Systems and methods for identifying a fault in an electrical distribution system may include capturing an image of a corona event associated with a component of the electrical distribution system and processing the image of the corona event to identify the center and boundary of the corona event. An overlay for display with the image of the corona event may be generated, where the overlay identifying at least a center of the corona event and may be displayed to a user via a user interface device. In some cases, an unmanned aerial vehicle may comprise one or more image sensors capable of capturing the image of the corona event and communicate the images to a remote device for processing and display to the user. The image captured by the image sensors may include an ultraviolet image, a visible spectrum image, an infrared image, or a combination of image types.

In electrical power transmission systems, great care is taken to avoid possible configurations (e.g., sharp protrusions on structures that are on or near high voltage conductors) that may cause a local concentration (e.g., a high electrical potential point) of electric field that may exceed the threshold for coronal discharge. Electron avalanches that may result from such high-potential points may produce, such as via impact ionization and subsequent recombination of atmospheric plasma, an ultraviolet (UV) photon spray or coronal discharge. While most coronas are benign, some may be indicative of severe degradation of equipment that would require immediate attention. As such, procedures that may be used locate, diagnose, and classify coronas are often considered to be a useful component of a transmission line inspection process. However, such processes may often be used infrequently for cost reasons (e.g., human inspection of UV-band imagery, etc.) and/or difficulty of image capture, particularly in remote locations. As such, a need has been recognized for a lower cost image generation system and/or an automated image analysis system to allow for more frequent inspection of power transmission infrastructure.

Image-based localization of ultraviolet corona

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AS REPRESENTED BY THE ADMINISTRATOR OF NASA


Novel organosilicon compounds and processes for their preparation are disclosed. The compounds are di- and trisilanes of the formula: EQU (R--Si (R.sub.1).sub.2 --G--Y--.sub.n Q. in which R represents a radical containing one double ethylene bond, R.sub.1 represents a hydrocarbon radical, G represents a carbocyclic aromatic or heterocyclic radical, Y represents CONH or COO, Q represents an organic radical and n is an integer equal to 2 or 3. The compounds are useful in preparing thermoplastic elastomers.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to novel organosilicon compounds containing functional groups including an ethylene double bond, and methods of preparing them.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of organosilicon compounds in preparing thermoplastic elastomers is well recognized in the art. For example, in Belgian Patent Specification 834,046, published March 30, 1976, polysiloxane thermoplastic elastomers are formed from recurrent groups of silicon bonded to oxygen upon which other functional groups may be attached to form complex, branched chain thermoplastic polymers.


Disclosed are various embodiments for automated tracking of inventory levels in storage bins. In one embodiment, among others, an adjustable bin divider may comprise a supporting base that has a receiving slot at an end, the receiving slot comprising a slide channel that extends along a top portion of the supporting base; a radio frequency identification (RFID) tag that is attached to the supporting base; and a radio frequency (RF)-blocking slide divider that comprises a first panel with an RF shield and a second panel that has a narrowed end, the first panel being connected to the second panel at the narrowed end, the first panel being inserted in the receiving slot, the narrowed end fitting within the slide channel of the receiving slot, wherein the RF-blocking slide divider conceals the RFID tag from detection from an RFID reader at a position along the slide channel.

A storage bin is a container that can vary in size and shape. Oftentimes, a storage bin is used to hold multiple items. The storage bin can be configured to provide easy access to the items based on its size and shape. Multiple storage bins may also be placed on a storage rack. With multiple storage bins on a storage rack, different items can be placed in each storage bin. As a result, an individual can have easy access to various items.


A compound structure steel sheet excellent in burring workability made of a steel containing, by mass, 0.01 to 0.3% of C, 0.01 to 2% of Si, 0.05 to 3% of Mn, 0.1% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, and 0.005 to 1% or Al, and having the microstructure being a compound structure having ferrite as the main phase and martensite or retained austenite mainly as the second phase, the quotient of the volume percentage of the second phase divided by the average grain size of the second phase being 3 or more and 12 or less, and the quotient of the average hardness of the second phase divided by the average hardness of the ferrite being 1.5 or more and 7 or less; or a compound structure steel sheet excellent in burring workability made of a steel containing, by mass, 0.01 to 0.3% of C, 0.01 to 2% of Si, 0.05 to 3% of Mn, 0.1% or less of P, 0.01% or less of S, and 0.005 to 1% or Al, having the microstructure being a compound structure having ferrite as the main phase and martensite or retained austenite mainly as the second phase, the average grain size of the ferrite being 2 xcexcm or more and 20 xcexcm or less, the quotient of the average grain size of the second phase divided by the average grain size of the ferrite being 0.05 or more and 0.8 or less, and the carbon concentration in the second phase being 0.2% or more and 3% or less.

This invention relates to a compound structure steel sheet excellent in burring workability, having a tensile strength of 540 MPa or more, and a method to produce the same, and, more specifically, to a high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in hole expansibility (burring workability) and suitable as a material for roadwheels and other undercarriage parts of cars wherein both the hole expansibility and durability are required, and a method to produce the same.
The application of light metals such as aluminum alloys and high strength steel sheets to car components is being increased to achieve fuel economy and other related advantages through car weight reduction. Although light metals such as aluminum alloys have an advantage of high specific strength, their application is limited to special uses because of a far higher cost than steel. To further reduce car weight, therefore, a wider application of low cost, high strength steel sheets is required.
Facing the demands for higher strength, against the above background, various new steel sheets having high strength, deep drawability, bake-hardenability, etc. have so far been developed in the field of cold-rolled steel sheets used for bodies and panels, which account for a quarter or so of the total car weight, and these developments have contributed to the reduction in car weight. The focus of efforts for car weight reduction, however, has lately shifted to structural members and undercarriage components, which account for about 20% of the total car weight. In this situation, immediate action is demanded in the development of high strength hot-rolled steel sheets for these applications.
However, generally speaking, high strength is obtained at a cost of other material properties such as formability (workability) and, therefore, the key issue in the development of the high strength steel sheets is how to raise steel strength without sacrificing other material properties. Hole expansibility, fatigue resistance, corrosion resistance and the like are important among the properties required of steel sheets used especially for structural members and undercarriage components. It is essential, in this development, to realize high strength together with high values of these properties in a well-balanced manner.
Among the properties required of the steel sheets for roadwheel discs, for example, hole expansibility and fatigue resistance are regarded as particularly important. This is because burring (hole expansion) to form a hub hole is especially difficult, among various working stages, in forming a roadwheel disc and the fatigue resistance is the aspect controlled under the most stringent standards among the properties required of wheel components.
In consideration of the fatigue resistance of the wheel components, high strength hot-rolled steel sheets of 590 MPa class ferrite-martensite compound structure steel (the so-called dual-phase steel) excellent in fatigue property are presently used for the roadwheel discs. The level of strength required of the steel sheets for these components, however, is rising yet further from the 590 MPa class to the 780 MPa class. In addition to the fact that the hole expansibility tends to lower as the steel strength increases, the compound structure steel sheets are believed to be handicapped with regard to the hole expansibility because of their inhomogeneous structure. For this reason, the hole expansibility, which does not constitute any problem in the 590 MPa class compound structure steel sheets, may become a problem with 780 MPa class compound structure steel sheets.
This means that the hole expansibility is highlighted, in addition to the fatigue resistance, as an important subject in the application of high strength steel sheets to roadwheels and other undercarriage components of cars. However, despite the strong demands, few inventions have been proposed, save for a limited number of exceptions, to provide high strength steel sheets having a microstructure of a ferrite-martensite compound structure to improve the fatigue resistance, and which are also excellent in hole expansibility.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H5-179396, for example, discloses a technology to secure the fatigue resistance of a steel sheet by forming its microstructure to consist of ferrite and martensite or retained austenite, and to ensure the hole expansibility by strengthening ferrite with precipitates of TiC, NbC, etc. so that the strength difference between ferrite grains and a martensite phase may be decreased and deformation may not concentrate locally on ferrite grains.
In the steel sheets for some of the undercarriage components such as roadwheel discs, it is essential to realize a well-balanced and high-level combination of formability such as burring workability and fatigue resistance, but the above technology does not offer these properties in a satisfactory manner. Besides, even if both the formability and fatigue resistance are satisfactory, it is important to provide a production method capable of providing these features economically and stably and, in this respect, the above conventional technology is insufficient.
To be more specific, the technology disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. H5-179396 is incapable of providing a sufficient elongation because it proposes to strengthen the ferrite grains by precipitation hardening. Nor is it capable of providing a low yield ratio, which is a unique characteristic of the ferrite-martensite compound structure, because the precipitates block movable, high-density dislocations created around the martensite phase during production. Besides, the addition of Ti and Nb is not desirable since it raises production costs.
In view of the above, the object of the present invention is to provide a compound structure steel sheet capable of advantageously solving the above problems of conventional technologies, excellent in fatigue resistance and burring workability (hole expansibility) and having a tensile strength of 540 MPa or more, and a method to produce said steel sheet economically and stably.
Keeping in mind the production processes of hot-rolled and cold-rolled steel sheets presently produced on an industrial scale using generally employed steel sheet production facilities, the present inventors earnestly studied the means to achieve both good burring workability and high fatigue resistance of steel sheets. As a result, the present invention was established based on the new discovery that achieving the following was very effective for enhancing the burring workability: that microstructure is a compound structure having ferrite as the main phase and martensite or retained austenite mainly as the second phase; that the average grain size of the ferrite is 2 xcexcm or more and 20 xcexcm or less, that the quotient of the average grain size of the second phase divided by the average grain size of the ferrite is 0.05 or more and 0.8 or less, and that the carbon concentration of the second phase is 0.2% or more and 2% or less; that the quotient of the volume percentage of the second phase divided by the average grain size of the second phase is 3 or more and 12 or less; and that the quotient of the average hardness of the second phase divided by the average hardness of the ferrite is 1.5 or more and 7 or less.
The gist of the present invention, therefore, is as follows:
(1) A high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized in that:
the steel sheet is made of a steel containing, in mass,
0.01 to 0.3% of C,
0.01 to 2% of Si,
0.05 to 3% of Mn,
0.1% or less of P,
0.01% or less of S, and
0.005 to 1% or Al, and
the balance consisting of Fe and unavoidable impurities; the microstructure is a compound structure having ferrite as the main phase and martensite as the second phase; the average grain size of the ferrite is 2 xcexcm or more and 20 xcexcm or less;
the quotient of the average grain size of the second phase divided by the average grain size of the ferrite is 0.05 or more and 0.8 or less; and the carbon concentration in the second phase is 0.2% or more and 3% or less.
(2) A high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized in that:
the steel sheet is made of a steel containing, in mass,
0.01 to 0.3% of C,
0.01 to 2% of Si,
0.05 to 3% of Mn,
0.1% or less of P,
0.01% or less of S, and
0.005 to 1% or Al, and
the balance consisting of Fe and unavoidable impurities;
the microstructure is a compound structure having ferrite as the main phase and martensite as the second phase; the quotient of the volume percentage of the second phase divided by its average grain size is 3 or more and 12 or less; and
the quotient of the average hardness of the second phase divided by the average hardness of the ferrite is 1.5 or more and 7 or less.
(3) A high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized in that; the steel according to the item (1) or (2) further contains, in mass, 0.2 to 2% of Cu, and the Cu exists in the ferrite phase of the steel in the state of the precipitates of grains 2 nm or less in size consisting purely of Cu and/or in the state of solid solution.
(4) A high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized in that the steel according to any one of the items (1) to (3) further contains, in mass, 0.0002 to 0.002% of B.
(5) A high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized in that the steel according to any one of the items (1) to (4) further contains, in mass, 0.1 to 1% of Ni.
(6) A high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized in that the steel according to any one of the items (1) to (5) further contains, in mass, one or both of 0.0005 to 0.002% of Ca and 0.0005 to 0.02% of REM.
(7) A high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized in that the steel according to any one of the items (1) to (6) further contains, in mass, one or more of;
0.05 to 0.5% of Ti,
0.01 to 0.5% of Nb,
0.05 to 1% of Mo,
0.02 to 0.2% of V,
0.01 to 1% of Cr, and
0.02 to 0.2% of Zr.
(8) A high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized in that; the steel sheet is made of a steel having the chemical composition according to any one of the items (1) to (7), and the microstructure is a compound structure having ferrite as the main phase and retained austenite accounting for a volume percentage of 5% or more and 25% or less as the second phase.
(9) A method to produce a high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized by, when hot rolling a slab having the chemical composition according to any one of the items (1) to (7), completing finish hot rolling at a temperature from the Ar3 transformation temperature to 100xc2x0 C. above the Ar3 transformation temperature, holding the hot-rolled steel sheet thus produced in the temperature range from the Ar1 transformation temperature to the Ar3 transformation temperature for 1 to 20 sec., then cooling it at a cooling rate of 20xc2x0 C./sec. or higher, and coiling it at a coiling temperature of 350xc2x0 C. or lower.
(10) A method to produce a high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized by, when hot rolling a slab having the chemical composition according to any one of the items (1) to (7), applying high pressure descaling to the slab after rough rolling, completing finish hot rolling at a temperature from the Ar3 transformation temperature to 100xc2x0 C. above the Ar3 transformation temperature, holding the hot-rolled steel sheet thus produced in the temperature range from the Ar1 transformation temperature to the Ar3 transformation temperature for 1 to 20 sec., then cooling it at a cooling rate of 20xc2x0 C./sec. or higher, and coiling it at a coiling temperature of 350xc2x0 C. or lower.
(11) A method to produce a high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized by completing the hot rolling of a slab having the chemical composition according to any one of the items (1) to (7) at a temperature of the Ar3 transformation temperature or higher, subsequently pickling and cold-rolling the hot-rolled steel sheet thus produced, holding the cold-rolled steel sheet in the temperature range from the Ac1 transformation temperature to the Ac3 transformation temperature for 30 to 150 sec., and then cooling it at a cooling rate of 20xc2x0 C./sec. or higher to the temperature range of 350xc2x0 C. or lower.
(12) A method to produce a high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized by, when hot rolling a slab having the chemical composition according to any one of the items (1) to (7), completing finish hot rolling at a temperature from the Ar3 transformation temperature to 100xc2x0 C. above the Ar3 transformation temperature, holding the hot-rolled steel sheet thus produced in the temperature range from the Ar1 transformation temperature to the Ar3 transformation temperature for 1 to 20 sec., then cooling it at a cooling rate of 20xc2x0 C./sec. or higher, and coiling it at a coiling temperature of above 350xc2x0 C. and 450xc2x0 C. or lower.
(13) A method to produce a high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized by, when hot rolling a slab having the chemical composition according to any one of the items (1) to (7), applying high pressure descaling to the slab after rough rolling, completing finish hot rolling at a temperature from the Ar3 transformation temperature to 100xc2x0 C. above the Ar3 transformation temperature, holding the hot-rolled steel sheet thus produced in the temperature range from the Ar1 transformation temperature to the Ar3 transformation temperature for 1 to 20 sec., then cooling it at a cooling rate of 20xc2x0 C./sec. or higher, and coiling it at a coiling temperature of above 350xc2x0 C. and 450xc2x0 C. or lower.
(14) A method to produce a high fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability characterized by, completing the hot rolling of a slab having the chemical composition according to any one of the items (1) to (7) at a temperature of the Ar3 transformation temperature or higher, subsequently pickling and cold rolling the hot-rolled steel sheet thus produced, holding the cold-rolled steel sheet in the temperature range from the Ac1 transformation temperature to the Ac3 transformation temperature for 30 to 150 sec., then cooling it at a cooling rate of 20xc2x0 C./sec. or higher, holding it in the temperature range of above 350xc2x0 C. and 450xc2x0 C. or lower for 15 to 600 sec., and cooling it at a cooling rate of 5xc2x0 C./sec. or higher to the temperature range of 150xc2x0 C. or below.

High fatigue strength steel sheet excellent in burring workability and method for producing the same


A load stabilizer for an automobile is provided. The load stabilizer includes a hitch assembly having an elongate cross member that extends between opposing frame rails of the automobile and that is pivotable about an axis of rotation defined along a length of the cross member in response to a load applied upon the hitch assembly. A first torsion bar is carried on a first end by the cross member and on a second end by the automobile frame for retarding load variations on the hitch assembly.

Automobiles under towing or carrying a load are subjected to increased structural forces on the automobile's frame. Loads are typically carried on the rear portion of the automobile, either as a trailer being towed behind the automobile or by carrying cargo within the rear of the automobile such as in a truck bed. The suspension under the rear of the automobile must bear the load associated with the trailer or cargo. This causes the front end of the automobile to tilt upwards, reducing the amount of weight on the front of the automobile, and the rear of the automobile to compress downwards, thus causing deflection of the rear suspension of the automobile. This reduced weight on the front of the automobile causes a corresponding reduction in front traction and thus makes driving the automobile more difficult. In addition, uneven weight distribution on the automobile makes the automobile difficult to maneuver and causes stress or failure on associated automobile components.
Various devices have been invented to address the weight distribution issues associated with towing or carrying a load, however, these devices suffer from various drawbacks including cost, size, and performance.
Accordingly, there remains a need for load stabilizer that addresses the various disadvantages associated with previous devices.


A memory cell includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a first portion of phase-change material contacting the first electrode. The memory cell includes a second portion of phase-change material contacting the second electrode and a third portion of phase-change material between the first portion and the second portion. A phase-change material composition of the third portion and the second portion gradually transitions from the third portion to the second portion.

Phase-change memories include phase-change materials that exhibit at least two different states. Phase-change material may be used in memory cells to store bits of data. The states of phase-change material may be referenced to as amorphous and crystalline states. The states may be distinguished because the amorphous state generally exhibits higher resistivity than does the crystalline state. Generally, the amorphous state involves a more disordered atomic structure, while the crystalline state is an ordered lattice. Some phase-change materials exhibit two crystalline states, e.g. a face-centered cubic (FCC) state and a hexagonal closest packing (HCP) state. These two crystalline states have different resistivities and may be used to store bits of data. In the following description, the amorphous state generally refers to the state having the higher resistivity, and the crystalline state generally refers to the state having the lower resistivity.
Phase change in the phase-change materials may be induced reversibly. In this way, the memory may change from the amorphous state to the crystalline state, and from the crystalline state to the amorphous state, in response to temperature changes. The temperature changes to the phase-change material may be achieved in a variety of ways. For example, a laser can be directed to the phase-change material, current may be driven through the phase-change material, or current can be fed through a resistive heater adjacent the phase-change material. With any of these methods, controllable heating of the phase-change material causes controllable phase change within the phase-change material.
When a phase-change memory comprises a memory array having a plurality of memory cells that are made of phase-change material, the memory may be programmed to store data utilizing the memory states of the phase-change material. One way to read and write data in such a phase-change memory device is to control a current and/or a voltage pulse that is applied to the phase-change material. The level of current and voltage generally corresponds to the temperature induced within the phase-change material in each memory cell.

Phase change memory cell including multiple phase change material portions


An inverter system includes: an inverter configured to receive utility AC power and step it up to a high-voltage power necessary for operation of a motor and supply the high-voltage power to the motor; a switch connected between the inverter and the motor and configured to be turned on and off such that an output voltage from the inverter is supplied to the motor or interrupted; a current detector configured to detect an output current from the inverter; and a controller configured to control the inverter system so that the inverter is interrupted if an output current value detected by the current detector is smaller than a predetermined reference current value for more than a predetermined reference duration.

Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to an inverter system. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to an inverter system including a controller for an inverter, by which failure in a high-voltage motor and a high-voltage inverter for driving the motor caused by an erroneous operation of a switch can be prevented, by way of checking an operating state of the switch based on an output current from the high-voltage inverter.
Description of the Related Art
Generally, a high-voltage inverter is an apparatus for controlling an input voltage to a high-voltage motor by adjusting the amplitude and frequency of the voltage input to the high-voltage inverter within the rated voltage of the high-voltage motor.
Such high-voltage motors are commonly installed in major facility of a factory. Since they require very expensive installation cost, a variety of protection apparatus are provided. Specifically, switch gears such as a vacuum circuit breaker (VCB) and a vacuum circuit switch (VCS) are installed between a high-voltage inverter and a high-voltage motor, so that the power is interrupted if an abnormal situation takes place during the operation of the high-voltage motor.
Such switch gears are typically controlled by operating a control panel located in a control room of a factory. A digital contact point is frequently used between the control panel and the switch gear via utility AC power, e.g., AC 220 V.
Although the switch gear is used for protecting the high-voltage motor, sometimes the switch gear itself may be erroneously operated, so that the high-voltage inverter and the high-voltage motor may be damaged. Specifically, erroneous operation due to noise in a control signal sent from the control panel to the switch gear, misfire due to aging of a coil, or misoperation by a user by mistake. As a result, a very big accident may take place. That is, when the switch gear is turned off and immediately turned on during the operation of the high-voltage motor, an overcurrent may occur due to difference in voltage between the high-voltage inverter and the high-voltage motor, so that the high-voltage inverter, the high-voltage motor and the switch gear may be damaged.
FIGS. 1A to 1C are views for illustrating operations of a high-voltage inverter according to the prior art in different operating states.
FIG. 1A shows a high-voltage motor 10 in a normal operating state. When the high-voltage motor 10 is normally operated by a high-voltage inverter 20, the voltage supplied to the high-voltage motor 10 is controlled by the high-voltage inverter 20.
If a switch gear 30 is turned off erroneously while the high-voltage motor 10 is operated, the high-voltage inverter 20 cannot know the operating states of the high-voltage motor 10 and thus keeps outputting voltage, as shown in FIG. 1B. If the switch gear 30 is turned on in this situation as shown in FIG. 1C, the high voltage from the high-voltage inverter 20 is applied to the high-voltage motor 10 instantaneously, such that a failure takes place.
That is, since the high-voltage inverter 20 does not receive a state contact point of the switch gear 30, it cannot know whether the switch gear 30 is turned on or off, and accordingly an accident may occur due to an erroneous operation of the switch gear 30 during the operation of the high-voltage motor 10.


The invention relates to a co-axial plug-in-insertion connector which has a center conductor part, an outer conductor part, and an insulating part made of a dielectric material which holds the center conductor part co-axial to the outer conductor part, a coding housing being provided in which the outer conductor part and the center conductor part are arranged, the co-axial plug-in-insertion connector having an insertion end for connection to a complementary co-axial plug-in-insertion connector. Provision is made for the insulating part to be of a one-piece form with the housing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a co-axial plug-in-insertion connector which has a center conductor part, an outer conductor part, and an insulating part made of a dielectric material which holds the center conductor part co-axial to the outer conductor part, a coding housing being provided in which the outer conductor part and the center conductor part are arranged, the co-axial plug-in-insertion connector having an insertion end for connection to a complementary co-axial plug-in-insertion connector.
2. Description of Related Art
Known from US 2003/0176104 A1 is a co-axial plug-in-insertion connector which has a housing of plastics material and which complies with what is called the FAKRA (Fachkreis Automobiltechnik) standardization scheme for SMB (Subminiature Version B connections. What is provided in this case is a housing of plastics material which holds and protects the plug-in-insertion connector and pre-positions it for the process of connecting it to another plug-in-insertion connector having a housing of plastics material. The housing has in addition mechanical coding means so that only housings which fit together can be inserted in one another.
Housings of plastics material of this kind for co-axial plug-in-insertion connectors, which are also referred to as FAKRA housings, are used in the automotive industry for data transmission cables. These data transmission cables are usually co-axial cables, or similar cables based on an electrical conductor. The physical dimensions of such FAKRA housings in the interface region, i.e. in an axial portion of the housing which co-operates with a complementary connector to make a mechanical connection between the two housings of plastics material, are laid down in DIN standard 72594-1 in the version of October 2004. The part of the above DIN standard 72594-1 which is entitled "Straβenfahrzeuge—50-Ohm-Hochfrequenz-Schnittstelle (50-Ω-HFSSt)—Teil 1: Maβe and elektrische Anforderungen" [Road vehicles—50 ohm radio-frequency interface (50Ω RFI)—Part 1: Dimensions and electrical requirements] specifies the connectors and couplers for an interface having an impedance of 50 ohms for radio-frequency applications (a 50Ω radio-frequency interface) in road vehicles and thus provides an assurance of communication to and from the motor vehicle. It lays down dimensional and electrical requirements and properties and ensures that these are compatible. All well known carmakers follow this standard in their production. The content of the standard is specified by the Normenausschuss Kraftfahrzeuge (FAKRA) [Standards Committee for Motor Vehicles].
The Standards Committee for Motor Vehicles (FAKRA) at the German Institute for Standardization represents regional, national and international standardization interests in the field of motor vehicles. The terms of reference of FAKRA comprise the drawing up of all standards relating to compatibility, interchangeability and safety for road vehicles to DIN 70010 (except for agricultural tractors), regardless of whether these road vehicles are fitted with internal combustion engines, electric motors or hybrid drives. FAKRA also draws up standards for the bodies of such road vehicles (except for municipal service vehicles, fire brigade vehicles and ambulances). It is responsible in addition for the standardization of all the equipment fitted to the above-mentioned vehicles and bodies and for the standardization of freight containers (ISO containers). Standardization promotes rationalization and quality assurance in motor vehicle design and construction and the environment-friendliness of the motor vehicle. It also makes a contribution to increasing vehicle safety and the safety of transport, in line with the current state of the art and science, to the benefit of manufacturers and consumers.

Co-axial plug-in-insertion connector having a coding housing

Rosenberger Hochfrequenztechnik GmbH & Co. KG


A computing system may include a base portion to receive one or more first batteries, and a tablet portion having one or more electronic components and the tablet portion to receive one or more second batteries. The tablet portion may be configured to be coupled to and detached from the base portion. The computing system may also include circuitry to control a supply of voltage to one or more electronic components of the tablet portion from one or more first batteries at the base portion and from one or more second batteries at the tablet portion.

1. Field
Embodiments may relate to a detachable computing system having a first battery and a second battery.
2. Background
A detachable computing system may include a tablet and a base that may be coupled together or may be disconnected from each other. A battery may be used to power the computing system.

Detachable computing system having bi-directional power flow


The method is of the type wherein the raw or untreated water to be treated is made to circulate in cells or biofilters with submerged filtering beds working anaerobically and then aerobically or vice versa. A treatment module is used comprising at least two cells or biofilters in series (for example one biofilter under anaerobic conditions and one to five biofilters under aerobic conditions) in making phases of anaerobiosis and then aerobiosis alternate cyclically. The entry of flow to be treated takes place always in the anaerobic cell. Advantageously, each phase of the cycle is separated from another by a hold phase comprising a halt in the supply of water to be treated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of the treatment of water with a view to its purification by biological means, notably discharge water and waste water or any water containing phosphorus in various forms and, possibly, ammonia nitrogen. It relates quite especially to a method designed to eliminate carbon, nitrogen and traces of phosphorus by biological dephosphatization on biofilters.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is known that waste water can be treated by the biological method known as the activated sludge method wherein a biomass is kept in suspension in the presence of oxygen and carbon-containing nutriment. The bacteria present in the biomass degrade the polluted matter and are separated from the purified water in a clarifier. It is also possible to maintain autotrophic bacteria in the system, enabling the conversion of nitrogen ammonia into nitric nitrogen if a great sludge age of at least six days is adopted in the system. If a period of non-aerated (or anoxic) contact is incorporated into the system, it is possible to force the heterotrophic bacteria to degrade the nitrates in the presence of carbon-containing nutriment. If, moreover, the bacteria are made to undergo a systematic alternation of the anaerobic and aerobic states, an excess accumulation of phosphorus compounds can be caused in the bacteria.
A method such as this, with the above-described principles, has been known since 1974 under the process name of "BARDENPHO".
All the configurations currently available for the total elimination of nitrogen and phosphorus by biological means constitute variants of the above-mentioned standard activated sludge method. A variety of possible arrangements of the anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic zones has led to the development of several methods in the course of the past 20 years, notably those known by the names of Phostrip, A/0, Phoredox, UCT, Biodenipho, etc.
These configurations share the common feature of having an anaerobic basin at the front of the hydraulic flow designed to expose the biomass to an alternation of aerobic/anaerobic conditions. To reduce the nitrates in the anaerobic zone, several internal circuits for the recirculation of the sludges between anoxic and anaerobic zones are used in order to obtain efficient performance in terms of biological dephosphatization.
In these methods, several factors restrict the efficiency of the dephosphatization: these are notably the exposure time of the biomass to the anaerobic conditions which, most frequently, has to be limited to between 0.5 and 2 hours, and the value of load per mass which remain low because of the constraints on the age of the sludges dictated by the nitrification. This restricts the application of the methods in question to the treatment of effluents, for which the COD (chemical oxygen demand)/total P (phosphorus) ratio is high, notably higher than 20. It is difficult, in these methods, to obtain very low residual rates of phosphorus owing to the impossibility of increasing the load of carbon-containing nutriment for heterotrophic bacteria and owing to the fact that the subsequent clarifier releases suspended solids that are highly rich in phosphorus. Thus, it is necessary to add an additional physical/chemical process to the treatment of waste water to achieve a very low residual rate of phosphorus.
More recently, other methods for the purification of waste water have been proposed in which it is no longer activated sludge systems with freely circulating bacteria that are used but so-called "biofilter" reactors are used wherein the bacteria are fixed to a support. Among techniques of this kind, we may cite the processes described in the published French patents Nos. 2 604 990 and 2 632 947. These methods lead to excellent results in the elimination of carbon and nitrogen but, owing to the fixing of bacteria, it cannot provide for a satisfactory biological dephosphatization.
It has now been found that it is possible to resolve this problem of the high elimination of phosphorus in the operational context of biofilter methods by a technique which can be used to obtain a maximum rate of carbon-containing substrate in an anaerobic cell so as to achieve an absence of electron (O.sub.2 and NO.sub.3 ) acceptors during the non-aerated phase and minimize the losses of suspended solids (bacteria).

Method for the removal of nutrients containing carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus


A water based ink composition for a writing instrument containing at least one selected from the group consisting of a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate and salts thereof and further containing a colorant, a perfume and water, which is less liable to cause feathering of the lines and in which a perfume is dispersed and retained in an aqueous medium in a stable state and the fragrance lasts long.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a water based ink composition for a writing instrument which sheds fragrance in writing and which imparts faint fragrance as well to drawn lines.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, perfumes are oil-soluble, and an emulsifier or a dispersant which forms protective colloid is required in order to emulsify or disperse them in water. Water-soluble resins or surfactants are used as the protective colloid described above. In almost all water-soluble resins, however, use of a necessary and sufficient amount of a resin required for dispersing a perfume raises a viscosity of the liquid and makes it inadequate for an ink for a writing instrument.
On the other hand, an emulsion which is prepared using a surfactant in an amount enough for emulsifying a perfume in a stable state is reduced in the surface tension to a large extent, so that an ink prepared using the emulsion has the practical problem that drawn lines are liable to cause feathering. Further, an ink prepared merely emulsifying and dispersing a perfume by the method described above involves the problem that fragrance is shed immediately after writing but the fragrance is lost soon thereafter and can not be retained for long time (no durability).
Those which have so far been known as ink compositions for a writing instrument containing a perfume shedding fragrance in writing include, for example, inks for a ball point pen comprising dyes, resins and organic solvents, wherein a perfume having a compatibility with the above inks is added (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 56-81377), perfume-containing water based inks blended with a perfume, maltosyl cyclodextrin (MCD), a colorant and water (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 63-223078) and water based ink compositions for a writing instrument comprising a colorant, a perfume, a partially sulfonated polyester resin and water (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 8-283645).
However, the ink composition disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 56-81377 involves the problem that even if adding a perfume having compatibility, feathering is caused on a paper surface in writing. Also, the ink composition disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Sho 63-223078 is prepared by including a perfume in MCD and adding the above inclusion compound to a water based ink, and therefore the perfume contained in this water based ink tends to easily be separated with the passage of time, particularly with the passage of time at a high temperature, so that the ink composition involves problems in dispersibility of the perfume and durability of fragrance. Further, the ink composition disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 8-283645 involves the problem that fragrance is shed immediately after writing but the fragrance is lost thereafter and can not be retained for long time (no durability).
The present invention intends to solve the problems of the conventional techniques described above, and an object thereof is to provide a water based ink composition for a writing instrument which is less liable to cause feathering and has durability of fragrance and in which a perfume is dispersed and retained in an aqueous medium in a stable state.
Intensive researches repeated by the present inventors regarding the problems of the conventional techniques described above have resulted in successfully obtaining a water based ink composition for a writing instrument which meets the object described above by adding a specific ink component to a water based ink composition for a writing instrument comprising a colorant and a perfume, and thus the present invention has been completed.
That is, the water based ink composition for a writing instrument of the present invention contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a polyoxyethylene alkyl ether phosphate and salts thereof and further contains a colorant, a perfume and water.

Water based ink composition for writing instrument


The present invention provides isolated polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides, catalytic domains, cellulose binding domains and polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides, catalytic domains or cellulose binding domains. The invention also provides nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells comprising the polynucleotides as well as methods of producing and using the polypeptides, catalytic domains or cellulose binding domains.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity, catalytic domains, and cellulose binding domains, and polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides, catalytic domains, and cellulose binding domains. The invention also relates to nucleic acid constructs, vectors, and host cells comprising the polynucleotides as well as methods of producing and using the polypeptides, catalytic domains, and cellulose binding domains.
Description of the Related Art
Cellulose is a polymer of the simple sugar glucose covalently linked by beta-1,4-bonds. Many microorganisms produce enzymes that hydrolyze beta-linked glucans. These enzymes include endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases, and beta-glucosidases. Endoglucanases digest the cellulose polymer at random locations, opening it to attack by cellobiohydrolases. Cellobiohydrolases sequentially release molecules of cellobiose from the ends of the cellulose polymer. Cellobiose is a water-soluble beta-1,4-linked dimer of glucose. Beta-glucosidases hydrolyze cellobiose to glucose. Once the cellulose is converted to glucose, the glucose can easily be fermented by yeast into ethanol.
The conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks into ethanol has the advantages of the ready availability of large amounts of feedstock, the desirability of avoiding burning or land filling the materials, and the cleanliness of the ethanol fuel. Wood, agricultural residues, herbaceous crops, and municipal solid wastes have been considered as feedstocks for ethanol production. These materials primarily consist of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
WO 2005/074647, WO 2008/148131, and WO 2011/035027 disclose GH61 polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotides thereof from Thielavia terrestris. WO 2005/074656 and WO 2010/065830 disclose GH61 polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotides thereof from Thermoascus aurantiacus. WO 2007/089290 discloses a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotide thereof from Trichoderma reesei. WO 2009/085935, WO 2009/085859, WO 2009/085864, and WO 2009/085868 disclose GH61 polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotides thereof from Myceliophthora thermophila. WO 2010/138754 discloses a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotide thereof from Aspergillus fumigatus. WO 2011/005867 discloses a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotide thereof from Penicillium pinophilum. WO 2011/039319 discloses a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotide thereof from Thermoascus sp. WO 2011/041397 discloses a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotide thereof from Penicillium sp. (emersonii). WO 2011/041504 discloses GH61 polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotides thereof from Thermoascus crustaceus. WO 2012/030799 discloses GH61 polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the polynucleotides thereof from Aspergillus aculeatus. WO 2008/151043 discloses methods of increasing the activity of a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity by adding a soluble activating divalent metal cation to a composition comprising the polypeptide.
There is a need in the art for new enzymes to increase efficiency and to provide cost-effective enzyme solutions for saccharification of cellulosic material.
The present invention provides GH61 polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding the polypeptides.

Polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity and polynucleotides encoding same


A network node is configured to negotiate for connections for high priority calls (e.g., voice calls) received at the node in the face of otherwise congested outbound communication links. The negotiation is conducted in a fashion that will preserve connections for existing calls associated with the node. For example, the negotiation may be conducted so as to cause one or more of the existing calls to consume less bandwidth over the outbound communication links than was consumed at a time prior to reception of the high priority calls. Such negotiations may be initiated depending on the availability of codec resources and/or compression schemes at the node and may be conducted using OAM cells.

FIG. 1 generally depicts a digital network 100 adapted to transport voice, data and other information. This exemplary network will be used to illustrate some of the drawbacks associated with present networking communication methodologies and equipment. The network includes a plurality of nodes 102, 104 (hereinafter "network nodes"), each of which may be coupled to various customer premises equipment (CPE) (not shown) and/or other network nodes (not shown). Network nodes 102 and 104 are communicatively coupled to one another through a communication link 106, which may be a wired or wireless communication link. In this network 100, nodes 102 and 104 communicate across communication link 106 using the well-known Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol. Thus, at each end of communication link 106, ATM interfaces 108 are employed. Communication between nodes 102 and 104 with various CPE and/or other nodes is supported across communication links 108 and 110, respectively, each of which is associated with an appropriate interface 112, 114 at its respective node.
When a communication (e.g., a voice communication) is to be transported within network 100, the signal first travels from the associated CPE equipment (e.g., a private branch exchange or PBX) to node 102 over communication link (e.g., digital T1 carrier) 108. Before being transmitted over such a T1 carrier, the signal is sampled and converted to a digital signal. A common sampling rate used with voice communications is 8000 samples per second, with each digital sample represented by 8 bits of data. Thus, the data rate of the new digital signal is: 8000 samples/sec×8 bits=64,000 bits/sec. This technique is known as Pulse Code Modulation (hereinafter "PCM") and is used extensively throughout the backbone of modern telephone systems.
Although no international standard has been adopted, the T1 carrier is one method of PCM used throughout North America and Japan. The T1 carrier is comprised of 24 channels of digital data multiplexed together. Digitally sampled data from each of the 24 channels are packaged into successive frames of 8 bits/channel×24 channels+an additional framing bit=193 bits. Outside of North America and Japan a similar standard, known as E1, is commonly implemented. E1 operates in a manner similar to T1 except that it uses 32, 8-bit data samples (i.e., 32 channels) instead of 24.
After the signal has been sampled, converted to a digital signal and transmitted over a T1 carrier, as described above, it is then transferred to an outgoing communication link 106. Because the transport protocol across communication link 106 is different than that used on communication link 108, the digital data samples are packaged according to the protocol used across communication link 106 (e.g., ATM) before being transmitted to node 104. Additionally, although PCM by itself provides for a data transfer rate of 64,000 bits/second, it is often desirable to further compress the digital PCM data in order to save bandwidth within the network. This can be accomplished using Digital Signal Processing (hereinafter "DSP") resources associated with network node 102. For example, if the 64,000 bits/second PCM signal is compressed by a DSP resource at a compression ratio of 16:1, the resulting digital signal will be transmitted at 4,000 bits/second. This represents a significant reduction in required bandwidth across network 100 to transmit the same underlying signal. Such compression techniques are particularly useful in networks that are heavily loaded with network traffic. Examples of compression algorithms known in the art include the International Telegraph Union (hereinafter "ITU') standards G.711, G.726, G.729-A, G.729, and G.728. Such compression resources may be associated with the ATM interfaces 108 and may operate under the control of a node controller 116 in each of the nodes.
However, there is a tradeoff between bandwidth savings over network 100 and the implementation of costly DSP resources at the nodes. In general, the higher the compression ratio required by the compression algorithm, the more DSP resources are used up processing the compression request over a given period of time. Thus, while a single DSP resource may process up to say 16 channels of data if no compression is used (i.e., in baseline PCM mode), it may be limited to 5 channels if data is compressed at 2:1, and only 2 channels if the PCM signal is compressed at 8:1. One factor behind this limitation is the limited period of time in which the DSP resource must compress the data within a T1 frame before it must move on to the next frame of data. Thus, the chosen compression ratio will have a significant impact on DSP resource usage.
Following compression (if used), the data samples are delivered through network 100 to node 104, where the data may be decompressed and passed on to other CPEs or another node. The system is bi-directional to ensure 2-way communication between the nodes.
One problem with the communication scheme adopted in network 100 occurs when communication link 106 becomes congested, that is, when there is no available bandwidth to support new incoming calls from a CPE coupled to node 102. Consider, for example, a situation where multiple calls being transported between nodes 102 and 104 are using all or almost all of the available bandwidth on communication link 106. If a high priority call (e.g., a 911 or other emergency call) is now received at network node 102, either of two scenarios is possible. First, the high priority call may be rejected (dropped) in the face of no available bandwidth. Second, rather than dropping the high priority call (clearly a least acceptable solution); the nodes may be configured to drop lower priority calls in order to free up bandwidth to accommodate the high priority call. Although this solution may allow the high priority call to proceed, it is less than satisfactory in as much as several existing calls may be dropped to support the one new call. What is needed, therefore, is a more robust mechanism for handling such situations.

Method for supporting high priority calls on a congested WAN link


An automobile seat height adjuster includes a linkage base frame between the seat's side frames and seat brackets so as to be vertically swingable. The base frame has two pairs of linkage members interconnected by respective shafts. Each of the linkage members extends between one of the side frames and one of the brackets so as to be collapsable. A power transmission mechanism transmits to the linkage base frame power generated by operation of an operating knob and causes the linkage base frame to swing vertically, thereby causing the seat to move vertically. Stops on the linkage base frame abut the installation surfaces, limiting downward movement of the seat and keeping the seat in a lowermost position at which side frames of the seat are spaced from the installation surfaces.

Hitherto, there has been proposed an automobile seat which is provided with a height adjusting device for adjusting a height of the automobile seat. Moreover, such a height adjusting device is applied to a slide-type seat for an automobile, which can be slid forward and rearward in the automobile (International Publication No. WO2004/094180A1, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-108734, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-127813, and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-138789).
Referring now to FIG. 1, an automobile seat provided with the conventional height adjusting device will be discussed hereinafter in order to facilitate understanding of the present invention. The automobile seat includes a slide rail mechanism S which comprises a pair of spaced apart lower rail members R and a pair of spaced apart upper rail members A slidably supported to the lower rail members R (only one lower rail member R and only one upper rail member A are shown in FIG. 1). The upper rail members A have forward and rearward brackets 1a, 1b provided thereon so as to stand up from the upper rail members A. The height adjusting device includes a linkage base frame 15 which is provided between the forward and rearward brackets 1a, 1b and side frames 2 of a seat cushion of the seat (only one side frame 2 is shown in FIG. 1). More particularly, the linkage base frame 15 comprises forward linkage members 3 and rearward linkage members 4 (only one forward linkage member 3 and only one rearward linkage member 4 are shown in FIG. 1). The forward linkage members 3 are pivotally supported at lower end portions thereof to the forward brackets 1a by support pins 3a and supported at upper end portions thereof to the side frames 2 by support pins 3b, so that the forward linkage members 3 are bridged between the forward brackets 1a and the side frames 2. A connecting shaft 5 interconnects the forward linkage members 3. The rearward linkage members 4 are pivotally supported at lower end portions thereof to the rearward brackets 1b by support pins 4a and supported at intermediate portions thereof to the side frames 2 by support pins 4b, so that the rearward linkage members 4 are bridged between the rearward brackets 1b and the side frames 2. A connecting shaft 6 is connected to the support pins 4b, to thereby interconnect the rearward linkage members 4.
In order that the linkage base frame 15 is actuated, the height adjusting device further includes an operating knob 7 arranged outside one of the side frames 2 with a rotating shaft 7a thereof penetrating through the one of the side frames 2, a pinion gear 8 arranged inside the one of the side frames 2 and mounted on an inner end portion of the rotating shaft 7a, a sector gear 9 arranged inside the one of the side frames 2, rotatably supported, via a support pin 9a, to the one of the side frames 2 and meshed with the pinion gear 8, and a rod 10 coupled between the sector gear 9 and corresponding one of the rearward linkage members 4 by means of support pins 9b, 11. Moreover, a gear cover 12 for covering the pinion gear 8 and the sector gear 9 from an inward direction is mounted onto an inner surface of the side frame 2. The rotating shaft 7a of the operating knob 7, which supports the pinion gear 8, and the support pin 9a of the sector gear 9 are held by the side frame 2 and the gear cover 12.
In the automobile seat provided with the conventional height adjusting device, when the seat is in a lowermost position, the forward and rearward linkage members 3, 4 are inclined rearward. In this condition, when the operating knob 7 is manually operated so as to be rotated in a direction, the pinion gear 8 is rotated and the sector gear 9 is then rotated about the support pin 9a, whereby the rod 10 is pulled so as to be moved forward. The forward movement of the rod 10 causes the rearward linkage members 4 to be pivoted about the support pins 4a so as to stand up and causes the forward linkage members 3 to be pivoted about the support pins 3a so as to stand up, whereby the seat is lifted up, namely, the seat is adjusted to a high position. Re-adjusting of the height of the seat in the lowermost position can be performed by causing the operating knob 7 to be rotated in the reverse direction.
In the seat provided with the conventional height adjusting device, when the seat is lowered and arrives at the lowermost position, the side frames 2 of the seat are abutted against the upper rail members A on which the brackets 1a, 1b are provided, whereby the downward movement of the seat is stopped. Therefore, when an occupant on the seat intends to cause the seat to be excessively lowered and operates the operating knob 7, or when any excessive load is applied to the seat which has been in the lowermost position, the side frames 2 are strongly abutted against upper surfaces of the upper rail members A on which the brackets 1a, 1b are provided. As a result, portions of the side frames 2 and portions of the upper rail members A which are strongly abutted against each other are deformed and/or damaged. Particularly, when the side frames 2 are deformed, to thereby cause the sector gear 9 and/or the pinion gear 8 to become jolted, there is a possibility that the engagement between the sector gear 9 and the pinion gear 8 will become poor.
Moreover, in a case where the height adjusting device is applied to a slide-type automobile seat with a position sensor system, in which position sensors, electrical wirings thereof and/or the like (any automotive electronic parts and/or the like) are arranged on upper surfaces of upper rail members of a slide rail mechanism or arranged in the vicinity of the upper rail members, when the occupant on the seat operates the operating knob in such a manner that the seat is excessively lowered, or any excessive load is applied to the seat in a condition where the seat has been in a lowermost position, side frames of the seat are abutted against the position sensors, the electrical wirings and/or the like, to thereby cause them to be damaged.
Moreover, the height adjusting device comprises several parts including the forward and rearward linkage members 3, 4 which are supported to the side frames 2 of the seat cushion, and the operating knob 7, the pinion gear 8, the sector gear 9, and the rod 10 which are supported to the one of the side frames 2, so that the structures of the side frame and/or arrangement of the parts around the side frame is likely to become complicated. Particularly, a considerable load, such as a weight load of the seat itself and/or a weight load of the occupant on the seat, is applied to the support pins 3b, 4b supporting the forward and rearward linkage members 3, 4, and the support pin 9a of the sector gear 9, so that positional relationships among them with respect to the side frame are hard to be determined, and the structure of the height adjusting device is likely to become complicated.
Moreover, in the height adjusting device for the automobile seat, if the rigidity of the linkage base frame 15 is poor and a considerable load is applied to the linkage base frame 15, the forward and rearward linkage members 3, 4 and parts around them are made to flex, so that the seat is hard to be stably supported, and/or it is hard to carry out the adjusting of the height of the seat. Therefore, it is desired that good rigidity of the linkage base frame 15 is ensured. However, the forward linkage member 3 which is arranged in the vicinity of the parts including the operating knob 7, the pinion gear 8, the sector gear 9 and the rod 10 is required not to interfere with their operations, so that the arrangement and shape of the forward linkage member 3 is considerably limited and it is not easy to ensure the good rigidity of the linkage base frame 15.
Moreover, in the height adjusting device for the automobile seat, the entire weight load of the seat is applied to the forward and rearward linkage members 3, 4 and, in a condition where the occupant has sat on the seat, the weight load of the occupant is additionally applied to them. When the height of the seat is to be adjusted, lifting of the linkage base frame 15 must be performed against the total weight load by only operating the operating knob, so that a considerable force is required in order to operate the operating knob and, therefore, it is hard to operate the operating knob.
In order to overcome the above problem, there has been proposed a height adjusting device in which biasing means for biasing the linkage base frame in such a direction that the linkage base frame is swung up is employed and, therefore, the linkage base frame can be easily swung up (for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2000-108734 and 2000-127813). However, in order that a biasing force which is enough for a load including the entire weight load of the seat and the weight load of the occupant can be obtained, large-sized biasing means must be employed. Moreover, in the height adjusting device disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-108734, the size of the biasing means is reduced by employing an eccentric shaft. However, it is necessary to ensure a movement of the eccentric shaft. Therefore, there is a problem that the height adjusting device becomes large-sized and a lowermost position of the seat is inevitably set so as to become high.
Moreover, in the height adjusting device for the automobile seat, the pinion gear 8, the sector gear 9, and the rod 10 are arranged inside the one of the side frames 2, and one of the forward linkage members 3 is arranged adjacent them, so that they must be arranged in such a manner that their operations are not interfered with one another, their structures are likely to become complicated, and their operations are considerably restricted. Therefore, in order that they can be effectively and smoothly operated, the structure of the height adjusting device is likely to become complicated.

Seat height adjusting device for automobile


One exemplary embodiment of this disclosure relates to a gas turbine engine. The engine includes a compressor section, a combustor section, a turbine section, and at least one rotatable shaft. The engine further includes a bearing assembly including an inner race, an outer race, and a plurality of rolling elements. A seal assembly is also included. The seal assembly includes a seal plate mounted for rotation with the rotatable shaft. The seal plate establishes a boundary of a tortuous passageway.

Gas turbine engines include a number of bearing compartments, which include bearing assemblies and seals. During operation of the engine, non-rotating seal faces contact rotating seal plates to maintain compartment pressures and keep lubricating oil inside the compartment. Friction between the sliding surfaces generates heat and exposes the seals to relatively high temperatures.
In the past, carbon materials have been used to increase seal wear life. In other assemblies, such as in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2013/0078079, a seal plate is cooled with a flow of cooling fluid, which increases heat transfer away from the seal and reduces seal operating temperature.


Apparatuses that facilitate training for proper, repeatable throwing technique in various sports. Embodiments may provide useful feedback to a user when that user deviates from proper techniques for throwing a football, baseball, or similar item. When proper technique is used, the user may experience no interference between the training apparatus and the ball or the user's throwing hand or arm. In contrast, the user's hand, arm, or a held ball may contact portions of the training apparatus in cases where the mechanics of the user's throwing motion deviate from the proper form, thereby providing immediate feedback. In certain embodiments, the training apparatus includes a body section and attachment portions. The attachment portions may receive an upper guide structure extending from a shoulder portion of the body section and a lower guide structure extending from a hip portion of the body section.

1. Technical Field
This disclosure relates generally to athletic training devices, and more specifically to apparatuses that may be suited for use in promoting development of proper throwing techniques for participants in various sports (e.g., football, baseball, etc.).
2. Description of Related Art
In various athletic endeavors, the ability of a participant to rapidly and accurately complete a throwing motion is at a premium. For example, during a pass play in the sport of American football, a quarterback must be able to quickly assess the formation of the defensive players, evade a pass rush, and successfully pass the football to a teammate (who may be closely guarded by a defender). Both accuracy and quickness of delivery are directly tied to the quarterback's throwing mechanics, and may be improved by ensuring that proper technique is practiced when throwing the football.
Exemplary representations of a proper technique for throwing a football are shown with reference to FIGS. 1A-D. These figures are adapted from an article written by Dub Maddox, coach at Jenks High School in Oklahoma. See smartfootball.com/quarterbacking/can-a-quarterbacks-throwing-motion-be-improved (posted on Aug. 22, 2011) (hereafter, Maddox Article). The Maddox Article states that "[t]hrowing the football well is not about doing one or two big things great"; instead, "it's about perfecting a thousand different parts of an intricate, complicated kinetic chain that starts in the toes and ends at the finger tips." See Maddox Article (quoting David Fleming, "The Pursuit of Throwing Perfectly," Apr. 21, 2010, available at sports.espn.go.com/espn/page2/story?page=fleming/100421). FIGS. 1A-D are adapted from this article and depict four arm positions within this "kinetic chain." FIG. 1E is an additional figure that depicts the final follow-through position of throwing hand at the end of this "kinetic chain."
Turning now to FIG. 1A, a representation of quarterback 10 is shown holding a football in a position that can be referred to as the "pre-pass triangle," as indicated by reference numeral 12. The Maddox Article explains that this position "provides for a powerful position to launch the football":                The kinetic chain in the arm starts in the Pre Pass Triangle position. With the elbows level at the base and a loaded wrist in the "cocked" position off the back shoulder, the triangle shape provides for a powerful position to launch the football. If the body was going to throw a punch it would load the arm instinctually in the same position. The Pre Pass Triangle position reduces tendency to internally rotate (wind up) on the throw, aligns arm in a power position, and reduces wasted motion for [ ] a faster release.This position may be referred to using different nomenclature. For example, some quarterback coaches may call this position the "ready position," the "pyramid position," the "throwing pocket," or the "loaded position." In this position, the quarterback grips the ball with both hands with elbows relaxed by the rib cage. This is a secure ball carriage position for a quarterback getting ready to throw the ball, whether the quarterback is dropping back, sprinting out, bootlegging, etc.
Turning now to FIG. 1B, a representation of quarterback 10 in the "L position" is shown. To get to this position, the quarterback breaks the two-handed grip of football from the pre-pass triangle position 12 by taking the football in the throwing hand, and bringing the football to a position 22 that is above the quarterback's throwing shoulder. A common coaching term for the action needed to get to this position is "up and out," meaning that the quarterback should bring the football up to a nearly fully extended arm position and away from the passer's head to this cocked position in which the arm forms an "L". At this point, the forward throwing motion can begin. The Maddox Article elaborates on the manner in which the quarterback's rotator cuff muscles contribute to raising the arm to the L position:                The move to this position is done by using the 4 rotator cuff muscles that surround the scapula. The infrasprinatus and teres minor externally rotate the arm back into the "L" position. When the arm is in the "L" position it elongates the suprasprinatus and subscapularis which allow the muscles to accelerate the elbow to the lead position.
Turning now to FIG. 1C, a representation of quarterback 10 with his arm in position 32 is shown. This position is also depicted by an angle marking of 45 degrees found in the Figure, which describes the desired position of the upper arm at this stage in the throwing motion. The Maddox Article describes this position as follows:                [This is t]he lead position the elbow has to be in to support the wrist. You may have heard coaches say "get the elbow up". The elbow only needs to go high enough to get over and ahead of the shoulder on the throw. The smoothness and efficiency of this move is the key to consistent power and accuracy on a throw. With the loading of the suprasprinatus and subscapularis muscles in the "L" position the elbow can now elevate and move ahead of the shoulder aided by the deltoid to get to "Zero". "Zero" is orthopedic term given to the elbow in the lead position because the rotator cuff muscles are neutral with no strain on them. The "Zero" position places the elbow 6 inches ahead of the shoulder 45 degrees up and out and loads the tricep in a position to fire the ball down the target hallway.Here, quarterback 10 has begun the forward motion of the football by leading with violent and forceful elbow action of the throwing arm. The football is now at its highest point in the delivery motion, and quarterback 10 has the nose of the ball pointed forward toward the intended target. As quarterback 10 continues the throwing motion from position 32, the arm action burst forward is led by the elbow.
Turning now to FIGS. 1D and 1E, representations of quarterback 10 in follow-through positions 42 and 46 are shown. Position 42 is the beginning of the follow-through stage, and position 46 is the end of the follow-through stage. The Maddox Article describes position 42 as follows:                The kinetic chain of power that occurs as the tricep fires energy up through arm and out through the wrist/fingers into the ball. If the wrist fires early before the tricep the kinetic chain is out of order and the ball will sail or wobble. A quarterback that pulls down on the football does not extend and therefore is not getting the full benefit of the tricep. When trying to understand the power of extension on a throw, think of the difference between a pistol and a sniper rifle. Which one is more accurate and can shoot the bullet further? The sniper rifle. Why? It has a longer barrel that allows the force and spin to act longer on the bullet which in turn puts more accuracy and velocity in the bullet as it comes out of the barrel.In position 42 depicted in FIG. 1D, a downward diagonal direction begins to bring the throwing arm across the sternum area of his chest. The arm maintains full extension at the elbow as the shoulders begin to rotate counter-clockwise for a right-handed thrower and clockwise for a left-handed thrower. This shoulder rotation shows the non-throwing shoulder now moving to the posterior of torso and the throwing shoulder moving to the anterior of the torso in a twisting action. In final position 46, the throwing hand of quarterback 10 will be at the opposite hip of his torso as shown in FIG. 1E. The correct final follow-through position is achieved with a lightning-quick throwing arm action that finishes with the throwing hand at the opposite hip or belt line of quarterback 10 (as illustrated by position 46 in FIG. 1E).


To enable freely choose a bus-line to be monitored without such a problem that the bus-line is made corroded. A liquid crystal display device comprising: a substrate (10) in which a display area (10d) is delimited; and two series of bus-lines (4, 5) supported by the substrate, one ends of the bus-lines being located in proximity to one side of the display area, another ends of the bus-lines being located in proximity to another side of the display area which is opposite to the one side of the display area, the two series of bus-lines (4, 5) being arranged to extend over the display area in such a manner that the one series of bus-lines (4) is orthogonal to the other series of bus-lines (5). The display device further comprises: a conductive auxiliary wiring pattern (6h, 6v) which extends in such a manner that the pattern crosses another end(s) of the bus-line(s), which is/are all to be monitored, of the one series of bus-lines (4 or 5) via an electrically insulating layer (7), and which is led out to a predetermined location on a side of one ends of the bus-lines (5 or 4) of the other series to form a coupling portion (6p) capable of electrically connecting to the exterior.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device. The invention relates, in particular to a liquid crystal display device having an auxiliary wiring pattern that can make electric characteristics to be observed. The invention also relates to a method of monitoring electric characteristics of bus-lines of a liquid crystal display device by using s.
2. Description of Related Art
Such a type of liquid crystal display device is disclosed in, e.g. a reference of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 233,514/92 (or the corresponding application, U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,226).
In this reference, there is described a liquid crystal display device having an active matrix board provided with an array of thin film transistors formed in matrix on an insulative substrate, wherein portions of gate bus-line and source bus-line of the thin film transistor array form contact pads for probing of which metallic parts are exposed to the exterior. According to this configuration, under actual operating conditions of the liquid crystal display device, it is possible to easily make a contact of a probe for monitoring a signal waveform of the bus-line with the metallic part, visually, whereby the operation can be checked with no disadvantages including destruction and cut-off of the bus-line.
However, in the prior art, the metallic part as the contact pad, which has been formed in the vicinity of the bus-line on the substrate, is forced to be exposed to the exterior at least when monitoring the waveform. Therefore, the metallic part can suffer some damage due to its contact with the probe, so that the damage may promote metallic corrosion to lead influence such as deterioration of electrical conductivity of the bus-line.
The prior art is a technique that allows only a specific bus-line having been provided with a contact pad to be monitored. Accordingly, it has to always provide a bus-line to be monitored in waveform with a contact pad, and even when all the bus-lines are provided with contact pads beforehand, it may lead a disadvantageous condition that possibly unnecessary bus-lines to be waveform-monitored may be wasted, may cause the above-mentioned corrosion problem and may be inflexible.

Liquid crystal display device having an auxiliary wiring


A method for operating a memory controller capable of controlling a maximum count of a read retry operation is disclosed. The method includes programming a first real time clock (RTC) value indicating a time-of-day when a program operation is performed when the program operation for programming a data to a storage region of a non-volatile memory, obtaining information for the storage region by using the first RTC value read from the non-volatile memory and a second RTC value indicating a time-of-day when a read operation is performed, when the read operation for the data programmed to the storage region is performed, and decreasing a maximum count of a read retry operation by using the information, when the read retry operation is performed for the storage region.

1. Field
At least one example embodiment relates to a method for operating a memory controller and/or memory system.
2. Related Art
A memory is classified a volatile memory retaining data stored to the memory only while power is being provided thereto and a non-volatile memory retaining data stored to the memory even if power is cut off.
The volatile memory includes dynamic random access memory (DRAM), and the non-volatile memory includes read only memory (ROM), flash memory, and resistive memory. The flash memory includes NAND flash memory and NOR flash memory.
As the manufacturing process of NAND flash memory becomes refined, the lifespan of the NAND flash memory becomes shorter, and read errors during the read operation reading data stored to the NAND flash memory increases gradually.
The NAND flash memory performs the read retry operation for restoring the read error with respect to the read data by varying read voltage level until the read operation with respect to the read data is accomplished within the range of fixed count.
As the read retry operation for restoring read error is performed frequently, a performance of the NAND flash memory and a performance of a memory system including the NAND flash memory may be degraded. Accordingly, a method for improving the performance of the NAND flash memory and the performance of the memory system including the NAND flash memory is desired.

Method for operating memory controller, and memory system including the same


An emergency call recognition system which is activated when an off-hook situation occurs, which recognizes when an emergency number is dialed with or without the presence of a dial tone, and which provides the caller a communication channel to complete such a call. The present invention is used to give priority to emergency telephone calls. Typically the present invention is used in wireless local loop systems, however the present invention can also be incorporated into a conventional telephone system. The present invention uses an emergency call recognition system to determine if a person is dialing an emergency telephone number. If the emergency call recognition system recognizes a dialed telephone number as an emergency telephone number, then the caller is provided with a communication channel to complete the telephone call. The caller is provided a communication channel even if all of the communication channels are in use. This is accomplished by disconnecting calls that are not of an emergency nature.

The present invention relates to a wireless communication system. More particularly, the present invention relates to an emergency call system which improves the grade of service (GOS) of a wireless communication system that has reached its maximum call capacity.
Wireless local loop systems are used in remote locations which typically have electricity but do not have telephone service. Instead of spending money on providing a wireline telephone service, it is typically easier to use a wireless local loop system. The wireless local loop system allows a user to operate a telephone at a remote site. The typical wireless local loop system includes at least one telephone device which is connected to an interface which in turn is connected to a radio telephone transceiver (either cellular or other wireless systems). The combination of the telephone device or devices and the remote radio telephone transceiver is referred to as the xe2x80x9csubscriber unit.xe2x80x9d
In a wireless local loop system, the link from the subscriber unit to the telephone system, for example, the local-exchange switch, is provided at least partially by a wireless communication channel. For example in a cellular wireless local loop (WLL) system, each subscriber unit is in a fixed location and communicates with a cellular radio base station responsible for all subscriber units within a cell. Sets of subscriber units communicate with one or more base stations which in turn are connected to the rest of the telephone network, typically a local exchange switch or other voice switching communications network router.
A caller cannot place a call in a wireless local loop system without a communication link existing between the subscriber unit and telephone system, including a wireless communication channel between the subscriber unit and the base station. In a typical wireless local loop system, there are usually more subscriber units than available wireless communication channels for audio links. Therefore in an emergency situation, a caller might not be able to make an emergency call because there are no wireless communication channels available.
In wireless telephone systems, the failure to obtain an open communication channel to place a telephone call is an xe2x80x9caccepted evil.xe2x80x9d However if someone is trying to place an emergency call, this accepted evil can be fatal. In an emergency, it is imperative that a caller be able to dial an emergency telephone number. An emergency telephone number can be xe2x80x9c911xe2x80x9d or the telephone number for the police, ambulance, fire department, poison control, or another known emergency telephone number.
A wireless local loop system subscriber unit may have a locally generated dial tone to simulate the xe2x80x9clook and feelxe2x80x9d of a conventional wireline telephone device when the handset is taken xe2x80x9coff hook.xe2x80x9d Alternatively, detecting an off hook condition on the telephone device of the subscriber unit may lead to a channel assignment request being made to a base station. Once a wireless channel is assigned, this being a channel for an audio link, a dial tone is generated by the switch and transmitted to the subscriber unit as in conventional wireline systems. The embodiments of the present invention are more suitable to this second case but may be used in both cases. The embodiments of the present invention also are suitable for use in a regular cellular system wherein the subscriber units are not necessarily fixed in location and may not necessarily be attached to a xe2x80x9cplain old telephone setxe2x80x9d (POTS).
In a wireless local loop system in which a dial tone is not generated until an audio-grade communication channel is assigned from the subscriber unit to the local switch, three things must occur in order to allow a caller to dial an emergency number without the presence of a dial tone: 1) the caller must be able to dial a telephone number, even without requiring a switch-generated dial tone or indeed any dial tone to be present, 2) the telephone number dialed must be recognized in some manner as an emergency call, and 3) the call must be placed if indeed it is recognized as an emergency call. Present day wireless telephone systems, whether wired or not, do not allow a call to be placed in this manner.
Therefore there is a need for a telephone system which activates an emergency call recognition system, recognizes when an emergency number is dialed and provides a communication channel for the caller to complete such a call even at maximum capacity. Such a system also would cut off or otherwise compromise the service quality of those calls that are not emergency calls when the system is operating at such maximum capacity.
One feature of the present invention is allowing for the placement (by dialing) of emergency telephone calls in a wireless system operating at capacity.
Another feature of the present invention is providing a communication channel to a caller who is placing such an emergency call in a wireless system.
Another feature of the present invention is using an emergency call recognition system which compares the dialed number (a sequence of digits) to one or more predefined digit sequences defined as emergency telephone numbers in a wireless system.
Yet another feature of the present invention is recognizing if an emergency telephone number has been dialed without requiring a dial tone in a wireless system.
Yet another feature of the present invention is providing an indicator to a caller if all of the communication channels are in use in a wireless system.
One aspect of the present invention is an emergency call recognition system which is part of a wireless system and which recognizes when a dialed number is an emergency number is dialed and which provides a wireless communication channel to the caller to complete the call when the call is determined to be an emergency call. Thus, the present invention allows emergency calls to be made at any time by ensuring allocation of a communication channel for this purpose.
In a first embodiment of the present invention, a certain number of wireless channels of the totality of communication channels licensed to a wireless system are reserved for the purpose of determining at the base station if a set of dialed digits is an emergency call when all the non-reserved channels are busy. While this reduces to some extent the maximum capacity of the system for non-emergency calls, the grade of service (GOS) for emergency calls is dramatically improved.
In a second embodiment of the channel allocation of the present invention, a number of low-bit-rate wireless communication channels is reserved for the purpose of recognizing at the base station when an emergency call is being made when all full-rate channels are busy. These low-bit-rate channels typically are not sufficient for an audio communication, for example, for voice or a facsimile. The recognition preferably is digit by digit. After emergency number determination, via a priority recognition system, the emergency call is given a full-rate (e.g., audio-grade) wireless communication channel by cutting off an existing full rate non-emergency telephone call or downgrading the bit rate of one or more non-emergency telephone calls.
In a third embodiment of the channel allocation of the present invention, the subscriber unit recognizes an emergency telephone number, preferably digit by digit. Thereafter the subscriber unit sends an emergency link request to the base station. If there are no available channels, the base station assigns a channel by disconnecting or otherwise downgrading an existing telephone call that is not an emergency call or degrading the bit rate of existing non-emergency calls, providing the freed channel to the emergency caller.
As defined herein, an emergency call is defined as a sequence of digits of a set of pre-defined emergency digit sequences (e.g., 911). Any user who dials a pre-configured emergency number using either DTMF or pulse dialing will have an improved chance of seizing a channel on a congested system. Emergency numbers can then be detected in the base station of the wireless local loop or, in another embodiment, in the subscriber unit of the present invention, for example, before channel allocation. In the preferred embodiment, emergency numbers are detected on a digit by digit basis to rapidly determine if the sequence is not an emergency number, such determining being possible before all the numbers have been dialed, thereby speeding up the determination of which telephone calls are not emergency numbers.

System and method for emergency call channel allocation


A film type battery including a positive current collector plate, a positive active material, electrolytes, a negative active material and a negative current collector plate laminated into a layer structure, wherein the positive active material, the negative active material and the electrolytes are peripherally sealed, the positive current collector plate and the negative current collector plate are integrated by sealing agents, a portion of the positive current collector plate and a portion of the negative current collector plate are not contacted by the active material, the electrolytes or the sealing agents, a positive terminal piece is fitted to the positive current collector plate at a side of the layer structure and a negative terminal piece is fitted to the negative current collector plate at the side of the layer structure.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to a film type battery and a layer-built film type battery. The battery of the invention is useful, for example, in an ID card, a portable telephone, a memory card, a pocket bell, or an electric automobile etc.
2. Background Art
A conventional film type battery is shown in FIG. 27. The conventional film type battery included a sealing agent 2 put around a generating element 1 formed by laminating a positive active material, an electrolyte and a negative active material into a layer structure. A positive current collector plate 3 and a negative current collector plate 4 were disposed above and below the generating element 1, and the generating element 1 was then sealed with both current collector plates 3 and 4 bonded by the sealing agent 2. Terminals 5 were formed by leaving the surfaces of selected corners of both current collector plates 3 and 4 as they were and covering the remaining surfaces by synthetic resin or the like.
Such a film type battery was used also as a layer-built film type battery by being laminated in plural layers as shown by FIG. 28.
However, the internal temperature of the film type battery having the foregoing structure sometimes rises resulting in fire or, in the worst case, bursting, when its power consumption becomes large. This defect is also found in the layer-built film type battery having the foregoing structure.

Film type battery and layer-built film type battery


A low cost RF link is implemented by summing a wideband amplitude noise dither signal with a band limited RF signal. The summed signal is then amplitude limited. The output of the limiter can be applied directly to the digital fiber optic transmitter. At the remote end of the link, the original signal can be recovered by removing the noise dither signal. This can easily be accomplished with a narrow band filter centered on the original signal. This system uses the same optical fiber transmitters and receivers as the traditional system, but eliminates the need for the ADCs, DACs and parallel/serial format conversion hardware. Adding amplitude dither to the signal mitigates the intermodulation distortion that would normally be associated with the non-linear operation of amplitude limiting. In this way, multiple narrow band signals can be transmitted down a single fiber using digital fiber optic transmitters and receivers without distortion due to intermodulation. The technique of the invention has application in commercial systems requiring low cost transmission of analog narrow band voice or data signals over a digital fiber optic link. The inherent EMI/RFI immunity of optical fiber would make this especially attractive for industrial applications.

Fiber optic data links are widely used for digital data transmission in local area networks (LANs), wide area networks (WANs) and others. Optical fiber forms the backbone of the information superhighway. Optical fiber provides a wide band transmission medium which is immune to RF interference (RFI) and electro-magnetic interference (EMI).
The use of a dither signal to improve the dynamic range of an analog-to-digital conversion process in electronic circuits is widely documented and understood. However, a need exists for a low cost technique for using optical fiber to transmit narrow band RF signals long distances without the use of analog-to-digital converters (ADC), digital-to-analog converters (DAC) and digital parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel optical fiber interfaces.

RF fiber optic transmission utilizing dither


The present invention provides an integrated circuit (IC) package with stress releasing structure. The IC package comprises: a metal plane, a substrate, an IC chip, and an IC fill layer. The metal plane has at least one first etching line for separating the metal plane into a plurality of areas. The substrate is formed on metal layer. The IC chip is formed on the substrate, and the IC fill layer is formed around the IC chip. The at least one first etching line forms at least one half cut line in the metal plane and the substrate.

The disclosed embodiments of the present invention relate to an integrated circuit (IC) package, and more particularly, to an IC package with stress releasing structure.
Please refer to FIG. 1. FIG. 1 is a conventional IC package 100 during a reflow process. As shown in FIG. 1, the conventional IC package 100 comprises: a copper plane 102, a substrate 104, an IC chip 106, and an IC fill layer 108. As shown in FIG. 1, after the reflow process, a delamination problem happens due to a large stress between the copper plane 102, the substrate 104, and the IC chip 106, and the IC package 100 will fail due to the delamination problem.

Integrated circuit stress releasing structure