrodes being electrically insulated from the electrically conductive layer; and (iv) at least one reference node (53, 55) electrically connected to the electrically conductive layer.

An EEG signal is derived from electrodes placed on the head of a subject and is conveyed via leads to processing circuitry and monitoring equipment. The EEG signals themselves are relatively weak. A similar situation applies to other kinds of electrophysiological measurement (EPM). These techniques are therefore prone to interference arising from the subject, e.g. eye blink artefacts or from the surrounding environment, e.g. electrical mains interference. An EEG signal obtained from a scalp electrode is in the range typically of 10 μV to 100 μV at an impedance of around 500Ω to 50 KΩ.
EEG has traditionally been used for investigations into brain activity. It may, for example, be employed to investigate abnormal brain activity in disease states such as epilepsy or in certain psychiatric abnormalities.
There is also an interest in obtaining EEG measurements in combination with techniques which involve use of a strong magnetic field and sometimes also radiofrequency (rf) fields. One such technique is functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Such magnetic and rf fields represent yet another source of interference for the EEG measurements. The large magnetic and radio frequency fields produced by MRI machines easily swamp the EEG signal with induced noise on the signal wire. Further, switching of the MRI magnetic gradients causes extraneous pulses in the EEG signal.
The fMRI technique is widely used in both medical and non-medical imaging to obtain a spatial image of "slices" through the brain. In the medical context, MRI is used to identify lesions such as areas of restricted blood flow or tumours. Outside the medical field, fMRI has, for example, been a useful tool in cognitive neuroscience for investigating brain response to various external stimuli. However, there are other techniques which involve use of a strong magnetic field and may also be used in combination with EEG, as will be mentioned further hereinbelow. They also give rise to noise problems.
There have been many proposals for reducing interference signals in EEG. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,162 proposes a system using electrodes and wiring designed to minimise noise in EEG signals when obtained in combination with use of fMRI. The EEG recording equipment is located outside the MRI room to minimise interference.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,513,649 proposes a system for removing contaminants from EEG recordings. It proposes that an adaptive filter is used to estimate the contaminants in the measured EEG data and then subtracts them from the primary signal to obtain the corrected EEG data.
WO-A-03/073929 discusses the potential problems associated with concurrent fMRI and EEG measurements, namely noise induced in the EEG signal by the rf and magnetic fields (as mentioned above) and the disruption to the fMRI measurement by introduction of ferromagnetic material in the EEG electrodes, into the bore of the fMRI machine. This reference comments upon possibilities for alleviating these problems. One is to dispense with ferromagnetic materials in the EEG electrodes and to use an alternative such as carbon fibre. Another is to rearrange the EEG leads to minimise interference with the rf field.
The aforementioned WO-A-03/073929 also recognises safety problems inherent in deploying EEG equipment inside a pulsed rf field, e.g. due to induced currents. Solutions to these problems have included raising the impedance of the EEG detection circuit by means of resistors or by using different electrode systems or different electrode materials, or by incorporating a fibre optic link in the line between the electrodes and the circuit. The reference proposes that a better method of avoiding such hazards is to incorporate an amplifier within the electrode structure.
WO-A-02/13689 describes a method of reducing interference in EEG, ECG and EMG, especially in combination with MRI, whereby pairs of electrodes are connected to differential amplifiers. An interference signal is obtained by synchronisation of measurement signals with a timing signal which initiates digitisation of the signals. Subtraction of the interference is then effected digitally.
A system wherein separate EEG measurement signal electrodes and so-called reference electrodes are employed is disclosed in International Patent Application No. PCT/EP2005/006126, unpublished at the priority filing date of this application. The reference electrodes are electrically isolated from the subject. Signals from the individual reference electrodes are subtracted from those on respective measurement signal electrodes to remove interference. One preferred means of supporting the measurement signal electrodes and reference electrodes as disclosed in this reference, is in the form of an electrode support or cap. The reference electrodes comprise connections or "nodes", electrically connected to a continuous conductive web or mesh which is electrically isolated from the subject by an insulating layer. This conductive layer may be formed from carbon-loaded fabrics, foam or yarn or a silver coated polymer such as nylon.
The present invention, in one aspect, is concerned with an alternative design of electrode cap which is optimised for use with the noise cancellation system disclosed in PCT/EP2005/006126 but which embodies several novel and inventive features. In another aspect, it relates to an electrode cap design for improving contact with the subject and minimising movement of the electrodes relative to the head of the subject.
It may be noted that there have been a number of prior proposals for electrode support caps for electrodes used in EEG measurement. EP-A-0 541 393 discloses such a support in the form of a headpiece which comprises elastic strips on which the electrodes are supported.
WO-A-00/27279 discloses a stretchable elastic cap on which are supported, soft rubber electrode holders.
US-A-2002/0007128 discloses a system for combined EEG monitoring with simultaneous transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Disclosed in this reference is an electrode system using a conductive plastic electrode cup with an integral silver epoxy coated electrode to ensure that the impedance of the electrode system as a whole is reduced to be equivalent to that of a typical metal electrode.
An electrode cap in which sensing electrodes are replaced with electrical devices adapted both for measuring electric voltage or current, and also for applying an electric current or voltage is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,594,521.

Apparatus and method for acquiring a signal


Indexing and retrieving real time content in a social networking system is disclosed. A user-term index includes user-term partitions, each user-term partition comprising temporal databases. As a post is received from a user, a user identifier, a post identifier, and a post is extracted. An object store communicatively coupled to a temporal database for recently received content is queried to determine whether terms in the post has already been stored. A term identifier is stored in the user-term index with the user and post identifiers. A forward index stores the post by post identifier. Responsive to a search query, the user-term index is searched by the user's connections and the terms. A real time search engine compiles the results of the user-term index query and retrieves the stored posts from the forward index. The search results may then be ranked and cached before presentation to the searching user.

The present invention relates generally to social networking systems and more particularly to optimizing the storage architecture of real time content generated on a social networking system for efficient search and retrieval.
Social networking systems provide users with multiple mechanisms to post differing types of content, including text, links, photos, videos, and comments on other users' posts, just to name a few. As a social networking system grows to hundreds of millions of users, the amount of content being stored grows exponentially. Storing the content in primary storage (e.g., memory) yields the fastest retrieval, but primary storage is expensive. Thus, content is eventually stored in secondary storage (e.g., hard disk) which is less expensive, but results in longer access times. Determining which content should be stored in primary storage to enable real time searching is difficult because some content may be accessed frequently while others content is accessed only sporadically.
Conventional document indices for large scale (e.g., web) systems typically ignore the user as a structural indexing attribute. A typical inverted index stores a list of documents for a given term, where the list of document is ordered by document identifier. The user, or more typically the "author" of the document, is simply one of many keys/attributes that are stored with the metadata for the document, but the structure of the index is not organized in memory with respect to the author. In addition, conventional indices typically capture the creation date of when a document was generated as another attribute of the document. For example, a document, or content, that a user authored, or posted, a week ago is conventionally stored and retrieved in the same manner as content posted in the last hour. Users may wish to search the most recently posted content of other users on a social networking system before the content posted a week ago. However, terms may be repeated by users posting content, leading to an inefficient allocation of memory and future fragmentation of computer-readable storage media. Managing a pointer to a single object representing the commonly repeated terms leads to wasteful overhead processing. Additionally, management of old databases becomes complicated, leading to broken links. Thus, conventional search indices are not optimized for real time searching.
Additionally, users of social networking systems may wish to search the content of other users with which they are connected to on the social networking system before searching content of random users of the social networking system. Social networking systems also gather information on the interactions between users to identify stronger connections between users. Conventional social networking systems do not optimize indices to enable ranking of search results according to the strength of connections between users.

Real-time content searching in social network