A rolling bearing comprises an outer ring, an inner ring and rolling elements rotatably disposed between the outer and inner rings. At least a member selected from the outer ring, inner ring and rolling elements has C content of 0.2 or more and 0.6 or less wt %, Cr content of 2.5 or more and 7.0 or less wt %, Mn content of 0.5 or more and 2.0 or less wt %, Si content of 0.1 wt % or more and 1.5 or less wt %, and Mo content of 0.5 or more and 3.0 or less wt %. Further, a carburizing or carbo-nitriding treatment, a quenching treatment and a tempering treatment are applied to the selected member. Furthermore, retained austenite on a surface thereof is 15% or more and 45% or less vol. %, and the surface hardness thereof is HRC60 or more.

In a rolling bearing, since a rolling motion is performed between bearing rings and rolling elements, raceway surfaces of the bearing rings and rolling surfaces of the rolling elements are repeatedly subjected to contact stress. Due to this, materials used to make up the constituent members need to have qualities of being hard, withstanding load, having a long rolling fatigue life, being good with respect to resistance to wear under sliding and the like.
Then in general, steels that are used very often for materials that make up those members are, as bearing steel, a steel that is classified as SUJ2 under the Japan Industrial Standard and are, as case hardening steel, steels corresponding to those classified a SCR420 and SCM420 under the same standard. Since these materials are repeatedly subjected to contact stress as is described above, in order to acquire the required qualities such as rolling fatigue life, quenching and tempering are applied to bearing steel, and quenching and tempering are applied to case hardening steel after carburizing or carbo-nitriding has been applied thereof so as to obtain a hardness of not less than HRC58, not more than HRC64.
On the other hand, since bearings that are used in members auxiliary to an engine such as alternator, electromagnetic clutches, intermediate pulleys, automotive air-conditioner compressor, water pump, planetary gears in a transmission, continuously variable belt and pulley transmission and gas heat pump that is a similar drive system component support rotational shafts that are driven to rotate by being imparted power from an internal combustion engine such as the engine, the bearings are used under high-temperature, high-load, high-vibration and high-speed driving severe conditions.
Sufficient lubricating films are difficult to be formed on rolling surfaces of the bearings that are used under the severe environment, and a large tangential force is applied to the rolling surfaces of the bearings. Due to this, heat generation and surface fatigue are easy to take place as a result of metal contact. In addition, the metal contact facilitates the generation of a newly formed surface (a surface where the texture of steel is exposed). Since this newly formed surface constitutes a catalyst for tribochemical reaction, an addition agent and water that are contained in a lubricating oil are decomposed on the rolling surface of the bearing to thereby facilitate the generation of hydrogen ions. Then, these hydrogen ions so generated are adsorbed to the newly formed surface generated on the rolling surface of the bearing become hydrogen atoms, and hydrogen atoms are then collected to a stress field (in the vicinity of a maximum shearing stress position). Since a location where hydrogen atoms are collected becomes brittle, an early flaking of the rolling bearing is triggered.
In addition, in the event that foreign matters such as metal cut powder, machined dust, burrs, worn powder enter the lubricant in the rolling bearing, the bearing rings and rolling elements are damaged, the lives of the bearings are largely reduced.
Lubricating oils such as automatic transmission fluid (ATF) and continuously variable transmission fluid (CVTF) which have high friction coefficient are used for lubrication of a continuously variable belt and pulley transmission with a view to operating smoothly the torque converter, gear mechanisms, hydraulic mechanisms and wet clutches, with bearings which support an input shaft side pulley and an output shaft side pulley included in the lubrication of the continuously variable belt and pulley transmission.
Since the rolling bearings for continuously variable belt ant pulley transmissions are used under the high-vibration and high-load severe environment and under lubrication by the lubricating oils having high friction coefficient, the tribochemical reaction is easy to take place, and an early flaking is triggered in the rolling bearings.
Here, in order to make difficult the generation of tribochemical reaction, a method is considered in which a lubricating oil having high kinematic viscosity is used instead of adding addition agents such as a pressure reducing agent and a friction control agent in a lubricating oil for use. However, it is not preferable to use such a lubricating oil having high kinematic viscosity as a lubricating oil for continuously variable belt and pulley transmissions from viewpoints of fuel efficiency, power transmission efficiency from the input shaft to the output shaft and shudder life. Due to this, in the case of rolling bearings for continuously variable belt and pulley transmissions, it is effective to prolong the lives of rolling bearings using not a method of changing lubricating oils but a method of strengthening the rolling surface. The following techniques are raised as those based on this idea.
In JP-A-2003-343577, it is proposed that at least one of an inner ring, outer ring and rolling elements is formed of steel containing lots of Cr which can suppress the collection of hydrogen to the stress field and that the total content of carbon and nitrogen, content of retained austenite and hardness of the rolling surface are constituted specifically.
It is described on pages 5 to 8 in a scientific lecture meeting pre-printed document No. 30-02 (the year of 2002) issued by the Automobile Technologies Association Inc. that hydrogen ions generated by virtue of tribochemical reaction are made difficult to be adsorbed on a newly formed surface by forming a Ni film on the rolling surface of a rolling element using the electroplating method.
In addition, the following techniques are raised as techniques for prolonging lives of bearings that are to be used under the aforesaid severe conditions.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 2883460 proposes a bearing steel in which the content of C is 0.65 to 0.90% by mass, the content of Si is 0.15 to 0.50% by mass, the content of Mn is 0.15 to 1.00% by mass, the content of Cr is 2.0 to 5.0% by mass and the content of N is 90 to 200 ppm and which contains at least one of 100 to 500 ppm Al and 50 to 5000 ppm Nb. According to the technique described in this Japanese Patent Publication No. 2883460, an early flaking is made difficult to take place on the rolling surface, and the reduction in toughness after a heat treatment can be suppressed.
Japanese Patent Publication No. 2013772 proposes that the retained austenite volume is made to be not more than 8% by volume and the hardness is made to be not less than HRC 60 by working on a material in which the content of C is 0.95 to 1.10% by mass, the content of Si or Al is 1.0 to 2.0% by mass, the content of Mn is not more than 1.15% by mass, the content of Cr is 0.90 to 1.60% by mass, the balance is Fe and inevitable impurities, and the content of O is not more than 13 ppm to form the material into a predetermined shape and thereafter applying thereto quenching and high-temperature tempering at 230 to 300° C. According to the technique described this Japanese Patent Publication No. 2013772, the dimension stability at high temperatures can be improved, and the reduction in hardness can be prevented.
JP-A-2001-221238 proposes that the hardness of raceway surfaces is made to be not less than HRC 57 and fine carbides of 50 to 500 nm in diameter are dispersed and precipitated thereon by working on a material in which the content of C is 0.4 to 1.2% by mass, the contents of Si and Al are 0.7 to 2.0% by mass, the content of Mn is 0.2 to 2.0% by mass, the content of Ni is 0.1 to 3.0% by mass, the content of Cr is 3.0 to 9.0% by mass, and the equivalent weight of Cr that is calculated by the following equation is 9.0 to 17.0% by mass to form the material into a predetermined shape and thereafter applying thereto quenching and tempering.Cr Equivalent Weight=[Cr]+2[Si]+1.5[Mo] +5[V]+5.5[Al]+1.75[Nb]+1.5[Ti]  (1)
where in the equation (1) above, [Cr], [Si], [Mo], [V], [Al], [Nb] and [Ti] denote the contents (percent by mass) of Cr, Si, Mo, V, Al, Nb and Ti.
According to JP-A-2001-221238, since the minute carbides dispersed and precipitated on the surface of the raceway trap hydrogen, an early flaking is restrained from occurring on the surface of the raceway.
In addition, there are proposed various types of rolling bearings which can keep long lives even in the event that the rolling bearings are used under a lubrication with tramp materials as in a case where foreign matters enter and remain in a lubricant in the interior of the rolling bearings.
For example, Japanese Patent Publication Nos. 22138103 and 2128328 propose techniques in which the stress concentration on to an edge portion of a dent generated by foreign matters is relaxed so as to suppress the generation of cracks to thereby prolong the life of a rolling bearing by regulating the volumes of carbon, retained austenite and carbonitride on surface layers of bearing rings and rolling elements. In addition, Japanese Patent Publication No. 3051944 discloses a bearing component which provides a superior rolling fatigue life by being controlled with respect to steel composition, interior hardness and surface hardness.
On the other hand, needle roller bearings have a small inside diameter to outside diameter ratio. Namely, they are a bearing that has a thin thickness. However, since the needle roller bearings are characterized in that they have a relatively large load capacity for their thickness, the needle roller bearings are widely used at highly loaded locations such as in automotive transmissions and engines.
Hereinafter, for example, planetary gear bearings will be described which rotatably support planetary gears that are used widely in transmissions and the like. In planetary gear bearings, helical gears are generally used for smooth transmission of force from a planetary gear corresponding to an outer ring. Due to this, the running mark of a planetary shaft that corresponds to an inner ring becomes distorted from a force relationship between the planetary gear and the helical gear. Due to this, an uneven force is applied to a needle roller bearing disposed between the planetary gear and the planetary shaft. Consequently, edge load and skew are generated, leading to problems that the life of the bearing is reduced and that seizing is generated.
JP-A-2002-188643 discloses a technique in which at least one of a needle roller bearing and an inner member is made of a steel whose linear expansion coefficient is smaller than that of an outer member or a steel whose average retained austenite volume is not more than 2%, whereby seizing and pry are suppressed which are associated with a tendency to increase the rotation speed to higher speeds.
Furthermore, Japanese Patent Publication No. 2541160 discloses a rolling bearing which is made of an alloy steel in which the volume of retained austenite (γR) and the contents of C, Cr and Mo are regulated with respect to a surface layer of at least one party of bearing rings and rolling elements, and the surface hardness (Hv) of a surface layer that is subjected to carburizing or carbo-nitriding and the volume of retained austenite satisfies a predetermined relationship.
In addition, since the planetary gear bearing is used in the same container as that of gears such as a sun gear, there is caused a problem that hard foreign matters that are produced by virtue of relative contact and slide between gears enter a lubricating oil in the bearing and affects badly the life of the bearing.
Conventionally, with a view to coping with these problems, improvement in materials and normalization of clearance have been implemented. Namely, using a carbo-nitriding processing technique described in NSK Technical Journal No. 656 (the year of 1993), the volume of retained austenite in the surface layer of a bearing steel or carburizing steel is increased and a circumferential clearance and a radial clearance are made appropriate, whereby the stress concentration on to a dent edge is attempted to be relaxed so as to prolong the life of the bearing.
Patent Document No. 1: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-2003-343577
Patent Document No. 2: Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. JP-B-2883460
Patent Document No. 3: Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. JP-B-2013772
Patent Document No. 4: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-2001-221238
Patent Document No. 5: Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. JP-B-2138103
Patent Document No. 6: Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. JP-B-2128328
Patent Document No. 7: Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. JP-B-205944
Patent Document No. 8: Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. JP-A-2002-188643
Patent Document No. 9: Japanese Patent Examined Publication No. JP-B-2541160 Non-Patent Document No. 1: Scientific Lecture Meeting Pre-printed Publication No. 30-02 (the Year of 2002) by Automobiles Technologies Association Inc.
Non-Patent Document No. 2: NSK Technical Journal No. 656 (the Year of 1993)


At least two images (201-1-201-3) of an object (100) are obtained, wherein each image has an illumination field (110-1-110-3) associated therewith, which is associated with predetermined beam shape properties (111-1-111-3). For each one of the at least two images (201-1-201-3) an effect of the beam shape properties is added to a predetermined approximation of the object, the approximation is adjusted by means of Fourier ptychography techniques on the basis of the respective image and then the effect of the beam shape properties is removed from the adapted approximation of the object.

In microscopic examinations of objects, a resolution which is as high as possible or a high space-bandwidth product and/or a high contrast is/are desirable for many applications. Techniques which allow a comparatively high-resolution result image to be obtained by combining a plurality of images with a comparatively low resolution in the spatial frequency space (k-space) are known. Fourier ptychography is such a technique; see G. Zheng et al., in Nature Photonics 7 (2013) 739-745. In this method, an object to be examined by microscopy is successively illuminated in a partially coherent manner under different illumination directions. For each illumination direction, the object illuminated thus is imaged and recorded using a microscope and the image captured thus is stored (image capture). A stack of images is obtained in this way, with each image having a different illumination direction assigned thereto and the images having a comparatively low resolution. A phase and amplitude distribution of the object is then calculated (image evaluation) using this stack of images by means of an iterative algorithm, for example an error reduction algorithm, a hybrid input-output algorithm and/or a Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm. Said distribution may be stored and depicted as a result image, which has a comparatively high resolution. Here, a spectrum of the object is reconstructed by the algorithm instead of the object itself, and so the phase and amplitude distribution of the object may be obtained by a further Fourier transform.
In a Fourier ptychography device used in the aforementioned publication by G. Zheng et al., the various illumination directions are realized by a matrix-shaped light-emitting diode array or a light-emitting diode (LED) array as an illumination device below the object, with a microscope then imaging the object in transmission. The working distance between the LED array and the object is selected in such a way in the process that each individual LED has a sufficiently high degree of coherence. The images may be captured with different illumination directions by switching on individual LEDs in sequence.
However, this procedure for illumination has various disadvantages. Thus, the illumination of the object only has restricted homogeneity in certain illumination directions, particularly if the illumination directions are very different. Strongly deflected illumination directions by LEDs at the edge of the LED array typically correspond to a greater distance between the LED and the object and therefore lead to a reduced light power. Moreover, an installation space required for such an LED array and a required distance between the LED array and the object are relatively large. Finally, such an illumination technique cannot be easily integrated into existing illumination concepts of conventional microscopes. In particular, it cannot be used as an additional module, by means of which it is possible to switch between conventional incoherent illumination and coherent illumination from various illumination directions.
In general, an imperfection of the illumination device—such as e.g. restricted coherence of the light, inhomogeneous illumination, only restricted selection of illumination directions, other aberrations of illumination fields, etc.—may have a negative effect on the quality of the result image when Fourier ptychography techniques are applied. However, it may often be necessary to accept such restrictions in the quality of the illumination device in order to obtain a practically implementable illumination device. Then, it may once again not be possible, or only possible to restricted extent, to use the conventional Fourier ptychography techniques for image evaluation purposes. In particular, a reduction in the result image quality may occur.
Therefore, there is a need for improved techniques for determining a result image on the basis of Fourier ptychography. In particular, there is a need for those techniques which facilitate a comparatively high quality of the result image, even in the case of imperfections in the illumination device. There is a need for those techniques for determining a result image on the basis of Fourier ptychography which facilitate reliable and good results when applied in very different microscopy devices. There is also a need for those techniques which facilitate a comparatively simple illumination device and/or an illumination device with little structural complexity in conjunction with Fourier ptychography techniques.


An apparatus includes a pair of frame members adapted for mounting to opposing surfaces of a passageway. A door is mounted to at least one of the frame members for movement between a closed position, in which the door and frame members substantially traverse the passageway, and an open position, in which a portion of the passageway is free of the door and frame members, the portion being large enough to permit passage of an adult therethrough. A lock is coupled to at least one of the frame members and adapted to retain the door in the closed position, the lock including an actuator adapted to release the lock to permit movement of the door from the closed position toward the open position upon application to the actuator of a force of at least a predetermined weight of a child.

The invention relates to gates and in particular unlocking of gates.
Gates are useful to inhibit undesired access through the gate while permitting relatively easy access if desired. Child safety gates are useful to help prevent injuries to children by inhibiting access through the gate by a child while permitting easy access through the gate by an adult. These gates can be mounted, e.g., in doorways, in hallways, between a wall and a stairway railing, or between two stairway railings (such as on a deck). With the gate in place, children are inhibited from accessing areas that are undesirable for the child to access. For example, it may be desirable to inhibit a child from accessing a kitchen, where toxic cleaners may be stored, or a stairway that the child may fall down. Safety gates can also inhibit children from gaining access to a pet or vice versa. A door of the gate can permit access if the door is moved to provide a passageway through the gate.


A method in one aspect may include receiving a multiply instruction. The multiply instruction may indicate a first source operand and a second source operand. A product of the first and second source operands may be stored in one or more destination operands indicated by the multiply instruction. Execution of the multiply instruction may complete without writing a carry flag. Other methods are also disclosed, as are apparatus, systems, and instructions on machine-readable medium.

Multiply instructions are commonly included in instruction set architectures (ISAs). The multiply instructions allow devices to multiply data.
One known multiply instruction is the MUL—Unsigned Multiply instruction. The MUL instruction is described in the Intel® 64 and IA-32 Architectures Software Developer's Manual Volume 2A: Instruction Set Reference, A-M, Order Number: 253666-032US, September 2009, as well as in various older manuals.
In addition to causing multiplication, the MUL instruction also modifies the carry flag (CF) and the overflow flag (OF). If the high-order bits of the product/result are 0, the carry and overflow flags are cleared, otherwise, the carry and overflow flags are set. In certain instances, there are significant drawbacks to such modification of the overflow and/or carry flags. As one example, this may tend to reduce the speed and/or efficiency of large number multiplication and certain other data processing.
Due to the importance of quickly and efficiently processing data, new and different multiply instructions would be useful.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Multiplication instruction for which execution completes without writing a carry flag


An ultra-wide band frequency modulator is disclosed. The frequency modulator includes a direct modulation phase lock loop that receives a small component. The frequency modulator also includes a delay module that produces a plurality of delay lines. The frequency modulator further includes an edge selector that receives a large component and the plurality of delay lines.

Electronic devices (cellular telephones, wireless modems, computers, digital music players, Global Positioning System units, Personal Digital Assistants, gaming devices, etc.) have become a part of everyday life. Small computing devices are now placed in everything from automobiles to housing locks to mobile devices. The complexity of electronic devices has increased dramatically in the last few years. For example, many electronic devices have one or more processors that help control the device, as well as a number of digital circuits to support the processor and other parts of the device.
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, data and so on. These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting simultaneous communication of multiple mobile devices with one or more base stations.
Mobile devices may include a variety of circuits used during operation. For example, an oscillator may be used to synchronize various circuits across a board or integrated circuit within a mobile device. Furthermore, different circuits within a mobile device may operate using different frequencies. Therefore, mobile devices may generate multiple reference signals for different purposes.
However, like other portable electronic devices, mobile devices may be limited in the amount of data that can be transmitted and received. Furthermore, it may be desirable to simplify the processing of signals that are transmitted and received. One benefit of a wide band modulator is the ability to cover multiple frequency bands and multiple standards (such as 2G, 3G, 4G, etc.).


The antenna array element provides an active element input impedance with a practical tuning frequency range of 3.6:1 (almost two octaves) and a wide instantaneous bandwidth. The balanced feed inputs to the element may be phased to produce any desired polarization. The antenna element is formed from two stacked crossed grid dipole elements with carefully optimized dimensions. The interelement array spacing is the maximum possible for/grating lobe free operation using a rectangular array lattice.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to antenna elements, generally, and particularly to an antenna element which can be used to form a scanning array over bandwidths approaching two octaves.
2. Related Art
Crossed dipole (or turnstile antennas), grid dipoles and wire biconical antennas have been used alone and in arrays in a variety of communications and radar applications. C. Balanis in Antenna Theory Analysis and Design (1982) discloses at page 330 that biconical antennas have broadband characteristics useful in the VHF and UHF frequency ranges, but that the size of the solid shell biconical structure limits many practical applications. As a compromise, multi-element intersecting wire bow antennas have been employed to approximate biconical antennas. Johnson and Jasik in the Antenna Engineering Handbook (1984) disclose crossed dipole antennas at page 28-10.Such antennas are used for producing circular polarization. Johnson and Jasik at page 4-12 also disclose biconical dipoles.
To date, however, there has been no disclosure of an antenna element that provides the desirable feature of a bandwidth approaching two octaves in an array environment by stacking two crossed dipoles with the relative dimensions described below.

Stacked crossed grid dipole antenna array element


A method for stabilizing a pressure differential in a first of two successive gas chromatographic separation columns of a valveless separation column arrangement includes the step of supplying a carrier gas at a controlled pressure to an inlet and outlet of the first separation column. Furthermore, the carrier gas pressure at the inlet of the first separation column is controlled by a command variable formed at least in part from a pressure at the outlet of the first separation column.

The invention relates to a method and apparatus for regulating gas pressures and more particularly to a method and apparatus for regulating the carrier gas pressure in a valveless column arrangement.
Valveless separation column arrangements have two successive separations columns. In order to backwash the system, the direction of flow of the gas in the first separation column can be reversed by a pressure gradient that is produced by switching the carrier gas feed. Such a procedure is disclosed in FIG. 1 of "Instrument News", Vol. 19, 1969, No. 4, page 16. The carrier gas is supplied to the inlet of the first separation column via a sample injector and then to the junction between the two separation columns (i.e., to the outlet of the first column). The pressures in the two carrier gas feeds are adjustable by pressure regulators. When used in laboratory gas chromatography the instruments are operated at relatively constant ambient temperatures, while in process gas chromatography the instruments may be exposed to temperature fluctuations. Commercial, temperature-compensated gas pressure regulators have significant temperature fluctuations. For example, at an exit pressure of 2 bars and at room temperature (20.degree. C.), there is an error of about 0.3% per 10.degree. C. Furthermore, this error disproportionately increases at higher pressures. For example, the error at 3 bars is about 0.6% per 10.degree. C.
The differential pressure decreasing in the valveless separation column arrangement over the first separation column determines the retention times of the column. Therefore, the differential pressure should be maintained as constant as possible.
Due to the differing fractional temperature errors occurring at different pressures, changes in the ambient temperature cause a variation in the differential pressure over the first column. Consequently, these differential pressure variations lead to retention time shifts, which because of the narrow peaks have an adverse effect on the desired result, particularly when high-performance capillary separation columns are used.
Accordingly, the problem in the prior art is the differential pressure acting in the first separation column is dependent of temperature and pressure-related deviations so that the retention times, which depend on the flow through the column, remain substantially constant.

Method and apparatus for regulating the carrier gas pressure for separation column arrangements in gas chromatography


A warming rack for holding footwear includes a base and an array of support posts supported by the base. The base defines a length extending between a first end and a second end and a width between a pair of opposing side edges. The array of support posts is configured to retain multiple articles of footwear above the base. Each support posts includes a first portion extending from a proximal end in a first direction substantially perpendicular to the base to a bend line, and a second portion extending at an angle relative to the first direction from the bend line to a terminal end. The second portion is configured to retain a corresponding article of footwear in a fixed position when the second portion is received by an interior void of the footwear.

Athletes generally desire their shoes to conform to their feet in a comfortable manner when participating in sports. Shoes, such as sporting cleats used for football, soccer, or baseball, are typically formed from leather and/or synthetic materials that are initially stiff and require a break-in period to soften the materials and provide a comfortable fit around the wearer's feet. An athlete generally experiences discomfort, and sometimes pain, that reduces the athlete's performance while breaking in a new pair of shoes. Additionally, some shoes never fully conform in a manner that provides a snug fit around the wearer's feet, leaving athletes with only the option to wear a smaller than recommended shoe size to achieve the snug fit. While some athletes may achieve an increase in performance while wearing smaller than recommended shoe sizes, these athletes must accept some level of discomfort and/or pain which can eventually lead to foot injuries or injuries to other body parts.
In an attempt to reduce the break-in period and/or achieve a customized fit within a new set of shoes, some athletes soak their shoes in warm water to soften the leather and/or synthetic materials that form the shoes. Upon soaking, the athletes will wear the wet shoes so that the shoes conform around the contours of the feet as the shoes dry. This requires the wearer to participate in athletic movements with wet shoes, thereby resulting in slippage and shifting of the feet relative to the shoes, thereby increasing the risk of injury. In addition to decreased stability and support, this slipping and shifting of the feet can lead to blisters and/or abrasions upon the wearer's feet, as well as increased wear upon insoles of the shoes. Moreover, as the leather and/or synthetic materials dry after being soaked in warm water, the shoes may become even more stiff and require an even longer break-in period to achieve a comfortable fit.


The present invention relates to novel dihydroquinolines which are useful for cholesterol lowering and as antioxidant agents. Also provided is a process for preparing the dihydroquinolines of the present invention, pharmaceutical compositions, and a method of treating or inhibiting hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and LDL oxidation which comprises administering to birds and mammals in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of the present invention.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention provides novel dihydroquinolines which are effective as LDL lowering agents and which also have antioxidant capacity.
2. Description of Related Art
It is generally recognized that high blood cholesterol levels are significant risk factors in cardiovascular disease.
It has been established that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) is the first rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway for cholesterol, that inhibition of HMGR activity results in a decrease in serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, and that a decrease in serum LDL-cholesterol levels is reflected in a reduction of plasma level of apolipoprotein B. (Brown, et al, J. Lipid Res, 21: 505-517 (1980)).
Tocotrienols have been shown to suppress HMGR resulting in the inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis and a subsequent drop in LDL cholesterol, apolipoprotein B, thromboxane B.sub.2, platelet factor 4 and glucose levels. (Wright, et al, A Symposium On Drugs Affecting Lipid Metabolism, Houston, Tex. (Nov. 1989)).
The tocotrienols are structurally related to the tocopherols (vitamin E) and differ only by possessing unsaturation in the isoprenoid side chain. Like the tocopherols, the tocotrienols have antioxidative activity. (Yamaoka, et al, Yukagaku, 34: 120-122 (1985); Serbinova, et al, Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 10: 263-275 (1991)).
Active oxygen species are known to play pivotal roles in the genesis of atherosclerotic plaques, thrombotic episodes, ischemic damage, cancer, aging, dementia, and inflammatory conditions. (Sies, H., Oxidative Stress; Academic Press, New York, (1985); Santrucek, M., Krepelka, J., Drugs of the Future, 13: 973-996 (1988); Steinberg, Circulation, 84: 1400-24 (1991)). Of particular interests are the potential protective effects of antioxidants on lipoproteins, since oxidized LDL is thought to be atherogenic. (Buckley et. al., Drugs, 37: 761-800 (1989); Gwynne et. al., Am. J. Cardiology, 62: 1B-77B (1988)).
PROBUCOL (4,4'-[(1-methylethylidene)bis(thio)]-bis[2,6-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)](Lore lco, Marion Merrell Dow)(Formula I) is a hypolipidemic drug, which is also an excellent antioxidant. PROBUCOL inhibits the oxidative modification of LDL both in vitro and in vivo. (Steinberg, Am. J. Cardiol., 57: 16H-21H (1986)). PROBUCOL, however, suffers from bioavailability problems, exhibits only modest reductions in LDL cholesterol, and has undesirable effects on HDL cholesterol. ##STR1##
Esterbauer et al. (Dieber-Rotheneder, et al., J. Lipid Res., 32: 1325-32 (1991)) have examined the oxidative resistance of LDL as a function of oral vitamin E supplementation. While the oxidative resistance of LDL was significantly enhanced during vitamin E supplementation, antioxidant effectiveness varied considerably from subject to subject.
6-Ethoxy-2,2,4-trimethyl-3,4-dihydroquinoline (ETHOXYQUIN, Tokyo Kasai) is widely used as a feed preservative marketed under the name of SANTOQUIN [Formula II]. This antioxidant chemotype has been incorporated into retinoic acid derivatives, and were evaluated as a cancer-prevention agents. (Welch, et al., J. Med. Chem., 25: 81-84 (1982)). The water soluble analogue MTDQ-DA [Formula III] has been investigated as a antiatherosclerotic drug in cholesterol fed rabbits. (Pollak-Bar, et al., Fat Science Proc., 16th ISF Congress, 1059-1067 (1983)). MTDQ-DA mediated fairly modest effects on various lipid parameters, however this compound completely inhibited plaque progression relative to the cholesterol fed rabbit controls. ##STR2##
While the causative factors in the development of atherosclerosis are many, two important ones are elevated serum cholesterol levels and excessive LDL oxidation.
The above compounds do not successfully unite lipid lowering and antioxidant potential. The present invention describes the successful union of these two pharmacological properties in dihydroquinolines.


The present invention relates to a mobile terminal and a method for controlling the same. The mobile terminal comprises: a short-range communication module; a touch screen including an indicator area for indicating a state of the terminal; and a control unit. The control unit displays, on the indicator area, a short-range communication icon indicating whether the short-range communication module is activated or not; displays information on a device which has been set to be connected to the short-range communication module, on the basis of a change in the displacement with respect a particular direction of a user input inputted in the indicator area; and if the dimension of the displacement of the user input is greater than a first reference distance, scans the surroundings and displays information on connectable devices. Thereby, when using a short-range wireless communication function in a mobile terminal, it is possible to control overall short-range wireless communication functions, such as search for short-range wireless communication devices, connection thereto, and application execution, by means of a simple input, without going through a separate menu selection step or screen transition step.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile terminal and a method of controlling the same that can control a general short range wireless communication function such as search, connection, and application execution of a short range wireless communication device with a simple input without a separate menu selection process or a screen conversion process upon using a short range wireless communication function in the mobile terminal.
Related Art
Terminals may be generally classified as mobile/portable terminals or stationary terminals according to their mobility. Mobile terminals may also be classified as handheld terminals or vehicle mounted terminals according to whether or not a user can directly carry the terminal.
Mobile terminals have become increasingly more functional. Examples of such functions include data and voice communications, capturing images and video via a camera, recording audio, playing music files via a speaker system, and displaying images and video on a display. Some mobile terminals include additional functionality which supports game playing, while other terminals are configured as multimedia players. More recently, mobile terminals have been configured to receive broadcast and multicast signals which permit viewing of content such as videos and television programs.
Efforts are ongoing to support and increase the functionality of mobile terminals. Such efforts include software and hardware improvements, as well as changes and improvements in the structural components.
Nowadays, mobile terminals may implement various functions through a connection to a peripheral device such as a smart watch and glasses using a short range communication function such as Bluetooth. In this way, when using a short range communication function, technology is required that enables to easily use a general short range wireless communication function such as search, connection, and application execution of various short range wireless communication devices.

Mobile terminal and method for controlling the same


A cover glass pressure button (CGPB) is disclosed for an electronic device that has an image display module which is protected by a cover glass. When the cover glass is pressed, the CGPB senses the pressure to output a corresponding physical parameter to a control circuit for triggering a function of the image display module.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a pressure button, especially to a cover glass pressure button (CGPB) for an electronic device which has an image display and a cover glass.
2. Description of Related Art
FIG. 1A shows a top view of a prior art cell phone.
A piece of cover glass 11 is mounted on top of a cell phone 10. Dash line frame 12 shows an visible display area of an image display module in the cell phone 10.
FIG. 1B shows a section view of FIG. 1A according to line AA′
A flange 112 is designed for holding the cover glass 11 in a cell phone 10. The cover glass 11 has a top surface 11T and a bottom surface 11B. An image display module 115 is configured below the cover glass 11 for displaying images. A space is reserved in between the cover glass 11 and the image display module 115. The cover glass 11 is a protection layer for underlying elements.


A multilayer analytical element has been prepared for accurate and rapid colorimetric determination of ethanol in aqueous specimens using alcohol dehydogenase and an oxidized nicotinamide coenzyme. The element includes two reagent layers beneath a porous spreading layer. The element also contains niacinamide in one or more layers to reduce the interference from alcohols other than ethanol.

Ethanol is a commonly encountered toxic substance. Methods for qualitative and quantitative determination of ethanol in body fluids, particularly human body fluids, are used in medicine and in law enforcement. In medicine, the level of ethanol in the blood is significant in diagnosing liver malfunction and alcoholism, as well as for understanding the reason for an emergency room patient being comatose. In law enforcement, such assays are used to determine whether or not an automobile operator is driving under the influence of alcohol.
Ethanol testing can be accomplished using both enzymatic and nonenzymatic assays. The nonenzymatic assays have a number of disadvantages and are being widely replaced by enzymatic assays which are more accurate, highly specific, more sensitive and require less expensive procedures. Enzymatic assays are generally based on the use of alcohol dehydrogenase to catalyze the reaction of ethanol to acetaldehyde. This reaction can be used alone, or in combination with other reactions to produce a spectrophotometric signal which can be related to the amount of ethanol in the tested specimen.
One enzymatic assay is based on the direct measurement of the reduced coenzyme (NADH), such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,926,736 (Bucolo). This assay is carried out entirely in solution.
Another enzymatic assay is described in EP-A-0 464 942 (published Jan. 1, 1992) which uses nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD.sup.+) as a coenzyme with alcohol dehydrogenase to produce the reduced form of the coenzyme. The coenzyme, in turn, reacts wit a tetrazolium salt to produce a detectable dye. The described assay is carried out in a multilayer analytical element containing tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer and both crosslinked and uncrosslinked gelatin layers.
One problem that has been encountered in developing a dry analytical element for the assay of ethanol is the strong interference by fluoride ion present in human serum. Fluoride ion is commonly used as a preservative in serum, and interferes in assays possibly by altering the equilibrium between ethanol and acetaldehyde, and causes the assay results to be biased positively compared to the true value of ethanol in the specimen. This problem has been effectively solved using a multilayer analytical element containing a high amount of buffer which is arranged in certain layers. Moreover, this element typically contains crosslinked gelatin as a binder for one or more of the reagent layers. Further details of such elements are found in U.S. Ser. No. 08/005,683 (filed Jan. 19, 1993 by Detwiler) which is entitled MULTILAYER ANALYTICAL ELEMENT CONTAINING PRIMARY AMINE BUFFER AND METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ETHANOL.
While the element just described can be used effectively to detect ethanol, it is understood that alcohol dehydrogenase is not 100% specific for ethanol. Thus, it also acts on some other alcohols, such as isopropanol and ethylene glycol, as substrates as well. Because of this reduced specificity for ethanol, other alcohols can act as interferents in an assay for ethanol. It would be highly desirable to reduce or eliminate those interferences.

Multilayer analytical element containing niacinamide and method for the determination of ethanol


In an erythrocyte agglutination assay, the agglutination reagent comprises at least one erythrocyte binding molecule coupled to at least one specific analyte binding molecule wherein the erythrocyte binding molecule does not cause agglutination when incubated with erythrocytes in the absence of analyte (in the case of a direct assay) or analyte binding reagent (in the case of an indirect assay). Preferably, the erythrocytes are endogenous to the blood sample to be tested, that is, a whole blood sample is assayed. Mixtures of conjugates and conjugates of analyte analogues with erythrocyte binding molecules may also be used as agglutination reagents. The reagents and their use in direct or indirect assays is disclosed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a reagent and a method for detecting an antigen, antibody or other analyte in human or animal blood by erythrocyte agglutination. The invention also concerns a kit containing the reagent and processes of preparation of the reagents.
2. Information Disclosure Statement
Assaying blood samples for a particular antigen or antibody has traditionally involved the step of separating the cellular components from the serum components of the blood by centrifugation and/or clotting, prior to assay.
This presents several potential problems. Firstly, such an assay is not suited to testing being conducted under field conditions. In many veterinary situations a quick test in the field is more desirable than the alternative of transporting samples to laboratories for separation and assay. Also, veterinary surgeons who do not have access to a centrifuge frequently need to assay blood samples for the presence of infectious agents such as heartworm. Further, assays being used for the detection of diseases in Third World countries present a situation where simplicity and low cost are of the essence.
Secondly, in certain pathologic conditions, separation of the blood samples becomes difficult. Blood taken from patients suffering conditions such as Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia is difficult to separate into serum and cell fractions making an assay which can be conducted on whole blood highly desirable.
Thirdly, blood samples are often used for testing for the presence of highly contagious and potentially dangerous disease states. In these cases it is preferable that as little handling and processing of the samples as possible is undertaken in order to minimize the risk to personnel conducting the assay. Further, certain conditions make the provision of over-the-counter finger-prick assays highly desirable. Such assays must necessarily be suited to performance on whole blood.
Immunoassays have revolutionized human diagnostic and veterinary medicine since the introduction of techniques such as the radioimmunoassay, first reported by Yalow and Berson (1959) Nature 184, 1648, and the enzyme immunoassay or EIA which was first reported by Engvall and Perlman (1971) Immunochem 8, 871 and Van Weeman and Schuurs (1971) FEBS Letters 15, 232.
Whilst such assays are based on antibody-antigen interactions the detection systems utilized are usually complex. The reagents used are generally enzyme or radiolabelled antigens, antibodies or complexes thereof which require either incubation with specific substrates and measurement of a color end-point either visually or by means of a colorimeter or measurement of radioactive decay with radiation counters to detect the presence of the analyte being tested. These assays also involve several washing steps. Most immunoassays for the detection of analytes in blood are currently of this nature. Thus, whilst these assays are sensitive, they are lengthy and involved procedures which may require expensive instrumentation, for detection of the analyte under test.
An alternative to these assays is provided by immunoassays of the type described by Gupta, et al., (1985) Journal of Immunological Methods 80:177-187. These are immunoassays in which erythrocytes and anti-erythrocyte antibodies are used in the indicator system. In these assays exogenous erythrocytes such as sheep erythrocytes are used.
In recent years it has been possible to attach antibodies to latex beads, thus providing a rapid agglutination assay. This, however, still entails the separation of the serum/plasma phase from the cellular phase and consequently requires the use of a centrifuge or filtration system. Latex agglutination assays are described in Castelan, et al., J. Clin. Pathol. (1968), 21, 638; and Singer & Plotz Am. J. Med. [1956 (Dec)], 888.
Both direct and indirect agglutination immunoassays are well known in the art. In these assays, the agglutination of particles to which antigen or antibody is bound is used to indicate the presence or absence of the corresponding antibody or antigen. A variety of particles, including particles of latex, charcoal, kaolinite, or bentonite, as well as both microbial and red blood cells, have been used as agglutinatable carriers. See Mochida, U.S. Pat. No. 4,308,026. The use of erythrocytes as indicator particles is strongly criticized by Patel, U.S. Pat. No. 3,882,225, who says that it is difficult to standardize indicator erythrocytes.
Molinaro, U.S. Pat. No. 4,130,634 describes an assay for an antigen which employs antibody-coated red blood cells. Molinaro emphasizes that the method used to couple the antibody to the erythrocyte must not destroy the reactivity of the antibody. He makes it clear that antibodies which are specific for the erythrocyte are not useful for his assay. He does mention, however, the possibility of using a hybrid antibody with one binding site specific for the antigen and the other specific for the red blood cell.
Chang, U.S. Pat. No. 4,433,059 discloses an agglutination immunoassay reagent in which two antibodies are covalently linked "tail-to-tail", i.e., so as not to alter their specificity. One antibody is specific for an antigen borne by an indicator substance, such as an erythrocyte. This antibody is preferably univalent to avoid nonspecific agglutination. The other antibody is divalent and is specific for the analyte. In preparation for the assay, fresh erythrocytes are coated with the conjugate. The double antibody conjugate-coated RBCs are then incubated with the test serum. Chang does not contemplate the assaying of whole blood samples using a non-autoagglutinating anti-RBC antibody and endogenous erythrocytes. He does not recognize that nonspecific agglutination may be avoided without resort to univalent erythrocyte binding fragments or address the use of binding substances other than antibodies. Additionally, he teaches that the analyte and RBC binding antibodies should be coupled by means of a heterobifunctional coupling agent.
Cytosignet, Inc., WO88/05913 (published 11 Aug. 1988) broadly describes an erythrocyte agglutination assay which detects an analyte in an erythrocyte-containing sample by means of a conjugate of an analyte-binding moiety and an erythrocyte-binding moiety (especially an antibody or lectin). While Cytosignet recognizes the need for constructs "which, in the absence of analyte, react only with particulates in the sample in such a manner that detectable agglutination of particulates does not occur," it is oblivious to the possibility of using an intact antibody, such as the anti-glycophorin antibody discussed later herein, as the erythrocyte binding element. Instead, it teaches use of an univalent Fab fragment of an anti-RBC antibody, which, like that of Chang, is derived from a divalent antibody which is capable of cross-linking two erythrocytes and thus of forming an agglutinate. Nor does it teach how to prepare a lectin so that "auto-agglutination" is avoided. Finally, it does not delineate any binding molecules, other than antibodies or lectins, which are useful in the proposed assay.
Smith, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,578,360 and 4,401,764 describe a conjugate of an erythrocyte binding molecule and a label binding molecule. His label is a fluorescent, chemiluminescent, spin, enzyme or coenzyme label; an agglutination assay is not contemplated.
Smith, WO88/05913, bearing an international publication date of 11 Aug. 1988 but claiming priority from U.S. Ser. No. 8,571 of 29 Jan. 1987, describes an agglutination assay for an analyte in a whole blood sample which uses a construct comprising a RBC-binding moiety and an analyte-binding moiety, coupled by means of a bifunctional coupling agent. The exemplified RBC-binding moiety was a Fab' (i.e., univalent) fragment of a RBC-agglutinating antibody. The use of an anti-glycophrin monoclonal antibody (or a divalent binding fragment thereof) or of a mellitin fragment as the particulate-binding moiety is not taught.
Chu, U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,793 discloses the construction of a lectin-antibody or lectin-antigen covalently coupled conjugate. His Table I (incorporated by reference) sets forth the carbohydrate specificities of several lectins. He does not teach coupling such a conjugate to an erythrocyte through either the lectin or the antibody receptor.
Other "tail-to-tail" immunological conjugates are known. Segal, U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980 sets forth the construction of a "tail-to-tail" conjugate of a target cell surface antigen-specific antibody and of a cytotoxic effector cell receptor-specific antibody. Several cross-linking methods, incorporated by reference, are described. This conjugate is intended for use in immunotherapy, in that it will cause the cellular immune system of the patient to lyse the target cell. The target cell would not, of course, be an erythrocyte endogenous to the host.
Freytag, U.S. Pat. No. 4,517,303 describes an immunolytic assay employing a conjugate of an analyte molecule and a cytolysin. The cytolysin may be (whole) mellitin. Since the Freytag assay requires that the conjugate lyse red blood cells, use of mellitin 7-26 or other nonlytic, RBC-binding peptides would be contrary to Freytag's teachings.
Li, U.S. Pat. No. 4,661,444 suggests the production of a tail-to-tail conjugate of an analyte-binding antibody and of an antibody specific for the idiotype of the first antibody. This conjugate was to be used in conjunction with an insolubilized analyte-binding antibody in an immunoassay.
Wardlaw, U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,553 teaches use of a monoclonal antibody against a universal erythrocyte antigen as a RBC agglutinating agent to clarify the interface between red blood cells and white blood cells in centrifuged whole blood. He prefers use of antibodies against glycophorin or against H antigen, but also mentions the possibility of using a mixture of lectins. Guesdon, U.S. Pat. No. 4,668,637 discusses the use of anti-red blood cell antibodies or of lectins for the purpose of erythroadsorption. Bigbee, Molecular Immunology, 20: 1353-1362 (1983) describes the production and testing of four monoclonal antibodies against glycophorin A. The general concept of using in an immunoassay an antibody which reacts with an antigenic determinant shared among all members of a class of analytes of interest (microorganisms) is set forth in McLaughlin, U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,196.
A number of patents deal with antibodies useful in blood typing. See, e.g., Lloyd, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,678,747; Graham, Jr., 4,358,436; Liu, 4,550,017; Steplewski, 4,607,009; Lennox, WO83/03477. These antibodies are useful for blood typing because they bind to antigens found only in certain blood cell populations, while for the purpose of this invention, it is desirable to use antibodies (or mixtures thereof) which bind to essentially all erythrocytes.
Zuk, U.S. Pat. No. 4,594,327 recognizes the desirability of performing an immunoassay directly on whole blood samples. In his method, the sample is contacted with both an insolubilized, analyte-specific immunoreagent and with a red blood cell binding agent such as a RBC-specific antibody or a lectin. The analyte-specific immunoreagent and the RBC binding agent are not coupled together, and the assay disclosed is not an agglutination assay. Rather he provides assay means which filter out the red blood cells and then expose the remainder of the sample to the immunoreagent.
The problem, in an agglutination immunoassay, of nonspecific agglutination of erythrocytes by anti-erythrocyte antibodies endogenous to the blood sample, was noted by Czismas, U.S. Pat. No. 3,639,558. He proposed eliminating all naturally occurring antigenic sites on the particle by coating the particle with protein.
Theofilopoulos, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,342,566; Duermeyer, 4,292,403 and Goldenberg, 4,331,647 are of interest as demonstrating the use of specific binding fragments of antibodies as substitutes for intact antibodies in assays. The construction of heterobifunctional antibodies is taught by Auditore-Hargreaves, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,446,233; Paulus, 4,444,878; and Reading, 4,474,893. Mochida, 4,200,436 discloses the use of monovalent antibodies or binding fragments thereof in certain immunoassays. Forrest, U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,678 mentions that monovalent antibodies cannot form dimers or more extensive complexes with the antigen; such aggregates were said to be capable of interfering with the binding of the antigen-antibody complex to a solid phase support.


An austenitic iron-base cryogenic alloy consisting essentially of, in weight percent,. ______________________________________ Carbon 0.20 max. Manganese 3.5 to 7.0 Silicon 0.75 max. Chromium 13.0 to 17.0 Nickel 14.0 min. Molybdenum 1 to 3 Iron plus unavoidable impurities Balance, ______________________________________. and containing no more than 2 FN delta ferrite, said alloy displaying at least 15 mils lateral expansion when impact tested by the Charpy V-notch test at -320 F. Also, a tubular composite arc welding electrode which deposits such alloy.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to austenitic iron-base cryogenic alloys. More particularly, it relates to such alloys which show superior Charpy V-notch impact strength at -320.degree. F. My alloy is particularly useful as a weld deposit, in which form it is compatible in cryogenic properties with austenitic stainless steel and ASTM A203E steel base plates. The invention also relates to a tubular composite arc welding electrode which deposits such alloy when used in an arc welding process.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In weld fabrication of magnet cases for fusion reactors, such as those of the Tokomak design, which in use are cooled by liquid helium (-452.degree. F.), it is necessary to use weld filler metal which is compatible with the plate material in both tensile strength and impact toughness. Typical of plate material used in such applications are austenitic stainless steels such as AISI 304L and 316L, both of which meet 70,000 psi minimum tensile strength. In addition to meeting such tensile requirements, weld metal used for joining these steels must exhibit at least 15 mils lateral expansion when tested in the Charpy V-notch impact test at -320.degree. F. Details of the Charpy test, which is well known and commonly used in the metallurgical field, are set forth in ASTM E23-72.
In addition to the fusion reactor applications, there are increasing numbers of cryogenic applications requiring iron-base alloys, either as plate material or as weld filler metal. Satisfactory plate material is often available for such applications, for example the low carbon austenitic stainless steels mentioned above and their regular carbon equivalents, and ASTM A203E steel which contains about 31/2% nickel. Available weld filler metals, however, have not heretofore been completely satisfactory for a number of reasons. Prior workers have sometimes used nickel base alloys such as INCONEL* 82 (AWS ENiCr-3) as filler metals; although such filler metals have satisfactory cryogenic properties, they are extremely expensive, particularly when used with relatively low cost plate material such as AISI 304L and 316L. Filler metals matching the chemistry compositions of the plate material such as the austenitic stainless steel grades are generally deficient in impact toughness, due to the metallurgical structures which they develop in weld deposition. FNT *Registered Trademark of the International Nickel Company.
A few specialized austenitic iron-base filler metal alloys have been developed for use in covered electrode weld joining of cryogenic plate of the above discussed types. Typical of such alloys is one which meets the American Welding Society (AWS) chemical limits for type 316L covered electrode weld metal (AWS A5.4) but is specially balanced to have manganese and nickel at the high side of the acceptable ranges and chromium and nitrogen at the low side of such ranges. This alloy, while generally satisfactory when deposited by covered electrodes, has not been successful when deposited using tubular composite electrodes in automatic and semiautomatic arc welding processes; the reasons for such lack of success are not completely understood, but it is known that the alloy is sensitive to nitrogen, which ruins its impact strength, and the automatic and semiautomatic arc welding processes often produce deposits with higher nitrogen levels than comparable covered electrode deposits.
From the foregoing it can be seen that a need exists for an iron-base alloy which combines reasonable cost with acceptable tensile strength and cryogenic impact properties when weld deposited using tubular composite electrodes. Such alloy must be relatively insensitive to nitrogen pickup and, because several of the cryogenic plate materials such as ASTM A203E are often stress relieved after fabrication, should retain its properties after stress relief treatment; the latter requirement dictates that an acceptable alloy contain very little or no delta ferrite in the as-weld deposited condition, since such ferrite transforms to the brittle sigma phase during stress relief and thereby severely lowers impact strength of the weld joint.

Austenitic iron-base cryogenic alloy and arc welding electrode for depositing the same


A security document is disclosed which includes an electrical circuit embedded in a document substrate, where the electrical circuit includes a power source with at least one electroactive polymer power generator, and an optical display including at least one electroluminescent display element and at least one nanohole array which forms a layer of the electroluminescent display element. Security features comprising nanohole arrays are also provided. A method of authenticating a security document is disclosed, including illuminating an encoded nanohole array in the security document with a focused light beam or laser light source emitting at least one defined wavelength of incident light, detecting a transmitted portion of the incident light transmitted through the nanohole array with an optoelectronic sensor, analyzing at least one wavelength of the transmitted portion of light to produce a detected signal, and comparing the detected signal with an authentication signal to authenticate the security document.

The use of security documents which must be able to be authenticated to confirm their value has become increasingly common as a part of daily life in modern society. For example, banknotes and other currency security documents such as traveler's cheques and bonds for example are used on a daily basis by billions of people, and must be able to be authenticated by users in order to avoid losses due to fraud and counterfeiting. Identity security documents such as passports, driver's licenses and identity cards for example are in widespread use and must be able to be accurately authenticated to verify the identity of the individual presenting the document. Similarly, other valuable security documents such as credit cards, cheques and share certificates for example are exchanged in everyday commerce and must be able to be authenticated in order to detect and avoid fraud. Accordingly, security features have been developed to be used in connection with security documents for the purpose of enabling the authentication of the document by users, as well as by law enforcement and government authorities.
One type of security feature known for use in security documents to make their copying more difficult, and the detection of copies more likely include passive physical features which are incorporated into the security document itself and visible to an unaided user. Such features include watermarks, embossings, metallic threads, holograms, metalized foils and other similar distinct and visible features which have been commonly implemented in banknotes, passports and cheques, for example. Unfortunately the development of advanced and inexpensive printing and copying technologies has made it possible for forgers to easily and convincingly reproduce many of these conventional visual authentication features, which have led to the failure of such known features to assure authenticity of security documents.
A further type of known authentication features incorporated in security documents includes magnetically, optically and/or radio frequency readable information encoded on the security document for detection and reading with an external device. Such features include magnetically readable strips on passports and credit cards, optically readable features such as microprinting or UV-fluorescing inks, and RFID transmitters, which may all be read or authenticated only with the use of an external reading and/or authentication device. Unfortunately, technological advances have also made such encoded security features relatively easy for forgers to copy, such as by duplicating magnetic card strips, and inexpensive high resolution microprinters, for example, leading to increased frequency of serious fraud and counterfeiting of security documents relying on such known encoded or machine-readable security features. Additionally, reliance on such known encoded or machine-readable security features that require an external device for authentication prevents an unaided user from being able to determine whether a security document is authentic or not.
Accordingly, there is still a need to develop alternative designs and features for security documents that enable their authentication by multiple types of users and for multiple types of uses, and that are not able to be easily or inexpensively reproduced by forgers or counterfeiters.

Security document with nano-optical display


A tubing string ported sub including a valve covering the port that can be opened by a pressure differential established across the valve. The valve includes an exposed portion that can be engaged to mechanically shift the valve.

Tools for use in the stimulation of oil and gas wells are generally well known. For example, perforating tools deployed down-hole on wireline, slickline, cable, or on a tubing string, and sealing devices such as bridge plugs and frac plugs are commonly used to isolate portions of the wellbore during fluid treatment of the wellbore. Alternatively, frac sleeves, frac ports, and/or frac shifting pistons are commonly used to provide stimulation passageways from inside the production tubing to isolate sections of a hydrocarbon laden formation exposed in a wellbore. One of the most common methods for opening frac sleeves, frac ports, and/or frac shifting pistons is the application of a ball seat within each tubing string ported sub, where the internal diameter of the ball seat of each tubing string ported sub is slightly smaller than the ball seat of the tubing string ported sub positioned directly up-hole. This allows multiple tubing string ported subs to be installed in a single well, while maintaining the ability to selectively open each tubing string ported sub at the desired moment. It is understood by those skilled in the art that graduating ball seat sizes have a limitation in terms of the number of tubing string ported subs which may be selectively opened in a wellbore, the limitation created by the number of differently sized balls which may be utilized within the limited internal diameter of the production tubing. Another method commonly used for shifting tubing string ported subs is the application of an anchoring and sealing device, deployed on a workstring. The anchoring and sealing device can be selectively set within a tubing string ported sub for opening a stimulation passageway in the tubing string ported sub. These types of tubing string ported subs, along with their associated anchoring and sealing devices, may be preferred in certain applications due to; a) more tubing string ported subs may be installed in a single well, and b) the production tubing is left in a fully open condition after stimulations are complete, therefore allowing unimpeded production without requiring drilling of bridge plugs or ball seats.

Wellbore stimulation tool, assembly and method


A method of tracking information associated with an integrated circuit on a substrate after it has been diced. A set of parameters is collected during a first testing process. A first signature is determined for the integrated circuit, based on the set of parameters collected during the first testing process. The first signature and other information are associated with the integrated circuit. The integrated circuit is diced. The set of parameters is collected anew during a second testing process. A second signature is determined for the integrated circuit, based on the data set of parameters collected anew during the second testing process. The second signature is compared to multiple first signatures to locate the first signature that substantially matches the second signature. The other information associated with the first signature is associated with the diced integrated circuit.

This invention relates to the field of integrated circuit manufacturing. More particularly, this invention relates to die location tracking and integrated circuit binning.
Tracking the dice on which integrated circuits are manufactured, such as semiconductor devices, is typically viewed as an important function. Tracking the dice may be divided into two distinct, but related concepts. This first concept is tracking the location of a die on the substrate through the subsequent dicing, testing, and sorting operations. As is appreciated, without some mechanism for tracking the substrate location of a given die, this information tends to be forever lost once the die is diced and removed from the dicing tape.
Tracking the substrate location of a die may, in many different cases, be important for improving final test yields. For example, by tracking the dice that exhibit a specific failure at final test, it may be determined that all of the dice originate from a specific portion of each processed substrate. Information such as this helps engineers to discover and correct processing problems.
Traditionally, dice have been tracked according to this first concept by methods such as laser inscribing information such as the lot number, substrate number, and location of the die on the substrate onto an open portion of the die. Unfortunately, this method requires that at least a minimal amount of substrate surface area be left unused by the integrated circuit, so that there is room to laser scribe each die. Thus, this method tends to be in direct competition with the design goal of generally reducing the size of the dice on which integrated circuits are fabricated. This method also requires that a lengthy and expensive laser scribing process be added to the substrate processing.
The second concept is readily identifying dice that have not fully passed the inspections at various points in the processing, such as wafer sort or final test. Identification of these maverick integrated circuits is important so that they are not packaged and shipped to customers and fully operational devices. Traditionally, dice have been tracked according to this second concept by methods such as placing an ink drop on the maverick die. Unfortunately, this method tends to eliminate the possibility of binning the integrated circuits into various quality levels. Rather, the die either has an ink blot and is scrapped, or doesn""t have an ink blot and is passed. Thus, there is no ability with this method to bin the integrated, circuits into several different grades.
Thus, the traditional methods as described above tend to require additional steps or additional surface area on the die, and also tend to be somewhat limiting. What is needed, therefore, is a method for tracking dice in a manner where both substrate location and test results for the dice are not lost, and where additional steps and additional surface area on the dice are not required.
The above and other needs are met by a method of tracking information associated with an integrated circuit on a substrate to the integrated circuit after it has been diced. As a part of the process, a data set of parameters is collected from the integrated circuit during a first testing process. A first signature is determined for the integrated circuit, based at least in part on the data set of parameters collected from the integrated circuit during the first testing process. The data set of parameters and other information are associated with the integrated circuit.
The integrated circuit on the substrate is diced to separate the integrated circuit from the substrate. The data set of parameters is collected anew from the integrated circuit during a second testing process. A second signature is determined for the integrated circuit, based at least in part on the data set of parameters collected anew from the integrated circuit during the second testing process.
The second signature is compared to multiple first signatures to locate the first signature that substantially matches the second signature. The other information associated with the first signature is associated with the diced integrated circuit.
Thus, the method as described above provides a way for a diced integrated circuit to be associated with information in regard to the integrated circuit that was collected or known prior to dicing the integrated circuit, without the need for methods such as laser scribing. The present method works without the need to add special circuitry to the integrated circuit. In other words, the method is preferably performed on production circuitry rather than test circuitry. Production circuitry is understood to refer to that circuitry for which the integrated circuit is fabricated, which circuitry is available for productive use in an application of the integrated circuit by the end user. Test circuitry, on the other hand, is typically not used in an application by an end user, but is instead used during production of the integrated circuit to ensure that various processes and structures are performed and fabricated properly. Thus, test circuitry is often considered to be a necessary evil because it is not generally useful to the end user, and it takes up valuable surface area on the chip which could otherwise either be used by production circuitry or eliminated altogether to reduce the size of the chip.
The method works by creating a unique signature for the integrated circuit, based on test results. The test results from which the unique signature is created are stored with the information that is to be tracked, such as die location on the substrate. At a later point in time, such as after the integrated circuit is diced, and the other information is no longer able to be determined from the integrated circuit alone, the same tests can be run on the diced integrated circuit, and the unique signature can be recreated from the test results. The recreated signature can be compared to signatures derived from the original test results, until two of the signatures agree with a high degree of certainty. When this is done, the other information associated with the first test results may be reliably associated with the diced integrated circuit.
Thus, a preferred method according to present invention uses tests that are already performed to identify the integrated circuit. Thus, there is no extra testing or data collection. The method also provides the opportunity to identify maverick die signatures and bin the dice on this basis. Substrate based identification methods do not provide these same benefits.
In various preferred embodiments of the invention, at least one of the first signature and the second signature are compared to at least one binning value. The integrated circuit is binned based at least in part on whether at least one of the first signature and the second signature associated with the integrated circuit violates the at least one binning value. Preferably, the other information associated with the integrated circuit includes at least one of the first signature, a substrate designation for the substrate on which the integrated circuit is located, and a location designation for the integrated circuit on the substrate. The first testing process is preferably wafer sort, and the second testing process is preferably final test.
The data set of parameters and the other information associated with the integrated circuit are preferably stored on a storage medium after collecting the data set of parameters. The storage medium may be, for example, one or more of magnetic media, optical media, and electronic media.
In one embodiment, the data set of parameters collected during the first testing process is a part of a first meta data set of parameters, and the data set of parameters collected during the second testing process is a part of a second meta data set of parameters. In other words, more data may be collected during the first and second testing processes than is used to determine the signature for the integrated circuit. The first meta data set of parameters and the second meta data set of parameters may or may not be the same meta data set of parameters in various embodiments of the method.


A device for producing abrasion-proof coke forms from bituminous or brown coal briquettes, charcoal or peat, comprising, a preheating stage, a dehydrating stage, a carbonization stage and a cooling stage, each stacked in a column to form a tower furnace. Each of the stages include an annular zone for receiving the coal or charcoal material and each stage is supplied with a separate and independent gas circuit. Each annular zone is formed between an inner substantially cylindrical jacket and an outer substantially cylindrical jacket with a shaft space defined in the inner cylindrical jacket. Heaters for the gas circuits of the preheating, dehydrating and carbonizing stages are disposed in the shaft space.

The present invention relates to coke oven constructions in general and, in particular, to a new and useful device for producing abrasion-proof coke forms from bituminous or brown coal briquettes, charcoal or peat which comprises concentric inner and outer jackets forming a tower furnace with stacked processing zones for the coal material.

Device for producing abrasion-proof coke forms

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This improved support assembly for rotating spinning rings of a spinning frame includes a spinning ring holder (20) and a mounting bracket (30) which are each molded of a thermoplastic material having shock-absorbing and vibration-dampening properties. A ball bearing (50) rotatably supports the ring holder (20) on the mounting bracket (30) and the resilient property of the thermoplastic material prevents interference fit of the ball bearing (50). The ring holder (20) extends over and around the upper portion of the ball bearing (50) and felt seals (60, 61) are provided above and below the ball bearing (50) to prevent the entry of lint and the like into the ball bearing (50).

In the conventional yarn spinning frame, the spinning rings are supported in a stationary position on a ring rail and a traveller rotates on the ring. For some years it has been recognized that there are advantages to rotating the normally stationary spinning ring and various types of support assemblies have been proposed for supporting the spinning ring for rotation and imparting a driving movement thereto. These prior types of support assemblies have included a metal support for the spinning ring, and a ball bearing between the ring support and a metal mounting bracket fixed on the ring rail. This type of metal ring supporting assembly is very expensive because the metal ring support and mounting bracket must be machined to very close tolerances. To be effective, these parts must rotate at a relatively high speed and the metal parts can be heated a sufficient amount to cause a variation in the dimensions of the metal parts and create an interference fit of the ball bearing. An interference fit can occur when the inner ring of the ball bearing is mounted on a metal ring support which will expand when heated, and the outer ring of the ball bearing is mounted in a metal mounting bracket which will expand when heated. Under these conditions, inwardly directed pressure is applied against both the inner and outer races of the ball bearing so that there is less internal clearance for the ball bearings and the ball bearing wears at a faster than normal rate. An example of this type of metal ring support assembly and one type of drive therefor is illustrated in the Costales et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,112,666.
Additionally, this metal ring support assembly is extremely heavy and the ball bearing can become clogged with lint. If the metal ring support is not completely round and balanced, extreme vibrations will be set up in the ring rail and the spinning frame.

Shock-absorbing thermoplastic support for rotating spinning ring


The present invention provides a method for treating lupus in a subject, comprising the step of administering to the subject COMPOUND A.

Lupus (systemic lupus erythematosus, SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of activated T and B cells, autoantibodies and chronic inflammation that attacks various parts of the body including the joints, skin, kidneys, CNS, cardiac tissue and blood vessels. In severe cases, antibodies are deposited in the cells (glomeruli) of the kidneys, leading to inflammation and possibly kidney failure, a condition known as lupus nephritis.
Although the cause of lupus remains unknown, manifestations of the disease have been linked to genetic polymorphisms, environmental toxins and pathogens (Morel; Fairhurst, Wandstrat et al. 2006). In addition, gender, hormonal influences and cytokine dysregulation have been tightly linked to the development of lupus (Aringer and Smolen 2004; Smith-Bouvier, Divekar et al. 2008). Lupus affects nine times as many women as men. It may occur at any age, but appears most often in people between the ages of 10 and 50 years. African Americans and Asians are affected more often than people from other races.
There is no cure for lupus. Current treatments for lupus are aimed at controlling symptoms and are limited to toxic and immunosuppressive agents with severe side-effects such as high dose glucocorticoids and/or hydroxchloroquine. Severe disease (e.g., patients that have signs of renal involvement) require more aggressive drugs including mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), azathioprine (AZA) and/or cyclophosphamide (CTX) (Bertsias and Boumpas 2008). CTX, AZA and MMF are very toxic and immunosuppressive, and only 50% of treated patients enter complete remission, with relapse rates up to 30% over a 2-year period.
Memory B cells, and more important, long-lived plasma cells (LL-PCs) which differentiate from memory B cells, are key cell types involved in lupus (Neubert, Meister et al. 2008; Sanz and Lee 2010). Long-lived plasma cells synthesize and secrete large quantities of high-affinity isotype switched antibodies (Meister, Schubert et al. 2007; Muller, Dieker et al. 2008). Circulating antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) increase the chances of antibody depositing onto self tissues, forming immune-complexes and eventually leading to tissue destruction, epitope spreading and involvement of other organ systems. LL-PCs are commonly found to be chemo- and radio-resistant, over expressing various heat shock proteins and drug pumps (Obeng, Carlson et al. 2006; Neubert, Meister et al. 2008). In addition, LL-PCs primarily reside in the bone marrow where they are protected from current lupus therapies such as cyclophosphamide and glucocorticoids.
A need exists for new treatments for lupus, including lupus nephritis. A need particularly exists for lupus treatments that can target and reduce LL-PCs.

Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) inhibitor for the treatment of lupus


The bending and balancing mechanism for axially shiftable rolls of a roll stand, especially the working rolls of a four-high roll stand, comprises a guiding block rigidly mounted in a stand window of each roll stand and roll supporting members supported horizontally slidable adjacent both ends of the rolls on an upper and/or lower lifting housing guided vertically on the guiding block. The roll bending forces are transmittable from bending cylinders to the roll supporting members and at least one bending cylinder, advantageously hydraulic cylinder, engages on the upper and lower lifting housing, this bending cylinder being supported on a stationary guiding block. Because of this latter structure the bending and balancing forces are better transmitted to the working or other rolls.

A bending and balancing mechanism for the axially shiftable rolls of a roll stand, especially for the working rolls of a four-high rolling mill, is known from German open application DE OS No. 36 27 690 in which a guiding block is mounted fixed in position on each side in a stand window of the roll stand and a plurality of roll supporting members are supported so as to be horizontally slidable adjacent each end of the rolls on an upper and/or lower lifting housing guided vertically in the guiding block and roll bending forces are transmitted from the bending cylinders to the roll supporting members.
In the bending and balancing mechanism of the type described in German Open Patent Application No. 36 27 690, two bending cylinders act on each of the lifting housings guiding the horizontally slidable roll supporting members, which are mounted so that the upper lifting housing receives the cylinder piston, while the piston rod or shaft is connected to the lower lifting housing. For working roll bending, the cylinder piston located in the upper lifting housing is acted on exteriorly, whereby pressing forces caused by the piston rods are applied to the lower lifting housing. As a result, forces directed upwardly from the upper lifting housing are transmitted to the sliding surfaces of the structural members and downwardly acting forces are transmitted by the lower lifting housing on the sliding surfaces of the lower structural member.
The design with the lifting housing and bending cylinder facilitates replacement and maintenance, whereby shorter idle times for the roll stand are attainable. That is also true when the hydraulic mechanism for axial working roll shifting is combined with the lifting housing.

Bending and balancing mechanism for the axially shiftable rolls of a roll stand


A small AC voltage V.sub.a .multidot.cos.omega..sub.a t (perturbation AC voltage) is applied to the electrodes of a quadrupole mass spectrometer besides the normal DC and AC voltages U and V.multidot.cos.omega.t (mass scanning voltages). The perturbation AC voltage generates unstable bands UB1, UB2 in a triangular stable region SR and cut off the skirts of the peak profile of every mass, which enhances the resolution of masses in the mass spectroscopy and improves the reliability of the measurement results.

A quadrupole mass spectrometer uses four rod electrodes which are placed parallel to one another and symmetrically in a square array around a center axis (z axis). A DC (direct current) voltage U and a high frequency AC (alternating current) voltage V.multidot.cos.omega.t are applied between a pair of electrodes placed on the x axis and the other pair of electrodes placed on the y axis. When ions are injected at the center of and parallel to the four rod electrodes (that is, along the z axis), ions having a certain mass can go through the space surrounded by the electrodes but ions having other masses disperse from the space. Since the mass of the ions that can go through the space depends on the magnitudes U and V of the DC and AC voltages, mass spectroscopic scanning can be made by changing the values of U and V while maintaining a certain relationship between them. After a scanning is made through masses of a certain range, a mass spectrum curve is obtained having peaks of masses of ions included in the injected ions.
For the proper functioning of the quadrupole mass spectrometer, the dimensions of the four electrodes must be exactly the same and they must be aligned exactly symmetrical. If such conditions are not satisfied, the quadrupole electric field produced by the four electrodes loses symmetry. In this case, peak profiles of the mass spectrum curve would have a long skirt or an irrelevant peak would appear on the skirt, which deteriorates the resolution of mass in mass spectroscopy.


A pill press (2), allowing the user to personally press pills (78) of a desired dose, includes a housing (4) having an interior (14) within which a supply of powdered pharmaceutical (36) is contained and a pill cavity form (22) mounted to the housing. Powdered pharmaceutical is transferred to the pill forming cavity (46) of the pill cavity form according to the dose desired. A manually operated pill ram (48) is used to compress the powdered pharmaceutical within pill forming cavity to create the pill. The pill ram is then withdrawn from the pill forming cavity and the pill is automatically ejected from the pill press through a pill outlet (82) formed in the housing by an ejector rod (56).

In some cases the therapeutic value of a pharmaceutical is dependent upon delivery of a dose tailored to the individual. An adult male weighing 150 pounds (68 Kg) could require only 80% of the dose for someone weighing 185 pounds (84 Kg). In some cases, slight overdosing does not have any negative therapeutic affects. However, for some medicines and for certain individuals who are sensitive to pharmaceuticals in general, administering the precise dose can be a health concern. Also, some pharmaceuticals are very expensive so that even if a 30% overdose does not harm the patient in any way, the excess pharmaceutical being dispensed can be quite costly. Therefore, for maximum therapeutic effectiveness and to avoid problems associated with over or under medicating a patient, the dose of some pharmaceuticals should be accurately adjusted to the particular patient.
Pharmaceuticals which are injected or given orally in liquid form can be quite accurately dispensed as to dose. However, many pharmaceuticals are dispensed in pill form. While pill cutters can be used to halve or quarter many pills, this somewhat messy process does not provide a great deal of flexibility for accuracy in dosage.

Manually operated, controlled dose pill press