A first communication path for receiving a communication is established. The communication includes speech, which is processed. A speech pattern is identified as including a voice-command. A portion of the speech pattern is determined as including the voice-command. That portion of the speech pattern is separated from the speech pattern and compared with a second speech pattern. If the two speech patterns match or resemble each other, the portion of the speech pattern is accepted as the voice-command. An operation corresponding to the voice-command is determined and performed. The operation may perform an operation on a remote device, forward the voice-command to a remote device, or notify a user. The operation may create a second communication path that may allow a headset to join in a communication between another headset and a communication device, several headsets to communicate with each other, or a headset to communicate with several communication devices.

Field of the Invention
The principles of the present invention relate generally to an improved communication system, and in particular, to an improved system and method for interaction with several systems and telecommunication devices. Still more particularly, the principles of the present invention relate to a communication base system and method for command and control of devices and applications by voice using the communication base system.
Description of the Related Art
A communication device is a device that may place or receive a telecommunication. The term "communication devices" refers to the collection of all devices usable for telecommunication. For example, a communication device can be the familiar telephone, a computer with a telecommunication enabling software application, which are commonly known as softphones, a telephone-like device that works over data networks instead of a plain old telephone system (POTS) line, a wireless or cellular phone, or any other device used for telecommunication. A communication device is any one of these communication devices. Communication devices may also include devices and applications capable of communicating in other ways, for example, by text messaging, instant messaging including text, audio, video, images, and documents. Communication devices may further include radio transceivers embedded in appliances, computers, as well as automobiles.
Presently, wearable devices are available that a user can use for interacting with a variety of systems and devices. Some examples of such wearable devices are wired and wireless headsets that include at least a speaker and a microphone. A user may connect these headsets to a device using wires or a wireless protocol, such as Bluetooth, in order to interact with that device. The user can wear the headset and engage in voice telecommunication when the headset is connected with a communication device. The user may also couple the headset with a computer and engage in a voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) telecommunication using a softphone software application.
As some more examples, a user may use a headset to interact with a gaming console, such as Xbox® manufactured by Microsoft® Corporation, or PlayStation® manufactured by Sony® Corporation. A user may use a headset for dictating a document to speech-to-text software. Wearable headsets integrating a microphone and a speaker are presently used for a variety of activities with a variety of devices.
However, headsets and other devices for similar purposes are presently able to interact with one system or device at a time. The interaction with one device may be over a wired or wireless connection. In one example, when using a Bluetooth headset with a first device, such as a landline phone, the user has to disassociate (e.g., disconnect) the headset from a second device, such as a mobile phone, and associate the headset with the first device. Of course, the headset would need to be pre-registered with each device before associating the headset with either device.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Command and control of devices and applications by voice using a communication base system


An identification code sheet includes of codes of merchandise, a character string or a document etc. The sheet can be read by a sensor. The identification code sheet including a representation area defined by both a X-axis and a Y-axis intersecting mutually either orthogonally or skewedly and sub-areas of identification code printed in are representation area. The said representation area is divided into sixteen or more sub-areas, in each of which an identification code of encoded indicia is recorded. With the coding and method much more informations relative to the conventional techniques may be handled and more particularly much more Kana-Kanzi, Arabic and Chinese letters etc. as well as numerical characters, symbols, and alphabets may be represented which can be easily read. The representation of repredentation areas defined by both the X-axis and the Y-axis and the identification code in said sub-areas ensures accuracy and speed of reading by means of a sensor to read the identification code sheet in any direction and further a simplier reading, representation and outputting etc. by use of a printing sheet and printing means for general use.

Identification code sheets involved in an identification, there are known a bar code and a token code designed to represent a numerical character and/or a symbol.
As well known, the bar code is set up by a plurality of fine and thick bars spaced regularly and combined to represent a numerical character etc. According to the prior art, a sheet of bar code set up by a combination of a plurality of fine and thick bars spaced regularly is characteristically accompanied by drawbacks such as a need of high level techniques of printing on the sheet requiring unnecessarily high level of accuracy for preparation which is very costly.
Another sheet of token code type for binary representation in terms of the locations of punched hole is accompanied by such drawbacks as a need of punching process and a low speed of reading relative to an optical and or magnetic types.
Other drawbacks inherent to the above types of sheet are presently a limited capability of representing only a numerical character and a part of a character string, and a need of re-making the sheet whenever an urgent change of the code content is needed. This change is made by the operators by code printer or a punch installed elsewhere away from the site of operation. Therefore a substantial difficulty is encountered also in the data maintanance, especially for a large scale POS (Point Of Sales system).
There is also another known art represented by reading means to handle an identification code represented by a bar code system, according to U.S. Patent application No.316,936 (Japanese Patent Publication No.21980 of 1978).
According to the above described prior art, bar codes are to be identified as to encoded indicia on the principle of finding both a finess/thickness and a location of the code bars. This often resulting in a high likelihood of inducing reading errors. These types of codes are used mostly to represent, in general, the numerical characters and rarely can handle even the reading of alphabets. For this reason, the realization of these conventional means has not so far been achieved to cover a Kanzi-code under JIS (Japanese Industrial Standard) rule. According to the above described conventional art, there is also an absolute need for an exact reading of a finess/thickness and a location of the bars setting up bar codes. This means a likelihood of occurring reading errors to, depending on misprints of the code bars, elongation/shrinkage of the bar code papers, irregularity of the surfaces on which the bar code papers are to be pasted and a change in the reading angle of a sensor relative to the bar code paper.
More recently, a new method of code-making is being developed, by which 0 to F is represented by coding properly " " character. It should, however, be noted that " " character involves, in coding thereof, such unsolved problems as a need for addition thereto of a direction of reading and specification of the same, because of the symmetrical composition of the character in both horizontal and vertical directions.

Method of reading identification code sheets using borders to determine scan angle


A connector attached optical fiber unit includes: an MT optical connector which includes a joining end surface formed at a front end of the MT optical connector and a hollow portion opened to a rear end surface opposite to the joining end surface; a tubular boot which includes a front end insertion portion inserted and fixed into to the hollow portion and a tube attachment portion formed at a rear end portion of the tubular boot, the tubular boot extending to a rear side from the MT optical connector; a protection tube into which the tube attachment portion is inserted and to which the tube attachment portion is fixed; and a plurality of optical fibers which include tip portions inserted and fixed into the MT optical connector and are accommodated inside the boot and the protection tube.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a connector attached optical fiber unit in which a plurality of optical fibers having tip portions inserted into and fixed to an MT optical connector pass inside a boot attached to the MT optical connector, and an optical connector boot which is suitably used for the boot of the connector attached optical fiber unit.
Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2014-111242, filed on May 29, 2014, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Description of Related Art
An MT optical connector (based on F12 type optical connector of ESC 5981 and MT: Mechanically Transferable) is known as a multi-core optical connector which can cover the end of an optical fiber tape (a tape-like multi-core optical fiber such as an optical fiber tape core wire) so as to be connectable by a connector.
The MT optical connector (hereinafter, also referred to as an MT connector) includes a plastic body of which the outline is formed in an approximately rectangular plate shape. In the MT connector, a butting-joining front end surface (hereinafter, referred to as a joining end surface), a window hole which is recessed from one of the connector, and a boot hole which extends from the window hole to the connector rear side and is opened to a connector rear end surface are formed.
Moreover, in the MT connector, a plurality of fiber positioning holes which penetrate a front wall portion positioned at the front side from the window hole in a frontward-rearward direction in a connector and which are micro-pores opened to the joining end surface and the window hole are formed.
When the MT connector is attached to the optical fiber tape tip portion, the optical fiber tape tip portion is inserted into the window hole from the connector rear side via the boot hole and is adhesively fixed to the body by adhesive filling the window hole. The tip portion of the optical fiber tape is inserted from the boot hole in a state where a coating material is removed in advance and a plurality of bare optical fibers are exposed, and the bare optical fibers are inserted into the fiber positioning holes of the connector front wall portion one by one.
In addition, during an operation in which the MT connector is attached to the optical fiber tape tip portion, an operation is widely performed in which a tubular boot externally inserted into the optical fiber tape is inserted into the boot hole of the MT connector and is adhesively fixed to the body by the adhesive filling the window hole. A portion which protrudes rearward from the MT connector is provided in the boot.
The boot is made of a resin having flexibility such as elastomer. When a bending force is applied to the optical fiber tape, the portion of the boot which protrudes from the MT connector toward the rear side is bent according to the flexibility thereof, and thus, the optical fiber tape in the vicinity of the connector rear end surface is prevented from being bent to a small bending radius below an allowable bending radius at which the optical transmission characteristics of the optical fiber tape can be maintained.
In general, the boot hole of the MT connector is an angular hole having a rectangular cross-sectional shape which is thin and long in the longitudinal direction of the rectangular connector rear end surface. Generally, the outer circumferential surface of the boot is formed in a flat tubular shape which approximately coincides with the inner circumferential surface of the boot hole (for example, refer to Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2005-099477). A through hole inside the boot is formed to extend in a slender flat cross-section along a cross-sectional longitudinal direction of the boot (hereinafter, referred to as the boot width direction). The optical fiber tape passes inside the boot so that the cross-sectional longitudinal direction of the optical fiber tape is arranged in the cross-sectional longitudinal direction of the through hole inside the boot.
In addition, the boot with the flat tubular shape is also disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application, First Publication No. 2009-230105.

Connector attached optical fiber unit and optical connector boot with protection tube


A valance for a bed includes an attachment portion having one or more installation pockets. The attachment portion is configured to lie between a mattress and a bed frame. The valance also includes a skirt portion that is attached to an outer periphery of the attachment portion and depends downwardly from the attachment portion when the valance is installed onto the bed.

Valances (also known as bed skirts) generally comprise a piece of fabric that is placed between a mattress and a bed frame, a portion of the fabric being arranged to hang down to cover at least a portion of the bed frame below the mattress. Valances are decorative items that give an aesthetically pleasing appearance to a bed by covering the sides of the bed frame and/or any items that may be stored under the bed.
It is known to provide a valance that is generally rectangular in form with a central solid rectangular portion which has substantially the same footprint as the bed frame to which the valance is installed. A skirt portion is also provided on the valance, which extends outwards from the central portion, hanging towards the floor.
However, installation of such valances require the removal of the mattress from the bed frame because the central solid rectangular portion cannot be installed with the mattress in place.
It is also known to provide a valance that may be installed without the removal of the mattress from the bed frame. Such valances may be substantially U-shaped or may comprise component portions that are attached to the separate sides of the bed and may be installed by inserting the valance between the mattress and the bed frame.
However, it is difficult to install the valance because it is difficult to grip when inserting it between the mattress and the bed frame.
The present invention seeks to address these issues.


The present invention concerns totally solid amalgamating compositions particularly useful in the preparation of dental amalgams for filling cavities and similar dental applications, comprising one or more solid amalgamating alloys, metals and/or intermetallic compounds or combinations thereof, amalgam forming compositions containing such totally solid amalgamating compositions, methods for producing dental amalgams with such totally solid amalgamating compositions or amalgam forming compositions containing them, and denial amalgams produced thereby.

To facilitate a better understanding for the background of the present invention and the invention itself, the following definitions are hereby provided:
Amalgamating Composition--One or more amalgamating alloys, metals and/or intermetallic compounds or combinations thereof, that upon trituration with an Amalgamable Composition (see below), produce an amalgam (see below).
Amalgamable Composition--One or more amalgamable alloys, metals and/or intermetallic compounds or combinations thereof, that upon trituration with an Amalgamating Composition (see above), produce an amalgam (see below).
Amalgam Forming Composition--A composition that forms an amalgam upon trituration. Such compositions comprise an Amalgamating Composition (see above), until now for the most part, usually liquid mercury, and an Amalgamable Composition (see above). Such amalgams are in wide use in the field of dentistry.
The usual material used for filling dental cavities is based on amalgam obtained when suitable alloys, usually silver based, are triturated with inercury. The alloys so used are referred to herein as amalgamable materials. While the mercury so used, is referred to as an amalgamating material, other amalgamating materials, for the most part based on liquid combinations of indium and mercury, have also been described.
In an earlier patent application, now published as PCT/IL96/00167, there is described improved compositions for the formation of dental amalgams. The improvements in the said compositions were based on the development and utilization of improved amalgamable alloys and combinations of metals, as well as the use of liquid indium-mercury combinations mentioned above.
The information and disclosures of PCT/IL96/00167 are included herein by reference.
The usual liquid mercury and liquid mercury based amalgamating alloys are clumsy to handle, likely to spill and are not easy to recover, should a spill occur.

Solid amalgamating compositions for the preparation of dental amalgams, amalgam forming compositions containing them, methods for producing dental amalgams with them and dental amalgams produced thereby


A silver-colored sintered product having excellent corrosion resistance containing titanium, carbon and boron as indispensable constituent elements, and including in the sintered product composition a titanium boride phase or a boride phase which contains titanium as a chief metal element and a titanium carbide phase or a carbide phase which contains titanium as a chief metal element and a method of producing the same. The sintered product has a flexural strength of not smaller than 700 MPa, a Vickers' hardness of not smaller than 9.0 GPa and a fracture toughness of not smaller than 5.0 MPa.multidot.m.sup.1/2.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a silver-colored sintered product used for ornamental articles, tools, sliding members, blades for industrial use, stamps, spectacle frames, tablewares, and sporting goods such as pins of shoes, golf clubs, etc. and to a method of producing the same. In particular, the invention relates to a silver-colored sintered product having large strength, high hardness, resistance against chipping, excellent resistance against corrosion and excellent ornamental property that can be used as ornamental materials such as frames for timepieces, necktie pins, bracelets, pierced earrings, earrings, and fishing goods, and to a method of producing the same.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Ornamental parts such as armoring parts for timepieces and the like must have good corrosion resistance, increased resistance against scratching, and long-lasting metallic luster. As materials having metallic luster that are best suited for use as ornamental parts, there have been used a stainless steel and carbides of metals such as sintered alloys obtained by bonding WC and TiC with such metals as Ni and Co.
The stainless steel has an excellent corrosion resistance but has a low hardness and is subject to be scratched. The sintered alloys comprising chiefly WC and TiC and bonded with metal elements such as Ni and Co, have no problem in regard to the hardness but have a low corrosion resistance against the human sweat and sea water.
In recent years, TiB.sub.2 sintered products which are borides of titanium having high hardness and excellent corrosion resistance have been developed and placed in practical use (see, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 27975/1983, Japanese Patent Publication No. 18458/1984, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publications Nos. 270265/1986 and 294739/1993).
These TiB.sub.2 sintered products have a flexural strength of from 800 to 1000 MPa, Vickers' hardness of from 18 to 24 GPa, fracture toughness of from 4 to 7 MPa.multidot.m.sup.1/2 and excellent corrosion strength.
However, the above-mentioned TiB.sub.2 sintered products must be sintered at a temperature of as high as from 1600 to 2000.degree. C.; i.e., sinterability is poor.

Silver-colored sintered product and method of producing the same


The present invention relates to a method of treating a fatty acid synthesis related disease comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a PARP inhibitor or metabolite thereof to inhibit fatty acid synthesis, wherein the fatty acid synthesis related disease is obesity, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. The present invention also relates to a method of treating a cancer in a subject comprising: (i) identifying a level of fatty acid in a sample from the subject, and (ii) administering an effective amount of a PARP inhibitor or metabolite thereof to inhibit fatty acid synthesis in the subject, wherein the administration is based on the level of fatty acid, thereby treating the cancer in the subject. The present invention further relates to a method of treating Her-2 related cancers by administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a PARP inhibitor or metabolite thereof to inhibit fatty acid synthesis.

Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is an enzyme required to convert carbohydrates to fatty acids. In normal humans, the fatty acid synthetic pathway is down-regulated because of sufficiently high levels of dietary fat. However, in a wide variety of human malignancies and their precursor lesions, such as, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer, the tissues express high levels of fatty acid synthase resulting in high levels of fatty acids. An up-regulation of FAS in most human cancers leads to the notion that FAS plays a role in the development, maintenance, and/or enhancement of the malignant cancer phenotype and that FAS can be a target for anticancer drug development.
About 1.2 billion people in the world are overweight and at least 300 million of them are obese. In the United States, more than 97 million adults—that's more than half—are overweight and almost one in five adults is obese. Reduction of the fatty acid synthesis in the obese can be an effective treatment for obesity.
Treatment of cancer cells in vitro with cerulenin, a covalent inactivator of the β-ketoacyl synthase reaction on FAS, led to cell death by means of apoptosis, demonstrating that cancer cells with highly active fatty acid synthesis require a functional pathway (Pizer et al. (1996) Cancer Res. 56, 2745-2747). Cerulenin, however, has limited in vivo activity. FAS has been shown to be one of the genes regulated by Her-2/neu at the level of transcription, translation, and biosynthetic activity (Menedez et al. (2005) Drug New Perspect, 18(6), July/August). This Her-2/neu-induced up-regulation of breast-cancer associated FAS is inhibitable by anti-Her-2/neu antibodies such as trastuzumab. Studies with C75, an inhibitor of fatty acid synthesis, have shown anti-tumor activity with inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in tumor tissue (Kuhajda et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. vol. 97, no. 7, 3450-3454). FAS inhibitors have also been shown to activate weight-reducing pathways (Loftus, T. M. et al. (2000)Science 288, 2379-2381).
As fatty acid synthesis plays a role in cancer and weight gain pathways, there continues to be a need to develop effective fatty acid synthesis inhibitors.

Monitoring of the inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by iodo-nitrobenzamide compounds


An optical wavelength division multiplexer mixer-splitter wherein a precision formed substrate chip is fabricated with a first traversing groove and at least a second intersecting groove. A first input/output optical fiber lies upon one end of the first groove and at least a second input/output fiber lies upon the at least a second groove. An output/input optical fiber is aligned upon the other end of the first traversing groove and terminates at a position adjacent the intersection of the first and second grooves upon the substrate chip. The output/input optical fiber is terminated with an angled end face in optical alignment with the first and at least a second input/output optical fibers. The end face is provided with an integral optical coating whereby the unit may serve as a wavelength division mixer, splitter or optical power tap for two or more optical wavelengths.

This invention relates to optical fiber communicating networks and links. More specifically, this invention provides an apparatus to couple multiple fiber inputs and outputs to provide selective optical tapping or wavelength division multiplexing.
Optical fiber communications systems have been firmly established as a cost competitive alternative to other types of communications methods for numerous applications in telecommunications, computer networks, and many other areas. To take full advantage of optical transmission requires using the unique properties of optical fibers coupled to various devices particularly to light sources such as semiconductor lasers and light emitting diodes and to optical detectors such as PIN photodiodes and avalanche photodiodes (APD's).
A single optical fiber can be made to carry two or more separate optical signals operating at different wavelengths using independent light sources and detectors at the end devices or terminals. Each optical wavelength pathway can then be multiplexed by other methods such as frequency, space or time division multiplexing, to provide a link or network with a very high bandwidth capacity. All such links or networks using multiplexing of two or more wavelengths require special devices to mix and split the various optical pathways.
The general term wavelength division multiplexing devices applies to those optical components capable of coupling into or splitting out of an optical waveguide or fiber, two or more wavelengths of optical information. The general term is often abbreviated as WDM. Devices which can both couple and split two or more wavelengths into or from an optical beam are called wavelength division multiplexers, mixers and splitters or simply WDM mixer-splitters.
Prior to the subject invention WDM mixer-splitters have been made by various techniques usually requiring graded index lenses, and/or elaborate alignment procedures and equipment, in order to achieve low insertion losses. Additionally at least some prior WDM devices and optical taps used coatings such as partially reflective or dichroic filter coatings external to the optical fiber such as on a thin glass plate or on a beamsplitter prism or cube.
Although such prior systems have achieved a degree of operability and acceptance, such acceptance has not been without reservation. In this connection prior systems have proven to be somewhat large, complicated and expensive. Moreover, prior coating techniques tend to increase cross-talk between channels and further tend to increase insertion loss of the device by adding reflective surfaces.
The difficulties suggested in the preceding are not intended to be exhaustive, but rather are among many which may tend to reduce the effectiveness and user satisfaction of prior WDM mixer-splitter devices. Other noteworthy problems may also exist, however those outlined above should be sufficient to demonstrate that WDM mixer-splitters appearing in the past will admit to worthwhile improvement.
OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION p It is therefore a general object of the invention to provide a novel WDM mixer-splitter which will obviate or minimize difficulties of the type previously described.
It is a specific object of the invention to provide a WDM mixer-splitter having low insertion losses.
It is another object of the invention to provide a WDM mixer-splitter with reduced cross-talk between channels.
It is yet another object of the invention to provide a WDM mixer-splitter with reduced reflection losses.
It is a further object of the invention to provide a WDM mixer-splitter which may be facilely and economically manufactured.
It is yet a further object of the invention to provide a WDM mixer-splitter which may be facilely mass produced for multiple wavelength tapping or multiplexing.

Optical wavelength division multiplexer mixer-splitter

International Communications and Energy, Inc.


Disclosed are a novel compound represented by the formula ##STR1## and compositions for sublimation transfer records and for color toners containing the same.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a novel compound, a composition for sublimation transfer record and a composition for color toner containing this compound as a cyan dyestuff.
For hard copies of full color images, a variety of systems has been now suggested and put into practice. Above all, a new system is a thermosensitive sublimation transfer system. Much attention is paid to the new system in which a transfer density can be altered in an analog state by controlling the quantity of heat from a heating head, because this system is relatively simple and can provide very sharp images.
Furthermore, of the hard copy techniques, an electro-photographic system is most prevalent and lately copiers for which a color toner is used to provide full color images have been put on the market. In this kind of copiers, the sharp multicolor images can be obtained by exposing an orginal through a color separation filter, and then separately superimposing color toners of yellow, magenta and cyan color toners.
2. Description of the Related Art
Heretofore, a 1-aminoanthraquinone-2-carboxylate derivative dyestuff represented by the formula (II) ##STR2##
wherein R is an alkyl group, X is a hydroxyl group or amino group which may be substituted, Z is a hydrogen atom or alkyl group,
is known as a disperse dye (Japanese Patent Publication No. 14315/1965), and this type of dyestuff is applied to a dyestuff for sublimation transfer record having the formula (III) ##STR3## wherein R' is a benzyl group or a cyclohexyl group and R.sup.2 is an alkyl group, an aralkyl group, an aryl group or the like (Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 288656/1987).
The present inventors have found that when X or NHR.sup.2 in the general formula (II) or (III) is replaced with an anilino group, a dyestuff with a satisfactory hue for sublimation transfer record purposes can be obtained, and preservation stability and light resistance can be improved.
However, it has been also found that transfer sensitivity, which is one of the most important characteristics of this type of dyestuff, depends largely upon a kind and a combination of substituents, e.g., the ester portion and the anilino group in, for example, a compound of the general the formula (IV) ##STR4## as well as the position of the substituent.
In Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 288656/1987, the combination of groups is improper to obtain a satisfactory effect, and thus some improvement is needed.
In general, the color toner is required to have various physical and chemical properties. However, most of the known color toners have some of the following drawbacks, and hence improvements are needed.
(1) The frictional electricity properties of the color toners are inversely affected by temperature change.
(2) When continuously used and repeatedly developed, color toner particles collide with carrier particles, and these particles and the phptosensitive plate to which they attach themselves deteriorate mutually. Consequently, a change in color density takes place or the density of the background heightens, which impairs the quality of the copies produced therefrom.
(3) When the amount of the color toner on the surface of a photosensitive plate having a latent image is increased, with the intention of heightening the density of a copy image, the background density usually also rises, with the result that the so-called fog phenomenon occurs.
(4) Since they are superimposed one on another, the color toners have excellent transparency. With regard to the conventional color toners, however, the transparency is poor.
(5) The melt miscibility of the conventional toners is insufficient.
(6) Spectral reflectance properties necessary to precisely reproduce an original are poor.


The invention relates to a system for protecting a computerized device from activities within the device bootstrap, which comprises: (a) a DC supply monitoring unit for monitoring power consumption of the DC supply of the device during bootstrap; and (b) a database for storing one or more valid bootstrap signatures, each of said valid bootstrap signatures describes a valid variation of power consumption pattern, respectively, from the DC supply of the device; wherein, during bootstrapping of the device, said DC supply monitoring unit continuously monitors the power consumption from said DC supply of the device, compares characteristics of the power consumption with said one or more valid bootstrap signatures in said database, and alerts upon detection of a mismatch.

Computerized devices, either stationary or mobile, are valuable targets for skillful, sophisticated, and motivated offenders.
Stationary computers are widely used for communicating and storing sensitive data, and are also widely used for controlling the operation of essential infrastructures, such as electrical turbines, water supply systems, railroads signaling, operation and control of vehicles, and various other tasks. Various of protection techniques have been developed to protect said stationary devices from malicious code, as any disturbance to their operation may result in a very significant damage.
The above mentioned security problem is also acute with respect to mobile devices. Modern mobile devices host various gadgets and sensors, such as GPS, Wi-Fi, voice, camera, accelerometers, etc. An unauthorized intrusion which introduces a malicious code may activate one or more of said sensitive component without the user's consent. This serious vulnerability is exploited by remote, hostile agents to gather sensitive information through the subverted mobile phone. For this purpose, and in similarity to stationary devices, a variety of security software has been developed and is widely used for protecting mobile devices. It should be noted, however, that the security model of most mobile phone operating systems discourages some typical monitoring solutions that are available for stationary devices.
In computer technology, the term "bootstrapping" (usually shortened to "booting") usually refers to the process of loading the basic software into the memory of a computer after power-on or general reset, especially the operating system which will then take care of loading other software as needed. The bootstrap code, which is typically stored within a flash memory on the device, is considered by hackers as an attractive target for injecting malicious code to the operating system, as the bootstrap in fact initiates many pieces of genuine codes that are then used during the entire operation of the device.
As noted, a variety of security software has been developed and is widely used for protecting stationary and mobile devices. However, the fact that most of the security mechanisms execute within the same memory domain of which it is supposed to protect from malicious activities, exposes the security code itself to malicious manipulations.
One alternative solution for protecting a mobile phone from a malicious code is disclosed, for example, by Zefferer et. al. Zefferer proves that a malware running within the mobile phone has a unique characteristic "signature", therefore various malware can be detected by means of monitoring the power consumption of the battery. More specifically, Zefferer suggests monitoring of the power consumption of the phone's battery to detect anomalies that may hint to a malicious activity by a running code. This solution is based on said assumption that a variety of malicious activities within the protected environment have characteristic and detectable behaviors, respectively, in terms of power consumption of the battery. More specifically, each of said malicious activities has its own "signature". This solution in fact suggests performing a continuous monitoring of the power consumption from the battery of the telephone, and detection of such "signature". Sometimes, the detection of this behavior involves a combined monitoring of the battery and one or more additional elements (such as the microphone, the camera, the WiFi, etc.). Still in some additional cases, and in a manner common in the field of computer security, this detection technique is used in association with other protection techniques. However, according to all of the prior art publications, said monitoring of the device battery, and optionally one or more additional sensors, is performed by a program that runs within the same computerized environment that it intends to protect.
The term "environment", or "computerized environment" relates herein to a range of hardware and software, that are in turn accessible either physically (for example, via a USB connector) or wirelessly (for example, via a WiFi network). Typically an "environment" is a close computerized range to which access is allowed only to authorized persons or programs, however, a "closed" environment may be breached by unauthorized activities, either via said physical connection or wirelessly.
As noted, a variety of software tools have been developed to protect a computerized environment (i.e., either stationary computers or mobile devices), from malicious programs and activities. Substantially all of the security software tools, no matter what measures they apply, have one characteristic in common: They all run a protection code on the device (stationary or mobile) or network of devices that they intend to protect, i.e., they run within the same environment that they intend to protect. For example, the anti-virus tool executes a program that runs within the device to scan the one or more hard disks and the device memory. The firewall, in turn, runs a program within the internal computerized environment that masks the structure of the environment of the world outside of this environment.
As noted above, this manner of operation, however, has a significant drawback. The fact that a malicious code has successfully injected to within the protected environment is in itself a proof for the vulnerability of this environment. As a result of this vulnerability, and by the same manner that the malicious code was successfully injected to within the protected environment, a same or another code may, for example, manipulate the protecting code (for example, anti-virus, or any other protecting software) to perform one of the following: (i) to terminate its operation; (ii) to cause it to ignore the existence of the malicious code within the protected environment; or (iii) to manipulate the protecting code such that no report will be issued to the user with respect to the detection of the malicious code. Following this manipulation, the malicious code in fact can operate freely within the protected environment.
PCT/IL2015/050297, by the same applicants as of the present application, discloses a "System and Method For Detecting Activities Within a Computerized Device Based on Monitoring of its Power Consumption". More specifically, this application discloses a security software for detecting malicious activities within a computerized environment, which comprises a monitoring circuit which is in turn entirely isolated from the computerized environment of the device, while it is still connected to the DC supply of the device, and it determines malicious activities by means of monitoring power consumption from the DC supply.
PCT/IL2015/050297, however, teaches the detection of malicious programs while they are running within the environment of the protected device. It does not provide any manner by which the initiation of such malicious programs during bootstrap can be detected, nor any manner by which a malicious manipulation of the bootstrap can be detected.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide protecting circuitry and code for detecting malicious manipulations within a bootstrap of a computerized device, by monitoring power consumption from the DC supply of the device.
It is another object of the present invention to provide said protecting code and circuitry for detecting malicious manipulations within a bootstrap of a computerized device in a manner which is fully isolated and protected from any external manipulation.
It is still another object of the invention to provide said protecting code and circuitry that can be applied to both stationary devices that are fed from a power supply and to mobile devices that are fed from a battery.
It is still another object of the invention to provide said protecting code and circuitry that can detect where and when along the stream of the bootstrapping the malicious manipulation has occurred.
Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds.

System and method for detecting activities within a bootstrap of a computerized device based on monitoring of power consumption

B.G. Negev Technologies and Application Ltd., at Ben-Gurion University


The present invention is directed to a system and method for providing navigational directions to a user to locate a target anatomical object during a medical procedure via a medical imaging system. The method includes selecting an anatomical region surrounding the object; generating a plurality of real-time two-dimensional images of scenes from the anatomical region and providing the plurality of images to a controller; developing and training a deep learning network to automatically detect and identify the scenes from the anatomical region; automatically mapping each of the plurality of images from the anatomical region based on a relative spatial location and a relative temporal location of each of the identified scenes in the anatomical region via the deep learning network; and providing directions to the user to locate the object during the medical procedure based on the relative spatial and temporal locations of each of the identified scenes.

Various imaging systems based on traditional approaches exist for assisting the medical professional in identifying the gross region of a target anatomical object, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR), and fluoroscopic imaging systems. However, anatomical object detection using such systems is not always robust, especially for some challenging detection problems in which the anatomical objects exhibit large variations in anatomy, shape, and/or appearance, as well as noise and artifacts in the medical images. As a result, it is often difficult for a medical professional to quickly and accurately locate the gross region of the target anatomical object when using such imaging systems. For instance, nerve blocks or peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) are a type of regional anesthesia used for surgical anesthesia as well as for both postoperative and nonsurgical analgesia where it is desired to accurately locate a target anatomical object (e.g., a target nerve). During a PNB, a medical professional injects an anesthetic near a target nerve or bundle of nerves to block sensations of pain from a specific area of the body. However, it can be challenging for a medical professional to quickly and accurately locate the gross region of the target nerve when using currently available imaging systems. For example, for certain nerve block procedures, it is often difficult for a physician to quickly and accurately locate a target nerve bundle via an ultrasound imaging system.
Accordingly, the present disclosure is directed to a system and method for automatic detection, identification, and mapping of anatomical objects from a plurality of real-time images of scenes taken from an anatomical region surrounding a target anatomical object (e.g., a target nerve) in order to provide directions to a user (e.g., medical professional), thus enabling the user to quickly and accurately reach the target anatomical object of interest using deep learning networks that can be implemented via existing imaging systems.

System and method for navigation to a target anatomical object in medical imaging-based procedures


According to one embodiment, a video output device includes a first resolution converter and a first determination module. The first determination module is configured to determine whether a first level indicating the performance of resolution conversion processing of the first resolution converter is higher than a second level. The first resolution converter is configured to convert video data with a first resolution into one with a second resolution when the first level is higher than the second level.

Recently, display panels for televisions with a higher resolution of 4k2k (3840×2160 pixels) have been introduced in the market, and the products such as 4k2k televisions are drawing more attention. The resolution of 4k2k has pixels four times as many as the resolution of Fill High Definition (Full HD) (1920×1080 pixels), and thus video containing a large amount of information can be output with a higher resolution than Full HD.
As a technique to transmit signals from a video output device to a video display device, a High-definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is used generally. In the HDMI, a video output device outputting video such as a DVD player acquires, from a video display device such as a television, extended display identification data (EDID), which is information indicating resolutions supported by the video display device, and determines a resolution based on the acquired EDID to perform output.
The HDMI standard defines available resolutions for outputting, and the latest HDMI standard (1.4b) also supports 4k2k video output. It has been possible recently to convert video data with a Full HD resolution into one with a 4k2k resolution to display the converted video clearly with a higher resolution.
When both the video output device and the video display device have a resolution conversion function for converting video data with a Full HD resolution into one with a 4k2k resolution, and their performance of resolution conversion function are different, the image quality of the video data varies depending on which performs resolution conversion, the video output device or the video display device.
However, the video output device conforming to the current HDMI standard acquires resolutions that can be received by the video display device from the EDID to perform output with a maximum resolution. Thus, for the video display device with a 4k2k resolution, the resolution of the video data is always converted into 4k2k by the video output device, which makes it difficult to display video data with image quality intended by the manufacturer of the video output device.

Video processing system, video output apparatus, video display apparatus and video processing method


An internal combustion engine includes an air charging system with a boost air system. A method to control the boost air in the air charging system, decoupled from the air and EGR system controls, includes monitoring a reference boost pressure and operating parameters of the air charging system; creating a turbocharger energy balance model of the air charging system; applying feedback linearization control to the turbocharger energy balance model to create an approximately linearized feedback system; and determining a boost control command for the air charging system using the approximately linearized feedback system based on the monitored reference boost pressure and the monitored operating parameters of the air charging system. The boost air in the air charging system is controlled based upon the boost control command.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure. Accordingly, such statements are not intended to constitute an admission of prior art.
Engine control includes control of parameters in the operation of an engine based upon a desired engine output, including an engine speed and an engine load, and resulting operation, for example, including engine emissions. Parameters controlled by engine control methods include air flow, fuel flow, and intake and exhaust valve settings.
Boost air can be provided to an engine to provide an increased flow of air to the engine relative to a naturally aspirated intake system to increase the output of the engine. A turbocharger utilizes pressure in an exhaust system of the engine to drive a compressor providing boost air to the engine. Exemplary turbochargers can include variable geometry turbochargers (VGT), enabling modulation of boost air provided for given conditions in the exhaust system. A supercharger utilizes mechanical power from the engine, for example as provided by an accessory belt, to drive a compressor providing boost air to the engine. Engine control methods control boost air in order to control the resulting combustion within the engine and the resulting output of the engine.
Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is another parameter that can be controlled by engine controls. An exhaust gas flow within the exhaust system of an engine is depleted of oxygen and is essentially an inert gas. When introduced to or retained within a combustion chamber in combination with a combustion charge of fuel and air, the exhaust gas moderates the combustion, reducing an output and an adiabatic flame temperature. EGR can also be controlled in combination with other parameters in advanced combustion strategies, for example, including homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion. EGR can also be controlled to change properties of the resulting exhaust gas flow. Engine control methods control EGR in order to control the resulting combustion within the engine and the resulting output of the engine.
Air handling systems for an engine manage the flow of intake air and EGR into the engine. Air handling systems must be equipped to meet charge air composition targets (e.g. an EGR fraction target) to achieve emissions targets, and meet total air available targets (e.g. the charge flow mass flow) to achieve desired power and torque targets. The actuators that most strongly affect EGR flow generally affect charge flow, and the actuators that most strongly affect charge flow generally affect EGR flow. Therefore, an engine with a modern air handling system presents a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) system with coupled input-output response loops.
MIMO systems, where the inputs are coupled, i.e. the input-output response loops affect each other, present well known challenges in the art. An engine air handling system presents further challenges. The engine operates over a wide range of parameters including variable engine speeds, variable torque outputs, and variable fueling and timing schedules. In many cases, exact transfer functions for the system are unavailable and/or the computing power needed for a standard decoupling calculation is not available.

Energy balance based boost control using feedback linearization


A turntable apparatus has a turntable in combination with an indexing mechanism for use in a universal machine tool. The turntable has a spindle, and a turntable driving system is provided for driving the turntable. A driving system is used for driving an indexing mechanism for separately driving the turntable, and has an indexing shaft. A first arrangement is provided for clamping the main spindle of the turntable, and a second arrangement is provided for clamping the indexing shaft of the indexing mechanism driving system. A backlash-eliminating arrangment is provided for eliminating backlash in each of the turntable driving system and the driving system for the indexing mechanism, so that the turntable can be rotated by the driving system to conduct indexing of the turntable in a condition where an output torque developed by the turntable driving system is limited to a relatively low level, and wherein, after positioning of the turntable, the main spindle of the turntable and an indexing shaft of the indexing mechanism driving system are clamped at the same time in a condition such that the backlash in each of the driving systems has been eliminated by the backlash-eliminating arrangement.

A prior art turntable provided in universal machine tools of the kind specified above has an indexing mechanism as shown in FIG. 1, which conducts indexing of a work to be machined, not shown, (that will be simply referred to as "work" hereinbelow) mounted on the turntable "a" as follows.
Upon indexing, first of all, a piston in a clamp cylinder "b" for driving the turntable is actuated in a direction shown by arrow C so as to urge a worm "f" against a worm wheel "e" engaged with a main gear "d" adapted to rotatively drive the turntable "a" to thereby eliminate backlash between the engaged teeth, and then an indexing motor "g" is driven to rotate the main gear "d" through the above-mentioned worm "f" and worm wheel "e" so as to index the work, not shown, on the turntable "a".
After the indexing of the work, a locking cylinder "h" is actuated to drive a wedge member "i" so as to stop the axial movement of the worm "f" thereby clamping the turntable "a" at the indexing position.
The above-mentioned prior art indexing mechanism has however the following disadvantage. That is to say, because the driving system includes the worm "f" and the worm wheel "e", it is necessary to lubricate the worm "f" and the worm wheel "e" with a lubricating oil. Such lubrication needs the use of a lubricating oil having a high viscosity, which generates a considerable amount of heat during high speed running., thus causing a deformation of the turntable "a" due to the heat thus generated, thereby lowering the working accuracy.
Further, even if the indexing position of the work is set accurately, when clamping the turntable "a" by driving the wedge member "i" through the action of the locking cylinder "h" after the indexing, the wedge member "i" is urged towards the worm "f" in the axial direction thereof, thus causing such a disadvantage as changes between the indexing accuracy obtained upon positioning and that obtained upon clamping.

Turntable apparatus for universal machine tool


A non-metallic vapor chamber includes a composite wick structure that fills a non-metallic housing. The composite wick structure provides mechanical strength and structural rigidity to the non-metallic vapor chamber. The composite wick structure includes a first hydrophilic wick portion and a second hydrophobic wick portion. A condensed working fluid flows through the first hydrophilic wick portion from a condensation region to a region proximate one or more thermal energy producing devices. A vaporized working fluid flows through the second hydrophobic wick portion from the region proximate one or more thermal energy producing devices to a condensation region where the vaporized working fluid is condensed for reuse.

A vapor chamber is a heat-transfer device that combines principles of both thermal conductivity and phase transition to transfer heat from regions of relatively high thermal activity (e.g., central processing units and graphical processing units) to areas of relatively low thermal activity where the heat collected by the vapor chamber may safely flow from the system (e.g., a fan cooled heat sink). A vapor chamber typically includes a hermetically sealed housing fabricated from a metal or metallic compound, such as copper or copper containing compounds, that demonstrate a very high thermal conductivity. The vapor chamber is charged with a fluid that vaporizes to absorb externally applied heat and condenses to safely reject the heat, generally to a location remote from the heat source. In some instances, a porous wick material such as a sintered metal may be disposed on the internal sidewalls of the vapor chamber. In such implementations, the porous wick material facilitates the transport of condensed fluid within the vapor chamber through capillary action. Conversely, open space within the vapor chamber facilitates the transport of vaporized fluid within the vapor chamber.
Metallic vapor chambers offer fairly high thermal conductivity at a relatively low cost and have found widespread use in desktop and portable computing systems where the presence of large metallic objects does not present objectionable interference with routine operation of the device. However, in smaller devices such as smartphones, handheld, and wearable computing devices, the presence of a rather large metallic object such as a vapor chamber may compromise the performance of the device to an unacceptable degree.
Although the following Detailed Description will proceed with reference being made to illustrative embodiments, many alternatives, modifications and variations thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art.


An acid catalyst comprising a catalytic component selected from the group consisting of oxides of tungsten, niobium and mixtures thereof and tungsten or niobium oxides in combination with one or more additional metal oxides selected from the group consisting of tantalum oxide, hafnium oxide, chromium oxide, titanium oxide and zirconium oxide on an inorganic refractory oxide support is prepared by depositing by means known in the art a metal oxide precursor salt on an inorganic refractory metal oxide which is not itself an acid cracking catalyst or by intimately mixing a metal oxide precursor salt with a refractory metal oxide support precursor salt, converting the salt or salts to the respective metal oxides and subjecting the resultant combination to steaming at elevated temperatures prior to use. Catalysts prepared in this manner exhibit enhanced activity and selectivity as compared to conventional acid catalysts. They also exhibit remarkable resistance to coke make.

Cracking of petroleum fractions over acid catalysts represent the most widely used means of molecular weight reduction in refining processes. In a cracking process, in the presence of steam, a potentially effective catalyst in the process is required to have components which retain a high level of acid cracking activity in the presence of steam.
Most of the conventional acid catalysts used in catalytic cracking processes are known to be unsuited for use in the presence of steam at temperatures greater than about 1400.degree. F. (760.degree. C.). The effects of water are considered to be those of a structural poison and result in a weakening of the acid strength of the acid sites. Stability in high steam environments is desirable however, since one way of removing the coke which is inevitably deposited on the catalyst is to steam gasify the coke on the catalyst. The burning off of the coke necessarily requires the presence of steam.
In cracking processes it is generally the object to generate lower molecular weight, but commercially valuable products, from higher molecular weight crude feedstocks. The catalysts used in these acid catalyzed processes, however normally suffer from extreme sensitivity to contaminants in the feedstocks such as sulfur, nitrogen and traces of various metals such as nickel, vanadium, iron, chromium. The catalysts are also susceptible to rapid deactivation by the depositing of coke.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,649,707 teaches a multistep, multicatalyst dealkylation using steam. The first reaction zone utilizes a catalyst composite containing as active ingredients a cobalt component, a nickel component or a Group VIB component, preferably composited with a high surface area refractory inorganic oxide type carrier characterized in having a surface area of at least 50 m.sup.2 /gm. These carriers include alumina, silica, silica-alumina, zirconia, thoria, magnesia, titania, bauxite, mordenite, faujasite, etc. The cobalt, nickel or Group VIB component can be in the elemental or preferably the oxide form. This catalyst is used in a first reaction zone for dealkylating an alkyl aromatic at dealkylation conditions controlled to produce a first reaction zone effluent wherein about 1 to about 20 wt.% preferably about 1 to 10 wt.% of the alkylaromatic passed to said zone is dealkylated. Zone one is run at conditions which include a temperature of about 300.degree. C. to about 700.degree. C., a pressure of about atmospheric to about 100 atmospheres, a steam to hydrocarbon mole ratio of about 1:1 to about 30:1 or more and a liquid hourly hydrocarbon space velocity of about 0.1 to about 20 hr.sup.-1 or more. The reaction practiced in this zone is dealkylation as has been previously stated. Steam dealkylation is a catalyzed reaction wherein water is a consumed reactant. This is to be contrasted with acid cat cracking which is associated with acid sites found on the catalyst and which though preferably practiced in the presence of steam does not consume the steam that is, water is not a reactant.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,849,383 teaches catalysts for use in hydrocarbon conversion processes and the processes themselves, wherein the catalyst consists essentially of a siliceous cracking catalyst such as silica-alumina and an oxide of a metal from Group VB or VIB, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W. The siliceous cracking catalyst is described as a synthetic or natural siliceous composition which contains at least 50% silica (calculated as SiO.sub.2). The siliceous material can be silica-alumina, silica-magnesia, silica-zirconia and silica-alumina-zirconia. The metal oxide (from Groups VB or VIB) must be incorporated with the cracking catalyst in a quantity of at least 2.9% by weight. The material can be deposited on the carrier or coprecipitated with the siliceous carrier. It is further stated that an essential step in the preparation of the catalyst composition is the steaming of the composition after calcination for from 1 to 8 hours at temperatures of from 600.degree. C. to 800.degree. C. in 100% steam. While this reference recites the above process in general, there are examples in the specification only of chromia on silica-alumina. The fact that this steaming is effective only for certain combinations of materials when the support is alumina was not recognized by the art.

Method for preparing a group IVB, VB or VIB metal oxide on inorganic refractory oxide support catalyst and the product prepared by said method


A reset circuit for Gate Driver on Array, an array substrate and a display is used for increasing reliability and long-term stability of a GOA circuit and thus improving performance of the GOA circuit. The GOA reset circuit includes a first electronic switch circuit (301) connected to an input terminal of a GOA unit of the Gate Driver on Array (INPUT); and a second electronic switch circuit connected to an output terminal of the GOA unit (OUTPUT), wherein the first electronic switch circuit (301) is connected to a low level signal terminal and is switched on to connect the low level signal terminal to a reset terminal of the GOA unit (RESET) when the input terminal of the GOA unit (INPUT) is at a high level; and the second electronic switch circuit (302) is connected to a high level signal terminal and is switched on to connect the high level signal terminal to the reset terminal of the GOA unit (RESET) when the output terminal of the GOA unit (OUTPUT) is at a high level.

With the rapid development of Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display (TFT-LCD), new techniques are adopted by individual manufacturers to increase the market competition of their products and decrease the cost of their products.
As a representative of the new techniques, Gate Driver on Array (GOA) integrates a gate switch circuit onto an array substrate to remove a gate driving integrated circuit, so that materials are saved and process steps are reduced, thereby achieving the purpose of decreasing the cost of products.
As shown in FIG. 1, which is a schematic diagram of GOA circuit structure of the prior art, the GOA circuit has a plurality of GOA units, each of which has a normal phase clock signal input terminal CLK, a reverse phase clock signal input terminal CLKB, and a low voltage signal input terminal VSS, and further has an input terminal INPUT, an output terminal OUTPUT, and a reset terminal RESET. An output terminal of the GOA unit for one row is used as an input terminal of the GOA unit for the next row and a reset terminal of a GOA unit for the previous row, and a Frame Start Vertical (STV) signal is used as an input for the GOA unit for the first row.
In such manner, there is no input signal on the reset terminal of the GOA unit for the last row, and the output terminal of the GOA unit for the last row is always in a Multi-out state since the GOA unit for the last row is not reset, which would have an effect on reliability and long-term stability of the GOA unit. A reference is made to a schematic diagram of individual signal timings of the GOA unit shown in FIG. 2.
To this end, in order to raise the reliability and long-term stability of the GOA circuit and thus performance of the GOA circuit, there is a need for a GOA reset manner.

Reset circuit for gate driver on array, array substrate, and display

Beijing BOE Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd.


A method and apparatus for diagnosing faults. Process data is analyzed using a first metric to identify a fault. The process data was obtained from a manufacturing machine running a first recipe. A fault signature that matches the fault is identified. The identified fault signature was generated using a second metric and/or a second recipe. At least one fault class that is associated with the fault signature is identified.

Many industries employ sophisticated manufacturing equipment that includes multiple sensors and controls, each of which may be carefully monitored during processing to ensure product quality. One method of monitoring the multiple sensors and controls is statistical process monitoring (a means of performing statistical analysis on sensor measurements and process control values (process variables)), which enables automatic detection and/or diagnosis of faults. A "fault" can be a malfunction or maladjustment of manufacturing equipment (e.g., deviation of a machine's operating parameters from intended values), or an indication of a need for preventive maintenance to prevent an imminent malfunction or maladjustment. Faults can produce defects in the devices being manufactured. Accordingly, one goal of statistical process monitoring is to detect and/or diagnose faults before they produce such defects.
During process monitoring, a fault is detected when one or more of the statistics of recent process data deviate from a statistical model by an amount great enough to cause a model metric to exceed a respective confidence threshold. A model metric is a scalar number whose value represents a magnitude of deviation between the statistical characteristics of process data collected during actual process monitoring and the statistical characteristics predicted by the model. Each model metric is a unique mathematical method of estimating this deviation. Conventional model metrics include Squared Prediction Error (commonly referred to as SPE, Qres, or Q), and Hotelling's T2 (T2).
Each model metric has a respective confidence threshold, also referred to as a confidence limit or control limit, whose value represents an acceptable upper limit of the model metric. If a model metric exceeds its respective confidence threshold during process monitoring, it can be inferred that the process data has aberrant statistics because of a fault.
Once faults are detected, they are diagnosed by estimating a relative fault contribution of each process variable as determined by a specific model metric. The estimated fault contribution is used to generate a fault signature and/or a fault class for that model metric. Conventionally, the fault class and fault signature are associated with a specific model metric, and may not be used with other model metrics.
Fault classes and fault signatures are conventionally associated with specific processes and/or recipes run on specific manufacturing machines. Such conventional fault classes and fault signatures are not useable with recipes, processes or machines other than the machine, process and recipe for which they were generated.

Metrics independent and recipe independent fault classes


The present disclosure relates to a method and an electronic device for executing a screen security function. The electronic device includes a display unit comprising a view angle limit panel disposed on a display panel, a sensor unit including at least one sensor, and a processor. The electronic device can receive a screen security execution command, identify a direction of the electronic device using the sensor unit functionally connected to the processor, determine a view angle limit direction based on the identified direction of the electronic device using the processor, and supply an electric current to the view angle limit panel based on the determined view angle limit direction using the view angle limit panel functionally connected to the processor.

In accordance with technological developments, electronic devices (for example, smart phones) having a display screen are being developed to show images clearly at any view angle. The electronic devices provide users with the ability to identify images from a wider view angle. However, electronic devices providing a screen with a wide view angle may have a problem in protecting personal information in a public place. For example, when the electronic device is in a public place such as a subway, bus, and airport, personal information or security information can be exposed to neighboring persons because the screen has a wide view angle. In particular, in case of performing a banking-related function (for example, password input of internet banking and input of public authentication information) by using an electronic device, security measures are necessary for screens having a wide view angle. As electronic devices having a display are being used more frequently, the necessity of screen security for electronic devices is increasing.
As a method for limiting a view angle of a display, a security film can be attached to a display of an electronic device. The security film can be attached to an external side of the display of the electronic device, i.e., on a glass surface. The electronic device attached with a security film may have decreased clarity and view angle of the display. If the security film is attached to an electronic device once, it may be difficult to remove the security film. Although a user can select an appropriate security film for a security function, it may be difficult to remove the security film afterward. Further, because the attached security film limits a view angle in a basic direction, the view angle cannot be limited efficiently or the image quality can be depleted if a display direction of the electronic device (for example, a vertical or horizontal direction) changes.

Method and electronic device for executing screen security function


There is provide a method of manufacturing a compound semiconductor (MBE) that can make the substrate surface of the semiconductor highly clean and plane so that no impurity may be left between the substrate surface and the grown crystal layer. In the step of cleaning a substrate with MBE, the substrate surface is irradiated with V molecular beams that cannot be significantly deposited out of molecular beams to be used for the crystal growth step, said V molecular beams being irradiated under a condition of P.sub.1 .ltoreq.(P.sub.2 .times.1/2), where P.sub.1 is the pressure of V molecular beams and P.sub.2 is the pressure of molecular beams in the crystal growth step and the temperature of the substrate surface is raised by heating until stabilized group III surfaces appear on the substrate surface. A very cleanand smooth substrate surface can be obtained with such an arrangement. Harmful impurities can be completely eliminated from the interface of the substrate and the crystal. The formation of a buffer layer can be effectively prevented in the initial stages of crystal growth. In short, high-quality compound semiconductors can be produced on a reliable basis.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method of manufacturing a compound semiconductor by means of the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE).
2. Prior Art
The molecular beam epitaxy is widely used for manufacturing compound semiconductors.
As is known well, the MBE is a technique with which atoms of one or more than one components of the crystal of a semiconductor material are caused to hit a substrate as molecular beams in order to make the crystal grow on the substrate.
A very thin single crystal film can be made to grow in situ with MBE by controlling the composition of the crystal. Particularly, the crystal growth of a compound semiconductor can be realized on an atomic layer basis to produce semiconductor crystal having an evenly and finely distributed composition, if molecular beams of different kinds are fed to the substrate simultaneously in an highly controlled manner. This technique proves to be very advantageous in producing quantized devices.
Quantized devices produced by forming crystal of a semiconductor substance such as InAlAs, InGaAs or InGaAlAs on a substrate of a III-V compound, using MBE seem to be very promising, if they are used for semiconductor laser devices, photosensors and high-speed transistors.
Some of the requirements to be met in order to make high quality semiconductor crystal grow steadily and stably on a substrate of a III-V compound by means of MBE include a reduced transient in the intensity of molecular beams, a stabilized As pressure to be realized by controlling the back pressure and a clean substrate surface in a high vacuum atmosphere.
Therefore, the process of producing compound semiconductors with MBE typically involves a substrate cleaning operation.
In such a substrate cleaning operation, the substrate is most usually heated in order to remove impure substances from the surface of the substrate. However, the V group component of the substrate that can produce high-vapor pressure can also move away from the substrate during the operation to degrade the substrate surface and make the latter unsuitable for growing crystal.
A measure that has been proposed and is currently used to prevent the V group component from moving out of the substrate is evaporation of molecular beams of V molecules that do not significantly settle by themselves on the substrate, while heating the substrate surface.
For instance, an InP substrate is evaporated with As molecular beams to prevent P from leaving the substrate, while heating the substrate surface.

Method of manufacturing compound semiconductor


Certain thiol and acylthiol compounds inhibit retrovirus growth by attacking the highly conserved zinc finger regions of essential viral proteins. These compounds, compositions containing them, and methods of using them to treat retroviral infections such as HIV are described. These compounds are also useful for preparation of vaccines comprised of inactivated retroviruses such as HIV, prevention of the transmission of such retroviruses, and detection of retroviral proteins.

Viruses, especially the hyper-mutable retroviruses such as HIV, can rapidly become resistant to drugs used to treat the infection. This extreme mutability has allowed HIV to diverge into two major species, HIV-1 and HIV-2, each of which has many types, subtypes and drug-resistant variations.
Strategies for coping with the emergence of viral drug-resistant strains include combination drug therapies (see, e.g., Lange (1996) AIDS 10 Supplement 1:S27-S30). Drugs against different viral proteins and drugs against multiple sites on the same protein are commonly used as a strategy to overcome the adaptability of the virus. Combination therapies for retroviruses, using, e.g. protease inhibitors and nucleoside analogues, such as AZT, ddI, ddC and d4T, can become ineffectual. The virus can develop a complete resistance to the drugs in a relatively short period of time (see, e.g., Birch (1998) AIDS 12:680-681; Roberts (1998) AIDS 12:453-460; Yang (1997) Leukemia 11 Supplement 3:89-92; Demeter (1997) J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. Hum. Retrovirol. 14(2):136-144; Kuritzkes (1996) AIDS 10 Supplement 5:S27-S31). Furthermore, although recent advances in testing HIV-SIV vaccine strategies in monkeys have been reported (see, e.g., Amara et al, (2001) Science 291:1879-1881), no antiretroviral vaccine with proven effectiveness is currently available for use in humans (see, e.g., Haynes (2001) Immunol. Res. 22:263-269; Bolognesi (1998) Nature 391:638-639; Bangham (1997) Lancet 350:1617-1621).
The HIV-1-caused AIDS epidemic began about 20 years ago. As of December 2000, the total number of cases of HIV infection and AIDS since the start of the epidemic was estimated to be around 58 million worldwide, which includes 22 million deaths and 36 million people living with HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS-WHO Internet report). Thus, there exists a great need for compounds that are more effective against retroviruses such as HIV-1, especially against varieties of HIV that have developed resistance to current treatments.
A "zinc finger" motif is a highly conserved and essential structure found in many viruses, including retroviruses such as HIV. For example, Gag and Gag-Pol proteins in the Retroviridae, except for Spumaviruses, contain a highly conserved zinc finger motif (Cysteine-Cysteine-Histidine-Cysteine: CCHC) within the nucleocapsid p7 (NCp7) protein portion of the polyprotein (see definitions below). Mutations of the chelating residues in the zinc fingers yield a non-infectious virus. The absolute conservation of the metal chelating cysteine and histidine residues along with other residues of the protein, and the participation of NCp7 in essential functions during early and late phases of virus replication, identifies this feature as a particularly appealing antiviral target for hyper-mutable retroviruses, including HIV. Because these zinc fingers are identical in most retroviruses, drugs targeting zinc fingers could provide broad spectrum antivirals that would greatly reduce resistance issues.
Various C-nitroso compounds, disulfide-containing compounds and azoic compounds, such as cystamine, thiamine disulfide, disulfiram and azodicarbonamide (ADA) can oxidize zinc finger cysteine thiolates and induce intra- and inter-molecular disulfide cross-linking (see, e.g., McDonnell (1997) J. Med. Chem. 40:1969-1976; Rice (1997) Nature Medicine 3:341-345; Rice (1997) Antimicrob. Agents and Chemotherapy 41: 419-426; Rice (1996) J. Med. Chem. 39:3606-3616; Rice (1996) Science 270:1194-1197; Rice (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:9721-9724; Rice (1993) Nature 361:473-475; Henderson, et al. WO 96/09406; Vandevelde (1996) AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 12:567-568). Cysteine thiols in each of the two zinc fingers of HIV are rapidly attacked by reagents such as Cu2+, Fe3+, C-nitroso compounds, disulfides maleimides, alpha-halogenated ketones and nitric oxide derivatives, with simultaneous loss of the native protein structure. For example, treatment of intact HIV-1 with an oxidizing agent, such as 3-nitrosobenzamide, a C-nitroso compound, induces disulfide linkage of the nucleocapsid protein and inactivates viral infectivity through oxidation of the zinc fingers (Rice (1993) Nature 361:473; Rice (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:9721-9724). C-nitroso compounds can also inactivate eukaryotic CCHC zinc finger containing poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (Buki (1991) FEBS Letters 290:181). However, these compounds tend to be toxic, have poor solubility and bioavailability, and are quickly reduced and inactivated in biological solutions.
It has recently been shown that certain compounds containing acylthio groups interact with the NCp7 zinc fingers via their acylthiol moiety. This interaction involves an acyl transfer from the acylthiol to a target cysteine sulfur atom and does not require an oxidation step as with the above-mentioned compounds (Turpin et al. (1999) J. Med. Chem. 42:67-86; Basrur et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:14890-14897). Various members of this class of acylthiol compounds frequently exhibited acceptable antiviral potency. Pyridinioalkanoyl thioesters (PATEs) exhibited superior anti-HIV-1 activity with minimal cellular toxicity and showed appreciable water solubility. PATEs were shown to preferentially target the NCp7 C-terminal zinc finger when tested against other molecular targets. These compounds thus possessed broad spectrum antiviral activity, particularly against retroviruses such as HIV.
Despite the promising activity of the PATE compounds, the compounds of the present invention provide a significant advance in the treatment of viral infections. The PATE compounds are charged species, and as such they are quite hygroscopic. This makes isolation and purification difficult. More importantly, it increases hydrophilicity so much that uptake is inhibited and excretion is accelerated. As a result, those compounds have poor delivery characteristics for oral administration. Furthermore, many compounds of the present invention show improved hydrolytic stability in test systems containing serum, which are used to estimate the in vivo lifetime of compounds to be evaluated as drug candidates.
The compounds of the present invention possess broad spectrum antiviral activity like the PATEs. However, the acylthiols and thiols of the present invention are generally neutral species at physiological pH, so they provide better delivery characteristics than the PATE compounds. The acylthiol compounds of the present invention have increased in vivo stability, which allows more efficient delivery of the active acylthiol species to the targeted zinc finger viral proteins. Compounds of the present invention also possess other advantages, such as greater in vivo stability and greater ease of synthesis, isolation, purification, and storage, which make them still more advantageous relative to the PATEs. The compounds of the present invention are thus useful for the prevention and treatment of retroviral infections, for the preparation of inactivated viruses, and for the detection and production of antibodies to inactivated viral proteins.
The compounds of the present invention, by virtue of their antiviral activity, are also useful for the manufacture of compositions that can be used to inactivate viruses in vitro or in vivo. These compositions can be used to inactivate viruses to prevent the transmission of a viral infection, to treat a viral infection, or to prepare an inactivated virus as, for example, to prepare a vaccine. They are especially useful for the manufacture of medicaments that can be used to treat mammals infected with viral diseases, particularly retroviral diseases such as, for example, HIV.

Acythiols and component thiol compositions as anti-HIV and anti-retroviral agents


The present invention discloses a power circuit having multiple stages of charge pumps. The power circuit comprises a first charge pump, a second charge pump, a voltage stabilizing capacitor, and an output capacitor. The first charge pump adjusts an input voltage and produces a first output voltage. The second charge pump adjusts the first output voltage, produces a second output voltage, and outputs the second output voltage for driving a loading. The voltage stabilizing capacitor is coupled between the first and second charge pumps and connected externally to the output of the first charge pump. The output capacitor is coupled to the second charge pump for providing the second output voltage. According to the present invention, the effect of supplying large transient currents to the loading can be achieved by connecting externally the voltage stabilizing capacitor to the output of the first charge pump.

Many current commercial electronic devices usually require different voltage levels as power sources. Thereby, charge pumps are disposed for using existing voltages to generate different voltage levels. For generating higher voltage levels, multiple stages of charge pumps are connected in series for attaining multiplying voltages. Nonetheless, given the limit by the efficiency of each stage of the charge pumps, the efficiency of multiplying voltages is insufficient, leading to inability of supplying large transient currents.
In addition, take applying power supplies to liquid-crystal displaying devices as an example. After liquid crystal materials are discovered in Europe, their utility is developed in the US. In Japan, their physical properties and application technologies in various fields are researched and new-generation liquid crystal display (LCDs) are developed continuously. At present, various liquid crystal technologies have been applied to displays extensively, particularly LCDs. Manufacturers have extended from the twisted-nematic LCD (TN LCD) to the super-twisted-nematic LCD (STN LCD), and further to the thin-film-transistor LCD (TFT LCD) with the trend of increasing scale. Accordingly, the research and development of the driving and power circuits of liquid-crystal displaying devices have become one of the key points for improving their resolution.
In general, the driving methods of liquid-crystal displaying devices can be divided into active and passive driving methods. No matter active or passive driving method, the scan electrode of the driving chip requires a high voltage. In order to simplify the external power circuit, a voltage boosting circuit is usually disposed in the power circuit of the displaying device. The voltage boosting circuit is normally composed of multiple stages of charge pumps connected in series for achieving the effect of providing high voltages.
In the past several years, display technologies have developed rapidly; the resolution of displays and the number of scan electrodes get higher increasingly. The part in a driving chip consuming more power is the transient when the scan electrode changes from the low voltage to the high voltage. According to the zero-capacitor architecture adopted by the voltage boosting circuit of the power supply of current displaying devices, higher voltage is given by multiplying the voltage directly. Given the limit imposed by the efficiency of each stage of charge pumps, the efficiency of multiplying voltages is insufficient, leading to inability of the voltage boosting circuits in supplying driving chips with large transient currents. When the loading requires a large transient current, the voltage boosting circuit cannot supply the required current. Besides, the output voltage of the voltage boosting circuit cannot be maintained within a stable range, resulting in incapability of meeting the requirement for high resolution. Hence, a novel architecture is required for driving the high-resolution driving chip using minimum number of capacitors.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a power circuit having multiple stages of charge pumps, which requires no floating capacitor for supplying large transient currents.

Power circuit having multiple stages of charge pumps