An SOI wafer contains a compressively stressed buried insulator structure. In one example, the stressed buried insulator (BOX) may be formed on a host wafer by forming silicon oxide, silicon nitride and silicon oxide layers so that the silicon nitride layer is compressively stressed. Wafer bonding provides the surface silicon layer over the stressed insulator layer. Preferred implementations of the invention form MOS transistors by etching isolation trenches into a preferred SOI substrate having a stressed BOX structure to define transistor active areas on the surface of the SOI substrate. Most preferably the trenches are formed deep enough to penetrate through the stressed BOX structure and some distance into the underlying silicon portion of the substrate. The overlying silicon active regions will have tensile stress induced due to elastic edge relaxation.

Strained silicon is widely viewed as an important technology for obtaining desired advancements in integrated circuit performance. Mobility enhancement results from a combination of reduced effective carrier mass and reduced intervalley (phonon) scattering. n-channel MOS field effect transistors (FET) achieve improved performance with induced biaxial tensile stress in the top silicon layer along both the width and length axes of the active area. p-channel MOSFETs exhibit improved performance with induced uniaxial tensile stress in the top silicon layer along the width axis only (transverse tensile stress). p-channel MOSFETs also exhibit improved performance with induced uniaxial compressive stress in the top silicon layer along the length axis only (longitudinal compressive stress). Compressive stress can be provided selectively in a silicon surface layer, for example, by using selective epitaxial SiGe stressors in the source and drain regions of a MOSFET to induce a desired compressive stress along the length axis (longitudinal).
Strained silicon is conventionally obtained by first growing a thick layer of silicon germanium alloy (SiGe) on a silicon substrate. The SiGe layer is grown to a sufficient thickness that the SiGe layer is relaxed to an unstrained condition at its surface. The in-plane lattice parameter of the SiGe surface is similar to that of a bulk crystal of SiGe of the same composition. SiGe alloys have larger lattice parameters than silicon. Hence the relaxed surface of the SiGe layer provides an in-plane lattice parameter larger than that of silicon. A subsequent thin layer of silicon is grown epitaxially on the relaxed surface of the SiGe layer. The thin epitaxial layer of silicon assumes the larger in-plane lattice parameter of the SiGe and grows in a strained state with bonds in the crystal lattice elongated in the growth plane. This approach, sometimes known as substrate-strained silicon or "virtual substrate" technology, grows a thin pseudomorphic layer of strained silicon on the relaxed surface of a SiGe layer.
So long as the strained silicon layer does not exceed a "critical thickness" for strain relaxation and some care is taken, the tensile strain is maintained in the strained silicon layer through the various implantation and thermal processing steps typical of CMOS manufacturing.
The use of relaxed SiGe as a "virtual substrate" to strain a subsequently deposited epitaxial silicon layer inevitably requires acceptance of a very high dislocation density in the SiGe layer because the SiGe relaxation mechanism is plastic in nature. In other words, relaxation in the SiGe layer occurs through the generation of strain-relieving misfit dislocations. A thin SiGe layer of suitable germanium concentration grown epitaxially on a silicon substrate is not strain relaxed and exhibits few misfit dislocations if the SiGe layer is not thicker than a "critical thickness" at which misfit dislocations are generated. On the other hand, if the SiGe layer is thicker than the "critical thickness," the strained SiGe lattice undergoes plastic deformation and most or all of the misfit strain is relieved by the nucleation and propagation of misfit dislocations. Some fraction of the resulting misfit dislocations gives rise to threading dislocations (at least 104-105 cm−2) which propagate through the overlying strained silicon layer. Threading dislocations represent extended defects and give rise to multiple undesirable consequences in MOSFETs including source/drain junction leakage, reduction of channel mobility, variability of threshold voltage and enhanced diffusion paths leading to potential drain-to-source shorting in short-channel MOSFETs.
Silicon-on-insulator wafers afford certain advantages over conventional bulk silicon wafers and are gaining in importance in CMOS manufacturing. An SOI wafer may, for example, have a layer of silicon on top of a layer of insulator. In silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) technology, the insulator is a wafer of sapphire (crystalline aluminum oxide). Commercial exploitation of SOS is rather limited due to high wafer costs, limited wafer diameters and supply. SOI with a buried oxide layer between the top (active) silicon structure and an underlying crystalline silicon host or 'handle' wafer is the preferred SOI configuration for CMOS applications. The buried oxide (typically abbreviated to "BOX") layer structure may be formed by high dose implantation of oxygen and annealing (accomplished, for example, using the so-called SIMOX process). The BOX layer may also be formed by wafer bonding a layer of silicon from a donor wafer to a BOX layer on a handle wafer. The bonded thin silicon layer may be separated from the donor wafer by subjecting the donor wafer to hydrogen ion implantation prior to bonding to create a defect layer at a depth corresponding to the desired thickness of the thin silicon layer and subsequently applying a force to laterally section the silicon on insulator wafer structure along the plane of the damage layer and so separate the silicon on insulator wafer from the donor wafer. An example of a process that forms BOX layers by this method is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,609. Wafers manufactured according to the Smart Cut process are commercially available from Soitec, Inc., of Bernin, France. The BOX layers of conventional SOI wafers are not compressively stressed.
If the silicon layer on top of the BOX layer is thicker than approximately 50 nm, the silicon layer will not be fully depleted in normal operation of CMOS transistors. Such wafers are known as partially-depleted SOI. If the silicon layer on top of the BOX layer is thinner than approximately 50 nm, the silicon layer may be fully depleted in normal operation of CMOS transistors and such wafers are known as fully-depleted SOI (also known as ultra-thin body SOI). Ultra-thin body, fully depleted MOSFETs fabricated in ultra-thin SOI have multiple beneficial features which each contribute to improved transistor and integrated circuit performance including low sensitivity to semiconductor body doping, low source and drain junction capacitances, improved electrical isolation between neighboring MOSFETs and improved control of short channel effects.
A fully depleted SOI technology in which the semiconductor active regions have in-plane tensile strain could have the combined benefits of ultra-thin body semiconductor-on-insulator and of strained silicon. Various approaches to obtaining "strained silicon on insulator" have been described. U.S. Pat. No. 7,534,701 to Ghyselen, et al. describes a strained silicon-on-insulator manufacturing method wherein a blanket strained silicon layer is first formed on a relaxed surface of single crystal silicon germanium and subsequently bonded to a handle wafer with an oxide layer such that the strained silicon layer is transferred to the handle wafer. The tensile strain is retained in the thin strained silicon layer after separation of the silicon germanium, for example, by the previously described SmartCut process.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,372,609 to Wristers, et. al., describes forming an SOI wafer with a buried, compressively stressed silicon nitride layer in an ineffective attempt to create tensile strain in the thin top (surface) silicon layer. The Wristers patent does not in fact induce effective strain in the top semiconductor layer. The process described in the Wristers patent, forms a BOX structure including a layer of compressively stressed silicon nitride and the final device structure includes the BOX structure positioned between an active region and a substrate. However, the compressively stressed silicon nitride layer is continuous (uninterrupted) in the plane of the wafer and so cannot expand or contract laterally from the as-formed configuration. There is no opportunity for edge relaxation of the buried stressed silicon nitride layer and as such the Wristers patent provides no mechanism for inducing strain in the silicon active region or for relaxing the compressively stressed buried silicon nitride layer.
U.S. Patent Publication No. 2009/0278201 to Chatty, et al., describes strained channel MOSFET devices on SOI wafers. The starting point is a wafer with a buried silicon oxide layer (BOX) on a substrate, with a silicon nitride layer above that and a surface active silicon layer in which MOSFETs will be constructed. This silicon nitride layer may be deposited in a state of compressive or tensile stress up to a maximum magnitude of 200 MPa. From this starting point, isolation trenches are cut through the active silicon layer and the silicon nitride layer underneath it, but stop at the BOX. Then some of the source and drain silicon in the active layer is removed and replaced with a compressive or tensile stressed material (e.g. silicon germanium or silicon:carbon respectively) so as to induce longitudinal compressive or tensile strain in the channel region of the MOSFET. Instead of obtaining significant strain in the channel region from edge relaxation and expansion of the silicon nitride layer, in the Chatty publication, the primary method of inducing strain in the channel region is the well known "embedded source/drain stressor" method. The Chatty publication focuses on using a buried silicon nitride layer as a stiffener against which the force of an embedded stressor in source/drain regions can react to create the desired strain in the channel region. The publication explains that if there is no source/drain embedded stressor present, measurements show that there is no difference in the stress in the channel either when (1) the silicon nitride stiffening layer is present or (2) the silicon nitride stressor is not present. It is clear, therefore, that the Chatty publication does not attempt to induce stress in the channel by the use of a buried silicon nitride stressor together with edge relaxation.

Strained semiconductor using elastic edge relaxation of a stressor combined with buried insulating layer


The present invention relates compounds and compositions for interfering with the association of Myc and Max. These compounds and compositions are useful in methods for inhibiting growth or proliferation of a cell. Methods of inhibiting growth or proliferation of a cell comprise contacting the cell with an amount of a compound that interferes with Myc and Max association effective to inhibit growth or proliferation of the cell. The compounds exhibit increased inhibitory activity against c-Myc relative to the known c-Myc inhibitor small-molecule benzofurazan N-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-amine (10074-G5).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to compounds and compositions for interfering with the association of Myc and Max. These compounds and compositions are useful in methods for inhibiting growth or proliferation of a cell. Methods of inhibiting growth or proliferation of a cell comprise contacting the cell with an amount of a compound that interferes with Myc and Max association effective to inhibit growth or proliferation of the cell. The compounds exhibit increased inhibitory activity against c-Myc relative to the known c-Myc inhibitor small-molecule N-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-amine (10074-G5).
2. Description of the Related Art
c-Myc is important in the transcription of a myriad of genes involved in roles that include cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation and metabolism.(1-6) Though Myc is essential for normal cell function, its over-expression and/or dys-regulation is associated with a wide variety of human cancers, including, but not limited to, leukaemias and Burkitt's lymphoma, as well as cancers of the breast, pancreatic, lung and colon. (8-14, 20-21) Given its central role in many key cellular processes, there is concern that, by definition, c-Myc must possess a narrow therapeutic window, which would render the development of c-Myc inhibitors that are non-toxic to normal cells especially challenging. (15) However, recently there have been several reports that the inhibition of c-Myc, whilst lethal to transformed cells, exhibits only mild and reversible effects on normal cells.(8,16,17) Moreover, it now appears that c-Myc actually exerts an amplifying control on transcription of its target genes,(18,19) such that its inhibition would not result in complete inactivation of transcription. Together, these findings support the idea that the inhibition of c-Myc is a viable strategy towards the development of targeted antineoplastics.
In 2012, it was estimated there would be about 577,190 cancer deaths in the United States alone (39), about one-seventh of which will be associated with tumours exhibiting changes in the c-myc proto-oncogene or its expression (1). Inactivation of Myc results in cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis and tumour regression (40-42). Thus, the inhibition of Myc function is an appealing tactic to expand the arsenal of anticancer therapeutics in a highly targeted manner. Currently, there is no such "Myc drug" in the clinic, and the most potent Myc inhibitors to date exhibit only low micromolar IC50 values (20). Given the significant role of Myc in the development and progression of a wide variety of cancers, there is an urgent need for more potent and diverse Myc inhibitors.
c-Myc (Myc) is a short-lived (t1/2=20-30 min) nuclear oncoprotein and is a member of the basic-helix-loop-helix leucine zipper (bHLH-LZ) protein family of transcription factors that includes its obligate binding partner, Max, and its antagonist proteins of the Mad family (1). In its monomeric form, c-Myc is intrinsically disordered and transcriptionally inactive. However, upon dimerization with the bHLH-ZIP relative Max, an obligatory event that is required for all of c-Myc's known biological activities,(1-5) c-Myc and Max assume a coiled coil structure that recognizes the E-box sequence (5′-CACGTG-3′) in DNA.(6) Subsequently, various co-activators are recruited to initiate transcription. Unlike c-Myc, Max is capable of forming homodimers, as well as heterodimers with other bHLH-ZIP family members that include Mad, Mxi-1 (Mad2) and Mnt.(7) Although they repress transcription, Max-Max, Max-Mad and Max-Mxi-1 dimers retain the ability to bind E-box elements, and, therefore, compete with c-Myc-Max heterodimers, which provides a means by which c-Myc's transcriptional activity is kept in check.(7)
In its monomeric form, the bHLH-LZ domain of Myc (and Max) is intrinsically disordered, presenting no obvious binding sites for the development of inhibitors (6). Myc becomes transcriptionally functional only upon its heterodimerization with Max, an event in which the two proteins act as each other's chaperone to generate a parallel, left-handed four-helix bundle structure that recognizes the obligate E-box DNA sequence CAC/TGTG. The Myc-Max heterodimer thus serves as an excellent example of the coupled folding and binding of two intrinsically disorderd proteins. Indeed, most biological activities of Myc require this interaction (43-45). The basic regions of Myc and Max bind the DNA, while the HLH and LZ domains form the dimerization interface. Unlike Myc, Max is constitutively expressed, is stable (t1/2>24 h) and can also homodimerize. Max-Max homodimers bind the same DNA sequence as Myc-Max heterodimers but rather inhibit transcription, which is manifested through the direct competition for Max and for the common DNA site.
Since the dimerization of c-Myc and Max is an essential criterion for c-Myc to become functional, it follows that the disruption of the protein-protein interactions between c-Myc and Max should be an effective approach towards the inhibition of c-Myc's transcriptional activity. However, monomeric c-Myc's intrinsic disorder renders rational drug design a significant challenge, with the protein bereft of any recognizable sites that molecules could dock into or that computationally assisted docking programs could enlist as potential binding sites in virtual screens. (20,21) Furthermore, there does not appear to be any obvious binding pockets on the structure c-Myc-Max heterodimer, either. Unsurprisingly, therefore, the majority of small-molecule inhibitors of c-Myc-Max dimerization have been identified through screening large chemical libraries, and span structurally diverse chemotypes.(20) These small-molecules include rhodanine and thiazolidine-2,5-dione derivatives,(22,23) peptidomimetic-based inhibitors,(24,25) "credit-card" compounds that are based on planar, hydrophobic scaffolds designed to "slot" into the c-Myc-Max leucine zipper,(26) and the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine "Mycro" compounds,(27, 28) as well as indirect c-Myc inhibitors, such as "JQ-1", a thieno-triazolobenzo-1,4-diazepine that inhibits bromodomain-containing proteins. (29) A select few of these have been characterized more fully and shown to operate through the recognition and stabilization of monomeric, transcriptionally inactive c-Myc, preventing it from undergoing its obligatory dimerization with Max.(30,31) Two such compounds are 10058-F4 ((Z)-5-(4-ethylbenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione) and 10074-G5 (N-([1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-amine), the former of which was previously developed into more potent congeners.(23)
Owing to a lack of recognizable binding clefts or motifs, coupled with an inability to predict the structures of potential Myc-Max disruptors, the majority of inhibitors reported to date have been identified by screening large libraries of compounds, as stated above, and most compounds identified to date have been hampered by low affinity binding and/or poor in vivo activity against Myc-dependent tumors (21, 35, 49). Accordingly, there is a need for new compounds that inhibit Myc-activity.

Potent analogues of the C-Myc inhibitor 10074-G5 with improved cell permeability


An orthopedic device and method for using the same are provided for applying a dynamic load on a leg of a user. The orthopedic device has a rigid or semi-rigid frame including lower and upper frames, and a hinge assembly connecting the lower and upper frames. A dynamic loading component is used to urge the load on the user's leg on the basis of flexion of the hinge assembly on the basis of tension in an elongate element connecting the dynamic loading component and at least one of the lower and upper frames. A peak load is generated at a flexion angle between extension and flexion of the hinge assembly.

There are roughly 200,000 partial or complete anterior cruciate ligament ("ACL") injuries per year in the U.S. The ACL is an intracapsular ligament that cannot spontaneously heal complete tears. Approximately 50% (100,000 U.S. patients) of ACL injuries go untreated either through a lack of diagnosis or repair is deemed unnecessary due to the patient's low level of activity.
Partial ACL tears may heal spontaneously but may heal at an increased length resulting in a positive "Drawer Test" (a commonly used test to detect the rupture of cruciate ligaments in the knee) and the ability of the tibia to shift anteriorly regarding the femur. In the Drawer Test, if the tibia pulls forward or backward more than normal, the test is positive. Excessive displacement of the tibia anteriorly indicates the ACL is likely torn, whereas excessive posterior displacement of the tibia indicates the PCL is likely torn. Complete ACL tears that go unrepaired will cause a positive Drawer Test.
Some surgeons show positive results in healing for some patients with ACL injury through minor surgical intervention by reattaching the ACL.
For the remaining 100,000 patients who undergo ACL repair for complete tears, some studies have shown the strength of the ACL ligament is reduced to approximately 50% of its original strength 6 months after surgery. This may be due to the revascularization of the ACL ligament. At six months, these patients often feel stable enough to return to their previous level of activity. This places the ACL at risk because the patient does not realize the ACL is only at 50% of its original strength.
During normal activity, tension on the ACL may vary. Activities that require sudden stops and changes of direction may place high tension on the ACL or create displacement of the tibia regarding the femur. Adjustment of the tibia relative to the femur, and possibly reduction of ACL tension could benefit the patient in the following ways: (1) reduce additional injury and preserve the length of the partially torn ACL, and (2) reduce the risk of reinjury of the graft for the ACL repaired patient.

Orthopedic device having a dynamic control system and method for using the same


A mechanical system constituting a modular driving unit for the programmed displacement of a mobile structure with respect to a reference bearing plane, the structure remaining parallel to itself. The mechanical system includes a frame formed by at least two lateral sides connected together. The frame is fast with the mobile structure. There is a principal upright articulated on the frame by a first end, with the second, opposite end resting on said reference bearing plane. There is also a maneuvering jack articulated by one end on the frame and by the opposite end on the second end of upright. Maneuver of the jack allows the angular displacement of the upright. The assembly of the upright and the jack constitutes with the frame a deformable triangle. A transmission assembly is borne by the frame and is constituted: (i) by a longitudinal shaft located in a plane parallel to the plane of displacement of the jack (ii) by a transverse shaft at right angles to the longitudinal shaft, and (iii) by a pinion controlling maneuver of the jack, the two shafts being kinetically connected together and connected to the pinion.

Such platforms are used in particular for fitting out collective multi-purpose halls especially intended for public or private events. In accordance with presently known techniques, such multi-purpose halls are fitted out with a plurality of platforms positioned contiguously, each platform comprising elevator means for positioning it at a suitable height.
Devices of this type make it possible to fit out a large multi-purpose hall which may be used for various public or private activities.
The hall may thus be totally cleared for a standup event, in which the participants must move from one place to another, whilst, by extending into steps, an auditorium can be produced, whose shape, dimensions and configuration are adapted to the entertainment offered, whether it be question of positioning the spectators with respect to a stage, or of enabling them to watch a sporting event (tennis, boxing or the like) taking place at the centre of the hall.
In the devices of this type, it is necessary to maintain constant the horizontality of the platforms.
It is therefore necessary to ensure perfect synchronization between the elevator devices, particularly the jacks, so as to avoid any distorsion.
It is a principal object of the present invention to ensure a strictly and constantly horizontal position of the platform under perfectly reliable conditions and by employing particularly economical means.
It is another object of the invention to ensure, in addition to a constant horizontality during the movement of elevation or of lowering, a perfect stability of the platform both in the vertical plane and in the horizontal plane.
It is a further object of the invention to produce platforms of any dimensions and configurations, without dimensional limitation, the structural and kinetic homogeneity of the platform, as well as its stability, being ensured under totally reliable conditions.

Mechanical system for displacing modular platforms for fitting out multi-purpose halls


An Al metal joined body is formed by joining Al metal members of Al or Al alloy or by joining such Al metal member and a member of a dissimilar material. The joined body comprises a first joined member, a second joined member and a brazed joining layer interposed between the two members. The brazed joining layer has a thickness from about 50 .mu.m to about 500 .mu.m and comprises from 0.05% to 14% by weight of Si, from 0.05% to 11% by weight of Cu, from 0.05% to 13% by weight of Zn, from 0.05% to 4% by weight of Mg, and at least 56.5% by weight of Al.

Conventionally, Al alloys are used in various fields, for example manufacturing of automotive heat exchangers and automotive valve train because they are light weight, superior in corrosion resistance, have high thermal conductivity and other desirable properties.
Al alloy members are joined together, or an Al alloy member is joined to another member made of a different material, by various methods, including welding, brazing, internal chilling and soldering.
In the case of brazing, JIS;BA4045 of Al--Si group, JIS;BA4145 of Al--Si--Cu group, alloy brazing material of Al--Si--Mg group and others are used as the brazing material.
When such brazing materials are used, the components of the brazing material and the joined materials are mutually diffused, thereby new intermetallic compounds are formed or foreign substances are precipitated in the joining layer formed at the joining part, i.e. close to the surface of the joined materials.
Since such intermetallic compounds or precipitated substances exists in the joining layer, the joining layer has high yield strength. However, if the intermetallic compounds or precipitated substances are too concentrated, the joining layer becomes brittle because the yield strength is too high.
Especially if an Al alloy is joined with a member made of for example a ceramic material, W alloy or Fe group alloy, whose coefficient of thermal expansion is significantly different from that of the Al alloy, the residual stress generated after the joining is so large that the buffer effect in the joining layer cannot be achieved. As a result, a fracture may occur in the intermetallic compound phase.


A knocking detecting system comprising a microcomputer with an A/D converter, 4 which receives a frequency signal processed in accordance with the vibration signal of a knock sensor 1. The microcomputer 4 with the A/D converter operates including, at least, the A/D-conversion steps S.sub.1 -S.sub.4 of continuously sampling digital values, the steps S.sub.5 -S.sub.9 of integrating the differences between the digital values and a background level over a detecting period, and the steps S.sub.10 -S.sub.12 of comparing the integrated value with a judgement level, thereby to judge the presence of knocking and to evaluate a knocking level. The signal of the knock sensor 1 is converted into the digital values and is then arithmetically processed by the microcomputer 4. Thus, the knocking is detected, and the background level is calculated at high precision.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates, to a knocking detecting system for detecting the presence of knocking an automobile engines on the basis of the signal of a combustion vibration from a knocking sensor. More particularly, it relates to a system and a method in which a knocking signal is A/D-converted by a microcomputer for the detection of knocking and the calculation of a background level.
2. Description of the Prior Art
For the control of the ignition timing or supercharging pressure in an automobile engine, a judgement signal of a knocking detecting device for optimum control. The knocking detecting device in this case operates, for example, such that a signal from a knock sensor is amplified with an appropriate gain, a knocking component is extracted by a filter, and the waveform of the knocking component is rectified with respect to its central value. Subsequently, one of the rectified signals is used for evaluating a background level conforming to a noise level, and the other signal is compared with the background level, thereby to judge the presence of the knocking. Since means for creating the device are chiefly made up of analog circuits, the device has a large number of problems in circuit area, cost, the changes of detection characteristics attributed to the aging of analog elements, the number of stages of a matching operation, etc. Meanwhile, microcomputers with high-speed A/D converters have come into wide use in recent years, and it has been requested that the knocking detection based on the analog circuit processing should be performed by microcomputer processing.
Heretofore, as to the knocking detecting device of this type, there has been a prior-art technique disclosed in Japanese Patent application Laid-open No. 193333/1984 by way of example. Here, the following is indicated: A pressure signal from an intracylindrical pressure sensor is input to an integrator through a charge amplifier, a BPF (band-pass filter) and a rectifier. Subsequently, the pressure signal having been input is integrated over a predetermined angular extent before a top dead center in the signal of a crank angle and over the predetermined angular extent after the to dead center, and the ratio of the respective integral values is computed. The computed value is compared with a reference value conforming to operating conditions, thereby to judge knocking.
In addition, as to the setting of a background level, there is known a prior-art technique from Japanese Patent application Laid-open No. 79320/1987 by way of example. In this prior-art technique, the background level is calculated in terms of the average value of the levels of the knocking signals of an intracylindrical pressure sensor, and, when the signal level is predetermined times the background value or above, the renewal of the background value is suspended.
With the former of the prior-art techniques stated above, the pressure signal is integrated analogically, so that circuit arrangement and control become complicated. Besides, in such a case where the peak of combustion pressure is in the vicinity of the top dead center, it is sometimes impossible to detect the knocking precisely. With the latter of the prior-art techniques, the knocking signal of particularly high level is not referred to in the calculation of the background level. This such a problem that the level setting lacks preciseness.

Knocking detecting system and method for an internal combustion engine


A microprotrusion array for use in transport of a material across a biological barrier, wherein said array comprises a plurality of microprotusions composed of a swellable polymer composition.

Drug Delivery
The worldwide transdermal patch market for the delivery of drug substances into or through the skin approaches $4 billion, yet is based on only a small number of drugs. The limitations on the number of drugs which are routinely administered transdermally is largely a consequence of the outermost 10-15 μm (in the dry state) of tissue, the stratum corneum (SC). The SC thus constitutes the main barrier to exogenous substances, including drugs. Before being taken up by blood vessels in the upper dermis and prior to entering the systemic circulation, substances permeating the skin must diffuse through the highly organised intercellular lipid bilayers of the SC. This intercellular microroute, which is lipophilic, is the primary pathway for exogenous substances to pass through the SC barrier by passive diffusion along a concentration gradient between delivery vehicle and the SC. The ideal properties of a molecule capable of effective passive diffusion and, thus, penetration through the SC barrier are known to be:                1. Molecular mass less than 600 Da        2. Adequate solubility in both oil and water so that the membrane concentration gradient, which is the driving force for passive drug diffusion along a concentration gradient, may be high        3. Partition coefficient such that the drug can diffuse out of the vehicle, partition into, and move across the SC, without becoming sequestered within it        4. Low melting point, correlating with good solubility, as predicted by ideal solubility theory.
Drug molecules that suffer poor oral bioavailability or susceptibility to first-pass metabolism, and are thus often ideal candidates for transdermal delivery, often fail to realise their clinical application because they do not meet one or more of the above conditions. Macromolecular drugs such as peptides, proteins and nucleic acid fragments are precluded from successful transdermal administration, not only by their large sizes, but also by their extreme hydrophilicities. Drugs with substantial aqueous solubilities, for example, water-soluble salts of drug substances with acidic or basic moieties, are precluded from successful transdermal administration by their inability to cross the lipophilic intercellular microroute through the SC barrier.
Several approaches have been used to enhance the transport of drugs through the SC. However, in many cases, only moderate success has been achieved and each approach is associated with significant problems.
Chemical penetration enhancers allow only a modest improvement in penetration. Chemical modification of the penetrant to increase lipophilicity is not always possible and, in any case, necessitates additional studies for regulatory approval, due to generation of new chemical entities. Significant enhancement in delivery of a large number of drugs has been reported using iontophoresis. However, specialized devices are required and the agents delivered tend to accumulate in the skin appendages. The method is presently best-suited to acute applications. Electroporation and sonophoresis are known to increase transdermal delivery. However, they may both cause pain and local skin reactions and sonophoresis may cause breakdown of the therapeutic entity. Techniques aimed at removing the SC barrier, such as tape-stripping and suction/laser/thermal ablation are impractical, while needle-free injections have so far failed to replace conventional needle-based delivery, for example of insulin. Clearly, a robust alternative strategy is required to enhance drug transport across the SC and thus widen the range of drug substances amenable to transdermal delivery.
Minimally Invasive Monitoring
Minimally-invasive monitoring, whereby blood concentrations of drugs and analytes, such as glucose and drug substances, can be indirectly assessed without recourse to direct blood sampling, produces less pain, inconvenience and risk of infection for patients and saves clinician and nursing time. However, the stratum corneum has evolved into an exquisite, almost impermeable, barrier to outward migration of blood constituents. The small amounts of sweat and sebum produced under normal conditions mean that their collection and analysis is not practical. In any case, their composition does not, in most instances, accurately reflect blood concentration of analytes of interest. In minimally-invasive monitoring, interstitial fluid in the skin is extracted and used to accurately estimate blood analyte concentrations. The technique is fraught with difficulties, though, and often requires very specialized equipment. Given that sales of conventional finger-prick analysis devices for direct monitoring of blood glucose alone total $2 billion per annum, advancements in this field would be clinically desirable.
The concept of using a microstructured device consisting of a plurality of microprotrusions to breach the stratum corneum barrier was first proposed in the 1970s. Various devices comprising solid microprotrusions have been developed to produce a system that will puncture the stratum corneum leaving microscopic holes and that will enable subsequent inward drug delivery or outward migration of interstitial fluid. The production of solid microprotrusions and microneedle arrays using for example silicon have been described in the art, for example see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,743,211, 6,743,211, 6,743,211, IE 2005/0825, U.S. Pat. Nos. 60/749,086, 6,924,087, 6,743,211, 6,663,820, 6,743,211, 6,767,341, 6,743,211, 6,663,820, 6,652,478, 6,743,211, 6,749,792, 6,451,240, 6,767,341, 6,743,211, 6,230,051, 6,908,453, 7,108,681, 6,931,277, EP1517722B1,US20060200069A1, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,611,707, 6,565,532, 6,960,193, 6,743,211, 6,379,324, WO2007/040938A1, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,256,533, 6,743,211, 6,591,124, 7,027,478, 6,603,987, 6,821,281, and 6,565,532.
A method for preparing solid microprotrusions from dextrin, chondroitin and albumin has been disclosed by Kyoto Pharmaceutical University (Ito et al, J Drug Target 14 (5): 255-261 2006; Ito et al, Eur J Pharm Sci 29: 82-88 2006). This "thread forming" method involves spreading a solution containing a known "thread-forming" material on a flat surface. The solution then has its surface contacted by a projection, which is moved upwards quickly, forming a series of polymer "threads", which then dry to form microprotrusions. However, microprotrusions prepared from molten carbohydrate materials (eg dextrin, maltose) are extremely hygroscopic and rapidly absorb moisture under ambient conditions, losing their shape and becoming soft and extremely adhesive. Carbohydrate-based microprojections, upon skin puncture, rapidly form an adhesive matrix that blocks the formed holes, preventing appreciable drug delivery. Furthermore, drug loss is associated with such microprotrusion manufacture, as the drug substance needs to be heated to high temperatures required to melt such carbohydrate materials.
However, despite the considerable published work in the area of microprotrusions, it is particularly noteworthy that no microprotrusion-based products are presently marketed for the delivery of beneficial substances into or through the skin, or for the monitoring of levels of substances of diagnostic interest in the body. This is because the use of such systems presently known in the art is associated with a number of significant problems for these purposes, namely:    1 Production of microprotrusions by most previously patented methods is expensive;    2 Elemental silicon, widely used as the material for microprotrusions, is not an FDA-approved biomaterial & broken silicon or metal microprotrusions could cause skin problems—This is a particular problem for the notoriously brittle microprojections produced by dry etching of silicon;    3 Solid, non-coated needles require a two-step application process, which is undesirable;    4 Accurately coating microprotrusions is difficult and these coated microprotrusions subsequently only deliver a very small amount of drug as a bolus;    5 Preliminary experiments, conducted in our laboratory using human volunteers (n=5), showed transepidermal water loss (TEWL), a measure used worldwide as an indication of stratum corneum permeability, increased to approximately 30 g m−2 h−1 immediately upon microprotrusion puncture, but had returned to background (10 g m−2 h−1) within about 5 minutes;    6 Hollow microprotrusions have only one outlet and can become blocked by compressed dermal tissue;    7 Biomolecules can be significantly degraded by the heating used to produce polymeric microprotrusions from molten polymers or carbohydrates; and    8 The strength of carbohydrate and polymeric microprotrusions may be significantly compromised by incorporation of drug substances.
Thus the use of conventional microprotrusion based devices is associated with a great number of problems.


The present invention provides a printing process and a printed product in which a coating is combined with an additive that lowers the surface tension of the dried coating. The coating pattern is printed on a substrate, and is cured using electron beam (“EB”) processing. An ink is printed on top of the dried coating pattern. The ink flows away from the coating due to the difference in surface tension, forming a pattern of raised ink between the pattern and the coating.

In today's marketplace, products are often distinguished as much by the packaging in which they are presented as the quality of the product itself. A package which catches the eye of the consumer is therefore very desirable. To that end, increasingly colorful and creative graphics have been applied to packaging in an attempt to distinguish one package, and hence one product, from another.
One popular graphic with visual appeal for consumers is the hologram. Holograms present a three dimensional image to the consumer. Unfortunately, holograms are expensive to produce, requiring high precision embossing equipment and tools. The capital expense required to produce holograms is high enough that holograms are often used as a security device. Simpler embossing methods can be used at lower cost than holograms to produce a graphic with a textured or raised look and feel. Embossing can produce interesting visual effects when a clear profile is embossed over an image. The underlying image appears differently from various viewing angles due to refraction of light through the embossed profile. However, even simple embossing equipment typically requires a significant capital expenditure.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


The invention provides a cation polymerizable resin composition excellent in curing properties and corrosion resistance with less resin coloration and less cure shrinkage, which is a material suitable as a surface protective material for optical disk. Specifically, the cation polymerizable resin composition comprises an epoxy compound (A) as an essential ingredient represented by formula 1 wherein R1 and R2 each represent a saturated or unsaturated carbon atom, and R3 represents a hydrogen atom or a saturated or unsaturated carbon atom, a cation polymerizable compound (B) other than the epoxy compound represented by formula 1, a photo cation polymerization initiator (C) and a photo radical polymerization initiator (D).

Epoxy resin is superior in heat resistance, adhesiveness, water resistance, mechanical strength and electrical properties, and is used in semiconductor sealing resin, laminate resin, coating material, adhesive, ink and various sealing materials. A method of curing the epoxy resin includes a method of using a curing agent such as an acid anhydride, amine compound, isocyanate compound and phenolic compound and polymerization reaction (addition reaction) of epoxy resin itself, that is, a photo/thermosetting system by cation polymerization.
As the curing system using cation polymerization, the cation polymerization which involves using not only the epoxy resin but also oxetane resin, vinyl ethers and styrene or derivatives thereof is known, and particularly the cation polymerization using epoxy resin and oxetane resin is extensively examined.
Among optical recording media, DVD (digital video disk or digital versatile disk) capable of recording large-capacity information attracts attention in recent years, and techniques wherein the memory capacity of one side of an optical disk is increased to 20 to 30 G bytes by utilizing a blue-violet laser light source at a wavelength of 405 nm and reducing a protective layer covering the recording layer to 0.1 to 0.3 mm are proposed (Japanese Journal Applied Physics, Vol. 30 (2000)). This DVD, unlike a conventional structure wherein two disks are attached, is composed fundamentally of one disk, and thus requires a surface protective layer. With respect to a material of this protective layer, Japanese Journal Applied Physics, Vol. 39, 775-778 (2000) shows (i) a method that involves spin-coating a photo cation polymerizable resin composition onto an optical disk and then irradiating it with UV rays in a nitrogen atmosphere to form a protective layer and (ii) a method that involves spin-coating a photo cation polymerizable resin composition onto a polycarbonate sheet, attaching it to an optical disk and irradiating it with UV rays to form a protective layer.
The performance required by these protecting coatings is that for recording with a blue-violet laser at 405 nm as a light source, the protective coating has excellent light transmittance at 405 nm and specifically requires 90% light transmittance. It is also desired that after spin coating or attachment of a polycarbonate sheet, the base polycarbonate plate is not deformed by curing upon irradiation with UV rays, and it is thus desired that the cure shrinkage of the surface protective material for optical disk is low. From this viewpoint, photo cation polymerization is preferably used in ring-opening polymerization. Further, there is a high degree of freedom in design of hardness by regulation of crosslinking density.
However, the cation polymerization system is poor in polymerizability as compared with the previously mentioned acid anhydrides and amines. Accordingly, this polymerizability is extensively studied. Examples of proposed methods include a method of increasing polymerizability by using oxetane resin in combination with epoxy resin according to Fine Chemical, Vol. 29, No. 19, 5, 2000, a method of using hydrogenated epoxy resin described in JP-A 2001-261780, a method of using cyclohexene oxide described in JP-A 2001-316450, and a system wherein vinyl ether is combined with a weak base as proposed in JP-A2000-109511. There is also an easier method which comprises adding a large amount of a catalyst for cation polymerization.
In the method of using oxetane resin, the rate of polymerization can be increased, but the initiation reaction itself should be coped by increasing the amount of a catalyst added, by simultaneously using epoxy resin, or by using higher energy, and there are problems such as deterioration of water resistance and coloration of resin caused by ionic components derived from the catalyst. In the method of using the hydrogenated epoxy resin having hydroxyl groups, there is a limit to use of epoxy resin having other skeletons used to exhibit functions. The method of using cyclohexene oxide has the problem of significant cure shrinkage. In the system where in vinyl ether is combined with a weak base, the weak base not forming a chemical bond with resin is added after curing, and thus there is the problem of inferior water resistance. It is found that when the amount of the catalyst for cation polymerization is increased, water resistance and corrosion resistance are significantly deteriorated.

Photo cation polymerizable resin composition and surface protective material for optical disk


A system is provided for a mobile device search optimizer. The system includes a storage device, a processor, and an optimizer engine. The optimizer engine, when executed by the processor, stores user input for a mobile device to the storage device. The optimizer engine also identifies a pattern of multiple user inputs entered to select a presentation view of an application on the mobile device during multiple occasions. Additionally, the optimizer engine configures the application to offer a user input option to display the presentation view in response to a selection of the user input option.

A mobile device may be a mobile phone, a wireless handset, a pager, or a personal digital assistant (PDA). A mobile device may include mobile device software applications that enable a user to communicate via telephone calls, email, and/or text messages. Mobile device applications may also provide the capabilities of a web browser, a navigation device, a television, a video player, a video recorder, a gaming device, a camera, a radio, an audio recorder, a calculator, an alarm clock, an address book, a calendar, and a memo pad for a user.


A memory device is proposed. The memory device includes a matrix of memory cells arranged in a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns, each memory cell including a functional element with a programmable resistivity and a unidirectional conduction access element connected in series, a plurality of word lines and a plurality of bit lines, the memory cells of each row being connected to a corresponding word line and the memory cells of each column being connected to a corresponding bit line, means for driving the bit lines to a desired voltage, means for selecting at least one bit line in an operative condition of the memory device, each selected bit line being connected to the means for driving and each deselected bit line being disconnected from the means for driving, and means for selecting a word line in the operative condition, each access element associated with the selected word line and the at least one selected bit line being forward biased and the other access elements being reverse biased; the memory device further includes means for biasing the deselected bit lines in the operative condition to prevent a leakage current of the reverse biased access elements from forward biasing the access elements associated with the selected word line and the deselected bit lines.

Different types of memory devices have been proposed in the last years. For example, a phase-change E2PROM is a non-volatile memory exploiting the properties of a material that can be reversibly switched between an amorphous phase and a crystalline phase. The phase-change material exhibits different electrical characteristics depending on its phase, each one representing a corresponding logic value. An example of a phase-change E2PROM is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,758.
Typically, the memory device includes a matrix of memory cells, each one consisting of a functional element connected in series to an access element (such as the base-emitter junction of a bipolar transistor). The memory cells are arranged between corresponding word lines and bit lines.
In a stand-by condition, the word lines are kept at high voltage, so that all the access elements are reverse biased. However, a leakage current flows through each access element; for this reason, the bit lines are generally connected to a terminal providing a reference voltage, in order to avoid charging a stray capacitor associated with each bit line to a dangerous voltage.
During a writing or reading operation, all the bit lines are disconnected from the reference terminal. The voltage on a selected word line is then lowered, and one or more selected bit lines are driven to a voltage corresponding to the operation to be performed (while the other bit lines are left floating). In this condition, the access elements associated with the selected word line and the selected bit lines are forward biased.
A drawback of the solution described above is that the leakage currents in each deselected bit line charge the corresponding stray capacitor. The voltage reached on the deselected bit line can turn on the access element associated with the selected word line.
In this condition, the current flowing through the corresponding functional element raises the voltage on the selected word line; this voltage increase introduces a disturb in the operation of the memory device.
An additional drawback arises when the current flowing through the functional element reaches a value sufficient to switch the phase of the material. The phase switch can cause an undesired change of the value stored in the memory cell. In any case, even when the phase switch is only transient, a wrong value can be read if the memory cell is selected before a corresponding recovery time.
The problem is exacerbated when the temperature increases, since the leakage current typically depends on the temperature according to an exponential law. In addition, the total leakage current injected into each functional element in the selected word line is directly proportional to the number of access elements in the corresponding deselected bit line.

Phase-change memory device with biasing of deselected bit lines


A mask blank substrate and a method for selecting a mask blank substrate wherein a square calculation region is set on the main surface of the substrate. Specific points are set at the corner portions of the calculation region. The heights of the specific points from a reference plane are acquired, an imaginary plane passing through three of the specific points is set, an intersection between the imaginary plane and a perpendicular line that passes through the remaining of the specific points and that is perpendicular to the reference plane is set, and the distance between the remaining of the specific points and the intersection is calculated. A substrate in which the distance satisfies a predetermined reference value is selected as a mask blank substrate.

In recent years, an increase in high NA (Numerical Aperture) in an exposure apparatus using an ArF exposure light is in progress to deal with the miniaturization of semiconductor devices, and further increase in high NA is in progress by introduction of liquid immersion exposure technique. Higher NA in an exposure apparatus causes improvements in resolution in exposure-transferring a fine pattern provided on a transfer mask on a resist film on a wafer. In a step-and-scanning type exposure apparatus, an exposure light scans over a transfer mask and a wafer so as to exposure-transfer a transfer pattern on the transfer mask on a resist film on the wafer.
However, without adjusting a focus of a transfer mask face and a wafer face during scanning, a focus error occurs and causes a significant deviation of an image forming position from the best focus so that resolution of the transfer pattern on the resist film is significantly reduced.
As disclosed in Publication 1, along with the increase in NA of the exposure apparatus, depth of focus (DOF) is decreasing. Since tolerance of deviation from the best focus becomes small when a depth of focus is small, it is becoming increasingly important to control the focus. Further, as disclosed in Publication 2, it is necessary to bring a flatness of a transfer mask (substrate) upon exposure transfer in a good condition to reduce a focus error that is likely to occur due to reduced depth of focus. Publication 2 describes that a preferable shape of a top surface (main surface) for forming a mask pattern (transfer pattern) of a substrate for a photomask blank (substrate of transfer mask) is that when a pair of strip-like regions (or quadrangular ring-shaped region) is set on the top surface, each of the strip-like regions (or quadrangular ring-shaped region) is inclined downward toward the outer periphery of the substrate, and which has a difference between maximum and minimum values for height in the strip-like regions (or quadrangular ring-shaped region) of 0.5 μm or less.

Method for manufacturing a mask blank substrate, method for manufacturing a mask blank, method for manufacturing a transfer mask, method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, a mask blank substrate, a mask blank, and a transfer mask


An apparatus, system and process for automatically adjusting the quality of a scanned image includes a conversion module configured to produce a processed image matrix by modifying each value in a scanned image matrix using a table of values assigned to each element of the scanned image matrix. Also included is a measurement module configured to determine a quality of the processed image matrix and to store a quality history and a quality adjustment module configured to adjust the quality of the processed image matrix if the quality history shows a decrease in quality. Quality may be determined using average brightness, maximum brightness or some other quality parameter of the scanned image.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of scanning images, and more particularly to automatically adjusting the quality of scanned images.
2. Description of the Related Art
Electronic scanning of images is becoming more prevalent as an increasing number of paper processes are converted to electronic processes and as devices such as printers, fax machines, scanners, and copiers are integrated into a single device. Point of sale scanning is becoming increasingly popular to scan checks, lottery tickets, etc. in order to reduce labor-intensive processes related to handling paper copies. Scanning technologies are also becoming less expensive, which in turn contributes to the growing popularity.
As users become increasingly dependent on scanning technology, the reliability of scanning technology for producing an accurate electronic copy of an image, defined here as a "scanned image," is critical. Near-zero maintenance for the life of a scanner is also highly desirable. In applications where scanners are used continually, such as point-of-sale (POS) applications, maintenance may disrupt the use of the scanners and is therefore undesirable.
FIG. 1 depicts one embodiment of a conventional scanning system 10. The illustrated scanner 10 includes a transport 12 where a document 14 to be scanned is placed. The transport 12 may be fixed or moving as the document 14 is scanned.
As the document 14 is scanned, an illumination source 16 projects light off the document 14 along a scan line 18. The emitted optical rays pass through an imaging lens 20 to an array of sensors 22, and are then converted to a digital signal using an analog to digital converter 24.
The digital signal is stored in a computer memory 26 in the form of a scanned image matrix 28, where each picture element, or "pixel," along a scan line represents a column of the scanned image matrix 28. As the document 14 is scanned, the transport 12 moves the image such that the scan line 18 moves and a segment of the scanned document 14 is scanned creating a new row in the scanned image matrix. Alternatively, the document 14 is fixed on the transport 12, and the scan line 18 moves across the document 14. This routine is continued until the entire document 14 is scanned and an entire scanned image matrix 28 is created.
The information in the scanned image matrix 28 may be processed by a CPU 30 to form a processed image matrix 32, which is also stored in the memory 26. In one embodiment, elements of the scanned image matrix 28 are compared to a table assigned to each pixel 34 to determine a corresponding element in the processed image matrix 32. The table assigned to each pixel 34 is used to compensate for differences from one sensor to the next in the array of sensors 22 or for other slight differences between pixels in the scanning process. Values in the tables that are assigned to each pixel 34 are set during a calibration process. The calibration process will be discussed below with regard to FIG. 4.
In general, the quality of scanned images can be monitored using control points within the scanning system or by monitoring the quality of the scanned image by analyzing the document 14 after it has been converted to an electronic form using the processed image matrix 32. Monitoring control points, such as low toner, paper jams, hardware failures, etc., within the scanning system are common and can determine failures of the hardware and software components. Unfortunately, analyzing control points cannot detect many problems such as accumulation of dust and debris, optical or electronic defocus, malfunctioning sensors for picture elements (pixels), and other hardware problems.
Periodic maintenance by a technician may be able to detect problems that are not detectable through simply monitoring control points. However, periodic maintenance requires the scanning system to be taken out of use during the maintenance. Furthermore, periodic maintenance requires a technician to physically travel to the site where the scanner is located, which may involve a greater cost than a consumer is willing to bear for an inexpensive scanner. In contrast, if periodic maintenance is not performed, accumulation of dust or other problems will cause the scanner to produce a darkened or otherwise unacceptable image.
As mentioned above, the second method of monitoring the quality of a scanned image is to analyze the document 14 after it has been converted to an electronic form using the processed image matrix 32. A process for analyzing the quality of a scanned image to identify unacceptable images is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,963,654 issued to Prakash, et al. on Oct. 5, 1999. However, this patent only looks at scanned images on a case by case basis, does not involve the correction of scanned images, and does not track image quality history.
What is needed is a process, apparatus, and system that automatically correct the image quality of a scanned image. Beneficially, such a process, apparatus, and system would decrease the frequency of expensive periodic maintenance.

System, apparatus, and method for image scanning quality adjustment

International Business Machines Corporation


A multipoint communication system uses Internet protocol trunking to facilitate communication between media control units (for sending and receiving multipoint communication signals between end-point devices), a media gateway (for translating between non-Internet protocol multipoint communication signals and Internet protocol communication signals), and a controller (for establishing and controlling a multipoint communication session between the end-point devices). In addition, a multimedia gateway (for use in a multipoint communication system) is described that incorporates an interactive voice response unit through which users of non-Internet protocol devices (connected to the multimedia gateway) interact to establish a communication session with a multipoint communication system.

The invention relates generally to multimedia conferencing systems and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to techniques (systems and methods) for controlling multimedia communication systems from a central control point using Internet Protocol (IP) trunking.
In the current market, most multipoint audio and/or multimedia calls are scheduled in advance through companies that own Multipoint Control Units (MCUs) or Audio Bridges. An MCU provides the capability for three or more terminals to participate in a multipoint audio and/or multimedia conference. An Audio Bridge provides the capability for three or more terminals to participate in a multipoint audio conference. The paragraphs that follow may also use the term "MCU" to refer to an audio bridge used for multipoint audio conferences; therefore, in the description words such as MCU and Audio Bridge may have the same meaning. A terminal is an end-point on a network, capable of real-time, two-way audio, data and/or visual communication with other terminals or an MCU. The information communicated between the terminals and/or the MCU includes control signals, indicators, audio moving color video pictures and/or data. A terminal may provide speech only, speech and data, speech and video, or speech, data and video. A more thorough definition of a terminal can be found in the International Telecommunication Union "ITU") standards, such as but not limited to: H.320, H.321, H.324 and H.323. The ITU is the United Nations Specialized Agency in the field of telecommunications. The ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is a permanent organ of the ITU. The ITU-T is responsible for studying technical, operating, and tariff questions and issuing recommendations on them with a view to standardizing telecommunications on a worldwide basis. Additional information regarding the ITU can be found at the website address of http://www.ITU.int. Other protocols that may be used over an IP network include the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP). More information about SIP may be found at the website http://www.IETF.org.
If a company owns more than one MCU or more than one audio bridge, it has more flexibility in hosting conferences. However, each MCU must be operated independently from the other MCUs in setting up and controlling conferences. Additionally, the capacity of each MCU is limited to conferences controlled by that MCU. The resources of the multiple MCUs cannot easily be combined to promote more efficient scheduling.
Traditionally, customers wishing to use a multipoint audio and/or multimedia conferencing service must reserve their conferences in advance. The customer must provide several parameters to complete such a reservation, including the number and types of terminals, line-speed, type of audio algorithm, start-time, end-time, video algorithm, type of network, along with other pertinent parameters. Providing these parameters presents a problem to both conference participants and service providers due to the fact that acquiring this information is difficult and providing this information makes the process of setting up or initiating a conference tedious and inconvenient. In addition, the customer must provide this information well in advance of the actual conference to reserve time and resources, and to allow adequate time to process the information and incorporate it into the conference set-up.
Furthermore, participants in an audio and/or multimedia conference may be spread all over the world and each may be using the services of a different Local Service Provider (LSP). Each LSP receives a part of the profit garnered by the multimedia service provider. Therefore, the service providers of audio and/or multimedia conferences find it desirable to use low cost trunking. IP trunking is often the least expensive communications trunking technology and therefore the service providers would ideally prefer using it. Also needed by audio and/or multimedia service providers is the ability to offer a single dial-in number for conference services, which is referred to as Single-Dial Conference Service Number (SDCSN). A SDCSN may be a regional or local number and may be different for users in different locations.

Multipoint multimedia/audio conference using IP trunking


A piezoelectrically controllable microfluid actor system, comprising a planar substrate which has at least one cavity on at least one side and has at least one passage which has an aperture in the cavity, and at least one diaphragm which has its border mounted on one side of the substrate so as to span the cavity, which has at least two superposed and interconnected diaphragm layers of which at least one is an electrically controllable piezoceramic element, and which is adapted to be deflected into the cavity by means of an electric drive.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a piezoelectrically controllable microfluid actor system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
EP 1 150 105 A2 has made known gas-cushioned microproportioning systems for proportioning liquid volumes in the microlitre and sub-microlitre ranges. Such systems have a liquid reservoir with a storage space for the liquid to be proportioned, the borderline of which is broken through by an outwardly leading liquid passage and a gas passage. They further have a gas displacement system with a micropump for pumping a gas, and a communication with the gas passage. In addition, they have a proportioning control in an active communication with the micro-pump to produce a negative pressure or positive pressure by actuating the micro-pump and applying the negative pressure or positive pressure to the liquid reservoir to receive a liquid in the storage space through the liquid passage or to deliver it therefrom.
Microvalves and micropumps are required to implement such an aircushioned micropipette. The microvalves and micropumps currently available involve relatively great expenditure and, hence, are costly and not particularly suited for an economical use in a series product.
EP 0 134 614 A1 has made known a micropump which comprises at least two valves and at least one displacement chamber wherein the valves and the displacement chamber are piezoelectrically controllable.
The valves and displacement chamber are of the same shape and are connected in series in a duct and can be functionally controlled so as to achieve a peristaltic displacement of the fluid to be pumped through the duct.
The valves and the displacement chamber comprise a silicon chip including channels which are worked in and to the flat upper side of which a glass plate is firmly adhered which, in turn, carries a piezoelectric chip. If a voltage is applied to the piezoelectric chip the glass plate may be bulged away from the silicon chip so as to assume a wave shape in cross-section. As a result, a passage closed by the glass plate will be opened between various channels in the silicon chip, thus making the element passable.
When in a non-deflected condition, the glass plate flatly rests on the silicon chip except for the areas located over the orifices of the channels. Since the piezoceramic element and the underlying support area of the silicon chip are of a similar size the planar compression and, hence, the tightness of the channel blocking devices is relatively low. Moreover, in this arrangement, the glass plate allows to be deflected comparatively little from the silicon chip by controlling the piezoceramic element as compared to undergoing a deflection towards the silicon chip which, however, is impossible in this construction in a non-deflected condition. Also, a consequence of the wave-shaped deflection is that only a very narrow passage is released between the channels.
The production of such microchips requires a large manufacturing expenditure as is common in the semiconductor technology because of a multiplicity of different production steps. Add to this that the substrate materials, specifically silicon, are relatively costly although it is a mass production article.
Accordingly, it is the object of the invention to provide piezoelectrically controllable microfluid actor system (hereinafter also referred to as a "microfluid actor system") which can be manufactured at a relatively low expenditure and features an improved diaphragm operation.

Piezoelectrically controllable microfluid actor system


An electro-mechanical energy harvesting switch configured to provide at least two different control signals comprises: a generator activating member (9) configured to move between a rest position and a maximum loaded position; at least one spring (11, 13) configured to force the generator activating member towards the rest position; and a unidirectionally rotating protrusion member (17) comprising at least one protrusion (21) configured to move through a protrusion's path during rotation of the protrusion member (17), through a first position of the protrusion (21), in which first position the protrusion (21) is engaged with the generator activating member (9) in the rest position, and through a second position, the protrusion (21) thereby carrying the generator activating member (9) from the rest position to the maximum loaded position against the force of the at least one spring (11, 13).

Wireless sensing and controls provides the freedom of device placement and portability/mobility and reduces the cost of installation (no cable placement or drilling required), if the device does not have to be connected to mains power supply. The state-of-the-art power supply solution for wireless, especially for sensors and simple controls, is battery-operated devices. However, the battery has a limited lifetime leading to risk of failure or requiring replacement at a regular scheme, which is resource demanding. The emerging alternative is self-powered devices, which harvest/scavenge the energy required for operation and communication from their surroundings (e.g. light, temperature, movement—e.g. rotation, vibration, flow- or electro-magnetic radiation) or the interaction with the human user/operator.
Especially in the latter case, the focus on optimizing the technical aspects of the design (mechanics, power harvesting, conversion and storage, integration with the load (radio)) to match the amount of energy harvestable from the user action may lead to sacrificing the usability aspects, such as the functionality offered to the user, intuitiveness of controls and ease-of-use of controls (number and order of steps required, esp. compared to the state-of-the-art mains- or battery-powered analogues).
WO-A-01/67580 discloses an electro-mechanical wireless energy harvesting switch as mentioned by way of introduction. This known switch comprises a generator, which preferably is a rotating generator such as an alternator, and it is configured to provide for at least two different control signals in accordance with the operation by a user. Thus in one embodiment the switch comprises two manual actuator members in the form of rocker buttons for optional activation by the user in accordance with the type of control signal the user wants the switch to provide. In another embodiment it comprises a single manual actuator member in the form of a rocker button provided with more e.g. three contacts upon which the user will selectively apply pressure in order to operate the rocker button in accordance with the type of control signal the user wants to provide. A generator activating mechanism, i.e. a mechanical transmission of energy from the user operated rocker button to the generator comprises in a first embodiment a generator activating member and a spring, the generator activating member being movable in a direction against the load of the spring to store energy and being releasable to transfer stored energy to the generator through a generator coupling. For moving the generator activating member against the load of the spring to store energy the generator activating mechanism further comprises a reciprocating rocker arm rotating around an axis and carrying at a free end a spring loaded hinged engagement member engaging the generator activating member in a rest position thereof to push the generator activating member to a loaded position where the engagement member due to contact with a ramp is disengaged from the generator activating member, which is thereby released to return to the rest position transferring energy stored in the spring to the generator. The reciprocating rocker arm and the spring loaded engagement member entail a rather complicated mechanism. Further the arrangement of the reciprocating rocker arm entails a risk of bias and premature wear.
Other examples of electro-mechanical wireless energy harvesting switches are found in EP-A-0 656 612 disclosing a switch in which the generator is activated directly by the action of a user, and U.S. Pat. No. 7,019,241 and EP-A-1 607 993 both of which relates to switches comprising dead-center mechanisms with two rest positions, said switches activating a generator alternately in either direction whenever the switch passes the dead-center while moving from one rest position to another.

Electro-mechanical energy harvesting switch


A magnetic memory includes a first magnetic line, an electrode, a write-in portion, a second magnetic line, and a spin-wave generator. The first magnetic line has a plurality of magnetic domains and domain walls, the domain wall separating the magnetic domain. The electrode is provided to both ends of the first magnetic line. The write-in portion is provided adjacent to the first magnetic line. The second magnetic line is provided so that the second magnetic line intersects with the first magnetic line. The spin-wave generator provided to one end of the second magnetic line. The spin-wave detector provided to the other end of the second magnetic line.

In recent years, there has been an observation report that a single domain wall was driven by an electric current. There is proposed a magnetic memory capable of shifting a domain wall on the basis of the current drive. In the disclosures, a domain wall is moved by a current in a magnetic line. The magnetic line has a magnetic structure which is divided into two or more magnetic domains, thereby enabling a magnetic recording device having a similar magnetic structure to a magnetic tape. Such a magnetic memory is increasingly required of large memory capacity due to high density of cells.
There has been proposed a read-out method for a domain-wall motion type memory in the background art. The method provides a CPP-GMR or TMR element to a read-out unit of the magnetic line. On the other hand, there has been also proposed another read-out method employing Cu or Al wiring on the basis of induced electromotive force.

Magnetic memory and manufacturing method thereof


A software implemented system for algorithmic correction of systematic image distortions within fingerprint imaging systems. The system may implement a three dimensional geometric model of a fingerprint imaging system to discover where a configuration prescribed by a conceptual fingerprint imaging system and an actual configuration of a manufactured fingerprint imaging system differ. By describing this difference using the model, images captured by the manufactured fingerprint imaging system can be rectified to generate rectified images with relatively low amounts of distortion present. Rectification to remove distortion based on the model, without physically adjusting and/or correcting the manufactured fingerprint imaging system or its components, may enable the fingerprint imaging system to be manufactured with relatively lower tolerances without degrading a precision of the images generated by the system, potentially enabling enhanced precision of generated images without increasing various costs of the fingerprint imaging system (or its components) generating the images.

Conventional fingerprint imaging systems may implement distortion correction, also known as rectification, to correct for distortion that may typically include correction of radial distortions introduced by lenses. Such radial distortions may include barrel and pincushion distortion. Rectification also may correct for perspective distortions—those distortions which may be introduced into an imaging system due to the physical relationship between a principle point on the lens (e.g., the iris) and the scene being captured. Some fingerprint imaging systems may rectify radial and perspective correction in the system. For example, some conventional systems include hardware that may rectify radial and perspective distortion. However, other distortions may be present within a captured image due to curved surfaces in the light path. For instance, imaging through glass balls or from the reflection in a hyperbolic mirror may introduce distortions in a captured image.
Collectively, these types of image distortions may be referred to as systematic imaging distortions. More specifically, systematic image distortions may include those distortions caused by surfaces within a fingerprint imaging system at which light may be processed (e.g., lens surfaces, mirror surfaces, other refractive surfaces, other reflective surfaces, and/or other surfaces formed by optical elements).
Generally, conventional rectifying solutions share a focus on correcting images that have been captured with a simple optical configuration within a fingerprint imaging system—a system which may include a camera and a lens that takes images or photographs of a scene in three dimensions. Conventional solutions often fail to address more complex optical configurations that include optical elements beyond the lens. That is, the simple imaging systems may not compensate for images captured with multiple optical elements, or a more complex optical element, in the light path, such as windows, prisms, non-aligned lenses, balls, or other transparent or semi-transparent media or reflective surfaces.
Traditionally, attempts to minimize distortion in fingerprint imaging systems have been conducted during a design phase. Often, an iterative design process may be used in which building and analyzing prototype systems results in the final fingerprint imaging system design. The resulting design that meets the distortion goals may incorporate allowable tolerances on system components. Often, additional optical components may be required in the design to correct distortions to an acceptable level.
During manufacturing, fingerprint imaging systems may be built according to the final fingerprint imaging system design. Typically, components are assembled and during a quality assurance step, the components are adjusted to ensure that the distortions in each manufactured system do not exceed various tolerances. In order ensure that system distortions do not exceed these tolerances, optical components of a relatively high quality and expense are often used. For example, to adhere to the overall system tolerances, the components themselves may be required to be manufactured with high precision, thereby increasing a cost of manufacturing the corresponding optical component.
In some instances a calibration may be implemented to assure that the optical components are aligned with a predetermined precision (i.e., within predetermined alignment tolerances). Calibration typically involves adjusting component locations with respect to one another to correct distortion in images captured by the manufactured systems. This calibration step can be rather involved for higher precision fingerprint imaging system designs with relatively tight alignment tolerances.
During operation, performance of a fingerprint imaging system may degrade over time. Generally, restoring the calibration of a fingerprint imaging system typically includes a physical adjustment of components within the system to correct for image distortions, and to ensure that the alignment of the optical components within the fingerprint imaging system falls within the predetermined alignment tolerances, which may be costly and/or time consuming. Other drawbacks in conventional fingerprint imaging systems exist.

System and method for implementing algorithmic correction of image distortion within a fingerprint imaging system


Methods and apparatus for marine deployment according to various aspects of the present invention may operate in conjunction with a floatable housing adapted to be deployed by a marine vehicle. The floatable housing may be adapted to be launched from a marine vehicle and rise to the surface. Assets, such as an unmanned aerial vehicle, may be deployed from the surfaced floatable housing.

Sea-based assets may be launched in various ways, such as torpedo tubes and missile tubes. Some assets, however, such as unmanned aircraft, are not well-suited to launch via conventional systems. In particular, the use of unmanned aircraft to perform reconnaissance and engagement missions, however, is increasing as the technology matures. Rapid deployment of unmanned aircraft in a variety of situations allows for faster, and often less observable, intelligence gathering. Unmanned aerial vehicles may also be used by ground forces to gather surveillance information on a target prior to engagement with human or other high value assets. Unmanned aircraft and other assets are not limited to ground operations, however, and sea-based launch systems are ill-equipped to deploy them.


When a communication device transmit search information to an imaging device to request search of image data, the imaging device performs search of stored image data based on the received search information. Then, the communication device receives the image data searched by the imaging device and can display the data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to data communication using an imaging device and a communication device.
2. Related Background Art
In recent years, a portable radio communication device having a telephone function has spread due to the progress of semiconductor technology and the like, and every person has come to own the portable radio communication device. Accordingly, communication using a telephone is changing form a Call to Number to a Call to Person. Many of the portable radio communication devices have realized an E-mail function and a simple Web browser function in addition to voice call.
Therefore, an imaging function of an image and its communication function are considered to be more important when taking into consideration that the communication capability of a next generation portable radio communication device is improved.
Further, transmission of image data shot by a digital camera via the portable radio communication device has been on trial, and its practicability has further improved due to the improvement of communication speed and the high image quality of the digital camera.
In fact, the performance of the digital camera has significantly improved in recent years, and an image can be shot with the image quality similar to that of a silver halide camera (a camera using a silver halide film) if the image is printed in a so-called L-size. Accordingly, the data communication by using the digital camera and the portable radio communication device is far more efficient than the case where the silver halide camera is used to shoot the image, development and printing are performed in a photofinishing laboratory, and the image obtained in this manner is read out by a scanner to make the image to be digital data and transferred, considering time and work required.
In addition, as described above, performing the image communication using the digital camera and the portable radio communication device meets the direction of a contemporary society that is the diversity and a multimedia of communication demand.
However, the foregoing data communication system only transmits/receives the image data by communication between devices in the case of transmission and receiving between the digital camera and the portable radio communication device and network communication between the portable radio communication devices, and the portable radio communication device could not search the image data stored in the digital camera and display searched image data on the portable radio communication device.

Communication device, imaging device, communication method, and recording medium storing program to execute communication method in computer readable state


A steering yoke is disclosed and includes a hollow cylindrical body that can be formed from a laminated sheet of metal and polymer. The hollow cylindrical body includes a substantially uniform wall thickness. Further, the hollow cylindrical body can include a first half, a second half, a seam extending at least partially along the body between the first half and the second half, an upper end having a surface, and a lower open end. The steering yoke can also include a bearing surface coupled to the surface of the upper end of the hollow cylindrical body and a spring perch disposed in the lower end of the hollow cylindrical body. The spring perch can include a spring pocket configured to support and retain a spring for supplying a biasing force to the yoke.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to bearings and, in particular, to steering yoke bearings and bearing assemblies.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Many vehicles use rack and pinion steering gear to translate motion from the steering wheel to the turning wheels on the road. In these systems, the steering wheel is joined to a pinion gear that includes gear teeth that are mated with teeth on a rack shaft. As the pinion gear rotates, the motion is translated into linear motion of the rack shaft that is connected to tie rods. The tie rods then rotate the turning wheels to cause the vehicle to turn. To assure proper lash between the pinion and the rack shaft a steering yoke assembly may be used to provide a biasing force that forces the shaft into the pinion gear. The yoke may also be referred to as a "yoke assembly," "yoke slipper," or "puck." The rack shaft (typically steel) slides along the yoke when the pinion gear is rotated. Friction between the shaft and the yoke can be minimized by using a low friction bearing on the contact surface of the yoke. Other friction reducing methods include the use of rolling elements (balls) and the addition of lubricants such as grease. These steering systems may be mechanical, hydraulic or electric.

Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics Corporation


An image fixing device for an image forming apparatus, comprises a hollow cylindrical fixing roller, and cylindrical pressure roller which is kept in contact with the fixing roller so as to rotate in accordance with rotation of the fixing roller. The pressure roller cooperates with the fixing roller to form therebetween a nip extending in a direction of the longitudinal axes thereof and serving to receive a sheet to which a toner image is transferred. The fixing roller is provided with a heater for locally heating the inner wall of the fixing roller at a location corresponding to the nip to fix the toner image to the sheet.

1. Field of The Invention
The present invention relates generally to an image fixing device for an image forming apparatus, such as an electrophotographic copying machine or a laser-beam printer. More particularly, the invention relates to an image fixing device for fixing a toner image to a toner sheet by heat energy.
2. Description of The Prior Art
In image forming apparatus, such as copying machines and laser-beam printers, a heat-roller type image fixing device is generally used for fixing a toner image to a toner sheet.
Such an image fixing device generally comprises a hollow fixing roller with a built-in heater serving as a heating source, and a pressure roller for pressing the fixing roller, to fix a toner image to a toner sheet by passing the sheet through a nip formed between the heating and pressure rollers.
However, in conventional heat-roller type image fixing devices, there is the disadvantage in that heat efficiency is low, since the fixing roller is heated in whole by radiation heat. There is also a design restriction in that it is necessary to arrange the heater at the center of the fixing roller in order to evenly heat the whole fixing roller.
In addition, when the fixing roller is heated in whole, the toner on the sheet which has passed through the nip remains fused by heat of the fixing roller around the nip. As a result, the toner fused by heat tends to be adhered to the fixing roller, so that there is a disadvantage in that so-called offset, in which the toner adhered to the fixing roller is again fixed to the sheet, tends to occur. It is also difficult for the sheet to be removed from the fixing roller due to adhesion of the toner remaining fused by the heat of the fixing roller around the nip, so that there is the disadvantage in that the sheet is wound onto the fixing roller causing jamming.
There is also the disadvantage in that electric power is uselessly demanded, since it is necessary to maintain the whole fixing roller at a predetermined temperature during stand-by time to prevent the offset.
There is also the disadvantage in that it takes a lot of warm-up time until the temperature of the fixing roller reaches a predetermined temperature after a main switch is turned on, so that there is a long waiting. If the temperature of the heating source is increased in order to decrease the warm-up time, there is the disadvantage in that the temperature within the image forming apparatus is also increased.
Furthermore, in some conventional image fixing devices, a temperature detector is secured to the heating source for detecting the temperature thereof. On the basis of the detected temperature, the temperature of the heating source is controlled to be constant, so that the temperature of the nip of the fixing roller is maintained within a temperature range suitable for the fixing. In such devices, since the heat produced by the heating source is transmitted to the inner wall of the fixing roller through an air layer, the temperature of the nip tends to differ from the temperature of the heating source detected by the detector. As a result, there is the disadvantage in that imperfect fixing and offset tends to occur, when the variation of temperature of the nip is so large that its temperature is out of the temperature range suitable for the fixing.

Image fixing device for image forming apparatus including means for locally heating inner wall of fixing means at location corresponding to nip


An approach is provided for determining vehicle accident risk. The approach determines a current vehicle state of the vehicle during operation of the vehicle. The current vehicle state is based on one or more intra-vehicle factors and one or more extra-vehicle factors that pertaining to the vehicle. The current vehicle state is compared to a number of historic accident-related vehicle states that correspond to a vehicle accidents previously recorded for a number of vehicles. Based on the comparison, the process detects an accident risk that pertains to the vehicle. The driver of the vehicle is then notified of the detected accident risk.

The state of current technology addressing accident prevention identifies immediately impending collision situations. For example, vehicle cameras may detect potential collision obstacles in front of a vehicle or as a driver backs up. These systems may only detect obvious obstacles or situations unfolding around the vehicle. A multitude of criteria often contribute to an accident, some of which are not obvious and do not directly participate in the collision. While technology is being available and on the market to prevent accidents, a cursory view of newspapers and local television news broadcasts readily indicate that accidents are not being prevented at rates to have a statistical significance. Vehicle accidents are still a primary source of injury and death, especially among younger, more inexperienced, drivers.


To provide a color filter substrate and transflective type electro-optical device capable of ensuring both brightness of reflective display and saturation of transmissive display. Also, to reduce the difference in color between reflective display and transmissive display. A reflective layer 211 having openings 211a is formed on a substrate 201, and subsequently, a transmissive layer 214 is partially formed, and upon these is formed a color filter 212 having colored layers 212r, 212g, and 212b. Thick portions 212TH provided to non-formation regions of the transmissive layer 214 are formed to the colored layer.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a color filter substrate and an electro-optical device, and a manufacturing method for a color filter substrate and a manufacturing method for an electro-optical device, and particularly relates to a structure of a color filter suitably used with a transflective electro-optical device.
2. Background Art
Conventionally, transflective liquid crystal display panels enabling visualization of both reflective display using external light and transmissive display using illumination light from a back-light or the like, have been known. Such transflective liquid crystal display panels comprise a reflective layer for reflecting external light into the panel, and are configured so that illumination light from a back-light or the like can transmit through the reflective layer. As for this type of reflective layer, there are those having patterns with openings (slits) at a predetermined ratio for each pixel of the liquid crystal display panel.
FIG. 19 is a schematic cross sectional diagram illustrating the schematic configuration of a conventional transflective liquid crystal display panel 100 in model fashion. This liquid crystal display panel 100 has a configuration wherein a substrate 101 and a substrate 102 are adhered one to another by a seal material 103, with liquid crystal 104 being sealed in between the substrate 101 and the substrate 102.
A reflective layer 111 having openings 111a for each pixel is formed on the inner face of the substrate 101, and a color filter 112 having colored layers 112r, 112g, and 112b, and a protective layer 112p, are formed on this reflective layer 111. Transparent electrodes 113 are formed on the surface of the protective layer 112p of the color filter 112.
On the other hand, a transparent electrodes 121 are formed on the inner face of the substrate 102, so as to intersect with the transparent electrodes 113 on the opposing substrate 101. Now, alignment film, hard transmissive film, etc., is formed on the transparent electrodes 113 on the substrate 101 and the transparent electrodes 121 on the substrate 102 as necessary.
Also, a phase difference plate (¼ wavelength plate) 105 and polarizing plate 106 are sequentially disposed out-of-plane on the substrate 102, and a phase difference plate (¼ wavelength plate) 107 and polarizing plate 108 are sequentially disposed out-of-plane on the substrate 101.
The liquid crystal display panel 100 configured thus is attached in the state of a back-light 109 disposed at the rear side thereof in the event of being installed in electronic equipment such as cellular telephones, portable information terminals, and the like. With this liquid crystal display panel 100, external light is transmitted through the liquid crystal 104 following the reflection path R in daytime or in bright places such as indoors and is reflected on the reflective layer 111, and transmits through the liquid crystal 104 again and is discharged, so reflective display is visually recognized. On the other hand, the back-light 109 is lit at nighttime or dark places such as outdoors, whereby the illumination light of the back-light 109 which has transmitted through the openings 111a is transmitted through the liquid crystal display panel 100 following the transmission path T and is discharged, so transmissive display is visually recognized.

Color filter substrate and electro-optical device, manufacturing method for color filter substrate and manufacturing method for electro-optical device, and electronic equipment