The invention provides transgenic photosynthetic microorganisms that include non-native genes encoding polypeptides having lipolytic activity for production of free fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives, and methods of producing free fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives using the transgenic microorganisms disclosed herein. The invention also provides transgenic microorganisms that include non-native genes encoding polypeptides having lipolytic activity, and novel genes encoding polypeptides demonstrating lipolytic activity.

Fossil fuel is a general term for buried combustible geologic deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or heavy oils by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth's crust over hundreds of millions of years.
Fossil fuel, also known as mineral fuel, is used synonymously with other hydrocarbon-containing natural resources such as coal, oil and natural gas. The utilization of fossil fuels has enabled large-scale industrial development and largely supplanted water driven mills, as well as the combustion of wood or peat for heat. Fossil fuels are a finite, non-renewable resource.
When generating electricity, energy from the combustion of fossil fuels is often used to power a turbine. Older generations often used steam generated by the burning of the fuel to turn the turbine, but in newer power plants, the gases produced by burning of the fuel turn a gas turbine directly. With global modernization in the 20th and 21st centuries, the thirst for energy from fossil fuels, especially gasoline derived from oil, is one of the causes of major regional and global conflicts.
The burning of fossil fuels by humans is the largest source of emissions of carbon dioxide, which is one of the greenhouse gases that allows radiative forcing and contributes to global warming. In the United States, more than 90% of greenhouse gas emissions come from the combustion of fossil fuels. In addition, other air pollutants, such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and heavy metals are produced.
Human activity raises levels of greenhouse gases primarily by releasing carbon dioxide from fossil fuel combustion, but other gases, e.g., methane, are not negligible. The concentrations of several greenhouse gases have increased over time due to human activities, such as burning of fossil fuels and deforestation leading to higher carbon dioxide concentrations. According to the global warming hypothesis, greenhouse gases from industry and agriculture have played a major role in the recently observed global warming.
Increased demand for energy by the global economy has also placed increasing pressure on the cost of hydrocarbons. Aside from energy, many industries, including plastics and chemical manufacturers, rely heavily on the availability of hydrocarbons as a feedstock for their manufacturing processes. Cost-effective alternatives to current sources of supply could help mitigate the upward pressure on energy and these raw material costs.
Algal fermentation for the production of biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters) is described in Li et al. (2007) Biotechnology and Bioengineering 98: 764-771; and in Xiong et al. (2008) Biotechnological Products and Process Engineering 78:29-36. These papers describe the growth of the green alga Chlorella protothecoides under heterotrophic conditions, the isolation of lipids from the harvested cells, and the production of biodiesel from the extracted lipids by transesterification using an immobilized lipase from Candida sp. 99-125. PCT Publication No. WO2008/151149 discloses microbial strains for the production of various biofuel components, including algal strains genetically engineered for the production of lipid. In some disclosed embodiments, the engineered microorganism includes a lipase gene, in which the expressed lipase acts as a transacylase to convert lipids (triacylglycerols) to biodiesel (fatty acid alkyl esters). The disclosure provides that the expression of the lipase gene can be delayed until after the growth period or can be expressed in an intracellular compartment, where it remains separate from the majority of the microalgal lipid (the lipase substrate) until transesterification, preferably after water has been substantially removed from the cells and/or an excess of alcohol has been added to the cells.
PCT Publication Nos. WO2007/136762 and WO2008/119082 disclose compositions and methods for producing biofuels that include recombinant microorganisms engineered for the fermentative production of fatty acid derivatives, such as, inter alia, fatty alcohols and wax esters. The host strain can include a plasmid that includes one or more fatty acid biosynthesis genes and can further include a lipase gene. PCT Publication No. WO2009/133351 discloses the use of plant cells grown in suspension tissue culture for the production of oil that can be used to make biodiesel. In some embodiments a lipase is added to the culture to reduce the glyceration level of the fatty acids produced by the cells.

Production of fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives by recombinant microorganisms expressing polypeptides having lipolytic activity

EXXONMOBIL RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING COMPANY


Products of glycidyl ether of a mono or polyhydric phenol as well as methods to manufacture the same. In some instances, the product of glycidyl ether of a mono or polyhydric phenol has an epoxy equivalent weight (“EEW”) and a hydroxyl value (“HV”), wherein the epoxy equivalent weight multiplied by the hydroxyl value (EEWxHV) is a value from 1 to 10. A process for producing the product of glycidyl ether of a mono or polyhydric phenol typically includes reacting an epihalohydrin with a mono or polyhydric phenol in the presence of a catalyst to produce a halohydrin ether; and dehalogenating the halohydrin ether to form the product of glycidyl ether of a mono or polyhydric phenol.

Certain glycidyl ethers and methods for generically producing some glycidyl ethers have been described in textbooks, such as B. Ellis, Chemistry and Technology of Epoxy Resins, Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 1993 and Epoxy Resin and Epoxy Coatings (Beijing: Chemical Industry Press, 2003), both of which are incorporated herein in their entirety for all purposes.
Glycidyl ethers are traditionally produced by way of epoxidation reactions using peroxides or reactions of epihalohydrins with hydroxylic compounds to form glycidyl ether under basic conditions. Methods for producing glycidyl ethers from reactions of epihalohydrins with hydroxylic compounds can typically be grouped into two major categories. The first category is directed to polycondensation reactions where the hydroxyl groups react with the epihalohydrin under the basic conditions, thereby simultaneously carrying out ring-opening and ring-closing reactions. The second category is directed to processes that use a phase transfer catalyst to promote the reaction of the hydroxyl compound with the epihalohydrin to produce an intermediate, and then use a base to promote ring-closing reactions to form the glycidyl ether.
Methods that employ phase transfer catalysts are described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,943,096; UK Patent Publication No. GB 897744 A; U.S. Pat. No. 4,284,573; Japanese Patent Publication No. JP 04353517 A; and Chinese Patent Publication No. CN 108299165 A; which are all incorporated herein in their entireties for all purposes.
Certain types of glycidyl ethers may be desirable for electronics, such as those described in Japanese Patent Publication No. JP 60079031 A; Japanese Patent Publication No. JP 62030145 A; Japanese Patent Publication No. JP 62064817 A; German Patent Publication No.: DE 3635383 A1; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,876,371 A, which are all incorporated herein in their entireties for all purposes.
Japanese Patent Publication No. JP 2004262977, which is incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes, attempts to improve the characteristics of glycidyl ether. However, Japanese Patent Publication No. JP 2004262977 greatly increases the epoxy equivalent and viscosity of the resin, causing difficulty in the application. Additional patent applications that disclose glycidyl ethers include Japanese Patent Publication No. JP 2009051937 A; Japanese Patent Publication No. JP 2017155080 A; and PCT Patent Publication No. WO 2018225411 A1, which are all incorporated herein in their entireties for all purposes.
There is a continuing need for improved glycidyl ethers compounds as many of the references disclosed above describe compounds and methods containing drawbacks.

Product of glycidyl ether of a mono or polyhydric phenol


An antenna includes an elongated magnetic core, a secondary magnetic path member, a spacer and a coil. The secondary magnetic path member is disposed near the core, and forms a secondary magnetic path. The spacer is disposed between the core and the secondary magnetic path member so as to prevent the core and the secondary magnetic path member from being magnetically coupled. The coil is formed by winding a wire around the core in such a way as to bundle the core and the secondary magnetic path member together.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an antenna, a radio receiver, and a method for manufacturing the antenna.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, there is known a radio receiver, such as a radio controlled timepiece, including an antenna which receives standard radio waves including time information. The radio receiver automatically corrects a current time on the basis of the time information.
As the antenna, which receives standard radio waves, of a radio controlled timepiece as an example of a radio receiver, there is an antenna often used, the antenna being constituted of a core made of a magnetic material sensitive to radio waves, such as an amorphous metal or ferrite, and a coil winding around the core.
In a case where a radio receiver is a radio controlled watch, in order to, for example, make the radio controlled watch sumptuous or improve design or durability of the radio controlled watch, a metal member may be used as an antenna case in which an antenna is housed, a cover of the antenna case, or the like.
In this case, namely, in the case where a metal member is used in a radio receiver, if an antenna is disposed near the metal member, the so-called eddy current is induced, and loss is caused thereby, which leads to decrease of sensitivity of the antenna to standard radio waves.
To deal with the problem, in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2006-81140, it is proposed, as a configuration of an antenna to prevent the sensitivity of the antenna from decreasing even if no enough distance can be secured between a metal member and the antenna, to dispose a gap-provided secondary magnetic path member on apart of a core in an magnetic sensor-type antenna having a primary magnetic path member constituted of (i) the core (magnetic core) made of a magnetic substance and (ii) a coil winding around the core, and receiving magnetic-filed components of electromagnetic waves with the primary magnetic path member.
However, in the antenna disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2006-81140, the member constituting the secondary magnetic path where a coil does not exist is disposed in such a way as to contact the member constituting the primary magnetic path where a coil exists, and magnetic flux entering the antenna from outside branches and flows into (passes through) the primary magnetic path and the secondary magnetic path. The magnetic flux flowing into the secondary magnetic path where a coil does not exist becomes loss, and the sensitivity of the antenna decreases.

Antenna, radio receiver and method for manufacturing antenna


An ergonomic adaptation to a keyboard, including a plurality of pads, or key pillows, preferably formed together into a key pillow tablet. The key pillows either replace or fit over keys of a keyboard to advantageously alter the consistency, texture and/or shape of the traditional keys. In alternative embodiments, each of the key pillows may be formed individually to replace or fit over some or all of the keyboard keys. The key pillow tablet further includes raised pads at the front of the keyboard on which the palms may rest during typing to maintain a satisfactorily low angle of the fingers with respect to the elbow. The adaptation may either be an attachment to a keyboard or may be integrally formed to a keyboard during the keyboard's manufacture.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to keyboards, and in particular to an ergonomic keyboard designed to minimize stress and injury related to carpal tunnel syndrome and other repetitive strain injuries.
2. Description of Related Art
Incidents of Repetitive Strain Injuries (RSI), for example Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS), are increasing at an astronomical rate, affecting nearly two million workers annually and costing an estimated $20 billion per year in workers' compensation, medical benefits, and lost wages. RSI to the upper extremities results, in part, from the repetitive reaching, stretching, bending, flexing, and twisting of fingers. Maintaining the wrist in an awkward position during these repetitive motions increases the likelihood of injury. Over time, these awkward repetitive motions can inflame soft tissue, creating pressure on various nerves and causing pain, numbness, and tingling sensations in the upper extremities. Unless treated, RSI may result in pain, numbness, weakness, and loss of dexterity due to pressure on the median nerve.
The group most affected by RSI is keyboard operators such as secretaries, data entry personnel, computer programmers, and journalists. From the standpoint of typing speed, keyboards have advantageously evolved to the point where pauses in typing, formerly required in older model typewriters for carriage returns, paper feeds, and manual error corrections, are no longer required. While disadvantageous from an efficiency standpoint, these typing pauses significantly reduced strain and fatigue on the fingers, wrists, lower arms, upper arms, shoulders, neck, and back. Consequently, this reduced the occurrence of CTS and other repetitive strain injuries.
Despite the increased efficiency of the keyboard, the evolution of the keyboard from an ergonomic and health standpoint has been largely overlooked. With a conventional keyboard, the palms "float" in the air or rest on the desk in front of the keyboard and the wrist and fingers bend upward to depress the keys. Consequently, the muscles and tendons in the lower arm, neck, and shoulders must continually support the fingers at this upward angle to prevent the fingers from inadvertently striking the keys. Maintaining this position while typing for an extended period of time can strain the muscles and tendons of the lower arm, neck, and shoulders and significantly contributes to CTS and other repetitive strain injuries.
Additionally, many keyboards today have a non-linear relationship between the force applied to a key relative to the downward distance a key travels during a key stroke. That is, in order to prevent inadvertent key striking, many keyboards require a relatively large force to initiate a key stroke, but require a relatively small force on the keyboard key for the remainder of the stroke. The result is that often a greater force than necessary is applied to a key during the latter portion of the key stroke, and the abrupt end of the stroke results in an impact or shock on the fingers. While this effect is relatively insignificant in striking a single key, the cumulative effect of these forces and shocks from continuous typing can aggravate nerves and soft tissue in the upper extremities to the point that CTS and other repetitive strain injuries can occur.

Impact absorbing keyboard, contoured to the natural shape of the hand and method of using


A semiconductor memory device and a memory system are provided. The semiconductor memory device includes a fingerprint read signal generator configured to generate a fingerprint read signal in response to a refresh counting control signal, a memory cell array comprising a plurality of sub memory cell array blocks, a fingerprint output unit configured to receive data output from memory cells connected to one selected among a plurality of word lines and one selected among a plurality of bit lines of one among the plurality of sub memory cell array blocks in response to the fingerprint read signal to generate fingerprint data, and a pseudorandom number generator configured to perform a linear feedback shifting operation in response to an active command to generate sequence data, receive the fingerprint data in response to the fingerprint read signal, and generate the sequence data based on the fingerprint data.

Devices and systems according to some example embodiments relate to a semiconductor memory device and/or a memory system having the same.
A semiconductor memory device may include a pseudorandom number generator (PRG) circuit, and the random number generator may sequentially generate a plurality of specific/predetermined bits of sequence data according to a characteristic polynomial. However, when the characteristic polynomial of the pseudorandom number generator is exposed/available to an external attacker, for example, a hacker, a row hammer attack by the external attacker may allow a change states of memory cells, corresponding to a hammer row address physically adjacent to memory cells corresponding to the attacked row address (e.g., according to a hammer refresh row address), which may enable change states of the memory cells. Accordingly, there is a desire for a technology capable of improving security of a semiconductor memory device even when the characteristic polynomial of the pseudorandom number generator is exposed to/available to the external attacker and is subjected to a row hammer attack.

Semiconductor memory device and memory system having the same


A tri-state output buffer circuit employs N-channel pull-up and pull-down transistors, with another N-channel transistor connected between the pull-up and pull-down transistors and having its gate connected to the low-voltage supply. An output node at one side of the pull-up transistor may be driven to a voltage higher than the supply, without subjecting the pull-up to hot-carrier effects or other deleterious effects of over-voltage. When in the high-impedance output state, the gate of the pull-up is shorted to an intermediate node which is the drain of the pull-down transistor, using a P-channel and an N-channel transistor responsive to the logic input. The voltage on the gate of the pull-up transistor is allowed to track the output up to the reduced voltage supply minus V.sub.TN when in the high-impedance state, by tying the gate of the pull-up transistor to the intermediate node; this prevents damage to the pull-up due to hot-carrier effects.

This invention relates to output buffer circuits for semiconductor integrated circuit devices, and more particularly to a circuit having a low-voltage power supply and using N-channel output driver transistors.
In the manufacture of CMOS integrated circuit devices, as feature sizes continue to shrink, it has become necessary to reduce the power supply (e.g., to 3.3 V) in some devices to preclude damage due to hot carrier effects. However, it is still necessary to be able to interface to other chips using higher voltages (e.g., 5 V). The output buffer circuits employed in chips using 3.3 V supplies must therefore be able to withstand 5 V levels applied to the terminals of the chip. Three problems exist with traditional push-pull CMOS bi-directional output buffers when they are powered by a reduced power supply and, in the high-impedance output state (referred to as the Z-state), must receive higher levels. First, when a bi-directional output drives low coming out of the Z-state from an elevated voltage, an output NMOS pull-down transistor can suffer hot carrier effects. A commonly-used solution for this hot carrier problem is to cascode two NMOS devices (i.e., another N-channel transistor in series with the pull-down) with the gate of the top device biased to the reduced power supply. The second problem is that when a bi-directional output in Z-state is driven above the 3.3 V power supply by a diode drop (and hence the well bias), the drain junction diode of the output PMOS pull-up transistor will forward bias, injecting carriers into the well and posing potential reliability problems. And third, when the output in Z-state is driven a PMOS threshold drop above the reduced power supply, the output PMOS pull-up transistor will turn on, sinking current into the reduced power supply of the chip. Prior circuit techniques exist to solve the last two of these problems; however, they all pay a penalty in performance, chip area, and power due to added parasitics and increased gate area. One of these solutions is to isolate the PMOS pull-up transistor from the output node using a series NMOS transistor with the 3.3 V supply on its gate; this solution is undesirable since the PMOS pull-up device must be inordinately large to achieve acceptable performance. It is thus desirable to use an uncascoded NMOS pull-up transistor to eliminate the above encumbrances. However, an NMOS output pull-up would be subjected to gate oxide stress when, in Z-state, the gate of the NMOS output pull-up transistor is at zero volts and the output node is driven to 5 Volts. Also an output NMOS pull-up transistor would be subjected to body effect when driving and cannot, thus, drive to the 3.3 V rail. This poses the problem of adequate noise margin at Vo.sub.h for TTL levels.
An example of a CMOS output buffer circuit using a P-channel pull-up transistor is disclosed in my U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,766, assigned to Digital Equipment Corporation. This circuit is adapted to be powered by a low-voltage supply, e.g., 3.3 v., but yet is able to withstand higher voltages imposed on its output node. A P-channel pull-up transistor is employed, and the N-well of this pull-up transistor is connected to the higher-level voltage supply, e.g., 5.0-volts.
Another example of a CMOS output buffer circuit using a P-channel pull-up transistor is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,250. The N-well of the P-channel pull-up transistor is biased. An N-channel pass transistor in series with the N-channel pull-down device to avoid undue gate oxide stress on the pull-down when the output voltage exceeds the 3.3 V supply. Two cascoded P-channel devices are used for the pull-up. In Z-state, the gate of the P-channel transistor farthest from the pad and the N-well will track the output when the output exceeds the reduced power supply by V.sub.Tp.


The invention is directed to a method of controlling a drive unit of a motor vehicle wherein the drive unit is controlled in dependence upon at least one operating variable. The operating variable is detected with at least first and second measuring devices as first and second quantities, respectively, thereby providing a redundant detection of the operating variable. The two measuring devices are mounted so that they move in synchronism with each other within a predetermined tolerance. The second quantity is checked for a fault utilizing a comparison in the context of the tolerance of the synchronism of movement. A fault without a movement out of the tolerance is detected when the value of the second quantity does not change in correspondence to the value of the first quantity within at least a predetermined value range of the operating variable. The invention is also directed to an arrangement of controlling the drive unit in dependence upon the operating variable.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,224,453 discloses a method and an arrangement for controlling a drive unit of a motor vehicle. Here, at least one operating variable of the drive unit or of the motor vehicle is detected utilizing two mutually redundant measuring devices. The drive unit is controlled in dependence upon at least one of the two detected measured variables. The detected operating variable is especially the position of an operator-controlled element for controlling the power of the drive unit. The operator-controlled element is actuable by the driver. The power of the drive unit is controlled by adjusting at least one power parameter in dependence upon one of the measured signal quantities which represents the extent of the actuation of the operator-controlled element by the driver and therefore the driver's request for power. To ensure operational safety and operability of the control of the drive unit, the first measured signal quantity is compared to the second measured signal quantity, which is detected by the redundant measuring device. If the two measured signal quantities deviate impermissibly from each other, then a fault state is detected in the area of measurement value detection and, if necessary, an emergency operation of the control is initiated. In the preferred embodiment, this synchronous monitoring is carried out only in selected value ranges of the operating variable, such as above the idle range.
When comparing the two signal values to each other, a maximum synchronous tolerance must be considered between the two measuring devices. This means that the monitoring only then responds in the sense of the fault detection when the two signal values differ from each other by more than the maximum synchronous tolerance. In the value ranges in which the monitoring is not carried out or with lower sensitivity, the synchronous tolerance applied outside of this value range does not apply.
The signal of one of the measuring devices is used as a so-called lead variable for controlling the drive unit. When there is a transition from the range without synchronous monitoring into the range with synchronous monitoring, the fault monitoring only responds when the lead variable has moved away from the range boundary by the amount of the synchronous tolerance.
If the measuring devices are connected to the accelerator pedal, then a signal, which corresponds to the driver command, is derived from the lead measuring device. For this purpose, a scale point is determined from which a fuel command of the driver can be assumed. This scale point, at which the pedal angle is assumed to be 0, is fixed when leaving the idle point while considering the synchronism tolerance. Accordingly, a fault condition can only then be detected from a comparison of the two signal values when the lead measuring device has already moved by the synchronism tolerance in the region wherein a gas command of the driver is assumed. This means that, in the case of an actual fault, the drive unit is first controlled in the sense of a power increase until the signal of the lead variable has exceeded the scaling point by the synchronism tolerance.
A corresponding situation also occurs when the synchronism monitoring is active. Here too, it can occur that a measurement signal moves defectively within the synchronism tolerance because of drift without a fault being detected. A fault detection here too also only takes place when the tolerance is exceeded.

Method and arrangement for controlling a drive unit of a motor vehicle


A dedicated correction value related to the mounting position of an upper surface recognition component with a characteristic section on an upper surface thereof is memorized in correction value folder 43a of an HDD, and when performing mounting work of mounting the upper surface recognition component on a board, a position deviation amount of the characteristic section is acquired based on an image of the upper surface of the upper surface recognition component captured by a mark camera, and the component is mounted at the mounting position based on the acquired position deviation amount and the dedicated correction value. Accordingly, it is possible to mount the specific component at a corrected mounting position such that the position of the characteristic section is appropriate, thereby improving mounting accuracy for the upper surface recognition component.

Conventionally, with a board work machine that performs various work such as mounting components on a board, the mounting accuracy is calibrated in advance and adjusted for during mounting of components. For example, in a board work machine of patent literature 1, calibration-use chip components are mounted at predetermined mounting positions on a board provided with calibration marks, then the calibration-use chip components and calibration marks are imaged. Next, a center position with respect to the outline of the calibration-use chip components is detected in the captured image using the position of the calibration marks as a reference, the difference between the detected center position and a predetermined mounting position is detected as the mounting accuracy, and the data used for mounting the component on the board is corrected using the detected mounting accuracy.

Machine for performing specified work to a printed circuit board


A downhole tool including a selectively releasable joint, a downhole drilling assembly including the downhole tool, and a corresponding method. In one embodiment of the invention, a downhole drilling assembly includes a downhole tool having a first body and a second body mounted for relative rotation; a joint part for use in forming a selectively releasable joint between the second body and a part of the assembly coupled to the second body; and one or more locking member(s) for locking the first and second bodies relative to one another against relative rotation so as to allow a release force to be applied through the first body to release the releasable joint and allow the tool to be separated from the part of the assembly.

The present invention relates to a downhole tool capable of forming part of a selectively releasable joint, a downhole drilling assembly that includes that selectively releasable joint and to a method of selectively releasing a part of a downhole drilling assembly from the remainder of the assembly. In particular, the present invention relates to such a tool, assembly and method where a selectively releasable joint is provided which may be released downhole to allow, for example, a drill bit of a drilling assembly to be released from the remainder of the assembly, in the event, for example, that the drill bit becomes stuck during a drilling operation.
In the art of drilling holes in the earth for the purposes of recovering oil and gas accumulations, it is common to use a hydraulic motor to drive the drill bit. In a typical set up a drill bit with a suitable cutting structure is connected to a bottom hole assemblage of drill collars and pipes connected to the surface. The pipes provide a conduit through which a fluid is transmitted to provide hydraulic pressure and flow to the motor. The resultant rotation of the drill bit creates a means for destruction of rock and deepening of the earth bore. In the process of drilling these earth bores it is sometimes possible that the drilling bit becomes stuck in the well bore, for example, due to movements of the rock or other means, thus preventing further deepening of the borehole or preventing extraction of the drilling assembly from the borehole. Under these circumstances it is often necessary to release the drill pipe above the drilling motor and/or any in hole measurement tools, before abandoning or sidetracking the wellbore. This can lead to considerable expense due to the value of the lost equipment and the costs incurred in drilling and recovering the lost wellbore.
The present invention now obviates or at least mitigates at least one of the foregoing disadvantages.


The present invention relates to a method for producing a food product comprising hydrolysed starch, as well as to products obtainable by the method. The method has the advantage of reducing the amount of sugar (i.e. maltose) produced by hydrolysis as compared to conventional methods of starch hydrolysis and present the additional advantage of providing good processability for the food product.

In current manufacturing processes for production of starch-containing food products, amylolytic enzymes are used to break down starch and decrease product viscosity. High viscosity products are difficult to handle in the manufacturing line, and therefore the starch is treated with enzymes which results in lower viscosity. However, starch degradation also leads to the production of disaccharides, in particular maltose among others. There is a growing concern of the effects of sugar (mono- and disaccharide) levels in food products, and therefore lower levels of sugars such as maltose, are desired. Sugar levels are a particularly important concern in the production of food products for infants and/or children.
It is known that cereal flour contains also natural enzymes which produce maltose under specific conditions. Gelatinization and the activity of this enzyme seem to play an important role on extent of maltose production (Effect of Gelatinization and Hydrolysis Conditions on the Selectivity of Starch Hydrolysis with alpha-Amylase from Bacillus licheniformis. T. Baks et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 2008, 56, 488-495; Etude de la mesure de l'activité de la bêta et de l'alpha-amylase des farines de froment. R. Geoffroy, Novembre-Décembre 1954).
Hence, an improved process for hydrolysis of starch would be advantageous.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A filling system has a filling apparatus (200) and a container arrangement inserted into the filling apparatus. A main line includes a feed line (102), connected to a supply container (304), and a trunk line (104), connected linearly downstream of the feed line (102). Outside the trunk line (104), at a branching point (114), a branch line (116) branches from the main line (102) to a compressed-gas source (306), and the main line (102) and the branch line (116), on that side of the branching point (114) which is directed away from the trunk line, pass through a double-valve arrangement (214) having two hose-clamping valves (214a, 214b) controlled oppositely to one another.

The invention relates to a filling system comprising a filling apparatus and a container arrangement inserted into the filling apparatus, wherein the container arrangement comprises:                a hose-like main line which comprises a feed line connected to a supply reservoir and a trunk line connected linearly downstream of the feed line, and        a plurality of target containers, in particular flexible bags which are each connected to the trunk line via a hose-like connecting line and wherein the filling apparatus comprises:        a support framework for mounting the target containers individually,        a valve support with a plurality of target container valves corresponding to the plurality of target containers and with which, it is possible, in each case, to control a volume flow through one of the connecting lines.
The invention also relates to a filling method which makes use of a filling system of this type, wherein in a first filling step, through coordinated control of the valves of the valve support, one or more target containers are filled with fluid from the supply reservoir and at least one target container—which, below, is designated the residue container—remains unfilled.
Filling systems for filling manifolds are disclosed, for example, in EP 152 513 8B1. A manifold is taken here to mean a hose system which connects a plurality of containers to one another. Containers suitable for such filling systems include flexible bags, as well as rigid or semi-rigid containers, for example, bottles. The containers are linked via connecting lines to a common hose which, in the discussion below, is designated the trunk line. The trunk line is connected on one side to a feed hose and, on the other side, can be connected to a tapping-off hose. It can sometimes be difficult to draw a sharp border-line between the trunk line and the feed line or the discharge line in practice and the distinction should be understood, above all, in a functional sense in the context of the present description. The feed line essentially provides the connection to a supply reservoir, for example, a reservoir tank. The discharge line, where provided, serves to conduct away gas contained in the conductor line system or in the target containers during the filling process. The totality of the feed line, the trunk line and possibly the discharge line is here designated the main line.
For the filling, the manifold with the attached containers is placed into a special filling apparatus. There, the containers are arranged individually, in particular lying down or hanging in a support framework. The filling apparatus also comprises a valve support which can be fully or partially integrated into the aforementioned support framework. The valve support has a separately controllable valve, in particular a hose pinch valve, for each connecting line. With this, the connection of each target container to the trunk line can be established or prevented individually. Typically, the valve support also comprises a main valve with which the volume flow from the feed line to the trunk line is controlled and which, in practice, can be regarded as the functional border-line between the feed line and the trunk line.
For filling, in a preliminary flushing step, all the target container valves are closed and, with the main valve open (where provided), fluid is pumped from the supply reservoir into the trunk line until the trunk line is full, the gas in the trunk line being able to escape through the discharge line, when a discharge line is provided. The term pumping is to be understood in a broad sense in the present disclosure and comprises both true pumping processes and other, pressure-difference-related fluid transfer processes, e.g., those making use of gravity. Following the preliminary flushing, the target container valves are opened individually so that fluid can flow from the supply reservoir into the individual target containers. A fill level measurement can be carried out volumetrically or gravimetrically. In particular, the overall filling apparatus including the manifold can be positioned on an electronic balance, wherein the changes in the weighing values can provide information concerning the filling process and the corresponding electronic signals can be used as control signals in order to control the valves. As soon as a target container is filled, the corresponding target container valve is closed and the process is repeated with the next target container. After filling of the desired number of target containers, the containers are closed, for example, welded closed, and separated from the connecting lines.
A disadvantage of the known method is that a significant quantity of fluid remains in the trunk line and the connecting lines on the trunk line side of the target container valves. This disadvantage is more serious the more expensive the fluid is, wherein particularly in the biotechnology and medical domains, where manifolds are widely used, extremely costly fluids are handled.
From EP 0 632 775 B1, a filling system constructed with rigid pipelines is known which serves to fill bottles which are fed to the system by a conveyor belt feeding system in batches. For this purpose, the fluid for filling is firstly fed from a reservoir tank via a feed pipe into a horizontal distribution pipe from which a plurality of vertically downwardly extending outlet pipes, which are closed at the ends thereof with tip valves, emerge. Air in the distribution pipe can escape through an air outlet pipe connected at the end thereof. When preliminary flushing of the distribution pipe is carried out, the outlet pipes are also flushed out. Subsequently, the horizontal distribution pipe is emptied again in that the air outlet pipe is connected to a compressed air source and the inlet of the distribution pipe is decoupled from the feed pipe and is connected to a collecting tank. The fluid in the outlet pipes remains there, corresponding to a pre-dosing for the subsequent actual filling procedure. For this procedure, the input to the distribution pipe is closed and compressed air is fed to the end of the distribution pipe again, while at the same time, the tip valves of the outlet pipes are opened. The pre-dosed fluid in the outlet pipes is blown out into the bottles provided, which meanwhile have been positioned under the tip valves. At the same time, fluid gathering in the collecting tank, which meanwhile has been disconnected from the distribution pipe, is also blown, with the aid of compressed air, into the supply reservoir. This known system is not suitable for filling small volumes of costly, sterile fluids and is based, in essence, on initial excessive preliminary flushing and subsequent discarding of the residue. This necessarily requires the direct return of the residue to the supply reservoir; prior preparation (e.g. sterilization) or disposal of the residue is not economically viable due to the large volume of residue. However, return directly to the supply reservoir leads to a cyclic mixing of "old" and "fresh" fluid which, in the case of sensitive fluids, is not acceptable for hygiene reasons.
A system that is simplified relative to the aforementioned system is disclosed by DE 43 41 934 A1. Herein, the distribution pipe is always filled and pressurized; the pre-dosing into the outlet pipes is controlled via corresponding valves. The pressurization is achieved by pressurizing the supply reservoir.
A similar system in which, rather than a distribution pipe, a distribution tank is provided with outlet hoses attached thereto, is disclosed by DE 196 40 664 C1. Herein, the supply reservoir and the distribution tank are pressurized separately.


A process for making a stable flavored milk product which meets the CFR regulations for milk and a dry powder for use in the process. The product is a flavored, non-agglomerated powder containing flavoring, color, Kappa and/or Iota carrageenan, and the milk proteins, casein and lactalbumin. The powder, when added to water, makes a stabilized liquid syrup with no wasteful foam during processing. Addition of the water based syrup to milk requires less aggitation than adding powders directly to milk, this resulting in less foaming and waste. The process provides for adding the liquid phase stabilization system to milk prior to homogenization to produce a stable, flavored milk drink.

This invention relates to a dry non-agglomerated flavored, blended powder for mixing with water and sweetener to produce a syrup which is added to milk prior to pasteurization to make a stable, flavored milk drink.
Presently there are Federal Specifications for milk, low fat milk and skim milk. The requirements Br milk are set forth in 21 C.F.R. Ch.1, .sctn.131 et sec. The contents of 21 C.F.R. .sctn.131 110 and 21 C.F.R. .sctn.131.143 are as follow:

Homogenous, stable flavored milk and process


A side-action mechanism disclosed in the present invention includes a slide carrier, an insert core, and a core pin engaged with the slide carrier. The slide carrier has an angular slide groove perforating through the slide carrier and an opening formed and making communication between a front surface and the bottom surface with a slide way defined on its top. The insert core which is accommodated in the angular slide groove has a secured portion and an angular insert portion extending downwards from the secured portion. The core pin has a body which is small enough to be accommodated in the opening, but long enough to protrude out of the opening. The body at one end defines a pair of ears thereof for engaging with the slide way so that the core pin can slide along the slide way.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a plastic injection mold, and more particularly, to a side action mechanism of the injection mold.
2. The Related Art
In injection molding, upper and lower mold halves are brought together to define a mold cavity into where heated molten plastic is injected under pressure. The mold halves are typically vertically aligned with an upper mold portion termed the cavity half and a lower mold portion termed the core mold half. For forming holes or apertures or undercut through sides or on other location of molded pieces, side action mechanism are provided which are projected into the molding cavity as the mold halves are closed and which must be retracted from the cavity as the mold is opened and before ejection of the part can take place.
A conventional side-action mechanism 90a shown in FIG. 9 includes an insert core 91a and a side core 92a. The insert core 91a further includes a secured portion 911a, an insert portion 912a extending slantingly from the secured portion 911a. The side core 92a which cooperates with the insert core 91a further has a slide portion 921a with a slide groove 924a defined therein. The slide groove 924a is used for accommodating the insert portion 912a paralleling to the insert core 912a. An arm 922a extends forwards from the slide portion 921a and further defines a core element 923a at its free end. When the injection mold is closed, the insert portion 912a is fully inserted in the slide groove 924a, and the core element 923a is put in a mold cavity. At the open process of the injection mold, the insert portion 912a withdraws from the slide groove 924. At the same time, the core element 923a is retracted from the mold cavity.
One problem with current side-action mechanism is that the angle between the insert core 91a and the side core 92a is too big. As a result, the closing and opening forces of the mold by the press are relatively great and create great frictional resistance between the slide groove 924a and the insert core 912a. The insert core may not be able to overcome the frictional resistance before it fails. Accordingly, there is a need for a side-action mechanism which is more forgiving in terms of the tolerances required for trouble-free operation side-action mechanism.

Side-action mechanism and injection mold using the same


An overvoltage protection device for protection of low voltage electrical installations, has a device base part with terminals for phase conductors and ground or neutral conductors and at least one overvoltage protection element, with at least one arrester which is located in a housing. The base part of the device has at least one telecommunications contact which has a switch for remote indication of the state of at least one overvoltage protection element, the base part of the device having plug contacts which are connected to the terminals, and the overvoltage protection element having corresponding connector contacts so that the overvoltage protection element can be plugged onto the base part of the device. The overvoltage protection device is improved by the overvoltage protection element having an optical status display and the optical status display and the switch of the telecommunications contact being actuated via a common mechanical actuating system.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to an overvoltage protection device for protection of low voltage electrical installations, having a device base part with terminals for phase conductors (L1, L2, L3) and ground or neutral conductors (PE, N) and of at least one overvoltage protection element, with an arrester which is located in a housing, especially a lightning and/or surge arrester, the base part of the device having at least one telecommunications contact which has a switch for remote indication of the state of at least one overvoltage protection element, and preferably, the base part of the device having plug-in contacts which are connected to the terminals and which are made especially as sockets, and the overvoltage protection element having corresponding connector contacts made especially as plug pins so that the overvoltage protection element can be plugged onto the base part of the device.
2. Description of Related Art
Electrical, but especially electronic measurement, control and switching circuits, mainly also telecommunications equipment and systems, are sensitive to transient overvoltages, as can occur especially by atmospheric discharges, but also by switching operations or short circuits in power supply grids. This sensitivity has increased to the extent electronic components, especially transistors and thyristors, are being used; in particular, increasingly used integrated circuits are highly endangered by transient overvoltages.
Electrical circuits normally work without problems using the voltage specified for them, the rated voltage (generally the grid voltage). This does not apply when overvoltages occur. Overvoltages are considered to be all voltages which are above the upper tolerance limit of the rated voltage. They also include mainly transient overvoltages which can occur due to atmospheric discharges, but also due to switching operations or short circuits in power supply grids, and can be galvanically, inductively or capacitively coupled into electronic circuits. In order to protect electrical or electronic circuits, especially electronic measurement, control and switching circuits, mainly also telecommunications equipment and systems, wherever they are used, against transient overvoltages, overvoltage protection elements have been developed and have been known for more than 20 years.
The required measures for protection of the power supply of installations and devices are divided into different stages, depending on the choice of arrester and the expected ambient influences. The overvoltage protection devices for the individual stages are distinguished essentially by the level of arresting capacity and the level of protection.
The first protection stage (type 1) is generally formed by a lightning arrester which is installed as an extremely high power protection device in the central power supply of a building. An important component of such a lightning arrester is a spark gap with at least two electrodes, an arc being forming between the two electrodes when the spark gap is ignited.
The second protection stage (type 2) generally forms a varistor-based surge arrester. This protection stage again limits the remaining residual voltage over the lightning arrester. Depending on the hazard potential of the installation which is to be protected or the building which is to be protected, it can be sufficient in the individual case if the second protection stage, i.e., the surge arrester, is used to start.
In addition, there are triggered-type lightning arresters which are based on the AEC principle (active energy control) and which constitute a combination of a lightning arrester and surge arrester. In this arrester combination, lightning and surge arresters can be connected directly in parallel. This is especially advantageous when the lightning and surge arresters cannot be installed spacially separate from one another.
Within the framework of this invention, the above described versions can be called arresters without the intention to limit the invention to one special arrester type. Such an arrester then forms the significant component of an overvoltage protection element, the overvoltage protection element having at least one housing which holds the arrester.
Known overvoltage protection devices for connection to electrical lines have a device base part which can be mounted, for example, on a supporting rail. For installation of such an overvoltage protection device which is designed to protect, for example, the phase-carrying conductors L1, L2, L3 and the neutral conductor N, and optionally also the ground conductor PE, in the known overvoltage protection devices, on the base part of the device, there are corresponding terminals for the phase conductors and the ground and neutral conductor. In the overvoltage protection device underlying the invention (Phoenix Contact brochure "Overvoltage protection TRABTECH 2002, pages 24 & 25), the base part of the device has an asymmetrical connection pattern. In the known overvoltage protection device in which the base part of the device is made roughly U-shaped, on one leg there are the terminals for the phase conductors and the neutral conductor and on the other terminal leg there is the terminal for the ground conductor.
For simple mechanical and electrical contact-making of the base part of the device with the respective overvoltage protection element, in the known overvoltage protection device, the overvoltage protection elements are made as "protective plugs", i.e., the base part of the device has sockets connected to the terminals and the overvoltage protection element has the corresponding plug pins, so that the overvoltage protection element can be plugged onto the base part of the device. In addition, the known overvoltage protection device has another changeover contact as a sensing element for remote indication of the state of at least one overvoltage protection element, for this purpose, in the base part of the device, there being a switch, and on the overvoltage protection element, there being an actuating element.
In the known overvoltage protection device, installation and mounting are very simple and time-saving due to the plug-in capacity of the overvoltage protection elements. The telecommunications contact enables easy remote monitoring. However, moreover, it can also be desirable to be able to read the state or status of the overvoltage protection element directly on site. But it is a problem here that, especially in overvoltage protection elements which are made as "protective plugs," only relatively little space is available in the housing.


A base metal repair tape includes a first layer formed braze alloy bonded together with fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene, a second layer formed from powdered base metal comprising oxygen-sensitive superalloy bonded together by fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene and a third layer comprising a brazing alloy bonded together by fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene. This is used to repair base metal by placing the first layer on the base metal and brazing the base metal powder so that the brazing alloy melts and diffuses into the base metal powder bonding it to the surface of the article. This permits the braze powder to be bonded to the base metal surface with minimal distance between the base powder particles. The number of alternating layers of base metal and braze alloy can be increased to increase the thickness of the repair. This can also be used to form small intricate parts.

Metal parts, for example, those used in jet engines are generally required to meet very precise tolerances. Damage to metal parts during use or during machining where a part is overmachined can prevent the part from falling within the set tolerances and require that the part be repaired or replaced. To repair such damage, new metal must be brazed to the surface of the part.
The new metal needs to have a composition similar to the base metal. Thus, diffusion braze fillers are combined with powder base metal to provide a composition which brazes to the base metal at a temperature lower than the melting point or softening point of the base metal.
Typically, this was done by forming a slurry which includes the powdered base metal, powdered diffusion braze filler and a binder which could be, for example, a methacrylate binder, an alginate binder or the like. These systems provide acceptable results. However, well defined geometries needed for some repairs were very difficult to obtain.
Further, slurries such as these are difficult to use. The binder system must be initially mixed. Then the precise amount of base metal and diffusion filler must be combined. This has a very limited shelf life. It cannot be mass produced for sale and subsequent use. It must be prepared by the actual user which creates the potential problem of human error.
Also, the boron typically used in the braze alloy could localize or puddle on the surface of the part. This weakens the base metal and can destroy the part. Slurries are also difficult to conform, resulting in poor ability for large build-up repairs.
Also, with oxygen sensitive alloys such as those that include titanium, aluminum, hafnium, and chromium, heating above 800.degree. F. can cause oxide formation. These oxides are not normally reducible in brazing furnaces. Most braze furnaces are designed to either operate in a vacuum or in a hydrogen atmosphere. However, there is frequently a trace amount of oxygen remaining in the furnace that can react with these metals. To avoid this problem, such alloys containing these oxygen sensitive metals are nickel coated prior to base metal repair. This nickel precoating is undesirable simply because it requires an extra step or even two extra steps frequently requiring masking of portions that are not to be nickel coated.


An apparatus and a method for removing non-condensing gas in heat pipe are disclosed, In this method, a resilient pad is abutted against an opening of a pipe body of the heat pipe after a working fluid is filled into the heat pipe. The heat pipe is then heated to remove the non-condensing gas by pressure difference.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and a method for removing non-condensing gas in a heat pipe, and more particularly to an apparatus and a method for removing non-condensing gas in a heat pipe by pressure difference during degas process.
2. Description of Related Art
The heat pipes are suitable for heat dissipation of electronic device due to high thermal conductivity, fast thermal conductivity, light weight, fixed structure, simple structure and versatile usage. Moreover, the heat pipes can dissipate massive heat with no electrical power consumption. The conventional heat pipes are provided with wick structure on inner wall thereof and the wick structure is made of mesh with capillary function. By the capillary function, the working fluid in the heat pipe can be conveyed.
During fabrication of the heat pipe, vapor generated by heating is used to remove non-condensing gas previously present in the heat pipe. The method is applicable when the work fluid is liquid state in room temperature and is relatively not dangerous, such as water, Freon 113, and ethanol. The working fluid with excessive amount is firstly injected into the heat pipe and the vent hole of the heat pipe is temporarily sealed. Afterward, the heat pipe is heated such that the vapor pressure of the working fluid (for example, water) is 0.11-0.4 MPa, which is larger than the saturated pressure of the working fluid. The temporarily sealed vent hole is opened again to balance pressure inside and outside the heat pipe. At this time, the working fluid is rapidly vaporized and vapor is ejected from the vent hole. The ejected vapor will remove the non-condensing gas in the heat pipe. When suitable amount of non-condensing gas is removed from the heat pipe, the vent hole is sealed again to sufficiently degas the heat pipe. The amount of working fluid filled in the heat pipe should be calculated with reference to heating time, temperature and heat pipe shape to obtain the removing amount of non-condensing gas.
In above-mentioned method, the vapor is firstly confined by the sealed vent hole, the vent hole is not opened until the vapor pressure is sufficient to remove the non-condensing gas. However, the operation of repeatedly sealing the vent hole and then opening the vent hole will harden the opening provided by the vent hole, which may deteriorate the quality of heat pipe for future use.
Therefore, the conventional method for removing non-condensing gas still demands much improvement.

Apparatus and method for removing non-condensing gas in heat pipe


A method for a video recording and editing application analyses the audio and video during the process of video recording using a smart device such as a smartphone or tablet. The method provides feedback to the user during the video recording to improve user performance and reduce video and audio user errors. The method includes the option of automatic skipping or editing of video segments that suffer from user errors during playback.

Consumer use of mobile smart devices such as smartphones and tablets that are able to record video has increased significantly in recent years. As a consequence, more consumers are using smart devices to record video content instead of the more traditional dedicated digital photo and video camera devices.
Consumer recorded video content on mobile smart devices often suffers from user errors which typically result in poor visual and for audio quality recordings leading to consumer frustration. These user errors may occur even though the smart device is enabled with many hardware and software video recording features. Typical user errors include putting fingers over camera lens or microphone of the smart device during recording, holding smart device at an angle so the horizon is skewed, pointing the lens of the smart device directly at the sun or light source, lowering smart device prior to stopping recording, panning the smart device too quickly resulting in an abrupt change of scene, keeping the smart device recording a static scene for an excessive period of time making the video boring to watch, having objects in the focus of the smart device video recording that are too small and require zooming, objects in the focus of the smart device are moving too rapidly, smart device video recording is too shaky, sound level is too high or too variable, zoom rate is too fast or too slow and extraneous noise sources affect quality of the sound recording.

Method for video recording and editing assistant


A negative photosensitive composition comprising an alkali-soluble resin, a photo-acid-generating material and a crosslinking agent for the alkali-soluble resin, which acts under an acidic condition, wherein the crosslinking agent is a compound of the following formula (I): ##STR1## wherein each of A.sup.1 to A.sup.10 which are independent of one another, is a hydrogen atom, --CH.sub.2 OH or --CH.sub.2 OR, wherein R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 linear or branched chain alkyl, and X is C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 linear or branched chain alkylene, provided that at least four among A.sup.1 to A.sup.10 are --CH.sub.2 OR, and a plurality of --CH.sub.2 OR may be the same or different.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a negative photosensitive composition sensitive to radiation and a method for forming a resist pattern. More particularly, it relates to a negative photoresist suitable especially for production of semiconductor integrated circuits.
2. Discussion of Background
As generally reported, high integration of semiconductor integrated circuits progresses at a rate of four times in three years. For example, in a case of a dynamic random access memory (DRAM), a device having a memory capacity of 4 megabit DRAM is commercially available by now. Accordingly, the requirements in the photolithography technique indispensable to the production of integrated circuits have become strict year by year. For example, for the production of 4 megabit DRAM, a lithography technique at a level of 0.8 .mu.m is required, and it is expected that for a more highly integrated circuit at a level of 16 megabit or 64 megabit DRAM, lithography at a level of 0.5 .mu.m or 0.3 .mu.m will be required, respectively. Accordingly, it is desired to develop a resist capable of being used for lithography of less than a half micron level.
A negative resist in which cyclized rubber and a bisazide compound as a crosslinking agent are used, is well known as a resist useful for photolithography. However, with such a negative resist, since swelling takes place during development by the action of an organic solvent used as a developer, the resolution of the resist results in 3 .mu.m at best. Therefore, such a negative resist is not suitable for the production of a highly integrated device. Further, the organic solvent used for the development is problematic from the aspects of environmental pollution and health or in view of inflammability.
Further, a positive photoresist comprising a naphthoquinone diazide type photosensitive agent and an alkali-soluble novolak resin is well known. However, such a positive photoresist exhibits a substantial absorption at 300 nm or less and thus has a drawback that when exposure is conducted at a short wavelength, the pattern profile will be very poor. Therefore, exposure has to be conducted at a wavelength of at least about 350 nm, whereby the resolution is limited and it is not useful for lithography of less than a half micron level.
Accordingly, in order to obtain a higher resolution at present, it is conceivable to employ a light in the deep UV region for exposure using a low pressure mercury lamp or excimer laser as a light source, or to employ i-line (366 nm) or deep UV for exposure using an improved reticle with phase shifting method. However, for the phase shifting method, a negative resist is more suitable than the positive resist. Thus, a deep UV resist or a negative resist for the phase shifting method is presently desired.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 164045/1987 discloses a negative photoresist composed of a combination of an acid curable resin and a photo-acid-generating material. Specifically, such a photoresist contains methoxymethylated melamine (Cymel.RTM. 303, trade name, manufactured by Mitsui Cyanamid) as a crosslinking agent. However, this photoresist has a problem that the pattern size dependence on the film thickness is substantial due to in-film multiple reflection.
Because of wafer topography, a film spin-coated thereon will have a thick portion and a thin portion. This level of thickness difference of the film did not create any substantial problem with the resolution at a level required heretofore. However, in order to improve the resolution, even this level of thickness difference causes a serious problem. Namely, due to the difference in the thickness of the coated resist film in one wafer which necessarily results in the coating step, the quantity of light absorbed in the film, per area, changes by the influence of the in-film multiple reflection, and accordingly, there will be a problem that the width of the resist line pattern changes. Thus, the influence of the in-film multiple reflection can no longer be ignored.
However, among negative resists for KrF excimer laser or negative resists for i-line (366 nm) phase shifting presently known for lithography of 0.3 .mu.m level, no resist is known to provide a sufficiently small dependence of the width of the resist line pattern on the above mentioned in-film multiple reflection.
On the other hand, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 15270/1990 discloses a crosslinking agent prepared by alkoxy-methylating a urea derivative, but such a crosslinking agent still has a problem with respect to the resolution.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of the present invention to solve the above problems of the prior art and to provide a photoresist excellent in resolution, sensitivity and storage stability, with which exposure can be conducted with a light in the deep UV region and which is also applicable to a phase shifting method and thus to provide a resist excellent for lithography of less than a half micron level.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a photoresist, whose sensitivity dependence on the thickness of the coated film is sufficiently small, i.e. a photoresist in which a variation in the width of the resist line pattern due to the variation of the thickness of the coated film is sufficiently small.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a method for forming a resist pattern using such a photoresist.
The present inventors have conducted extensive studies to solve the above mentioned problems and as a result have found that a photoresist composition composed of a combination of an alkali-soluble resin, a photo-acid-generating material and a certain specific crosslinking agent is a high performance negative photoresist composition which is capable of presenting a non-swellable pattern profile with a high resolution when developed with an alkali aqueous solution after exposure and is excellent in the resolution and storage stability and yet the film thickness dependence of the width of the resist line pattern is small. The present invention has been accomplished on the basis of this discovery.
The present invention provides a negative photosensitive composition comprising an alkali-soluble resin, a photo-acid-generating material and a crosslinking agent for the alkali-soluble resin, which acts under an acidic condition, wherein the crosslinking agent is a compound of the following formula (I): ##STR2## wherein each of A.sup.1 to A.sup.10 which are independent of one another, is a hydrogen atom, --CH.sub.2 OH or --CH.sub.2 OR, wherein R is C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 linear or branched chain alkyl, and X is C.sub.2 -C.sub.10 linear or branched chain alkylene, provided that at least four among A.sup.1 to A.sup.10 are --CH.sub.2 OR, and a plurality of --CH.sub.2 OR may be the same or different.
The present invention also provides a method for forming a resist pattern on a substrate, for a semiconductor which comprises coating the above negative photosensitive composition of the present invention on the substrate, then subjecting it to exposure by a mercury lamp or excimer laser, further subjecting it to heat treatment, followed by developing it with an alkaline aqueous solution to form a resist pattern on the substrate.

Negative photosensitive composition and method for forming a resist pattern


A method for spatially compressing data sets enables the efficient analysis of very large multivariate images. The spatial compression algorithms use a wavelet transformation to map an image into a compressed image containing a smaller number of pixels that retain the original image's information content. Image analysis can then be performed on a compressed data matrix consisting of a reduced number of significant wavelet coefficients. Furthermore, a block algorithm can be used for performing common operations more efficiently. The spatial compression algorithms can be combined with spectral compression algorithms to provide further computational efficiencies.

Comprehensive chemical characterization of a complex microstructure is a daunting task. Recently, full spectrum imaging instruments have become available that can collect a complete spectrum at each point in a spatial array and which promise to provide the data needed to perform such a characterization. A remaining hurdle is the computational difficulty of reducing the very large quantities of raw spectral data to meaningful chemical information.
Analysis of full spectrum images having sizes that can be collected with current instrumentation can outstrip the computational resources typically found in the laboratory. For example, a typical commercial energy dispersive x-ray imaging system can produce a 1024×1024 pixel (one megapixel) image with each pixel being represented by a complete 1024 channel x-ray spectrum. Four Gbytes of computer memory are required just to hold a single precision floating point representation of this data set. To put this number in context, 4 Gbytes equals the full physical address space of a modern 32-bit microprocessor. This data overload precludes the use of standard analysis algorithms, which require that all of the data to be in the computer's physical memory at one time.
A related issue is the computational complexity of the analysis algorithms. While the time required to fully read a given data set obviously scales linearly with the size of the data set, the analysis algorithms may scale up more quickly, leading to unacceptable computation times. To take one example, given a m×p matrix with m≧p, Singular Value Decomposition (SVD), a popular method for effecting Principal Components Analysis (PCA), requires computing time proportional to m×p2.
Researchers have taken a number of different approaches in attempting to overcome the foregoing computational problems. Current approaches to analyzing very large spectrum images range from downsampling to simply omitting data to various data compression schemes. In the context of spectroscopic data, the general idea behind data compression is to represent a high dimensional spectrum in terms of a lower dimension basis. Convenient bases include B-splines and wavelets. A principal component basis derived from PCA can yield good compression, provided the PCA can be computed. While these approaches are effective at reducing the size of the problem to be solved, they suffer the potential drawback that they work with an approximation to the data rather than the data itself. Whether or not the approximation is acceptable depends on the details of the data and the problem at hand. See, e.g., J. Andrew and T. Hancewicz, "Rapid Analysis of Raman Image Data Using Two-Way Multivariate Curve Resolution, Applied Spectroscopy 52, 797 (1998); B. Alsberg and O. Kvalheim, "Speed improvement of multivariate algorithms by the method of postponed basis matrix multiplication Part I. Principal component analysis", Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. 24, 31 (1994); H. Kiers and R. Harshman, "Relating two proposed methods for speedup of algorithms for fitting two- and three-way principal component and related multilinear models", Chemometrics Intell. Lab. Syst. 36, 31 (1997); F. Vogt and M. Tacke, "Fast principal component analysis of large data sets", Chemometrics Intell. Lab Syst. 59, 1 (2001); and F. Vogt and M. Tacke, "Fast principal component analysis of large data sets based on information extraction," J. Chemometrics 16, 562 (2002).
The current invention overcomes these limitations by combining compression strategies with image analysis algorithms that operate directly on the compressed data. Spectral compression is described herein using an exemplary PCA-factored representation of the data. Furthermore, a block algorithm can be used for performing common operations more efficiently. A key advantage of the block algorithm is that at no point is it required to have all of the data residing simultaneously in the computer's main memory, enabling the operations to be performed on larger-than-memory data sets. For example, the block algorithm can be used that is suitable for out-of-core kernel PCA and a Multivariate Curve Resolution—Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) procedure that directly employs a PCA representation of the data. The crossproduct matrix that is formed during the PCA compression using the block algorithm is mathematically identical to the one that would be computed if the entire data set could have been held in memory. Consequently, data sets that are larger than memory are readily analyzed. The performance of the algorithm is characterized for data sets ranging in size to upward of one billion individual data elements. For sufficiently large data sets, an out-of-core implementation of the algorithm extracts only a minor performance penalty over a fully in-core solution.
Multiresolution spatial processing, or spatial compression, can be used separately or in combination with the spectral compression algorithm and image analysis techniques to provide speed improvements without the loss of spatial or spectral resolution. Spatial compression is described herein using an exemplary Haar wavelet transform. Multiresolution techniques have been used in traditional image processing and, in fact, serve as the basis of the recently introduced JPEG2000 image compression standard. Similar ideas can be applied to spatially compress high-spectral-dimension images. The basic idea is to reduce the number of pixels analyzed to a smaller number of coefficients that capture all of the spatial information of interest. Using orthogonal wavelets to perform this compression allows standard multivariate curve resolution techniques to be applied to the coefficients themselves rather than the raw data. This can lead to a tremendous reduction in both the computational resources and time required to complete the analysis. In addition to improved computational performance, the multiresolution approach can also yield improved sensitivity to minor constituents for data having low signal to noise ratios. This is particularly true if the multiresolution spatial filters are matched to the features of interest in the sample.

Spatial compression algorithm for the analysis of very large multivariate images


A brushless motor has a first coupler that includes a molded body with an annular member and a plug integrally combined with a peripheral side wall of the annular member. The plug houses terminal rods therein. Bridges project radially inward from an inner peripheral wall surface of the annular member. Connectors joined to respective leads that extend from an electromagnetic coil are mounted on radial inner ends of the bridges. The bridges axe provided in pairs of adjacent bridges. In each of such pairs, the bridges project in parallel with each other from an inner peripheral wall surface of the annular member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a brushless motor having magnets that rotate in an electromagnetic coil to generate power.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, brushless motors have increasingly been combined with automotive internal combustion engines. One known type of brushless motor, which has been applied and used in this manner, includes a cylindrical electromagnetic coil securely positioned inside a casing together with magnets, which are rotatably disposed in the cylindrical electromagnetic coil.
Leads extend from the electromagnetic coil and are connected to respective connectors projecting from a coupler. The connectors are electrically connected to three terminals whose inside and outside diameters are different from each other. Terminal rods, which extend from the terminals, provide respective contacts in three phases, i.e., U, V, and W phases. The connectors thus serve as electrical contacts associated with the U, V, and W phases, respectively.
As disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 08-023653, connectors usually project outwardly from the coupler. If the connectors and the terminal rods are of the same height, then the connectors interfere with the terminal rods. Therefore, the terminal rods need to be different in height from the connectors.
One problem that occurs when the terminal rods and the connectors have different heights is that the coupler has an increased height dimension. Accordingly, it has been difficult to reduce the size of conventional brushless motors.


A disposable marking gauge for use in certain orthodontic procedures to mark a patient's tooth with a readily visible mark at the precise location relative to the occlusal surface of the tooth. The marking is especially useful in locating support wire positioning brackets on the patient's teeth so that they can be bonded to the teeth at precise locations relative to the occlusal surfaces of the teeth.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to gauges for use in orthodontic procedures. More particularly, the invention concerns a marking gauge for marking a patients teeth to identify the precise locations at which arch wire positioning brackets of the character used in treatment of malocclusion are to be bonded.
2. Discussion of the Invention
A common orthodontic procedure involves the treatment of patients for malocclusion, that is the irregular contact of opposing teeth in the upper and lower jaws. This treatment, sometimes referred to by laypersons as "teeth straightening", typically involves the use of an oral appliance consisting generally of wires or bands used to correct misalignment of the teeth and jaws by exerting controlled pressure on the teeth. The wires or bands are generally held in position by small brackets which are affixed to the front surfaces of the teeth by adhesive bonding. The brackets are usually provided with transverse slots for closely receiving the wire or band. Critical to the success of the procedure is the proper positioning of the brackets relative to the incisal or occlusal surfaces of the teeth.
In the past, several types of positioning instruments for use in placement of the brackets have been suggested. One such instrument, known as the Philips Positioning Instrument facilitates placement of the brackets using a vermier scale that rotates a sighting cursor in relationship with tweezer tips. Another prior are device, called the Boone Bracket Positioning Gauge comprises a generally "X" shaped gauge having a surface that is placed on the occlusal surface of the tooth, and a fixed-pin that scribes the bracket height. Another prior art device called the Dougherty Bracket Positioning Gauge comprises an elongated wire which spans the patient's teeth and functions to mechanically position the brackets on the teeth.
As a general rule, the prior art positioning instruments are relatively complex and quite expensive. Additionally, they tend to be somewhat difficult and time consuming to use. Further, they must be carefully sterilized after each use.
The thrust of the present invention is to overcome the drawbacks of the prior art by providing a simple, easy-to-use, inexpensive and economical, disposable bracket marking gauge for use in locating the arch wire supporting brackets. The device of the present invention includes an integral marking element for marking a line directly on the surface of the tooth can be used by the doctor in precisely locating the bracket on the tooth. Specially configured marking gauges are provided for ease in marking both the front and back teeth. Additionally, different gauges are provided for marking teeth of different length.


An improved flexible toothbrush for enhancing the brushing of an individual. The flexible toothbrush comprises a bristle head portion, a neck portion and a handle portion integrally connected to the bristle head portion by the neck portion. An elongated flat flexible leaf-spring is embedded within the body of the toothbrush and extends partially in the head portion through the entire neck portion and the end of the handle portion for providing flexibility on the body of the toothbrush and enhancing the brushing of teeth of an individual. The flexible leaf-spring comprises a pair of spaced apart zig-zag sections which located between the head and neck portions and the beginning of the handle portion to further increase the flexibility on the body of the toothbrush.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the field of dental care. More particularly, the present invention relates to toothbrushes.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Prior art toothbrushes are comprised of a head portion with bristles, a neck portion and a handle portion. It is common to have the head portion aligned with the handle portion to form a standard straight toothbrush. The problem with this straight toothbrush is that the head portion is not bendable, thereby providing less reach when an individual brushes his or her teeth. Another prior art toothbrush has a head portion that is bent at an angle to provide improved reach when brushing. However, this prior art toothbrush is made of a solid plastic material, where the plastic material is rigid which does not provide flexibility when brushing. The plastic material can crack after time, thereby causing injure to the gums of the individual.
It is highly desirable to have a very efficient and also very effective design and construction of a flexible toothbrush, where the neck portion is improved to provide flexibility for an individual to brush his or her teeth. It is also desirable to provide a flexible toothbrush that is made of a semi-rigid plastic material, where the neck portion can be bendable under pressure and will not crack when brushing.
The following thirteen (13) prior art patents are found to be pertinent to the field of the present invention:
1. U.S. Pat. No. 882,021 issued to Schigelinsky on Mar. 17, 1908 for "Bottle Cleaner" (hereafter the "Schigelinsky Patent"); PA1 2. U.S. Pat. No. 2,438,268 issued to Bressler on Mar. 23, 1948 for "Flexible Bristle Head Toothbrush" (hereafter the "'268 Bressler Patent"); PA1 3. U.S. Pat. No. 2,443,297 issued to Bressler on Jun. 15, 1948 for "Toothbrush" (hereafter the "'297 Bressler Patent"); PA1 4. U.S. Pat. No. 3,609,789 issued to Slater on Oct. 5, 1971 for "Disposable Toothbrush And Method Of Making The Same" (hereafter the "Slater Patent"); PA1 5. U.S. Pat. No. 4,829,621 issued to Phenegar on May 16, 1989 for "Toothbrush" (hereafter the "Phenegar Patent"); PA1 6. U.S. Pat. No. 5,052,071 issued to Halm on Oct. 1, 1991 for "Toothbrush With Displaceable Head" (hereafter the "'071 Halm Patent"); PA1 7. U.S. Pat. No. 5,054,154 issued to Schiffer et al. on Oct. 8, 1991 for "Toothbrush With Flexible Head" (hereafter the "Schiffer Patent"); PA1 8. Patent Cooperation Treaty No. WO 88/01,480 issued to Choi on Mar. 10, 1988 for "Massage Toothbrush" (hereafter the "Choi Patent"); PA1 9. Patent Cooperation Treaty No. WO 93/15,627 issued to Halm on Aug. 19, 1993 for "Flexibly Resilient Toothbrush Handle" (hereafter the"'627 Halm Patent"); PA1 10. Great Britain Patent No. 673,516 for "Improvements In And Relating To Toothbrushes" (hereafter the"'516 GB Patent"); PA1 11. Great Britain Patent No. 1,158,936 for "Improvements Relating To Hair-Brushes" (hereafter the "'936 GB Patent"); PA1 12. Switzerland Patent No. 155,730 (hereafter the "'730 Switzerland Patent" ); and PA1 13. Switzerland Patent No. 312,125 (hereafter the "'125 Switzerland Patent").
The Schigelinsky Patent discloses a bottle cleaner. It comprises a handle section and a cleaning section hingeable connected to the handle section.
The '268 Bressler Patent discloses a flexible bristle head toothbrush. It comprises a head portion which includes a plurality of bristle supporting sections which are spaced apart and joined together by connectors with a resilient yieldable member extending through the sections and connectors.
The '297 Bressler Patent discloses a toothbrush. It comprises a handle portion and a head portion. A spring member is integrally molded within the head portion.
The Slater Patent discloses a disposable toothbrush and method of making the same. The toothbrush is formed from a sheet of plastic material which is rolled into an elongated cylindrical body. A deformable pin is embedded in the plastic sheet material to hold the bristles at one axial end of the body at an angle to a handle portion when the body is bent at a location spaced from the bristles.
The Phenegar Patent discloses a toothbrush. It comprises a bristle head, a neck, and a handle connected to the head by the neck. A deformable insert is provided on the neck and extends through the neck and partially extending into the head and handle.
The '071 Halm Patent discloses a toothbrush with a displaceable head. It comprises a toothbrush body with a head portion formed at an angle relative to the neck and a resiliently flexible portion with five alternatively inverted, transverse, V-shaped folds, where the flexible portion provides flexibility when pressure is applied to the head portion of the toothbrush.
The Schiffer Patent discloses a toothbrush with a flexible head. It comprises a handle, a neck, a bristle head, and an elastic segment between the handle and bristle head. The elastic segment is formed by one or more clearances, slots or slits at least partially filled with elastic polymeric/copolymeric plastic material.
The Choi Patent discloses a massage toothbrush. It comprises bristles, a thin neck, a flat spring which is inserted into the neck, and a shoulder which is attached to a thick handle.
The '627 Halm Patent discloses a flexibly resilient toothbrush handle. It comprises a flexible resilient region which is between a head portion and a handle portion. The flexible resilient region is an integral corrugated region.
The '516 GB Patent discloses a toothbrush with a leaf spring for connecting a plurality of separate bristle-supporting sections of the head portion together. The leaf spring has holes and notches, all of which are in register with tufts of bristles. Also, the leaf spring is only located on the head portion of the toothbrush and used for holding together the plurality of separate sections on the head portion.
The '936 GB Patent discloses improvements relating to hair-brushes. It comprises a resilient member which connects the handle with the head.
The '730 Switzerland Patent, as disclosed from the figures shows a brush with a wavy neck portion and a thin flexible member formed within a head portion and extending through the neck and handle portions.
The '124 Switzerland Patent, as disclosed from the figure shows a toothbrush with an angle head portion.
It is further desirable to provide an improved toothbrush, where the neck and handle portions provide flexibility for an individual to brush his or her teeth.


Provided is a method of controlling a pointer, such as changing between a pointer mode for activating the pointer and a search key mode for deactivating the pointer, in a mobile terminal having a pointing device. The method of controlling a pointer includes detecting movement input by the pointing device; identifying whether the detected movement satisfies a condition of changing a display mode; if the detected movement satisfies a condition of changing a display mode, displaying the pointer by changing the current display mode to a pointer mode; identifying whether a specific key is input; and if the specific key is input, hiding the pointer by changing the current display mode to a search key mode. Additionally, if elapsed time measured after displaying the pointer exceeds a predetermined value, the display mode of the mobile terminal may automatically be changed to a search key mode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of controlling a pointer in a mobile terminal having a pointing device, and more particularly, to a method of controlling a pointer, such as changing between a pointer mode for activating a pointer and a search key mode for deactivating the pointer, in a mobile terminal having a pointing device.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Computer input devices, such as a full alphanumeric keyboard and a mouse, are seldom used in a mobile terminal, such as a mobile phone and a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), due to their limited space. A simple button-type keypad is generally used as an input device of the mobile terminal. However, the keypad has a limited number of buttons and movement of a focus or a cursor (hereinafter, "focus") being controlled in a display unit in response to a key input is limited also.
A touch screen, a scroll wheel, a touch pad, a trackball, and an optical jog wheel have been developed as input devices of the mobile terminal. Among these input devices, the touch pad, the trackball, and the optical jog wheel are pointing devices using a pointer similar to that of a mouse.
The pointing device controls movement of a pointer being displayed on a display unit according to a user input. The pointer may freely move with little restriction of a moving direction, unlike the restricted horizontal and vertical movement directions of a conventional focus. Therefore, the pointer correctly operates according to a user's intention and improves a user's convenience. However, the pointer may sometimes induce user confusion, because it may be used together with the conventional focus.
A display screen of the mobile terminal is much smaller than a monitor screen of a computer, and the focus and the pointer occupy a relatively large portion in the display screen of the mobile terminal. The pointer often covers a menu, content, or input characters displayed in the display screen of the mobile terminal, and thereby induces user inconvenience. Further, if the pointer and focus are displayed simultaneously in the display screen, visual confusion may be induced.

Method of controlling pointer in mobile terminal having pointing device


A method for generating and displaying a user-customized page and a mobile device thereof are provided. The method for processing a user-customized page in a mobile device includes collecting use information of a user with respect to the mobile device when a preset specific situation occurs, generating a user-customized page associated with the specific situation using the use information when the specific situation is terminated, and storing the generated user-customized page.

Applications are freely installed and deleted into and from a mobile device, particularly, a smart phone or a tablet Personal Computer (PC). Further, a mobile device generates and displays a page meeting the requirements from a user. The page includes an execution picture of an application or an icon corresponding to the application. For example, the user may use various functions provided from the mobile device through the page.
However, according to a method of processing a page according to the related art as described above, the user must inconveniently and directly operate an input unit of the mobile device to generate the page. Further, if the user does not directly edit the page, the page always has the same configuration. In addition, the user must inconveniently search a page corresponding to a desired function from a plurality of pages.
Therefore, a need exists for a method for generating and displaying a user-customized page without participation of a user, and a mobile device thereof.
The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present disclosure.

Method for processing user-customized page and mobile device thereof