The disclosure relates to a network entity for selecting a communication relay from a plurality of communication relays within the service area of a base station covering a plurality of geographic positions, wherein each communication relay is able to retransmit a communication between the base station and a user equipment, wherein the network entity comprises a divider configured to divide the service area into a plurality of different regions based on an attenuation measure at each geographic position, a determiner configured to determine for each pair of regions a spatial isolation measure based on the attenuation measures at the geographic positions within the regions, and a selector configured to select a communication relay based on the spatial isolation measures associated with the geographic position of each communication relay.

In relay assisted communication, relay nodes are deployed to forward information between a transmitter and a receiver. Different use cases can be identified for relay-assisted communication. The most popular are coverage extension, where a relay extends the coverage of a given base station, and traffic offload, and the base station can offload a part of its traffic to a relay for the relay to buffer and forward packets to a set of target users.
Co-channel interference is a critical problem regarding relay links using the same radio resources. 3GPP standardized Type I and II relays solve this problem using orthogonal resources for transmissions between the base station and the relays. However, this leads to a multiplexing loss that reduces the total network capacity.
In order to reduce the interference generated by in-band relay communication, different approaches are described in the literature. Usually, relay selection is combined with power control, sub-band allocation (see, for instance Jeon et al. "A survey on interference networks: Interference alignment and neutralization." Entropy, vol. 14, no. 10, pp. 1842-1863, 2012) or transmit antenna selection (see, for instance Yang, Nan, et al. "Transmit antenna selection for security enhancement in MIMO wiretap channels." IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol. 61, no. 1. pp. 144-154, 2013) in order to meet given interference constraints.
This selection can be formulated as an optimization problem to maximize a utility function, for example the average sum rate. In Lee et al. "Low-complexity interference-aware single relay selection in multi-source multi-destination cooperative networks." 6th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication Systems (ICSPCS), IEEE, 2012 the relay selection decision is formulated as an assignment problem, modeled as a weighted bipartite graph, and solved by the Hungarian algorithm. The algorithm input can be a channel state information (CSI) as for instance described in Cao, Jinlong, et al. "Interference-aware multi-user relay selection scheme in cooperative relay networks." Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), IEEE, 2013. In Miao et al. "A Cross-Layer Relay Selection Algorithm for D2D Communication System." International Conference on Wireless Communication and Sensor Network (WCSN), IEEE, 2014, an additional input, queue state information (QSI), is required.
However, the aforementioned approaches share two key disadvantages. Firstly, they require instantaneous channel knowledge, typically CSI, which leads to signaling costs and problems linked to outdated channel knowledge, and secondly, the approaches are characterized by high computational complexity mainly due to the necessity of solving large optimization problems in real time.
It is difficult to decrease the interference drawback without orthogonalizing the transmission and to efficiently select a relay, in such a way that the total interference level does not impact the network capacity in a destructive way.

Network entity and a method for selecting a communication relay


A light emission device is used for a casing of the game device. This light emission device comprises a light source disposed in the casing, and a light guiding member having a plate-like shape, the light guiding member being configured to guide light emitted from the light source and being attached to the casing. The light guiding member comprises a reflecting unit configured to reflect the light incident from a first direction along a thickness direction of the light guiding member to a direction different from the first direction to diffuse the light in the interior of the light guiding member; and a light emission part configured to transmit the light reflected from the reflecting unit to outside from a surface of the light guiding member.

Conventionally game devices have been used, which include various types of illumination, such as lamps and light emissions. One example of such game devices is configured to diffuse light emitted from a light source radially at a part of the device, and then to reflect the light from the entire face uniformly to a certain direction (see JP 2011-200497A1, for example).
Recently popular game devices are of a type comprising a several satellites (station devices) around a large casing to allow players of the individual satellites to play a common game so that they can participate with their satellites. For illumination of such a game device, a proposed device comprises lamps at a blindfold board between the satellites, for example (see JP 4760047B, for example).

Casing and light emission device for game device


A foldable device includes: a display; a touch panel configured to detect a touch input; a sensing interface configured to detect an angle of the foldable device; and a controller configured to activate the display unit when the angle detected by the sensing unit as the foldable device is unfolded is equal to or greater than a first angle, and activate the touch panel when the angle detected by the sensing unit is equal to or greater than a second angle.

1. Field
Methods and apparatuses consistent with exemplary embodiments relate to foldable devices in which a lock state of a display unit is controlled, and a method of controlling the foldable devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Due to the advancement of display technologies, various display apparatuses, such as flexible displays and transparent displays, have been developed. A device including a flexible display may be folded or unfolded by a user, and thus the size of the device may be reduced.
A flexible display may be realized in a form of an organic electroluminescent light-emitting display apparatus or a liquid crystal display (LCD) apparatus. The flexible display may be manufactured by using a flexible material, for example, by replacing a glass substrate of a general LCD apparatus or a general organic electroluminescent light-emitting display apparatus with a plastic film. Also, a foldable device may be manufactured by using a flexible material in at least a foldable region of the general LCD apparatus or the general organic electroluminescent light-emitting display apparatus.
Flexible displays may be used in electronic books that may replace magazines, textbooks, publications, and comic books. Flexible displays may be used in new portable information technology (IT) products, such as subminiature personal computers (PCs) having a foldable or rollable display, and smart cards for checking information in real-time.
Therefore, a user interface that reflects characteristics of the foldable device would be useful.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Foldable device and method of controlling the same


The present invention relates to a ventilating apparatus for ventilating a display of a hall door with clean air, and the ventilating apparatus includes: a rectangular parallelepiped monitor box MB which is fixed onto a rear surface of a hall door D at a rear side of an opening 15 of the elevator hall door D made of metal, and protrudes at the rear side of the elevator hall door D to accommodate a monitor M; a monitor M which is fixed into the monitor box MB; a tempered glass plate 20 which is disposed at the rear side of the opening 15 of the elevator hall door D, and sized to cover the entire monitor to protect the monitor M from frontal impact; a plurality of inlets and outlets 52 and 54 which is formed at a central lateral portion D1 of the hall door D and connected to the interior of the monitor box MB; and two blower fans F1 and F2 which are installed in the monitor box MB between the monitor M and the inlets and outlets 52 and 54, and provide air, in which when the blower fans F1 and F2 operate, air in a building hallway or an elevator cage flows into the monitor box MB through the inlets 52 among the inlets and outlets 52 and 54, cools the monitor M, and then is discharged to the building hallway or the cage through the outlets 54 among the inlets and outlets 52 and 54.

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a relationship between a cage C and an elevator shaft L of the existing elevator. Recently, instances in which displays for providing passengers with information are installed on a hall door D at a hallway side of an elevator or a cage door at a cage side are gradually increasing. This display device needs to be separately equipped with a ventilating apparatus for cooling heat generated in a monitor. Meanwhile, the elevator shaft L, which is a passageway through which the elevator cage C moves upward and downward, is a nearly hermetic space isolated from the outside thereof, and because of frequent upward and downward movements of the elevator cage, the space is usually and nearly always filled with contaminated air containing a large amount of dust or foreign substances. For this reason, there is great concern that the monitor of the display will erroneously operate or break down due to dust or foreign substances included in air in a case in which air in the elevator shaft L is used to cool the display installed on the elevator hall door D. Hereinafter, the hall door of the elevator at the hallway side is referred to as an "elevator hall door" or simply a "hall door".
Meanwhile, the interior of the elevator shaft and the cage of the elevator, which are used in a typical building, need to necessarily have a fireproof structure. In particular, in order to prepare for a risk of a fire, the elevator hall door needs to necessarily have a fireproof function to meet fire regulations. FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view illustrating how the existing typical flat hall door and the hall door equipped with the display exhibit a fireproof function in the event of a fire. As illustrated, because the typical door at the right side is configured by a flat metallic plate, there is no problem with the fireproof function.
However, in the case of the hall door at the left side which has the display installed thereon, ventilation openings for cooling the monitor are formed in a monitor box and communicate with the cage at a rear side, and as a result, flame may be concentrated on a concave portion through a front opening of the display, and then spread over the interior of the cage through the ventilation openings, such that there is a problem in that the hall door at the left side is vulnerable to a fire. That is, there is a problem in that the hall door at the left side has the structure in which the flame is concentrated on a concave portion of the display and then spread over the interior of the cage, and thus is very vulnerable to a fire, and this structure is extremely difficult to be used for the elevator.

Ventilating apparatus for display of elevator hall door


Free wheel hub for cycles, in which the wheel hub is driven by the free wheel, by means of a unidirectional connection constituted by the cooperation of at least one movable ratchet acted upon by a spring so as to move toward an operative projecting position, in which it cooperates with teeth, this ratchet being free to pivot on a support piece fastened to the hub body, while the teeth are produced on a free wheel body. The ratchet-support piece is made of a material whose mechanical properties and/or density are similar to those of the material used to make the hub body, this ratchet being mounted so as to pivot on a gauge rod attached to the support piece, this gauge rod being made of a material whose mechanical properties and/or density are similar to those of the material used to manufacture the free wheel body.

In most present-day hubs, the unidirectionally-rotating link between the body of the hub and a free wheel body carrying the gears is formed by two tangential ratchets moving in a plane perpendicular to the axis and cooperating with a ratchet wheel, and interposed, with this ratchet wheel, between the aforementioned components.
Cycle users may be only recreational cyclists, but also competitors worried about performance. The latter always seek the strongest and lightest bicycles possible in order to satisfy their passion. The lightness of the components is thus an ongoing concern for manufacturers, but, as regards free wheels, nothing has been improved to date and the various manufacturing components of the free wheel are made of a high-density material such as steel, in order to withstand all of the stresses acting upon them during use of the cycle. Traditionally, therefore, the part attached to the hub body carries the ratchets or teeth, and the free wheel body carries, conversely and respectively, the teeth or ratchets, which are made of steel. Even if, as regards performance levels, this solution proves suitable, the same is not true with respect to weight, which is considered to be too great. It should be noted, moreover, that in present-day systems the part fastened to the hub body and carrying the ratchets is an additional, separate component attached to the hub body, this component being made of steel, as indicated above, while the hub body is made of aluminum.


A pneumatic radial tire provides enhanced noise reduction and water releasing ability during driving by repetitious process of trapping air into the circumferential groove, formed on the tread as the air therein gets compressed and expanded before it gets released. The pneumatic tire includes a rib-lug tread pattern formed by circumferential grooves and several axial grooves at a slant angle relative to the circumferential grooves.

The present invention relates to pneumatic radial tires for passenger cars, and particularly relates to tires which are contrived to prevent hydroplaning and reduce noise by having a unique tread pattern.
In the prior art, rib-lug type tire, many of ribs are generally formed between several circumferential grooves formed along the middle of the tread and several generally axial grooves which have a certain slant angle to those circumferential grooves form numerous lugs in a certain pitch.
Tires with such rib-lug type tread pattern do not have quiet-smooth driving as a result of its contact with the ground. The contact between tire and ground traps air inside of above-mentioned circumferential grooves and the air is compressed. As this process takes place repetitiously it yields the high frequency noise, approximately 1 KHz, thus, such phenomenon becomes severe during high-speed driving or under heavy load.
In order to reduce such noise, conventional tires tried to change the pitch of lug or width of grooves, but this effort was not effective to mitigate the air pumping noise caused by constant air flow process of trapping, compressing and releasing. Also, as a concomitant phenomenon, inappropriate juxtaposition of ribs and/or lugs resulted in applying concentrated load on a particular area which led to biased abrasion or abnormal abrasion.
As one of the objectives of the present invention, it is to provide tire tread pattern reducing air pumping noise without accompanying biased abrasion or abnormal abrasion of ribs and/or lugs.
On the other hand, tread pattern which is distinguished by grooves and/or sipes releases water as tire is utilized during rainy weather or on damp road surfaces, beside providing braking and/or ground gripping power. However, if water trapped inside of grooves is not promptly and sufficiently released or dispersed, it could jeopardize safe driving of the vehicle by causing hydroplaning. Accordingly, designing of tire tread pattern needs to be done to provide improvement of anti-hydroplaning and wet road performance beside reducing of noises.
Therefore, another objective of the present invention is to provide a tire tread pattern which will prevent tires from causing hydroplaning when they are utilized on wet road surface or in rainy weather.
In order to accomplish above mentioned first and second objective of the present invention, as the distinctive features of the invention, the tire manufactured according to the present invention has circumferential grooves and several generally axial grooves capable of inducing and releasing trapped air therein sufficiently through the grooves by allocating equal ground contact pressure to ribs and/or lugs. Also, the tread pattern according to the present invention forms characteristically a number of auxiliary grooves on a ground contacting surface of the tread in order to release or disperse the remaining exceeding water from main grooves through above mentioned auxiliary grooves.
The other unique and advantageous features of the present invention can be better perceived in the following detailed description of the invention.

Pneumatic radial tire having a tread pattern


Disclosed is a packaging material, comprising a fibrous base web wherein at least a part of the fibers forming said base web include at least a partial coating of a mixture of chemical substances which comprise a predominant proportion of a chemical binder based on a synthetic water-soluble heat-curable cationic resin precondensate and of a minor proportion of at least one coloring chemical substance, the proportions being relative to the total weight of the mixture of substances. Also disclosed is a method of manufacturing this packaging material and a sausage casing made therefrom.

It is known to produce tubular packaging sheaths based on fiber-reinforced cellulose hydrate, by impregnating and coating a paper fiber tube with viscose solution which contains a dispersed or dissolved dyestuff, then allowing a liquid precipitant to act on the tube, washing the tube, treating it, if desired, with a liquid containing a chemical plasticizer, and then drying the tube.
The known process has the disadvantage that, as a result of the dispersed constituent in the viscose, the formation of the cellulose hydrate structure of the tube is disturbed and hence its mechanical properties are adversely influenced.

Tubular packaging sheath and process for its manufacture


A heat dissipation module includes a fan and a thermal fin portion. The fan includes a fan body, a plurality of blade units and a plurality of blade extensions. The blade units are connected to the fan body. The blade extensions protrude from the blade units, respectively. A first surface is formed on a side of each of the blade extensions. A distance between the first surface and an axis of the fan body is increasing along an inflow direction. The thermal fin portion includes a plurality of fin units and a plurality of fin extensions respectively protruding from the fin units. A second surface is formed on a side facing the fan extension of each of the fin extension. An identical gap is formed between at least one portion of the first surface and at least one portion of the second surface.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a heat dissipation module and an electronic device therewith, and more particularly, to a heat dissipation module capable of enhancing heat dissipating efficiency and reducing noise and an electronic device therewith.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Generally speaking, a heat pipe and a heat dissipation module are disposed inside a consumer electronic device. The heat pipe transmits heat generated by internal electronic components the consumer electronic device to thermal fins of the heat dissipation module. Afterwards, a fan of the heat dissipation module flows air to the aforesaid thermal fins, so as to dissipate the heat transmitted to the thermal fins by convection effect.
The dispositions of the heat pipe and the thermal fins of the conventional heat dissipation module are constrained by mechanical space, resulting in small area where the heat pipe contacts the thermal fins. The thermal fins with an inclined shape or an arc shape are designed to be contacts the heat pipe for solving above drawbacks. However, the above-mentioned design for increasing the area where the heat pipe contacts the thermal fins results in non-identical gaps between the fan and the thermal fins. Thus, it results in turbulent flow of the air, which generates in noises, so as to reduce quality of product.
Furthermore, in order to satisfy a trend of the consumer electronic device towards a small size, it is designed that the gap between the thermal fins and the fan is reduced for reducing the volume of the heat dissipation module. Since the fan is close to the thermal fins, the above-mentioned design results in more noises when the fan flows the air to the thermal fins, and thus reduces the quality of product. Alternatively, it is designed that a length of each blade of the fan is reduced for reducing the volume of the heat dissipation module. However, it causes that an active area of each blade of the fan for flowing the air is curtailed, and thus reduces the convection effect between the thermal fins and the air. Accordingly, it will reduce the heat dissipating efficiency of the heat dissipation module. Thus, how to design a heat dissipation module capable of enhancing heat dissipating efficiency and reducing noise and an electronic device therewith has been an issue of mechanical design for the consumer electronic product.

Heat dissipation module adapted to an electronic device and electronic device therewith


This invention relates to an extract of a Globularia genus plant such as Globularia alypum, Globularia vulgaris and related species of the Globulariaceae family, which is useful as antibrucella, bacteriostatic and antiphlogistic agent.. This extract is obtained from the entire plant or a part of said plant by means of two extraction solvents of differing polarity.. This extract is useful in human and veterinary therapy, in particular in the treatment of brucellosis.

Globularia alypum is a plant of the Globulariaceae family which grows in the Mediterranean basin. It has been described by HEGNAUER in "Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen" vol. 4, pages 207-210 (1966) as well as Globularia vulgaris and related species of said Globulariaceae family.
In the past Globularia alypum was used or proposed in folk medicine for quite a lot of diseases. In particular water infusions of Globularia alypum flowers have been proposed as laxative, diuretic and antibrucella agents, and extracts of leaves have been proposed in the treatment of rhumatism, gout, typhoid, intermittent fever, as urinary antiseptic and as laxative.
More recently it has been disclosed by G. CALDES et al., in Planta Medica 27, 72-76 (1975) that extracts obtained from the entire plant of Globularia alypum by extraction with cold and boiling water then lyophilisation were (i) inactive as bacteriostatic (against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecium) and antimalarial (against Plasmodium berghi) agents, and (ii) active against lymphocytic leukemia and neoplastic cell culture.
Taking into account the numerous and too different uses of Globularia alypum which have been proposed in the past, further studies have been carried out. These studies have now led to a new method of extraction of Globularia alypum, Globularia vulgaris and relates species of the Globulariaceae family, which surprisingly gives an extract which (i) is far more active as antibrucella agent than the previously known extracts, (ii) exhibits a bacteriostatic activity against Gram (+) bacteriae such as Staphylococcus aureus, and (iii) is also useful as antiphlogistic agent.

Globularia extract, its method of preparation and its use as pharmaceutical


A zoom lens for a video camera includes a focusing mechanism which is designed to prevent a picked-up image from shaking when the focusing mechanism is operated manually or electrically. In the focusing mechanism, a female helicoid is threadedly fitted on a male helicoid, and a female helicoid holder supports the female helicoid from a lower side of the female helicoid to maintain a proper threaded engagement between the female helicoid and the male helicoid. The female helicoid holder is provided at a lower side of the male helicoid.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a video camera zoom lens used in a video movie, a monitoring video camera or the like.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A general construction of a focusing mechanism in a conventional video camera zoom lens of this type is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2.
In the conventional construction shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a male helicoid 1 is fixedly mounted on a lens mount 2, and has a male helicoid screw (thread) portion 1a formed on an outer peripheral surface of a front portion thereof A female helicoid 3 supports a focusing lens 4 within a front portion thereof, and has a female helicoid screw (thread) portion 3a formed on an inner peripheral surface of a rear portion thereof The female helicoid screw portion 3a of the female helicoid 3 is threaded on the male helicoid screw portion 1a of the male helicoid 1 so that the female helicoid 3 can be moved back and forth so as to effect the focus adjustment.
Therefore, in such a threaded condition, the female helicoid 3, because of its dead-weight a, is decentered downward with respect to the male helicoid 1 by an amount corresponding to a gap between the threaded helicoid screw portions 1a and 3a. Thus, the amount (-b) of decentering between the male and female helicoids 1 and 3 is produced, and a supporting point c for this threaded connection lies at the upper section of the male helicoid 1 threadedly engaged with the female helicoid 3.
In the above conventional focusing mechanism in which the female helicoid screw portion 3a is threaded on the male helicoid screw portion 1a of the male helicoid 1, when the focus adjustment is to be effected, the lower portion of the female helicoid 3 is angularly moved (or screwed) manually as at d or by a focus motor e, so that the focusing lens 4 is moved back and forth by this angular movement (screwing motion).
However, in the conventional focusing mechanism of the above construction for the video camera zoom lens, when the focus adjustment is to be effected manually, the female helicoid 3 is first lifted by hand from the lower side thereof and is angularly moved, because the thread supporting point c supporting the female helicoid 3 lies at the upper side, with the decentering amount (-b) produced between the male helicoid 1 and the female helicoid 3. Then, after the focus adjustment is finished, the hand is released from the female helicoid 3. Therefore, during this operation, the female helicoid 3 and hence the focusing lens 4 are moved upward and downward, and as a result the picked-up image shakes upward and downward (that is, undergoes pitching). In the case of the electrical operation for the focus adjustment, similarly, the thread supporting point c supporting the female helicoid 3 lies at the upper side, with the decentering amount (-b) produced between the male helicoid 1 and the female helicoid 3), and the torque operating point by the focus motor e is usually disposed at the lower side, and therefore the focusing lens 4 is swung right and left like a pendulum during the time from the start of the rotation of the motor e to the end of the rotation of this motor. As a result, the picked-up image shakes right and left (that is, undergoes rolling). Thus, the above undesirable problems are encountered in manual operation and electrical operation.
Further, when the supporting point c for the threaded connection is disposed at the upper side with respect to the male helicoid 1, the focusing lens 4 is swung right and left like a pendulum from the start of the rotation of the motor e to the end of the rotation of this motor even if an actuating point of the torque provided by the focus motor e is disposed at any position. Thus, undesirable problems are encountered in the above operations as well.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


We provide a system and method for reverse osmosis treatment of water, including seawater and brackish water. Methods and systems of embodiments of the invention may include, for example, ultrafiltration followed by biofoulant removal, both of which precede reverse osmosis. In preferred embodiments the system is run at a low flux. For example, a flux of 6-8 GFD may be used with seawater. Additional embodiments may provide the above process in conjunction with a reverse-osmosis membrane cleaning system. The membrane cleaning system is a “clean in place” system that includes use of the natural pressure differential in the reverse osmosis system to remove biofoulants and their precursors.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the invention relate to methods, systems, and processes for desalination using reverse osmosis.
2. Background of the Related Art
Water desalination is growing to meet industrial and drinking water demand worldwide. Although both thermal desalination (multi effect distillation or "MED", and multi stage flash evaporation or "MSF") and membrane based seawater reverse osmosis ("SWRO") processes are used in these plants, SWRO has grown predominantly over the last 15-20 years. SWRO has become very cost effective and efficient in terms of energy consumption as compared to where the technology was few years ago.
In conjunction with the ascendance of SWRO, there have been several developments related to low energy membranes and energy recovery devices designed to reduce energy consumption. At the same time, energy costs have been increasing more steeply, and there is a continuous need for reduced energy consumption in SWRO plants to offset the energy costs and maintain cost of water. This challenge is mostly experienced with seawater plants due to higher energy consumption, but there has been elevated attention on brackish water plants as well, due to significant increases in energy costs. These energy costs are further exacerbated by escalation of energy costs due to fouling problems during plant operation.
One challenge with plant management is that once the plant has been designed for some energy consumption, the plant's energy consumption does not remain steady and consistent once the water production starts. This may be due to several reasons, but predominantly it is because of fouling, scaling or membrane compaction. Out of these three, scaling may be the biggest contributor to energy consumption in brackish water, but fouling is the biggest cause of energy consumption in seawater and surface water-based RO plants. Moreover, due to heavy emphasis on recycling and reuse of water, it has become typical to design RO brackish water plants at as high as 97-98% recovery, which makes the fouling and scaling problems much more challenging. Sometimes the water itself may not be scaling but due to initiation that has already happened due to some other reasons scaling salts may start precipitating.
Another serious problem that RO plants encounter is bio-fouling, which reduces productivity of water, increases the differential pressure and increases power consumption. This problem is compounded in plants where there are open intakes and where water temperature increases during summer. Chlorine treatment makes this worse due to formation of oxidized products, which provide potent feed for the residual bacteria right on the membrane surface where they are rejected along with the bacteria after the de-chlorination process. Chlorination typically cannot be considered as a sustainable process option to control bio fouling, because the balance bacteria left after chlorination multiply much faster after de-chlorination with the potent nutrients as food for bacteria. Therefore it is not prudent to depend on chlorination to control bio-fouling on membranes. Moreover chlorinated organic products may be undesirable due to formation of carcinogens. Alternative techniques to control, minimize or eliminate bio-fouling are of significant interest.
Other chemical approaches like biocide treatment have found limited success and are too expensive. There have been several approaches which plants have adopted by optimizing chlorination and de-chlorination dosing, their locations and frequency including shock chlorination in the pretreatment section. These approaches have improved productivity and reduced the magnitude of this problem but have not provided a sustainable solution for plant productivity and power consumption efficiency. So there is a need to improve bio-fouling performance of SWRO and surface water and recycle reuse RO plants. Bio-fouling increases the power consumption so a low energy membrane design cannot work alone without a comprehensive approach on bio fouling control.
In an effort to maintain healthy operational efficiency in terms of water production and energy consumption, membranes should be kept in clean condition with minimum differential pressure across membranes. As the differential pressure increases it becomes difficult to clean the membranes and regain the original performance when the membrane was in its clean condition. It is also known that with higher differential pressure, permeate quality deteriorates. Beyond a point, cleaning conditions become much more aggressive and cleaning chemicals must be used for a longer time to reestablish clean membrane performance. As a matter of fact, some part of the fouling becomes irreversible and permanent. Many chemical cleanings are not practical to perform under aggressive conditions because membranes lose performance. Moreover disposal of cleaning chemicals need elaborate treatment and neutralization, which consumes additional chemicals.


The invention is an attachable lid for dispensing additives into a cup. The lid has a plurality of compartments which contain additives. Each compartment has a plunger such that when pressure is applied to the lid the plunger punctures the bottom of the compartment and the additive is dispensed into the cup.

The fast-food industry increasingly demands for a more efficient and expedious method of serving its clientele in a cost effective manner. When serving beverages, customarily lids are placed on cups to maintain the beverage at its desired temperature. At the same time, condiments, such as sugar and cream are supplied to the customer for use in flavoring the beverage. While this method of supplying the goods to the consumer works, it is generally cumbersome and wastelid to have the condiments separate from the lid since the consumer is required to open the lid, insert the desired condiment into the cup and dispose of the condiments wrapper.
The present invention discloses an apparatus which combines the lid and condiments in such a manner as to encourage cost savings, while at the same time be enviromnentally friendly by reducing waste.
The goal of reducing waste has led to a search for such an environmentally sound product, as is the present invention. The present invention is not only a quick and easy method for dispensing additives into a cup, but also eliminates the need for individually packaged items like sugar and creamer. In addition, the present invention discloses a lid having condiments or additives contained within the lid to save storage space.


Disclosed is a battery pack using a direct cooling method on the edge surface of a battery. The direct cooling-type battery pack, which is prevented from leakage caused by swelling through a cooling surface formed on an edge surface of a battery cell and is applicable to a bi-directional cell, includes: a battery module having a plurality of battery cells stacked therein; a cooling frame corresponding to a casing in which the battery module is received, and forming a cooling surface on an edge surface in a direction of 90° from a stacking surface on which the battery cells are stacked; and a heat sink which is positioned at the bottom of the cooling surface, is coupled with a cooling frame enclosing the battery module and mounted to the upper part thereof, stores a coolant therein, and supplies the stored coolant to the cooling surface. According to the present disclosure, a direct cooling-type cooling surface is formed on one edge surface of a battery pack to prevent leakage of a coolant caused by swelling and to provide a battery pack applicable to a bi-directional cell.

Cooling of a battery is directly related with stable charge/discharge functions and life of the battery. Cooling methods of a battery may be classified into a direct cooling method and an indirect cooling method. A direct cooling method includes forming a flow path through which a coolant flows and allowing the formed cooling flow path to cool a battery cell directly. An indirect cooling method includes allowing a heat conductive member to be in contact with a battery cell without any flow path and cooling the battery cell indirectly through the heat conduction of the heat conductive member.
FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show the conventional battery pack.
Referring to FIG. 1a and FIG. 1b, the battery pack 100 using a direct cooling method forms a hexahedron. For convenience of description, the hexahedron has surface or side {circle around (1)} as the top surface having a lead 103 of a battery cell 102, surface {circle around (2)} as the bottom surface opposite to surface {circle around (1)} and having a pack level cooling system 104, surface {circle around (3)} and surface {circle around (4)} as the surfaces positioned in the battery stacking direction, and surface {circle around (5)} and surface {circle around (6)} as the remaining edge surfaces.
In the battery pack 100, a cooling plate 101 having a cooling pipe is positioned between the bodies of the battery cell 102, and the cooling plate 101 cools the battery cell 102. When the cooling plate 101 is positioned in every gap between the adjacent battery cells 102, at most four cooling plates may be positioned among three battery cells 102 as follows: cooling plate 1+battery 1+cooling plate 2+battery 2+cooling plate 3+battery 3+cooling plate 4. Surface {circle around (1)}, which is the top surface of the battery pack 100, has an electrode lead 103 positioned thereon and is covered with a lid at the upper part thereof. Surface {circle around (2)}, which is the bottom surface of the battery pack 100, has a pack level cooling system 104 positioned thereon to supply a coolant (cooling water) upwardly to the cooling plate 101.
Herein, since the pack level cooling system 104 is positioned on surface {circle around (2)}, which is opposite to surface {circle around (1)} having the lead 103, it can be applied merely to a uni-directional cell and cannot be applied to a bi-directional cell. The cooling structure of such a system 104 merely applicable to a uni-directional cell is limited, and thus a degree of freedom in designing a pack/module of a battery is decreased.
Referring to FIG. 2, a battery is expanded due to swelling during the operation thereof. Then, cell swelling directions are formed toward surface {circle around (3)} and surface {circle around (4)}. Herein, when the cooling plate 101 is fixed to the pack level cooling system 104 on surface {circle around (2)} at the bottom, the top of the plate 101 is spaced along the swelling directions of surface {circle around (3)} and surface {circle around (4)}. After that, leakage of a coolant occurs on surface {circle around (2)}, where the bottom plate 101 and the system 104 are coupled with each other, due to the spacing of the top of the plate 101 caused by cell swelling. Such leakage of a coolant causes degradation of the life of a battery and a failure in operation of a battery, and thus adversely affects devices (e.g. electric vehicles) to which electric power is supplied from the battery.

Battery pack using direct cooling method on edge surface of battery


A vehicle step assembly which easily mounts to and removes from a motor vehicle and includes a main body portion and a pair of mounting brackets. The main body portion defines a step surface. The assembly further includes fasteners for attaching the main body portion to the mounting brackets as well as the brackets to the vehicle body or frame. The brackets attach to the vehicle through a downwardly facing tab and removable fasteners. The fasteners secure the bracket to the body or frame. The downwardly facing tabs help to carry and allow for easy installation and removal.

1. Technical Field
The present invention generally pertains to motor vehicles. More particular, the present invention pertains to a vehicle side step. More specifically, but without restriction to the particular embodiment and/or use which is shown and described for purposes of illustration, the present invention relates to a vehicle side step which comprises a pair of brackets and a step.
2. Discussion
Many conventional and modified vehicles have elevated chassis. An example of such a vehicle are xe2x80x9coff-roadxe2x80x9d four wheel drive vehicles in which the chassis is elevated for ground clearance purposes. Such vehicles, and others having elevated chassis make vehicle ingress difficult. As a solution to this problem, fixed steps have been mounted to the vehicle body or chassis to provide a lower step height to the passenger compartment of the vehicle.
Presently, vehicles generally employ two distinct styles of side steps. The first style includes a tubular member formed in a U-shape with flange portions at both ends. The tubular member is permanently attached to the chassis by use of fasteners or weldment at the flange. The second style comprises an elongated steel frame covered with a plastic or metal shell for aesthetic purposes. The frame is attached to the chassis by use of brackets at multiple locations.
While known side steps for motor vehicles have proven commercially acceptable for their intended purpose, they are all subject to improvement. In this regard, inclusion of either of these types of permanently mounted steps effectively lowers the elevation of the vehicle. The reduced ground clearance of the vehicle may also cause damage to the vehicle or side steps. In off-road applications it is known that uneven terrain may cause the vehicle chassis to contact the ground or other objects.
Thus, it remains desirable in the pertinent art to provide a vehicle side step that is removable for purposes of traversing uneven terrain, therefore eliminating the possibility of damaging the side steps.
It is a general object of the present invention to provide a step assembly for a vehicle that is easily removed and installed. The step assembly of the present invention can be taken off for off-roading to prevent damage from terrain and installed afterward to provide an aid for ingress to the vehicle.
It is another object of the present invention to reduce the number and complexity of parts that are used together to form a side step assembly. The reduction in parts and complexity will reduce the cost of the unit as well as the time required to attach the side steps to the vehicle at the assembly plant.
It is a further object of the present invention to produce a side step assembly that has increased strength and reduced load deflection as compared to the known side step assemblies.
In one form, the present invention provides a step assembly for attachment to a motor vehicle structural member. The step assembly includes a step having a generally planar step surface and a pair of support assemblies connected to the step. Each support assembly has a first end including a flange portion and a downwardly facing tab. The flange portion is oriented substantially perpendicular to the planar step surface and is adapted to be removably secured to the motor vehicle. The downwardly facing tab locates and secures the flange portion to the motor vehicle.
Additional benefits and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which this invention relates from a reading of the subsequent description of the preferred embodiment and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.


A bulk acoustic wave filter includes a substrate, a first electrode and a second electrode disposed on the substrate, a piezoelectric layer including a piezoelectric material, the piezoelectric layer disposed between the first and second electrodes, and a passive element disposed on one surface of a housing. The housing is coupled to the substrate to accommodate the piezoelectric layer, the first electrode and the second electrode.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates to a bulk acoustic wave filter.
2. Description of Related Art
With the growth of wireless mobile communications technology, various high frequency components are needed that may efficiently transmit information in a limited frequency band. Among high frequency components, filters, transmitters, receivers, and duplexers are key components used in wireless mobile communications technology.
A component that is widely used among the filters, transmitters, receivers, and duplexers is a bulk acoustic wave filter (BAW). The size and unit price of the bulk acoustic wave filter are typically significant factors considered when choosing high frequency components. Therefore, in order to reduce the overall size and unit price of the high frequency components, the size and unit price of the bulk acoustic wave filter need to be further reduced.


A liquid filling method and in particular a lens material liquid filling method suitable for manufacturing a plastic lens. A thermal sensing portion (2a) of a temperature sensor (2) is set and kept to a temperature different from that of a liquid (3). The liquid (3) is poured into a vessel (8), a change of an output from the temperature sensor (2) is detected when the surface of the liquid (3) comes into contact with the thermal sensing portion (2a) by temperature detecting means (5), and control means (6) determines that the liquid surface has reached a desired level and sends a pouring stop command to a pouring mechanism (7) to complete the filling of the liquid.

A plastic lens is manufactured in such a manner that a cavity is formed between a casting gasket and upper and lower molds, and plastic monomer as a lens material is filled into the cavity and polymerized.
At that time, the plastic monomer must be filled thereinto in an accurate amount. The following methods are conventionally employed as a method which provides accurate filling of the material.
As a first method, the cubic content of a cavity is previously measured and an amount of a liquid corresponding to the cubic content is filled into the cavity.
As a second method, the liquid level is detected in a non-contact manner using a capacitive sensor so as to accurately control an amount to be filled.
As a third method, after a liquid is filled into a vessel, the liquid overflowing from the vessel is absorbed in vacuum so as to detect the filling of the liquid by making use of a pressure difference in a vacuum circuit between a pressure when a gas is absorbed before the liquid overflows and a pressure when the overflown liquid is absorbed, as shown in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. Hei 4(1992)-128617.
However, according to the first method, when the inside volumes of cavities have dispersion or when an amount of a liquid to be filled thereinto cannot be accurately controlled, the liquid overflows from the cavity or the cavity is insufficiently filled conversely and bubbles remain in the cavity.
According to the second method, it is difficult to miniaturize the capacitive sensor and it is therefore difficult to obtain a capacitive sensor applicable to a lens making cavity. Moreover, it is inherently difficult to improve the accuracy of the capacitive sensor.
Further, according to the third method, a vessel can be filled with a liquid with a high accuracy regardless of a type of a liquid, a shape of a cavity, and the dispersion of the inside volumes of cavities. On the other hand, in the third method, an absorbing pressure must be accurately adjusted. Further, when a liquid having a high polymerizing speed is absorbed, an absorbing pipe is clogged.

Liquid filling method and lens manufacturing method


A transport hitch apparatus which is attached to a standard semi-truck tractor via the truck's frame and fifth-wheel, and which is capable of lifting and towing agricultural implements using an array of different hitch connections. The transport hitch is customizable, and is capable of conforming to several semi-truck tractor frame types and implement hitch types. In the practice of an aspect of the present invention, an agricultural implement is attached to the transport apparatus via a two-point or drawbar hitch. The transport apparatus includes a self-contained electrically powered hydraulic lift system capable of lifting large agricultural implements for transport. The transport apparatus is mounted to a tandem axle semi-truck tractor fifth wheel and frame. The transport apparatus is designed to quickly attached to any standard semi-truck tractor. The hydraulic lift system allows implements of any shape or size to be raised or lowered to an ideal towing height.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a loading system for a vehicle, and particularly to a lift and hitch system for loading, transporting, and unloading equipment, such as agricultural implements, onto a standard semi-truck tractor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Implements and equipment for tillage, cultivation and other agricultural operations have been developed with the objectives of increasing efficiency and lowering operating costs. These mechanical agricultural implements typically connect to tractors and other machinery via several connection types, such as Cat. II or Cat. III two-point hitch, or via a removable drawbar type hitch. It is important to be able to move these heavy agricultural implements from one location to another and to quickly load and unload the equipment.
With the ever increasing size of planters, drills, grain carts and tillage equipment, it is no longer safe or feasible to tow these types of agricultural implements of husbandry with a pickup, one-ton or two-ton truck. This makes delivery and pickup of these implements a challenge for dealers and either has to be done with a farm tractor or the implement has to be loaded on a semi-trailer. Both of these delivery solutions have great limitations.
Modern agricultural operations commonly require equipment adapted for transporting over public roads. For example, many farmers and farming operations work multiple, noncontiguous fields with the same equipment, which must be configured to comply with traffic regulations, including maximum width requirements. Various implement transport mechanisms have been developed for this purpose. For example, implements are commonly designed to fold and unfold between field use and transport configurations.
Transporting oversize implements commonly involves placing them on transport vehicles, such as trailers, with their long dimensions generally aligned with the direction of travel. For example, the Mefferd et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,060,259 shows an implement supported on auxiliary wheels and drawn by a vehicle attached to an end of the implement. Alternatively, an implement can be reoriented by a device that rotates it. For example, the Van Selus U.S. Pat. No. 3,727,698 discloses a trailer apparatus incorporating a turntable supported on a trailer body wherein a lift and support assembly is mounted on the turntable for lifting an implement and supporting it in an elevated position with the elongated dimension of the implement extending parallel to the direction of travel.
A further example is shown in the Shannon U.S. Pat. No. 4,286,918, which discloses an implement transporter including a trailer having a lifting and rotating mechanism for engaging, lifting and rotating an implement. The weight of the implement is supported by a roller, and the lifting mechanism is guided through an arcuate path-of-movement by an arm pivoted adjacent to one side of the trailer whereby the supported implement may be rotated 90 degrees relative to the trailer.
Yet another example is shown in the Pingry et al. U.S. Pat. No. 6,238,170, which describes an implement transporter including a trailer having a lifting and rotating mechanism for engaging, lifting and rotating the implement. The trailer includes a turntable supporting a cantilevered arm and the cantilevered arm includes a lift and support assembly.
Additional examples of lift systems adapted for use with standard semi-truck tractors includes the Pro-Tote® Daisy Mule®, which modifies a standard truck wrecker modified to pull agricultural implements, and the Zacklift™ Fifthwheeler, which allows a standard semi-truck tractor to be converted into a towing wrecker for transporting other semi-truck tractors over the road. However, these modifications lack the versatility to connect with, lift, and haul the wide variety of agricultural implements available today. For example, the Daisy Mule® is limited to use with only Cat. III quick hitch systems and a removable drawbar. The Zacklift™ Fifthwheeler is limited to transforming a standard semi-truck tractor into a wrecker, and is incapable of lifting and transporting agricultural implements.
The existing hitch systems cannot quickly or easily transform from a Cat. III hitch to a Cat. II hitch. Modifying an existing hitch to accept a Cat. II or Cat. III quick hitch would require that the quick hitch be completely removed and a new quick hitch system be installed. Quick hitch systems weigh upwards of 250 pounds and require time to be installed. Further: existing hitch systems employ a lift placed relative to a semi-truck's fifth wheel and require that the hitch extend well beyond the end of the truck frame. This increases the moment arm of the hitch, and therefore increases weight load on the hitch system, leading to increased wear.
Other examples of lift systems adapted for use with standard semi-truck tractors further includes U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,823,735 and 6,036,428 to Kooima, U.S. Pat. No. 7,100,933 to Zackovich, U.S. Pat. No. 4,543,030 to Hawkins, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,715,042 to Rellinger. These lift systems discuss attaching a lift system to a standard semi-truck tractor via the fifth wheel.
What is desired is a lift system capable of connecting to a standard semi-truck tractor adapted for lifting and hauling agricultural implements having a variety of connection types, including Cat. II two-point hitch connections, Cat. III two-point hitch connections, and draw bar connections.
Heretofore there has not been available a lift mechanism with the advantages and features of the present invention.


A transimpedance amplifier with controllable noise reduction in which DC offsets due to the input signal are tolerated during reception of low input signals by reducing, e.g., terminating, a compensation current to remove a dominant source of thermal noise, but compensated during reception of higher input signals where the effects of DC offsets are more dominant.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to amplifiers for amplifying signals having low magnitudes, and in particular, to transimpedance amplifiers used for amplifying signals having low magnitudes and containing DC offsets.
2. Description of the Related Art
Optical receivers responsible for receiving and amplifying data signals generated by optical signal systems typically use transimpedance amplifiers to receive and amplify the current based signal provided by a photodiode that receives the actual optical signal transmission. Such signals typically include a DC component, which often requires compensation so as to prevent biasing problems within the amplifier.
Referring to FIG. 1, a conventional transimpendance amplifier circuit for performing this function includes a gain stage in the form of an amplifier A1 (e.g., an operational amplifier) with a feedback resistor R2 between the input 3 and output 5 terminals. Also connected to the input terminal 3 is a current source I1 which provides a compensation circuit Ic (discussed in more detail below). The output signal voltage Vout also drives a lowpass filter circuit in the form of a serially connected resistance R1 and capacitance C1. The voltage V1 (which is the DC component of the output signal Vout) across the capacitor C1 is compared in a voltage comparison circuit A2 (e.g., voltage comparator) with a reference voltage Vref. The resulting signal V2 from this voltage comparison circuit A2 controls the current source I1, thereby controlling the compensation current Ic.
The photodiode D1 provides a signal current Is to the input node mutually connecting the current source I1, feedback resistor R2 and amplifier input terminal 3. When no light 1 is impinging upon the photodiode D1, the diode current Is is zero. During impingement of light 1 upon the photodiode D1, the diode current Is is non-zero and has a value determined by the responsivity of the photodiode and the input light power. If the incoming light signal 1 represents a data signal having a substantially equal number of ones and zeros, then the average photodiode current Isa will be equal to one-half of the peak photodiode current Is1 occurring during reception of a signal corresponding to a logical 1 (Isa=Is½). This average Isa current flows through the feedback resistor R2 of the transimpedance amplifier 4, thereby producing a potential difference between the DC bias points of the input terminal 3 and output terminal 5 of the amplifier A1. Accordingly, the DC bias point of the amplifier output terminal 5 is now dependent upon, i.e., varies with, the magnitude of the incoming signal, i.e., photodiode current Is, thereby making it difficult to maintain the DC biasing of the amplifier A1 for maximum dynamic range.
The conventional solution for this has been to provide the variable current source I1 at the input terminal 3 of the amplifier A1. The compensation current Ic provided by this current source I1 removes the DC component of the photodiode current Is. This is achieved by comparing the DC component V1 of the output signal voltage Vout (by lowpass filtering the output signal voltage Vout) with the reference Vref. If the DC output signal component V1 differs from the desired DC bias level, as represented by the reference voltage Vref, such voltage difference is caused by the DC component of the photodiode current Is flowing through the feedback resistor R2. Accordingly, the output signal V2 from the voltage comparison circuit A2 controls the current source I1 such that the compensation current Ic compensates for, i.e., removes, the DC component of the photodiode current Is at the amplifier input terminal 3, thereby causing the DC level at the amplifier output terminal 5 to return to and remain at the desired biasing point.
The conventional approach, however, is less than satisfactory for low values of photodiode current Is. As is well known, the current source I1 introduces thermal noise at the input node. The noise current resulting from such thermal noise is approximately equal to 4 αKTGm for metal oxide semiconductor devices (where α is a technology-dependent MOSFET parameter which is typically approximately ⅔, K is Boltzmann's constant, T is temperature in degrees Kelvin, Gm is the transconductance of the current source I1) and 2 QIc for bipolar junction transistors (where Q is the charge of an electron (1.6*10−19) and Ic is the compensation current). In low signal noise applications, i.e., where the photodiode current Is contains little signal noise, this thermal noise is the dominant noise source and degrades the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), thereby causing an increased bit error rate (BER).

Transimpedance amplifier with controllable noise reduction


One embodiment provides a vapor chamber having an outwardly protruding boss. A frame surrounds a perimeter of the vapor chamber. A plurality of heat sink fins extend from the frame. A cross-member spans the frame across the vapor chamber wall and defines an opening through which the boss protrudes at least slightly beyond the cross-member. The heat sink may be secured to a socket on a circuit board, with the boss engaging a processor positioned in the socket. In response to securing the heat sink, the boss compresses flush with the cross-member and the cross-member engages the processor to seat the processor in the socket. The opening in the cross-member reinforces the boss against outward deformation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to heat sinks, and more specifically to an improved vapor chamber heat sink that secures a component being cooled.
2. Background of the Related Art
Electronic components generate heat as a result of consuming electrical energy. A prime example of a heat-generating electronic component is a processor in a computer system, such as a central processing unit (CPU). A CPU directly accesses and executes software instructions from volatile memory, e.g. RAM (random access memory) or DRAM (dynamic random access memory). CPUs generate a considerable amount of heat as a result of performing numerous, extremely high-speed operations required for executing computer programs. The computer industry is continually innovating cooling systems specific to the unique and demanding cooling requirements of CPUs.
A heat sink is commonly used to cool a CPU. Generally, a heat sink conducts heat away from a CPU, and has cooling fins that provide a large surface area for airflow to efficiently remove the heat by convection. A variety of heat sink designs are known in the art, some of which incorporate a vapor chamber to improve cooling. A vapor chamber is a sealed vessel containing fluid that vaporizes in the vicinity of the hot component. The vapor migrates to a cooler surface of the vapor chamber, where it condenses and returns to the vicinity of the hot component. This vaporization and condensation cycle improves heat transfer from the hot component to the heat sink. For the purpose of this disclosure, a vapor chamber is defined to include a heat pipe as a particular type of vapor chamber.
Conventionally, a CPU is mounted in a connector known as a socket that is mounted to the system board. During assembly, the socket is soldered to the system board, and the processor is positioned in the socket, often as part of a CPU package that includes the processor and a substrate. A secondary retention structure is used to retain the processor within the socket. One example of a secondary retention structure is an Independent Loading Mechanism (ILM), offered by Intel®. The ILM resembles a picture frame hinged to one side of the socket. The ILM captures the processor, and a lever is used to urge the processor into electrical contact with the socket and to hold the processor securely within the socket. With the processor mounted, the heat sink is then secured to the system board over the ILM. The cooperating heat sink and ILM are subject to the mechanical design limitations imposed by one on the other. For example, the heat sink must be designed to account for the extra space required by the ILM, even though doing so may compromise the cooling capacity of the heat sink.

Vapor chamber heat sink with cross member and protruding boss

International Business Machines Corporation


Precipitated silicas having wet cake moisture values in excess of 85%, BET surface areas of 600-700 m.sup.2 /g, oil absorption values of 50 to 60 cc/100 g, total intruded volume of about 1.2 to 0.8 cc/g, and a median pore radius of 50 .ANG. to 20 .ANG. are produced by a low temperature silica precipitation process. The silicas have unique flatting characteristics and are additionally useful as conditioning agents for food and salt and in dentifrice compositions.

As known in the art, commercially available silicas can broadly be divided into two basic categories. These categories are those produced from a liquid phase and those from a vapor phase process.
Vapor process silicas, called fumed and pyrogenic silicas, are prepared by reacting silicon tetrachloride vapor with an oxygen-hydrogen gas at high temperatures to produce silicon hydrogen chloride. Pyrogenic silicas have high external surface areas and differ from other silicas (e.g., gels, precipitated silicas, etc.) prepared by the liquid phase process.
Liquid phase silicas include precipitated silicas produced by acidulating an alkali metal silicate with an acid such as sulfuric acid. Liquid phase silicas also include silica gels and colloidal silicas.
In recent years, and to further expand the utility of precipitated silicas, prior art workers have developed new techniques for producing precipitated silicas having new and unique properties.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,967,563 discloses a process for precipitating a very high structure silica. In the disclosed process, the rate of acidulation is very carefully controlled, particularly at the outset of the reaction and at the point at which precipitation initially occurs. The silica product produced by this method has a very high structure, a wet cake moisture between 86-89%, an oil absorption of about 220-250 cc/100 g and a surface area of about 250-280 m.sup.2 /g.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,251,281 discloses a process for producing synthetic amorphous silica which has a surface area of between 80-310 m.sup.2 /g and an oil absorption index of between 240-320 cc/100 g. The process involves reacting a strong acid with an alkali metal silicate solution wherein the acid is added to the solution at a variable rate to maintain a residual alkalinity of the medium substantially constant with time.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,234,673, a prior patent of the present inventors, discloses a process for producing a precipitated silica which has a high structure, and an oil absorption of less than 300 cc/100 g, the silica being produced by acidulation of alkali metal silicate.
The present invention provides a novel silica product which is a high structure product with smaller pores than known previously, which silica is useful in paints, as a conditioning agent in foods, and in dentifrices, and is produced by acidulation of an alkali metal silicate under novel reaction conditions.

Microporous high structure precipitated silicas and methods


High density longitudinal magnetic recording media are formed with two magnetic layers for enhanced SMNR, high signal, low PW 50 and high resolution. The bilayer magnetic structure comprises a first magnetic layer optimized for SMNR and a second magnetic layer formed directly on the first magnetic layer and optimized for Ms. Embodiments of the present invention include first and second magnetic layers containing Co, Cr and Pt, wherein the first magnetic layer has a higher Cr content than the second magnetic layer and the second magnetic layer has a higher Co content than the first magnetic layer.

Magnetic recording media are extensively employed in the computer industry and can be locally magnetized by a write transducer or write head to record and store information. The write transducer creates a highly concentrated magnetic field which alternates direction based upon bits of the information being stored. When the local magnetic field produced by the write transducer is greater than the coercivity of the recording medium, grains of the recording medium at that location are magnetized. The grains retain their magnetization after the magnetic field produced by the write transducer is removed. The direction of the magnetization matches the direction of the applied magnetic field. The magnetization of the recording medium can subsequently produce an electrical response to a read sensor, allowing the stored information to be read.
There is an ever increasing demand for magnetic recording media with higher storage capacity and lower noise. Efforts, therefore, have been made to reduce the space required to magnetically record bits of information while maintaining the integrity of the information. The space necessary to record information in magnetic recording media depends upon the size of transitions between oppositely magnetized areas. It is, therefore, desirable to produce magnetic recording media that will support the smallest transition size possible. However, the signal output from the transition must avoid excessive noise to reliably maintain the integrity of the stored information. Media noise is generally characterized as the sharpness of a signal on readback against the sharpness of a signal on writing and is generally expressed as signal-to-media noise ratio (SMNR).
The increasing demands for higher areal recording density impose increasingly greater demands on thin film magnetic recording media in terms of coercivity (Hc), magnetic saturation (Ms), magnetic remanance (Mr), coercivity squareness (S*), SMNR, and narrow track recording performance. It is extremely difficult to produce a magnetic recording medium satisfying such demanding requirements.
The linear recording density can be increased by increasing the Hc of the magnetic recording medium, and can be accomplished by decreasing the medium noise, as by maintaining very fine magnetically non-coupled grains. Medium noise in thin films is a dominant factor restricting increased recording density of high density magnetic hard disk drives, and is attributed primarily to inhomogeneous and large grain size and intergranular exchange coupling. Accordingly, in order to increase linear density, medium noise must be minimized by suitable microstructure control.
Longitudinal magnetic recording media containing cobalt (Co) or Co-based alloy magnetic films with a chromium (Cr) or Cr alloy underlayer deposited on a non-magnetic substrate have become the industry standard. For thin film longitudinal magnetic recording media, the desired crystallized structure of the Co and Co alloys is hexagonal close packed (HCP) with uniaxial crystalline anisotropy and a magnetization easy direction along the c-axis is in the plane of the film. The better the in-plane c-axis crystallographic texture, the more suitable is the Co alloy thin film for use in longitudinal recording to achieve high remanance. For very small grain sizes coercivity increases with increased grain size. The large grains, however, result in greater noise. Accordingly, there is a need to achieve high coercivities without the increase in noise associated with large grains. In order to achieve low noise magnetic recording media, the Co alloy thin film should have uniform small grains with grain boundaries capable of magnetically isolating neighboring grains. This type of microstructural and crystallographic control is typically attempted by manipulating the deposition process, grooving the substrate surface and proper use of an underlayer.
Underlayers can strongly influence the crystallographic orientation, the grain size and chemical segregation of the Co alloy grain boundaries. Conventional underlayers include Cr and alloys of Cr with elements such as titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo) and vanadium (V).
There are other basic characteristics of magnetic recording media, aside from SMNR, which are indicative of recording performance, such as half-amplitude pulse width (PW50), overwrite (OW), and modulation level. At high linear recording density, adjacent bits are crowded together. A wide PW50 results in interference which limits the linear packing density of bits in an even track and, hence, reduces packing density in a given area thereby eliminating the recording capacity of the magnetic recording medium. Accordingly, a narrow PW50 is desirable for high areal recording density.
OW is a measure of the ability of a magnetic recording medium to accommodate overwriting of existing data. In other words, OW is a measure of what remains of a first signal after a second signal, e.g., at a different frequency, has been written over it on the medium. OW is considered low or poor when a significant amount of the first signal remains.
It is extremely difficult to obtain optimum performance from a magnetic recording medium by optimizing each of the PW50, OW, SMNR and modulation level, as these performance criteria are interrelated and tend to be offsetting. For example, if coercivity is increased to obtain a narrower PW50, OW is typically adversely impacted, as increasing coercivity typically degrades OW. A thinner medium having a lower Mr x thickness (Mrt) yields a narrower PW50 and better OW; however, the medium signal is typically reduced. Increasing the squareness of the hysteresis loop contributes to a narrower PW50 and better OW; however, noise may increase due to intergranular exchange coupling and magnetostatic interaction. Thus, a formidable challenge is presented to optimize magnetic performance in terms of PW50, OW, SMNR and modulation level.
As the drive to higher and higher recording density increases, attempts have been made to achieve high coercivities by increasing the amount of platinum (Pt) in the Co-based magnetic alloys. In order to improve SMNR, the chromium (Cr) content is simultaneously increased. However, as a result of increasing both the Pt and Cr contents, the cobalt (Co) content is decreased thereby detrimentally impacting Ms, triggering lower amplitudes and weaker signals. In order to compensate for the diminished signal, the magnetic film can be made thicker. However, as the thickness of the magnetic film increases, the PW50 becomes wider and the resolution decreases.
Chen et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,763,071 disclose a magnetic recording medium containing a magnetically isotropic layer formed directly on a magnetically anisotropic layer. Zhang in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,952,097 and 5,772,857 disclose magnetic recording media containing bi-layer magnetic films comprising a lower magnetic layer of a low noise magnetic material and an upper magnetic layer of a high coercivity magnetic material, such as a CoCrTa lower layer and a CoCrTaPt upper layer. Miyazaki et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 5,558,945 disclose a magnetic recording medium containing at least two ferromagnetic thin films, wherein the uppermost film has a higher saturation magnetization and a higher coercive force than the lower film.
There exists a continuing need for high areal density longitudinal magnetic recording media exhibiting high coercivity, high SMNR, high signal, low PW50 and high resolution.

Bilayer magnetic structure for high density recording media


The present infusion pump has a housing with an insert in the housing which s closed by a cover. The insert has a bore defining the pump volume. The insert also defines passageways and at least one chamber in the pump. One of two membranes is held between the insert and the pump housing and forms an inlet valve. The other membrane is arranged between the insert and the cover and forms the pump membrane proper as well as an outlet valve. Normally, in the rest condition of the pump, a magnetic drive member urges a pressure element against the pump membrane and against the inlet valve membrane contrary to the force of a spring. In operation, the spring opens the inlet valve thereby also actuating the pump membrane for its suction stroke. The magnetic drive member returns the pump membrane and the inlet valve back into the rest position thereby actuating the pump membrane for its pressure stroke while closing the inlet valve.

The present invention relates to an infusion pump especially for human medical purposes.
Recent developments have replaced more and more the simple infusion devices by systems including pumps. Simple infusion devices used to place a container holding the infusion liquid at a level higher than the patient to use gravity as the necessary force causing the liquid flow. The more recent developments employ a pump for producing the necessary pressure for moving the infusion liquid. Systems employing a pump have the advantage, as compared to gravity fed devices, that the pump permits the use of the system even under limited space conditions, for example, when the patient is still in an ambulance thereby avoiding loss of time. In addition, pump operated systems have the advantage of being more precisely controllable and the infusion process can be more closely monitored. Suitable, pump operated devices are, for example, disclosed in German Patent Pulbication No. 1,911,919 and in German Pat. No. 2,209,322.
However, due to the increased technical sophistication of pump operated infusion devices, certain problems have arisen with regard to sterilizing the system including peripheral components and keeping the system germ-free as compared to gravity fed infusion devices. It has been found that the costs and the time necessary for a completely satisfactory sterilization is quite substantial where the pump and other components coming into contact with the infusion liquid are to be used repeatedly.
Furthermore, prior art infusion devices employing pumps, frequently comprise functional elements which are separated from each other including pumps, hose clamps, valves, pressure gauges and the like. The assembly and operation of these components may be rather cumbersome, which also applies to their sterilization.

Messerschmitt-Boelkow-Biochm Gesellschaft mit beschrankter Haftung


A dial communication system of a steering wheel of an automobile includes a steering wheel having an annular frame, and a dial communication device mounted on the annular frame of the steering wheel and having a dialogue member and a dial member each secured on the annular frame of the steering wheel. In such a manner, the dial communication device is installed on the steering wheel so that a driver""s one hand holding the steering wheel can synchronously operate the dialogue member and the dial member of the dial communication device to perform functions of dial and dialogue.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a dial communication system, and more particularly to a dial communication system of a steering wheel of an automobile co-operating with a mobile telephone having a hand-free receiver.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional mobile telephone having a hand-free receiver in accordance with the prior art is mounted in an automobile so that the driver in the automobile can perform the dialogue function during driving the steering wheel without having to hold the mobile telephone.
However, the driver still has to press the press buttons on the mobile telephone for performing a dial function whereby the driver""s hand has to leave the steering wheel so as to press the press buttons while the driver has to turn around his head to see the numbers on the press buttons for dialing the correct telephone numbers so that the drive""s view of sight will deviate the direction of travel of the automobile, thereby easily causing danger to the driver during driving.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a dial communication system of a steering wheel of an automobile comprising:
a steering wheel having an annular frame; and
a dial communication device mounted on the annular frame of the steering wheel and including a dialogue member and a dial member each secured on the annular frame of the steering wheel;
wherein, the dial communication device is installed on the steering wheel so that a driver""s one hand holding the steering wheel can synchronously operate the dialogue member and the dial member of the dial communication device to perform functions of dial and dialogue.
In such a manner, the dial communication device is installed on the steering wheel whereby the driver can hold the steering wheel, and can press the press buttons and the control button synchronously so as to perform the dial function so that the driver""s hand does not have to leave the steering wheel for performing the dial function, thereby greatly enhancing the safety during driving the steering wheel.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a dial communication system of a steering wheel of an automobile comprising:
a steering wheel having an annular frame; and
a dial member secured on the annular frame of the steering wheel;
wherein, the dial member is installed on the steering wheel so that a driver""s one hand holding the steering wheel can operate the dial member synchronously to perform a dial function.
The dial member is connected to a main frame by wires or in a wireless manner, and the main frame is connected to a dialogue member and a mobile telephone.
Further benefits and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a careful reading of the detailed description with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings.

Dial communication system of a steering wheel of an automobile


A storage receptacle for a vehicle stores eyeglasses or like size objects against the headliner of the vehicle. A mounting member pivotally attaches the storage receptacle to the headliner and also serves to detachably support the end posts of the vehicle's sun visors.

This invention relates to storage receptacles for vehicles for the storage of eyeglasses or like size objects against the vehicle's headliner.
The storage of eyeglasses or like size objects which the driver of a car wishes to have readily accessible has been difficult in the past, as the only available storage means have been the vehicle glove compartment or add on devices which are strapped to the vehicle sun visors. Such devices can be bulky and pose a safety hazard to the vehicle operator in the event of an accident since if attached to the visor, they are located at the head level of the vehicle. Also, they detract from the appearance of the vehicle interior and are frequently inconvenient to use. The vehicle operator, thus, frequently resorts to setting such objects on the dashboard where they are unprotected and easily broken.


Various embodiments include a child resistant and senior friendly dispenser. The dispenser can be used to hold or retain medicine such as, for example, pills. The dispenser can include a bottle and a bottle cap. The cap can restrict access to the contents of the bottle based on one or more incorporated child resistant features. The cap can include a base and a lid. The base can be coupled to a top portion or neck of the bottle to secure the cap to the bottle. The lid can include one or more snaps for securing to the base when in a closed positioned. The base can include one or more corresponding recesses or slots for accepting and securing the snaps.

Dispensers for medicine often include child resistant features. Pill bottle dispensers, for example, often include child resistant lids or caps. Conventional child resistant lids and caps, however, can often be too difficult for seniors to open, can be complicated and costly to manufacture, or may include child resistant features that can be easily overcome by children.


An energy transmitting catheter comprises a catheter body (16) having a vibrating assembly at its distal end. The vibrating assembly comprises a magnetostriction driver (40) which is mechanically coupled to an interface member (46) on the catheter for radiating energy into an environment surrounding the distal end of the catheter. Usually, the vibrating assembly further includes a tail mass (44), an interface member (46), and a spring element (48) which together and in combination with the magnetostriction driver define a resonant assembly for amplification of the displacement of the interface surface provided by the magnetostriction driver. The catheter is useful for treating luminal conditions, such as vascular clot and plaque. Optionally, a therapeutic agent may be delivered through the catheter before, after, or simultaneously with the application of vibratory energy.

The present invention relates generally to medical devices and methods. More particularly, the present invention relates to apparatus and methods for the localized delivery of therapeutic vibratory energy within the vasculature and other body lumens.
Despite the growing sophistication of medical technology, vascular (blood vessel) diseases, such as acute myocardial infarction (heart attack) and peripheral arterial thrombosis (blood clots in leg arteries), remain a frequent, costly, and very serious problem in health care. Current methods of treatment, often expensive, are not always effective. In the U.S. alone, the cost of treatment and support and the loss of productivity due to vascular diseases together exceed $40 billion per year.
The core of the problem is that diseased sites within the blood vessels narrow and eventually become completely blocked as a result of the deposition of fatty materials, cellular debris, calcium, and/or blood clots, thereby blocking the vital flow of blood. Current treatments include drugs, interventional devices, and/or bypass surgery. High doses of thrombolytics (clot-dissolving drugs) are frequently used in an effort to dissolve the blood clots. Even with such aggressive therapy, thrombolytics fail to restore blood flow in the affected vessel in about 30% of patients. In addition, these drugs can also dissolve beneficial clots or injure healthy tissue causing potentially fatal bleeding complications.
While a variety of interventional devices are available, including angioplasty, atherectomy, and laser ablation catheters, the use of such devices to remove obstructing deposits may leave behind a wound that heals by forming a scar. The scar itself may eventually become a serious obstruction in the blood vessel (a process known as restenosis). Also, diseased blood vessels being treated with interventional devices sometimes develop vasoconstriction (elastic recoil), a process by which spasms or abrupt reclosures of the vessel occur, thereby restricting the flow of blood and necessitating further intervention. Approximately 40% of treated patients require additional treatment for restenosis resulting from scar formation occurring over a relatively long period, typically 4 to 12 months, while approximately 1-in-20 patients require treatment for vasoconstriction, which typically occurs from 4 to 72 hours after the initial treatment.
Bypass surgery can redirect blood around the obstructed artery resulting in improved blood flow. However, the resulting bypass grafts can themselves develop scar tissue and new blood clots in five to ten years resulting in blockage and the need for further treatment. In summary, all current therapies have limited long term success.
The use of ultrasonic energy has been proposed both to mechanically disrupt clot and to enhance the intravascular delivery of drugs to dissolve clot and inhibit restenosis. Ultrasonic energy may be delivered intravascularly using specialized catheters having an ultrasonically vibrating surface at or near their distal ends. One type of ultrasonic catheter employs a wire or other axial transmission element to deliver energy from an ultrasonic energy vibration source located outside the patient, through the catheter, and to the ultrasonically vibrating surface. While such systems can deliver relatively large amounts of energy, the need to transmit that energy through the entire length of the catheter presents a substantial risk to the patient.
Moreover, such catheters are typically rigid and cannot easily traverse narrow, tortuous arteries, such as the coronary arteries which frequently need to be treated. Because of their rigidity and inability to follow the vascular lumen, these catheters present a serious risk of vascular wall perforation.
In order to avoid the use of ultrasonic transmission members, catheters having ultrasonic transducers mounted directly on their distal ends have also been proposed. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,362,309; 5,318,014; 5,315,998; 5,269,291; and 5,197,946. By providing the transducer within the catheter itself, there is no need to employ a transmission element along the entire length of the catheter. While such catheter designs offer enhanced safety, they suffer from a limited ability to generate large amounts of ultrasonic energy. Even though certain of these designs, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,362,309, employ "amplifiers" which enhance the delivery of ultrasonic energy, such designs are still problematic. In particular, the catheters of the '309 patent have relatively long, rigid transducers and are not amenable to receiving guidewires, both of which features make it difficult to position the catheters within the vasculature, particularly the coronary vasculature.
For these reasons, it would be desirable to provide improved energy-transmitting catheter designs which overcome at least some of the problems discussed above. In particular, it would be desirable to provide catheters having vibratory energy transducers at their distal ends, where the transducers are capable of oscillating interface surfaces with relatively high energy and amplitude. Additionally, it would be desirable to provide vibratory drivers which are capable of driving interface surfaces directly or in combination with resonant assemblies which amplify the displacement of the interface surface. It would further be desirable to provide transducer and driver designs which are highly efficient in order to minimize the production of heat within the vascular or other luminal environment. It would be still further desirable to provide methods for the intraluminal delivery of ultrasonic energy, where the ultrasonic energy is useful for a variety of purposes, including the direct mechanical disruption of clot, the enhancement of thrombolytic activity of agents to dissolve clot, and the enhancement of pharmacologic activity of agents to prevent restenosis of vascular sites previously treated by angioplasty or other interventional methods.

Apparatus and methods for vibratory intraluminal therapy employing magnetostrictive transducers


The light output of a multi-lamp lightfastness testing chamber defining a sample testing area in the chamber may be performed by sequentially turning on and off each lamp by itself, while measuring from the sample testing area the irradiation provided by each lamp, while adjusting the intensity of irradiation for each lamp to a desired level. Thereafter, individual lamp sensors (56) sense the light intensity of each individual lamp. Typically by a feedback circuit, the power to each lamp is adjusted so that the sensed light intensity of each lamp is maintained within predetermined limits corresponding to the irradiation level measured from the sample testing area.

Chambers for the accelerated weathering and lightfastness testing of components such as fabrics, plastic items, painted surfaces and the like are generally known, for example being shown in Huber et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,843,893 and Kashima et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,817,447. Additionally, such testing machines can also test various items as to their resistance against heated air and humidity, or any or all of the above in combination, so that manufacturers can gain data as to the durability of their products on an accelerated basis, to simulate the effects of weathering, heat and the like.
In accordance with this invention, a component testing chamber is provided which is preferably built to large size, to allow the accelerated weathering and lightfastness testing of large components such as automotive dashboards or the like. Since the component testing chamber of this invention is large, preferably a plurality of light emission lamps are used, which light emission lamps may be xenon type lamps, metal halide lamps, fluorescent lamps, ultraviolet lamps, infrared lamps and the like. The term "light" is intended to include frequencies beyond the visible spectrum.
Since the radiation stability testing performed in the testing chamber of this invention needs to be quantitative and reproducible, there is a need for conveniently determining that the intensity of the radiation received by components or samples being tested is that which is expected. By this invention, simple and effective means are provided for the constant irradiance, on a continuing basis, in the testing chamber even though the light emission from various lamps may vary as the lamps age through continued use. Simple means are provided for automatically adjusting the radiation intensity provided to the samples being tested within the chamber of this invention, with the chamber of this invention preferably providing improved uniformity of irradiation in the various positions that samples may occupy within the chamber.

Method of calibrating light output of a multi-lamp light fastness testing chamber


A combination of a capo with attached tuner having a sensor that picks up vibrations through the capo. The capo and tuner are connected together as a unitary accessory that is attachable along the neck of the guitar, in the manner of a conventional capo, but with the significant advantage of automatic and continuous visibility of the tuner display while tuning at a particular capo position and while pausing between songs.

Guitarists use electronic tuners to adjust the instrument to a standard or selected reference pitch, and can place capos in various positions on the guitar neck to change the pitch of all the strings on the instrument. Capos allow the use of chords or different chord versions that would not be available to the musician if he tried to play them without the capo. The use of a capo enables the musician to use chords in positions that include more open string combinations. Open strings tend to have unique sound characteristics that are desirable in many musical situations.
For ideal performance, the musician should re-tune the instrument after repositioning the capo. Many performers will take the stage with both a capo and a tuner in hand. This can be cumbersome to the artist and distracting to the audience.
There are many types of tuners available on the market. Each one directly or indirectly senses the vibrating string, processes the sensed audio signal to determine the closest corresponding note, and then compares the actual pitch of the string to the target tuning pitch. A display interface shows the user if the note is flat or sharp and the user tunes the string until he gets and in-tune indication from the tuner display. Tuner displays are typically LED lights, an analog needle mete, or an LCD or other digital graphic display device.
The audio signal from the instrument can be input into the tuner three ways. Some tuners have an input jack to directly wire the instrument to the tuner. Electric guitars or acoustic guitars with pickups (built in magnetic, piezo or microphone sensors) can be wired directly into the tuner. Some tuners use a built in microphone to pick up the signal. This is effective in quiet room conditions and for acoustic instruments. Noisy settings such as concert halls, studios, classrooms, and the like make it difficult to use a tuner in microphone mode. Some tuners clamp onto the instrument and utilize a built in sensor (usually a piezo type pickup) to pick up the vibrations in the guitar neck.
A plugged in version is the most efficient as the input signal is directly coupled to the input circuit of the tuner and no ambient noise will affect the sensitivity or accuracy of the signal recognition. The disadvantages are that the tuner must be plugged in. This can be an inconvenience or simply not possible in certain stage, recording or practice conditions. Serious musicians are reluctant to run their signal through a tuner and then into their amplification devices because deterioration of the audio signal is always possible when additional devices are wired into the signal path.
Tuners with a microphone input can be very effective also, but ambient room noise can confuse the input circuitry of the tuner giving erroneous readings. Using a microphone input tuner in a stage or studio environment is not practical.
Clip-on type tuners that use a sensor and pick up the vibrations from the guitar body can be very effective. If designed properly they can be as sensitive as a direct wired version and can work well in noisy environments. They are also very convenient. They can be kept in a pocket or clipped on to the headstock of the guitar when not being used.


A protein micellar mass is used to replace or extend egg white normally used in various food compositions, as a binder. The protein micellar mass exhibits similar binding and heat coagulation properties to egg white.

Egg white (albumen) is widely used in the food industry and in culinary applications. Among the useful properties of egg white are its capacity to bind food components together and then to be coagulated on heating to a solidified mass. The binding and heat coagulating capacities of egg white are used in a variety of food products.
Egg white is becoming an increasingly expensive product and attempts have been made to provide a cheaper substitute for egg white. No successful product has been forthcoming, however, and those products that have been suggested have lacked one or the other of the binding and coagulating properties of egg white.