A drive system for rotation of a photosensitive member carried in a removably mountable housing of a process kit used in an image-forming apparatus. The drive system includes a rotatable helical gear loosely carried on a shaft secured to the rotatable photosensitive member. The loosely mounted helical gear is longitudinally movable along the shaft of the photosensitive member and serves to limit any longitudinal movement of the photosensitive drum and thus the process kit housing relative to the image-forming apparatus.

Process cartridges which are detachably mounted in copying apparatus are well known in the art. Some such cartridges are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,588,280; 4,591,258; 4,575,221; and 4,566,777. These cartridges typically include a photosensitive drum rotatably mounted in the cartridge housing, and generally a more or less clearance is provided between the housing or casing in order to allow smooth rotation of the photosensitive drum in the process cartridge housing. Such clearance generally results in a small longitudinal shift of the drum when the photosensitive drum is driven. One manner in which the sideways thrust is created is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,829,335, wherein longitudinal movement is created by the helical gear, and the cartridge continues to move against the main frame of the image- forming apparatus even after the initial engagement between the cartridge and the main frame. To provide the structure to permit this limited longitudinal movement, the cartridge in U.S. Pat. No. 4,829,335 is provided with a photosensitive drum having a helical gear formed on the annulus of an end member having a central opening therein to receive a shaft which is fixed to and extends from the main assembly of the copying appartaus and into the drum. The end member of the drum and the helical gear is made integral with each other and with the end of the photosensitive drum, and the drum rotates freely on the shaft.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a process kit for use in an image-forming apparatus wherein the photosensitive drum in the process cartridge is provided with a gear for rotation thereof, the gear and the photosensitive drum cooperating in such a manner which will prevent frictional contact between the end of the photosensitive drum and the process cartridge housing and the cartridge housing and the main frame of the image-forming apparatus.

Process cartridge having removable drive means


A method of automatically connecting to a peripheral Bluetooth device and service in a mobile communication terminal having a Bluetooth module is provided. Upon input of a key, it is determined whether the key includes a Bluetooth mode key. If the key includes the Bluetooth mode key, the terminal transitions to a Bluetooth mode. A Bluetooth device or service corresponding to the key as a short key is detected and connected.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the Bluetooth® (hereinafter "Bluetooth") functionality of a mobile communication terminal, and in particular, to a method and apparatus of efficiently invoking a Bluetooth service by a short (hot) key in a mobile communication terminal equipped with a Bluetooth module.
2. Description of the Related Art
Along with the recent proliferation of mobile communication terminals due to their convenient portability, service providers or terminal manufacturers have developed more convenient additional functions in order to attract more users.
One of the additional functions, Bluetooth, provides short-range wireless connectivity between terminals. The Bluetooth functionality of mobile phones supports a variety of services including Headset, Music, Printing, and File Transfer.
To wirelessly communicate with peripheral devices equipped with Bluetooth modules, a mobile communication terminal first scans for Bluetooth devices and agrees to communicate a Bluetooth device by Bluetooth pairing.
FIG. 1 illustrates connections between a typical mobile communication terminal with a Bluetooth module and Bluetooth devices.
Referring to FIG. 1, a mobile communication terminal 100 equipped with a Bluetooth module scans for peripheral Bluetooth devices 111, 113, 115 and 117, makes a list 102 of the discovered Bluetooth devices 111, 113, 115 and 117, and selects an intended Bluetooth device from the list 102.
The mobile communication terminal 100 connects to the selected Bluetooth device or service. As more and more peripheral Bluetooth devices are provided and one Bluetooth device implements a plurality of services, the mobile communication terminal inconveniently must scan menus one by one for an intended Bluetooth device or service.
Therefore, there is a need for improved method and apparatus in a mobile communication terminal for easy and efficient connecting with Bluetooth device and service.

Method and apparatus for automatic bluetooth connection in a mobile communication terminal


A projector headlamp utilizing only a single HID bulb for projecting light in a forward direction generally along a horizontal axis selectably between low beam and high beam conditions while shifting the hot spot as required between these conditions.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to automotive headlamps, and more particularly to HID (high intensity discharge) automotive headlamps.
2. Disclosure Information
HID headlamps are commonly used nowadays in automotive applications, in large part because of the quality of light produced and because of the longevity, energy efficiency, and reliability of the lamp bulbs. Conventional automotive applications of HID projector-type headlamps are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,180,218 to Ohshio 5,709,451 to Flora et al., both of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIG. 8 (taken from FIG. 1 of the aforementioned Flora et al. patent) illustrates a representative prior art approach for constructing an HID headlamp for low beam conditions, which includes a light shield 20 with its top edge 22 positioned immediately beneath the second focal point F2 of the elliptical reflector 10.
In conventional HID automotive headlamp applications, the common practice is to provide two of such headlamps on each of the left-hand and right-hand front areas of the vehicle; one of these two headlamps per side would be a low beam headlamp similar to FIG. 8, while the other headlamp would be an essentially similar high beam headlamp that would not include a light shield 20. Besides the fact that the low beam headlamp has a light shield while the high beam does not, another difference between low and high beam headlamps is the respective forward-projected points in space ("hot spots") that each must be aimed at, as well as glare and intensity requirements. These requirements are specified by the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) and other automotive vehicle standards of the U.S. and other countries.
Although there are significant benefits in utilizing HID-type lighting systems in automotive applications, one drawback is the need for two headlamps per vehicle side. It would be desirable to provide an HID-based lighting system for automotive headlamp applications which requires the use of only a single headlamp per vehicle side.

Bifunctional high intensity discharge projector headlamp


A high-density circuit has a plurality of conductors formed in grooves in a ceramic substrate, the conductors having a height less than that of the walls of the grooves. The substrate is embossed with a pattern of grooves corresponding to the grooves in an electroform made from a master tool. The same master tool is used to form a stencil which mates with the grooved substrate. A cermet paste is pushed through the stencil, so as to fill the bottom region of the grooves, and the stencil is then removed, leaving only the paste at the bottom of the grooves. The substrate is then fired, causing the substrate to harden, and causing the cermet to become conductive and to become firmly bonded to the substrate. Because the stencil and the substrate are made from the same, or replications of the same, master tool, the cermet paste can be laid down with great precision, thus enhancing the quality of the product, and reducing the cost of its manufacture.

This invention relates to the field of high-density electronic circuits which are embedded in insulating materials such as ceramics. The invention has applications in any field in which it is necessary to provide closely-spaced conductors in a three-dimensional insulating substrate.
One area in which the present invention is useful is in the manufacture of plasma displays. In a plasma display, front and back panels define a chamber which contains a gas. The front panel is clear, and the back panel has a plurality of closely-spaced conductors, arranged in a matrix. By applying suitable voltages to selected conductors, certain regions of the gas are ionized to become a plasma, and are induced to generate light. An optical filter placed near the front panel determines the color of the light as seen by an outside observer.
The preferred structure for the back panel is an insulating substrate that has conductors arranged in grooves formed in the substrate. Because the voltages needed to generate the plasma are high, it is important to isolate each conductor from its neighbors, to avoid the risk of arcing.
The method known in the prior art, for making insulating substrates having grooves containing conductive material, is to screen print the conductive material onto a flat surface of unfired ceramic material, and then to press the conductive material into the unfired ceramic. The pressure forms grooves in the ceramic, and the conductive material is forced into these grooves.
A major problem with the technique described above is that it cannot be practiced with precision when the density of conductors is high. It is very difficult to achieve precise alignment between the screened pattern of lines of conductive material, and the embossing die used to embed the conductive material in the ceramic. Typically, under the best circumstances, steel wire screens can be accurately registered and sized to no better than plus or minus 0.001 inches (25 microns) per ten inches of span. For a 20-inch workpiece, the latter tolerance means that there may be an error of at least plus or minus 0.002 inches (50 microns). Since the pitch of a typical pattern of conductors is 165 microns, and the grooves are typically 110 microns wide at their bottoms, the screen mask itself takes up all of the allowable tolerance. The latter does not allow for any process variations in the embossed parts.
The process described above is also likely to result in an xe2x80x9coverflowxe2x80x9d of conductive material within the grooves formed in the ceramic substrate. The conductive material, when pressed into the unfired ceramic, tends to diffuse the conductive material and cause it to flow up over the side wall of the groove, instead of being laid down at the bottom of the groove. The latter effect causes a problem, especially where high voltages are to be applied to the conductors, because electric current is more likely to arc from one conductor to another when the conductors fill the grooves, or when they spill out beyond the grooves. If too much conductive material is present, it is even possible to have short circuits between conductors. Thus, it is desirable, and often necessary, for the conductive material to occupy only the bottom regions of the grooves, to insure maximum electrical isolation between adjacent conductors.
Apart from the problem of possible short circuits, the process of the prior art tends to produce conductors having non-uniform thicknesses, and thus the resistivity of the circuit is increased. The longer the circuit paths and the more closely-spaced the conductors, the more severe the resistivity problem becomes.
In the above-described procedures, the material embedded in the grooves is preferably a conductive cermet material. A cermet is a material containing particles of metal dispersed in a ceramic carrier. Initially, the cermet may take the form of a paste. When fired at high temperatures, the metal particles melt and fuse together, so that the metal particles become an integral electrical conductor which remains conductive when cooled. In this specification, the term xe2x80x9cconductive cermetxe2x80x9d will be used to identify the cermet paste, although it should be understood that the material does not actually become conductive until it has been fired. Examples of such cermet materials are given in U.S. Pat. No. 4,897,676, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention provides a practical and precise method of forming closely-spaced conductors embedded in an insulating substrate. The present invention makes it possible to embed conductive cermet in very closely-spaced grooves, without wasting appreciable cermet. The product made by this process is of such higher quality than comparable circuits of the prior art, that it is possible to use less expensive materials as conductors, without any reduction in the level of performance.
In one aspect, the present invention comprises a method of making a three-dimensional high-density circuit. In this method, one first provides a master tool having walls and grooves which define a desired circuit pattern. Next, one creates an electroform, by electroplating over the master tool, the electroform having a plurality of tongues and grooves which correspond to the grooves and walls of the master tool. Then, one presses the electroform into an unfired ceramic substrate, to form a pattern of grooves and walls in the substrate.
Next, one places a stencil over the substrate, the stencil having a plurality of U-shaped members which mate neatly with the walls formed in the substrate. It is an important feature of the invention that the stencil is made from the same master tool as the electroform, or from a replication thereof, so that the pattern defined by the U-shaped members will be the same as the pattern of walls and grooves in the substrate.
One then applies a cermet paste over the stencil, forcing the paste through spaces between adjacent U-shaped members, until the paste fills the space at the bottom of the grooves of the substrate. The U-shaped members are sized such that their side walls do not extend to the bottom of the grooves of the substrate, so the paste can fill the space near the bottom.
The stencil, with cermet paste remaining between the U-shaped members, is then removed from the substrate, leaving the paste at the bottom of each of the grooves. The substrate can then be fired in a conventional manner.
Another aspect of the invention is the method of making the stencil described above. The stencil is made by electroforming material over the master tool. Before the electroforming begins, one coats the master tool with a photoresist. The master tool is exposed to collimated light, which exposes only the photoresist on the tops and walls of the grooves in the tool, but leaves the photoresist at the bottom of the grooves unexposed. After chemical development, the exposed photoresist is dissolved away, but the photoresist at the bottom of the grooves remains. Since the photoresist is non-conductive, no electroplating occurs at the bottom of the grooves. Thus, the electroforming process results in material that surrounds the walls of the master tool, but does not extend to the bottom of the walls. In short, the material formed has the shape of a plurality of U-shaped members, the U-shaped members having side walls which are not as long as the depth of the grooves in the final product.
In the preferred embodiment, in the manufacture of the stencil, before the electroforming takes place, one places a plurality of stainless steel wires across the walls of the master tool. The wires becomes embedded in the electroformed material, and give it rigidity. Also, the electroforming process produces bridge sections, integral with the U-shaped members, which hold the U-shaped members together, making the stencil a one-piece object.
After the electroforming is complete, the tops of the U-shaped members are lapped down to remove excess electroformed material. The result is a stencil which mates perfectly with a grooved substrate formed from the same master tool.
Another aspect of the present invention is the high-density circuit made by the method described above. This circuit is a ceramic substrate having walls and grooves, and in which a conductive material is located at the bottom of at least some of the grooves. The grooves define circuit lines having a density which can be about 10 to about 200 lines per inch. The height of the conductive material in the grooves is preferably in the range of 0.1-0.6 times the height of the wall. Thus, the walls of the grooves are substantially higher than the height of the conductors. This arrangement enhances the isolation of the conductors from each other.
The present invention therefore has the primary object of providing a high-density electronic circuit.
The invention has the further object of providing a method for making a high-density electronic circuit.
The invention has the further object of reducing the cost of making a high-density electronic circuit.
The invention has the further object of improving the accuracy with which one can make a high-density electronic circuit.
The invention has the further object of providing a high-density electronic circuit in which the conductors have uniform thickness, and reduced resistivity.
The invention has the further object of providing a high-density electronic circuit, which circuit can be used at high voltages without arcing.
The reader skilled in the art will recognize other objects and advantages of the present invention, from a reading of the following brief description of the drawings, the detailed description of the invention, and the appended claims.

Method of making a high-density electronic circuit


Strengthening and hardening of metallic alloys has formerly been effected by inclusion of various metal and metal oxide additives. According to the invention, alloys having face-centered cubic structure are strengthened and hardened by the inclusion of one or several hydrides which are formed upon interstitial diffusion of hydrogen. Inclusion of hydrogen is conveniently effected in a shaped body of an alloy comprising a first and a second, more easily hydrided component by exposure to a hydrogen atmosphere at elevated temperature.. Resulting alloys also have essentially scale-free surface, high electrical conductivity, and high creep resistance. Hydrided alloys may be shaped, e.g., into electrical components such as wire and switch elements.

It is known that strength and hardness of metallic alloys may be enhanced by dispersions of small amounts of a second phase of metal or of metal oxide additives. For example, it is known that copper may be hardened and strengthened by the addition of cobalt. Similarly, among well-known examples of oxygen containing, dispersion strengthened alloys are Cu-Al and Cu-Si alloys in which Cu is a primary, less easily oxidized component and Al or Si a more easily oxidized additive.
The incorporation of oxides in alloys may be effected by a variety of procedures such as, e.g., by direct reduction, by powder metallurgy, or by internal oxidation. The latter, most recently disclosed process generally calls for the preparation of a body of an alloy containing desired metallic constituents, followed by selective internal oxidation of a more easily oxidized component by oxygen diffusion.
Specific internally oxidized alloys are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,184,835, issued May 25, 1965 to Charles D. Coxe et al. which discloses single phase alloys consisting of copper as a primary, solvent constituent and beryllium oxide or aluminum oxide as a solute, secondary constituent. Also disclosed are silver alloys in which silver is a solvent and magnesium oxide or aluminum oxide a solute constituent.
In contrast to single phase alloys disclosed by Coxe et al., two-phase oxidation hardened alloys are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,922,180, issued Nov. 25, 1975 to E. O. Fuchs et al. Particularly disclosed are, e.g., copper, silver, and gold two-phase alloys containing oxides of easily oxidizable metals such as, e.g., Zr, Hf, rare earths, and actinides. Two-phase alloys may be prepared, e.g., from a melt containing an easily oxidizable metal by casting and quenching, by working a solidified body, or by a combination of quenching and working. Internal oxidation of the easily oxidizable component may be effected by heating the resulting body in an oxygen atmosphere. As compared with single phase alloys, oxidation hardened two-phase alloys have superior electrical conductivity; consequently, these alloys are particularly suited for the manufacture of articles such as, e.g., electrical wire, switch contacts, and relay elements. Still, in view of relatively slow, substitutional diffusion of oxygen, there arises a desire for methods which permit reaching desired levels of strength and hardness in shorter time. Moreover, means are desired for strengthening and hardening metal alloys at temperatures more easily reached by heating facilities in commercial use.

Bell Telephone Laboratories, Incorporated


A full length cDNA clone from a normal human mammary epithelial cell (strain 184) encoding a 25 kDa protein, HME1, was isolated. Expression of HME1 RNA appears to be limited to epithelial cells. The HME1 sequence shares strong sequence homology with bovine 14-3-3 protein, which is an activator of tyrosine and tryptophan hydroxylase, but the tissue distribution of HME1 differs from that of 14-3-3. Compared with normal mammary epithelial cells, expression of HME1 RNA is dramatically low in cells derived from human mammary carcinoma and in normal mammary epithelial cells transformed by oncogenes. HME1 therefore appears to be a cellular differentiation marker that is down-regulated during neoplastic transformation.

The invention relates to cell markers that are useful in detecting disease; it relates particularly to cell markers that are useful in identifying epithelial cells and determining the differentiation status of normal and malignant epithelial cells.
The identification and characterization of epithelial cell markers is pursued in efforts to understand the biology of tissue differentiation and to diagnose and monitor carcinomas resulting from the malignant transformation of epithelial tissues.
Efforts to reduce the mortality resulting from breast cancer include the identification of breast tissue specific antigens, which are potentially useful in non-invasive methods leading to the early diagnosis of the disease and reliable follow up after surgical removal of tumors; they should also prove useful as well as a tool of basic research directed to breast cancer biology.
The use of high-prevalence, specific human mammary epithelial antigens (HME-Ags) as breast cancer markers has been proposed (Ceriani, et al., 1982); Sasaki et al., 1985). These antigens are localized in the plasma membranes of breast epithelial cells, whether the cells are normal or neoplastic, and they occur in all neoplastic breast cells. The antigens are normally released from the epithelial cells in the human milk fat globule membrane, but are also released into the circulation by mammary tumors. Breast cancer patients therefore have high levels of HME-Ags in circulating plasma, while patients with disseminated nonbreast cancer and normal females do not. Circulating antigens are found to have molecular weights of 150,000, 70,000, and 46,000 daltons.
A group of well characterized markers for epithelial cells of all tissue types is a family of proteins known as cytokeratins (Fuchs, 1988). Cytokeratins are the intermediate filament proteins of epithelial cells, and their presence is a definitive proof that the cells under study are of epithelial type; however, there are different members of cytokeratins, and their expression has been shown to be variable, and dependent on several parameters, including the tissue type and state of differentiation, so that their expression patterns may be complex and difficult to interpret. Another epithelial marker, epithelial membrane antigen, has been defined only in terms of immunological reactivity, which resides in the large (50%) carbohydrate moiety of the glycoprotein (Pinkus, et al, 1985). The primary use of this marker has been in distinguishing between tumors of epithelial and non-epithelial origin in histopathological sections, but it appears to be expressed also on various normal tissues of mesodermal origin, including fibroblasts (Imrie, et al., 1990). Cloning of the mRNA coding for the protein has not been reported.
It would be useful to identify a discrete epithelial cell specific marker that reliably follows cell differentiation, is not organ or tissue specific, but cell origin specific, and is associated only with epithelial cells, and not with cells from the fibroblast or lymphoid lineage. This marker could therefore be used to follow the extent of differentiation of epithelial cells or the extent of de-differentiation that occurs on neoplastic transformation. A specific epithelial cell marker could also determine whether tumors are of epithelial origin or not, a distinction which is often important in therapy.

Epithelial cell specific differentiation marker

The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health and Human Services


A sliding door for vehicles including a space frame formed from a U-shaped extruded aluminum tube and a crossbeam to which inner and outer aluminum door panels are attached. An elongated hardware carrier beam defines a channel configured to receive vehicle door hardware mounted on the exposed inside surface of the door. The overall weight of the door is about 20 pounds and the door is up to about 35 mm thick.

Sliding doors are frequently installed in several types of vehicles including passenger vans and, more prominently, minivans. In minivans, the right side passenger door or the right side passenger door and the left side passenger door are slidable in tracks formed in the body of the vehicle. These doors provide access to the passenger compartment of the vehicle via a relatively wide opening.
Sliding doors should seal off the environment such as water, air, and noise. Accordingly, the door structure must be rather rigid and also must meet the safety limitations of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS214) which requires that the door provide a specified degree of protection from intrusion into the passenger compartment for occupants of the vehicle upon side impact. In order to achieve the strength and stiffness needs for the door and to meet the minimum safety requirements, the doors are typically fashioned from thick and strong components formed from steel. These currently available steel sliding doors are heavy, over about 44 pounds for a DiW (door in white), and relatively thick, typically about 120 mm in cross-section. Lighter weight metals such as aluminum are generally unsuitable for use at this thickness due to manufacturing difficulties. If a steel door were made thinner to reduce its weight, the resulting structural performance would be unacceptable.
An additional drawback to conventional heavy sliding doors is that they are difficult to open and close, especially when the vehicle is parked on a hill, and need a correspondingly heavier mechanism to retain the door in an open position. For smaller individuals, including children, conventional sliding doors are prohibitively difficult to open and close. Some sliding doors are equipped with motors for power operation of the door. Power driven sliding doors overcome some of the difficulties experienced by certain individuals in opening and closing the doors, however the weight of the doors remains problematic for both the power requirement for the door motors and for the overall vehicle weight.
Conventional steel doors are typically manufactured from an inner panel and an outer panel of steel. The steel panels provide structural strength for the door and act as panels for mounting of door hardware as well as serve an ornamental function. The peripheries of each of the inner and outer panels include a U-shaped embossment above the beltline of the door. These embossments are aligned with the openings of the U-shapes facing each other to form a box beam at the periphery of the assembled door. The inner panel and the outer panel are joined together below the beltline along their peripheries with a gap maintained between the inner and outer panels in the central portion of the door. A plurality of tabs integrally formed with the inner panel is bent in a direction away from the inner panel. The ends of the tabs abut the inside surface of the outer panel thereby creating stiffening bridges between the inner panel and the outer panel. The gap between the inner and outer panels is sized to allow for insertion and future maintenance of the door handle and lock hardware between the inner and outer panels of the door and also to provide adequate structural stiffness of the door. Hence, the cross-sectional thickness of a conventional steel door is typically over 120 mm which constrains the use of lighter materials such as aluminum. A further difficulty associated with conventional doors is that the available interior space of the vehicle is diminished by the thickness of the doors.
Numerous components such as the hardware for the door handle and the door lock and stereo speakers are inserted in the gap between the inner and outer panels through cutouts in the inner panel of the door. Hence, the gap between the inner and outer panels must be sufficiently large to accommodate the door hardware and other vehicle accouterments. Installation and maintenance of these components is cumbersome and requires specialized techniques and tools for accessing the gap between the inner and outer panels.
In an attempt to reduce the weight of vehicle body panels, certain body panels have been made from lightweight materials such as aluminum and plastic. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,213 discloses an aluminum movable liftgate having a tubular frame sandwiched between a pair of inner panels and a pair of outer panels. The frame functions as the load bearing structure for the liftgate, however, there is no provision in the disclosed panel for the hardware or for the contour and other design requirements of a sliding door installed on the side of a vehicle.
Accordingly, a need remains for a thin, lightweight sliding door which maximizes the vehicle interior space and which also allows ready access to the door hardware.

Ultra-lightweight thin door with hardware carrier system for a vehicle


The invention relates to a method and apparatus for determining a size information of food ingredients. The method comprises a step of applying (110) to the food ingredients an electrical field having a given radio frequency, the electrical field being generated by a source positioned in close proximity to the food ingredients, a first step of measuring (120) a ratio between the energy of the electrical field reflected from the food ingredients, and the energy of the electrical field generated by said source and applied to the food ingredients. The method also comprises a first step of determining (130), based on said ratio, an average thickness of the food ingredients along the direction of the electrical field applied to the food ingredients. The method also comprises a second step of measuring (140), for a plurality of distances between the source of the electrical field and the food ingredients, the ratio (R2) between the energy of the electrical field reflected from the food ingredients, and the energy of the electrical field applied to the food ingredients. The method further comprises a step of identifying (150) a relatively sudden change in the amplitude of the ratios measured by said second step of measuring (140) and a step of deriving (160) the corresponding distance between the source of the electrical field and the food ingredients for which said relatively sudden change occurred. The method also comprises a second step of determining (170), based on said corresponding distance and the divergent angle of the electrical field irradiating at said corresponding distance, an average diameter of the food ingredients in a plane perpendicular to the direction of the electrical field applied to the food ingredients. This invention results in a more convenient, robust and accurate way to determine the average thickness of the food ingredients.

Currently, home cooking control largely relies on the user's experiences for setting various cooking parameters, such as time duration and heating power. Some known cooking appliances determine the cooking process parameters by using information inputted by user, such as the food type or the food size, based on an 'average' food model. In both cases, a non-optimal cooking result is often encountered due to errors from user inputs or a significant discrepancy between the actual food and the 'average' food model used by the cooking appliance.
DE102012011165A1 discloses a device with a radio transmitter for transmitting electromagnetic waves and a radio receiver for detecting the electromagnetic waves. The attenuation of the electromagnetic waves is detected by an evaluation unit. A characteristic of an object is determined from the detected attenuation. The characteristic of the object is selected from the presence of the object in a predetermined spatial region, phase state, material composition, temperature or speed of the object.
US2013/027060A1 discloses a calorie estimating device for measuring a calorie content of a food item. The device comprises a transmitter antenna configured to transmit ultra-wide band signals to at least a portion of the food item. The ultra-wide band signals are detected and analyzed to determine a thickness of the food item.
JP2905017B2 discloses a device for reducing a thawing irregularity of a food item and for automatically thawing said food item using a thawing plate. The device comprises a light emitting unit for irradiating an infrared ray and a photosensor for receiving the infrared ray. The light emitting unit and the photosensor are configured to detect a thickness of the food item.

Method and apparatus for determining size information of food ingredients


A digital audio disk enclosure is disclosed, having a semi-rigid generally rectangular top and bottom portions, with sided disposed about the periphery of the top and bottom portions to form an enclosed space therebetween. An elongated aperature is disposed through one side, of a size sufficient to pass a digital audio disk therethrough. Guide means are disposed within the enclosed space in aligned spaced relation substantially along the aperature side and one adjoining side. A flexible closure strip is disposed within the guide means, with a tab disposed near one end of the closure strip, suitable to be manually biased between open and closed positions. Ribs, inclined ramps, or guide means extending above top portion and below bottom portion are disclosed for ease of removing the digital audio disk from the enclosure. The digital audio disk enclosure is preferably sized to receive a pamphlet and a digital audio disk within the enclosed space. Top or bottom portions may be transparent or symbols may be disposed upon the enclosure, to identify the contents of the enclosure.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to enclosures; more specifically to enclosures for protecting a digital audio disk during storage or transport.
2. Background of the Invention
Phonograph records have traditionally been kept in open ended cardboard sleeves. Often a protective paper sleeve has been inserted within the cardboard sleeve to increase protection. Due to the greater expense, longer life, and increased capacity of digital audio disks over conventional records, a more substantial enclosure is needed.
Video disks, provided with enclosures such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,084,691; 4,084,694; and 4,463,849, are known in the art. These enclosures typically employ removable sleeves to support the video disks as they are inserted or removed form their enclosure. In addition, various means are employed to releasably secure the sleeve within the enclosure.
Efforts to improve the protection of digital audio disks within an enclosure include a hinged spine that opens like a book, such as the enclosure marketed by MCA Records, Universal City, Calif.
A variation of this hinged enclosure, utilizes a second hinged portion in parallel alignment with the first hinged spine. The second hinged portion is selectively hinged to expose a portion of the digital audio disk for ease of handling. Such enclosures are expensive to manufacture, require elaborate tooling, and have openings that allow dust and other particles to enter the digital audio enclosure.
Therefore, what is needed is an attractive, inexpensive enclosure that is easy to manufacture, affords a protective storage environment secure from dust and related particles, and provides an easy means to insert and remove digital audio disks from the enclosure.
Enclosures having a biased closure are knowm, such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,351,435; 3,851,734; 1,214,158; 519,578 and U.S. Pat. No. Des. 174,300. Such enclosures are not readily adaptable for storage of digital audio disks. They are relatively expensive to fabricate and do not lend themselves to visual identification of the contents of the enclosure. This is important where the user will have a quantity of such enclosures, and therefore needs a way to quickly identify the contents of each enclosure.
Further, the guide means used to slidably receive the biased closure provides an internal lip within the enclosure that would interfere with the easy removal of a digital audio disk from within such an enclosure.


An article, such a bag, pouch, casing, or sheet formed from joined film pieces, comprises a non-crosslaminated film. The article has a parallel plate burst strength of at least 190 inches of water, with the film having a thickness of from 1 to 2.9 mils. The film comprises one or more of a wide variety of polymers, with linear low density polyethylene being a preferred polymer. The film is heat sealed to itself or another film (preferably a similar or identical film). The burst strength is surprising in view of the thin gauge of the film, and the fact that the film is not cross-laminated.

The present invention relates to film or sheet articles which have been converted into bags, pouches, etc., which a capable of providing a high strength, high abuse package for the packaging of a wide variety of industrial and consumer products. Such packages are subjected to high levels of abuse. The present invention is particularly directed to the use of such packaging for the direct mailing of various products, especially compact disks.
There are a wide variety of products which can benefit from being packaged in a high strength flexible film package, i.e., a flexible film package having a high tear resistance, a high burst strength, and/or other desirable characteristics which flow from the use of high strength, highly abuse-resistant packaging materials. High strength packages are resistant to puncture, tearing, failing seals, etc. Moreover such high strength flexible film packaging, due to the relatively small amount of material used in the package, can result in significantly less waste, hence less environmental impact (and easier recycling) than the more bulky alternatives such as wood crates, paper products (e.g., corrugated paper products), foams, etc. which are the most common forms of packaging where a high strength, abuse-resistant package is desired. The light weight and low bulk of such high strength flexible film packaging material also provides significant transport advantages over the more bulky packaging materials above, requiring less energy, to transport due to lighter weight, hence lower postage rates. Such packaging is also more tamper-evident and tamper-resistant than other forms of packaging, such as paper packaging. Moreover, high strength flexible film packaging products which are not reinforced with non-thermoplastic materials are more easily recycled than reinforced products, e.g., more easily than fiberglass reinforced plastic film packaging materials.
One high strength flexible film packaging material which has been in use for some time is marketed by Van Leer Flexibles, Inc. of Houston, Tex. i.e., VALERON(copyright) strength film. VALERON(copyright) strength film is made from high density oriented and cross-laminated polyethylene, and is stated as being puncture-resistant, tear-resistant, and chemical-resistant. VALERON(copyright) strength film is described as being strong, with a smooth surface. balanced tear-resistance, of uniform thickness, is printable with solvent-based and water-based inks, and is laminatable to paper, film, and other substrates. VALERON(copyright) strength film is also described as maintaining its properties in harsh environments and as having a temperature operating range of from xe2x88x9270xc2x0 F. to over 200xc2x0 F., and as being useful in the flexible packaging, shipping, construction, agricultural, photographic, and tag and label industries. VALERON(copyright) strength film is described as having much better tear resistance than single-ply film of the same overall thickness and of the same polymer which has been biaxially oriented. VALERON(copyright) strength film has also been stated to provide improvements over even other cross-laminated films because it is annealed, i.e., subjected to an elevated temperature (i.e., from 35xc2x0 C. to below the lowest melting point of the thermoplastic material present, excluding any adhesive or bonding layer). The annealing process reportedly provides VALERON(copyright) strength film with a higher impact strength relative to corresponding unannealed films.
However, VALERON(copyright) strength film is an expensive product relative to other films. This expense is undoubtedly due to the costs associated with both the cross-lamination and the annealing. It would be desirable to provide high strength flexible film packaging which has performance characteristics comparable to VALERON(copyright) strength film, but which is less complex to manufacture.
The present invention is directed to a high strength flexible film package which has characteristics comparable to packages formed from the cross-laminated films discussed above, but which is substantially less complex to produce. It has surprisingly been discovered that a non-crosslaminated film having a thickness of from 1 to 2.9 mils provides a package which is highly resistant to impact and burst, i.e., has a parallel plate burst strength of at least 190 inches of water. This high burst strength is unexpected in view of the film""s thin gauge, as well as it not being a cross-laminate, and even not necessarily being annealed. This thin, high strength film is simple and relatively inexpensive to produce, while providing a burst strength comparable to more complex and expensive cross-laminated, annealed packaging materials. Moreover, it has been further unexpectedly discovered that the package according to the present invention can utilize polyethylene copolymers, and hence substantially match the chemical-resistance, operating temperature range, and printability associated with cross-laminated, annealed flexible films.
As a first aspect, the present invention is directed to an article comprising a non-crosslaminated film which comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, polycarbonate, polyester homopolymer, polyamide, ethylene/acid copolymer, ethylene/ester copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, ionomer, ethylene/carbon monoxide, very low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polyolefin, ethylene/propylene copolymer, ethylene/norbornene copolymer, polystyrene, and ethylene/styrene copolymer. The non-crosslaminated film is bonded to itself or a second component which in turn comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, polycarbonate, polyester, polyamide, ethylene/acid copolymer, ethylene/ester copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, ionomer, ethylene/carbon monoxide, very low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polyolefin, ethylene/propylene copolymer, ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer, ethylene/norbornene copolymer, polystyrene, and ethylene/styrene copolymer. The article has a parallel plate burst strength of at least 190 inches of water and a thickness of from about 1 mil to about 2.9 mils.
Preferably, the non-crosslaminated film is bonded to itself. Preferably, the film has a total thickness of from about 1.2 to 2.9 mils; more preferably, from about 1.2 to 2.8 mils. Preferably, the article has a parallel plate burst strength of from about 190 to 500 inches of water. The second component can be another film or any other object to which the non-crosslaminated film can be heat sealed or otherwise bonded or adhered. Although the film can be a monolayer film or a multilayer film, preferably the film is a multilayer film. Preferably, the film is a multilayer film comprising: (A) a first inner layer and a second inner layer, wherein each of the inner layers comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of ethylene/vinyl ester copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acid copolymer, ionomer, and homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer having a density of from about 0.87 to 0.91 g/cc; and (B) a first outer layer and a second outer layer, wherein each of the outer layers comprises (a) at least one member selected from the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, very low density polyethylene, homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, olefin homopolymer, polycarbonate, polyamide, ethylene/acid copolymer, ethylene/ester copolymer, ester homopolymer, ionomer, ethylene/carbon monoxide copolymer, ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer, ethylene/norbornene copolymer, and ethylene/styrene copolymer, as well as (b) at least one member selected from the group consisting of ethylene/vinyl ester copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acid copolymer, ionomer, and homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer having a density of from about 0.87 to 0.91 g/cc; and wherein at least one member selected from the group consisting of the first outer layer and the second outer layer is sealed to itself or the other outer layer. More preferably, the multilayer film has a total thickness of from about 2.3 to 2.7 mils, and wherein the article has a parallel plate burst strength of from about 300 to 500 inches of water.
Preferably, the multilayer film is heat-shrinkable. If heat-shrinkable, preferably the multilayer film is biaxially oriented and has a free shrink, at 185xc2x0 F., of from about 10 to 100 percent in at least one direction, i.e., the machine direction and the transverse direction. Alternatively or preferably, the film has a free shrink at 240xc2x0 F., of from about 20 to 80 percent in each of the machine and transverse directions; more preferably, from about 30 to 70 percent in each direction; still more preferably, from about 40 to 60 percent in each direction.
The film can further comprise an O2-barrier layer comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamide polyester, polyacrylonitrile.
Preferably, the film is irradiated to a level of from about 50-150 kGy; more preferably, from about 75 to 125 kGy; still more preferably, from about 90-110 kGy; and, yet still more preferably, to about 100 kGy.
Optionally, or alternatively, the film may further comprise a crosslinked layer comprising a polymeric crosslinking enhancer, wherein the polymeric crosslinking enhancer comprises the reaction product of a polyene monomer and a C3 to C8 olefinic monomer. Optionally, a third monomer, different from the C3 to C8 olefinic monomer, can also be included in the polymeric crosslinking enhancer. This third monomer is selected from the group consisting of olefinic monomer, styrene or a styrene derivative, cycloolefin such as norbornene, unsaturated ester such as vinyl acetate; methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, and butyl acrylate, acid such as acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, and acid salt. The polymeric crosslinking enhancer can optionally be blended with another polymer. Alternatively, the polymer can be used alone. More particularly, the polymeric crosslinking enhancer comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of ethylene/propylene/ENB terpolymer, ethylene/hexene/ENB terpolymer, ethylene/octene/ENB terpolymer, ethylene/hexene/5-vinylnorbornene terpolymer, and ethylene/octene/5-vinylnorbornene terpolymer.
Preferred forms of the article include an end-seal bag, a side-seal bag, an L-seal bag, pouch, and a backseamed casing.
As a second aspect, the present invention pertains to an article comprising a first multilayer film sealed to a second multilayer film, wherein: (A) a first multilayer film comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, very low density polyethylene, homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, olefin homopolymer, polycarbonate, polyamide, ethylene/acid copolymer, ethylene/ester copolymer, ester homopolymer, ionomer, ethylene/carbon monoxide copolymer, ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer, ethylene/norbornene copolymer, and ethylene/styrene copolymer; and (B) a second multilayer film comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, very low density polyethylene, homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, olefin homopolymer, polycarbonate, polyamide, ethylene/acid copolymer ethylene/ester copolymer, ester homopolymer, ionomer, ethylene/carbon monoxide copolymer, ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer, ethylene/norbornene copolymer, and ethylene/styrene copolymer. The first multilayer film is not a cross-laminated film and the second multilayer film is not a cross-laminated film. The first multilayer film has a thickness of from about 1 to 2.9 mils and the second multilayer film has a thickness of from about 1 to 2.9 mils. The article has a parallel plate burst strength of at least about 190 inches of water.
Preferably, the first multilayer film comprises two outer layers each of which comprises linear low density polyethylene, and two inner layers each of which comprises ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer; and the second multilayer film comprises two outer layers each of which comprises linear low density polyethylene, and two inner layers each of which comprises ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer. Preferably, the first multilayer film has a total thickness of from about 2.3 to 2.7 mils, the second multilayer film has a total thickness of from about 2.3 to 2.7 mils, and the article has a parallel plate burst strength of from about 300 to 500 inches of water, Preferably, the first multilayer film and the second multilayer film are identical with respect to chemical composition and thickness. Preferred articles include a pouch and a butt-sealed backseamed casing having a butt-seal tape. Optionally, the first multilayer film further comprises an O2-barrier layer comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamide, polyester, and polyacrylonitrile; and the second multilayer film further comprises an O2-barrier layer comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of ethylene/vinyl alcohol copolymer, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyamide, polyester, and polyacrylonitrile. Preferably, the multilayer film is heat-shrinkable; preferably having a free shrink, at 185xc2x0 F. of from about 10 to 100 percent. Preferably, the film is irradiated to a level of from about 50-150 kiloGrays.
As a third aspect, the present invention is directed to a packaged product comprising a package and a product surrounded by the package, wherein the package comprises a non-crosslaminated film comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, polycarbonate, polyester homopolymer, polyamide, ethylene/acid copolymer, ethylene/ester copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, ionomer, ethylene/carbon monoxide, very low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polyolefin, ethylene/propylene copolymer, ethylene/norbornene copolymer, and ethylene/styrene copolymer. The non-crosslaminated film is sealed to itself or a second film comprising at least one member selected from the group consisting of linear low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, homogeneous ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymer, polycarbonate, polyester, polyamide, ethylene/acid copolymer, ethylene/ester copolymer, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer, ionomer, ethylene/carbon monoxide, very low density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, polyolefin, ethylene/propylene copolymer, ethylene/propylene/diene terpolymer, ethylene/norbornene copolymer, and ethylene/styrene copolymer. The article has a parallel plate burst strength of at least 190 inches of water and a thickness of from about 1 mil to about 2.9 mils. The product comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of compact disks, records, audio cassettes, video cassettes, tool, hardware, machinery parts, appliances, marine hardware, corrodable metal products, industrial parts containing rust inhibitor, aerosol spray can, wax, powdered chemicals, liquid chemical concentrate, industrial cartridge packs, toys, bearings, drywall, concrete board, bricks, dry pet food, adhesive, caulk, plaster mix, precut unassembled wood products, coffee, hops, shrimp, peanuts, retortable pouches, viscous fluids, explosives, frozen products, ballistic cargo, textile products, furniture, cars, boats, products dangerous for children, fertilizer and grain, plants, insecticide, sand bags (for flood control), water, seeds, skis, works of art, unmilled wood (especially firewood), lumber, tires, and hemmocult specimens.
There can be just one product in the package, or a plurality of products are in the package. The packaged product can further comprise a secondary packaging component between the film and the product, wherein the secondary packaging component comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of rigid foam, flexible foam, film bubble product, and paper. Preferably, the secondary packaging component comprises foam. The foam can either be separate from the film, i.e., non-laminated to the film, or laminated to the film. Preferably, the foam comprises polyethylene. Preferably, the foam has a thickness of from 0.05 inch to 0.5 inch, more preferably from 0.05 inch to 0.2 inch.

High strength flexible film package utilizing thin film


There are provided a piezoelectric actuator having reduced noise caused by the vibration of a piezoelectric element is reduced, a piezoelectric vibration apparatus and a portable terminal. A piezoelectric actuator includes a piezoelectric element which includes a stacked body in which internal electrodes and piezoelectric layers are laminated, and a surface electrode disposed on one main surface of the stacked body so as to be electrically connected to the internal electrodes; and a flexible substrate electrically joined to the surface electrode; and a reinforcing plate fixedly attached to a region of the flexible substrate where the flexible substrate overlaps with the piezoelectric element, the reinforcing plate being provided with a bend portion.

As piezoelectric actuators, there are known a device which employs a bimorph-type piezoelectric element constructed by forming a surface electrode on a surface of a staked body in which a plurality of internal electrodes and piezoelectric layers are laminated (refer to Patent Literature 1) and a device constructed by joining a piezoelectric element and a flexible substrate together in a manner such that a surface electrode of the piezoelectric element and a wiring conductor of the flexible substrate are electrically connected to each other (refer to Patent Literature 2).

Piezoelectric actuator, piezoelectric vibration apparatus, and portable terminal


An automatic graphics delivery system that operates in parallel with an existing Web site infrastructure is provided. The system streamlines the post-production process by automating the production of media through content generation procedures controlled by proprietary tags placed by an author within URLs embedded within Web documents.

1. Technical Field
The invention relates to software systems. More particularly, the invention relates to an Internet server-based software system that provides delivery of automated graphics and other media to Web sites for access by an end user or consumer.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Most Web sites today are primarily handmade. From the guy publishing a simple online technology newsletter from his home, to the Fortune 1000 company's multi-tiered site with hundreds of pages of text, images, and animations, the Web developer and each of his HTML-coding and graphics-producing coworkers toil page by page and image by image. Thousands of established online companies employ hundreds of highly-skilled workers just to produce and maintain their Web sites. After all, the Web is now a major selling vehicle and marketing medium for many of these companies. The Web has even sprouted service industries such as, for example, public companies with multi-billion dollar valuations created just to consult and produce Web sites for others.
Most Web developers who use established WYSIWYG tools in the industry still must produce each page on their Web site one by one. The same rate applies to preparing and placing images, animations, and other visual assets. Each page represents its own set of issues ranging from whether to use GIF, JPEG, or PNG file formats, to finding the optimum bit depth for each image to ensure the fastest downloading through the different browsers of the consumer. The bottlenecked state of the customer's workflow to produce graphics for Web pages can be described as follows:                Current Workflow for Creating Web Graphics        Original Artwork/Asset Creation                    Use third-party point products                        Asset Editing                    Scale/reduce/slice                        Asset Format Conversion                    JPEG/GIF/PNG                        Asset Staging                    Place in Web file system            Edit HTML                        Create/Modify HTML for particular page        Store HTML on Web server        View final pages        Repeat process for each version of each graphic on each page        Estimated time                    Two hours per page times the number of pages
Also, from a user's perspective, the current state of the art is to offer the consumer zooming and panning capabilities so that by clicking on an image the consumer can view more closely or from a different angle. On the horizon are pages with three-dimensional imagery that enable a user to move around a page that can look more like a room than a brochure. While interesting, these features are merely incremental improvements to a consumer's surfing experience.
D. C. A. Bulterman, Models, Media, and Motion: Using the Web to Support Multimedia Documents, Proceedings of 1997 International Conference on Multimedia Modeling, Singapore, Nov. 17-20, 1997 discloses "an effort underway by members of industry, research centers and user groups to define a standard document format that can be used in conjunction with time-based transport protocols over the Internet and intranets to support rich multimedia presentations. The paper outlines the goals of the W3C's Synchronized Multimedia working group and presents an initial description of the first version of the proposed multimedia document model and format."
Text and Graphics on UMI's ProQuest Direct: The Best (yet) of both Worlds, Online, vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 73-7, March=14 April 1997 discloses an information system that offers "periodical and newspaper content covering a wide range of business, news, and professional topics . . . letting the user search both text and graphics and build the product to suit. Articles can be retrieved in varying levels of detail: citation, abstracts, full text, and text with graphics. Images come in two flavors: Page Image, a virtual photocopy, and Text+Graphics, in which graphics are stored separately from the text and are manipulable as discrete items . . . . [The system] comes in two versions: Windows and Web."
John Mills Dudley, Network-Based Classified Information Systems, AU-A-53031/98 (Aug. 27, 1998) discloses a "system for automatically creating databases containing industry, service, product and subject classification data, contact data, geographic location data (CCG-data) and links to web pages from HTML, XML, or SGML encoded web pages posted on computer networks such as Internets or Intranets . . . . The . . . databases may be searched for references (URLs) to web pages by use of enquiries which reference one or more of the items of the CCG-data. Alternatively, enquiries referencing the CCG-data in the databases may supply contact data without web page references. Data duplication and coordination is reduced by including in the web page CCG-data display controls which are used by web browsers to format for display the same data that is used to automatically update the databases."
Cordell et al, Automatic Data Display Formatting with A Networking Application, U.S. Pat. No. 5,845,084 (Dec. 1, 1998) discloses a placeholder image mechanism. "When a data request is made, the data transfer rate is monitored. When the receive data transfer rate is slow, and the data contains an embedded graphical image of unknown dimensions, a small placeholder image is automatically displayed for the user instead of the actual data. The small placeholder image holds a place on a display device for the data or the embedded graphical image until the data or embedded graphical image is received. When embedded graphical image is received, the placeholder image is removed, and the display device is reformatted to display the embedded graphical image."
Jonathon R. T. Lewis, System For Substituting Tags For Non-Editable Data Sets in Hypertext Documents And Updating Web Files Containing Links Between Data Sets Corresponding To Changes Made To The Tags, U.S. Pat. No. 5,355,472 (Oct. 11, 1994) discloses a "hypertext data processing system wherein data sets participating in the hypertext document may be edited, the data processing system inserting tags into the data sets at locations corresponding to the hypertext links to create a file which is editable by an editor and the data processing system removing the tags, generating a revised data set and updating the link information after the editing process. Its main purpose is to preserve the linking hierarchy that may get lost when the individual data sets get modified."
Wistendahl et al, System for Mapping Hot Spots in Media Content Interactive Digital Media Program, U.S. Pat. No. 5,708,845 (Jan. 13, 1998) discloses a "system for allowing media content to be used in an interactive digital media (IDM) program [that] has Frame Data for the media content and object mapping data (N Data) representing the frame addresses and display location coordinates for objects appearing in the media content. The N Data are maintained separately from the Frame Data for the media content, so that the media content can be kept intact without embedded codes and can be played back on any system. The IDM program has established linkages connecting the objects mapped by the N Data to other functions to be performed in conjunction with display of the media content. Selection of an object appearing in the media content with a pointer results in initiation of the interactive function. A broad base of existing non-interactive media content, such as movies, videos, advertising, and television programming can be converted to interactive digital media use. An authoring system for creating IDM programs has an object outlining tool and an object motion tracking tool for facilitating the generation of N Data. In a data storage disk, the Frame Data and the N Data are stored on separate sectors. In a network system, the object mapping data and IDM program are downloaded to a subscriber terminal and used in conjunction with presentation of the media content."
Rogers et al, Method for Fulfilling Requests of A Web Browser, U.S. Pat. No. 5,701,451 (Dec. 23, 1997) and Lagarde et al, Method for Distributed Task Fulfillment of Web Browser Requests, U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,918 (Jan. 20, 1998) disclose essentially "improvements which achieve a means for accepting Web client requests for information, obtaining data from one or more databases which may be located on multiple platforms at different physical locations on an Internet or on the Internet, processing that data into meaningful information, and presenting that information to the Web client in a text or graphics display at a location specified by the request."
Tyan et al, HTML Generator, European Patent Application No. EP 0843276 (May 20, 1998) discloses "generating an HTML file based on an input bitmap image, and is particularly directed to automatic generation of an HTML file, based on a scanned-in document image, with the HTML file in turn being used to generate a Web page that accurately reproduces the layout of the original input bitmap image."
TrueSpectra has a patent pending for the technology employed in its two products, IrisAccelerate and IrisTransactive. These products are designed for zooming and panning and simple image transformations and conversions, respectively. They support 10 file formats and allow developers to add new file formats via their SDK. They do not require the use of Flashpix for images. However, their documentation points out that performance is dependent on the Flashpix format. The system would be very slow if a non-Flashpix format was used.
TrueSpectra allows the image quality and compression to be set for JPEGs only. The compression setting is set on the server and all images are delivered at the same setting.
TrueSpectra has a simple caching mechanism. Images in the cache can be cleared out automatically at certain times and it does not have any dependency features for image propagation. The Web server needs to be brought down in order to update any original assets.
TrueSpectra does not require plug-ins to operate features such as zooming/panning or compositing. The alternative to plug-ins is using their Javascript or active server page technology. These technologies are used by many Web sites to provide interactivity, but not all Web browsers work correctly with these technologies.
TrueSpectra relies on Flashpix as its native file format and does not support media types such as multi-GIFs and sound formats. Flashpix files are typically larger than most file formats. Access to files is faster for zooming and panning, but appears to be quite slow.
The key to IrisTransactive is the compositing subsystem. It requires three things to build a shopping solution using image composition.                1) The original images must be created. It is suggested that the image be converted to Flashpix for better performance.        2) All of the individual images must be described in XML using the image composer program. The program allows the editor to specify anchor points, layer attributes, and layer names. The resulting file is between 5 k and 50 k.        3) The Web designer must place HTML referring to the XML in the Web site. By specifying parameters to the XML, the Web designer can turn on or off layers.
The herein above process for compositing images enables Web designers to create shopping sites. However, a lot of overhead is the result. The XML documents add 5 k-50 k to a Web site. The compositing commands that are embedded in the HTML are difficult to understand. And, because the compositing feature requires several steps to implement, it is not suitable for every image on a Web site. The process seems to be designed for the specific purpose of shopping.
MediaBin(TM) is limited to activities behind the firewall automating only the "post-creative busywork." In addition, MediaBin requires the use of an application server to function through a web interface. Thus images may not be directly added to any existing web page.
Macromedia's Generator operates by embedding variables in their proprietary Flash format. Therefore the actual imaging operations are somewhat limited and cannot be controlled directly from a web page request.
MGI Software sells point solutions that require end-users to download a viewer to process a proprietary image format.
PictureIQ offers a server-side image-processing appliance that provides a limited set of Photoshop functionalities. This appliance runs on the web-page server, processes information embedded in the web page, and rewrites the web page with image data.
The disclosed prior art fail to provide systems and methodologies that result in a quantum leap in the speed with which they can modify and add images, video, and sound to sites, in the volume of data they can publish internally and externally, and in the quality of the output. The development of such an automated media delivery system would constitute a major technological advance.
It would be advantageous to empower an end user with flexibility and control by providing interactive page capabilities.
It would be advantageous from an end user's perspective to generate Web pages that contain active graphics. For example, clicking on a Corvette image will cause a simple menu to pop up suggesting alternative colors and sizes in which to see the car. Clicking on portions of the image, such as a fender, can call up a close-in view of the fender.
It would be advantageous to provide an automated graphics delivery system that becomes part of the Web site infrastructure and operates as part of the Web page transaction and that thereby provides a less expensive and less time-consuming process.
It would be advantageous to provide a system for automated processing and delivery of media (images, video, and sound) to a Web server whereby it eliminates the laborious post-production and conversion work that must be done before a media asset can be delivered on a Web server.
It would be advantageous to create a dynamic Web site, wherein images are generated on demand from original assets, wherein only the original assets need to be updated, and wherein updated changes propagate throughout the site.
It would be advantageous to provide a system that generates media based on current Web server traffic thereby optimizing throughput of the media through the Web server.
It would be advantageous to provide a system that generates media that is optimized for the Web client, wherein client connection speed determines optimum quality and file size.
It would be advantageous to provide a system that generates media, whereby the media is automatically uploaded.
It would be advantageous to provide a system that automatically caches generated media so identical requests can be handled without regeneration of images.
It would be advantageous to provide a system that resides behind the Web server, thereby eliminating security issues.
It would be advantageous to provide a system wherein the client browser does not require a plug-in.
It would be advantageous to provide a system wherein the system does not require any changes to a Web server.
It would be advantageous to provide a system wherein the system manages the Web server media cache.
It would be advantageous to provide a system wherein the Web media is generated only if requested by a client browser.
It would be advantageous for a system to reduce the need for a Web author to create different versions of a Web site, the system automatically handling image content.
It would be advantageous to provide dynamic imaging capabilities, have a more complete set of image processing functionality, and be controlled directly through an image URL.
It would be advantageous to provide an end-to-end solution requiring only a standard browser that is completely controllable using the proprietary tags contained within a simple image link in the web page.
It would be advantageous to run an image application as a separate server controlled directly by single image requests to that server, such that any web server, even one that is only sending static HTML can access imaging features.

Automated Media Processing Solutions, Inc.


Disclosed are a motor control system and a motor control method that allow the balance of evaluation values in a trade-off relationship to be easily adjusted. The motor control system includes: an inverter (5) that applies AC voltage to a motor (1); a control unit (3, 4) that generates a voltage command for AC voltage in response to a control command; and a feedback unit (6, 7, 8) that applies a correction value to the control unit. The feedback unit estimates a plurality of evaluation values from a state quantity using a plurality of regression formulas, where at least one state quantity (x1, x2) of the motor is an input variable and a plurality of evaluation values (y1, y2) of the motor or a motor-driven object (2) are output variables, calculates an evaluation function with the estimated plurality of evaluation values as arguments, and generates a correction command on the basis of a calculation value resulting from the evaluation function.

A motor control system for controlling the driving of a motor is widely applied in the fields of, for example, fans, pumps, compressors, automobiles, and railroads, in which electric power is used after being converted into mechanical output. In the motor control system, there is a trade-off relationship between a plurality of evaluation values. In order to optimize a trade-off balance, it is necessary to adjust control parameters. This complicates control design.
For example, the technique described in PTL 1 is known as a conventional technique relating to a trade-off balance between evaluation values. This technique involves a limiter that limits a current component for compensating a pulsation component in torque control for extracting the pulsation component generated by a compressor as a load and for compensating it. As a result, it is possible to prevent an increase in input power while also reducing pulsation.

Motor control system and motor control method


An electronic device includes a substrate, a functional structural body formed on the substrate and a covering structure for defining a cavity part having the functional structural body disposed therein, wherein the covering structure is provided with a side wall provided on the substrate and comprising an interlayer insulating layer surrounding the cavity part and a wiring layer; a first covering layer covering an upper portion of the cavity part and having an opening penetrating through the cavity part and composed of a laminated structure including a corrosion-resistant layer; and a second covering layer for closing the opening.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a structure of each of an electronic device, a resonator and an oscillator having a functional structural body such as MEMS (micro electro mechanical systems) disposed in a cavity part configured on a substrate and to a method for manufacturing an electronic device.
2. Related Art
In general, an electronic device having a functional structural body such as MEMS disposed in a cavity part is known. MEMS, for example, micro oscillators, micro sensors and micro actuators, are accommodated in a cavity part in a movable state because a micro structural body is required to be disposed in a state such that oscillation, deformation or other movement is possible (see, for example, JP-A-2005-297180 and JP-A-2005-123561).
Now, as disclosed in JP-A-2005-297180, a method in which after forming a micro functional structural body on a surface of a one-sided substrate, the one-sided substrate is joined with the other-sided substrate in a vacuum chamber via an O-ring, and thereafter, a sealer is filled in the outside of the O-ring is known as a method for forming the foregoing cavity.
Also, as disclosed in JP-A-2005-123561, a method in which after forming an MEMS structural body on a substrate and forming a sacrifice layer thereon, a first sealing member having a through-hole is formed, the sacrifice layer is removed through the through-hole of this first sealing member to release a movable part of the MEMS structural body, and finally, the through-hole of the first sealing member is covered by a second sealing member to achieve closing is known as other method.
Also, a method similar to those in JP-A-2005-297180 and JP-A-2005-123561, in which in a structure having a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and an MEMS structural body monolithically configured therein, a cavity part is formed at the same time by employing a wiring forming technology of MOSFET, is described (see, for example, JP-A-2006-263902).
However, the method of sticking two substrates as described in JP-A-2005-297180 involves a problem that since a substrate for exclusive use is necessary, material costs increase, and even if it is intended to form a micro mechanical device by employing a general semiconductor manufacturing technology, since a special process for sticking the substrates to each other is necessary, advantages to be brought by employing the semiconductor manufacturing technology are reduced, and the manufacturing costs increase.
Also, the method of using a first sealing member having a through-hole and a second sealing member for closing the through-hole as disclosed in JP-A-2005-123561 involves a problem that since the release process of the MEMS structural body is carried out through the through-hole of the first sealing member, it takes a long period of time for achieving etching so that the first sealing member must be formed of a raw material capable of thoroughly withstanding the etching of the release process, and as a result, the first sealing member cannot be formed in a common process to the semiconductor manufacturing process, leading to an increase of the manufacturing costs.
The structure having a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) and an MEMS structural body monolithically configured therein also involves the same problems as those described above.

Electronic device, resonator, oscillator and method for manufacturing electronic device


A method for operating a first access point of a first plurality of access points comprising access points participating in cumulative beacon operations includes generating a cumulative beacon including basic service set identifiers (BSSIDs) and service set identifiers (SSIDs) of each access point in the first plurality of access points, and sending the cumulative beacon.

In wireless networking, an extended service set (ESS) is a set of two or more interconnected wireless basic service sets (BSSs) that share the same service set identification (SSID) and security credentials to appear as a single BSS to any station (STA) associated with one of those BSSs.
An overlapping basic service set (OBSS) is a common situation in wireless local area network (WLAN) deployments where two or more WLAN BSSs are established by independent entities (individuals, operators, etc.) in a close proximity within the interference range of one another. In an OBSS environment, access points (APs) typically do not collaborate with one another. A backhaul does not exist, so information is exchanged between competing APs over the air (OTA).

System and method for cumulative beacons


An imitation ceramic vase manufactured by a method which includes the following steps. (1) Applying a primer layer material on a vase made by a non-ceramic material, and letting the primer layer material to dry. (2) Applying at least one layer of first middle layer material on the primer layer material on the non-ceramic material vase. (3) Applying at least a layer of second middle layer material on the first middle layer material, and letting the second middle layer material to dry, the second middle layer material having a color which is different from that of the first middle later material. (4) Applying a surface layer material on at least one of the first middle layer material and the second middle layer material, and letting the surface layer material to dry. The surface layer material is a polyurethane imitating porcelain surface coating or an ultraviolet imitating porcelain surface coating.

Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a vase, and more particularly to a vase or a flowerpot made of plastic, plastic soil, poly or other similar non-ceramic material and undergoes a coating process for generating a superior imitating ceramic effect on the vase.
Description of Related Arts
Ceramic raw materials include kaolin, clay, porcelain stone, china clay, coloring agent, blue and white porcelain material, organic soil such as lime glaze and lime-alkali glaze. Ceramic materials have excellent mechanical properties, high level of abrasion resistance and are easy to clean. Therefore, ceramic materials are widely used by people and become an important material in people's lives and in industrial production. The superior performance of ceramic articles is originated from its unique processing method which involves milling, molding and sintering process. However, when society develops over time and people have increased awareness to environmental protection, problems of resource consumption, energy consumption and environmental damaging effect associated with the production process of ceramic articles are increasingly important issues to us. Accordingly, a new area concerning exploitation, production and application of materials in relation to environmental protection is being rapidly developed.
During the early stage of development, the major material of paint coating is vegetable oil and therefore paint coating is named as "paint". The paint coating materials, which are either the traditional paint materials made with natural raw materials, or the synthetic industrial product in modern development, belong to organic chemical polymer material which is a coating of macromolecular compound. The traditional paint coating material is very difficult to be decomposed in the soil, and eventually will cause a very serious pollution hazards to environment. In addition, because regular paint only has such properties as anticorrosion, waterproof, oil-proof, chemical resistant, light resistant and temperature resistant, a truly imitating ceramic effect is therefore not achieved.

Vase article with imitative ceramic effect


An apparatus and method for drying, by heating, a continuous supply of dielectric material. A terminated, quarter-wavelength transmission line is used as a "traveling wave" applicator for transferring electromagnetic energy from a radio-frequency generator to the dielectric material as the material passes through the transmission line, preferably by gravity feed. The transmission line applicator is directly connected to the output of the radio-frequency generator, without any intervening feeding transmission line, so that the transmission line applicator becomes the resonant output tank circuit of the generator and thus determines the oscillation frequency of the generator. Forced air may be blown through the dielectric material as it flows through the transmission line so as to sweep moisture, driven to the surface of the dielectric material by heating, from the flowing dielectric material. The temperature of the flowing dielectric material may be monitored, and control circuitry accordingly adjusts the power output of the radio-frequency generator so as to maintain the temperature within a desired range. The flow of the dielectric material from the transmission line applicator may be metered so as to achieve a required residence time of the dielectric material within the transmission line for proper drying.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates, in general, to dielectric heating, and in particular, to the use of radio-frequency power to dry dielectric materials in a continuous process by heating the dielectric materials.
2. Description of Related Art
Hygroscopic plastic resins must be voided of moisture before they can be melted and processed into finished products, as by injection molding machines, extruders, and other well-known means. Moisture, if allowed to remain within the resins, would result in a degradation of physical and visual properties of the resulting end products that are formed from the processed resins.
The conventional method of drying hygroscopic resins is by placing the resin material, usually in pellet form, into a hopper and then passing dry, heated air through the bed of resin. The air heats and dries the resin, but only after an extended processing period typically lasting from two to eight hours, depending on the particular resin material and the amount of initial moisture that must be removed. The resin material typically flows through the hopper at a rate dependent upon the consumption of the downstream injection molding machine or extruder, and the hopper is sized, in a manner well-known to those skilled in the art, so as to provide the necessary residence time of the resin in the hopper to achieve the desired moisture removal.
It is well-known that the use of dielectric heating, such as by microwaves or other radio-frequency energy, will greatly enhance the drying of resins and reduce the required drying time by a factor of five to ten times. Several Japanese companies have developed and marketed expensive microwave dryers, but these prior art microwave dryers only operate in batch or semi-batch modes, making such dryers unsuitable for continuous processes. It is therefore desirable to have a practical apparatus and continuous process that provides the necessary residence times for moisture removal drying together with uniform and controlled dielectric heating to accomplish the drying.
Heretofore, radio-frequency transmission lines have been used in dielectric heating apparatus to transfer electromagnetic energy from a generator source to an applicator load that, in turn, heats dielectric material placed within an electromagnetic field created within the applicator. It is well-known to model such a transmission line as distributed capacitance, inductance and resistance, and an electromagnetic field will be created along the transmission line that will transfer energy from the generator source to the applicator load most efficiently when the transmission line has certain proper characteristics. Some important characteristics to be considered are the impedance of the generator source, the terminating impedance of the applicator load, the length of the transmission line, and the characteristic impedance ("Z") of the transmission line. The characteristic impedance of a transmission line is a function of the distributed capacitance and inductance per unit length of the line, and is generally also a function of the oscillation frequency of the electromagnetic energy traveling down the transmission line.
For a transmission line whose length is equal to a quarter-wavelength (i.e., .lambda./4) of the electromagnetic energy traveling down the transmission line, transmission line theory teaches that, when such a line is terminated by either a short circuit or an open circuit, the electrical characteristics of such a transmission line are the same as that of a resonant parallel inductor-capacitor circuit. Such a resonant parallel circuit is often used as a "tank" circuit driven by an electromagnetic generator source to determine the oscillation frequency of the generator source.
The use of such transmission lines by the prior art to transfer electromagnetic energy from a generator source to an applicator load has several disadvantages. First, electromagnetic power is lost in the transference of electromagnetic energy down the feeding transmission line because such transmission lines are not lossless, thereby causing prior art devices to be inefficient. Second, as different materials, each having differing dielectric constants, are placed into the applicator load, heretofore known heating apparatus require re-adjustment of various circuit elements, so as to accommodate the changes in load impedance, in order to maintain efficient power transfer from the generator source to the applicator load. Third, conventional applicator heating apparatus are known to require multiple feed points of radio-frequency energy when the path of the heated dielectric material through the applicator becomes long.
It is therefore desirable to have an apparatus and method for efficiently transferring electromagnetic power from a generator source into heated dielectric materials without the power losses heretofore seen in transmission lines connecting the generator source to its applicator load. It is further desirable to provide an apparatus and method for heating dielectric materials such that no re-adjustment of circuit elements is required as the dielectric constant of the dielectric materials changes. Finally, it is still further desirable to provide an apparatus and method for heating dielectric materials that allow the use of a much longer applicator length, for a given oscillation frequency, than heretofore possible without requiring multiple feed points of radio-frequency energy.

Apparatus and continuous process for drying of dielectric materials


A process for forming a dispersion including. forming a mixture including agglomerates of primary particles, a film forming binder and a solvent for the binder, the primary particles having an average size of less than about 500 nanometers, PA0 applying sufficient heat energy to the mixture while stirring to disintegrate the agglomerates into separate primary particles having an average size of less than about 500 nanometers to form a dispersion substantially free of agglomerates, and PA0 slowly cooling the dispersion to maintain separation between the primary particles in the dispersion.

This invention relates in general to dispersion processes and, more specifically, to a process for forming dispersions of particles in a solution of a film forming binder.
A photoconductive layer for use in electrophotography may be a single layer or it may be a composite layer. One type of composite photoconductive layer used in xerography is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,990 which describes a photosensitive member having at least two electrically operative layers. One layer comprises a photoconductive layer which is capable of photogenerating holes and injecting the photogenerated holes into a contiguous charge transport layer. Generally, where the two electrically operative layers are supported on a conductive layer, the photoconductive layer is sandwiched between the contiguous charge transport layer and the supporting conductive layer. In another embodiment, the charge transport layer is sandwiched between the supporting electrode and a photoconductive layer.
Photosensitive members (photoreceptors) having at least two electrically operative layers as described above provide excellent images when charged with a uniform electrostatic charge, exposed to a light image and thereafter developed with finely developed electroscopic marking particles. A key component of modern photoreceptors is the charge generation layer (CGL) which absorbs imaging light and produces the conducting charge that is used to discharge the charge on the photoreceptor surface and hence form an electrostatic image. The material component of the charge generation layer that performs this photogeneration of charge is a polycrystalline pigment. For reasons of electrical performance and cycling stability it is desirable that the charge generation layer be as thin as possible, yet absorb more than 90 percent of the light to which it is exposed. Thus, it is desirable to coat charge generation layer to a thickness of about 0.1 micrometer to about 0.2 micrometer (100 nanometers to 200 nanometers) taking into account the binder polymer. To coat such thin layers requires that the pigment particles be smaller than about 0.1 micrometer. (100 nanometers) Furthermore, the presence of larger pigment agglomerates causes a non-uniformity of photoelectrical response and is one of the causes of undesirable charge deficient spots (CDS). Hence, pigment dispersions require milling of the pigment in the presence of a binder polymer and solvent. Techniques such as shaking or rolling the dispersion with steel or other hard material ball (shot) are used to accomplish this milling.
The grinding of particles followed by dispersion of the ground particles in a solution requires prolonged grinding times and multiple processing steps. These grinding processes may require days of milling to achieve the proper particle size. Moreover, the mechanical grinding action of the shot damages the crystal surfaces and also leaves behind residue of the grinding (shot) material, e.g. metal particles in case of steel shot. Both effects can be detrimental to the electrical performance of the charge generating layer. The grinding can also involve, for example, pressure and shearing forces of attriters using considerable energy. Prolonging the grinding treatment in order to achieve the smallest possible particle sizes adversely affects the performance of high purity materials such as photoconductive or other materials such as pharmaceutical materials. Further, the longer the grinding treatment is continued, the worse the performance of the ground material product. For example, ground photoreceptor particles become less and less responsive and sensitive, the longer grinding continues. To obtain finely ground particles with conventional grinding processes, days of grinding are required to reduce materials such as metal-free phthalocyanine photoconductive particles into particles on the scale of tens of nanometers. This poses a practical difficulty, due to the time demand and also due to the detrimental effects of long milling described above. Thus, an optimum time, with an attendant trade-off in particle size and therefore charge generating layer thickness, is often chosen. However, even to achieve particle sizes on the scale 0.05-0.1 micrometers requires several hours of milling. Long grinding also consumes excessive energy and forms a large size distribution of particles, including undesirable agglomerates. Further, grinding medium residue, even in parts per million amounts, produce significant adverse effects in sensitive photoconductive materials such as dark decay, cycle up, residual voltage, and the like. These grinding medium residue include materials such as metals, metal salts, ceramic particles, and the like, which can also cause charge deficient spots in photoreceptors. Although some grinding media leave less residue, they tend to be more expensive. In addition, the material being pulverized tends to adhere to the grinding medium leading to loss of product when the grinding medium is separated from the material being pulverized. Prolonged grinding can also increase the damage to the crystal structure of some particles. Such damage to crystal structure can adversely affect the electrical performance of some photoreceptor materials.


Antimisting additives are used in crosslinkable silicone coating compositions for reducing aerosol formation, the antimisting additives being alkenyl-functional siloxane copolymers prepared by reacting a hydrocarbon containing at least three aliphatic double bonds, and with an organosiloxane (2) having terminal Si-bonded hydrogen atoms in the presence of a hydrosilylation catalyst (3) at a ratio of Si-bonded hydrogen to aliphatic double bonds of from 1.3 to 10, and subsequently reacting the resulting SiH-containing hydrocarbon-siloxane copolymer with an α,ω-dialkenylsiloxane polymer (4) in the presence of a hydrosilylation catalyst (3) at a ratio of aliphatic double bonds to Si-bonded hydrogen of from 1.2 to 10, and optionally, in another step, equilibrating the resulting alkenyl-functional siloxane copolymers with an organopolysiloxane (5).

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the use of antimisting additives for reducing the formation of aerosol in crosslinkable silicone coating compositions.
2. Background Art
A trend within the silicone coating industry is to increase machine speed in order to raise productivity. Where silicone coatings are applied to a substrate at relatively high speeds, for example at speeds of of more than 300 m/min, fine spray mists of the silicone coating system may be formed. This aerosol is formed at the silicone applicator unit. The formation of this spray mist has proven to be a serious problem in the context of further increasing the coating speed. The formation of this spray mist can be reduced by adding what are known in the industry as antimisting additives to the silicone coating system.
EP-A 716 115 (Dow Corning Corp.) describes antimisting additives obtained by reacting an organosilicon compound, a compound containing oxyalkylene groups, and a catalyst. The addition of these oxyalkylene-functional reaction products to crosslinkable silicone coating systems reduces the formation of aerosol in rapid coating processes.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,265,497 (Wacker-Chemie GmbH) describes alkenyl functional siloxane copolymers which are branched and whose organopolysiloxane blocks are linked by hydrocarbon bridges.
It would be desirable to provide antimisting additives for silicone coating compositions which reduce the formation of aerosol in rapid coating processes, which are readily miscible with the silicone coating compositions, and which do not impair the silicone coating compositions.

Alkenyl-functional siloxane copolymers as antimisting additives for silicone coating compositions