The invention relates to a curable fluorine-containing copolymer prepared by copolymerizing a monomer mixture. This monomer mixture is in an amount of 100 mol % in total and includes (a) 10-60 mol % of a first polymerizable monomer that is one of hexafluoroisobutene and hexafluoroacetone, each of which has one hexafluoroisopropylidene group; (b) 10-70 mol % of a fatty acid vinyl ester that is represented by a general formula of CH.sub.2 .dbd.CH--OC (.dbd.O) --R.sup.1 where R.sup.1 is one of an alkyl group and --(CH.sub.2).sub.m --R.sup.2 --(CH.sub.2).sub.n --H where R.sup.2 is one of a cycloalkylene group and a divalent aromatic group, and m and n are respectively integers each ranging from 0 to 12, the alkyl group having a carbon atom number of from 1 to 22 and an optional branched chain, each of the cycloalkylene group and the divalent aromatic group having an optional substituent; (c) 1-60 mol % of a second polymerizable monomer that has a cross-linkable functional group and a polymerizable double bond, the cross-linkable functional group being one selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl group, carboxyl group, hydrolyzable organosilyl groups, epoxy groups, .beta.-ketoester groups; and (d) 0-20 mol %, of a third polymerizable monomer that is different from the first and second monomers and the fatty acid vinyl ester and is free of a cross-linkable functional group. A coated film prepared by the application of a varnish containing the fluorine-containing copolymer is superior in water repellency and stain resistance.

The present invention relates to a curable fluorine-containing copolymer and a coating liquid composition containing the copolymer.
Hitherto, various fluororesin-containing paints have been produced in an industrial scale, because of fluororesin's superior weather resistance. For example, there have been proposed curable solvent-thinned fluorine-containing copolymers (see Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication Nos. JP-A-57-34107 and JP-A-61-57609). These copolymers have been used for weather resistant paints in various fields such as architecture, automobile, and chemical industries. These copolymers are prepared by copolymerizing main fluorine-containing monomers (e.g., chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), and vinylidene fluoride) with other hydrocarbon monomers (e.g., vinyl esters and vinyl ethers) for increasing the copolymers in solubility. There have also been developed copolymers containing other fluorine-containing monomers. For example, hexafluoroisobutene (HFIB) and hexafluoroacetone (HFA), each of which has one hexafluoroisopropylidene group in the molecule, are known as being able to copolymerize with various other monomers. Thus, it is known that fluorine-containing copolymers prepared by using HFIB and HFA have characteristics that are different from other conventional copolymers prepared by using CTFE and the like. U.S. Pat. No. 3,240,757 discloses that a copolymer of HFIB and another monomer such as vinyl propionate or ethyl acrylate, and a terpolymer of HFIB, vinyl propionate and ethyl acrylate can respectively be dissolved in carbon tetrachloride and toluene. This patent further discloses that a terpolymer of HFIB, vinyl propionate and ethyl vinyl ether can not be dissolved in carbon tetrachloride, methyl ethyl ketone, and toluene, respectively. U.S. Pat. No. 5,053,470 discloses a first copolymer of HFIB and a vinyl ester and a second copolymer having a unit of --CH.sub.2 --CHOH--. It is disclosed therein that coating liquid compositions of these copolymers can provide a coated film that has a superior adhesion to substrate and a superior abrasion resistance, in addition to superior characteristics inherent in fluororesin film. JP-A-60-147415 discloses a coating liquid composition of a copolymer and a curing agent. This copolymer contains 43.0-48.8 mol % of a first structural unit originating from vinyl fluoride, 44.3-49.7 mol % of a second structural unit originating from HFIB, and 4.5-10.4 mol % of a third structural unit originating from hydroxybutyl vinyl ether, glycidyl vinyl ether or an unsaturated alcohol. JP-A-63-218715 discloses another copolymer prepared by copolymerizing 30 mol % of TFE, 20 mol % of HFIB, cyclohexylperfluorovinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, and hydroxybutyl vinyl ether. JP-A-64-60616 discloses still another copolymer prepared by copolymerizing 35 mol % of TFE, 15 mol % of HFIB, methyl-2-propenyl ether, chloroethyl vinyl ether, and hydroxybutyl vinyl ether JP-A-8-120213 discloses a further copolymer prepared by copolymerizing 41 mol % of CTFE, 5 mol % of HFIB, a vinyl ester, a hydroxybutylallyl ether, glycerol monoallyl ether, and triethoxyvinylsilane.
Conventional solvent-thinned fluororesin coating compositions of the above-mentioned fluorine-containing copolymers can provide coated films that are superior in weather resistance. These coated films are, however, inferior in stain resistance. In other words, the external appearance of these coated films may be damaged by stains in the form of streaks. In particular, a coated film prepared by using a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) based copolymer is inferior in stain resistance. In order to solve this problem, there is a proposal of increasing the surface hardness of a coated film by increasing the glass transition point of a fluorine-containing copolymer A coated film having the thus increased surface hardness shows good results in the stain resistance test using carbon black or Magic Marker (trade name). Such coated film is, however, still easily stained in the actual exposure test. There is another proposal of adding an additive of metal alkoxide such as alkylsilicate to a fluorine-containing copolymer. With this, the contact angle of water drop on the coated film decreases, and thus the coated film may have rain streaks less than those of coated films prepared by using other conventional coating liquid compositions. In other words, the coated film according to this proposal is improved in stain resistance by increasing its hydrophilcity. It is, however, not preferable to use this coated film for automobile, because the automobile's coated film requires high hydrophobicity. Furthermore, it has been difficult to prepare a coated film that is superior in stain resistance and other characteristics such as recoatability and defoamability, by adding an additive to a fluorine-containing copolymer, as mentioned in the above proposal.

Curable fluorine-containing copolymer and coating liquid composition containing same


A laser liquid crystal marker and a method of judging deterioration of the liquid crystal make it possible to maintain high printing accuracy, ascertain the proper time for replacement of liquid crystal and, further, maintain high printing accuracy even when high speed printing is continuously performed. The marker has a temperature sensor (4), light emitting means (5), light receiving means (6), and a controller (7). The controller (7) calculates a light transmittance (Qi) from the irradiation quantity of light (R1) of the light emitting means (5) and the transmitted quantity of light (R2) received by the light receiving means (6), and adjusts the applied voltage (Vi) of the liquid crystal (2) so that the light transmittance (Qi) becomes equal to an optimum light transmittance (Qo), stored in advance. Further, when the light transmittance (Qi) does not become equal to the optimum light transmittance (Qo), even by adjusting the voltage (Vi) applied to the liquid crystal, it is determined that the liquid crystal (2) has deteriorated.

There exist a variety of conventional laser liquid crystal markers, also called "transmission type liquid crystal mask markers". Generally speaking, a laser liquid crystal marker comprises a laser oscillator, a lens system for expanding, condensing or collimating a laser beam, a liquid crystal serving as a transmission type liquid crystal mask for arbitrary pattern display, one or two sets of X-Y deflectors for deflecting the optical path of the laser beam, a controller for performing a synchronized control of a separately provided workpiece feeder, etc. In such a construction, the controller causes the laser oscillator to emit a laser beam, which is applied to the liquid crystal. The laser beam transmitted through the liquid crystal is applied to the surface of a workpiece, whereby the pattern of the liquid crystal is printed on the surface of the workpiece.
In such a laser liquid crystal marker, the clearness in printing deteriorates with use. In the conventional laser liquid crystal markers, this deterioration has only been coped with empirically, that is, by methods that are not rational enough. The judgment as to whether or not the liquid crystal has deteriorated has been made by visually examining the printing conditions (the degree of clearness in printing, etc.) on the workpiece surface. With the current state of the art, any deterioration in the printing conditions has been coped with, for example, by appropriately increasing the laser output, cleaning the lens system, replacing the liquid crystal, adjusting the driving system of the X-Y deflectors or the workpiece feeder, or replacing the controller. Such measures cannot be regarded as appropriate in coping with the above deterioration.
According to a known printing method, a liquid crystal operation display section is provided in a part of the liquid crystal, and a detector is connected to this display section, which is irradiated with a beam of light different from that for printing to thereby detect changes in the response time of the liquid crystal due to changes in the ambient temperature; on the basis of this detection, the switching operation time for the laser is corrected by the controller, thereby realizing a clear printing on the surface of a workpiece (See, for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 64-11088). However, with the above described method, in which the operation time is corrected in correspondence with the changes in the response time of the liquid crystal, the degree of deterioration of the liquid crystal cannot be checked, nor can the liquid crystal itself be controlled for clear printing.
In another conventional technique, already proposed by the present applicant, there is provided a laser liquid crystal marker called a "YAG laser mask marker" (See Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 5-42379), which is equipped with first and second X-Y deflectors arranged on either side of the liquid crystal. Separate still images are sequentially displayed through the liquid crystal. The first X-Y deflector causes a laser beam to scan each separate still image, and the second X-Y deflector causes the laser beam transmitted through the separate still images to be sequentially applied in deflective irradiation to the surface of a workpiece until the entire printing is completed, thereby realizing a high accuracy, high speed continuous printing. However, the above method has a problem in that the deterioration in the clearness in printing on the workpiece surface cannot be checked by a rational method, so that it is rather difficult to properly cope with the deterioration in clearness.

Laser liquid crystal marker and method for judging deterioration of liquid crystal


Disclosed is a method of manufacturing a solid electrolyte for an all-solid battery. The method may include preparing a solvent admixture comprising a first polar organic solvent containing a cyano group and a second polar organic solvent containing a hydroxyl group, preparing an electrolyte admixture by dissolving Li2S, P2S5 and LiCl in the solvent admixture, and preparing a solid electrolyte by stirring the electrolyte admixture. The method may further include precipitating the solid electrolyte by evaporating the solvent admixture, and heat treating the precipitated solid electrolyte. In particular, the solvent admixture may include the second polar organic solvent in an amount of about 0.01 to 0.03 wt % based on the total weight of the first polar organic solvent.

As smart phones and small electronic devices have been widely used, lithium secondary batteries as small power sources thereof have been increasingly developed, and with the development of electric vehicles, the demand for lithium secondary batteries has been further increasing.
A lithium secondary battery includes a cathode and an anode, which may send and receive lithium ions, and an electrolyte responsible for the transport of lithium ions. A typical lithium secondary battery includes a liquid electrolyte comprising a lithium salt dissolved in an organic solvent, with a separator formed of organic fibers for preventing physical contact between the cathode and the anode in order to prevent a short circuit. Since the organic solvent, which is flammable, is used as the electrolyte solvent, in the event of a short circuit due to physical damage, there is a high likelihood of fire and explosion, and accidents frequently may occur.
An all-solid battery includes an inorganic solid electrolyte which replaces the flammable liquid electrolyte. The material of an inorganic solid electrolyte, which is the key element of the all-solid battery, mainly includes an oxide and a sulfide. In particular, a sulfide-based solid electrolyte has ionic conductivity as high as that of the liquid electrolyte, and may be the most promising solid electrolyte.
Recently, in the related art, a method of synthesizing a sulfide-based solid electrolyte by reacting Li2S with P2S5 in a polar organic solvent has been devised as a mass production process for synthesizing a sulfide-based solid electrolyte. For example, a sulfide-based solid electrolyte may be synthesized through the dissolution and precipitation of a starting material in the polar organic solvent. Although the properties of the solid electrolyte may deteriorate due to the remaining organic solvent, uniform and fine solid electrolytes may be obtained and mass production thereof may be ensured.
However, the solid electrolyte prepared through the above method is problematic. For example, because Li2S is excessively contained therein in order to increase ionic conductivity, a large amount of Li2S remaining in the final product may react with water, or the electrochemical stability with lithium may deteriorate. The dissolution precipitation process may not be easy to use to remove impurities due to organic remnants or Li2S, which has low solubility. Accordingly, ionic conductivity or chemical stability may decrease due to the amount of remaining Li2S.

Method of manufacturing sulfide-based solid electrolyte for all-solid battery

IUCF-HYU (Industry-University Cooperation Foundation Hanyang University)


A method for forming an isolation wall in a silicon semiconductor substrate wherein a trench is etched into the silicon using a hard mask, a layer of silicon dioxide is formed on the side walls of the trench, a filling of polysilicon is placed in the region between the side wall layers, the polysilicon is planarized by etching while the hard mask remains in place, and the hard mask then is stripped from the silicon, permitting field oxide to be grown over the trench region.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to processes for developing isolation walls in semiconductor devices such as integrated circuit (IC) chips. More particularly, this invention is related to so-called trench isolation, wherein a trench is formed in the semiconductor device and filled with an insulating material.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It frequently is necessary to electrically isolate adjacent portions of an integrated circuit, and various techniques have been developed for this purpose. One such technique that has practical advantages is that of forming a trench at the place where isolation is needed, and filling the trench with an insulating material. Although a variety of proposals have been put forward for such purpose, important problems have arisen with all of those proposals.
For example, when a field oxide is thermally grown over a trench isolation region, a large step can (with prior art techniques) develop in the field oxide just above the trench edge, due to the usual difference in height between the insulation surface and the surrounding silicon, and the commonly lower oxidation rate of the insulating material as compared to the surrounding bulk material. Another problem is that notches can develop in the field oxide if the trench filling is layered in such a way that differential etching occurs at one or more layers. Such notches can attract residues from subsequent layers deposited over the trench (to form portions of the integrated circuit) such that conductive lines crossing the trench become electrically inter-connected, thereby resulting in a defective part. Also, when using trench isolation with a Silicon On Insulation (SOI) substrate, the removal of the trench hard mask after trench etch can lead to unintended etching of the buried insulating layer which can cause defective parts.
Efforts have been made by others to solve some of these and still further problems. For example, it has been proposed to use a combination of additional oxide steps and a nitride/oxide sandwich layer, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,791,073. Such a procedure however is excessively complex. Moreover, the additional thermal steps can adversely affect the characteristics of the final product, and such procedure would not in any event solve the problem of etching of the buried oxide layer of a Silicon-On-Insulation substrate.

Process for fabricating insulation-filled deep trenches in semiconductor substrates


A device for joining a large number of threads on a single frame. Each of a plurality of thread clamps has a guide tube communicating with a vacuum duct. A carriage for carrying a thread joining system is arranged on the frame. As the carriage moves along the frame to a selected position a thread clamp is released and the released thread is moved by a pivot threading arm to the joining system.

The invention relates to a device for automatically joining threads, consisting of a frame with a plurality of thread clamps and a carriage which can be driven step-wise horizontally, on which a thread joining system is provided; it relates also to a process for joining threads, and to an application of the device.
The automatic changing of threads of a large number of spools mounted on a frame or spool rack is very important to efficient processing.
A device called a spool changer is known, which permits taking threads from 50 to 100 spools. It is used for the production of a tubular knit test sample which is composed of short sections corresponding to the number of installed spools (W. Stein, Textile Horizons, (1988) pages 40-42). The test stocking serves for visual inspection or as a sample for a colorimetric evaluation of the sections after it has been dyed.
Although the known automatic spool changer satisfies requirements in many cases, it has a number of disadvantages. For example, the number of threads is limited to no more than 96. Frequent thread breakage at the clamps interferes with the otherwise rapid change frequency.

Device and process for automatically joining threads


A mobile radio communication system which sets a radio circuit efficiently without deteriorating the communication quality even when congestion of communication channels occurs. The mobile radio communication system includes a plurality of mobile stations, a plurality of base station which can be connected to the mobile stations through radio circuits, and mobile switching center for controlling connections between the mobile stations and the base station. The mobile switching center performs connection of the mobile stations and base station for the reverse-link from the mobile stations to the base station and the forward-link from the base station to the mobile stations independently of each other.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a mobile radio communication system and a radio circuit controlling method therefor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, in a mobile radio communication system which includes a plurality of base stations and a mobile station which can communicate with the plurality of base stations individually by radio, each of the base stations has a limited region (wireless zone) in which it provides services, and in principle, the mobile station communicates with one of the base stations which has a wireless zone in which the mobile station is currently present. However, in order to eliminate places in which the mobile station cannot communicate, the region in which each base station can communicate with the mobile station is actually set somewhat wider. Consequently, there actually is a region in which the mobile station can communicate with a plurality of base stations.
In such a conventional mobile ratio communication system as described above, communication is sometimes disabled when the traffic in a wireless zone of a base station is so great as to cause congestion of communication channels. Describing more particularly, in a mobile ratio communication system which employs a time division multiplex access (TDMA) mobile radio communication system, the congestion of communication channels is restricted by the number of radio circuits physically arranged in the wireless zone.
Therefore, conventionally, in order to establish a call connection between a certain base station and a mobile station which is present in the wireless zone of the base station, the mobile station measures the reception level of a radio wave transmitted from the base station to which a call connection is to be established and further measures the reception level of other radio wave transmitted from other base stations which are positioned around the wireless zone of the base station to which a call connection is to be established. The reception levels of the received signals measured by the mobile station are reported to the base stations.
Meanwhile, a host apparatus of the base stations supervises whether or not congestion of communication channels occurs in the wireless zone of each of the base stations, and if congestion of communication channels is detected and a free radio circuit is not available, the host apparatus confirms the reception levels reported from the mobile station which is communicating with the base station which has the wireless zone. If the host apparatus confirms, as a result of the confirmation of the reception levels, that the reception level of a radio wave transmitted from another base station is sufficiently high for the quality of the radio circuit to be secured, then it controls so that radio communication may be performed between the mobile station and the another base station although the another base station has a wireless zone different from the wireless zone set originally for the place.
Here, in a time division mobile radio communication system, for communication between a mobile station and a base station, the same frequency is used in a plurality of wireless zones at positions spaced away from each other by a distance larger than a distance set in advance. This presupposes that each base station communicates with mobile stations which are present in a wireless zone set for the base station, and is intended to achieve effective utilization of frequencies.
However, if, when congestion of communication channels occurs in a wireless zone, communication is performed between a mobile station and another base station ignoring the wireless zone division, then the communication is performed using the same frequency at positions spaced from each other by a smaller distance than the prescribed distance. Consequently, there is the possibility that interference may occur and cause failure of the communication.
On the other hand, in a mobile radio communication system which adopts a code division multiplex access (CDMA) mobile radio communication (CDMA) system, a radio wave transmitted from a mobile station becomes an interfering wave with another mobile station, resulting in deterioration of the communication quality of the latter mobile station.
Therefore, a base station measures the reception power in the reverse-link of a radio wave transmitted from a mobile station and then produces, based on a result of the measurement, a control signal for controlling the transmission power from the mobile station to a minimum value necessary to obtain a required quality, and transmits the control signal to the mobile station. As a result, the transmission power from the mobile station is controlled to the minimum value necessary to obtain the required quality.
Here, in a mobile radio communication system which adopts such a code division multiplex mobile radio communication system as described above, when a mobile station is present in an area in which the wireless zone of a certain base station and the wireless zone of another base station overlap with each other, the mobile station communicates with both of the two base stations and thus receives control signals transmitted from the two base stations. In this instance, the transmission power is set in accordance with that one of the received control signals which controls the transmission power to a lower value.
Normally, the transmission power is in most cases controlled to a lower value by a nearer base station.
By the way, if a mobile radio communication system which adopts the code division multiplex mobile radio communication system adopts a radio circuit controlling system adopted by the time division mobile radio communication system described above, then when congestion of communication channels occurs, a mobile station communicates not with the nearest base station but with another base station spaced by a larger distance, and consequently, a higher transmission power is required. In this instance, a radio wave transmitted from the radio station becomes an interfering wave with other mobile stations. Consequently, there is a problem in that the communication quality of the other mobile station cannot be maintained, resulting in a deterioration of service.
In this manner, the controlling method upon communication channel congestion adopted by such a time division mobile ratio communication system as described above conflicts with the controlling method in an ordinary code division multiplex mobile radio communication system.
By the way, as described above, a radio wave of a mobile station becomes an interfering wave with other mobile station principally in the reverse-link in which the radio wave is transmitted from the mobile station.
Further, actually the traffic of the forward-link and the traffic of the reverse-link in the wireless zone of a base station are sometimes different from each other (asymmetrical communication condition). For example, in data communication of the internet, the traffic in the forward-link is greater than the traffic in the reverse-link, and congestion of communication channels sometimes occurs only in the forward-link.
Here, in a controlling method adopted by such a time division mobile radio communication system as described above, if congestion of communication channels occurs, then since a mobile station is controlled so that it communicates with another base station in both the reverse-link and the forward-link, if congestion of communication channels occurs only in the forward-link, the mobile station is controlled so that also the communication thereof in the reverse-link in which no congestion of communication channels occurs is performed with the another base station, resulting in the possibility that the communication quality of the latter mobile station may be deteriorated.
Therefore, a mobile radio communication system which adopts the code division multiplex mobile radio communication system does not adopt a controlling method similar to that of the time division mobile radio communication system because interference occurs between mobile stations.
Further, where physical radio circuits are present, when the traffic exceeds a fixed level, control to prevent new communication from being started is performed.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a mobile radio communication system and a radio circuit controlling method therefor by which a radio circuit can be set efficiently without deteriorating the communication quality even when congestion of communication channel occurs.
In order to attain the object described above, according to an aspect of the present invention, a radio circuit controlling method for a mobile radio communication system which includes at least a plurality of mobile stations, a plurality of radio means which can be connected to the mobile stations through radio circuits, and radio control means for controlling connections between the mobile stations and the radio means comprises the step of performing connection of the mobile stations and the radio means for the reverse-link from the mobile stations to the radio means and the forward-link from the radio means to the mobile stations independently of each other.
More particularly, the base station of a mobile station is changed for either the reverse-link or the forward-link, whichever is in a congestion condition. This is particularly effective when congestion occurs in the forward-link.
Further, a selected base station selected for a mobile station is changed based on traffic at the base stations and reception levels of signals at the mobile station transmitted from the base stations.
Consequently, when a the mobile station in the wireless zone of one of the base stations, it sometimes performs communication with another base station in either the reverse-link or the forward-link.
By the construction described above, when the radio circuits are utilized effectively, a situation in which communication is disabled by occurrence of congestion at one of the base stations can be prevented.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a radio circuit controlling method for a mobile radio communication system comprises the steps of measuring congestion in the reverse-link and forward-link of a base station, switching the reverse-link or forward-link of a mobile station in the wireless zone of the base station so as to communicate with an adjacent base station, measuring reception levels of signals from the base station and adjacent base station by the mobile station, reporting the reception levels and a transmission power of the base station to the adjacent base station, and controlling the transmission power of the base station or the adjacent base station and controlling the transmission power of the mobile station based on the reported reception levels and transmission power.
A base station at which detects congestion is detected is switched either for the reverse-link or forward-link. The base station which communicates in the reverse-link with a mobile station transmits a control signal for the transmission power of the mobile station. In order to secure the quality of communication to the mobile station, the reception level at the mobile station of a radio wave transmitted from the base station is reported to that one of the base station which communicates in the forward-link, and the forward transmission power is controlled based on the reported reception level.
The above and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description referring to the accompanying drawings which illustrate an example of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.

Mobile radio communication system and radio circuit controlling method therefor


Described herein are methods, compositions and kits directed to the detection of gene dysregulations such as those arising from gene fusions and/or chromosomal abnormalities, e.g., translocations, insertions, inversions and deletions. Samples containing dysregulated gene(s) of interest may show independent expression patterns for the 5′ and 3′ regions of the gene. The methods, compositions and kits are useful for detecting mutations that cause the differential expression of a 5′ portion of a target gene relative to the 3′ region of the target gene.

The following description is provided to assist the understanding of the reader. None of the information provided or references cited is admitted to be prior art to the present invention.
Variations in chromosome structure involve changes in parts of chromosomes rather than changes in the number of chromosomes or sets of chromosomes in the genome. There are four common types of mutations: deletions and duplications (both of which involve a change in the amount of DNA on a chromosome), inversions (which involve a change in the arrangement of a chromosomal segment), and translocations (which involve a change in the location of a chromosomal segment). All four classes of chromosomal structure mutations are initiated by one or more breaks in the chromosome. If a break occurs within a gene, then a gene mutation has been produced, the consequence of which depends on the function of the gene and the time of its expression. Wherever the break occurs, the breakage process leaves broken ends, which may adhere to other broken chromosome ends or the normal ends of other chromosomes.
Reciprocal and Robertsonian translocations are the most frequently occurring types of translocations. Reciprocal translocations usually involve a two-way exchange between different chromosomes. The chromosomes break apart and segments below the break points swap positions. If the event is balanced, no net gain or loss of genetic material results and the individual is usually phenotypically unaffected if no genes are disrupted.
Robertsonian translocations occur when two chromosomes fuse at the centers and essentially combine into one. Most of the genetic material remains from both chromosomes. As in balanced reciprocal translocations, the carrier may be normal, but produce genetically unbalanced gametes. Most progeny originating, from unbalanced gametes do not survive and a miscarriage occurs during early pregnancy. If the carrier is fertile and progeny survive, various defects could occur. One Robertsonian translocation results in the fusion of chromosomes 14 and 21. Resulting progeny may inherit three copies of chromosome 21 which causes Down's syndrome.
Genetic abnormalities such as duplication, deletion, chromosomal translocation, and point mutation often lead to pathological conditions. Some diseases, such as cancer, are due to genetic abnormalities acquired in a few cells during life, while in other diseases the genetic abnormality is present in all cells of the body and present since conception.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Methods for detecting gene dysregulation by intragenic differential expression

QUEST DIAGNOSTICS INVESTMENTS INCORPORATED


A blanket comprising a blanket panel having an interior region, a first major surface, a second major surface, and an outer perimeter. A throat aperture is positioned in the interior region of the blanket panel, wherein said throat aperture provides open communication between the first and second major surfaces of the blanket panel. The aperture is of a sufficient size to allow the obstruction to be positioned in the throat aperture in a manner such that the obstruction can pass through the throat aperture from one major surface of the blanket panel to the other. A channel extends from the throat aperture to the outer perimeter of the blanket panel. The channel has an open configuration and a closed configuration. In the open configuration, the channel provides open communication between the outer perimeter of the blanket panel and the throat aperture to allow the obstruction to be passed through the channel and positioned in the throat aperture. In the closed configuration, open communication between the throat aperture and the outer perimeter is prevented such that, when the channel is in the closed configuration and the obstruction is positioned in the throat aperture, the blanket is secured in place around the obstruction. When used with a child supporting structure having an interfering obstruction, the blanket covers the child in a manner such that the obstruction is positioned in the throat aperture, and the channel is in the closed configuration.

Young children, particularly infants, are often placed in child support structures of the type having an obstruction which projects upward between the legs of the child. These obstructions primarily serve a safety function of helping to restrain the child in the device. For example, in some structures, such as infant car seats and the like, the obstruction is primarily a safety device in the form of a restraining belt which passes between the legs of a child when the restraining belt is operationally inserted into and engaged with a corresponding restraining belt mechanism. In other structures, the obstruction serves multiple purposes. For example, for structures such as infant swing seats and high chairs, the obstruction is in the form of a post projecting upward from a seating or reclining surface. Such posts not only serve the safety function of helping to restrain an infant in these devices, but also serve to support table tops which can be used to hold food items or toys within easy reach of an infant.
FIG. 1 shows one such structure 10 commonly referred to as a "swing seat". Swing seats such as structure 10 are widely available and extremely popular. Structure 10 has a fairly typical construction sharing several common elements with many commercially available swing seats. Generally, structure 10 includes child supporting structure 12 having a seating surface 14 for supporting a young child. Child supporting structure is swingingly supported from top frame piece 18 by an interconnecting structure which, in this embodiment, includes U-shaped support member 16 and members 20. Top frame piece 18 itself is supported upon four legs 22. The legs 22 are braced by crosspiece member 24. The interconnecting structure couples the child supporting structure 12 to the top frame piece 18 in a manner which allows child supporting structure 12 to swing back and forth between legs 22. Commonly, top frame piece 18 houses a battery-powered or electric motor which is operationally coupled to members 20 in a manner which imparts the swinging motion to child supporting structure 12.
The swinging motion of child supporting structure 12 is quite soothing for many children. However, the motion generates a breeze that can be uncomfortably cool for a child, particularly if the child is just an infant. Additionally, other drafts from other sources, e.g., windows, doorways, ventilation ducts, and the like, can add to this discomfort. Thus, it is desirable to cover a child supported in structure 10 with a blanket to keep the child warm and to protect the child from breezes, drafts, and the like.
Ordinary blankets are not very effective for this purpose, because it is difficult to fit an ordinary blanket around an obstruction such as post 26. Typically, an ordinary blanket has to be bunched up and stuffed around the post in an effort to cover as many parts of the child as possible. However, it is not uncommon for some parts of the child to be uncovered with this approach. Additionally, blanket bunching leaves gaps between the blanket and the child supporting structure 12 through which cool air can reach the child. A bunched up blanket is also not very secure. Such blankets can accidentally fall out of position. Alternatively, such blankets can be knocked out of place by movements of the child. Further, a sleeping child can be inadvertantly awakened by blanket bunching. Not just swing seats, but any child supporting structure having an obstruction which interferes with placement of a blanket over a child suffers from these same drawbacks.
What is needed in the art, therefore, is a better way to keep a child warm when the child is supported in a device having such an obstruction.

Blanket especially adapted for covering a child placed in a supporting structure of the type having an interfering obstruction


The present invention relates to systems that allow users to observe the operation of pool skimmers. In some embodiments, the system includes a flow sensor system, which may be located in a ring above the skimmer basket. The flow sensor system may include, for example a microphone or a paddle wheel. Optionally, the system may further include a remote computer (e.g., smart phone/tablet computer) that receives the inputs measured by the flow sensor system and displays on its display screen alerts based on the inputs (e.g., to notify the user to clean the skimmer basket or backwash the filter).

Technical Field
The present invention relates to systems configured to measure the flow of water in pool skimmers.
Background of the Invention
With reference to FIGS. 1-3, in the prior art, it is known to remove debris in swimming pools 110 through the use of skimmers 100. Skimmers 100 generally include a rectangular skimmer opening 135 located in a sidewall 120 of the swimming pool 110, a moveable weir 170 that pivots on a hinge 155 within the skimmer 100 and moves in response to changes in the water levels of the swimming pool 110, and a skimmer basket 160. The skimmer basket 160 sits in a well 198 located in the interior 137 of the skimmer 100, collects debris and must be emptied. The skimmer basket 160 has a basket interior 167, a basket exterior 168, a floor 161, a top/rim 162, a height 165 extending from the floor 161 to the top/rim 162, one or more sidewalls 163 extending upwardly from the floor 161, and a plurality of apertures located in the floor 161 and/or the sidewalls 163. The basket floor 161 and the basket sidewall 163 separate the basket interior 167 from the basket exterior 168. The skimmer 100 has an access opening 197 that is removably closed by a lid 199 in order to empty the skimmer basket 160.
Water enters the skimmer 100 through the opening 135, flows through water passageway 196 and over the weir 170, and through the skimmer basket 160. Ultimately, the filtered water is then pumped back into the swimming pool 110 through water jets 175 located in the pool sidewalls 120 using a pump 190 and a series of pipes 180, 181, 182 and 193. The capacity of pool pumps 190 is usually provided in gallons per minute (gpm), which refers to the amount of water that the pump 190 is able to circulate in a minute. The pump 190 is usually connected to a pool drain 195 in addition to the skimmer 100, and in some cases the pool owner is able to adjust the rate at which the pump 190 pulls water into the skimmer 100 by closing the drain valve 194. However, closing the drain valve 194 requires manual intervention by the pool owner.
Unfortunately, skimmer baskets 160 fill up quickly with debris, particularly in residential areas with many trees. If the skimmer basket 160 becomes too full with debris, water is cut off from the pump 190, which can damage the pump 190. Thus, skimmer baskets 160 are a constant maintenance issue.
Thus, there is a need for cheap devices that allow users to quickly and easily review the operation of swimming pool skimmers and notify users when the basket 160 needs to be emptied.


A multipurpose socket wrench includes an elongated tubular body with an internal opening extending longitudinally from the distal end and having a hexagonal cross-section. A driver receiving opening extends longitudinally from the proximal end. Elongated holding arms are positioned in longitudinally extending grooves formed in the outer surface of the body. The arms are mounted for limited longitudinal movement between an extended position and a retracted position. An attachment component gripping feature is positioned in the portion of the arms extending beyond the distal end of the body with the arms in the extended position. The arms are further mounted for limited radial movement of the gripping features.

Throughout the electrical industry ½ inch cadmium bolts, nuts and round washers are standard hardware for power plants, substations, transmission lines, switch yards and distribution systems including switching cabinets (live front and dead front), overhead transformers and pad mount transformers. It is not always convenient or efficient to switch out lines so that a worker can attach a component or otherwise bolt a component in place. Some typical hot line tasks that can preferably be performed without switching out the line include installing jumper paddles to dead end bodies, buss work, tee bodies, etc., installing new line jumpers to existing bus work, removing jumpers to isolate switch gear for maintenance and then reinstalling existing or new jumpers on the energized buss, changing out hot bolts and transmission lines, replacing missing bolts, etc.
Generally, when performing hot line work an electrician/lineman uses various tools, including hot sticks, spring extension sticks, ratchet sticks and various other extension sticks for bolting electrical components in place or connecting electrical components together. As is known in the art, hot sticks and the like are an insulated pole, generally epoxy glass or the like, having a connecter at the distal end. The connector may be changeable and may be a socket or a driver end for engaging a socket. The major problem is that the electrician/lineman must maintain a well known distance in order to safely work on the hot lines and the higher the voltage the farther the electrician must be from the work. Thus, for example, it can be very difficult in many instances to balance a bolt or nut in the hot stick, reach the required distance and engage the nut or bolt with an already positioned bolt or nut. Also, in many instances a washer should be positioned on the bolt before the nut is engaged. A great deal of time and frustrated effort can be expended in this task.
It would be highly advantageous, therefore, to remedy the forgoing and other deficiencies inherent in the prior art.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved multipurpose socket wrench.


A computer system is configured for performing audio matching. The computer system includes a client terminal and a server. The client terminal includes a classifier, a first landmark extraction module, a first encoder module and an integration module. The classifier is configured for estimating an identification difficulty. The first landmark extraction module is configured for determining the number of times for landmark extraction, and for extracting first landmarks. The first encoder module is configured for encoding the first landmarks. The server includes a second landmark extraction module, a second encoder module, a hash table, a table-lookup module, an analysis module and a decision module. The second landmark extraction module is configured for extracting second landmarks. The second encoder module is configured for encoding the second landmarks. The table-lookup module is configured for performing a table lookup. The decision module is configured for determining an audio matching result.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a computer system and an audio matching method. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to a computer system configured for performing audio matching.
2. Description of Related Art
Audio matching is a fast audio searching method, a user could record an audio segment being played in a noisy environment, and search for a song, a movie, a TV program or a broadcast program which best matches the audio segment by utilizing an audio matching system.
However, the accuracy of audio matching, the waiting time required for audio matching and the computation load of the audio matching server of current audio matching systems are not satisfactory.

Computer system, audio matching method, and non-transitory computer-readable recording medium thereof


The present invention includes an on-board control apparatus that generates train position information using ground coil position information and train speed information and outputs the train position information, and a ground control apparatus that receives the train position information outputted by the on-board control apparatus, identifies a position of a train using the train position information and stored track information, generates train control data having a size corresponding to the identified position of the train, and outputs the train control data toward the train.

In a conventional train control system using radio, an on-board control apparatus carried on a train detects a position and a speed of the train and transmits information on the position and speed of the train to a ground control apparatus using radio. The ground control apparatus that manages trains present in an area covered thereby performs calculation on the basis of the received information on a position and a speed of a train and sets a stop limit position of the following train. The ground control apparatus transmits information on the set stop limit position to the on-board control apparatus of the train in question using radio. Thus, train control is performed while securing a safe interval between trains by performing communication between the on-board control apparatus and the ground control apparatus by radio (see, for example, Patent Literature 1).

Train control system, ground control apparatus, and on-board control apparatus


The present invention consists in obtaining, with the capsule described, a vertical gradient favorable for diamond growth that prevails over any radial gradient by means of heating discs placed at the ends of the heating area, which implies a considerable control over the growth conditions. More specifically, in regard to the rate of growth, it allows for a better control of the quality of large crystals. Another important novelty is to use a source of carbon with a special design formed by cylindrical and conical hollows (graphite, amorphous carbon, diamond or other) with a solvent metal with a number of gases that are introduced in the capsule.

Generally, diamonds obtained by synthesis at high pressure and high temperature are those known as type lb and contain hundreds of ppm of nitrogen in their crystalline lattice. Due to the structural nitrogen content, the color of the diamond crystals ranges from light yellow to dense yellow, a limitation that usually is reflected in their having a lower value for the jewelry industry.
On the other hand, this color can be extracted by introducing a nitrogen scavenger in the reaction area mixed with the solvent. In this manner, the solvent is free of the dissolved nitrogen, since the nitrogen reacts with the scavenger, forming compounds such as nitrides, carbides, various intermediate compounds and their combinations thereof. The effect of this competition for nitrogen between the scavenger and the carbon is that less nitrogen enters the diamond crystalline network that is growing, providing crystals that are substantially free of nitrogen.
These crystals are of the type known as type IIa, due to the rarity of said crystals in nature, since they are colorless, their excellent properties of thermal conductivity and hardness making them highly valued in the market.
The inconvenience of these crystals is that their production is extraordinarily difficult, especially because the competition reaction caused by the nitrogen scavenger produces many compounds that remain in suspension, making possible their entry into the monocrystals, during the growth process, as metallic inclusions. This fact makes obtaining large size and pure type IIa crystals difficult. Also, achieving the elimination of nitrogen from the crystalline lattice of the diamond implies that during the process, other type of impurities may enter, such as is the case with boron. Diamond crystals with boron impurities are known as type IIb diamonds and are blue colored.

Capsule and elements for synthesised diamond production

Abstract: Also, a nitrogen scavenger is used to avoid the formation of nitrides, carbides and oxides that are harmful for the growth and that as a significant novelty is placed outside the reaction area.


Semantic analysis to resolve ambiguous user input data with respect to a request for data includes identifying tokens based on the text string, identifying a tables in a database, wherein a token indicates a column from a table and a token indicates a column from another table, identifying candidate join paths for joining tables, obtaining respective candidate results using the candidate join paths, outputting combined candidate results including values from the respective candidate results, obtaining second user input data indicating a selected value, identifying the request for data as unambiguous and identifying a selected join path based on the selected value, and, in response to identifying the request for data as unambiguous, outputting data responsive to the request for data using the selected join path.

Enterprises need to access specific business intelligence (BI) information. Business intelligence (BI) is a set of theories, methodologies, processes, architectures, and technologies that may transform raw data into meaningful and useful information for business purposes. BI may handle large amounts of information to help identify and develop new opportunities. Making use of new opportunities and implementing an effective strategy can provide a competitive market advantage and long-term stability.
Business intelligence software tools attempt to automate the process of translating raw data sitting in relational databases into meaningful information that a business decision maker can use. However, the creation of new reports is often complex and involves several Information technology (IT) specialists. A business user first may need to fill out a form that describes what data to provide in a BI report.
The form is taken to an information technology (IT) specialist who generates the correct relational database management system (RDBMS) queries and then creates reports from on the query results. The process of the business user specifying what data to retrieve and then getting the final report back from the IT specialist can often take several weeks. Existing database solutions may not be fast enough to provide an interactive business user experience when large volumes of data need to be processed.
Internet search engines are designed to search through documents and help users formulate questions. However, Internet search engines are not aware of the relationships that exist in typical relational databases. Internet search queries only perform simply string matches and do not have the intelligence to perform searches on structured data and correlate/aggregate/filter the search results.

Token based dynamic data indexing with integrated security


An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate having thereon at least a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer is disclosed, in which said charge generating layer is a deposited film of a subliming organic pigment and has an iron content of not more than 100 ppm and a sulfur content of not more than 500 ppm. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has high photosensitivity, high chargeability, small dark decay, low residual potential, and excellent durability.

Electrophotographic photoreceptors using an organic pigment as a photoconductive substance are being given much study for further developments because of their advantages over those using inorganic substances from the standpoint of easy processing of materials, a wide choice of materials, low cost, and freedom from necessity of recovery.
The organic photoreceptors include those comprising a photoconductive compound and a sensitizer, those comprising a photoconductive compound of charge transfer complex type, and those having a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer, called separate function type photoreceptors. The separate function type photoreceptors are now taking the lead among organic photoreceptors on the market because of a wide choice of materials allowed and ease in designing of devices.
Methods for forming a charge generating layer of the separate function type photoreceptors are generally divided into a coating method comprising coating an organic pigment dispersion in a binder resin on a substrate and a deposition method comprising forming a thin deposit on a substrate by vacuum deposition.
However, in a resin dispersion type charge generating layer formed by the coating method, movement of charge carriers generated in the organic pigment particles is hindered by resin molecules among the pigment particles, resulting in impairment of photoconductivity essentially possessed by the pigment, thus failing to exhibit satisfactory sensitivity. On the other hand, containing no binder resin, a deposited charge generating layer formed by the deposition method does not suffer from such a hindrance to charge carrier movement and exhibits satisfactory photoconductivity, giving an assurance of high sensitivity. However, the state-of-the-art electrophotographic photoreceptors having the deposited charge generating layer are still unable to sufficiently satisfy other performance characteristics required, such as high chargeability, small dark decay, low residual potential, and durability, e.g., potential stability on repeated use.
It is known that impurities contained in organic pigments have influences on electrophotographic characteristics of electrophotographic photoreceptors. In the case of the resin dispersion type charge generating layer, electrophotographic characteristics are maintained within a given range on an account of the presence of impurities in the organic pigment used. Therefore, organic pigments purified by general techniques or commercially available organic pigments can be used as they are. However, if such organic pigments are employed as a source of evaporation in the formation of a deposited charge generating layer, electrophotographic characteristics of the resulting electrophotographic photoreceptor vary to a large extent and are deteriorated. While it is thus highly necessary to control impurities in the organic pigments for use as an evaporation source, the impurity control alone is not sufficient for assuring stable electrophotographic characteristics.

Electrophotographic photoreceptor and process for producing the same


Various embodiments of a composite material are provided. In one embodiment of the present invention a nanometer-scale composite material comprises, by volume, from about 1% to about 99% variable-conductivity material and from about 99% to about 1% conductive material. The composite material exhibits memristive properties when a voltage differential is applied to the nanocomposite. In another embodiment, a variable resistor device includes a first electrode terminal and a second electrode terminal and a nanocomposite in electrical communication with the electrode terminals. The composite material comprises, by volume, from about 1% to about 99% variable-conductivity material and from about 99% to about 1% conductive material. The memristor is tunable as the minimum instantaneous resistance can be altered several orders of magnitude by varying the composition and ratio of the variable-conductivity material and conductive material constituents of the composites.

A type of variable resistor device commonly referred to as a "memristor" is a passive two-terminal circuit element in which its resistive state depends upon the voltage or current history of the element. More specifically, the resistive state is characterized by the relationship between the charge and flux. The resistance may vary continuously, or it may change discontinuously between distinct, non-volatile resistance states in resistively switched devices. Memristors retain their resistive states even when no potential is applied across them. They provide opportunity for improved solutions for high-density and energy efficient non-volatile data storage.
Memristors can behave as a digital as well as analogdevice, and therefore, they are not only feasible for performing storage operations but they can also serve as components of analog computer architectures such as artificial neural networks (ANNs), which can out-perform von Neumann architectures in many computational tasks. The use of memristors in ANNs is desirable because such components may facilitate the conversion of software-based ANN implementations to entirely hardware-based platforms which are faster, more efficient and easier to manufacture. Nevertheless, the use of memristors in many practical implementations is prohibited because macroscale and high-power memristor devices have not been achievable.
Nanometer-scale memristive devices can be used in many integrated microelectronics applications, however, they have a low current density tolerance and thus their use in high-power system applications is limited. The most widely investigated and successfully demonstrated class of materials for memristive phenomena are metal-oxides. In memristive metal-oxide devices, ionic defects migrate under the influence of an applied electric field and vary in density throughout the volume of the metal oxide. Variable resistance arises when the defect mobility is high enough to cause defect density gradients across the metal-oxide structure within practical time parameters. Since there is a limited ion migration path length in memristive metal oxides, many of these oxides used for state of the art memristors do not exhibit the same properties at a macroscopic scale, and therefore, macroscale memristive devices have not been achievable. Thus, there is a need for memristive materials and devices for broader application.

Nanocomposite material, tunable resistor device, and method


An automatic test equipment (ATE) unit, which incorporates a mass interconnect system. The mass interconnect system is provided with a universal mounting table for use with receiver and test interface modules for electronically mounting and testing a variety of different types of electronic components or unit under test thereon. The mounting table test interface module incorporates MEMS based spring contacts to provide high-speed micro test-channels in order to establish signal connectivity between the components or unit under test and the tester, and which maintain the signal integrity up to 50 GHz without significant signal loss distortion.

Currently almost 100% of all electronic components are tested prior to assembly onto circuit boards. Such testing is highly desirable as in circuit board assembly processes up to 80,000 components may be used in each assembly line per minute. If a single component is defective, it is typically more cost effective to scrap the entire finished circuit board, rather than identify and repair any manufacturing defects.
As the speed of electronic circuitry manufacture has increased, various manufacturers have developed automatic test equipment to test and validate individual components. Conventional automatic test equipment typically includes a master controller which is electronically coupled to a signal simulator, sensing card or the like by way of a connector interface and mass interconnect system. The mass interconnect system is provided with a mounting table used to position and electronically couple a component device or unit under test to the simulator during testing. A robot handler physically positions the component device or unit under test to be tested within the automatic test equipment. Conventional automatic test equipment used to test individual components however, currently experience difficulties keeping pace with faster assembly speeds. In particular, conventional automatic test equipment (ATE) is limited to less than 12 GHz, and most typically operates at about 4 GHz.
Various manufactures have proposed automatic test systems which operate to test components at speeds as high as 77 GHz. However, major constraints exist with adopting higher processing speeds, as a result of limitations on current mass interconnect system mounting tables. At frequencies above a few gigahertz, testing integrated circuits becomes a challenging task. In particular, signal integrity degradation due to parasitic effects of interconnects and electromagnetic coupling undermines the test results at high speeds.
Conventional automatic test equipment incorporate a device interface unit to perform tests on integrated circuits. The device interface unit provides temporary electrical connections between the component or unit under test and the measurement instruments within the ATE. The device interface unit also provides space for unit under test-specific local circuits, such as buffer amplifiers and load circuits. The applicant has appreciated that it is highly desirable to reduce the physical distance between the unit under test and the testing circuitry of the ATE to lower transmission line effects and the electromagnetic coupling. One traditional approach is to locate the mounting table pin electronics of the automatic test equipment as close as possible to the unit under test pins. However, in practice general purpose pin electronics are designed to meet a variety of requirements to cover different test scenarios. As a result, general purpose pin electronics are commonly bulky and cannot be readily integrated and positioned adjacent to the unit under test pins. Furthermore, conventional mounting tables consume considerable amounts of power, and in some cases require liquid cooling systems to avoid overheating and maintain desired temperature. Heretofore, the problem of physical separation between unit under test and pin electronics has not been decisively solved. As a result, heretofore in the state of the art automated test equipment (ATE), this distance still may exceed several inches.
To reduce the length of transmission distance between the automated test equipment and unit under test, various techniques have been considered. In certain applications, test head circuitry may be removed from the mass interconnect assembly and located remotely in an attached mainframe chassis. In such constructions, comparators, programmable loads, drivers and switching circuits are typically left in the test head. The circuits are then integrated on a low power monolithic circuit to facilitate packaging and reduce cooling requirements. Although designing a pin electronics board in such a manner reduces the total length between the unit under test outputs and comparators inputs to approximately 2 to 3 inches for a conventionally packaged VLSI device, a 2 to 3 inch gap may still undermine signal integrity when frequencies exceed a few gigahertz.
Alternately, general purpose pin electronics may be replaced with device specific receivers. By restricting the pin electronics architecture to only a single device, the power and area overhead are reduced. Transceivers may then be fabricated and mounted on the unit under test interface board to serve as a local test interface. While such changes allow the characteristics of the inputs and outputs of the test system to be matched to the component or unit under test I/O pad and reduce both the effects of signal reflection as well as the distance between the device under test and pin electronics, such approach restricts the flexibility of the general purpose pin electronics architecture.
The applicant has appreciated that with the transient frequency of available complimentary-symmetry metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technologies exceeding 200 GHz, the architecture of the conventional testers needs to be greatly improved to maintain acceptable testing speeds. High-speed test signals experience a broad range of nonlinearities associated with the signal paths. It has been recognized that when the frequency of interaction between the unit under test and the automatic test equipment approaches the gigahertz range, the effects of transmission lines become a critical issue requiring matching impedances to minimize signal reflection and enhance the performance parameters of test channels. Moreover, AC resistance due to the skin effect and electromagnetic coupling caused by radiation become significant, degrading the signal integrity. These undesired effects eventually undermine the timing measurement accuracy and the test results.

Apparatus for the automated testing and validation of electronic components


This invention is a method for deinking wastepaper by disintegrating the waste paper in an carbonate aqueous solution containing sodium sulfite and sodium carbonate to produce a fibrous slurry having a pH of at least 7.5, separating the ink from the fibers and removing the ink from the slurry. A composition useful for deinking fiber consists of a relative proportion of sodium sulfite to sodium carbonate between about 95:5 and about 50:50, and a surfactant.

The invention relates to a method for deinking printed wastepaper, and the use of a deinking agent, to produce a recycled pulp that can be processed into paper products.
Wastepaper has long served as a source of raw material for use in papermaking, but typically, recycled wastepaper is used for making low grade paper and paperboard products. Today, as consumers have become more ecologically conscious, the demand for recycled content in higher-quality paper has increased. Because of its quantity, waste newsprint is a particularly important feedstock. It is necessary to remove the ink from these printed wastepapers so that it can be used in high quality products.
In a conventional wastepaper reclamation process, deinking methods include disintegrating the wastepaper, or "furnish", into a pulp or slurry in an aqueous alkaline deinking solution containing deinking agents, washing and then bleaching the pulp. Physical agitation of the paper fibers causes some ink separation. Caustic soda is usually used to provide the alkalinity needed to promote fiber swelling that results in the remaining ink to separate from the paper fibers. Surfactant is added to prevent the ink from reattaching to the fibers. The surfactant also acts as a foaming agent to carry off the ink when the fibers are washed in flotation cells. Hydrogen peroxide or other bleaching agents are added to whiten and brighten the pulp to the appropriate end-use requirements. Metal silicates are added to stabilize the bleaching agents.
The caustic soda and bleaching agents can have deleterious effects on the paper fibers. At the high pH levels needed for caustic soda to promote ink-fiber separation, the strong alkalinity can embrittle the fibers and cause alkaline darkening. Although the bleaching agents counteract the darkening, these agents can further weaken the fibers.
Therefore, there is a need for a wastepaper deinking process that reduces the amount of chemicals required, simplifies the process, and achieves brighter and more flexible fibers.

Deinking printed wastepaper using alkaline solution containing sodium sulfite and sodium carbonate


A device for automatically handling storage units includes a support frame, at least one lifting unit, a gripper device configured to grip, convey, and discharge at least one storage unit, and at least one height adjustment device to which the gripper device is connected and is configured to be moved in the inner space of the support frame therewith. A storage arrangement which is configured to be charged from below for at least one storage unit is arranged above the gripper device so that the same support frame is configured by the lifting unit to convey and to store, by the storage arrangement, at least one storage unit. A method includes automatic handling of storage units via the device.

The present disclosure relates to a device for automatically handling storage units and an operating method which is suitable therefor. The device in one embodiment is used in particular as a handling robot for standardized material cases, so-called KLT (small load carriers).
With advances in automation technology, the handling of small load carriers is taking on increasing significance. There is known a stacking/operating vehicle for charging and removing storage units, in which a first carrier device for placing at least one storage unit is connected to a first height adjustment device and a second carrier device for placing at least one storage unit is connected to a second height adjustment device and each one can be moved in the vertical direction. To this end, the storage units are movable relative to each other in the vertical direction. The carrier devices have extensible gripper devices. At least one storage unit is lifted upward by the first carrier device from a stack of storage units, for example, containers, having four side walls and a base plate which is arranged sideways outside the stacking/operating vehicle, the storage unit below—which is now the uppermost one—is removed by the second carrier device in a horizontal direction and subsequently the lifted-off storage unit is deposited by the first carrier device downward on the remaining stack. A storage action of a floor storage of storage units located outside the stacking/operating vehicle is thereby carried out.
Space cannot be saved in this arrangement. In particular, the base face of the processed storage stack is located outside the stacking/operating vehicle. Furthermore, the storage unit which is drawn off into the stacking/operating vehicle and the second transport device spatially impair additional storage actions within the stacking/operating vehicle.

Device and method for handling storage units


Compounds of formula I, wherein R1, X1, X2 and A, are as defined herein or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and afford a method for prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infections and the treatment of AIDS and/or ARC. The present invention also relates to compositions containing compounds of formula I useful for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1 infections and the treatment of AIDS and/or ARC.

The invention relates to the field of antiviral therapy and, in particular, to non-nucleoside compounds that inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase and are useful for treating Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) mediated diseases. The invention provides novel heterocyclic compounds according to formula I, for treatment or prophylaxis of HIV mediated diseases, AIDS or ARC, employing said compounds in monotherapy or in combination therapy.
The human immunodeficiency virus HIV is the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a disease characterized by the destruction of the immune system, particularly of the CD4+ T-cell, with attendant susceptibility to opportunistic infections. HIV infection is also associated with a precursor AIDS-related complex (ARC), a syndrome characterized by symptoms such as persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, fever and weight loss.
In common with other retroviruses, the HIV genome encodes protein precursors known as gag and gag-pol which are processed by the viral protease to afford the protease, reverse transcriptase (RT), endonuclease/integrase and mature structural proteins of the virus core. Interruption of this processing prevents the production of normally infectious virus. Considerable efforts have been directed towards the control of HIV by inhibition of virally encoded enzymes.
Two enzyme have been extensively studied for HIV-1 chemotherapy: HIV protease and HIV reverse transcriptase. (J. S. G. Montaner et al., Antiretroviral therapy: 'the state of the art', Biomed & Pharmacother. 1999 53:63-72; R. W. Shafer and D. A. Vuitton, Highly active retroviral therapy (HAART) for the treatment of infection with human immunodeficiency virus type, Biomed. & Pharmacother. 1999 53: 73-86; E. De Clercq, New Developments in Anti-HIV Chemotherap. Curr. Med. Chem. 2001 8:1543-1572). Two general classes of RTI inhibitors have been identified: nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Currently the CCR5 co-receptor has emerged as a potential target for anti-HIV chemotherapy (D. Chantry, Expert Opin. Emerg Drugs 2004 9(1):1-7; C. G. Barber, Curr. Opin. Invest. Drugs 2004 5(8):851-861; D. Schols, Curr. Topics Med. Chem. 2004 4(9):883-893; N. A. Meanwell and J. F. Kadow, Curr. Opin. Drug Discov. Dev. 2003 6(4):451-461). Drugs targeted at new enzymatic targets have entered the market including integrase inhibitors typified by Raltegravir (Merck) has been approved by the FDA and Elvitegravir (Gilead Sciences and Japan Tobacco) is in phase II trials. The CCR5 antagonist maraviroc (SELZENTRY™, Pfizer) has also been approved by the FDA for anti-HIV-1 therapy.
NRTIs typically are 2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside (ddN) analogs which must be phosphorylated prior to interacting with viral RT. The corresponding triphosphates function as competitive inhibitors or alternative substrates for viral RT. After incorporation into nucleic acids the nucleoside analogs terminate the chain elongation process. HIV reverse transcriptase has DNA editing capabilities which enable resistant strains to overcome the blockade by cleaving the nucleoside analog and continuing the elongation. Currently clinically used NRTIs include zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI), zalcitabine (ddC), stavudine (d4T), lamivudine (3TC) and tenofovir (PMPA).
NNRTIs were first discovered in 1989. NNRTI are allosteric inhibitors which bind reversibly at a nonsubstrate-binding site on the HIV reverse transcriptase thereby altering the shape of the active site or blocking polymerase activity (R. W. Buckheit, Jr., Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors: perspectives for novel therapeutic compounds and strategies for treatment of HIV infection, Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2001 10(8)1423-1442; E. De Clercq, The role of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in the therapy of HIV infection, Antiviral Res. 1998 38:153-179; E. De Clercq, New Developments in Anti-HIV Chemotherapy, Current Med. Chem. 2001 8(13):1543-1572; G. Moyle, The Emerging Roles of Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors in Antiviral Therapy, Drugs 2001 61 (1): 19-26). Although over thirty structural classes of NNRTIs have been identified in the laboratory, only three compounds have been approved for HIV therapy: efavirenz, nevirapine and delavirdine.
Initially viewed as a promising class of compounds, in vitro and in vivo studies quickly revealed the NNRTIs presented a low barrier to the emergence of drug resistant HIV strains and class-specific toxicity. Drug resistance frequently develops with only a single point mutation in the RT. While combination therapy with NRTIs, PIs and NNRTIs has, in many cases, dramatically lowered viral loads and slowed disease progression, significant therapeutic problems remain. (R. M. Gulick, Eur. Soc. Clin. Microbiol. and Inf. Dis. 2003 9(3): 186-193) The cocktails are not effective in all patients, potentially severe adverse reactions often occur and the rapidly reproducing HIV virus has proven adroit at creating mutant drug-resistant variants of wild type protease and reverse transcriptase. There remains a need for safer drugs with activity against wild type and commonly occurring resistant strains of HIV.
Pyridazinone non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have been described by J. P. Dunn et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,189,718 issued Mar. 13, 2007 and by J. P. Dunn et al. in U.S. Publication No. 2005021554 filed Mar. 22, 2005. 5-Aralkyl-2,4-dihydro-[1,2,4]triazol-3-one, 5-aralkyl-3H-[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-one and 5-aralkyl-3H-[1,3,4]thiadiazol-2-one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have been disclosed by J. P. Dunn et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,208,059 issued Apr. 24, 2007, U.S. Patent Publication 20060225874 published Oct. 5, 2006 and U.S. Publication No. 20060025462 filed Jun. 27, 2005. Related compounds are disclosed by Y. D. Saito et al. in U.S. Publication No. 20070078128 published Apr. 5, 2007. Phenylacetamide non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors have been disclosed by J. P. Dunn et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 7,166,738 issued Jan. 23, 2007 and methods for treating retroviral infection with phenylacetamide compounds have been disclosed by J. P. Dunn et al. in U.S. Publication No. 20050239880 published Oct. 27, 2005; T. Mirzadegan and T. Silva in U.S. Publication No. 20070088053 published Apr. 19, 2007; and by Z. K. Sweeney and T. Silva in U.S. Publication No. 20070088015 published Apr. 19, 2007. These applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
In WO2006/067587 published Jun. 26, 2006, L. H. Jones et al. disclose phenoxyacetamide derivatives and compositions containing them which bind HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and are modulators, especially inhibitors, thereof. K. R. Romines et al (J. Med. Chem. 2006 49(2):727-739) and P. Bonneau et al. (U.S. Publication No. 20060069261 published Mar. 30, 2006) describe phenoxyacetamides that inhibit HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. In U.S. Patent Publication 2007/0021442 published Jan. 25, 2007, S. A. Saggar et al. disclose diphenyl ether HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors.


An electronic device includes a secure element in which at least one application package is installed and a processor for communicating with the secure element. The secure element further stores a list with which a part or all of identification information of the at least one application package is registered. The processor controls the secure element such that an application package indicated by the identification information registered with the list is uninstalled, in response to a specified event. Various other embodiments recognized from the specification are also possible.

For a mobile payment transaction using an electronic device, the electronic device may store very sensitive, private information, for example, card information of a user. Thus, a secure element to which a higher security policy that a general memory is applied may be loaded into the electronic device
The secure element may be managed based on communication with a remote entity such as a trusted service manager (TSM) for secure data management. The secure element and the TSM may perform predetermined encryption communication using an encryption key shared in advance. Various data and information stored in the secure element may be added, removed, or modify based on the encryption communication.

Secure element management and electronic device performing same and installation package


A transparent sheet having a heat-transferred image thereon, characterized in that the transparent sheet per se consists of a thermoplastic resin having a norbornene skeleton and the image is composed of a toner adhered to the sheet by heat-transfer. The toner is adhered directly to the sheet through no adhesive. The transparent sheet is suitable for uses in conventional black-and-white and color copying machines, overhead projectors and the like.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a transparent sheet having a heat-transferred image thereon which is suitable to use in an overhead projector (referred to hereinafter as OHP) in which copying is effected by a heat transfer system printer.
2. Prior Art
In general, a transparent sheet for forming an image thereon by a heat transfer system and for use in the OHP is a stretched polyester sheet, the surface of which has been subjected to antistatic treatment or treatment for improving the toner-adherability, and images such as letters, figures, patterns and the like are copied on the sheet by means of a copying machine, and the sheet having images thus formed is used in the OHP.
In a copying machine, information is transferred with a molten toner onto a transparent sheet, so that the sheet curls or wrinkles in some cases. Also, when the toner does not sufficiently adhere to the sheet, the sheet is smudged and the information cannot exactly be transferred. With a conventional polyester sheet, a rubber-based adhesive layer, an acrylic resin adhesive layer or the like is coated on the sheet in order to improve the toner-adherability. However, even if such a treatment is applied to the sheet, the thus treated sheet is not necessarily sufficient in toner-adherability. Such adhesive layers impair the transparency of sheets for the OHP, and the sheet having coated thereon the adhesive layer has an disadvantage that when such sheets are subjected to the OHP the resulting screen becomes cloudy and indistinct.
Recently, use of color copies has been started, and in a color copying machine, three-color toners are successively fed onto a transparent sheet to form a color image at a temperature higher than in a black-and-white copying machine, so that the time for which the sheet is kept at such higher temperatures becomes longer. Under such high temperature conditions, conventional stretched polyester sheets become shrunk or softened, and hence, it has more often been caused than in the black-and-white copying that the sheet wrinkles or changes in dimension.
The transparent sheet on which an image has been copied in such a manner is subjected to the OHP to project the image on a screen; however, if the sheet is curled by heat during the copying the end portions of images are faded and the resulting images become indistinct. Also, owing to insufficient toner-adherability, the necessary images become indistinct or the toners are stripped off from the sheet during the repeated use thereof.
In recent years, use of the OHP has been more general than use of a slide in disclosure in academic society meetings and lecture meetings or representation by salesmen. For this purpose, sheets for the OHP are often carried and it has been strongly desired that the sheets are lighter. For lightening, it is necessary to make the specific weight of material for the transparent sheet smaller and make the sheet thinner. However, when a sheet having insufficient heat resistance is made thinner, the resulting thinner sheet has a tendency that the sheet wrinkles deeply during copying and the copying machine is jammed by the sheet.
In order to make the representation more beautiful, there is a strong desire of coloring sheets for the OHP. For this coloration, the sheet materials are required to have excellent compatibility with various dyestuffs, and the transparent sheets per se are required to be excellent in transparency because the coloration adversely affects the light transmissibility of the transparent sheets. Conventional polyester sheets are not always satisfactory in transparency, and cannot be said to be suitable for distinct coloration, resulting in a cloudy screen.
Other uses of the transparent sheets include celluloid pictures for animation. In the conventional celluloid pictures for animation, a triacetyl cellulose (referred to hereinafter as TAC) film is used as a transparent sheet, and the celluloid pictures are prepared by copying the original picture thereon through a carbon paper and coloring the copied picture. Usually, several celluloid picture sheets are used in pile, and therefore, excellent transparency is strongly required. Hence, the TAC film has been used. However, the TAC film is inferior in heat resistance and has been unable to be subjected to copying by a heat transfer system, and therefore, a copy has been made thereon through a carbon paper. In this case, however, the copied image has been uneven and tended to be smudged, and therefore, amendment and correction of the image have been necessary. For simplifying the amendment and correction step, a transparent sheet on which a copy can be made by a heat transfer system has been desired. Conventional polyester sheets are not so sufficient in transparency as to be used to make a celluloid picture for animation, and when several sheets thereof are put one on another the resulting screen is cloudy and no clear image can be obtained. Thus, the conventional polyester sheets cannot be used as sheets for making a celluloid picture.

Transparent sheet having heat-transferred image thereon


An AMOLED panel includes an AMOLED pixel unit, a scan driving unit and a data driving unit. The scan driving unit is coupled to the AMOLED pixel unit. The data driving unit is coupled to the AMOLED pixel unit and a voltage source. The data driving unit comprises a reference current source circuit, (N+1) mirror output circuits and (N+1) switch elements. The reference current source circuit is for providing a reference current. (N+1) mirror output circuits are coupled to the reference current source circuits for outputting (N+1) corresponding data currents to the AMOLED pixel unit, wherein N is a positive integer. The m-th data current of the (N+1) data currents is 2m times of the reference current, and m is an integer 0˜N. The switch elements are disposed in correspondence with the mirror output circuits for controlling the data currents to be outputted to the AMOLED pixel unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in general to an active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) panel, and more particularly to an AMOLED panel driven by a large current.
2. Description of the Related Art
Normally, in an AMOLED display, images are displayed by a large number of pixels on the AMOLED panel. Each pixel of the AMOLED panel is controlled according to a data signal so as to display the required luminance.
Referring to FIG. 1, a circuit diagram of a conventional AMOLED panel is shown. In an AMOLED panel 10, during a writing time period, a scan signal Scan outputted by a scan driving unit 14 turns on transistors T1 and T2 in the AMOLED pixel unit 11. Due to a current IData of the data driving unit 12, the same current IData is generated on the transistor T3. Owing that the transistors T3 and T4 form a current mirror structure, the transistor T4 generates a current IOLED proportional to the current IData. The transistor T4 outputs the current IOLED to a light emitting diode 16 to display the corresponding luminance. At the same time, the capacitor C is also charged to a corresponding voltage level.
Afterward, in a display time period, the scan signal Scan turns off the transistor T1 and T2 to electrically isolate the transistor T4 from the data driving unit 12. The voltage difference between the source and gate of the transistor T4 can be stabilized at the corresponding voltage level by the capacitor C. Therefore, the current IOLED can be maintained at a certain value stably. However, the above data driving unit 12 can provide only a limited current IData. If a larger current is to be required, the area of the data driving unit 12 has to be increased, thereby improving production cost.

Active matrix organic light emitting diode panel


A bed of particulate solids including some hydrated materials can be converted by controlled irradiation with subinfrared electromagnetic radiation into a unitary porous solid that is mechanically strong enough for easy handling. When the particulate solids include typical acid to alkaline cleaner materials, a block or tablet especially suitable for automatic cleaning machinery, with a very fast dissolution rate in water, can readily be obtained.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a process for consolidating beds of particulate solids that include some water into unitary porous solids. The invention also relates to various useful cleaning products, especially to textile, dishwashing, and surface care cleaning products in porous solid form, which can be made by the process. Still another aspect of the invention relates to using the novel solid detergents, cleaners, soaps and surface care products.
A product according to this invention is a "macrosolid", i.e., it is a unitary solid three dimensional object that is (i) capable, at a minimum, of retaining a definite shape and size under the influence of the normal ambient gravitational field at the surface of the earth and of being moved as a unit by forces exerted at only one end or edge thereof and (ii) sufficiently large to include within itself at least one hypothetical cube having a length of 2.5 millimeters (hereinafter often abbreviated "mm") on each edge. Preferably, with increasing preference in the order given, a macrosolid product according to the invention is sufficiently large to include within a single product a hypothetical cube having a length of 5, 6.5, 8.2, 10.0, 12.1, or 13.0 mm on each edge. A macrosolid thus contrasts with a conventional granular or powdered solid material, in which each unitary particle is normally no more than 2.2 mm in at least one of its three principal geometric dimensions. (Granular or powdered solid cleaners are often preferred for domestic use, where the amount of cleaning power required often is highly variable from one use of the cleaner to the next. However, granular or powdered cleaners require the performance of a separate volume or mass measuring step in order to give reproducible results and efficient use of the cleaner. Therefore, under industrial or other conditions where the amount of cleaning power needed from one use of a cleaner to the next is fairly constant, and/or the value of time saved is more economically important than the possible waste of small amounts of cleaner, macrosolid cleaners are generally preferred, because a worker can quickly select and use some small integral number, usually one, of the macrosolid cleaners for each instance of use, without the need for any more time-consuming measurement step.)
The units of the macrosolid cleaner according to this invention are commonly called "tablets" or "blocks", and these terms are used herein for convenience in description but are not to be understood in and of themselves to imply anything about the content, strength, or application of the particular formulation. Smaller macrosolids on the order of 10 to 50 grams in mass are generally referred to as "tablets" because such relatively small macrosolids often are cylinders with a height substantially less than the diameter, while larger macrosolids with masses on the order of 100 grams (hereinafter often abbreviated "g") to several kilograms (hereinafter often abbreviated "kg") are generally referred to as "blocks". Unless explicitly further qualified, however, neither "tablet" or "block" should be understood herein as having any quantitative implications.
2. Discussion of Related Art
Acidic to strongly alkaline cleaners and detergents find wide application in the form of powders, granulates, tablets, pastes, and blocks. Tablets and blocks in the prior art have generally been made by pressing of powdered solids or of paste-like slurries of such solids, or by molding of molten constituents or of slurries of partially solid constituents in some liquid that readily fills a mold. Many prior art processes for the production of solid cleaning products or molded cleaners, for example, require heating and mixing of the raw materials and/or aqueous solutions in order to insure homogeneity in the final product. In addition, thickening, pouring, and cooling of the heated mixtures either alone or with the use of molds or forms may also be required.
Most conventional prior art techniques for the production of tablets or molded cleaners suffer from the disadvantage that they require the addition of certain additional auxiliaries, such as tabletting aids, which must be added to the cleaning-effective raw materials. These aids are required in order to stabilize the active ingredients to form a slurry or paste mixture for further processing such as melting, pouring or being pressed into the final desired product form. Such auxiliaries add no cleaning power or other desired properties to the final product, but yet are often required to enable raw materials to be conveniently pumped or otherwise conveyed within a process, or to facilitate heat transfer where raw materials exhibit different degrees of heat stability. The use of such auxiliaries may also contribute to delivery and dissolving problems. The use of tabletting aids also is disadvantageous because it increases both raw materials and manufacturing costs.

Process for consolidating particulate solids