User productivity can be facilitated by providing an interface between a high-level intent and low-level settings that should be configured to achieve the intent. The intent can be expressed in declarative language. The intent can be verified to determine if it conforms to a target, a policy, or both. Policy binding can provide a relationship between the target and the policy. An application view can be provided that allows the user to view a server having one or more databases.

System administrators on a daily basis can manage databases or other servers that have a large number of installed applications. System administrators configure the databases or servers to meet various administrative goals or management policies, such as, providing the data in a recoverable format in preparation for a system failure. In addition, the system administrator should monitor the policies for updates, report on the state or health of the system (e.g., whether it is conforming to the desired policy), react when the system no longer conforms to the desired policy, as well as other actions.
In order to perform such actions, the system administrator translates policies into a set of detailed low-level actions that are utilized to configure the system. This requires significant knowledge of the options exposed by the installed applications and the details and semantics of the deployed applications since system administration is generally not easy and intuitive. The system administrator may establish separate monitoring and reporting mechanisms and, if automation is desired, it has to be established manually. The system administrator repeats this process individually for every target being managed, thus, there are no efficiencies of scale in management. This results in redundant time and effort being expended for each managed target.
The syntax to perform such function can become esoteric and not user-friendly with regard to enabling, disabling, or changing various settings. In addition, there is no consistency in the location of various settings. For example, some settings appear on a display while others are not displayed. These as well as other factors increase the amount of time spent to locate and change each setting.
To overcome the aforementioned as well as other deficiencies, what is needed is dynamic mediation between a system administrator's intent and the low-level settings required to achieve that intent. What is also needed is a more centralized location for the various settings, such as on a display.


A differential amplifier circuit includes: a differential transistor pair composed of first and second transistors; a first resistance connected to a junction point of the first and second transistors at one terminal and to a first voltage node at the other terminal; second and third resistances provided between the first and second transistors, respectively, and a second voltage node; and first and second passive circuits respectively connected to the second and third resistances, the load characteristics of the passive circuits changing according to a control signal supplied. A ring oscillator is composed of a plurality of such differential amplifier circuits connected in a loop.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a ring oscillator, and more particularly to an oscillator for generating an operation clock signal used in microcomputers and the like and a semiconductor integrated circuit and an electronic device including the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
In microcomputers and the like, a desired operation frequency is generally obtained by lowering the frequency of an original clock signal inputted from an external quartz oscillator with an internal frequency divider. In view of the present situation that microcomputers have become inexpensive, however, the above way of providing an external quartz oscillator to obtain an operation clock signal for a microcomputer has no cost merit. Also, an input buffer section of a microcomputer that receives an original clock signal from an external quartz oscillator is still required to operate at high speed, and this has become a cause of blocking reduction in the power consumption of microcomputers. Therefore, from the standpoints of low cost and low power consumption, microcomputers and the like preferably incorporate therein an independent oscillator that generates a comparatively low-speed operation clock signal. As such an independent oscillator, a differential ring oscillator composed of a plurality of reverse delay circuits connected in a loop may be used.
While a differential ring oscillator is less susceptive to variations in power supply voltage and ambient temperature and the like and therefore attains sufficiently high oscillation frequency precision, it is necessary to provide a bias circuit for adjusting the bias of each reverse delay circuit. In consideration of the cost, an oscillator incorporated in a microcomputer and the like is preferably simpler in configuration. Also, for improvement of the yield, an oscillator is preferably provided with a mechanism for compensating fabrication variations.


A head-worn image display apparatus that comprises a non-immersive image display assembly that receives images from a stereoscopic video camera module. The image display assembly comprises a miniature display component for generating the images for display. The image display assembly may work by an optical relay system. The head-worn image display apparatus could be used in a variety of different settings. One particular application is for performing medical procedures such as microsurgery. The stereoscopic video camera module may have optical magnification capability (e.g. such as in a surgical microscope) to provide a magnified view of the surgical field.

In surgical procedures, in order to get a close-up or magnified view of an operative site on a patient, there are two options available to the surgeon. One option is to wear surgical loupes, which are special glasses that have magnification lenses mounted thereon. However, there are numerous ergonomic problems with surgical loupes. The lenses add significant weight to the glasses, causing it to push down against the surgeon's nose and cheeks, and also causing the glasses to slide down the bridge of the nose. Moreover, because of the fixed angle of the lenses, the surgeon must often hunch over the operative site.
Another option is to use a surgical microscope, which is positioned over the surgical field. By viewing through the microscope eyepieces, the surgeon has a close-up or magnified view of the surgical field. However, this has its own ergonomic problems as well. The surgeon must maintain an awkward posture to peer through the eyepiece, which can cause back and neck fatigue. Also, constantly viewing through a binocular microscope can cause eyestrain. In summary, these prior art techniques for performing microsurgery can be very uncomfortable to the surgeon, causing them to suffer from neck strain, back strain, and eye fatigue.

Head-worn image display apparatus for stereoscopic microsurgery


A modular constructed connector for interconnecting with a single male and female connector a plurality of electrical lines and fluid lines while maintaining a consistent bubble-tight fluid interconnection. The modular design permits the number of fluidic and electrical connections to be varied depending upon the particular application. In one embodiment, a programmable microchip is mounted within this connector. This chip stores the response characteristics of a flow meter used, for example, as an air flow measurement device in a respiratory circuit. The connector includes a passage for providing fluidic communication between the flow meter or other sensor and a medical monitoring device. In turn, the monitoring device communicates electrically with the programmable microchip to determine a correction factor to be applied to the fluidic signal received from the flow meter.

In the medical arts, it is often necessary to effect both pneumatic connections and electrical connections between an in vivo medical device and a control apparatus which is outside the patient's body. It can be readily appreciated that it can be time-consuming and labor-intensive for medical personnel to identify each individual fluid line and electrical lead from an in vivo device and then connect each fluid line or electrical lead to its corresponding mating part on the control apparatus.
As one example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,456 to Stupecky, assigned to the same assignee as the present invention, discloses a flow meter which is intended to be connected to the airway of a patient to measure the patient's air flow rate. Monitoring of respiratory air flow in critical care patients and in patients during anesthesia is very important for correctly assessing the patient's condition and for selecting the course of future treatment. In accordance with the Stupecky invention, the flow meter has two ports. Each port is placed in fluid communication with a control apparatus external to the patient for converting the pneumatic signals from the ports into an electrical signal representative of the patient's air flow. Thus, it is necessary to provide a means for connecting the flow meter to the control apparatus.
Furthermore, demand has increased in the medical industry for relatively inexpensive, disposable sensors. Disposable sensors are required to reduce the requirement for and cost of sterilization, which is necessary to reduce the risk of transmitting infectious diseases, e.g., AIDS. Unfortunately, many applications require that in vivo sensors be capable of attaining accuracies on the order of a few per cent, in order to be diagnostically useful. This means that many sensors, such as the flow meter disclosed by Stupecky, must either be made within relatively precise manufacturing tolerances to avoid the need for calibration, which makes such flow meters expensive, or must be calibrated bedside prior to each use of the flow meter, which is labor-intensive and often impractical. Under these alternatives, the cost of making or calibrating the flow meter can be prohibitive, particularly in view of the requirement that the flow meter preferably be disposable. The problem of expense in order to ensure accuracy is particularly acute in the case of flow meters.
As another example of a device which requires multiple fluid and electrical connections to a control apparatus, certain medical catheters are used for both the introduction of liquids into the body, and the measurement of pressure and temperature in different parts of the body. One such device, known as an esophageal catheter, is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,214,593, entitled "Esophageal Pressure Monitoring Device". This patent describes a balloon catheter for measurement of esophageal pressures of patients with respiratory problems. For these measurements, pneumatic lines connect an external monitoring and testing instrument to the balloon cuff positioned within the patient's stomach.
Additionally, a pH probe or a thermistor can also be advantageously mounted within the esophageal catheter so that it is inserted into the esophagus of the patient when the distal end of the catheter is located within the esophagus. Electrical wires connected to the pH probe or thermistor are connected to instruments external to the patient. In the case of a thermistor, a resistance variation of the thermistor occurs in accordance with the body temperature change of the patient and is connected by the monitoring instrument to a measurement of body temperature.
Thus, in this type of medical apparatus, it is necessary to connect both pneumatic and electrical lines from the patient's body to a monitoring instrument, in this example a cardiopulmonary monitor. Since these medical catheters are typically discarded after a single patient use, the cost of connector must be kept to a minimum without sacrificing reliability.
Further, as was the case with the flow meter discussed above, not just any pH probe or thermistor can be attached to the prior art multi-purpose catheters for providing an accurate pH or temperature indications. This is because many pH probes and thermistors, particularly inexpensive probes and thermistors, have relatively large accuracy tolerances. Consequently, relatively expensive pH probes and thermistors that do not require extensive calibration prior to use have conventionally been used on many of the multiple function catheters mentioned above.
Conventionally, separate connectors are employed for each of the plural pneumatic lumens and the electric wires. Typically, separate luer connectors are used for each pneumatic or fluidic connector, the luer connector including a male tapered tubular part which fits into a female tapered socket. These parts are locked together by rotating a threaded sleeve which is concentric with the tubing being connected. The engagement force between the two parts thus depends upon the torque exerted by the user, resulting in a wide range of engagement forces. By way of example, in the case of plastic luer fittings, the engagement of mating parts can vary by as much as 0.05 inches. Moreover, this locking sleeve can generate substantial axial force which is, in turn, magnified by the effect of the taper of the female socket.
The luer connector has several disadvantages. First, the contact pressure in the connector is determined by the strength of the operator who screwed in the connector; therefore, contact pressure is not constant and thus the contact reliability is low if insufficient torque is used. If, however, the luer connector is tightened with too much torque, it is often very difficult to later unscrew and disconnect the fluidic lines. Second, it is not easy to connect together or disconnect the luer connection since it requires a screwing in and screwing out motion. The problem is particularly exacerbated when several fluidic lines have to be connected. Third, as noted above, the luer connector is not adapted for multiple port connections with a single connector because of the high insertion forces and need for a separate locking means for each individual part. Connecting multiple parts is time consuming and tedious for the user who needs to correctly identify each individual fluidic line and connect it to its proper mating part. A mistake on the part of the user in connecting multiple fluidic lines with luer connectors renders inoperable the device being connected and possibly could be detrimental to the health of the patient. Further, conventional luer connectors are not cost effective when used with disposable medical products such as a disposable catheter.

Disposable electro-fluidic connector with data storage


An enclosure is for a solid state overload relay mechanism or other device. The enclosure includes a mounting plate (12) defining a pair of upwardly extending flanges (14). A housing includes a lower housing (18) and an upper housing. The mounting plate flanges (14) are received through slotted openings (22) defined by the lower housing (18) and define openings (26) for engaging a tab member (28) defined by the lower housing (18). Each tab member (28) is received within and engaged with a corresponding opening (26) defined by a flange (14). A constant pressure is maintained between the tab member (28) and the mounting plate flange opening (26) such that the relative position between the two is fixed. Mounting profiles are defined by the mounting plate (12) and extend away from the lower housing (18) for retrofitting an existing device. The upper and lower housings (18,20) are held in a conventional snap-fit manner.

In the field of overload relay devices, and in the field of electrical circuitry in general, it is well known that housings are typically fabricated from a non-conducting material such as plastic for many reasons. Safety and efficiency are the predominant factors dictating the use of such materials. However, it is typically preferred that a more durable, rigid material be used for mounting the housing to a structure such as a wall, a piece of electrical equipment, or the like.
Heretofore, mounting plates have been secured to housings using screw-type or other metal fasteners. Alternatively, a mounting plate may be mounted to a housing in a snap fit fashion. Each of these constructions have a potential for undesirable results. Screw-type fasteners are obviously more complicated to employ than snap-fit configurations, and are known to have the potential of loosening under vibration. Conventional snap-fit configurations do not provide a positive force between the mounting plate and the housing such that a secure connection is provided.

Enclosure for a solid state overload relay mechanism or other device


Magnetic pickup having a matrix-bonded permanent magnet sleeve around one end of an elongated cylindrical pole piece and a coil around the other end. The magnet sleeve has a preferred direction of magnetization radial to the axis of the pole piece.

Magnetic sensors or pickups, by converting mechanical motion into electric energy, may be used to measure speed or as a source of electric signals. A typical magnetic pickup for measuring rotational speed is shown in FIG. 1 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,794,855. An elongated permanent magnet is contacted at one pole to one end of an elongated ferromagnetic pole piece which carries an electric coil. As the teeth of a ferrous rotor move past the other end of the pole piece, the overall reluctance of the magnetic circuit changes, thus inducing an AC voltage in the coil. Sometimes the magnetic pickup is mounted within a ferromagnetic casing which provides an easy return path for the magnetic flux from the pole piece to the magnet, as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,980,913. Usually the permanent magnet is of the Alnico type. Other permanent magnet materials have been little used in magnetic pickups of the U.S. Pat. No. 3,794,855 design, either being too weak magnetically or too expensive to be commerically competitive.
Numerous other designs have been suggested for magnetic pickups. That of U.S. Pat. No. 4,045,738 is similar to that of U.S. Pat. No. 3,794,855 except that the magnet and pole piece are reversed, and the magnet is a very thin disk since it is a rare earth based permanent magnet. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,492,518, a coil wound on a ferromagnetic pole piece is positioned within a permanent magnet in the shape of a sleeve. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,061,938, a pair of toothed ferrous rotors and a permanent magnet are mounted on a shaft. As the teeth move past the elongated pole pieces of a pair of T-shaped yokes, pulses are generated in a magneto-electric transducer positioned between the yokes.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,878,432 illustrates two additional designs. In one, a coil is wound on a cylindrical permanent magnet which is mounted within a cup-shaped housing formed by an iron cylinder and an iron disk which together serve as pole pieces and a return path. In the other, a pair of pole pieces are affixed to the circular surfaces of a cylindrical permanent magnet on which a coil is wound.
While most of the aforementioned magnetic pickups are primarily based on rotary motion, a magnetic pickup for sensing linear motion is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,945,459. One species employs a ring-shaped permanent magnet having one pole at its inner-facing surface and the other pole at its outer-facing surface. Reluctance changes are sensed by a coil positioned coaxially with the magnet within a ferrous cylinder when a notched or toothed shaft moves coaxially within the coil and magnet. The patent apparently does not identify the permanent magnet which, unlike the permanent magnets of the pickups mentioned above, is magnetized in the radial directions. However, U.S. Pat. No. 3,127,461 teaches a ring-shaped permanent magnet comprising matrix-bonded permanent magnet particles of barium, strontium and/or lead ferrite which have been aligned to have preferred directions of magnetization perpendicular to its axis. It is magnetized to have one pole at its inner-facing surface and the other pole at its outer-facing surface.

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company


An electronic device capable of touch event processing is provided. The electronic device includes first and second surfaces oriented in different directions, the second surface being narrower than the first surface, a touchscreen display including a touch panel, and having a first section exposed through the first surface and a second section exposed through the second surface, a processor electrically connected with the touchscreen display, and a memory that stores instructions that cause, when executed, the processor to activate the touch panel, to detect a first touch event on one of the first section and the second section, to detect a second touch event on the other section after detection of the first touch event, to remove one of the first touch event and the second touch event, and to perform a function according at least partly to the remaining touch event.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure generally relates to an electronic device, and more particularly, to techniques for handling touch events occurring when a user manipulates an electronic device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Typical electronic devices such as smartphones and tablet computers have a touch screen panel (TSP). Such an electronic device may recognize a touch input on the display.
Unintended touch input may occur depending on the manner of gripping the electronic device. For example, when the user grips a smartphone with the left hand, the thumb or one of the fingers may generate touch input in the left or right edge regions of the display. In some cases, unintended touch input may be prevented by using special structures, such as rounded sides, perpendicular orientation between the side surface and front surface, and a bezel.
There has been disclosed a prototype smartphone having a display whose right side may be extended as a curved display. In addition, other electronic devices having curved displays have been commercially available.
With advances in flexible or curved display technologies, it is possible to provide electronic devices whose display may be extended toward the edge region. When an existing touch input scheme is applied to such an electronic device, if the user grips the electronic device in a traditional manner, an unintended touch input may occur in the edge region.
For example, in the case of an electronic device equipped with a side or rear display, if a running application supports multi-touch (two points of contact), the electronic device may properly handle touch input with two different touch points. However, when the user makes a multi-touch gesture with different touch points while unintended touch input occurs in the side or rear display, the electronic device may be unable to properly handle touch input with more than a specified number of touch points (e.g. two).

Method and apparatus for differentiating between grip touch events and touch input events on a multiple display device


A medicine cabinet with a horizontally oriented internal wire management and electronic component raceway structure where electrical wires from the building or home power supply and electronic components are housed. The uppermost portion of the internal wire management and electronic component raceway structure forms a shelf in the medicine cabinet with a translucent shelf surface. An LED light strip inserted inside the internal wire management and electronic component raceway activated by a motion sensor switch provides illumination in the cabinet through the translucent shelf. Electrical receptacles and USB ports protrude from the front face of the shelf/wire management and electronic component raceway shelf. These receptacles and ports are powered by the electrical wires from the house or building fed into the shelf/wire management and electronic component raceway. Defogger strips are located between the two mirrored faces of the cabinet door. These defogger strips are powered by electrical receptacles located on the bottom of each side of the shelf/wire management and electronic component raceway housing allowing the mirrored cabinet doors to be mounted on either the left or right side of the medicine cabinet.

The present invention is directed toward storage cabinets such as medicine cabinets. More particularly, it is directed to improvements in positioning and storing electrical wiring and electronic components for these cabinets in a shelf system in the cabinet.
Medicine cabinets are most often used to store cosmetic items and like kind personal items and medications. Some medicine cabinets are equipped with electrical power to power a light on or in the cabinet and/or provide power for an electrical receptacle.
Prior art cabinets provide for a receptacle on the outside of the cabinet so that an item plugged into the receptacle can be operated with the door opened or closed. This configuration constantly exposes the receptacle—located outside the cabinet—to moisture in the air in the bathroom environment. Additionally, the location of an electrical receptacle on the outside of the cabinet is unsightly.
Alternative arrangements in medicine cabinets have placed the receptacle inside the cabinet with the associated wiring arranged in a vertical race in the cabinet. Such arrangements work to break up the storage and shelf space in the medicine cabinet in an undesirable way.
Accordingly, there exists a need for improving such storage cabinets and addressing these concerns.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A gong striking mechanism is provided, which comprises a driving electric motor mounted on a frame within a gong, and conversion means rotationally connected directly or indirectly to the motor shaft for converting continuous rotational motion of the motor shaft to reciprocal gong striking motion. In a preferred embodiment of the invention the conversion means comprises an eccentric cylinder fixed to the motor shaft, and a hammer made of hollow cylinder in spaced internal arrangement with the eccentric cylinder to absorb impact strength and improve sound volume.

This invention relates to an electric bell of the type which is driven by a motor as for use in a fire bell, an alarm bell or the like, and more particularly to a gong striking mechanism which is driven by a motor to strike a gong.
In a conventional electric bell as shown in FIG. 1, a pivotting plate 2, is rotationally fixed to the shaft 1 of motor 7. A counter-weight 3 is attached to one end of the plate 2 and at the other end of the plate 2 a striking hammer 4 is arranged in a slot 5 for forward and backward movement against a gong 6 upon the rotation of a motor 7. The location of the striking hammer 4 varies each time it strikes the gong 6 so that the weight balance between the two ends of the pivotting plate 2 with respect to the rotary shaft 1 of the motor 7 fluctuates during the hammer striking motion.
Moreover, when the motor 7 starts to rotate and the striking hammer 4 strikes the gong 6, the relatively long plate 2 having the counter-weight 3 at one end and the striking hammer 4 at the other end causes the motor shaft 1 to bend due to the large torque imparted on the shaft. In addition, the plate 2 moves gradually away from the shaft 1 due to the absence of a provision for fixing the shaft 1 to the plate 2. This is especially the case when the shaft is relatively small in diameter and insusceptible for the insertion of a fixing means, such as a pin, to fix the shaft 1 and the plate 2. Therefore, the bell of the type described is disadvantageous since the rotation of the motor 7 is not uniform and tends to fluctuate. Further, the shaft 1 is subjected to bending force which causes irreparable damages thereto.
In order to overcome the above disadvantage, a bell as shown in FIG. 2 has been proposed. This bell contains a supporting plate 15 and a semi-circular gong 13 attached thereto. An electric motor 10 is mounted on the supporting plate 15. The end of the shaft 9 of the motor 10 extending from the motor is fixedly attached by a cam 8 to one end of a crank rod 11. The crank rod 11 is positioned perpendicular to the axial direction of the shaft 9. The other end of the crank rod 11 is attached to one end of a spring plate 12. The spring plate 12 is positioned perpendicular to the crank rod 11 and parallel to the axis of the shaft 9. The other end of the spring plate is fixed to the supporting plate 15. A hammer 14 is attached to the spring plate 12 between the supporting plate 15 and crank rod 11. The hammer 14 is positioned perpendicular to the spring plate 12 facing in the direction of the gong 13. When the motor 10 is energized the rotational movement of shaft 9 is converted to a reciprocal motion on the crank rod 11 by means of cam 8. The reciprocal motion of the crank rod 11 is transmitted to the spring plate 12 and hammer 14, the hammer thus striking the gong 13.
In the bell as described above, however, some problems exist such as the plurality of assembly processes required, and the cost of the bell. In addition, it is difficult to adjust to get an optimum sound volume.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide a novel gong striking mechanism in which all of the above-described drawbacks accompanying a conventional gong striking mechanism are overcome. Another object of the invention is to provide a mechanism which is reliable, and which employs simple constitutional elements to eliminate difficulties in manufacturing and in adjusting bell sound volume.
With the above and other objects in view, the invention provides a gong striking mechanism comprising a driving electric motor mounted on a frame within a gong, and conversion means rotationally connected directly or indirectly to the motor shaft for converting continuous rotational motion of the motor shaft to reciprocal gong striking motion. Preferably the conversion means comprises an eccentric cylinder fixed to the motor shaft, and a hammer made of hollow cylinder in spaced arrangement with the eccentric cylinder. The conversion means may be either a combination of a cylindrical cam and a hammer fixed to the end of a cam follower engaging with a groove formed on the cam surface, or a combination of gears and pivotting plates between which at least one hammer is rotatably mounted around an axis in a spaced arrangement between the axis and the hammer.
The novel features which are considered characteristic of the invention are set forth in the appended claims. This invention itself, however, as well as other objects and advantages thereof will be best understood by reference to the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

c/o Kobishi Electric Co., Ltd. No. 4-6, Kaminakazato 3-chome


This invention relates to a pusher placed in a magazine for irradiated fuel elements which allows displacement thereof for the cutting operations. The pusher according to the invention allows the displacement of elements of small section in a magazine of large section. At the end of a cutting operation, the pusher applies its blank against the auxiliary holding clamp forming a continuous surface and the element is pushed by a blade, the body of the pusher being immobilized.

In installations for reprocessing irradiated fuels, the fuel elements issuing from the reactors are stored in a pond, cut in shears and the pieces obtained are dissolved.
A fuel element comprises two so-called end-pieces made of metal which imprison the ends of the pencils, the latter contain the fuel but are bereft thereof over a small length at their ends.
The length and section of the element may vary; it depends on the type of reactor from which the element issues. In PWR's, the elements have sections of the order of 270 mm.sup.2 ; in BWR's, of the order of 120 mm.sup.2. The BWR elements are slightly shorter than the PWR elements.
The element having left the storage pond is placed in a magazine adaptable to the shearing device. The magazine generally has a rectangular or square section (adapted to the shape of the element); it is formed by non-mobile metal walls. Forward or rearward displacement of the element in the magazine is obtained by means of a pusher combined with a so-called drive element. The pusher acts on a so-called head endpiece of the element.
This pusher makes it possible to advance the element towards the blade of the shears, and, if it is provided with grab means, to cause it to move backwards. The drive device gives the force of thrust (or of reverse travel) applied to the pusher; this may, for example, be a jack, a pusher chain, or the like.
The dimensions of the magazine have consequences on the arrangement and dimensions of the holding down clamps (holding pads) in particular which are placed at the free end of the magazine and which compress the element to be sheared. Consequently, when it is desired to pass from one type of element to another, the clamps and other relevant pieces of the shears must first be replaced. This operation is effected by remote control (the prevailing radio-activity prohibiting access to human beings) and by means of a lifting bridge handling a beam on which the pieces to be changed are fixed.
When passing from elements of large dimensions (PWR) to elements of smaller dimensions (BWR), it might be envisaged to conserve the same magazine in order to avoid the operations described hereinabove.
However, in that case, the cuts at the end of the elements raise problems. This state of the art is illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 of the accompanying drawings.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show the end of cut on a BWR element in a magazine for PWR elements, not provided with the device according to the invention. (FIGS. 3 to 8 show the device according to the invention).
According to FIG. 1 (view in elevation), the fuel element 1 of small dimensions (BWR) with its endpiece 2 and its pencils 3 is disposed in a magazine 4 whose dimensions correspond to those of the elements of larger dimensions. The pusher 5 formed by metal walls has substantially the section and depth of an endpiece of PWR element. It may thus imprison the endpiece of the PWR element, but it does not maintain the endpiece of the smaller BWR element.
In FIGS. 1 and 2, inserts are placed in the pusher so as to maintain the head endpiece 2 fixed and to ensure a controlled thrust under the action of a pusher chain 10.
In order to be cut, the element is placed horizontally; it abuts on the lower part 6 of the magazine (FIG. 1 in elevation) and on wall 7 of the magazine corresponding to the counter-blade (FIG. 2 in plan view). This wall 7 is the one located opposite the action of the holding clamps 8 and 9 (holding pads).
For cutting, the principal clamp 9 compresses the pencils so as to render them contiguous, the auxiliary clamp 8 by its action maintains their curvature regular.
When cutting comes to an end, the auxiliary clamp 8 must be withdrawn so as to allow cut of the pencils near the endpiece; by way of indication, about 500 mm of pencil remain.
Reverse movement of this clamp 8 leaves between the pusher 5 and said clamp a recess in which the pencils still in place which have been subjected to actions of deformation during cut of the element, are blocked and break. This phenomenon is illustrated in FIG. 2.
Moreover, as shown in FIG. 1, vertical expansion of the pencils being free (the section of the magazine is larger than that of the element and the clamps compress pencils in the horizontal direction), breakage of the pencils at the level of endpiece 2 is promoted.
During the opening of the clamp 9 necessary for the advance of the element, the free pencils 11 may tip over and obturate the spout supplying the dissolver (not shown).

Pusher for magazine of irradiated fuel elements

Compagnie Generale des Matieres Nucleaires


A cable for towing vehicles comprises a cable device having ends adaptably secured to respective vehicles. A magnetic apparatus is operatively associated with the cable device for selectively connecting and disconnecting the cable device to the vehicles.

While the invention is subject to a wide range of applications, it is especially suited for use in a towing system and will be particularly described in that connection.
In the towing of one automotive vehicle by another, a chain, rope or wire cable is frequently used and is often secured to one or both vehicles by connecting it to a frame extension member or some part of the bumper. When the towing line is secured to the vehicle, it often requires a rather complicated hitching device which may involve a complicated and often tedious procedure to secure the tow line. One solution to this problem has been to provide a hitching device of the type shown in U.S. Pat. No. 2,708,121 to May. This patent discloses for example, "a hitching device which is adjustable to fit substantially all of the bumpers in use on automotive vehicles". The problem still remains, however, because even a simple towing hitch requires careful placing and securing in order that it does not break loose from the vehicle, as well as a bumper or similar device to which it is attached.
Further, in today's modern cars, often the bumpers are actually made of some material such as rubber, or may even be part of the car itself, and therefore, do not provide a place to which a hitch can be attached. Also, many cars have very small bumpers or even no bumpers at all.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a cable for towing vehicles which eliminates all or part of the above-mentioned problems.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a cable for towing vehicles which is easy to attach to a vehicle.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a cable for towing vehicles which is relatively easy to manufacture.
It is still a further object of the present invention to provide a cable for towing vehicles which can easily be attached to many places on a vehicle.


The inventive lens is formed from an optical adhesive is used to collect light from a LED array. As the adhesive is dispensed, it is formed into the shape of a lens. The adhesive is then cured, and a lens is formed that covers the LED array. The inventive lens collects light that is emitted by the LEDs at extreme angles and directs the light to the scan location.

In scanners and copiers, the light used to illuminate the target area is typically provided by light emitting diodes (LEDs). As shown in FIG. 5, the light emitted from a LED 50 is spread over a large area. The light is emitted at a broad angle, with the half power point 52,53 being 80 degrees from the vertical axis 51.
Thus, most of the light produced by a LED is wasted. Consequently, scanning systems typically employ a collection lens to collect and focus the light onto the target area. As shown in FIG. 6, an LED 61 includes collection lens 63 to collect and focus the light onto target area 31. Note that LED 61 typically comprises a plurality of LEDs arranged in a single column array, and that lens 63 is a cylindrical lens. In FIG. 6, lens 33 is the SELFOC lens array from NSG. The lens 63, is typically an extruded or injection molded plastic lens, e.g. polycarbonate or acrylic. The light reflected from the surface 31 is captured by lens system 33 and focused onto detector 34. FIG. 7 depicts an alternative LED arrangement 71 that uses reflecting optics 72 to reflect the light onto the target area in place of the refracting lens 63 of FIG. 6. The light reflected from the surface 31 is captured by lens system 33 and focused onto detector 34.
The arrangements of FIGS. 6 and 7 are expensive in terms of manufacturing, as each requires additional tooling to attach the lens or reflector to the LED board. Moreover, the lens and reflectors are additional parts which increase cost. Furthermore, note that the lens 63 requires lens mount 62 to attach the lens 63 to the LED 61. This lens mount adds a space requirement to the scan system, and in smaller systems such as a hand-held scanner space is expensive. Also the arrangement of FIG. 7 is also costly in terms of space. For this arrangement to be effective, the trough formed by the reflector 72 must be deep, and thus reflector 72 protrudes from the LED board. Thus, the LED board 81 arrangement shown in FIG. 8 is typically used. Note that there is no light collection optics, instead a bare LED is used to illuminate the target area 31. The light reflected from the surface 31 is captured by lens system 33 and focused onto detector 34. Thus, most of the light produced by LED board 81 is wasted, specifically only about 0.1% of the light is used and about 99.9% of the light is wasted.
Therefore, there is a need in the art for a LED light collection system that is efficient and compact.


A tundish used in a continuous steel casting operation is sealed to permit effective purging of the tundish to eliminate free oxygen and nitrogen by providing a plurality of generally rectangular planar sealing boards of refractory fiber material having sufficient density to be self-supporting and placing the boards in side-by-side relation on the open top of the tundish prior to installation of the refractory cover whereby the sealing boards form a gasket between the cover and tundish top wall, and form a continuous panel underlying the cover. The refractory fiber material may be penetrated by the ladle shroud tube and/or the tundish stopper rod(s).

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the continuous casting of steel and more particularly to the use of a sealed tundish in the continuous casting of steel, and to an improved tundish seal for such use.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The adverse effects of atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen contacting molten steel in a pouring or casting operation are well known, and numerous patents have issued on apparatus and devices for shielding the molten metal from the atmosphere to prevent oxidation and nitrogen pickup during such operations. In a continuous casting operation, it is conventional for the molten steel to be transported from the convertor to the caster in a ladle where it is supported on a turret for movement into position above a tundish having its pouring outlet, or outlets, directly above the open top of the caster mold, or molds.
Molten steel in the ladle is covered with a layer of slag, and is dispensed through an outlet in the ladle bottom under control of a slide valve. A refractory shroud tube attached to the slide valve extends through an opening in the tundish cover to a point beneath the surface of the pool of metal in the tundish during casting. From the tundish, the metal flows through one or more bottom outlets under control of stopper valves, again through a refractory tube or tubes extending below the level of the molten metal in the caster mold. Thus, the molten steel is shielded from the atmosphere in its flow path from the ladle into the tundish, and from the tundish into the mold. In the tundish, however, and particularly during the initial filling of a newly lined tundish, contact with the atmosphere can result in substantial nitrogen pickup and oxidation of the molten steel. Indeed, in casting of high purity prime priced steels suitable for forming exposed automobile body components or for tinplate, it has in the past been generally necessary to downgrade or even scrap up to 5 or 6 slabs, each weighing up to 30,000 pounds or more, cut from the leading end of a continuous strand cast using a newly lined tundish.
Attempts have been made to purge atmosphere containing free oxygen and nitrogen from the interior of a tundish by injecting an inert gas into the tundish, one such continuous casting system being illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 3,558,256; however, because of the size of the tundish used in modern casters, and the number and size of openings required in the conventional tundish cover, such attempts to purge the tundish generally have required an excessive amount of inert gas and have not been entirely successful. Further, in many tundishes in use today, particularly for multi-strand casters, the cover itself is formed in a number of sections having openings therethrough as for the pouring of steel from the ladle or to accommodate the insertion and manipulation of the stopper rods employed to control the flow rate from the tundish.
Dimensional tolerances in commercial continuous casting machines are such that openings in the tundish cover are necessarily substantially larger than the shroud tube or stopper rod to be inserted therethrough. Unavoidable spacing or cracks between adjacent tundish cover sections and between the cover sections and the top of the tundish, and the opening in the sidewall for a dumping spout provide additional openings to the interior of the tundish. Attempts to purge such prior art covered tundishes have therefore been only marginally effective.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,368,208 discloses a further attempt to shield air from molten metal in a continuous casting facility and illustrates, in the drawings, a large opening into the tundish in the form of a pouring or dumping spout. No attempt is made to seal the top of the tundish beneath the cover.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,459,346 discloses a molten metal pouring spout employed between a ladle and a tundish and illustrates the pouring spout projecting downwardly through the cover on the tundish. FIG. 1 illustrates the spout extending through the opening in the tundish cover with substantial clearance as is considered necessary in such operations.
It is, accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide an improved seal between the open top of the tundish and the rigid tundish cover to substantially eliminate the ingress of atmospheric air into the tundish by maintaining a positive purging gas pressure in the tundish during the casting operation.
Another object is to provide such a tundish seal which enables efficient and economical purging and pressurizing of the tundish space with an inert gas to effectively eliminate free oxygen and nitrogen from the tundish prior to and during the casting operation.
Another object is to provide a lightweight, economical and efficient, disposable seal which may be quickly and easily positioned over the open top of the tundish before placing the cover thereon, with the seal material extending over the openings provided in the tundish cover and being penetrable in the areas of such openings by the ladle shroud tube and tundish flow control stopper rods.

Method of continuous casting using sealed tundish and improved tundish seal


A storage stores n-dimensional information, n being an integer greater than or equal to three. A display displays an icon which is provided with a central region and a peripheral region surrounding the central region, and displays information, among the n-dimensional information stored in the storage, corresponding to a given displayed region within a two-dimensional cross-section formed in two predetermined dimensions, and displays a cursor. A selector positions the cursor at a desired area of the icon and selects the desired area. A controller controls the display so that the displayed region changes within the two-dimensional cross-section in a direction determined by the central region of the icon and the selected area at a speed corresponding to a distance between the central region and the selected area when an area included in the peripheral region of the icon is selected by the selector, and controls the display so that the displayed region changes in a direction of a third dimension other than the two predetermined dimensions and is positioned within another two-dimensional cross-section formed in the two predetermined dimensions when the central region of the icon is selected by the selector. Movement of displayed portions when multidimensional information is displayed can thereby be effected smoothly.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an information displaying device, and in particular, to an information displaying device which displays information, from among multidimensional information, which corresponds to a given displayed region within a cross-section with respect to two predetermined dimensions.
2. Description of the Related Art
A display, such as a CRT or a liquid crystal display, is provided as a means for transmitting information to a user at an information processing device such as a computer. Information is supplied to the user through images, characters, or the like being displayed on the display. The size of the display surface of the display is limited. Since a displayable area is limited to the physical size of the display, only a portion of the information can be displayed on the display, and a plurality of icons for designating various, different directions of change (scroll) is displayed. When it is desired to change the displayed region, the user operates a mouse or the like, moves a cursor in the display to an area at which the icon corresponding to the desired direction of change is displayed, and selects the icon. In this way, the displayed region changes on the image, and scrolling of the displayed image is effected.
In fields such as scientific/technological calculation or the like, results of calculation are converted into image data and are displayed in order to facilitate comprehension of the contents of the results of the calculation. Such data is often multidimensional data of three or more dimensions. For example, data may represent dynamical changes of the flow of a two-dimensional fluid, which is projected on a two-dimensional plane, over time (the two-dimensional fluid data+time=three dimensions). Because only a two-dimensional cross-section can be displayed on the display, the display for this type of multi-dimensional data is effected as follows. The third dimension, other than the two which specify the cross-section, is regarded as a new parameter, and a plane at a predetermined value of the new parameter is displayed (e.g., when the new dimension is the time dimension, the plane at a certain time is displayed). The value of the new parameter is changed in accordance with the designation of the user, and the direction of change of the displayed region is switched.
When the value of the parameter corresponding to the new dimension is changed (the direction of change is switched) and the displayed region is changed, conventionally, a plurality of icons for designating changes in directions corresponding to the new dimension are displayed (e.g., when the new dimension is time, the past direction and the future direction). Designation is effected by selecting the icon corresponding to the desired direction. However, generally, the amount of multidimensional data is extensive. In order to retrieve and display a desired portion of the multidimensional data, the changing of the displayed region and the switching of the direction of change are repeated while a portion of the multidimensional data is displayed. Each time the direction of change is switched, the cursor must be moved to another icon. Therefore, work efficiency deteriorates.
Further, as another example of designating scrolling, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 1-179193 discloses a scrolling method in which the scrolling speed is variable, and the scrolling direction and the scrolling speed can be designated by a single icon. In this scrolling method, the scrolling speed is determined by the distance of the location of the cursor in the icon from a reference point of the icon. The scrolling direction is determined by the position of the cursor with respect to the above-mentioned reference point. Even if the cursor is to be greatly moved, scrolling at an arbitrary speed and in an arbitrary direction can be effected. However, this method is used only to change the displayed region within a plane and does not take into consideration change in a direction corresponding to another dimension. Therefore, workability is low when multidimensional data of three or more dimensions is treated.

International Business Machines Corporation


A method of treating schistosomal infestations by both adult worms and eggs-miracidia, residing in the veins, venules and nearby tissues either of the bladder and ureters or of the colorectal regions of the intestines, including the locally administration by iontophoresis of at least an antischistosomal drug in the form of a solution.

This invention relates to a method of treating schistosomal infestations by both adult worms and eggs-miracidia, particularly residing in the veins, venules and nearby tissues either of the bladder and ureters, or of the colo-rectal regions of the intestines, by iontophoresis.
Known in the art is the systemic chemotherapy of schistosomiasis by intravenous or intramuscular administration of antischistosomal drugs such as trivalent or pentavalent antimony compounds or, more recently, by oral administration of antischistosomal drugs such as niridazole, metrifonate, oxamniquine and praziquantel.
Illustrative examples of trivalent antimony compounds used in the treatment of schistosomiasis are salts with organic acids such as: antimony potassium or sodium tartrate, sodium antimonyl gluconate, antimony sodium thioglycollate, antimony thioglycollamide, sodium antimony dimercaptosuccinate, stibophen, i.e. pentasodium antimony bis(catechol-3,5-disulphonate) heptahydrate.
The pentavalent antimony compounds are typified by sodium stibogluconate even if other salts thereof with organic acids can be used. The antimony compounds are slowly, irregularly and only partially absorbed from the intestinal tract and are therefore administered by injection. They are known for their toxic effects. The toxicity of antimony, closely resembling that of arsenic, may manifest as intestinal irritation, chemical pneumonia, cardiac dysfunction, liver damage, joint and muscle pain and vascular collapse.
The advent of more easily administered, effective and generally less toxic antischistosomal drugs, has resulted in the virtual abandonment of the trivalent antimony compounds.
Niridazole was the first of the effective orally-administered antischistosomal drugs but it has some marked toxic effects as hallucinations, convulsions, liver damage, destruction of erythrocyte and changes in the electrocardiogram. It has one side effect which makes it pertinent for the object of the present invention, namely a strong anti-inflammatory action.
Metrifonate is another effective orally-administered antischistosomal drug, an organophosphate especially effective in the treatment of infections caused by S. mansoni and S. hematobium resulting in a 90% reduction in egg counts and a 40-90% cure rate. Side effects appears when the patient comes into contact with other organophosphates, such insecticides and there are cumulative and occasionally disastrous episodes of poisoning.
Another orally administered antischistosomal drug is oxamniquine. This drug is effective only in the treatment of S. mansoni infections and displays a blatant sexual discrimination, only male worms being affected. The treatment results in a 90-95% reduction in egg counts and a cure rate of 70-100%.
The most valuable of the presently known antischistosomal drugs seems to be praziquantel. It is effective against all five schistosomal species and results in a 95% reduction in egg counts and 85% cure rate. PG,4
Systemic chemotherapy of schistosomiasis although very successful in reducing the intensity of infestations, results in a failure rate of 5-60% (depending upon the source of reports) in terms of actually curing (obliterating) the disease.
Even with the recent, orally administered antischistosomal drugs effecting dramatic reductions in the infestations, treated individuals although often well in themselves, are still spreading infection from residual adult worms laying eggs which are transmitted via the bladders or intestine to outside bodies of water, allowing the propagation of schistosomal infestations.

Method of treating schistosomal infestations by iontophoresis


A semiconductor laser apparatus having an optical waveguide made of a semiconductor crystal, an optical cavity made of a mirror facet for reflecting light into the optical waveguide, and an optical gain region occupying at least part of the optical waveguide for generating an optical gain when powered. The optical gain region exists over a linear portion of the optical waveguide. The remaining portion of the optical waveguide is at least partially bent in structure.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor laser apparatus for use as a light source for optical storage and optical communication applications.
As described in Appl. Phys. Lett., 57(10)966 (1990) by N. Bar-Chaim et al., the more recent prior art bent waveguide semiconductor laser apparatus forms a semiconductor laser cavity with the mirror surface of the same cleaved facet by suitably bending an optical waveguide having an optical gain conducive to constituting a semiconductor laser. Semiconductor laser apparatuses of this type appear to be effective when used by optical integrated devices because, unlike other traditional semiconductor laser apparatuses, the former are not limited in device size by cleavage requirements.
The above-mentioned more recent type of prior art semiconductor laser apparatus has its share of disadvantages. One disadvantage is that because the bent portion of the waveguide doubles as an optical gain region, it is difficult to meet simultaneously both the optimum design conditions for the optical gain region as part of the optical waveguide and the conditions for minimizing the bending loss of the optical waveguide. To obtain a high-output fundamental mode from the semiconductor laser apparatus requires that the optical waveguide be as wide as possible and that the difference in effective refractive index between the inside and outside of the optical waveguide be approximately between 1.times.10.sup.-3 and 5.times.10.sup.-3. Meanwhile, the effective refractive index difference of at least 1.times.10.sup.-2 is known to be needed to minimize the cavity loss of the bent portion. Another disadvantage of the prior art semiconductor laser apparatus is that changes in the direction of the optical waveguide in the optical gain region necessarily entail varied etching shapes and crystal growth shapes of the semiconductor crystal employed.

Semiconductor laser apparatus with curved waveguide


A communications control device that, if a communications failure occurs at location in a first path for communications that extends across a plurality of communications layers, selects any second path from a candidate group including at least one second path for continuing communications without going via the location where the communications failure has occurred, on the basis of the time required for each second path to switch from the first path to the second path, and sends, to a communications device for performing the switching, an instruction for switching the first path to the selected second path and continuing communications.

In recent years, it is general to hierarchically superpose similar functions to a network and to use functions of each hierarchy.
In a detailed example, a communication failure recovery function is provided to each of a plurality of superposed hierarchies (also called layers) such as IP (Internet Protocol), MPLS (Multi Protocol Label Switching), and Ethernet (a registered trademark). Furthermore, when a communication failure has occurred on a path, each layer detects the failure by its own communication failure recovery function.
Herein, in such a multi-layer network, there is a tendency that a failure detection time and failure recovery are shorter in a lower layer and the failure detection time and the failure recovery become longer in an upper layer. The general reason for this is because a communication section is shorter and a connection with physical resources is stronger in the lower layer than the upper layer, so that it is possible to expect high speed communication failure detection and failure recovery in the lower layer than the upper layer.
Therefore, it is general to use a policy that the upper layer expects failure recovery in the lower layer and waits without performing communication failure detection at the shortest time for which communication failure is detectable, and an upper network is stably held as much as possible.
However, since a time for expecting and waiting the operation of the lower layer is at least longer than a time until the lower layer actually detects the failure and recovers the failure, a certain degree of margin should be included. Accordingly, the failure detection time of the upper layer is set to be significantly longer than the shortest time for which an actual operation is possible.
On the other hand, as a network structure is complicated, it is necessary to provide a scheme of abstracting the network structure and comprehensively controlling an entire network.
As such a scheme, there has been considered a scheme using a technology such as GMPLS (Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching).
Particularly, in recent years, there has been considered a scheme of comprehensively and intensively controlling a network by a technology such as OpenFlow being standardized by ONF (Open Networking Foundation) which is an industrial organization. Since the version of the OpenFlow is continuously updated and a control range is expanded according to the version-up, network integration is also considered. Furthermore, cooperation control and the like of a communication failure recovery scheme are also expected in the future.
An example of the technology related to such GMPLS is disclosed in PTL 1. In PTL 1, it is pointed out that, when a failure occurs, a lower network of a multi-layer network can quickly take failure recovery measures such as setting a route for making a detour around the failure place, but that it is not possible to recognize execution situations of the failure recovery measures in such a lower network from a router. Therefore, the router needs to perform update of topology information and setting of a bypass route twice, that is, at the time of occurrence of failure and at the time of failure recovery in the lower network, resulting in an increase in a processing load.
Accordingly, in the technology disclosed in PTL 1, the router serving as an upper node does not update the topology information immediately at the time of the occurrence of the failure in the lower network but holds the update of the topology information for a predetermined time in expectation for a quick recovery of the lower network, thereby avoiding invalid route calculation.

Communication control device, communication control system, communication control method, and communication control program that selects a function to be used from failure recovery functions superposed by layer


A process for removing organic materials from an article formed from a slurry of glass and/or ceramic particles, resin binder, and a solvent for the resin binder, the process involving including in the slurry a particulate catalyst selected from the group consisting of Cu, Cu.sub.2 O, CuO, Cu.sub.2 SO.sub.4, CuCl.sub.2, Cu organometallic compounds, and mixtures thereof, the catalyst promoting a rapid and complete removal from the shaped article when heated of the organic materials of the slurry.

Because of the high package density attainable with multilevel ceramic (MLC) substrate circuit structure, it has achieved extensive acceptance in the electronics industry for the packaging of semiconductor integrated devices, and other elements; as for example, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,379,943 granted Apr. 23, 1968 to J. D. Breedloff, 3,502,520 granted Mar. 24, 1970 to B. Schwartz, 4,080,414 granted Mar. 21, 1978 to L. C. Anderson et al, and 4,234,367 to L. W. Herron, et al granted Nov. 18, 1980.
In general, such conventional ceramic structures are formed from ceramic green sheets which are prepared from a ceramic slurry by mixing a ceramic particulate, a thermoplastic polymer and a solvent. This mixture is then cast or doctor bladed into ceramic sheets or slips from which the solvents are subsequently volatalized to provide a coherent and self-supporting flexible green sheet. This green ceramic sheet is laminated to form a substrate which is fired to drive off and/or burn off the binder and associated organic materials, and sintered to fuse the ceramic particulates together into a densified ceramic substrate.
In the fabrication of multilayer ceramic structures, an electrical conductor forming composition is deposited by spraying, dipping, screening, etc. in patterns on pre-punched green sheets, which when laminated and sintered collectively form the desired internal metallurgy structure. The component green ceramic sheets have via or feed through holes punched in them as required to achieve interconnection between layers or levels in the ultimate structure. The required number of component green sheets are stacked on each other in the required order. The stack of green sheets is then compressed or compacted at necessary temperatures and pressures to affect a bond between adjacent layers not separated by the electrical conductor forming patterns. The overall process is more completely described in "Ceramics For Packaging" by D. L. Wilcox, Solid State Technology, May 1972 P. 35-40.
Alumina, Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, because of its excellent insulating properties, thermal conductivity, stability and strength has received wide acceptance as the material of choice for fabrication of such MLC substrates. However, for various high performance applications, the relatively high dielectric constant of alumina results in significant signal propagation delays and noise. A further disadvantage of alumina is its relatively high thermal expansion coefficient, on the order of 65 to 70.times.10.sup.-7 per .degree.C., as compared to monocrystalline silicon where the coefficient is from 25 to 30.times.10.sup.-7, which difference may in certain cases result in some design and reliability concerns, particularly when a silicon chip is joined to the substrate with solder interconnections.
A particular disadvantage is the high sintering and maturing temperature of commercial alumina (about 1600.degree. C.), which restricts the choice of co-sinterable conductive metallurgies to refractory metals, such as tungsten, molybdenum, platinum, palladium, or a combination thereof. The high sintering temperature precludes the use of metals with higher electrical conductivities such as gold, silver or copper because the latter would be molten before the sintering temperature of alumina is reached.
A multilayer glass ceramic structure is disclosed and claimed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,301,324 by A. H. Kumar et al, whose teachings are incorporated herein by reference thereto, which avoids the use of and the attendant disadvantages of alumina ceramic. The disclosed multilayer glass-ceramic structures are characterized with low dielectric constants and are compatible with thick film circuitry of gold, silver, or copper and are co-fired therewith. Of the two types of glass-ceramics disclosed in the aforementioned patent, one has .beta.-Spodumene, Li.sub.2 O. Al.sub.2 O.sub.3. 4SiO.sub.2 as the principal crystalline phase while the other has cordierite, 2MgO. 2Al.sub.2 O.sub.3. 5SiO.sub.2 as the main crystalline phase. A common feature of these sintered glass-ceramics is their excellent sinterability and crystallization capability below 1,000.degree. C.
Silver can be used as a metal in such glass ceramic materials, however, it was found that silver has a tendency to cause electromigration problems and is suspected of diffusing into the glass ceramic.
Although successful glass-ceramic substrates have been made using gold metallurgy with a resistivity about 3.75 microhm-centimeter, gold is extremely expensive. Also, any alloying of other less expensive metals with gold would result in the disadvantage of an increase in resistivity. This limits the choice to copper as a practical economic alternative.
The use of copper is relatively new in the thick film technology. Because of copper's oxidizing potential, it is necessary to sinter multilayer ceramic substrates in reducing or neutral ambients. However, since reducing ambients can present adhesion problems, neutral ambients are preferable. A typical industrial cycle to sinter thick copper films on prefired alumina substrates would be heating to raise the temperature at the rate of 50.degree.-75.degree. C./minute to a firing or sintering temperature in the range of 900.degree.-950.degree. C. with a 15 minute hold at the peak temperature followed by cooling at a rate of 50.degree.-75.degree. C./minute.
In the fabrication of multilevel glass-ceramic structures, difficulty has been encountered in removing the resin binders that are used to produce the slurry for processing.
With the use of glass-ceramics and copper metallurgy, the maximum temperature for binder removal, due to the coalescence of glass particles, is in the range of about 800.degree.-875.degree. C. Thus, after the glass has coalesced, any remaining binder residue will become entrapped in the glass body. It has also been found that nitrogen or other neutral or reducing ambients make difficult the removal of binder below the temperature of the glass coalescence, e.g. about 800.degree.-875.degree. C., which can result in black or darkened substrates that are not fully sintered. The black or darkened color is generally attributed to carbon residue trapped in the ceramic. The carbon residue can have an adverse affect on the electrical characteristics of the resultant substrate, as by reducing the resistivity and having an adverse affect on the dielectric constant of the material.
Various efforts have been made to alleviate complete binder removal. Some difficulties are encountered with various neutral or reducing atmospheres, which include wet and dry nitrogen, wet and dry forming gas, long holds at temperature below the coalescence temperature of glass-ceramic so as not to entrap volatile products, and alternating air and forming gas for purposes of oxidizing carbon and reducing any form of copper-oxide to copper without drastic volume changes resulting from the copper oxide formation. In addition, attempts have been made to develop a polymer binder system which would by some mechanism of fractionation (e.g. unzipping, hydrolosis, etc.) burn off without any remaining carbonaceous residue.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,367 by Herron et al, issued Nov. 18, 1980 discloses and claims a method of forming a glass-ceramic composite structure with a copper-based metallurgy. In this process, laminated green ceramic substrates are heated in a H.sub.2 /H.sub.2 O environment to a burn-out temperature in the range between the anneal and softening point of the glass-ceramic material which temperature is less than the melting point of the copper. The conditions are sufficient to remove the binder without oxidizing the copper metallurgy. The resultant binder-free laminate is then heated in a nitrogen atmosphere to a somewhat higher temperature to coalesce the glass particles. The copper is prevented from oxidizing in this later heating phase by the inert atmosphere.
While the process is operable and effective, the binder removal heating step is quite lengthy, and carbonaceous residues may remain in the substrate. Further, the ceramic portions about the copper metallurgy may be porous. This flaw is very serious if it occurs under a surface pad which is later stressed as by bonding to a pin or other interconnection, resulting in ceramic fail due to low strength.

Method for removal of carbonaceous residues from ceramic structures having internal metallurgy


An array substrate and manufacturing method thereof, display panel and display device. The manufacturing method of the array substrate includes: forming, on a substrate, a first conductive pattern, a second conductive pattern and an insulating pattern, the insulating pattern at least covering an upper surface of the first conducting pattern, the first conductive pattern including a first amorphous transparent conductive pattern and a first metal pattern, and the second conductive pattern including a second amorphous transparent conductive pattern; and performing an annealing treatment to convert the first amorphous transparent conductive pattern and the second amorphous transparent conductive pattern to a first crystalline transparent conductive pattern and a second crystalline transparent conductive pattern respectively. The method addresses the problem in which a metal surface is readily oxidizable when performing an annealing treatment, thereby improving the product yield.

In general, in order to reduce the patterning processes for forming layer structures in an array substrate, gray-tone mask or half-tone mask process is generally adopted. A plurality of patterns, for example, structures such as a gate electrode, a gate line, a common electrode and a common electrode line for connecting the common electrode, are formed in the same patterning process, so that the process steps of independently forming the patterns can be simplified. The typical patterning process includes the steps such as film forming, exposure, development, etching and stripping.
For example, transparent electrodes such as common electrodes are usually made from transparent conductive materials with high transmittance such as indium tin oxide (ITO), and metallic electrodes such as gate electrodes, gate lines and common electrode lines are usually made from metallic materials with low resistance such as Cu. Amorphous indium tin oxide (a-ITO) is directly formed in the process of ITO film forming and must be subjected to annealing, so that the a-ITO can be converted into polycrystalline indium tin oxide (p-ITO), and the p-ITO has low electric resistivity and has a transmittance satisfying the design requirement of a display panel. In addition, when the metal material Cu is subjected to annealing, the residual stress can be also eliminated, and the internal structural defects such as deformation and crack tendency can be also reduced.

Array substrate and manufacturing method thereof, display panel and display device


The present invention is related to chemical compositions, processes for the preparation thereof and uses of the composition. Particularly, the present invention relates to compositions that include substituted biaryl-methanesulfinyl acetamides of Formula (I):

The compounds disclosed herein are related to the biological and chemical analogs of modafinil. Modafinil, C15H15NO2S, also known as 2-(benzhydrylsulfinyl)acetamide, or 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide, a synthetic acetamide derivative with wake-promoting activity, has been described in French Patent No. 78 05 510 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,177,290 ("the '290 patent"). It has been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of excessive daytime sleepiness associated with narcolepsy. Methods for preparing modafinil and several derivatives are described in the '290 patent. The levorotatory isomer of modafinil, along with additional modafinil derivatives are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,927,855, and are reported to be useful for treatment of hypersomnia, depression, Alzheimer's disease and to have activity towards the symptoms of dementia and loss of memory, especially in the elderly.
Modafinil has also been described as a useful agent in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (U.S. Pat. No. 5,180,745); in the protection of cerebral tissue from ischemia (U.S. Pat. No. 5,391,576); in the treatment of urinary and fecal incontinence (U.S. Pat. No. 5,401,776); and in the treatment of sleep apneas and disorders of central origin (U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,379). In addition, modafinil may be used in the treatment of eating disorders, or to promote weight gain or stimulate appetite in humans or animals (U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,588), or in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,548), or fatigue, especially fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis (U.S. Pat. No. 6,488,164). U.S. Pat. No. 4,066,686 describes various benzhydrylsulphinyl derivatives as being useful in therapy for treating disturbances of the central nervous system.
Several published patent applications describe derivative forms of modafinil and the use of modafinil derivatives in the treatment of various disorders. For example, PCT publication WO 99/25329 describes various substituted phenyl analogs of modafinil as being useful for treating drug-induced sleepiness, especially sleepiness associated with administration of morphine to cancer patients. U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,168 and PCT Publication No. 95/01171 describes modafinil derivatives that are useful for modifying feeding behavior. PCT Publication No. 02/10125 describes several modafinil derivatives of modafinil, along with various polymorphic forms of modafinil.
Additional publications describing modafinil derivatives include U.S. Pat. No. 6,492,396, and PCT Publ. No. WO 02/10125.
Terauchi, H, et al. described nicotinamide derivatives useful as ATP-ase inhibitors (Terauchi, H, et al, J. Med. Chem., 1997, 40, 313-321). In particular, several N-alkyl substituted 2-(Benzhydrylsulfinyl)nicotinamides are described.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,980,372 and 4,935,240 describe benzoylaminophenoxybutanoic acid derivatives. In particular, sulfide derivatives of modafinil containing a phenyl and substituted phenyl linker between the sulfide and carbonyl, and a substituted aryl in the terminal amide position, are disclosed.
Other modafinil derivatives have been disclosed wherein the terminal phenyl groups are constrained by a linking group. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,563,169, certain xanthenyl and thiaxanthenyl derivatives having a substituted aryl in the terminal amide position are reported.
Other xanthenyl and thiaxanthenyl derivatives are disclosed in Annis, I; Barany, G. Pept. Proc. Am. Pept. Symp. 15th (Meeting Date 1997) 343-344, 1999 (preparation of a xanthenyl derivative of Ellman's Reagent, useful as a reagent in peptide synthesis); Han, Y.; Barany, G. J. Org. Chem., 1997, 62, 3841-3848 (preparation of S-xanthenyl protected cysteine derivatives, useful as a reagent in peptide synthesis); and El-Sakka, I. A., et al. Arch. Pharm. (Weinheim), 1994, 327, 133-135 (thiaxanthenol derivatives of thioglycolic acid).
Thus, there is a need for novel classes of compounds that possess the beneficial properties. It has been discovered that a class of compounds, referred to herein as substituted biaryl-methanesulfinyl acetamides, are useful as agents for treating or preventing various diseases or disorders disclosed herein.

Abstract: wherein Ar, Y, R1, R2, R4, R5, q and x are as defined herein; and their use in the treatment of diseases, including treatment of sleepiness associated with narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, or shift work disorder; Parkinson's disease; Alzheimer's disease; attention deficit disorder; attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; depression; or fatigue associated with a neurological disease; as well as the promotion of wakefulness.


This invention provides a novel universal collection medium for cell collection. The medium allows for the first time the ability to perform cytology and direct molecular analysis on cells preserved in a single sample. This invention also provides novel methods for analyzing cells to assess human conditions.

The detection and diagnosis of human conditions is of obvious importance for the treatment of disease. Numerous characteristics of diseases have been identified and many are used for their diagnosis. Many diseases are preceded by, and are characterized by, changes in the state of the affected cells. Changes can include the expression of viral genes in infected cells, changes in the expression patterns of genes in affected cells, and changes in cell morphology. The detection, diagnosis, and monitoring of diseases can be aided by the assessment of such cell states.
Routinely, for patients suspected of having one or more infectious diseases, for example human papilloma virus or herpes simplex virus, a sample of cells is taken from the patient for analysis. Generally, such a sample is in the form of a swipe or cellular scrape from the area primarily affected by the disease. These swipes usually collect a mixture of normal and diseased cells with a very limited total number of cells. The collected cells are traditionally smeared onto a slide for further analysis. When biochemical analysis was attempted, it was done at the expense of a cytological analysis and was done via qualitative methods such as in situ hybridization.
Routinely, the cervical sample obtained for conventional cytology is smeared onto a slide for morphological analysis. If this sample identifies potential disease by cell cytology, the patient must return for colposcopy to have a second sample collected for repeat cytology and/or genetic analysis and other molecular tests such DNA, RNA or protein. Recently, liquid cytology media have appeared on the market, which provide for enhanced morphology. These media were discovered to be amendable to molecular tests such as for HPV DNA, however, cells are routinely collected into 10-20 ml of preserving agents, which excessively dilute DNA, RNA and other asssayable biomolecules, making molecular testing less than ideal. Further, while the current preserving reagents preserve cellular morphology these reagents allow degradation of DNA and RNA, such that quantitative analysis becomes difficult or impossible upon storage.
Thus, present day analysis requires at least two samples to be obtained from a patient in order to determine cell morphology and quantitative genetic analysis. Current cytology methods use large volumes of a preserving agent which excessively dilute DNA, RNA and other assayable biomolecules. Further, while the current preserving reagents preserve cellular morphology these reagents allow degradation of individual biomolecules such as DNA, RNA and protein, such that quantitative analysis becomes impossible.
Designing methods and media to preserve cells or tissue for analysis by both morphological and biochemical analysis has proven problematic in the past. For example, fixing cells or tissue for morphological analysis compromised the ability to do biochemical analysis. Preserving cellular RNA was done at the expense of DNA and morphological analysis. Similarly, preserving cellular DNA was done at the expense of RNA and morphological analysis.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a general collection medium for identifying cellular morphology and quantitatively preserving DNA, RNA and other biomolecules from a single sample regardless of the disease to be detected.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a universal cell collection medium for preserving cell morphology and nucleic acids, lipids, carbohydrates, or proteins in a cell sample where limited numbers of cells are available in the sample.
It is another object of the present invention to provide compositions and methods for solution-based direct analysis of biomolecules of interest. The methods and compositions of this invention solve problems encountered in non-solution-based methods such as in situ hybridization or non-direct methods which require separation of the biomolecule of interest from other cellular components before analysis.


In an embodiment, a method of creating an alignment mark on a substrate includes forming a plurality of lines segmented into electrically conducting line segments and space segments, thereby forming spaces between the lines to form a macroscopic structure in a first layer of the substrate, creating a plurality of electrically conducting trenches in a second layer of the substrate, and arranging the plurality of trenches to be in electrical contact with the line segments and overlapping the space segments at least partially.

1. Field
Embodiments of the invention relate to a method of creating an alignment mark on a substrate and a substrate formed by the method.
2. Background
In integrated circuit (IC) production, lithography is used to produce multiple stacked and overlapping circuit patterns. The production of such overlapping circuit patterns includes exposing a layer of photo-resist on a wafer. By exposing a first layer of photo-resist to a first pattern followed by some additional process steps, a first pattern is created on the wafer. Likewise, a second pattern is created on the wafer after some intermediate process steps including applying a second layer of photo-resist. The second pattern should very accurately overlap the first pattern, because at specific positions the first and the second pattern will be electrically connected. These connections are provided by intermediate vias which are formed by exposing a third layer of photo-resist on the wafer (before applying and exposing the second layer). The vias themselves need to be accurately positioned relative to the first and the second pattern.
In order to position the vias to the first layer and the second layer to the vias, alignment marks are used. A first alignment mark is typically formed by exposing the first layer of photo-resist to an alignment mark pattern followed by some additional steps. Before exposing the third layer of photo-resist, the position of the first alignment mark in the first layer is measured and the third layer is exposed in such a way that vias will be accurately positioned above the first pattern. Likewise, a second alignment mark is formed by exposing the third layer of photo-resist to an alignment mark pattern followed by some additional steps. Before exposing the second layer of photo-resist, the position of the second alignment mark is measured. The second layer is then exposed in such a way that the second pattern will be accurately positioned above the vias.
Known alignment marks (or markers) are gratings including lines and spaces. The position of the alignment gratings is measured by alignment radiation. In order to assure that the alignment radiation does not activate photo-resist, the alignment radiation has a wavelength which differs considerably from the wavelength used in exposure radiation for exposing photo-resist. Roughly, the scale of the lines of the alignment mark is of the order of magnitude of the wavelength of the alignment radiation, and the scale of the smallest features of the circuit patterns is of the scale of the wavelength of the exposure radiation. Because of tolerances in the exposure process used to expose both the circuit patterns as the alignment patterns in one and the same layer of photo-resist, the difference in scale can cause an unwanted shift between the alignment mark and the circuit pattern in a certain photo-resist layer. To prevent this, the lines of the alignment marker are segmented to line segments and space segments so that the features actually exposed when exposing the alignment pattern are of a scale comparable to the scale of the smallest features of the circuit patterns.
Alignment performance depends on the contrast of the alignment markers, which is based on differences in reflectance of alignment radiation between the lines (which are reflecting) and spaces (which are non-reflecting) of the alignment mark.
However, by segmenting the lines of the alignment marker, the contrast of the alignment marker is reduced. This can be understood by visualizing that the area of the reflecting lines is decreased by the area of the non-reflecting space segments.

Method of creating an alignment mark on a substrate and substrate


A dual durometer, elongate body side moulding suitable for application to a side of a vehicle body, has a base region which is intended to be secured by adhesive to the vehicle body and which is formed of a relatively hard synthetic rubber or other plastics material, the moulding also having lateral regions and outermost regions (i.e. forward-facing regions) formed of a relatively soft synthetic rubber or other plastics material, the moulding being relatively flexible perpendicular to the plane of the base region and being intended to absorb the impact of a door of another vehicle.

This invention relates to a dual durometer, elongate body side moulding suitable for application to a side of a vehicle body.
Body side mouldings are known for application to the sides of vehicle bodies and such mouldings may serve a decorative purpose and/or a protective purpose. Hitherto, such mouldings have been formed of a relatively hard synthetic rubber, for example a rubber of the ebonite type having a Shore hardness of 95, and it is known to employ an adhesive for applying such mouldings to the side of a vehicle body; the adhesive may be on both sides of a tape, with one side of the tape adhering to the moulding and the other side of the tape adhering to the side of the vehicle body. Unfortunately, so far as we are aware, it is not practicable to employ such adhesives with a relatively soft synthetic rubber or other plastics material, although, from the point of view of absorbing impact, for instance that caused by a door of another vehicle, it is desirable that a vehicle body side moulding is formed of a relatively soft material.
Also found in many motor vehicles is a window seal, or glass run channel, in the region of the reciprocable sheet of glazing material, for sealing and/or supporting that sheet; the seal or channel has a main part secured over a flange or between flanges and an arm projecting from the main part; the arm may be formed of a softer material than the main part, thus making the arm more flexible to serve effectively as a sealing part. A window seal or glass run channel formed of materials of two different hardnesses is referred to as being of the dual durometer type.

Dual durometer elongate body side moulding


A diaphragm operated valve including a valve housing having a passage extending therethrough with an inlet and an outlet and a cavity communicating with the passage. A diaphragm extends across the cavity to define a control chamber on one side of the diaphragm. The other side of the diaphragm communicates with the passage. A passageway in the valve housing leads to the control chamber so that the pressure in the control chamber can be varied. A diaphragm support having an opening therein is mounted in the cavity to support the diaphragm, and a vlave element is pivotally mounted within the valve housing for cooperation with the valve seat. The valve seat forms an acute angle with the axis of the passage through the valve housing to minimize pressure losses.

Diaphragm operated valves are used to control the flow of various fluids, such as water, for many different purposes, including irrigation. A typical prior art diaphragm valve includes a valve housing and a linearly movable valve element for cooperating with a valve seat to control flow through the valve housing. The valve element is held closed by inlet water pressure which is supplied to a control chamber on one side of the valve element. To open the valve, the pressure in the control chamber is vented by a solenoid valve or other suitable means, and this allows inlet water pressure to open the valve.
One such diaphragm valve is shown in Hauser U.S. Pat. No. 3,591,126. A diaphragm valve in which the valve element pivots is shown in Rabal U.S. Pat. No. 2,686,034. Although the Hauser valve functions very satisfactorily, both of these valves are more complicated than desired in their construction and assembly. These factors contribute to increasing the cost of the valve. In addition, the pressure loss through both of these valves is relatively high in that the water must "bend" through essentially 180 degrees in moving through the valve. Although inclining of the valve seat with respect to the axis of the passage through the valve housing is known to reduce pressure loss, the problem of providing such a feature in combination with an easily assembled, relatively low-cost valve has not been solved.


A towable farm and garden implement trailer which has a modular receiver. The modular receiver is operatively configured to receive implements above or below the frame of the trailer. Implements which may be removably coupled to the underside of the trailer include such implements as a lawn de-thatcher, transport box, box blade, drag harrow, slurry blade, etc. Examples of implements which could be carried and removably coupled to the top side of the trailer frame include such implements as a spreader, tank, carrying platform and other similar implements. In one form, the implement trailer comprises an actuator positioned between the frame and the wheels to allow the wheels to be raised and lowered with respect to the trailer frame.

This disclosure generally relates to a towable farm and garden implement trailer which has a modular receiver. The modular receiver is operatively configured to receive implements above or below the frame of the trailer. Implements which may be removably coupled to the underside of the trailer include such implements as a lawn de-thatcher, transport box, box blade, drag harrow, slurry blade, etc. Examples of implements which could be carried and removably coupled to the top side of the trailer frame include such implements as a spreader, tank, carrying platform, rototiller, mower, chipper, and other similar implements. In one form, the implement trailer comprises an actuator positioned between the frame and the wheels to allow the wheels to be raised and lowered with respect to the trailer frame.


An air-fuel ratio control apparatus capable of preventing production of a torque shock which is liable to be caused in an engine when the air-fuel ratio is varied for a change between rich combustion and lean combustion. When the engine is in any other operating state than a specific operating state, an electronic control unit of the apparatus subjects a valve, which is disposed in a first bypass line for bypassing a throttle valve to on/off-duty control in accordance with the difference between a target suction air amount necessary for control for a lean air-fuel ration, computed according to a throttle valve opening detected by a throttle sensor, and a suction air amount detected by an airflow sensor, and urges a bypass valve for opening a negative-pressure responsive valve in a second bypass line. As a result, a predetermined amount of air is allowed to be supplied to the engine through the throttle valve and the first and second bypass lines. In the specific operating state, enough air supply through the throttle valve for control for a rich air-fuel ratio is allowed while preventing air supply through the bypass lines.

In order to improve the exhaust gas characteristics and fuel cost performance of a motor vehicle, it is known to control the air-fuel ratio of an air-fuel mixture to be supplied to an internal combustion engine, to have a value on the fuel-lean side of a theoretical air-fuel ratio, thereby allowing the engine to be operated in a lean-combustion mode. If the engine is continually operated in the lean-combustion mode, however, the engine output will be insufficient in some specific operating states (e.g., sudden-departure operating state and sudden-acceleration operating state). Conventionally, therefore, the air-fuel ratio is adjusted to the theoretical air-fuel ratio or its near value (hereinafter referred to as near theoretical air-fuel ratio) to effect rich-combustion operation in the specific operating states of the engine.
According to the conventional air-fuel ratio control, however, the amount of fuel supply to the engine sometimes may undergo a sudden change when the air-fuel ratio is changed between the near theoretical air-fuel ratio and an air-fuel ratio on the fuel-lean side thereof, in order to switch the combustion mode between rich combustion and lean combustion. In such a case, the engine output, which depends on the fuel supply amount, thermal efficiency of the engine, etc., changes suddenly. For example, when the accelerator pedal is released from a driver's stepping operation so that an acceleration operating state (one of the specific operating states) is finished, conventional air-fuel ratio control apparatuses operate to reduce the fuel supply amount rapidly, in order to restore the air-fuel ratio to a value on the fuel-lean side. As a result, the engine output lowers suddenly. If the engine output undergoes such a sudden change, a torque shock is caused in the engine, thus retarding the drivability.
Disclosed in Published Unexamined Japanese Patent Application No. 2-267340 is an air-fuel ratio control apparatus which, belonging to the aforementioned conventional apparatuses in a broader sense, is so designed that the fuel supply amount is reduced during the transition to the lean operating state.

Air-fuel ratio control apparatus of an internal combustion engine

Mitsubishi Jidosha Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha