A method is disclosed for implementing trust Internet of Things (IoT) services in an IoT device and a user device. The IoT device receives from the user device an authentication request comprising a hash value, first encrypted information and second encrypted information, where the IoT device determines whether the user device is successfully authenticated based on determining the user device public key and confirming that the user device public key exists in a list of access permitted user devices of the IoT device.

At present, with developments of IoT technologies, more and more IoT devices are put into use. These IoT devices are usually provided by different device providers and use different product specifications. Identifier formats, physical connection manners or communication protocols, and data formats of these IoT devices may not be uniform, making it difficult to interconnect the IoT devices from different providers.
In order to manage these IoT devices, each device provider needs to provide a centralized control center to manage corresponding IoT devices provided by the device provider. Such dispersive control centers require relatively high construction costs.
On the other hand, with more and more IoT devices being interconnected, the accompanying security issues are increasingly prominent. For example, in July 2015, Fiat Chrysler U.S. announced to recall 1.4 million cars equipped with Uconnect on-board systems because hackers can use remote software to send commands to the on-board systems to perform various operations such as slowing down, turning off the engine, and disabling the brake, etc., which would seriously affect safety of vehicle drivers and passengers.
In addition, in case that the IoT devices provided by respective device providers are independently managed by respective control centers, the control centers have absolute control over the data of the IoT devices such that when the IoT devices provided by different providers interact, it may not ensure the obtained data having not been tampered with.

Methods, application server, IoT device and media for implementing IoT services


A method and apparatus for removing dental posts by inserting and rotating an extraction drill. It is particularly useful for hollow dental posts having left-handed helical grooves on the post's external surface.

Dental posts are known having a head portion to allow the building of a tooth prosthesis thereon and are typically implanted in the root canal with the intent that they remain there for the life of the patient. Several types of posts are known to deal with the anomalies that are found in various teeth. One type, e.g. U.S. Pat. 3,919,774, employs an external screw thread to allow the post to cut a groove into the walls of the previously prepared open root canal. Others, e.g., U.S. Pat. 4,729,736, employ a helically grooved external surface which act as flute lines for escape of air and which, together with other structures, engage an adhesive inserted into the root canal thereby making the loosening of the dental post under the extreme stress of chewing less likely.
It has also been known to have to remove dental posts from a root canal. This has typically been necessary whenever an infection occurs along the previously cleaned root canal or where there has been post breakage, typically of the head portion. This presents a very difficult problem since the post is designed to remain and not to be removed. Typically the endodontist has to drill a bore having a diameter greater than that of the post thereby destroying the post. This is difficult because of the hardened materials (usually stainless steel or titanium) of which the post is made and may require grinding the post and greatly enlarging the root canal opening in the process. Such enlarging is done at the expense of the material forming the side wall of the tooth and results in the weakening of the tooth due to the future insertion of a dental post in the same root canal.


The invention provides a novel method for producing compounds of the formula I: ##STR1## wherein X and R are defined in the specifications. The invention also provides a method for making intermediates useful to produce the compounds of formula I. Utilizing a common intermediate, the novel method efficiently produces compounds of the formula I.

Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a novel method for producing [4S-(4alpha,12aalpha)]-4-(dimethylamino)-7-(substituted)-9-[[(substituted amino)substituted]amino]-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,10,12,12a-tetrah ydroxy-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamides, herein after called 7-(substituted)-9-[(substituted glycyl)amido]-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracyclines, which are useful as antibiotic agents.
The invention also relates to making novel, straight or branched 9-[(haloacyl)amido]-7-(substituted)-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetracycline intermediates, which are useful for making the novel compounds of the present invention.

Method of producing 7-(substituted)-9-[(substituted glycyl)-amidol]-6-demethyl-6-deoxytetra-cyclines


An actuating device for exerting a force that causes two components arranged to be rotatable relative to each other about an axis of rotation to be urged axially away from each other comprising a radial support element forming a first hydraulic pressure chamber and a second hydraulic pressure chamber, each of the pressure chambers surrounding the axis of rotation and the first pressure chamber being in fluid connection with the second pressure chamber. The actuating device further comprises a first piston axially supported on the first component for sealing the first pressure chamber in an axially displaceable way and a second piston axially supported on the second component for sealing the second pressure chamber in an axially displaceable way.

In a drive train of a motor vehicle, a friction disc clutch is used between a drive motor and a transmission. The friction disc clutch in general comprises at least one friction disc and a pressure plate. The friction disc and the pressure plate are both arranged to rotate about a common axis of rotation. The friction disc is connected to the drive motor in a force-locking way and the pressure plate is connected to the transmission in a force-locking way. A reverse arrangement is likewise possible. When an axial force is applied to press the friction disc axially against the pressure plate, a transmission of power is established between the drive motor and the transmission due to a friction-fitting connection by the clutch.


This disclosure is related to a non-electronic pressure control system for a pressurized system that receives fluid from a fluid supply. The pressure control system includes a control module, an actuator and a flow control device. The control module monitors the pressure of fluid either upstream or downstream of the flow control device. The control module can send a pneumatic signal to the actuator to open or close the flow control device responsive to the pressure monitored by the control module and the pressure required for the pressurized system.

Current methods of pressure relief use conventional relief valves, buckling pins, and rupture discs for pressure safety relief. Such relief devices are mainly based on material failure devices to relieve pressure, but are limited in functionality due to the unsatisfactory flow characteristics (as in the case of the conventional spring relief device) of the devices and the difficulty in prediction of material failure from lot to lot of material (buckling pin, rupture discs). Typically, these devices must be oversized for a given flow rate due to the flow characteristics of the internal flow passages.
Accordingly, there is need for a pressure control system that can sense operating pressures and can automatically open and close a flow control device to prevent over pressure situations.

Pressure control system for relief and shutdown of flow


A brake hydraulic pressure detector includes a bridge circuit made up of a semiconductor sensor which generates a detection voltage in accordance with hydraulic pressure and resistors for setting the detection voltage during nonbraking to a nonzero predetermined voltage, an adder circuit for amplifying and generating the detection voltage from the bridge circuit by a predetermined gain, and an output circuit. Here, if the sensitivity of an output voltage with respect to the hydraulic pressure varies, i.e., if the gain varies for some reason, the output voltage during nonbraking also changes because the offset voltage is set to a nonzero voltage. Thus, abnormality in the sensitivity of the brake hydraulic pressure detector can be detected by monitoring the output voltage during nonbraking.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sensor device which includes a bridge circuit made up of detection elements whose resistance values change in accordance with external forces and converts changes in the resistance values to electrical signals, and a method for adjusting such sensor devices.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventionally, one well-known device of this type is a sensor device which uses a pressure detection unit that includes a Wheatstone bridge formed with piezoresistance elements whose resistances change in accordance with an external force.
This device generates a detection signal detected by the bridge circuit after amplifying the same signal using an amplifier so that the output signal is at a signal level at which it can be used by a controller that performs control using the output signal of this device and this device has a predetermined sensitivity in correspondence with the external force.
Also, if the gain of the amplifier fluctuates for some reason, because such fluctuation adversely affects controllability, that is, excessive sensitivity results in over-sensitive control and conversely, insufficient sensitivity results in slower control and the like, there is a need to check for such abnormal sensitivity. This is done, for example, by providing a determination circuit which determines an abnormality when the output voltage from the sensor device exceeds an upper limit of the signal level that can be handled by the controller.
However, in such controller equipped with a determination circuit, there is a problem of being able to perform abnormality detection only when the gain increases resulting in an over-sensitive device and not when sensitivity deteriorates.
Moreover, in order to perform detection of deteriorating sensitivities, there are known devices, for detecting abnormality, having sensor units are doubled and the like so that pressure is detected using a plurality of systems with abnormality detection being performed by comparing the outputs of the sensor units. However, in this case, the increased size of such devices poses a problem.

Sensor device with a self adjustor for eliminating abnormal sensitivity


The invention relates to a switching device for a hydraulic high-pressure system, particularly for operating hydraulic screw-tightening devices, comprising: a directional seat valve (17), which is subjected to the action of high pressure in the closing direction; a control piston (22), which can be subjected to the action of low pressure and which displaces the directional seat valve in the opening direction, and, a control valve (23), which either establishes or interrupts a connection to a pressureless low-pressure return flow line.

The invention relates to the use of a switching device for a hydraulic high-pressure system for the operation of hydraulic screw-tensioning appliances.
Hydraulic high-pressure systems are employed for various purposes in many sectors of industry. One field of use is the operation of various tools. These tools should be as small and as handy as possible and be capable of applying very high forces. Examples of tools of this type are hydraulic screw-tensioning appliances. On account of the small construction volume which is desired, it is necessary for the pressure selected in a high-pressure system to be correspondingly high in order to achieve the required forces. The pumps used for this purpose deliver pressures of between 700 and 3000 bar. Valves available hitherto on the market for the control of pressures of more than 1000 bar are designed as hand-operated shut-off valves, whereas, for pressures of up to 1000 bar, directional seat valves actuated directly by means of electromagnetics are known.
As the designation indicates, hand-operated shut-off valves cannot be controlled remotely, while, because of the high forces required for opening or closing, the directly actuated solenoid valves have a very large and heavy build, but are still unsuitable for a pressure of more than 1000 bar.

Switching device for a hydraulic high-pressure system


A gas humidifying device for use with a fuel cell in which water permeable membranes are provided with fuel gas passages and oxygen-containing gas passages formed on one side of the water permeable membranes, and wherein humidifying water passages are formed on the other side thereof. Medium supply passages are provided independently from, yet in proximity to the water passages, for supplying a medium having a melting point lower than that of water. Accordingly, a melting operation for melting the water in the interior of the humidifier can be easily and swiftly carried out, while the device remains simple in structure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a gas humidifying device for humidifying gases which are supplied to a fuel cell in which an anode electrode and a cathode electrode are disposed in facing relation to each other with an electrolyte membrane interposed therebetween.
2. Description of the Related Art
There have been developed fuel cells comprising, for example, a plurality of stacked fuel cell units each having an anode and a cathode provided in opposing relation with an ion exchange membrane sandwiched therebetween, the fuel cell units further being interposed between separators. Such fuel cells are being put to practical use in a variety of applications.
Such types of fuel cells, for example, are structured such that a hydrogen gas (i.e. a fuel gas) which is generated by methanol vapor reforming is supplied to an anode electrode, and an oxygen-containing gas (air) is supplied to a cathode electrode, whereby the hydrogen gas becomes ionized and flows through a solid polymer electrolyte membrane, thereby generating electrical energy out of the fuel cell.
In this case, in order that efficient generation of electrical power from the fuel cell can be exhibited, it is necessary to maintain the solid polymer electrolyte membrane in an optimal humidified state. For this purpose, it has been known to provide a humidifying device for humidifying in advance by water the fuel and oxygen-containing gases, and by constructing the humidifying device and fuel cell to be connected to each other, humidified fuel and oxygen-containing gases are supplied to the fuel cell unit.
However, with a humidifying device as described above, especially when used in regions having particularly cold climates, it is often the case that the water which is used for humidification tends to become frozen. Due to this problem, before initiating operation of the fuel cell, it is necessary to perform a melting operation on the water contained in the interior of the humidifying device, and such an operation is both troublesome and time consuming.
The present invention has the object of addressing and solving the aforementioned problems, wherein a melting operation for water inside a humidifying device can be easily and swiftly carried out, yet while offering a humidifying device for humidifying gases in a fuel cell having a simplified structure.
In order to address these problems, it is an object of the present invention to provide a humidifying device for humidifying gases in a fuel cell, in which a gas supply passage is formed on one side surface of a water permeable element, a humidifying water passage is formed on the other side surface of the water permeable element, and a medium flow passage is disposed in proximity to the humidifying water passage. In addition, the fuel and oxygen-containing gases are supplied to respective gas supply passages, whereas water is supplied to the humidifying water passage, and such water permeates the water permeable element, so that the gases in the gas supply passages are effectively humidified.
When water becomes frozen in the water supply passage, because a medium having a melting point lower than that of water is supplied to the medium flow path which is disposed in proximity to the humidifying water passage, heat exchange occurs between the water and the medium, and the water can be easily and reliably melted. Notwithstanding, not only is such a medium flow passage provided, but also the overall structure of the humidifying device can be effectively simplified.
For this purpose, a heating means is disposed in a circulatory route for circulating the medium to the medium supply passage. Accordingly, because the medium is heated by the heating means, a melting operation on the water can be even more swiftly and reliably accomplished.
Further, a first circulatory path for supplying the medium to a cooling passage in the interior of the fuel cell, and a second circulatory path for circulating the medium to the medium passage in the interior of the humidifying means are provided, wherein when water becomes frozen inside the humidifying means, the medium is supplied to the second circulatory path via a switching valve means. As a result, the structure of the humidifying means is simplified.
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which preferred embodiments of the present invention are shown by way of illustrative examples.

Gas humidifying device for use with a fuel cell


Systems and methods for improved security in handset reprogramming are provided that prevent a handset from being reprogrammed in the field without authorization from carrier. When a handset receives a reprogramming request, or detects a reprogramming attempt, the handset contacts the carrier for authorization to be reprogrammed. The network can provide the authorization, deny the authorization, require additional information from the reprogramming device, or contact the reprogramming device directly to authorize the reprogramming. Additionally, the carrier may provide the handset and the reprogramming device each with a private key that can be converted by each device and then compared by the handset to determine if the reprogramming device is authorized.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to the field of wireless communications and more particularly relates to security systems for reprovisioning and reprogramming a wireless communication device.
2. Related Art
Wireless communication devices, which include any type of device that communication over a wireless communication network, are programmed and provisioned when they are manufactured. Alternatively, they may be programmed and provisioned when they are activated by a retailer or network access provider such as Sprint, Verizon, AT&T Mobile, and others. The programming and provisioning (referred to herein collectively as "programming") of a wireless communication device (also referred to herein as a "wireless device" "handset" or "mobile device") provides the handset with its mobile identification number ("MIN")—also called its telephone number, and other operating parameters, network parameters, and application software. These items are placed in persistent memory on the handset where they cannot be modified or deleted.
Typically, handsets are programmed by the carrier or service provider when the handset is activated. In conventional handsets, after this programming takes place, a lock code (also referred to herein as an "access code") is also placed in persistent memory on the handset. Thereafter, any future programming attempts must first provide the access code before the handset will allow its persistent memory to be modified, a process that known as reprovisioning or reprogramming (referred to herein collectively as "reprogramming").
This type of conventional security for reprogramming handsets faces many challenges. Application utilities and tools have been developed by grey market and black market interests that are able to reveal the access code of a handset so that the handset can then be reprogrammed. Often times, reprogrammed phones are then sold as grey market goods to unsuspecting consumers. Additionally, these illicitly reprogrammed phones are also sold on the black market, where their use confounds legal customers by jamming the network with unpaid for traffic.
Therefore, what is needed is a system and method that provides additional security in handsets against unauthorized reprogramming without hindering authorized reprogramming.

System and method for improved security in handset reprovisioning and reprogramming


A compressible keyboard utilizing flexible key skirts is disclosed to provide portable electronic devices, such as notebook computers with the capability of a full-size or nearly full-size keyboard allowing greater flexibility and easier input for the user without compromising the format. In specific embodiments, the present invention provides laptops, notebooks and sub-notebooks with increased size keyboards which approximate the size of a typical desktop computer keyboard when in use, but when in a non-use configuration smaller dimensions conforming to conventional form factors for these devices.

Portable personal computers have developed from early luggable "suit case" designs, through the smaller "laptop" design, and now, with the aid of increasingly smaller packaging to "notebook," "sub-notebook" and personal digital assistants (PDAs) such as pen computers. While early portables were bulky and inefficient, laptops, notebooks and personal digital assistants have considerably improved the state-of-the-art by providing a battery supply, light weight circuitry and computer storage devices in a compact housing that can easily be carried by the user. As development of portable personal computers has advanced, substantially the full function of a more conventional desktop machine has been retained in the larger model such as the notebooks, while the subnotebooks typically lack floppy disk drives and the PDAs also typically lack keyboards due to their small size.
A "notebook" personal computer is about the size of a conventional loose leaf binder holding letter size paper, and typically weighs about 5-8 pounds. PDAs typically are too small to incorporate a keyboard and therefore often use a pen as the main interface for input. PDAs may weigh less than one pound to about 3 pounds with a screen size of about 5 by 7 inches or smaller. Those portable computers having size, weight and performance lying between the notebook and PDA are typically referred to as subnotebooks. In many portable notebook computer models, a keyboard compartment is hinged to a display screen compartment in such a manner that it is possible to fold the display screen compartment down against the keyboard compartment and to latch the two together. PDAs typically are a single enclosure with a screen on the top surface.
A limitation on the reduction in the size of personal computers has been the desire of users for a keyboard at least approximating those known and used with desktop and floor standing machines. Such conventional keyboards typically have an elongated rectangular form with alphanumeric keys arrayed in rows and staggered columns and with special function keys appropriate to the personal computer arrayed around the alphanumeric keys in a standard array. Such keyboards may have varying numbers and arrangements of keys, and several such arrangements have become more or less conventional and known by the number of keys provided. As efforts have been expended toward reducing the physical size of portable personal computers, some designers have chosen to reduce the size of the keys and thus the keyboards, while others have chosen to eliminate or combine certain functions provided in more conventional keyboards. Such efforts have succeeded to the point that notebook portable personal computers have had some success in the marketplace, however users of such computers often have complaints about key size and keyboard arrangement as compared with more conventional keyboards used with desktop machines. Restraints on key size and arrangement have effectively imposed a lower size limitation on keyboard length and width of about the size of a sheet of correspondence stationery. Moreover, because the alphanumeric keys must be of sufficient size to accommodate even large fingers, certain keys are often deleted or rearranged from their "usual" position on the keyboard to retain compactness. These accommodations have made it more difficult for many users to transfer their typing skills to the smaller keyboards, have increased the likelihood of user error, and have sacrificed the available options associated with the missing keys.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,343, incorporated herein by reference, provides an extensible and compressible keyboard by adjustable spacing between the keys using a complex mechanical assembly of folding x-shaped members which guide fixed sized keys connected by a flexible wiring circuit.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,163,765, incorporated herein by reference, provides a compressible keyboard molded from an elastomeric material which allows the space between the keys to be compressed.

Compact computing device having a compressible keyboard


The invention relates to azeotropic and azeotrope-like mixtures of 1-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244fa) and hydrogen fluoride, which are useful as intermediates in the production of HCFC-244fa.

The present invention pertains to azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions of 1-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244fa) and hydrogen fluoride.
In recent years there has been universal concern that completely halogenated chlorofluorocarbons (CFC""s) might be detrimental to the Earth""s ozone layer. Consequently, there is a worldwide effort to use fluorine-substituted hydrocarbons that contain fewer or no chlorine substituents. In this regard, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, a hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) having zero ozone depletion potential, is being considered as a replacement for chlorofluorocarbons such as dichlorodifluoromethane in refrigeration systems and trichlorofluoromethane as a blowing agent. The production of HFC""s, i.e. compounds containing only carbon, hydrogen and fluorine has been the subject of interest to provide environmentally desirable products for use as solvents, blowing agents, refrigerants, cleaning agents, aerosol propellants, heat transfer media, dielectrics, fire extinguishing compositions and power cycle working fluids. It is known in the art to produce fluorocarbons such as HFC""s by reacting hydrogen fluoride with various hydrochlorocarbon compounds. Such HFC""s are not only considered to be much more environmentally advantageous than hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFC""s) or chlorofluorocarbons (CFC""s) because they are not non-ozone depleting, but also they are also non-flammable, and non-toxic as compared to the chlorine containing compounds.
1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa) is well known in the art as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,496,866 and 5,574,192, both of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
It has now been found that an intermediate in the production of substantially pure HFC-245fa, is an azeotropic or azeotrope-like mixture of 1-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244fa) and hydrogen fluoride. The azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions find use not only as intermediates in the production of HFC-245fa, but they are additionally useful as nonaqueous etchant mixtures for etching semi conductors in the electronics industry, as well as compositions for removing surface oxidation from metals. In addition, the formation of an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of HCFC-244fa and hydrogen fluoride is useful in separating a mixture of HCFC-244fa and an impurity such as 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane (HCC-240fa). When it is desired to separate a mixture of HCFC-244fa and an impurity, HF is added to form an azeotropic mixture of HCFC-244fa and hydrogen fluoride, and then the impurity is removed from the azeotropic mixture, such as by distillation, scrubbing or other known means.
In one embodiment, the invention provides an azeotropic composition consisting essentially of 1-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane and hydrogen fluoride.
The invention further provides an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition consisting essentially of from about 1 to about 75 weight percent hydrogen fluoride and from about 25 to about 99 weight percent 1-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane, which composition has a boiling point of from about 30xc2x0 C. to about 60xc2x0 C. at a pressure of from about 10 psia to about 68 psia. In a preferred embodiment, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions consist essentially of from about 15 to about 60 weight percent hydrogen fluoride and from about 40 to about 85 weight percent 1 -chloro- 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoropropane. In a more preferred embodiment, the azeotropic or azeotrope-like compositions consist essentially of from about 35 to about 40 weight percent hydrogen fluoride and from about 60 to about 65 weight percent 1 -chloro- 1,2,2,2-tetrafluoropropane.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of forming an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition, which method comprises blending from about 1 to about 75 weight percent hydrogen fluoride and from about 25 to about 99 weight percent of 1-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane, which composition has a boiling point of from about 30xc2x0 C. to about 60xc2x0 C. at a pressure of from about 10 psia to about 68 psia. In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of forming an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition, which method comprises blending from about 15 to about 60 weight percent hydrogen fluoride and from about 40 to about 85 weight percent of 1-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane. In a more preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of forming an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition, which method comprises blending from about 35 to about 40 weight percent hydrogen fluoride and from about 60 to about 65 weight percent of 1 -chloro- 1,3,3 ,3-tetrafluoropropane.
In still another embodiment, the invention provides a process for removing 1-chloro- 1,3,3,3 -tetrafluoropropane from a mixture of 1 -chloro- 1,3,3,3 -tetrafluoropropane and at least one impurity, which process comprises adding hydrogen fluoride to the mixture in an amount sufficient to form an azeotropic or azeotrope-like composition of l-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane and hydrogen fluoride, and thereafter separating the azeotropic composition from the impurity.

Azeotrope-like composition of 1-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane and hydrogen fluoride


An over-current regulating system includes a protecting resistor, an amplifying circuit, and a comparing circuit. The protecting resistor is configured to be electrically coupled to a power supply unit. The amplifying circuit is electrically coupled to the protecting resistor and the comparing circuit and configured to amplify a voltage of the protecting resistor, and output the amplified voltage value to the comparing circuit. The comparing circuit is configured to determine whether the amplified voltage is greater than a first predetermined value when the comparing circuit is coupled to the power supply unit. When the voltage is greater than the first predetermined value, the comparing circuit outputs a controlling signal to reduce a work frequency of a load.

Electronic devices, such as notebook computers, include a power supply unit, such as a Voltage Regulator Module (VRM). The power supply unit supplies power to a load such as a central processing unit. When an operating frequency of the load increases, a required current of the load may be greater than an over-current tolerance of the power supply unit, which may damage the power supply unit.


A separable camera head capable of attaching and detaching a camera cable by a connector system, wherein the camera head has an external appearance of a direct fitting cable structure. Lead terminal pins of an image sensing device module including image sensing devices, driving circuits and a spatial filter are inserted into a connector of a connector module having a cable clamp, a connector, a cable and a body chassis. Thereafter, a sheath chassis and the body chassis are united by a screw and a screw thread.

The present invention relates generally to a cable connecting structure of a solid state image sensing apparatus and, more particularly, to a camera cable connecting structure in a separate type camera composed of a camera head and a camera control unit.
In recent years, there has been a remarkably increasing demand for a separate type camera utilizing such a characteristic that a solid state image sensing device is easily reduced both in size and in weight. Under such circumstances, there has arisen a customer's new demand for a camera cable connecting method for connecting a camera head to a camera control unit (hereinafter abbreviated CCU), and especially a connecting mode for a camera head and a camera cable. Namely, a cable direct fitting type is desirable in terms of design as an external appearance of a connecting portion between the camera head and the camera cable. In terms of attaching and detaching the camera cable, however, it is desirable to incorporate a connector function.
The following is an explanation of a conventional method of connecting the camera head to the camera cable.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional cable direct fitting type connecting method. Designated at 31 in FIG. 1 is an image sensing device module unit having its lead terminals 35 to which terminal members 36 of a camera cable 34 are soldered. Thereafter, the image sensing device module unit is inserted into a body chassis 32 and a sheath chassis 33, and the connecting portion is fastened with a screw 37, whereby they are united. A cable direct fitting type camera head is thus completed. Note that a thread 38 is formed in an outer periphery of the sheath chassis 33; and a lens (not illustrated) is thereby mountable thereto.
FIG. 2 is another conventional example, showing a connector connecting method. FIG. 3 is a view fully illustrating a method of assembling the camera head. Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the numeral 51 represents an image sensing device module unit having its lead terminals (not shown) to which a connecting plate 52 made of a flexible material is soldered. Indicated at 53 is a connector constituting the other end (opposite to the lens mounting side) of the camera head and having its one end provided with the lead terminals soldered to the connecting plate and the other end provided with a male connector connected to a female connector 41 integrally soldered to the camera cable 42. The numeral 54 denotes a sheath chassis into which a unit 55 consisting of the image sensing device, the connecting plate and the male connector is inserted. These components are fastened with a screw 56, and then the body chassis 57 and the sheath chassis 54 are also fastened with a screw, thus completing the camera head 43. The customer uses the camera by connecting the male connector of the camera head to the female connector 41 of a cable assembly 44.
In the conventional example described above, however, the external appearance of the camera based on the construction of FIG. 1 satisfies the demand of the customer because of the cable direct fitting type. Attaching and detaching the camera cable, however, involve demounting and mounting by hyperfine soldering. This presents such a problem that the operation is not easy, and the customer's demand can not be satisfied. Further, in the construction of FIG. 2, the camera cable is attached and detached by the connector system, which facilitates the operation and meets the customer's demand. In terms of the external appearance of the camera, however, the size of the female connector 41 is substantially equal to that of the camera head 43, which lacks in style. Thus, a problem also arises, wherein the demand of the customer can not be satisfied.

Cable connector for separable type camera head

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A monitoring system for an industrial plant, in particular for a power station plant, has a number of plant parts which can be represented as information elements on a display unit. For the purposes of information compression, filtering and diagnosing faults in good time, the information elements can be displayed in a positioned manner by using process data that are relevant for a plant state in such a way that the distance between two information elements in each case represents the degree of their contextual similarity.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a monitoring system for an industrial or technical plant, in particular for a power station plant, having a number of plant parts which can be displayed as information elements on a display unit.
In a control room for controlling an industrial plant, in particular a power station plant, large quantities of various measurement data occur continuously and in their entirety describe a plant state or operating state. The operating personnel of the plant have the task of identifying the measurement data or measurement variables that are respectively relevant to the operating state as well as the task of following, analyzing and interpreting their values in relation to the state of the plant. At the same time, the guidance of the process from the control room is largely determined through screens by way of standards and guidelines in the form of regulations. Those regulations include symbols for parts of the plant or elements of the plant such as, for example, pumps and valves, the coloring of indicators and the construction of the indicators of a control system. In addition to the various indicators, there is commonly a plant diagram which represents the entire plant in overview. However, with increasing automation and complexity of such an industrial plant, the number of measurement data that are recorded also increases, and therefore the probability that information important to the respective operating state of the plant is not identified as such in good time. Corresponding counter measures can thus only be belatedly initiated.

Monitoring system for an industrial plant


A light emitting device according to an embodiment includes a body having a recess; a light emitting chip disposed in the recess; and a first dampproof layer sealing the light emitting chip and extended from a surface of the light emitting chip to a bottom of the recess, wherein the light emitting chip includes a wavelength range of 100 nm to 280 nm, and the first dampproof layer includes a fluororesin-based material.

A light emitting diode may configure a light emitting source by using compound semiconductor materials such as GaAs-based, AlGaAs-based, GaN-based, InGaN-based and InGaAlP-based materials.
Such a light emitting diode is packaged and used as a light emitting device emitting various colors, and the light emitting device is used as a light source in various fields such as a lighting indicator displaying a color, a character indicator, and an image indicator.
In particular, in the case of an ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV LED), it is used for sterilization and purification in the case of a short wavelength, and it may be used in an exposure apparatus or a curing apparatus in the case of a long wavelength. However, the environment in which the UV LED of a short wavelength is applied is mostly highly humid or inside water, so that dampproof and waterproof functions are deteriorated, and thus device failure is caused and operation reliability may be deteriorated.
The embodiment provides a light emitting device having a new waterproof and dampproof structure.
The embodiment provides a light emitting device having a dampproof layer covering a surface of a light emitting chip.
The embodiment provides a light emitting device having a dampproof layer covering a surface of a body in which a light emitting chip is disposed.
The embodiment provides a light emitting device including a dampproof layer extended from a light transmitting layer disposed on a light emitting chip to a surface of a body.
The embodiment provides a light emitting device having a plurality of dampproof layers covering a surface of body and a surface of a light emitting chip.
The embodiment provides a light emitting device having a body and a dampproof layer covering a surface of a substrate.
The embodiment provides a light emitting device having a dampproof layer including an ultraviolet light emitting chip and fluorine and a light source module.
The embodiment provides a light emitting device having a dampproof layer protecting an ultraviolet light emitting chip and a protection device from water or moisture and a light source module.
The embodiment may improve the reliability of an ultraviolet light source module.
According to an embodiment, there is provided a light emitting device including a body having a recess; a light emitting chip disposed in the recess; and a first dampproof layer sealing the light emitting chip and extended from a surface of the light emitting chip to a bottom of the recess, and the light emitting chip includes a wavelength range of 100 nm to 280 nm, and the first dampproof layer includes a fluororesin-based material.
According to an embodiment, there is provided a light emitting device including a body having a recess; a light emitting chip disposed in the recess; a light transmitting layer disposed on the recess, and a first dampproof layer extended from an upper surface of the light transmitting layer to an upper surface of the body, and the light emitting chip includes a wavelength range of 100 nm to 280 nm, and the first dampproof layer includes a fluororesin-based material.
According to an embodiment, there is provided a light source module including a light emitting device having a first dampproof layer on a surface of a body; and a circuit board disposed below the body of the light emitting device, and the first dampproof layer of the light emitting device is extended to a side surface of the body and an upper surface of the circuit board.
The embodiment may be provided as a waterproof module within a product applied to high humidity and underwater environments.
The embodiment may be provided as a sterilizing device in a high humidity environment and underwater.
The embodiment may reduce transmission loss of a UV-C wavelength.
The embodiment may minimize discoloration and deterioration by UV-C.

Light emitting device and light source module having thereof


An optical add-drop multiplexer having first and second routes includes: an optical cross connect; a first multiplexer optically coupled to a plurality of output ports of the optical cross connect; a second multiplexer optically coupled to a plurality of other output ports of the optical cross connect; a first wavelength selective switch to generate a first WDM optical signal including an optical signal output from the first multiplexer and to guide the first WDM optical signal to the first route; and a second wavelength selective switch to generate a second WDM optical signal including optical signal output from the second multiplexer and to guide the second WDM optical signal to the second route.

As amounts of information on networks increase, the WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) system is gaining popularity. The WDM multiplexes and transmits a plurality of optical signals using a plurality of wavelengths. For this reason, in the WDM system, the transmission capacity increases as the number of multiplexed wavelengths increases.
In the WDM system, all or some of optical nodes have an OADM (Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer). An optical add-drop multiplexer can insert an optical signal into an optical transmission path with respect to wavelength and branch an optical signal from the optical transmission path with respect to wavelength. In other words, an optical add-drop multiplexer has an optical add device (or, an optical add function) to add an optical signal of a desired wavelength to a WDM optical signal, and an optical drop device (or, an optical drop function) to drop an optical signal of a desired wavelength from a WDM optical signal. Meanwhile, an optical add-drop multiplexer that adds and/or drops an optical signal of a desired wavelength is sometimes called an ROADM (Reconfigurable OADM).
As a related art, an optical transmission apparatus described below has been proposed. An optical transmission apparatus has at least two variable wavelength selective filters including a first variable wavelength selective filter that performs drop/add operations for some signals among optical signals to be dropped/added, and a second variable wavelength selective filter that performs drop/add operations for optical signals that are not selected by the first variable wavelength selective filter among the optical signals to be dropped/added (for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. H11-289296).
As another related art, an optical add-drop multiplexer described below has been proposed. An optical add-drop multiplexer uses a droptype AOTF (Acousto-Optic Tunable Filter) as a configuration to remove an optical signal of the same wavelength as the wavelength of an added optical signal from a "through" signal. In the drop type AOTF, RF signals are input so that all wavelengths are constantly selected, and only for the wavelength to be rejected, corresponding RF signal is stopped. Accordingly, an optical signal of the wavelength for which corresponding RF signal is stopped is not selected by the drop type AOTF, and the optical signal does not pass through (for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2005-348270).
As yet another related art, an ROADM terminal apparatus that adds and drops an optical signal of a given wavelength component has been proposed. The ROADM terminal apparatus has an optical switching unit for transmitting and receiving a given wavelength component of an optical signal to/from another ROADM terminal apparatus, an OSC control information generation unit that generates OSC (Optical Supervisor Channel) control information to drop/add an optical signal, and an OSC control information input/output I/F for transmitting and receiving the OSC control information to/from another ROADM terminal apparatus (for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2009-206707).
As yet another related art, a wavelength selective switch that may perform add/drop functions for all input channels and has a high degree of freedom has been proposed. The wavelength selective switch includes an optical demultiplexing unit that divides an input optical signal with respect to wavelength corresponding to each channel, and selects and outputs an optical signal divided from the input optical signal or an optical signal input through an additional port, an optical deflecting unit that deflects an optical signal of each channel received from the optical demultiplexing unit individually by current supply or voltage application, and an optical multiplexing unit that outputs the optical signal for each channel to a specific output port by the deflection by the optical deflecting unit (for example, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2009-145869).
It is preferable that an optical add-drop multiplexer has a configuration with which the wavelength path may be set or changed flexibly. For example, it is preferable that an optical add-drop multiplexer is Colorless, Directionless and Contentionless.
"Colorless" indicates a configuration or function with which a desired wavelength may be input to a desired port of the optical add-drop multiplexer, and a desired wavelength may be output from a desired port. "Directionless" indicates a configuration or function with which, in a configuration in which the optical add-drop multiplexer has a plurality of incoming/outgoing routes, an optical signal from a terminal may be guided to a desired outgoing route, and an optical signal from each incoming route may be guided to a desired terminal. "Contentionless" indicates a configuration or function to avoid contention between optical signals of the same wavelength within the optical add-drop multiplexer.
However, in a conventional optical add-drop multiplexer, it is difficult to set up or change a wavelength path flexibly. That is, in a conventional optical add-drop multiplexer, it is difficult to set up a desired wavelength path. For example, in a conventional optical add-drop multiplexer, when switching from a state to output an optical signal transmitted from a terminal to a first outgoing route into a state to output the optical signal to a second outgoing route, it is required to change an input port to which the optical fiber from the terminal is connected.


In one embodiment, a method for margin determination for a computing system with a real time operating system and priority preemptive scheduling comprises: scheduling a set of tasks to be executed in one or more partitions, wherein each is assigned a priority, wherein the tasks comprise periodic and/or aperiodic tasks; executing the set of tasks on the computing system within the scheduled periodic time window; introducing an overhead task executed for an execution duration controlled either by the real time operating system or by the overhead task; controlling the overhead task to converge on a point of failure at which a length of the execution duration of the overhead task causes either: 1) a periodic task to fail to execute within a deadline, or 2) time available for the aperiodic tasks to execute to fall below a threshold; and defining a partition margin corresponding to the point of failure.

Safety-critical commuting systems, such as used for avionics applications, often employ space and time partitioning schemes used in conjunction with a real-time operating system (RTOS). The ARINC 653, avionics application standard software interface, is one such example. In ARINC 653 systems, partitions are scheduled by a priority preemptive scheduler to be executed in periodic windows (often referred to as "time slices", or just "slices"). Within these time slices, one or more processes (often referred to as "tasks") execute. These tasks share a time budget allocated to the partition by the scheduler. Each ARINC 653 task is assigned a task, although it may not have a specific execution time budget. The tasks can be periodic or aperiodic. At each scheduling point, the operating system determines the highest priority task that is ready to run, and schedules it. Once a task begins, it may continue to run until it completes its process or until the partition's time slice expires.
In such systems, it is difficult to tell how much of a margin is available in a partition after the scheduled tasks are run, because each frame of the partition will include different combinations of periodic tasks and aperiodic tasks that are enabled for execution in that frame. Tools may exist to show which tasks are executing in which time slice, and possibly the maximum utilization observed within a time slice. But such numbers can be misleading. The complexity of the interactions between tasks, and differences in execution cadence and process content in each time slice can make it difficult to determine how much actual margin exists within the partition because some slices may be half full while others are completely utilized based on which processes are enabled to execute during that time slice. Also, in some cases aperiodic tasks utilize 100% of the available time not utilized by periodic tasks, so no matter how much time the partition is given, the available execution budget will appear to be completely consumed.
For the reasons stated above and for other reasons stated below which will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the specification, there is a need in the art for systems and methods for margin based diagnostic tools for priority preemptive schedulers.

Systems and methods for margin based diagnostic tools for priority preemptive schedulers


Multiple levels of interlocks are provided relative to gas flow for a chemical vapor deposition chamber. When a chamber lid used for normal processing is in place, no interlock is in effect. When a lid used during maintenance operations is in place, flow of toxic gas to the chamber is interlocked, but flow of purge gas is permitted. When no lid is in place, all gas flow to the chamber is interlocked. The interlock arrangement may be implemented with two switches, both of which are actuated when the lid for normal processing is in place, and only one of which is actuated by the lid for the maintenance process.

This invention generally relates to interlock systems for semiconductor fabrication systems, and is more particularly concerned with interlock systems which prevent transmission of gases to a processing chamber.
Fabrication of semiconductors typically involves performing a number of processes with respect to a substrate, such as a wafer. One commonly employed process is chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In CVD processing a wafer is placed in a processing chamber referred to as a deposition chamber. A process gas is flowed to the deposition chamber and interacts with the wafer to deposit a thin film on the wafer. The thin film deposited on the wafer may be, for example, a metal. During deposition processing it may also be desirable to flow a purge gas to a rear side of a pedestal on which the wafer is supported, to prevent thin film deposition on the rear side of the pedestal.
In a conventional deposition chamber, the chamber may include a lid that is removable to permit access to the interior of the chamber for maintenance or other purposes. It is also known to provide an additional lid that may be substituted for the regular lid. The additional lid may have transparent panels or viewports formed therein to allow viewing of the interior of the chamber during maintenance operations such as calibration of a wafer-handling robot that inserts wafers into the chamber and removes wafers from the chamber.
Many process gases used for CVD are toxic. Accordingly, it is known as a safety measure to provide an interlock arrangement that prevents gases from flowing to the deposition chamber when no lid is present on the chamber. As is familiar to those who are skilled in the art, the interlock arrangement overrides any instructions from the system controller by closing a valve or valves so that gas flow to the deposition chamber is cut off.
The present inventors have recognized that it would be desirable to provide additional safety measures at times when maintenance functions are being performed with respect to deposition chambers.
One aspect of the invention provides a method of operating a processing chamber, where the processing chamber has associated with it a mechanism for selectively transmitting a plurality of gases to the processing chamber, and the plurality of gases includes at least one toxic gas. The method according to this aspect of the invention includes actuating a first interlock condition to prevent transmission of all of the plurality of gases to the process chamber when no lid is situated in a closed position on the processing chamber. The method further includes actuating a second interlock condition to prevent transmission of the at least one toxic gas to the processing chamber when a first lid (a lid installed for a maintenance operation) is situated in a closed position on the processing chamber. Also included in the method is the step of allowing all of the plurality of gases to be transmitted to the processing chamber when a second lid (installed for normal processing such as CVD processing) is situated in a closed position on the processing chamber.
The multiple levels of interlocks provided in accordance with the invention, with all gas flow being prevented or xe2x80x9cinterlockedxe2x80x9d when no lid is present, and toxic gas flow being interlocked when the lid for maintenance is present, provides for enhanced safety during maintenance operations.
The multiple levels of interlocks may be implemented by providing two separate switches on the processing chamber. The lid employed for normal processing operations (the xe2x80x9cprocessing lidxe2x80x9d) may be equipped with a pair of tabs adapted to respectively actuate the two switches. The lid used for maintenance operations may be equipped with only one tab, which actuates only one of the switches when the maintenance lid is in place on the processing chamber. Accordingly, when neither switch is actuated, the first interlock condition is actuated, so that all gases are prevented from flowing to the processing chamber. When one of the switches is actuated but the other is not (e.g., due to presence of the maintenance lid), then the second interlock condition is actuated, such that transmission of toxic gases to the processing chamber is prevented but transmission of non-toxic gases is still enabled. When both switches are actuated (e.g., by the processing lid), no interlock is in effect, so that all gases are allowed to flow to the processing chamber.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become more fully apparent from the following detailed description of the exemplary embodiments, the appended claims and the accompanying drawings.

Semiconductor substrate processing chamber having interchangeable lids actuating plural gas interlock levels


The present invention implements an architecture that changes the sequence of digital processing so that equalization occurs prior to phase accumulation. A phase differentiator receives an envelope path phase signal to produce a differentiated phase signal to an equalizer. The transfer function of the phase differentiator is implemented so that it cancels, except for a one-cycle delay, the transfer function of the phase accumulator. This cancellation substantially eliminates accumulation of the envelop path phase signal. Additionally, a dither signal added to the quantization nodes in the equalizers shifts the spectral content of the quantization noise such that the phase accumulator sees the quantization noise as zero mean white noise. Implemented as one of a rounding or flooring quantizer, biquad filters in the equalizers round or truncate the equalizer output to a minimal bit width based on a desired output phase error.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to wireless communications and, more particularly, wideband wireless communication systems.
2. Related Art
Modern wireless radio frequency (RF) transmitters for applications, such as cellular, personal, and satellite communications, employ digital modulation schemes such as Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) and Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and variants thereof, often in combination with Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) communication. Independent of the particular communications scheme employed, the RF transmitter output signal, sRF(t), can be represented mathematically assRF(t)=r(t)cos(2πfct+θ(t))  (1)where fc denotes the RF carrier frequency, and the signal components r(t) and θ(t) are referred to as the envelope and phase of sRF(t), respectively.
Some of the above mentioned communication schemes have constant envelope, i,e.,r(t)=R,and these are thus referred to as constant envelope communications schemes. In these communications schemes, θ(t) constitutes all of the information bearing part of the transmitted signal. Other communications schemes have envelopes that vary with time and these are thus referred to as variable envelope communications schemes. In these communications schemes, both r(t) and θ(t) constitute information bearing parts of the transmitted signal.
The most widespread standard in cellular wireless communications is currently the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). A second generation standard employs Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK), which is a constant envelope binary modulation scheme allowing raw transmission at a maximum rate of 270.83 kilobits per second (Kbps). In any mobile communication system the radio spectrum is a very limited resource shared by all users. GSM employs a combination of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) for the purpose of sharing the spectrum resource. GSM networks typically operate in the 900 MHz frequency range. The radio spectrum in the bands 890-915 MHz is for the uplink (mobile station to base station) and 935-960 MHz is for the downlink (base station to mobile station). The spectrum for both uplink and downlink is divided into 200 kHz wide carrier frequencies using FDMA, and each base station is assigned one or more carrier frequencies. Each carrier is divided into eight time slots using TDMA. Eight consecutive time slots form one TDMA frame, with a duration of 4.615 ms. A physical channel occupies one time slot within a TDMA frame. Each time slot within a frame is also referred to as a burst. TDMA frames of a particular carrier frequency are numbered, and formed in groups of 26 or 51 TDMA frames called multi-frames. While GSM is sufficient for standard voice services, future high-fidelity audio and data services demand higher data throughput rates.
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a new non-voice service that allows information to be sent and received across a mobile telephone network. It supplements today's Circuit Switched Data (CSD) and Short Message Service (SMS). GPRS employs the same modulation scheme as GSM, but higher data throughput rates are achievable with GPRS since it allows for all eight time slots to be used by a mobile station at the same time.
Even higher data rates are achieved in the specification of the Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) cellular telephony standard by selectively applying a 3π/8 offset, 8-level PSK (8-PSK) modulation scheme. With this variable envelope communication scheme, the maximum bit rate is tripled compared to GSM, while the chosen pulse shaping ensures that the RF carrier bandwidth is the same as that of GSM, allowing for the reuse of the GSM frequency bands. Additionally, to further increase the flexibility of data transmission, so-called multi-slot operation has been introduced into GSM/GPRS/EDGE systems. In multi-slot operation, more than one time slot out of the eight in one GSM frame can be used for transmission with GMSK and/or 8-PSK modulation.
As mentioned above, the GMSK modulation scheme of standard GSM is an example of a constant envelope communications scheme. An example transmitter appropriate for such constant envelope modulation schemes in a mobile station unit is a translational loop transmitter. In this transmitter, the digital baseband data enters a digital processor that performs the necessary pulse shaping and modulation to some intermediate frequency (IF) carrier fIF. The resulting digital signal is converted to analog using a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and a low pass filter (LPF) that filters out undesired digital images of the IF signal. A translational loop, essentially a phase locked loop (PLL), then translates, or up-converts, the IF signal to the desired RF frequency and a power amplifier (PA) delivers the appropriate transmit power to the antenna.
As mentioned above, the 8-PSK modulation scheme of EDGE is an example of a variable envelope communications scheme. In practice, the power spectrum emitted from an EDGE transmitter will not be ideal due to various imperfections in the RF transmitter circuitry. Thus, quality measures of the transmitter performance have been established as part of the EDGE standard and minimum requirements have been set. One quality measure that relates to the RF signal power spectrum is the so-called spectral mask. This mask represents the maximum allowable levels of the power spectrum as a function of frequency offset from the RF carrier in order for a given transmitter to qualify for EDGE certification. In other words, the spectral mask requirements limit the amount of transmitter signal leakage into other users' signal spectrum. For example, at a frequency offset of 400 kHz (0.4 MHz), the maximum allowable emission level is −54 dB relative to the carrier (dBc). Another RF transmitter quality measure of the EDGE standard is the modulation accuracy, which relates the RF transmitter modulation performance to an ideal reference signal. Modulation accuracy is related to the so-called Error Vector Magnitude (EVM), which is the magnitude of the difference between the actual transmitter output and the ideal reference signal. The error vector is, in general, a complex quantity and hence can be viewed as a vector in the complex plane. Modulation accuracy is stated in root-mean-square (RMS), 95th percentile, and peak values of the EVM and is specified as a percentage. For a given transmitter to qualify for EDGE certification, the RMS EVM must be less than 9%, the 95th percentile of EVM values must be less than 15%, and the peak EVM value must be less than 30%.
The increase in system flexibility resulting from the introduction of multi-slot operation in EDGE presents the challenge of finding an efficient implementation of a joint GMSK/8-PSK modulator which enables easy and fast switching between GMSK and 8-PSK modulation in consecutive time slots. Such modulation switching must be achieved within the so-called guard interval, merely 30 microseconds (μs) long. Further complication is encountered in the domain of the RF frequency PA. Exploiting the fact that GMSK is a constant envelope modulation scheme, the PA can typically be driven in saturation mode for higher efficiency when transmitting GSM signals. However, due to the variable envelope properties of the 8-PSK modulation option in EDGE, driving the PA in saturated mode is not possible. Rather, a certain power back-off of the PA input signal level is required to maintain adequate modulation accuracy. Typical transmitter powers may be 33 dBm in GMSK mode and 27 dBm in PSK mode. Thus, when switching modulation schemes in multi-slot operation from GMSK to 8-PSK, or vice versa, a change of PA input signal level must occur. Such change must be achieved within the guard interval and in such a fashion that switching transients do not violate the spectral mask requirements.
Another potential cause of performance degradation of RF polar transmitters is the so-called reference feed-through caused by several phase-locked loop component non-idealities, such as non-zero reset delay of the phase frequency detector (PFD) as well as mismatches between the "up" and "down" current sources of the charge pump. Reference feed-through generates tones at the RF output offset by an amount equal to the reference frequency and may lead to violation of the spurious emissions requirements of the EDGE standard. Reference feed-through may be controlled by design of the PLL signal filter. It is desirable that the PLL signal filter transfer function, H(s), equals one for all frequencies. In this case, the PLL signal filter imposes no distortion on the signal and therefore does not introduce modulation error.
In practice, designing the PLL such that H(s)=1, i.e., has infinite bandwidth, is impossible. Firstly, it can be shown that loop stability considerations dictate that the bandwidth of the PLL signal filter be less than about 1/10 of the IF frequency. Thus, for example, for a translational loop with an IF frequency of 26 MHz, H(s) must thus have bandwidth less than 2.6 MHz. Secondly, narrowing the PLL signal filter bandwidth reduces the amount of "feed-through" of the IF reference signal to the RF output signal and is thus a desirable design option. Reference feed-through is the result of several PLL component non-idealities such as non-zero reset delay of the PFD, as well as mismatches between the "up" and "down" current sources of the charge pump. These non-ideal effects create a periodic signal on the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) control voltage corresponding to the reference frequency and are thus translated to the RF signal as spurious emission. Typically, in a high-speed digital CMOS process, the reset delay of the PFD is a few nanoseconds, and the mismatch of the charge pump current sources 5-10%.
In the prior art, the maximum narrowness of H(s) is mainly dictated by the bandwidth of the signal and the permissible modulation error. For example, in GSM, where the RMS transmitter phase modulation error performance must be better than 5° and the peak modulation error must be better than 20°, designing the PLL filter narrower than 1 MHz leads to prohibitively large modulation errors. In this case, the attenuation of reference feed-through by the PLL filter is limited and, for practical PFD reset delays and CP current source mismatches in a CMOS process, may not suffice to meet the spurious emissions requirements of the GSM standard as stated in the example.
Modulation error as a result of a narrow PLL signal filter is due to both amplitude distortion as well as group delay variation over the signal band of interest. Stated differently, group delay variation causes different frequency components of the transmitter signal to travel through the transmitter at different speeds, thereby causing inter-symbol interference. As an example, for a prior art translational loop, the modulation error resulting from the PLL signal filter is approximately 0.53° RMS. While this amount of modulation error is less than the GSM standard permits, it is typically the maximum that can be allowed in the absence of other non-ideal effects, such as analog circuit noise and non-linearities, component variations due to process variations, and component value fluctuations due to temperature variations. All of these effects add up to form the total modulation error.
Thus, in order to meet spurious emissions requirements, the translational loop RF transmitter PLL signal filter is made sufficiently narrow that worst-case reference feed-through is attenuated below the −112 dBc specification. To enable this approach, digital signal processing is employed in the baseband processor to eliminate the modulation error problems otherwise caused by a narrow PLL signal filter. Specifically, the transmit signal generated by the baseband processor is "pre-distorted" so as to counter act the distortion imposed by a narrow PLL signal filter. This "pre-distortion", or equalization process, typically occurs in two steps: a magnitude equalizer filter pre-distorts the amplitude of the transmit signal according to the inverse of the PLL signal filter magnitude response, and a group delay equalizer filter linearizes the phase response of the entire transmitter chain, i.e., pre-distorts the transmit signal such that the combined phase response of magnitude equalizer, group delay equalizer, and PLL signal filter is linear.
However, a problem exists when the phase accumulator output increases without bound due to the quantization noise present in the equalizers. This accumulation of quantization noise gives rise to unacceptably large modulation errors. Therefore, it is clear that a need exists for a modulator that can switch between modulation modes while adhering to modulation error requirements in RF polar transmitters that are presently being designed.

Implementation technique for linear phase equalization in multi-mode RF transmitters


The automatic adjustment of a combine harvester (10) includes providing an electronic map with characteristics of the field (304), determining a work parameter of the combine harvester (10) by using information provided by the electronic map; and adjusting an actuator (36, 38, 42, 84, 48, 50) of the combine harvester (10) with the aid of the determined work parameter.

Agricultural harvesters are used to harvest the plants from a field. Processing operations take place in the harvester, so as to handle the crops for the purpose of a later further processing. Thus, the crops are chopped in a field chopper and threshed in a combine thresher, separated, and cleaned. In these processing operations, various work parameters of the harvester are set; with a field chopper, for example, the cutting length and, perhaps, an effective intensity of a conditioning device and with a combine harvester, the threshing drum speed, the threshing slit, the speed of the cleaning blower, and the sieve opening, and with all harvesters, the rate of advance that determines the individual throughput.
For most combine harvesters, basic settings for the work elements such as the threshing element, the residual grain separation, and the cleaning device are proposed as empirical values by the manufacturer. On the basis of the great variation of actual characteristics of the crops, these proposals can only be initial approximations. The only thing the operator still needs to do is to optimize the settings, depending on the available specifications (for example, crops with low losses or in the shortest possible time) and crop conditions, so as to be able to utilize the full performance capacity of the machine. That can take place in a purely manual manner according to its own strategy in a dialogue operation with assistance systems (see EP 2 165 591 A1), or automatically with an automatic adjustment system (EP 2 401 904 A2). A basic problem remains in that the dividing, separating, and cleaning operations in a combine harvester are very complex and their results can be monitored only by a few sensors. Even with so-called anticipatory sensors, no absolute relationship is yet recognizable, initially, to the partial operations in the combine harvester and its results. For this reason, various methods have been proposed in the past for the mathematical modeling of the processes, on whose basis a setting of the function elements can take place (neural networks, fuzzy controllers, regression models, and so forth).
All these models, however, must first be also coordinated with the individual harvesting conditions and goal formulations. They require a certain training phase. Furthermore, the sensors used in these processes must also first be calibrated so as to be able to provide reliable information. Proceeding from the settings found in the training phase, these systems can then compensate for variations in the harvesting conditions to a certain extent by adapting to the machine setting and the traveling speed. If the deviations are excessively large, these systems must also be recoordinated and the sensors must be recalibrated. These training phases and calibration require a certain time period during which the prevailing boundary conditions should be maintained as constant as possible.
The disadvantage exists, moreover, that feedback sensors interact with crops in the harvester, and for that reason, with changes in the characteristics of the gathered crops, reactions come much too late. In the state of the art, therefore, different procedures are described in which the attempt is made so that with an adjustment of the work parameters of the harvester, the characteristics of the crops to be harvested in each case are taken into consideration, in an anticipatory manner, by an automatic control.
In this respect, sensors are used, on the one hand, which, in an anticipatory manner, have a view of the crops from the harvester, so as to determine their characteristics (for example, density, maturity), and so as to change, with the aid of the determined characteristics, work parameters and settings of the harvester, such as the rate of advance (DE 101 30 665 A1).
On the other hand, methods are described in which an electronic map with field characteristics and/or operating data of the harvester is first set up, so as to recall the map data during the harvest in a georeferenced manner and to use them to set up work parameters of the harvester to be adjusted automatically.
DE 44 31 824 C1, for example, proposes that, in a first harvesting operation, the yield data for the grain and straw throughput, grain losses, and adjusted theoretical values of the operating parameters be stored in a map, in a georeferenced manner. In the next harvesting operation, the data from the map are recalled, in an anticipatory and georeferenced manner, so as to derive therefrom the individual working parameters of the harvester. The possibility of inserting a subordinate control loop thereby exists, which is based on a so-called reverse control action for the traveling speed, in which the individual throughputs of the combine harvester are locally recorded and used for the determination of the traveling speed, so as to obtain a constant throughput performance and/or constant settings of the work elements of the combine harvester.
DE 10 2005 000 770 B3 describes a procedure for the automatic control of a combine harvester, in which a theoretical map, which is used for the fundamental control of the combine harvester, is to be set up on the basis of georeferenced data obtained during the biomass development. During the harvesting operation, a regulation of the rate of advance and the setting of the work parameters of the combine harvester take place on the basis of the theoretical map so as to attain an acceptable threshing quality and losses.
With the anticipatory sensors, it has proved problematic to record sufficiently exact data at a distance that extends sufficiently far in front in order to take into account the reaction times of the actuators for the purpose of a prompt change of the work parameters of the combine harvester. Suitable sensors are thus relatively cumbersome and expensive. With the known systems based on georeferenced sensors, there is the problem that the actual harvesting characteristics are not always exactly in agreement with the characteristics predicted from the map, which can lead to inappropriate work parameters for the harvester. The subordinate control with a rear control action in accordance with DE 44 31 824 C1 reduces this problem, however, but there still remain inaccuracies in the data derived only from the map that make a local optimization of work parameters for the harvester and/or a calibration of feedback sensors, in particular the loss sensors, appear to be useful, but which is not provided for in the state of the art.
The goal of the invention under consideration is then seen as providing a system and a method for the automatic setting of processing parameters for an agricultural machine that does not have the aforementioned disadvantages or has them only to a lesser extent.

Method for setting the work parameters of a harvester


A system facilitates handover of a wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU) between a cellular network and a wireless local area network (WLAN). The WLAN communicates with a cellular network. A location of the WTRU is determined. The coverage areas of the WLAN and cellular network are determined. The WTRU is informed of the existence of the WLAN when the WTRU approaches the coverage area of the WLAN. The WTRU is handed over from the cellular network to the WLAN when the WTRU is in the coverage area of the WLAN and vice versa.

Mobile wireless communication has progressed from closed platforms in primarily voice-based cellular phones to becoming embedded in a variety of open platforms which support data and voice, such as smartphones, notebook computers and personal digital assistants (PDAs). Different types of wireless services include WLAN and cellular networks. When a user desires to switch between different services in an unfamiliar geographical area, the available services are difficult to determine. Often, a user must contact the wireless service provider to determine which services are available in particular geographical areas. If the user travels in many different geographic areas, the burden of trying to determine which services are available in which geographic areas becomes too great.
Accordingly, there exists a need for a user to more easily determine the existence of services in a particular geographic area.

Handover between a cellular system and a wireless local area network


The presently disclosure describes a motion assistance system for a wheelchair, for example, a powered drive wheel system that can continually drive a wheelchair in a circular or elliptical path. The motion assistance system comprises a mounting mechanism attachable to one or more structural elements of the wheelchair, and a drive linkage pivotable with respect to the mounting mechanism. A drive wheel can be mounted to an end of the drive linkage such that the drive wheel contacts the ground when installed on the wheelchair. The drive wheel comprises a plurality of lateral rollers positioned radially about the circumference of the power drive wheel. The lateral rollers can rotate about an axis tangential to the circumference of the drive wheel in order to facilitate driving the wheelchair in a radial direction.

Manual wheelchairs are the primary mode of locomotion for millions of people around the world. Upper limb pain and injury is very common among these manual wheelchair users and can severely impact mobility, independence and quality of life. The most common types of injury are impingement syndrome of the shoulder and carpal tunnel syndrome of the wrist. Upper limb pain and injury is an emotionally, physically and financially costly problem.
Wheelchair propulsion is one activity that has been associated with the development of these upper extremity injuries. It is recommended that users reduce how hard they push on the handrim and to do it less frequently in order to reduce the stresses of propulsion on the upper body.
Power attachment units can mount to manual wheelchairs to assist in propulsion. An example of one such power add-on is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,759,418, which is incorporated herein by specific reference for all purposes, employs a linkage system that mounts to the wheelchair frame and trails in between the two rear wheels. An electric motor powers a drive wheel that is controlled by a push button located within reach of the user. This type of design, not common to all power attachments, also employs a steering bar that attaches to the front casters in order to guide the wheelchair when being driven by the power add-on. These electric drive attachments are known to be successful in helping to reduce the physical effort needed for propulsion. A drawback is that these types of systems completely eliminate the need for pushing because the user drives the wheelchair, rather than maneuvers it through pushes. In this situation, the user does not benefit from the physical exercise of manual propulsion or the psychological benefits of not being dependent on the device for transportation.
Another example of a power attachment device is a push activated power assist wheels. These combine the benefits of manual push operation by the user and power assistance to reduce the demand on the user's upper extremities during propulsion. Push activated power assist wheels, similar to those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,818,189, which is incorporated herein by specific reference for all purposes, are battery powered wheels that employ either force and torque sensors, or both, to measure the force applied to the handrims from the user and amplify that force through the use of motors embedded in the wheels to drive the wheelchair forward or backward. This technology has been shown to have a number of positive effects on wheelchair users, including reduced energy expenditure, reduced push cadence, reduced muscle activation, decreased range of motion, easier hill climbing, increased propulsion speed and reduced pain during propulsion for those users already experiencing pain.
The drawback with this approach is that the employment of force and torque sensors to recognize and quantify the amplitude of the push significantly complicates the design. The handrims must be mounted to the wheel hubs, instead of the wheel rim as in typical manual wheelchairs, causing a significant increase in complexity. Added cost and weight of these devices then becomes inherent when this type of approach is taken. Additionally, because measurements are focused on the handrim, hazardous situations can be escalated by the assistive power. Accordingly, there is a need for power assist system that addresses the issues of these devices.
Another drawback with power attachment devices is that it the power attachment wheels can be difficult to maneuver the wheelchair around chairs. For example, a typical wheel is capable of only moving in one dimension (i.e., forward and backward). When a wheelchair is forced around a turn, however, the power attachment wheel will be moving in a radial direction. This can cause added friction between the wheel and the ground on turns, thereby making maneuverability more difficult. Accordingly, there is a need for a motion assistance system for wheelchairs that provides a power drive wheel that can drive a wheelchair in a radial direction.

Motion assistance system for wheelchairs


A recessed portion is provided on a shorter side of a rectangular liquid supply passage. Thereby a flow pathway by the recessed portion can be ensured, and even in a case where the air bubble is trapped to be closer to and in contact with one end of the liquid supply passage, a difference in flow resistance to two ink flows generated in this state can be made small. In this way, the flow speeds of the inks flowing in the periphery of the air bubble can be made small as a whole, and as a result, it is possible to suppress an ejection failure due to transfer of the air bubble to the ejection opening side or the like.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a printing element substrate, a liquid ejection head, and an inkjet printing apparatus, and, in particular, to the configuration of a liquid supply hole that is provided in a substrate of a liquid ejection head that ejects a liquid such as ink.
2. Description of the Related Art
A liquid ejection head such as a printing head that is used in an inkjet printing apparatus, for supplying a liquid to liquid ejection portions that are provided on one side of a substrate, adopts a system in which a through hole (liquid supply hole or liquid supply passage) is provided in the substrate to supply the liquid from the opposite surface of the substrate, for example. Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-269016 describes the configuration of the liquid supply hole provided in the substrate of the liquid ejection head, in which a sectional area of the liquid supply hole increases in the supply direction of the liquid and after that, decreases. This configuration will hereinafter be also referred to as "rhomboid configuration". Since the liquid supply hole is formed in the rhomboid configuration, a size of the printing element substrate, particularly a size in the width direction can be made small to downsize the liquid ejection head or it is possible to suppress the liquid ejection head from being large in size due to an increase in kind of the liquid.
On the other hand, however, in a case of the liquid ejection head having a rhomboid supply passage configuration, there occurs a problem that air bubbles generated in the liquid tend to be easily accumulated in this rhomboid section, and thereby flow of the liquid to be supplied is interrupted to cause an ejection failure in the liquid ejection head. To deal with this problem, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-177119 describes a method for making air bubbles retained in an end region away from an ink supply hole to avoid an ejection failure. In addition, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. H04-250046(1992) describes the construction in which a sectional configuration of an ink supply hole is formed on a polygonal shape such as a rectangular shape or a groove is formed in the periphery of the ink supply hole, thus ensuring liquid flow in the liquid supply passage with the corners or the groove even when air bubbles are retained in the liquid supply passage.
However, in a case of adopting the method for providing the air bubble retention area to suppress the ejection failure as described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2000-177119, the suppression effect can be expected in a case where a size of the air bubble is small, but in a case where a relatively large air bubble is retained in the liquid supply hole, even when the air bubble is introduced to the retention area, in some cases apart of the air bubble possibly interrupts the flow of the liquid.
In many cases a sectional configuration of the liquid supply passage in a direction perpendicular to the liquid supply direction is rectangular as described in (FIG. 1 of) Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2007-269016. In this case, even when the air bubble is retained in the supply hole, the liquid flow in the flow passage can be ensured by the corner section of the rectangular shape as described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. H04-250046 (1992). However, in a case where the air bubble is retained to be closer to one side of the rectangular shape and therefore do not close the entire cross section, there are some cases where there occurs a difference in flow speed between the section not closed and the corner section at the time of supplying the liquid. The difference in flow speed causes the air bubble to move to the liquid ejection portion side, from which a problem of closing an inlet of the ejection portion is derived, for example.

Printing element substrate, liquid ejection head and inkjet printing apparatus


The present invention relates to compositions and methods for analyzing and modulating (e.g., enhancing or inhibiting) protein-protein interactions. In particular, compositions and methods of the present invention find use in identifying, reconstituting and characterizing protein-protein interactions, identifying binding subunits, and drug screening. The methods and compositions of the invention may also be used to identify agents that may agonize or antagonize a protein-protein interaction (e.g., using test compounds).

Most biological functions are the result of interactions among molecules such as proteins, DNA, RNA and other small molecules. The large-scale analysis of proteins and their interactions, commonly referred to as proteomics, has become one of the most important disciplines for characterizing gene function, for building functional linkages between protein molecules, and for providing insight into the mechanisms of biological processes in a high-throughput mode.
A number of protein expression systems have been used as tools in biochemical research to analyze protein-protein interactions (e.g., antigen-antibody interactions and receptor-ligand binding). These expression systems include genetically engineered cell lines that over-express a protein of interest (e.g., receptor, antibody or enzyme) in modified bacteria, and phage display libraries of multiple proteins. Proteins prepared through these approaches can be isolated and either screened in solution or attached to a solid support for screening against a target of interest such as other proteins, receptor ligands, small molecules, and the like. Recently, a number of researchers have focused their efforts on the formation of arrays of proteins similar in concept to the nucleotide biochips currently being marketed. For example, WO 00/04389 and WO 00/04382 describe microarrays of proteins and protein-capture agents formed on a substrate having an organic thinfilm and a plurality of patches of proteins, or protein-capture agents. Also, WO 99/40434 describes a method of identifying antigen/antibody interactions using antibody arrays and identifying the antibody to which an antigen binds.
While arrays of proteins, and protein-capture agents provide a method of analysis distinct from nucleotide biochips, the preparation of such arrays requires purification of the proteins used to generate the array. Additionally, detection of a binding or catalytic event at a specific location requires either knowing the identification of the applied protein, or isolating the protein applied at that location of the array and determining its identity. Also, attachment of proteins to an array sometimes causes these proteins to lose their ability to interact with other proteins or ligands after immobilization.
What is needed is a means to identify protein binding events wherein a protein or portion thereof (e.g., bait polypeptide) is presented to a protein or portion thereof (e.g., prey polypeptide) in a way that provides a fast, high-throughput and reliable way to monitor protein-protein interactions and in which the proteins retain the ability to interact with other proteins. Additionally, it would be preferable to have the protein presented in a manner that allows for efficient isolation and/or identification of the proteins for which binding events are detected (e.g., identification of prey protein/polypeptide). Finally, the system should enable rapid analysis of the proteins by coupling of the arrays to detection systems that allow for the rapid, high-throughput analysis of chemical or biological samples. Such techniques would be valuable in identifying protein-protein interactions, subunits in multi-subunit complexes, as well as test compounds that may alter (e.g., enhance or inhibit) the protein-protein interaction.

Compositions and methods for analyzing protein interactions


The present invention relates to a compound represented by the formula I: ##STR1## which was isolated from the culture of Streptomyces prunicolor PA-48153 and has biological activity such as immunosuppressive activity, antitumor activity and antifungal activity.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a compound represented by the formula I: ##STR2## a microorganism producing said compound and a process for preparing said compound.
This invention provides an immunosuppressive agent, an antitumor agent and an antifungal agent which comprise said compound as an effective ingredient.
2. Prior Art
Immunosuppressive agents are indispensable to the prevention of the rejection against the transplantation of organs or tissues and the graft-versus-host reaction by bone marrow transplantation, and to the remedy for autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
A lot of immunosuppressive agents have been developed and put to clinical use. However, they are not always satisfactory because of their weak and adverse effects. Therefore, new immunosuppressive agents have long been desired.
A lot of antitumor agents have been developed and put to clinical use. As they are somewhat toxic and their doses are therefore limited, the remedy using them is not so satisfactory. An antitumor agent, which is structurally similar to the compound of the present invention, is disclosed in Japanese Patent Kokai 63-165323.
Mycosis is caused by fungi or yeast and is increasing every year. Especially, deepseated mycosis is increasing in connection with AIDS. As agents for deepseated mycosis are exemplified nystatin, amphotericin B, miconazole and 5-fluorocytosine. The development of antifungal agents falls behind that of antibiotics.
An object of this invention is to provide a new compound having immunosuppressive, antitumor and antifungal activities.