The phase shifted (PS) transmitter provides substantially linear amplification from two non-linear amplifiers by decomposing the original signal into two constant envelope signals with varying phases. The generation of the two constant envelope signals does not require the use of a signal component separator (SCS) or a reference signal generator. The phase shifted transmitter generates directly the required constant envelope, varying phase signals. This eliminates stringent requirements on the circuitry and allows the use of non-linear highly efficient power amplifiers in the transmitter. When the two above mentioned signals are combined, they constructively and destructively interfere to re-form an amplified form of the original signal, which is to be transmitted via an antenna.

In communication systems, a signal to be transmitted is typically concentrated around a particular carrier frequency occupying a defined channel. Information is sent in the form of modulation of frequency, envelope or phase or some combination of these which causes the information to be represented by energy spread over a band of frequencies around the carrier frequency. In many schemes the carrier itself is not sent since it is not essential to the communication of the information.
Modulation schemes which vary the envelope and phase of the carrier such as the Quaternary Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) have high spectral efficiency and are suitable for multi-user systems transmitting a large amount of information in a limited frequency bandwidth. When the modulation scheme generates a varying envelope, the transmitter must be extremely linear to preserve the narrowbandness of the output signal. The most crucial block which determines the linearity of the transmitter is the power amplifier (PA).
Many communication systems, such as mobile multi-user systems impose stringent requirements on the linearity of the PA. For this reason, linear PA architectures such as class A, class AB, class B, and class C are commonly used. However, the efficiency of such PAs at high output power levels is limited and they become non-linear causing Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) and limiting the spectral efficiency of the communication system. Linearization techniques such as Cartesian feedback, adaptive predistortion and feedforward have been used to improve the linearity of the PAs in such applications. However, these methods add considerably to the complexity and the power dissipation of the transmitter and reduce the overall efficiency of the PAs making them unsuitable for use in hand held and portable devices, where battery size and life are of jugular importance.
A frequent goal was to design a linear transmitter architecture for spectrally efficient communication systems to overcome the low transmitter efficiency caused by using linear PAs. To achieve the objective, a system, known as the outphasing modulation, was developed in the 1930's for Amplitude Modulation (AM) broadcast transmitters and methods based on this concept were later developed including the LINC (LInear amplification using Non-linear Components) and CALLUM (Combined Analog Locked-Loop Universal Modulator) systems. The essence of these techniques lies in the realization that any envelope and phase modulated signal can be represented by the summation of two components with fixed envelopes but varying phases. The advantage of this transformation is that each phase modulated component can be amplified using highly non-linear yet power efficient techniques without generating Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI). There exist many credentials that discuss the above-mentioned considerations. The U.S. Pat. No. 6,054,894, to Wright et al. as well as D. C. Cox's "Linear Amplification With Nonlinear Components," IEEE Transactions on Communication, vol. COM-22, pp.1942-1945, 1974, illustrate the LINC transmitter, where the U.S. Pat. No. 6,366,177, to McCune et al. and A. Bateman's "The Combined Analog Locked Loop Universal Modulator (CALLUM)," Proceeding of the 42nd IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, pp. 759-764, 1992, illustrate the CALLUM transmitter.
The concept of the LINC transmitter is to represent an envelope varying signal by two constant envelope signals with varying phases and amplify them separately using non-linear amplifiers. These two signals are then added together to produce a linear amplified replica of the input signal.
FIG. 1 illustrates the notion of the LINC transmitter. The baseband Digital Signal Processor (DSP) 101 is used to process the input data 110 and generate two quadrature signals 111 si(t) and sq(t), where si(t) represents the in-phase component and sq(t) represents the out-of-phase or quadrature component. The IF modulator 102 generates the Intermediate Frequency (IF) signal 112. The Signal Component Separator (SCS) 103 is used to convert the IF signal 112 into two constant envelope signals 113 s1IF(t) and s2IF(t), which are phase modulated, by adding and subtracting a mediator signal to and from the IF signal 112. The mediator signal can be obtained from the input IF signal 112.
The implementation of the SCS 103 has been one of the major problems in the realization of the LINC concept because of the high frequency operation. As a result, the SCS 103 usually operates at Intermediate Frequencies (IFs) rather than radio frequencies (RFs) and the two constant envelope signals 113 must be translated to RF using upconverters 104, as illustrated in FIG. 1, prior to transmission from the antenna 106. The two upconverters 104 add to the power dissipation of the transmitter and generate Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) affecting the overall linearity of the transmitter. Furthermore, the SCS 103 may not accurately operate over the full bandwidth of the IF signal 112 and may introduce gain and phase misalignments between the two constant envelope signals 113. Such misalignments appear as non-linearities at the output of the LINC transmitter 114.
CALLUM is an alternative technique which can provide the constant envelope signals. The CALLUM system uses a feedback architecture and employs two Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) controlled by reference signals to generate the phase modulated constant envelope signals. The reference signals are obtained by comparison of the quadrature components of the input and the downconverted output at baseband.
Another alternative used to achieve the same objectives as LINC and CALLUM is the Vector Locked Loop (VLL) system. The VLL also utilizes VCOs as does the CALLUM, but requires signal processing using polar (magnitude and phase) rather than Cartesian (in-phase and out-of-phase) signals.
To generate the two components of the output at baseband frequency using either CALLUM or VLL, requires a downconverting mixer operating at RF which adds to the complexity and the power dissipation of the transmitter. In addition, the non-linearities caused by the downconverting mixer reduce the accuracy of the reference signal generation. The accurate operation of the CALLUM and VLL systems is also limited to a narrowband spectrum because of the feedback configuration which has a limited loop capture range and instability at high loop gains.
Although the prior art overcomes some of the drawbacks mentioned above, they still require upconverters, downconverters, a feedback system or an SCS, or some combination of these which complicate the design and increase the power dissipation.

Phase shifted transmitter architecture for communication systems


A suction head useful with a self-propelled submersible pool cleaner having an elevation limiter formed as an inverted, generally U-shaped pipe or bulging body connected to the suction head and being dimensioned and disposed such that when an outward extremity of the limiter breaks a surface of water as the suction head climbs a submerged pool wall, gravitational force diminishes any forward impetus of the suction head.

Self-propelled suction cleaners for swimming pools are designed to climb the walls of the pool so that they may be swept clean. It is undesirable, however, for the suction chamber of the suction head of the cleaner to break the surface of the water since the suction head then draws in air via its exposed mouth which in turn impairs the operation of the filter pump.

Elevation limiter for submersible suction cleaner

45 Highcliff Way, Northcliff Extension 12


A stomach model visual dieting aid includes a generally flexible three-dimensional model of the human stomach having at least length and width dimensions approximately equal to the dimensions of an actual average-sized human stomach and a stomach model storage container including an outer cover and a generally liquid-impervious inner liner mounted on the inner wall of the outer cover. The stomach model storage container is operative to receive and releasably retain the three-dimensional model of the human stomach therein with at least one of said three-dimensional model of the human stomach and the stomach model storage container being at least one of foldable, bendable and rollable to substantially decrease the size of the three-dimensional model of the human stomach when mounted within the stomach model storage container to facilitate transport thereof.

1. Technical Field
The present invention is directed to visual dieting aids and, more particularly, to a three-dimensional latex rubber model of a human stomach which is releasably mounted within a foldable fabric purse which is plastic-lined, the stomach model being approximately life-size and usable to provide a visual aid regarding the amount of food which should be ingested by the user of the invention.
2. Description of the Prior Art
One of the biggest problems confronting a dieter is to determine the amount of food he or she may ingest at a given meal without resorting to the weighing of each individual portion. In many of the most popular diets today, great emphasis is placed on what the individual is eating and not specifically on how much the individual is eating, but it should be clear to even the most untutored dieter that the ingestion of large quantities of selected foods will certainly not assist the person in losing the desired amount of weight. It has further been found that while it is easy to generally determine the types of foods one is ingesting in connection with a particular diet, the specific amount of each of the foods which is to be ingested is not as easy to determine. There is therefore a need for an easy-to-use visual determination method by which a dieter can determine the approximate correct amount of food he or she should be ingesting.
The human stomach is a remarkable organ in that it is designed to accept large quantities of food and drink, begin the digestive process, and release discreet amounts of processed ingested foodstuffs into the intestines for further processing thereof. When a person overindulges, however, the stomach can not function with the same amount of efficiency as it ordinarily would due to the overabundance of food stuffs which have been forced in the stomach. It is difficult, however, for most people to visualize how big the human stomach is and how much food or drink will fill the human stomach without it becoming distended. There is therefore a need for a visual dieting aid which will provide a dieter with a visual representation of the approximate size of his or her stomach.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a stomach model visual dieting aid and method of use of the same.
Another object is to provide a stomach model visual dieting aid which is a three-dimensional latex rubber model of the human stomach which is approximately life-sized and therefore usable to provide a visual aid regarding the comparative quantity of food which should be ingested by the user of the present invention.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a stomach model visual dieting aid which is releasably mounted within a foldable fabric carrying case or purse which is plastic-lined thereby providing an easily carried and generally spill-proof container for carrying the human stomach model.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of use of the stomach model visual dieting aid which includes the steps of removing the stomach model from the carrying case, placing the model generally adjacent the food which is to be eaten by the user and comparing the size of the stomach model to the amount of food to be ingested to determine if the quantity of food exceeds the proper amount which should be ingested, the exceeding of which can result in expansion of the stomach, thereby assisting the dieter in choosing appropriate portion sizes.
Finally, an object of the present invention is to provide a stomach model visual dieting aid and method of use which is relatively simple to manufacture and is safe, efficient, and effective in use.

Stomach model visual dieting aid and method of use


One embodiment in accordance with the invention includes a capacitive sensing apparatus that includes a capacitive sensor configured to sense an object proximate to a physical capacitive sensing reference surface. The capacitive sensing apparatus also includes a plurality of dielectric materials disposed between the capacitive sensor and the physical capacitive sensing reference surface. Note that at least one of the plurality of dielectric materials has a non-uniform thickness. The plurality of dielectric materials can be configured such that capacitive coupling between the capacitive sensor and the object proximate to the physical capacitive sensing reference surface is substantially constant across the physical capacitive sensing reference surface.

Conventional computing devices provide several input options for enabling a user to control such a computing device. For example, a user can use one or more physical keys of an alphanumeric keyboard communicatively connected to the computing device in order to control the computing device. Additionally, a user can use a movable cursor control device such as a mouse, a trackball, or a joystick communicatively connected to the computing device. Moreover, touch sensing technology can be used to provide an input option for user control of a computing device or other electronic device. The user may use the input device to indicate desired actions in menu navigation, cursor control, game play, and inputting a choice or a selection.
Within the broad category of touch sensing technology there exist capacitive sensing touchpad devices. Typically capacitive sensing touchpad devices are implemented with an input region in a flat or planar manner as shown in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a side sectional view of an exemplary conventional art design of a capacitive sensing touchpad 100 wherein a capacitive sensor 104 (which is well known in the art) can sense through a flat dielectric material 102. However, it can be desirable to produce a capacitive sensing touchpad device in the shape of a concave bowl, convex surface, or other non-flat shape. For example, the non-flat shape may be designed for industrial design reasons such as aesthetic appeal, or for functional reasons such as to ergonomically fit and to accompany the range of motion of a user's finger or thumb. One of the disadvantages of producing such a non-flat shaped capacitive sensing touchpad device is that it can result in non-uniform signal output due to non-uniform capacitive coupling, or be costly to design and fabricate.
The invention may address one or more of the above-identified issues.

Equalizing reference surface capacitance with uneven thickness


An ink for an ink jet printer capable of decoloring a recorded image or changing a color of the recorded image to thereby save resources, improve economy, and improve functionality. As a coloring composition of the ink, an organoboron salt of cyanine dye and an ammonium salt of organoboron are employed in combination. After printing, the recorded image is decolored by irradiating near infrared light emissions onto a recording surface of a recording paper. As a result, the recording paper can be reused.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an ink and, more particularly, to an ink for a printer.
2. Description of Related Art
An ink jet printer, which is one type of printer, has many advantages in printing technique such as it is noiseless and high-speed while providing high-quality and color printing. According to the principle of printing by such an ink jet printer, using an ink which is a liquid at ordinary temperatures, recording on a recording paper is performed by jetting liquid ink particles directly onto the recording paper. Accordingly, print quality and print drying time are influenced by the kind of recording paper. That is, if a low-quality recording paper is used, the print quality is remarkably reduced. As to such a liquid ink, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Hei 1-198671 discloses a water color ink excellent in storage, image clearness, water resistance, and light resistance, and other many patent applications have been filed. However, the print quality in using the liquid ink is not satisfactory.
In general, it is known to use a hot-melt ink as a measure for solving this defect. A hot-melt ink, having a melting point higher than room temperature, is solidified with a uniform dot diameter on a recording paper irrespective of the kind of the recording paper. Therefore, printing can be performed with a high quality on any recording paper. As such a known hot-melt ink, there has been proposed an ink containing a natural wax, U.S. Pat. No. 4,390,369; an ink containing a stearic acid, European Patent Application Publication No. 0 099 682, and an ink containing an acid or alcohol of C.sub.20 -C.sub.24 and further containing a ketone having a melting point higher than that of the acid or alcohol, U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,383. In these inks, a dye is used as a coloring matter.
Further, there has been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,383 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,822,418 a hot-melt ink containing a solid pigment dispersed in a wax, having a melting point higher than 65.degree. C., or a fatty acid or alcohol of C.sub.18 -C.sub.24.
However, in the conventional liquid ink and hot-melt ink for an ink jet printer, it is intended to merely consider permanence of color, age stability of ink characteristics, and print quality, and there is no consideration of ink composition regarding such functionality that the ink itself is capable of being decolored or changed in color. Thus, the printed matter to be produced by the printer is considered as a mere hard copy in the prior art.


A hair clip includes two hinged clip bodies and an elastic fastener. Each clip body includes a press portion with a through-hole therein. Each clip body further includes a clamp portion extending from the press portion and having a recess in an outer surface thereof. The elastic fastener includes two spaced end portions and a central portion between the end portions. The end portions of the elastic fastener respectively penetrate the through-holes in the press portions of the clip bodies and are engaged in the recesses in the clamp portions for positioning. The elastic fastener has a roughly elliptic cross section which contributes to service life of the hair clip.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a hair clip and, more particularly, to an elliptic elastic fastener for claw hair clips.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a claw hair clip includes two clip bodies, a spring, and a shaft rod connecting the clip bodies and the spring. The spring force allows the clip bodies to hold and secure the hair. However, the spring of the existing hair clip is exposed to the exterior of the hair clip, causing ill effect on the hair clip appearance. Moreover, the exposed spring is easily rusted and might injure a user's finger by accident.
A hair clip device disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,863 includes an elastic retainer and two clamp devices. The elastic retainer engages with the clamp devices. Each clamp device has a blocking plate, two oblong holes, and two protruded bars. The elastic retainer has a slot, two through holes, and two distal click plates. Each distal click plate has a recess. Each through hole receives an upper portion of the respective clamp device. As a spring's substitute, the elastic retainer applies resilience on the clamp devices and makes them close inward. However, the oblong holes formed in the clamp devices with which the elastic retainer is coupled attenuate strength of the clamp devices and accelerate fractures in a period. Furthermore, the elastic retainer, which is developed with the slot opened in a hollow cylinder, is easily broken. Specifically, both ends of the elastic retainer linking the clamp devices are shifted outward when the clamp devices are opened. The two ends of the elastic retainer are opened wide because of a circular profile of the elastic retainer (see FIG. 4 in U.S. Pat. No. 6,035,863). Accordingly, the elastic retainer, which is frequently opened and closed, is easily fractured. Moreover, it takes more labor force and time in assembling the elastic retainer and the clamp devices, because these components are assembled inconveniently.


An liquid crystal display device includes a source line between first and second drain lines, a first and second gate lines between the first drain line and the source line and between the second drain line and the source line, a plurality of first and second drain electrodes extending from the first and second drain lines, and a plurality of first and second source electrodes extending in first and second directions from the source line, wherein the plurality of first source electrodes are alternated with the plurality of first drain electrodes on the first gate line, and the plurality of second source electrodes are alternated with the plurality of second drain electrodes on the second gate line.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display (LCD) device, and more particularly, to an LCD device capable of easily carrying a driving unit having a switching element on a liquid crystal panel, and a fabrication method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, different kinds of flat panel display devices have been used in portable telephones, computer monitors, and television sets because of their superior visibility and low power consumption characteristics. These flat panel display devices have similar heat emission amounts to cathode ray tube (CRTs) devices having the same screen size, and include plasma display panel (PDP) devices, field emission display (FED) devices, and LCD devices.
The LCD device includes two substrates facing each other and each having an electrode for generating an electric field, and a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween to display images by controlling liquid crystal molecules using the electric field generated by a voltage applied to the electrodes of the respective substrates.
FIG. 1 is a plane view of an LCD device according to the related art. As shown in FIG. 1, the LCD device includes a liquid crystal panel 5 and a driving unit 7 for driving the liquid crystal panel 5. The liquid crystal panel 5 includes a first substrate 1, a second substrate 2, and a liquid crystal layer (not shown) interposed therebetween. The first substrate 1 is provided with a plurality of gate bus lines, a plurality of data bus lines vertically crossing the gate bus lines, and thin film transistors formed at cross points of the gate and data bus lines (not shown). The second substrate 2 is provided with a color filter layer and a common electrode (not shown).
The plurality of gate and data bus lines are arranged on the first substrate 1 to cross each other perpendicularly. At each of the cross points of the gate and data bus lines, a thin film transistor (not shown) is provided. Each of the gate bus lines is connected to a gate electrode of the thin film transistor arranged in one column or one row, and each of the data bus lines is connected to a source electrode arranged in one row or one column. A drain electrode of the thin film transistor is connected with a corresponding pixel electrode. A unit pixel region to display a unit pixel is defined by one thin film transistor and one pixel electrode. The second substrate 2 is provided with a color filter layer consisting of red (R), Green (G) and blue (B) color filters, and a black matrix (BM) layer for partitioning the color filters. A common electrode is formed on the color filters.
The driving unit 7 includes a gate driving unit 27 for supplying gate signals, and a timing control unit 11 which supplies control signals for controlling the gate driving unit 27 and a data driving unit 17. The gate driving unit 27 includes a gate printed circuit board (PCB) 33 on which transmission lines of the control signals provided by the timing control unit 11 are mounted, and a gate drive integrated circuit (IC) for generating predetermined gate signals in response to the control signals supplied by the gate PCB 33.
The data driving unit 17 includes a data printed circuit board (PCB) 31 on which transmission lines of the control signals provided by the timing control unit 11 are mounted, and a data drive IC 15 for generating predetermined data signals in response to the control signals supplied by the data PCB 31. The gate drive IC 25 and the data drive IC 15 are mounted on respective tape carrier packages (TCPs) and are connected to the liquid crystal panel 5, or are directly mounted on the liquid crystal panel 5 in a chip on glass (COG) manner. FIG. 1 shows that the gate drive IC 25 and the data drive IC 15 are mounted on respective TCPs 13 and 23.
Control signals generated by the timing control unit 11 are supplied to the gate drive IC 25 through the signal transmission lines mounted on the gate PCB 33. The gate drive IC 25 generates gate signals in response to the control signals and supplies the generated gate signals to the liquid crystal panel 5. The gate signal includes a gate low voltage and a gate high voltage. The gate high voltage turns on the thin film transistors of the liquid crystal panel 5, and the gate low voltage turns off the thin film transistors of the liquid crystal panel 5. Accordingly, the gate drive IC 25 supplies the gate high voltage to the liquid crystal panel 5 during a very short time period of one frame, and supplies the gate low voltage during a remaining time period of one frame. By repeating the above operation, the gate drive IC 25 allows each gate high voltage to be supplied to each gate bus line of the liquid crystal panel 5.
The gate drive IC 25 supplies the gate high voltage, whereas the data drive IC 15 supplies data signals to the liquid crystal panel 5 according to the control signals generated by the timing control unit 11 and supplied through the signal transmission lines mounted on the data PCB 31.
For instance, when the gate high voltage is supplied to the first gate bus line of the liquid crystal panel 5, thin film transistors of respective pixel regions connected to the first gate bus line are turned on. At this time, the data signals supplied by the data drive IC 15 are applied to the pixel electrodes via the thin film transistors connected to the first gate bus line. Also, a common voltage is applied to the common electrode. A potential difference between the data signals applied to the respective pixel electrodes and the common voltage generates an electric field. The generated electric field causes displacement of liquid crystal molecules, so that transmission amount of light is controlled, thereby displaying an image with a gray scale.
In such LCD devices, the gate driving unit 27 is mounted on the liquid crystal panel 5 as shown in FIG. 2 so as to make the LCD devices thinner and reduce fabrication costs. Further, even the data and gate driving units 17, 27 are mounted on the liquid crystal panel as shown in FIG. 3. When either the gate driving unit 27 or the data driving unit 17 is mounted on the liquid crystal panel 5, a large switching element should be essentially provided where buffer TFTs are connected in parallel. U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,768 discloses a large switching element including the aforementioned buffer TFTs. The large switching element has a fast response speed, and mainly uses amorphous silicon having process convenience and good uniformity rather than polycrystalline silicon, which is difficult to process using laser crystallization.
The large switching element shown in FIG. 4 includes a gate electrode 56 connected to a gate line 52 formed on a substrate of a liquid crystal panel, a source electrode 60 connected to a source line 64, a drain electrode 72 facing the source electrode 60 and connected to a drain line 73, and a semiconductor layer 68 forming a channel between the source and drain electrodes 60, 72. FIG. 4 shows that one source electrode 60 and one drain electrode 70 are related with one gate electrode 56. However, in a real large switching element, the gate electrode 56 extend in an up and down direction, and pairs of source and drain electrodes are arranged in parallel, thereby forming two or more buffer TFTs. In the switching element of FIG. 4, the semiconductor layer 68 has a stack structure of an active layer and an ohmic contact layer contacting the source and drain electrodes 60, 72.
The large switching element has a large channel width W1 for switching at a high voltage, and is different from one TFT provided in one pixel region, and two or more TFTs provided in one pixel region disclosed in Japanese Laid Open Publication No. 5-341316. For example, the TFTs provided in pixel regions have a few μm to a few ten μm, whereas the switching elements provided in the gate driving unit or the data driving unit mounted on the liquid crystal panel have a few thousands μm to a few ten thousands μm.
Thus, when the channel width of the switching element increases to a considerable degree, the LCD device is confronted with a limitation due to a process margin. In other words, since the TFTs having a large channel width are connected in parallel, they occupy a considerable area. However, area occupied by the large switching elements should not be above the actual process margin on the liquid crystal panel. As a result, it becomes difficult to mount the switching elements connected in parallel on the liquid crystal panel. Accordingly, there has been a strong need to develop a gate driving unit or a data driving unit capable of compensating for the large channel width of the large switching elements.
Also, when the mounting area of the large switching elements increases, the related art LCD device does not meet the present trend in to have slim and lightweight LCD devices.

Liquid crystal display device and method of fabricating the same having particular drain electrodes and source electrodes


Disclosed herein is a sterilizer used at dental clinics to sterilize handpieces by the irradiation of ultraviolet rays. When inserting a contaminated handpiece into a sterilizer, an ultraviolet barrier is opened confirming the approach of the handpiece by a sensor. After the insertion of the handpiece, the ultraviolet barrier is closed, then ultraviolet lamps are turned on for a pre-determined time and then turned off, and the ultraviolet barrier is opened again. After the withdrawal of the handpiece, the ultraviolet barrier is closed. The handpiece is not contacted with the outside of the sterilizer, preventing the handpiece from being contaminated again by the sterilizer, and the leakage of the ultraviolet rays is prevented.

Generally, at a dental clinic, several medical appliances such as tweezers, probes, mirrors, and handpieces are used to treat teeth or gums inside a mouth. These appliances are easily contaminated by germs or bacteria contained in blood, spit or tissues of patients, so that preventing other patients from being infected with germs or bacteria by sterilizing the contaminated appliances thoroughly after use is important. Tweezers, probes, and mirrors are relatively cheap, so that it is possible to prepare them in a larger number, gather separately the once used ones, and sterilize using antiseptic solution, or steam or water of high temperature. However, handpieces, connected to a pneumatic device or a laser generator, are not so cheap as to be prepared in a large number and changed whenever being used, and equipped with pneumatic motors and lenses, so that it is impossible to sterilize using steam or water of high temperature, making it hard to sterilize.
An ultraviolet sterilizer shown in FIG. 7 was developed to sterilize such handpieces. The conventional sterilizer 100 like this is equipped in one body with a casing assembly 110 attaching an ultraviolet lamp 112 inside, a drawer 120 withdrawn from and inserted into the front side of the casing assembly 110 to put in dental appliances, and a ventilating fan 130 installed at the inside rear of the case 110 to circulate the inside air through multiple ventilating holes 132.
The sterilizer 100 has problems in that the handle of the drawer 120 is contaminated since the drawer is opened and closed by a contaminated hand to put the handpiece in the drawer 120, and the hands are contaminated by the handle of the drawer 120 when withdrawing the handpiece after sterilization, therefore the handpiece is contaminated when the handpiece is handled by the contaminated hand, together with a problem radiating ultraviolet rays outside.
As depicted in FIG. 8, another conventional sterilizer 200 which solved the problems of the drawer type sterilizer is configured in one body, installing an ultraviolet lamp 212 around a quartz tube 220 established horizontally inside the casing assembly 210 and an opening 230 closed by an ultraviolet barrier 234, which has insertion holes 232 incised in a radial shape, at the outer front of the casing assembly 210 installed with the quartz tube 220.
In case of the sterilizer 200 with an incised ultraviolet barrier 234, the ultraviolet barrier 234 is contaminated by the contaminated handpiece when the handpiece is inserted in the sterilizer, and the handpiece is contaminated by the contaminated ultraviolet barrier 234 again when the sterilized handpiece is withdrawn.


This application describes compositions of receptor inhibitors, including typical antipsychotic agents, for example haloperidol, and methods of use for treating clinical signs or symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, this application describes compositions and methods to induce supersensitivity in dopamine D2 and other receptors involved in Parkinson's disease as a means of alleviating the clinical signs or symptoms of Parkinson's disease.

Parkinson's Disease
Parkinson's disease occurs in approximately one in 200 people during their lifetime. The disease may include hand and finger tremor, general akinesia, inability to get up from a chair, slow gait, stooped posture, expressionless face, constipation, among other symptoms.
Parkinson's disease is caused by a marked reduction in the content of dopamine in the brain, especially in the caudate nucleus and the putamen, regions important in regulating the control of arms, legs and body motion.
Types of Anti-Parkinson Medications
There are many types of anti-Parkinson medications used in clinical practice. These medications include:
1. L-DOPA taken orally. The L-DOPA enters the brain regions that are low in dopamine, and the L-DOPA is metabolized in those regions to produce dopamine. High doses of several grams per day of L-DOPA may be needed. Other medications can be taken simultaneously to minimize the metabolism of L-DOPA by other body tissues, thus providing higher concentrations of circulating L-DOPA.
2. Dopamine D2 receptor agonists, which include bromocriptine, apomorphine, N-propylnorapomorphine, pramipexole, cabergoline, pergolide, and quinagolide.
3. Many other medications affecting adenosine or cholinergic neurotransmission are also being examined for the alleviation of Parkinson's disease.
Use of Antipsychotics in Parkinson's Disease
In treating various psychoses, including schizophrenia, effective doses of antipsychotic drugs occupy between 60% and 80% of the dopamine D2 receptors in the brain striata of patients, as measured by PET or SPET in the human striatum. Clozapine and quetiapine, however, have consistently been apparent exceptions. For example, in patients taking therapeutically effective antipsychotic doses of clozapine, this drug only occupies between 0% and 50% of brain dopamine D2 receptors, as measured by a variety of radioligands using either positron tomography or single photon tomography.
Although the apparently low occupancy of D2 by clozapine might suggest that D2 is not the major antipsychotic target for clozapine, the apparently low occupancy of D2 by clozapine and quetiapine is readily explained by the fact that these two antipsychotics rapidly dissociate from the dopamine D2 receptor. This also holds for remoxipride and amisulpride, two atypical drugs. For example, human cloned dopamine D2 receptors release [3H]clozapine, [3H]quetiapine, [3H]remoxipride and [3H]amisulpride at least one hundred times faster than they release [3H]haloperidol or [3H]chlorpromazine.
These in vitro data match those found clinically for clozapine, quetiapine and haloperidol in schizophrenia patients and volunteers. For example, it has been found by PET (using [11C]raclopride) that the human brain (striatum) occupancy of D2 by quetiapine and clozapine rapidly falls off within 24 hours, in contrast to that for haloperidol which maintains its D2 occupancy constant over 24 hours.
Thus, the rapid release of clozapine and quetiapine from dopamine D2 receptors and their replacement by endogenous dopamine would readily account for the low D2 receptor occupancy shown by these atypical antipsychotics. It is important to emphasize that the rapid release of clozapine and quetiapine is a molecular event which occurs quickly regardless of the clinical dose used. In other words, even though high doses of clozapine and quetiapine may be used in the patient, these drugs continue to go on and off the D2 receptor rapidly, allowing extensive and frequent access of endogenous dopamine to the receptor.
As outlined above, the "fast-off" theory of atypical antipsychotic action is that the atypicals have low affinities for the dopamine D2 receptor, and are loosely bound to, and rapidly released from, these receptors. A critical aspect of the theory is that the atypical antipsychotics bind more loosely to D2 than does dopamine itself, while the traditional, typical antipsychotics bind more tightly than dopamine.
The separation between typical and atypical antipsychotics is not sharp and precise, because antipsychotics with dissociation constants (K values) between 2 nM and 10 nM often reveal dose-dependent extrapyramidal signs. Thus, the demarcation between typical and atypical antipsychotics is not a sharp divide but rather a continuous one. Antipsychotics become increasingly more atypical as their binding to the D2 receptor becomes looser and they are released more quickly. Although many atypical antipsychotics have loose binding, with dissociation constants looser than 1.8 nM (nanomoles per liter), they can still elicit dose-dependent Parkinsonism. For example, olanzapine, with a dissociation constant of 5.1 nM, is known to be associated with a dose-dependent incidence of extrapyramidal signs in some patients and especially at higher doses. If the binding is extremely "loose," as with clozapine, remoxipride, quetiapine, and melperone, essentially no EPS occurs (although exquisitely sensitive patients do exist who will exhibit EPS even with these drugs). Drugs that are too "loose" or have far too low an affinity for D2 receptors cease to exhibit any antipsychotic activity at all. Moreover, although the degree of occupancy of atypicals at D2 receptors has a direct influence on EPS, the potent anticholinergic action of olanzapine and clozapine provides an additional anti-EPS mechanism.
L-DOPA Psychosis
The "Fast-off-D2" theory, described above, predicts low doses of atypical antipsychotics to alleviate L-DOPA psychosis. The treatment of patients with psychosis in Parkinson's disease (as a consequence of L-DOPA treatment) is best done with a very loose binding atypical antipsychotic, such as clozapine or quetiapine, to allow for the low level of dopamine neurotransmission that is required for normal motor functioning to continue. Parkinson patients are dopamine-depleted so it is generally important to not block the low level of dopamine function that remains. The hypothesis is that atypical antipsychotic action (i.e., low EPS) occurs when endogenous dopamine is able to displace a loosely bound antipsychotic. This is in accord with the observation that low doses of atypical antipsychotics are useful for Parkinson patients with L-DOPA psychosis.
L-DOPA psychosis in a Parkinson's diseased patient is best treated with a dose of clozapine which is about 10% of the dose normally used for treating psychosis in schizophrenia. The "fast-off-D2" hypothesis readily and quantitatively predicts this. As presented above, the antipsychotic dose needed to occupy D2 receptors is proportional to K×[1+D/DHigh], where K is the dissociation constant of the antipsychotic, D is the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic space during the momentary nerve impulse (˜200 nM), and where DHigh is the dissociation constant of dopamine at the high-affinity state of D2 (1.75 nM). In Parkinson's disease, where 90% to 95% of the dopamine content is absent, the value for D would be 20 nM. Accordingly, the antipsychotic dose for L-DOPA psychosis will be lower than that for schizophrenia psychosis by a factor of {1+D/DHigh}normal/{1+D/DHigh}Parkinson or {1+200/1.75}/{1+20/1.75} or 10-fold (P. Seeman. Canad. J. Psychiat. 47: 27-38, 2002).
Thus, while a daily dose of 500 mg clozapine might be suitable for treating schizophrenia psychosis, a dose of 50 mg (or less) would be more than adequate to treat L-DOPA psychosis.
Haloperidol
Haloperidol is a first generation "typical" antipsychotic medication. Associated with this class of drugs are many side-effects. Using the customary daily doses of 5 to 20 mg of oral haloperidol per day on a long-term basis, the following are such side effects. Cardiovascular effects include: tachycardia, hypotension, and hypertension, QT prolongation and/or ventricular arrhythmias, ECG patterns indicating torsade de pointes, and sudden and unexpected death. Central nervous system effects include extrapyramidal signs (EPS) such as Parkinson-like signs, akathisia or dystonia (including opisthotonos and oculogyric crises), tardive dyskinesia and tardive dystonia. The following are other central nervous system effects associated with the use of standard antipsychotic doses of haloperidol: insomnia, restlessness, anxiety, euphoria, agitation, drowsiness, depression, lethargy, headache, confusion, vertigo, and grand mal seizures. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), hyperpyrexia and heat stroke have been reported with haloperidol.
The following is a current list of indications for the use of haloperidol: acute psychosis, such as drug-induced psychosis (LSD, amphetamines, phencyclidine), acute mania, hyperactivity, aggression, agitation and confusion associated with cerebral sclerosis, adjunctive treatment of alcohol and opioid withdrawal, treatment of neurological disorders such as tics, Tourette syndrome, and chorea, treatment of severe nausea/emesis (postoperative, side-effects of radiation and cancer chemotherapy), adjunctive treatment of severe chronic pain, always together with analgesics, personality disorders such as borderline personality disorders and in the treatment of intractable hiccups.

Compositions and methods for treating parkinson's disease


Memory cell support lattices and methods of forming the same are described herein. As an example, a method of forming a memory cell support lattice includes forming a mask on a number of capacitor elements in an array, such that a space between vertically and horizontally adjacent capacitor elements is fully covered and a space between diagonally adjacent capacitor elements is partially covered and forming a support lattice in a support material by etching the support material to remove portions of the support material below the openings in the mask.

Many electronic devices and systems include integrated circuits for the storage of data during the operation of the devices. For example, electronic devices such as computers, printing devices, scanning devices, personal digital assistants, calculators, computer work stations, audio and/or video devices, communications devices such as cellular telephones, and routers for packet switched networks may include memory in the form of integrated circuits for retaining data as part of their operation. Advantages of using integrated circuit memory compared to other forms of memory include space conservation and miniaturization, conserving limited battery resources, decreasing access time to data stored in the memory, and cutting the costs of assembling the electronic devices.
Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) is an example of integrated circuit memory. DRAM typically comprises an array of semiconductor capacitor cells, each of which may hold an amount of electric charge that represents the logical value of a stored bit. The cells in the array are typically arranged in rows and columns. Each cell is situated at the intersection of a row and a column. Each cell in the DRAM array may be accessed by simultaneously addressing the intersecting row and column.
In operation, internal amplifiers in the DRAM sense the amounts of electric charges stored on the capacitors. Based on the sensed electric charges, the outputs of the sense amplifiers represent the logical values of the bits that are stored in the DRAM array. In this manner, the data stored in the array may be extracted from the DRAM integrated circuit for use by other integrated circuits in the electronic device. In addition, other internal circuitry on the DRAM refreshes the charge on those cells that the sense amplifiers have determined to already hold an electric charge. In this manner, the DRAM compensates for leakages of electric charge from the semiconductor capacitor cells, such as leakage into the substrate of the DRAM integrated circuit. Such reading, writing, and maintaining of charge on the cells are substantial internal operations of the DRAM.
The capacitors in DRAM cells can be containers and/or studs that are coupled to a cell contact. The containers and/or studs can move laterally, especially at the end of the container and/or stud that is not coupled to the cell contact. Containers and/or studs that move laterally and contact adjacent containers and/or studs can damage an array of DRAM cells and cause those DRAM cells to be inoperable.


A tape recorder and reproducer machine has a rotatable head drum carrying a plurality of heads for recording a signal onto a cassette-type magnetic tape and for reproducing the signal recorded on a cassette-type magnetic tape. The machine comprises a cassette chamber for receipt of a tape cassette, a protective member movable between first and second positions, and a drive for moving the protective member to the first position between the cassette chamber and the head drum to protect the head drum from damage when the tape cassette is to be placed into or discharged from the cassette chamber. The drive moves the protective member from the first position to the second position allowing access from the head drum to the magnetic tape when the tape cassette is received in the cassette chamber.

This invention relates to a tape recorder and reproducer machine including a rotatable head drum carrying a plurality of heads for recording a signal onto a cassette-type magnetic tape and for reproducing the signal recorded on a cassette-type magnetic tape.
In video or digital audio tape recorder and reproducer machines, a length of magnetic tape is transported pass a rotatable head drum. The magnetic tape is housed in a cassette from which a portion of the magnetic tape is transported around the drum in skewed fashion so that the magnetic tape is in close proximity with just over 180.degree. of the drum circumference. The skew of the magnetic tape is such that as the drum rotates, the heads affixed to the drum will traverse the width of the magnetic tape defining paths or tracks which cross the magnetic tape at an acute angle with respect to the length of the magnetic tape. For the purpose of such tape loading, it is the current practice to place the tape cassette in a cassette chamber defined in front of the head drum. In order to reduce the size of the tape recorder and reproducer machine, the cassette chamber must be positioned as closed to the head drum as possible. When the cassette chamber is positioned at a short distance from the head drum, however, the head drum can be damaged by the tape cassette placed into or discharged from the cassette chamber. It may be considered to use a cassette carrier to place the tape cassette into the cassette chamber and discharge it from the cassette chamber. However, the cassette carrier requires a complex mechanism and a space therefor, resulting in a complex, expensive and space consuming tape recorder and reproducer machine.


An exposure system for a color video printer capable of obtaining a uniform exposing to liquid crystal display panels for red, green and blue colors by common use of a light source being movably disposed. The exposure system includes liquid crystal display panels for red, green and blue colors disposed at an upper portion of a casing so as light being incident thereupon not to be interfered with each other, a light source for illuminating the liquid crystal display panels, a light source supporting and light-reflecting member being movable in the casing for containing the light source therein and reflecting the light toward only a desired panel, and a driving member for moving right and left the light source supporting and light-reflecting member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical exposure system for a color video printer utilizing a liquid crystal display device (hereinafter, referred to as a "LCD") and more particularly, to an optical exposure system for a color video printer which is capable of obtaining a uniform irradiation of light with respect to red, green and blue LCD panels.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In general, various types of exposure systems for converting an electrical image into an optical image and exposing the optical image to a photosensitive medium are well known in the art. Recently, exposure systems utilizing a liquid crystal display television technique are widely used.
In such an exposure system, there has been involved some problems in that it takes relatively many times in the exposing procedure, thereby causing the printing operation not to be carried out quickly.
To obviate such a problem, the applicant of this invention has filed a Korean Patent Application No. 5794/1991 entitled "An Exposure System for a Color Video Printer", in which an exposing unit using liquid crystal display panels for red, green and blue colors having the same size as a screen is provided. In this exposure system, the exposing operation is sequentially carried out for red, green and blue colors while moving a photosensitive medium over the liquid crystal display panels so that the printing time is reduced and the high picture resolution may be obtained.
The exposure system mentioned-above is illustrated in FIGS. 1 to 3, which comprises a casing 30, liquid crystal display panels 22, 23 and 24 for red, green and blue colors disposed at the upper portion of the casing 30 and commensurate with a screen, a liquid crystal exposure unit 20 including light sources 26, 27 and 28 each for radiating a light to each of the liquid crystal display panels 22, 23 and 24, and a photosensitive medium supporting unit 10 disposed on the liquid crystal display pannels 22, 23 and 24 for directing the photosensitive medium which is transferred from a supply roll 2 to take-up rolls 3 and 3' to be in spaced with the liquid crystal display panels 22, 23 and 24 at a predetermined gap (d).
The exposure unit 20 is constituted such that a transparent support member 25 is fixed at the upper inner part of the casing 30 and on the transparent support member 25, the liquid crystal display panels 22, 23 and 24 are positioned. On the upper surface of the panels 22, 23 and 24, a transparent spacer member 21 is disposed. At the lower side of the liquid crystal display panels 22, 23 and 24, light sources 26, 27 and 28 and a reflective plate 29 for reflecting a light from the light sources 26, 27 and 28 toward the panels 22, 23 and 24 are disposed.
The photosensitive medium supporting unit 10 includes a solenoid 11, a support bar 12 operably connected to the solenoid 11 and provided with lower extensions, a pair of lever members 15 and 16 connected at one ends thereof to each other by means of a pin 17 and at other ends thereof to the lower extensions of the support bar 12 by means of connecting pins 18 and 19, and a pair of rolls 13 and 14 mounted to outer ends of the lever members 15 and 16 for pressing the photosensitive medium 1 against the upper surface of the transparent spacer member 21 so that the lever members 15 and 16 may be rotated upwardly about the pin 17 and the rolls 13 and 14 may be moved left or right, thereby causing the photosensitive medium 1 to be in close contact with the transparent spacer member 21 in the exposing operation or to be spaced apart from the spacer member 21 when the exposing operation is not carried out.
Hereinafter, the operation of the conventional exposure system will be described.
When the photosensitive medium 1 is located over the liquid crystal display panel 22 for red color by the operation of the supply roll 2 and the take-up rolls 3 and 3' and then a signal voltage for red color is applied to the liquid crystal display panel 22 for red color and the light source 26 is turned on, as shown in FIG. 3A, an optical image is formed in accordance with the red color signal and the optical image is irradiated to the photosensitive medium 1. At this moment, it takes, in general, about 5-15 seconds in the above-mentioned procedures.
Upon completion of the exposing operation for red color, the light source 26 is turned off and the photosensitive medium 1 is transferred ever the liquid crystal display panel 23 for green color, as shown in FIG. 3B, by means of the supply roll 2 and the take-up rolls 3 and 3'. Then, the liquid crystal display panel 23 for green color is driven by a green color signal voltage and the light source 27 is turned on so that a green color image is formed to expose the portion that the red color image has been exposed on the photosensitive medium 1.
Thereafter, the exposing operation for blue color is also carried out in the same manner as described above.
In such an exposing operation, the solenoid 11 is turned off so that the supporting bar 12 descends, thereby the lever members 15 and 16 are pressed down about the connecting pin 17. As a result, the rolls 13 press down the photosensitive medium 1 against the transparent spacer member 21 throughout the whole surface. Thus, a gap (d) which is a thickness of the spacer member 21 is maintained between the photosensitive medium 1 and the panels 22, 23 and 24 throughout the whole surface.
On the other hand, upon completion of the exposing operations, the solenoid 11 is turned on to pull upwardly the supporting bar 12 so that the rolls 13 and 14 are raised up, thereby allowing the photosensitive medium 1 to be easily transferred without any friction.
In such a conventional exposure system for a color video printer, although it is possible to shorten the time required in the exposing operation and to obtain a high resolution by use of liquid crystal display panels commensurate with the whole screen, there have been involved some problems in that since the light sources are fixed in their positions, the number of the light sources are increased in proportion to the size of the screen in case that the screen has a large size.
Moreover, since the distribution of the light which is irradiated directly and indirectly to the liquid crystal display panels for red, green and blue colors are not uniform, the picture quality becomes deteriorated. In addition, the light from the light sources are not irradiated to a desired liquid crystal display panel but to all the panels, so that a light loss occurs and also an unnecessary exposing may be carried out to the photosensitive medium by a light which has been irradiated to other panels.

Optical exposure system for color video printer with light source moving along rod behind three color liquid crystal panels


The interface card consists of a circuit pack containing the line or trunk circuitry and a face plate connected to one side of the circuit pack. A first connector is located on the side of the circuit pack opposite the face plate for connecting the line card to the backplane of the switching system or other network element. A second connector is provided on the face plate for connecting the circuit pack to the cable plug of the cabling. To disconnect the connector, an ejection mechanism is provided on the face plate of the interface card. The ejection mechanism slides relative to the face plate to force camming surfaces into engagement with abutment surfaces on the cable plug thereby forcing the cable plug perpendicularly away from the face plate. Thus the plug is removed without damaging the pin connectors. A locking device can be optionally provided on the ejection mechanism to lock the cable plug into engagement with the pin connector to prevent inadvertent disconnection.

The invention relates, generally, to telecommunications networks and, more particularly, to an improved interface card for use in such networks.
It will be appreciated that a typical telecommunications network consists of a plurality of switching systems, such as the 5ESS.RTM. switching system manufactured and sold by Lucent Technologies, connected together via trunks for the transmission of signals therebetween. Selected ones of the switching systems, commonly referred to as central office switches, are connected to customer premise equipment (CPE) such as telephones, multimedia equipment, fax machines or the like via customer lines. The customer lines can consist of any media suitable for transmitting voice and data including twisted wire pairs, coaxial cable, fiber optic cable or the like.
It is also known in the art to use remote terminals such as digital loop carriers, an example being the SLC.RTM. digital loop carrier manufactured and sold by Lucent Technologies Inc., between the central office and the customer premise. Distribution lines connect the central office switch to the remote terminal and customer lines connect the remote terminal to the CPE. In addition to the switching systems and digital loop carriers, other network elements such as broadband distribution elements, PBXs (public branch exchanges) or the like also host customer lines and/or trunks.
The switching systems, remote terminals and other similar network elements terminate the lines and trunks at line units and trunk units, respectively, commonly referred to collectively as interface units. Each line unit or trunk unit includes a plurality of line cards or trunk cards (also referred to in the art as application packs) removably inserted into a subrack or frame. For purposes of this application the line cards and trunk cards are referred to collectively as interface cards. Each line card typically hosts between 1 and 32 lines and each trunk card hosts between 1 or 2 trunks. It will be appreciated that the line cards and trunk cards include common circuitry for controlling functions common to all of the lines or trunks hosted by that unit as well as circuitry specifically dedicated to each line and/or trunk. The line cards typically include circuitry for performing the BORSCHT functions of battery feed, overvoltage protection, supervision, coding and decoding, testing as well as ringing. It will be appreciated that the specific functions performed by the line card circuitry can vary. For example, it is known in the art to provide the ringing function for all lines on a separate line card. It will be understood that the circuitry is service specific and that different line cards are used to provide narrowband, ISDN, COIN, special service or the like. The trunk cards include circuitry for performing coding and decoding, dc signaling, test functions, alarming and multiplexing. Thus, the line cards and trunk cards provide the basic processing for each line and trunk in the network and are the physical interface between the switching systems (or other network element) and virtually every line and trunk in the network. As a result, the cost, performance and ease of maintenance and administration of the interface cards are critical. Moreover, because a typical network includes thousands of interface cards, any improvement in the interface card translates to large benefits for the network operator and customer.
Each line card physically consists of a circuit pack containing the line unit circuitry and a face plate connected to one edge of the circuit pack. The line card is removably inserted into a subrack or shelf of the switching system (or other network element) such that the face plate is exposed to the system operator. The circuit pack includes first and second sets of connectors located on the side of the circuit pack opposite to the face plate. When the line card is inserted into the frame, the first and second set of connectors engage mating connectors located at the back of the frame. One set of connectors connect the line card to the backplane of the network element and the other set of connectors connect the line card to cabling that connects to the lines. Because these connectors are located behind the line units at the back of the frame, all of the cabling must terminate at the back of the frame. Because of the amount of cabling used in a typical network element and the location of the cabling in the back of the line unit, it is very difficult to increase the density of the system because additional cabling cannot be added in the limited space at the back of the line unit. The location of the cabling also prevents the line units from being arranged back to back. Moreover, because the cabling must be accessible, the back of the line unit must remain unobstructed. The location of the cabling at the rear of the line unit also requires that the entire line card be removed to disconnect the cabling from the line card. Thus, the location of the cabling makes the administration, maintenance and provisioning of the network element difficult and reduces the line density. These problems are magnified when it is considered that a typical switching system hosts thousands of lines connected to hundreds of line cards. While the above discussion relates specifically to line cards it will be appreciated that the arrangement of trunk cards is substantially the same.
It is also known in the art to make the cable connections using a plurality of pin connectors at the face plate of the line card, rather than at the back of the line unit. While using a plurality of connectors at the front of the line card facilitates access to the cabling, the line cards that use the front connectors rely on a plurality of separate connectors. The use of multiple connectors is relatively expensive and requires the connection and disconnection of a plurality of connectors to install a single line card. Not only is such a design expensive, it increases the time required to replace the interface unit and increases the risk of a misconnected cable.
Thus an improved interface card configuration utilizing a single, front mounted cable connection that is easily disconnected is desired.

Interface card for use in a telecommunications network


A thermal seat is provided including a seat panel and a back panel. The seat panel includes a first rigid support, a second rigid support, and a cushioned region. Similarly, the back panel includes a first rigid support, a second rigid support, and a central cushioned region. The thermal seat additionally includes first and second straps attaching the seat panel and the back panel to provide a predetermined angle between the seat panel and the back panel. The interaction between these components of the thermal seat provide for a sturdy and comfortable sitting arrangement. The thermal seat additionally includes a thermal unit constructed for being received within the central cushioned region of the seat panel or the back panel. Alternatively, the thermal unit can be provided in both the seat panel and the back panel. A method for using the thermal seat is provided by altering the temperature of the thermal unit, and introducing the thermal unit into either the seat panel or the back panel.

Thermally heated seats are disclosed in several prior patents. For example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,545,198; 5,700,284; 5,300,105; 5,357,693; and D343,088, all of which are assigned to Vesture Corporation, the assignee of the above-identified application. These patents generally describe seat cushions which include a removable envelope enclosing a fluid which can be heated in a microwave oven.
It is well known that liquid-containing heating pads are designed to heat parts of the human body to help heal injuries, alleviate soreness, and provide comfort in cold environments. Heating pads may be conventional hot water bottles, which can be filled with heated liquid, or may be modern, sealed liquid pouches, which can be heated by microwave energy. In recent years, heating pads of flexible plastic envelopes containing water-based solutions have been manufactured and sold. Such pads are manufactured by placing them in a vacuum pump and evacuating the air within the envelopes. The envelopes are then heat sealed with the liquid therein. Certain microwavable heating pads tend to retain heat for up to several hours, depending on their design.
Portable seat cushions are popular accessories for concert spectators, sports fans, campers, fisherman, and outdoor enthusiasts in general. Heating pads have been installed inside seat cushions to keep spectators and the like warm when using the seat cushions in cold conditions. A seat cushion having a removable heating pad for easy heating in a microwave oven is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,545,198 to Owens. Certain other prior art seat cushions include heating pads which often do not remain in the centers of the cushions, which is where the heating pads function most effectively. A comfortable back rest is also often lacking in certain prior art seat cushions.

Thermal seat and method for using a thermal seat


A multi-zone napkin is provided for use with a frozen treat mounted on a stick to absorb drips. A portion of the stick can be located through a mounting slot in the napkin. A distribution zone layer passes liquid through to an absorbent zone layer and may optionally be suitable for printing on a top surface, to display artwork or other messages. The absorbent zone layer retains liquid received from the distribution zone layer. A barrier zone layer can help to retain the liquid in the absorbent zone layer and prevent drips from contacting a user's hand. In addition to absorbing drips, the multi-zone napkin may provide insulation from cold and/or may be configured to provide a soft surface against a user's hand. The napkin may also be designed to inhibit drips from the frozen treat from running off the distribution zone layer.

Frozen treats mounted on sticks, such as flavored ice pops and ice cream treats, are well known and popular treats. These frozen treats tend to melt quickly. Young children are often not able to eat the entire treat before the melting begins. Most often, this results in drips that fall down onto the child's shirt, hand, arm or nearby furniture. Melting frozen treats can become a substantial mess whether consumed indoors or outdoors.
In view of the above, parents typically expect a liquid mess whenever a child is given a frozen treat. Preparation may include a bib for the child or giving a frozen treat only when the child is outside. The bib is only helpful if the drip were to land on the child's shirt. Little protection is offered for the child's hand, arm, lap or the surrounding area. Also, eating frozen treats only outside may be impractical in many situations. A paper towel may be wrapped around the stick, but can be clumsy and sometimes even creates more of a mess.
Parents often assume the frozen treat will make a mess and resign themselves to a clean-up effort after the frozen treat is eaten or dropped. Also, in the case of retail sales of individual frozen treats, such as from an ice cream truck or a store counter, frozen treat vendors often have a line of customers awaiting service. Vendors typically work to minimize the time required to prepare each order and often provide the purchaser with only a dispenser of small napkins which provide some usefulness in wiping up drips, but are of little help in catching drips before they make a mess.


The invention discloses a method for dynamically allocating link bandwidth on resilient packet ring. This algorithm comprises the steps of measuring a group of variables in one advertisement interval, calculating the local fair rate using the measured variables, determining an advertising rate based on the local fair rate, and transmitting the data packets with the advertising rate. Compared with existing fairness algorithms, the new algorithm introduces integration for the idle rate to achieve 100% of bandwidth utilization. It also avoids using the concept of “congestion state” which is essential in the existing fairness algorithm.

RPR is a metropolitan area network (MAN) with a brand-new ring structure, which supports the data traffic for three service levels, and has the advantages of high bandwidth utilization, high reliability and so on. One of the key techniques for implementing RPR is to allocate the link bandwidth to the nodes competing for resources on the ring. The present invention discloses a method for dynamically allocating link bandwidth on resilient packet ring. Compared with the solution proposed by the current PRP working group (IEEE 802.17 working group), this method is simpler and has higher bandwidth utilization. The mission of IEEE 802.17 working group is to establish a technical standard for RPR. The RPR technology is used in the data communication in WAN or LAN, and compared with the existing data communication technology used in WAN or LAN, it has two obvious advantages:    1. higher bandwidth utilization.    2. fast protection mechanism. The protection kicks in within 50 ms, which is on the same level as fault detection.
Each node on the RPR ring can insert some fairness eligible packet on to the ring. Once a data packet is added on to the ring, it will be passed on by the downstream nodes. During this process, the upstream node may transmit too much traffic, leaving the downstream nodes "starved". So a mechanism is needed to ensure each node on the ring has the same opportunity to transmit user's data packets.
In the mechanism proposed by IEEE 802.17 working group, each node will transmit a special packet, named fairness packet, which is used to pass a proposed advertising rate to the upstream node.
In order to ensure that every node on the ring has some chance to send its packets, each node will make sure that the amount of Fairness Eligible packets added to the ring not exceeding an allowed rate, which is the smaller one of the received advertising rate and the local fair rate.
The key point to guarantee the network performance lies on how to determine the advertising rate based on the advertising rate received from the downstream node and the local fair rate. The mechanism proposed by IEEE 802.17 working will be described briefly.
At present, there are two fairness modes proposed by IEEE 802.17 working group, one is named aggressive mode, the other is named conservative mode.
Here only un-weighted version is discussed for the existing fairness algorithm proposed by IEEE 802.17. It is noted that the method for dynamically allocating link bandwidth on resilient packet ring proposed in the present patent application is a weighted fairness algorithm.
The existing fairness algorithm is described as following:    add rate (add_rate): this is the byte count, in an advertisement interval, for local packets added onto the ring by the node for the FE eligible packets;    local fair rate (local_fair_rate): the low pass filtered add rate, different modes employ different algorithms to obtain local_fair_rate;    received advertising rate (received_advertising_rate): the advertising rate carried in type A fairness packet, which is advertised by the downstream node.    advertisement interval: On every advertisement interval, a type A fairness packet will be send to the upstream stations, with advertising_rate inside the type A fairness message.    advertising rate: the rate is determined as follows:            If (the local node is congested and local_fair_rate<received_advertising_rate ), the advertising_rate will be the local_fair_rate, which is a filtered version of the add_rate. The add_rate is the byte count within the advertisement Interval for packets with FE bit (fairness eligible bit) set. The received_advertising_rate is the rate carried inside the type A fairness message.        If (the local node is congested and local_fair_rate>=received_advertising_rate ) congested, the advertising_rate will be the received advertising rate from downstream (received_advertising_rate).        If (the local node is not congested), the advertising_rate will be the ones received from downstream, or null if receiving null rate, which indicates the maximum link rate.
The main difference, along with some minor ones, between the aggressive mode and the conservative mode lies on how to define the local_fair_rate. In the aggressive mode, the local_fair_rate is the low pass filtered version of the add_rate. In the conservative mode, the local_fair_rate is the low pass filtered version of the add_rate, which is similar to that of aggressive mode, and                plus a fraction of the filtered version of the add_rate if the link utilization is less than 85% (below low_threshold)        minus a fraction of the filtered version of the add_rate if the link utilization is more than 95% (above high_threshold)
Compared to the fairness algorithm in the aggressive mode, the fairness algorithm in the conservative mode offers better performance under varying conditions, at the cost of maximum 95% bandwidth utilization, which is inferior under certain situations.
The main issue with the aggressive mode is, when the congestion point is not a greedy source, as illustrated in FIG. 1, the bandwidth can not be properly allocated among all the sources and result in inefficient resource usage, as illustrated in simulation in FIG. 2.

Method for distributing dynamic link bandwidth for resilient packet ring


A hanger hinge is used to suspend panels of a folding door or window from an overhead track. The hanger hinge has a hanger bolt with an externally threaded lower end on which a nut is threaded by a tool. The nut is located within a sleeve which engages the bolt to prevent relative rotation between the sleeve and the bolt. At least one hinge leaf is pivotally mounted on the hanger bolt and supported on the sleeve. Each hinge leaf is adapted to be fixed to a respective panel, and the position of the panel(s) is dependent on the extent to which the nut is threaded onto the hanger bolt. A key clip is used to lock the nut rotationally relative to the sleeve, so that the nut cannot rotate relative to the hanger bolt. The key clip is automatically disengaged when the tool is inserted in the nut, to permit the nut to turn relative to the bolt.

A hanger hinge is used to suspend a hinged panel, or a pair of hinged panels, from an overhead horizontal track while permitting the panels to pivot about a vertical hinge axis. Typically, the panels are panels of a folding door, window or similar closure. If the hanger hinge is used to suspend the end panel of a series of panels, it normally has one hinge leaf fixed to that panel. If the hanger hinge is an intermediate hanger used to suspend a pair of adjacent panels, it has a pair of hinge leaves, each fixed to a respective one of the pair of adjacent panels.
Throughout this specification, where the context permits, the term "panel" is intended to refer to a generally planar closure component of a folding door, window, shutter, screen or like closure. The invention will be described with particular reference to its application to panels of a folding door, but the scope of the invention is not limited thereto.
Typically, each hanger hinge (except the hanger hinge nearest the jamb) depends from a respective wheeled carriage which rides along the track. The combination of each hanger hinge and its carriage forms a carrier hinge assembly. An example of a known carrier hinge assembly is illustrated in our Australian Patent No. 726943.
A hanger hinge typically comprises an upright hanger bolt which serves as a hinge pin for the hinge leaf or leaves pivotally mounted thereon. The bottom end of the bolt is threaded to receive a nut thereon. The hinge leaves, which are axially slideable along the hanger bolt, rest upon the nut and are supported thereon. The position of the nut on the hanger bolt therefore determines the position of the hinge leaves relative to both the hanger bolt and the track from which the hanger bolt is suspended. Since the hinge leaves are fixed to the panels in use, the height of the panels can be adjusted by rotating the nut to vary its position along the threaded end of the hanger bolt.
Height adjustment of the panels is usually required from time to time to correct out-of-square movements of the panels and to prevent the door panels from sticking, or otherwise to facilitate smooth movement of the door panels. It is important to ensure that once the hanger hinge has been properly adjusted, it does not lose its adjustment, i.e. that there is no undue rotation of the height-adjusting nut.
It has been found that with conventional hanger hinges, repeated opening and closing of the panels can result in rotation of the nut, and hence loss of adjustment.
Hitherto, a second (locking) nut has been used on the hanger bolt to lock the height-adjusting nut in position. However, such locking nut arrangements are not always effective. Two spanners are usually required to adjust the height of the panels, and due to the positioning of the nuts in close proximity to the panels, damage may be caused to the panels through spanner slippage. Moreover, the nuts are not aesthetically pleasing.
Our U.S. Pat. No. 6,618,900 discloses a lockable carrier hinge assembly in which height adjustment is achieved by threading the hanger bolt into the carriage. The hanger bolt has a fixed nut or head at its bottom end. Once adjusted, the hanger bolt is locked to a hinge leaf, to prevent relative rotation therebetween.
Although the lockable carrier hinge assembly of U.S. Pat. No. 6,618,900 has been found to be satisfactory for most commercial and residential applications, it may not be the optimum design for suspending large and heavy door panels.
It is an aim of this invention to provide an adjustable hanger hinge which overcomes or ameliorates one or more disadvantages of the prior art, or which at least provides the consumer with a useful choice.


A power adaptor is provided. The power adaptor includes a connector, a rectifier, a filter, a regulator and a switching unit coupled between the rectifier and the filter. The connector receives an alternating current (AC) power. The rectifier provides a direct current (DC) power according to the AC power. The filter filters the DC power to generate a filtered signal. The regulator provides an output voltage according to the filtered signal. A switching state of the switching unit corresponds to the DC power.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a power adaptor, and more particularly, to a power adaptor for preventing electric sparks.
2. Description of the Related Art
At present, a great majority electronic devices need to connect to an external power supply for power. For example, an electronic device may be inserted into a socket that is used to provide power via a power plug directly or a power adaptor.
However, electric sparks may easily occur when inserting the plug into the socket because of metallic friction between the plug and the socket and excessive instantaneous current when connecting the electronic device to the power supply. The electric sparks may not only affect normal operation of the electronic device, but also damage electronic components in the electronic device.
Therefore, a power adaptor is desired to prevent electric sparks from being generated when connecting an electronic device to a power supply.


A transportation system for semiconductor module base plates includes a plurality of spacer elements. Each spacer element includes a distance holding element, a first pin on a first side of the distance holding element, and a second pin on a second side of the distance holding element. Each spacer element is configured to be arranged between two of a plurality of semiconductor module base plates. Each of the first pin and the second pin is configured to engage with a corresponding counterpart of one of the semiconductor module base plates when the corresponding spacer element is arranged between two of the semiconductor module base plates.

Power semiconductor module arrangements often include at least one semiconductor substrate arranged in a housing. A semiconductor arrangement including a plurality of controllable semiconductor elements (e.g., two IGBTs in a half-bridge configuration) is arranged on each of the at least one substrate. The at least one substrate may be arranged on a base plate. The base plate may form a bottom of the housing.
During production and assembly of power semiconductor module arrangements, especially before mounting at least one semiconductor substrate on the base plates, usually a great number of base plates needs to be handled. A plurality of base plates may be produced and the finished bare base plates may then be packaged for shipping or for transporting them to the power semiconductor module assembly line, for example. Even bare base plates that are not yet finished, e.g., base plates that require one or more additional production steps such as coating, for example, may be packaged for shipping or for transporting them to another production line. Even further, fitted base plates with one or more elements such as, e.g., substrates, mounted thereon may be packaged for shipping or for transporting them to a further production or placement line.
There is a need for a transportation system for finished or unfinished, bare or fitted power semiconductor module base plates that allows to securely transport a plurality of base plates in a space-saving way and without damages.


A vehicle control apparatus includes: a straight-ahead cruising determining unit that determines whether or not a vehicle is in a straight-ahead cruising state; a detecting unit that detects a target object that meets a predetermined condition related to at least either of a current positional relationship or a future predicted positional relationship with the vehicle, among objects ahead of the vehicle, when the vehicle is determined to be in the straight-ahead cruising state; an operation control unit that makes the vehicle perform a predetermined operation related to the detected target object; and a condition setting unit that sets the condition to be applied to the left side in relation to a center line of the vehicle to differ from the condition to be applied to the right side, based on a cruising trajectory of the vehicle.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a vehicle control apparatus and a vehicle provided with the vehicle control apparatus.
Description of the Related Art
Currently, pre-crash safety (referred to, hereinafter, as "PCS" (registered trademark)) is known that enables a vehicle to perform operations when an object (such as a preceding vehicle, an oncoming vehicle, or a guardrail) ahead of the vehicle is detected using a millimeter-wave radar or the like and the likelihood of a collision between the detected object and the vehicle is determined to be high. The operations that are performed are, for example, an operation to avoid collision (such as a warning or automatic braking) and an operation to reduce impact caused by a collision (such as automatic braking or automatic seatbelt retraction). PCS control requires a capability (referred to, hereinafter, as "ON capability") for applying control with certainty on an object with which the likelihood of collision is high. At the same time, PCS control also requires a capability (referred to, hereinafter, as "OFF capability") for suppressing unnecessary application of control on an object with which the likelihood of collision is low. In this way, two capabilities (ON capability and OFF capability) having a contradictory relationship are both required to be actualized at a high level in PCS control.
JP-A-2004-136788 describes that, to improve the capabilities of PCS control, the following is performed so that PCS control is less likely to be applied to an object positioned outside of a vehicle lane area in which the vehicle is traveling, compared to an object positioned within the vehicle lane area. That is, application conditions for PCS control are set differently depending on whether the position of the object is inside or outside the vehicle lane area. Alternatively, the application conditions for PCS control regarding an object positioned outside the vehicle lane area is determined based on the distance from a boundary line of the vehicle lane area to the object.
In general, even when the driver of a vehicle intends to perform straight-ahead cruising, the vehicle is rarely in a strict straight-ahead cruising state (a state in which the vehicle is traveling on a straight line). Most often, the vehicle is in a state in which the vehicle travels while slightly drifting to the left and right to an extent that the vehicle seems to be traveling straight ahead (apparent straight-ahead cruising state). The likelihood of a collision between each object ahead of the vehicle and the vehicle may be affected by the cruising trajectory that is the drifting of the vehicle. In the above-described conventional technology, such cruising trajectories of the vehicle are not taken into consideration. Therefore, even when the vehicle is in the apparent straight-ahead cruising state, the application conditions for PCS control remain unchanged. Therefore, the above-described conventional technology has room for improvement regarding improved capabilities of PCS control.
The above-described issue is not limited to PCS control. Rather, the issue is a common issue among vehicle control in which an object that meets predetermined conditions is detected from ahead of the vehicle and the vehicle is made to perform a predetermined operation related to the detected object. Such vehicle control includes, in addition to PCS, adaptive cruise control (referred to, hereinafter, as "ACC"), lane keep assist (referred to, hereinafter, as "LKA"), lane departure warning (referred to, hereinafter, as "LDW"), and the like.

Vehicle control apparatus and vehicle provided with the same


A package structure prevents an optical sheet from being brought into contact with a display panel and making scratches on the display panel due to motion caused during transport of a display device, thereby minimizing cost increase. A package structure for a thin display device is the structure for storing the thin display device in a package case. The thin display device includes at least one optical sheet situated in approximately parallel with its display surface, and the package case includes a storage member for holding a thin display device with the optical sheet having a surface inclined relative to a vertical direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a package structure for a display device with an optical sheet.
2. Description of the Background Art
Conventional liquid crystal displays are configured for example as shown in FIG. 2 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2007-17737. That is, a display panel 1 is held vertically by a first frame member 403 and a second frame member 402 mounted inside the first frame member 403. A diffuser plate 301 and an optical sheet 302 are mounted at an angle so as to allow a wide space between themselves and the upper part of the display panel 1 with respect to the direction of their weight, with their upper ends held between a first spacer 404 and a third frame member 401 and their lower ends held between a second spacer 405 and the second frame member 402.
Backlights 2 mounted behind the diffuser plate 301 have different pitches from one another according to their corresponding intervals between the display panel 1 and the diffuser plate 301 so that illumination emitted from the backlights 2 can provide uniform brightness after its passing through the diffuser plate 301, the optical sheet 302, and the display panel 1. In order to avoid deformation of the diffuser plate 301 due to a change of temperature and/or humidity, a structure as shown in FIG. 5 of Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2007-17737 is used, in which a plurality of supports 8 of different dimensions are buried in the third frame member 401 with their tips abutting the diffuser plate 301 so as to support the diffuser plate 301.
As described above, mounting the diffuser plate 301 and the optical sheet 302 at an angle to the display panel 1 in a thin display device prevents the optical sheet 302 or the like that has especially low rigidity from being brought into contact with the display panel 1 and making scratches on the display panel 1 due to motion caused during transport or the like.
However, the structure described above still has the problem of cost increase due to increased design time and an increased number of parts, because the backlights 2 must be arranged at different pitches and parts of different dimensions are necessary for the supports 8 arranged from top to bottom.


A multi-panel monitor displaying system has a multi-panel monitor supported by one integrated Liquid Crystal Display Glass Module (LGM). The multi-panel monitor contains visually un-detective gaps between panels and, therefore, can provide viewers with high quality visual effect with low productive cost. A set of LGM technologies is utilized to re-design and integrate a plurality of LGMs. After integration, image rotation is also required by the multi-monitor displaying system to ensure perfect image displays.

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) system is the display system of the digital age. All major electronic displaying systems have switched from the traditional CRTs to LCDs, particularly, computer monitors and televisions. Once people switched from traditional CRTs to LCDs, it is unlikely for them to switch back to the traditional CRT displaying systems again. Hence, high quality LCD displaying systems are in demand. However, there are still some technical limitations on these LCD displaying systems, such as the number of pages can be reviewed simultaneously and how many features can be carried in the display area.
Most commercially available LCD products are single monitor displaying systems. FIG. 1 illustrates one single panel LCD monitor product, and two two-panel monitors. These products have an overall size ranged from 15 inches to 19 inches and a frame width ranged from 14.0 mm to 18.6 mm. Very too often an image is too large to be fully displayed on a single LCD monitor.
Hence, there are multi-monitor displaying systems available in the market providing multiple projector-based displays or video displays. These systems are assembled with a plurality of monitors having wide encircled frames. Some multi-monitor displaying systems can provide a better visual effect than the conventional single monitor displays by re-arranging these video displays in certain angles within a single housing unit. However, the gaps between monitors are still so big to be ignored and it interferes with viewer's enjoyment.
In addition, there are multi-panel displaying systems, also called multi-module displaying systems, available in the market. These displaying systems usually have wide gaps, also referred to as mullions, between panels. For example, a two-panel LCD product typically has an inch wide gap between the panels with a frame width of 13 mm. Despite of the wide gap, this type of multi-panel LCD is the best possible LCD displaying system available in the market. The large mullion between panels prevents the image display from having an integrated look and definitely gets in the way to interfere with the view effect.
Moreover, both the multi-monitor displaying systems and the multi-panel displaying systems are extremely costly. The high productive cost not only burdens the manufacturers but also decrease the enjoyable view effect of these systems. Therefore, reducing the production cost is equally important and challenging as reducing the gap between monitors for the next generation of multi-panel monitor displaying systems.


Provided are an atomizing head (1), an atomizer (100) and an electronic cigarette. The atomizing head (1) comprises a shell (12) provided with a liquid inlet (121) and an inner cavity (17), and an atomizing head base (81) provided with an air inlet channel (151), where the liquid inlet (121) and the air inlet channel (151) are both in communication with the inner cavity (17); a bottom end of the shell (12) is fixedly connected to the atomizing head base (81); an elastic element (16) encloses an air outlet end of the air inlet channel (151); the elastic element (16) has a first state and a second state; in the first state, the air inlet channel (151) is in communication with the inner cavity (17); and in the second state, the air inlet channel (151) and the inner cavity (17) are blocked up against each other.

An electronic cigarette atomizes liquid tobacco in a cartridge into tobacco, which can be smoked like a traditional cigarette. The existing electronic cigarette generally includes a battery for the electronic cigarette, a control circuit and an atomizer, where the atomizer has an atomizing chamber that is provided with an atomizing head, and the atomizing head includes a liquid absorbing element such as a heating wire, cotton or a cotton cloth, etc. The heating wire is spiral. The spiral heating wire is wrapped with a cotton cloth or cotton outside, and is in communication with a liquid storage cavity through a cotton cloth or cotton, thus introducing tobacco liquid into the heating wire of the atomizing head through osmosis of the cotton or the cotton cloth. In order to achieve the function of smoking, it is also necessary to introduce air to cause the flow of gas flow so as to drive the atomized tobacco into the human body. One or several air inlet holes are generally provided at a lower end of the atomizing chamber, and an insurmountable defect occurs due to the position of the air inlet hole. The air inlet hole is arranged at a lower end of the atomizer, and the liquid absorbing element such as the cotton or the cotton cloth is arranged at an upper part of the air inlet hole. The liquid absorbing element adsorbs the tobacco liquid by osmosis, and when saturation is reached, part of tobacco liquid will exude. Part of the exuded liquid tobacco drops, and will flow out from the air inlet hole when aggregating to a certain degree. Generally, the air inlet hole is non-closable. The impact seeing from the outside is that the tobacco liquid of the electronic cigarette will flow out from the air inlet hole, affecting the cleanliness and use experience.

Atomizing head, atomizer and electronic cigarette thereof

CHANGZHOU JWEI INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.