The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene is amplified in 40% of malignant gliomas and the amplified genes are frequently rearranged. The genetic alterations associated with these rearrangements are characterized in five malignant gliomas. In one tumor, the rearrangement resulted in the deletion of most of the extracytoplasmic domain of the receptor, resulting in a hybrid mRNA between new sequences and the truncated EGFR. The predicted amino acid sequence of the protein from this tumor was remarkably similar to that described for several viral erb-B oncogenes. Four other tumors were noted to have internal deletions of the EGF receptor gene. These rearrangements brought about in-frame deletions affecting either of two cysteine-rich domains in the extracytoplasmic portion of the molecule. The clonal nature of these alterations, and the fact that identical alterations were seen in more than one tumor, suggests a role for these mutant receptor proteins in tumorigenesis. Furthermore, these studies document the existence of tumor specific cell molecules resulting from somatic mutation.

Tumor specific molecules to aid in better diagnosis and treatment of human and animal cancer have been sought since the last century. Hard evidence of tumor-specific substances, based on molecular structural data, has been difficult to provide in most types of human cancer except those based on vitally-induced cancer and involving molecular structures specified by the virus genome. There have been extremely few examples of tumor-specific molecules based on novel molecular structures. In the case of malignant human gliomas and other tumors potentially associated with amplification or changes in the epidermal growth factor receptor molecule, such as carcinoma of the breast and other human carcinomas, there have been no unequivocal demonstrations of structurally altered molecules with unique sequences.
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is the 170 kilodalton membrane glycoprotein product of the proto-oncogene c-erb B. The sequence of the EGFR gene is known (Ullrich et al., 1984). The EGFR gene is the cellular homolog of the erb B oncogene originally identified in avian erythroblastasis viruses (Downward et al., 1984; Ullrich, et al. 1984). Activation of this oncogene by gene amplification has been observed in a variety of human tumors (Haley et al., 1987a), and in particular, those of glial origin (Libermann et al., 1985; Wong et al., 1987; Yamazaki et al., 1988; Malden et al., 1988).
One major difference between v-erb B oncogenes and the normal EGFR gene is that the vital oncogenes are amino-truncated versions of the normal receptor; they lack most of the extracytoplasmic domain but retain the transmembrane and tyrosine kinase domains (Fung et al., 1984; Yamamoto et al., 1983, Nilsen et al., 1985; Gammett et al., 1986). This results in a protein that is unable to bind epidermal growth factor (EGF) but can still phosphorylate other substrates (Gilmore et al., 1985; Kris et al., 1985), and has led to speculation that the v-erb B proteins are oncogenic because the kinase domain is unregulated and constitutively active (Downward et al., 1984).
A variety of genetic alterations can occur in viral erb B oncogenes, e.g. amino acid substitutions and deletions in the carboxy terminus of the gene. Available evidence, however, argues that the amino truncation is critical to carcinogenesis. Amino truncations are a feature of all v-erb B oncogenes, including those that arise by promoter insertion or retrovital transduction (Nilsen et al., 1985; Gammett et al., 1986).
In contrast, carboxy-terminal deletions appear to be associated only with tumors that arise through retroviral transduction and seem to determine host range and tumor type specificity (Gammett et al., 1986; Raines et al., 1985). Transfection experiments with amino-truncated avian c-erb B genes or chimeric viral oncogene-human EGF receptors demonstrates that this deletion is sufficient alone to create a transforming protein (Pelley et al., 1988; Wells et al., 1988).
Amplification of the EGFR gene occurs in 40% of malignant human gliomas (Libermann et al., 1985; Wong et al., 1987). Rearrangement of the receptor gene is evident in many of the tumors with gene amplification. The structural alterations seem to preferentially affect the amino terminal half of the gene (Yamazaki et al., 1988; Malden et al., 1988), but the nature of the rearrangements has not been precisely characterized in any tumor.
Size variant EGFR genes and amplification have been reported in several human cancers. (Humphrey et al., 1988; Bigner et al., 1988; Wong et al., 1987; and Humphrey et al., 1989) There has been no determination, however, of the molecular basis for the altered EGFR molecules in cells. A determination of the genetic changes responsible for these tumors would present a significant step forward in the treatment and diagnosis of human carcinoma.
It would be desirable to have unique gene and peptide sequences for glioma EGFR. It would also be desirable to have a synthetic peptide against which monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies could be produced which demonstrate specificity against mutant EGFR.
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Structural alterations of the EGF receptor gene in human gliomas


A method includes automatically creating one or more test schedules for a well test of one or more wells in an oil or gas production environment. The method also includes automatically creating one or more test frames for use in generation of the well test. The method further includes, following execution of the test frame, automatically validating one or more test records generated during the one or more test frames. In addition, the method includes automatically creating the well test for determining one or more well characteristics.

Onshore and offshore oil and gas fields encompass large numbers of producing wells. Testing wells and recording test data are often fundamental to the understanding and effective management of oil and gas wells, and for production allocation and accounting. Moreover, periodic comprehensive collection and dissemination of well test data is, in many cases, a key local regulatory mandate. In addition, flow rates and other well parameters taken during well tests can be utilized for many purposes, such as well classification, reserve determination and regulation, pool mapping, determination of production characteristics, and well modelling.

System and method for production well test automation


A test and measurement instrument provides for increased transient event detection by adjusting data sampling periods. The test and measurement instrument includes a data sampler for acquiring first sampled data and a data processor structured to process the first sampled data. The data processor operates during a first data processing period. Also included in the instrument is a sample time adjustor structured to allow a user to select a time for the data sampler to acquire second sampled data. The time for the data sampler to acquire the second sampled data occurs during the first data processing period. The time for acquiring the second sampled data may be determined by generating a probability distribution function, then applying the distribution function to the available times during the first data processing period that the second sample data may be collected. Methods of use of the test and measurement instrument are also provided.

Real-time spectrum analyzers such as the RSA6100, RSA5100, and RSA3400 families available from Tektronix, Inc. of Beaverton, Oreg. trigger on, capture, and analyze RF signals in real-time. These test and measurement instruments seamlessly capture RF signals so that, unlike conventional swept spectrum analyzers and vector signal analyzers, no data is missed within a specified bandwidth.
Referring now to FIG. 1, a real-time spectrum analyzer 100 receives a radio frequency (RF) input signal and optionally down-converts it using a mixer 105, local oscillator (LO) 110, and filter 115 to produce an intermediate frequency (IF) signal. An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) 120 digitizes the IF signal to produce a continuous stream of digital samples. The digital samples are input to a circular buffer 125 and also input to a trigger detector 130 that processes the digital samples in real-time and compares the processed samples to a user-specified trigger threshold. When the processed digital samples violate the trigger threshold, the trigger detector 130 generates a trigger signal that causes an acquisition memory 135 to store the digital samples held in the circular buffer 125. "Violate" means either "exceeds" or "is less than," depending on a user-specified parameter. The stored digital samples are then analyzed by a post-analysis processor 140, and the results may be displayed on a display device 145 or stored in a storage device (not shown).
Tektronix real-time spectrum analyzers use a technology referred to as "Digital Phosphor" or alternatively as "DPX". A DPX-enabled real-time spectrum analyzer uses a continuous-time processor 150 to process the continuous stream of digital samples from the ADC 120 in real-time and display the results on the display device 145. Referring now to FIG. 2, the continuous-time processor 150 uses a frequency transform 205 such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT), a chirp-Z transform, or the like to transform the continuous stream of digital samples into thousands of spectra 210 every second. Other data processes may also be performed. The spectra 210 are then combined to form a data structure referred to as a "bitmap database" 220. In one embodiment, each spectrum 210 is rasterized to produce a "rasterized spectrum" 215. A rasterized spectrum comprises an array of cells arranged in of a series of rows and columns, with each row representing a particular amplitude value and each column representing a particular frequency value. The value of each cell is either a "1," also referred to as a "hit," which indicates that the input signal was present at that particular location in the amplitude versus frequency space during the measurement period, or a "0" (depicted as a blank cell in the Drawings), which indicates that it was not. The values of the corresponding cells of the rasterized spectra 215 are summed together to form the bitmap database 220, and then the value of each cell of the bitmap database 220 is divided by the total number of rasterized spectra 215 so that it indicates the total number of hits during the measurement period divided by the total number of rasterized spectra 215, or equivalently, the percentage of time during the measurement period that the input signal occupied that particular location in the amplitude versus frequency space, also referred to as the "DPX Density".
The rasterized spectra 215 and the bitmap database 220 are depicted in the Drawings as having 10 rows and 11 columns for simplicity, however it will be appreciated that in an actual embodiment, the rasterized spectra 215 and the bitmap database 220 may have hundreds of columns and rows. The bitmap database 220 is essentially a three-dimensional histogram, with the x-axis being frequency, the y-axis being amplitude, and the z-axis being density. The bitmap database 220 may be displayed as an image referred to as a "bitmap" on the display device 145, with the density of each cell being represented by a color-graded pixel. Alternatively, the bitmap database 220 may be stored in a storage device (not shown).
DPX acquisition and display technology reveals signal details such as short-duration or infrequent events that are completely missed by conventional spectrum analyzers and vector signal analyzers. For more information on DPX, see Tektronix document number 37W-19638 titled "DPX Acquisition Technology for Spectrum Analyzers Fundamentals" dated Aug. 20, 2009, available at http://www.tek.com/. In other embodiments, the spectra may be fed to a triggering system, comparing each spectra to a pre-defined trigger mask, which may define user-selectable amplitudes and frequency limits. When the signal under test violates the trigger mask, the acquisition memory stores incoming data. Triggers may also be defined using statistics of the color bitmap, so that a trigger may be created whenever a signal is present more or less frequently than a defined percentage of time.
With this background, the advantages and other novel features of the present invention are apparent from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the appended claims and attached drawings.

System for improving probability of transient event detection


Foreign proteins are placed into the blood of an animal so that they can be recovered at a later time and used for identification. Proteins are administered to the animal from a water bath via the animal's gills (where appropriate), gut and, through the skin. The foreign protein is detectable in small amounts using immune assays which magnify the available signals or tags in an assay.

For a variety of reasons, it is desirable to tag migratory animals, such as fish, so that the animals can be followed or tracked over a period of time. The conventional way of tagging animals is with a visible implant tag or a fluorescent colorant. For example, Haw et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,750,490, use visible implant tags to identify fish. The tags are implanted into transparent or semi-transparent tissue. When the fish is captured, the location of the visible implant tags can be ascertained visually and the tags can be excised and read or read through the transparent to semitransparent tissue.
Sandstrom et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,392,236, disclose an animal identification system using fluorescent implanted tags coded with one or more higher atomic number chemical elements and an automated method for reading the coded information.
Ekstrom, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,940, discloses an electronic identification system for identifying fish by implanting tags having identification codes of fluorescent colorants in the fish. The information encoded in the tags is obtained from the tags by measuring the spectrum of light emitted by the fluorescent colorants.
Biegel et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,235,326, describe an electronic identification system for identifying fish. The tags are comprised of capacitors, inductors, transistors, and possibly other solid-state devices packaged in a form adapted for attachment to or implantation in a fish.
Horan et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,762,701, disclose a method for tracking cells in vivo by labeling the cells with cyanine dyes and detecting the cells by measuring fluorescence, absorbance, or by detecting MRI probes included in the dyes.
Zohar et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 5,076,208, disclose a method for administering compounds such as protein to fish in an aquatic medium wherein the compound is added to the medium and ultrasound is applied to the medium to enhance or effect uptake of the compound by the animal. There is no indication that any of the compounds administered is for purposes of tagging or otherwise identifying the fish.
Conventional tags are either too large to be used with small fish (2.5 cm or smaller), or they are too expensive and involved, such as genetic markers, requiring samples from parents an progeny with the need for a thoroughly trained geneticist for interpreting the results.
However, it would be particularly useful to develop a method for marking larvae or fry of salmonids or other fishes to provide a practical means of stock identification over an extensive time period. Development of a fry marking system will enable fishery managers to determine fish origins, straying rates, and other definitive marking needs for identifying groups of fish stocked as fry.
Chemical marking methods typically have disadvantages of attenuation as the fish grows, or accumulation in hard tissues, requiring lethal sampling methods. Another drawback is less than 100% retention of the chemical mark.
A useful fry marking method should include non-lethal sampling procedures and development of simple field analysis techniques. Using protein as a marker in the blood stream could eliminate some of the disadvantages of attenuation because the signal in blood can be magnified with immunoassay, such as ELISA methods. The protein is not deposited in hard tissue, but in the blood, providing a non-lethal sampling method.
Fish traditionally have been exposed to biologically active proteins either via an injection or by immersion in a bath of treatment. Comparisons of blood titer from both methods gives an indication of the efficiency of protein delivery to the fish. To deliver proteins to fish too small for injections, a bath treatment is needed.

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


In one example, a device for use in a printer includes a flexible piece and a holder configured to removably attach the piece to a platen that has a surface over which a print substrate is moved through the print zone for printing on the substrate. The piece and the holder are configured to place the piece in tension along the platen surface such that, when the piece is attached to the platen, the piece becomes sufficiently rigid to counter substrate edge curl.

The side edges of flexible print substrates may curl as the substrate moves through the print zone. Large format inkjet printers, for example, may print on paper, vinyl and textiles in varying widths supplied as rolls of flexible web. The edges of the print substrate should be kept flat against the platen as the substrate passes through the print zone during printing.
The same part numbers designate the same or similar parts throughout the figures.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


An electric induction motor is connected by a switch means to a source of three-phase alternating electricity. The speed of the motor is determined by detecting when the source voltage a zero crossing and thereafter sensing the polarity of the back emf voltage induced in each winding of the motor when the switch means is non-conductive. After several zero crossings a set of polarity samples has been produced from each winding. The motor speed is determined by detected the occurrence of a predefined relationship among samples in each set. For example, the speed is in the range of fifty to about thirty-eight percent of full synchronous speed when three consecutive samples from one winding all have the same polarity. The occurrence of the predefined relationship among back emf polarity samples can be used to control the braking of the motor.

The present invention relates to techniques for detecting the speed of an electric motor; and particularly to techniques which utilize the back emf of the motor to determine the speed.
Solid state controllers, such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,996,470 and 4,978,887, have been developed to regulate the speed of an alternating current induction motor. These devices provide braking mechanism to decelerate the motor to stop in a controlled manner. The braking systems used in both the aforementioned patents have different modes of operation with a change from one mode to another occurring when the motor speed has reduced below a predefined level. Thus these controllers require a mechanism to measure the motor speed.
The controller described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,996,470 initially uses dynamic braking to slow the motor to a point at which cycle skipping can be applied to bring the motor and the device driven by it to an accurate stop. The dynamic braking mode involves sensing the polarity of the supply line voltage and the voltage induced by back electromotive force (emf) in the motor. When these polarities are opposite to each other, the supply line current is applied to the motor until the next zero current crossing occurs. This process repeatedly sends current pulses through the motor which produce a negative torque that slows its speed.
The dynamic braking has been used to reduce the speed of a motor to a point where cycle skipping can be employed to drive the motor at a slower speed. Cycle skipping is a power switching technique that generates a specific pattern of positive and negative pulses which applies current to the motor at an effective sub-harmonic frequency of the supply line frequency. The application of this pattern of current causes the motor to operate at a reduced speed. However, if the motor speed has not been reduced sufficiently when cycle skipping begins, the motor will remain synchronized to the supply line frequency component present in the pulse pattern and return to the previous higher speed. As a consequence, this braking technique requires a fairly accurate determination of motor speed in order to determine when the transition to cycle skipping can occur.
Previously the period between dynamic braking current pulses was used as an indicator of motor speed. The shorter the period between these pulses, the lower the motor speed. Although this speed determining technique can be used satisfactorily in many applications, in certain situations the characteristics of the motor and the driven load are such that the use of the pulse period causes a transition to cycle skipping too early and the motor returns to high speed. Therefore in these applications an additional mechanism must be provided to determine when the motor speed has been reduced to a point at which cycle skipping can be used effectively.
Other motor control techniques also require speed sensing and often employ tachometers or other electromechanical devices to produce an electrical signal indicative of motor speed. Many present day motor controllers incorporate a microprocessor, making it desirable to use the computational ability of that component to determine motor speed, rather than adding an electromechanical speed detection device.

Electric motor control apparatus and method


An apparatus includes a clamp control circuit configured to control a first current to have a magnitude substantially equal to that of a second current when the second current has a first flow direction. The clamp control circuit is configured to control the first current to be substantially zero when the second current has a second flow direction. A method includes determining a value of a first current, controlling a second current to have a substantially zero value when the first current flows in a first direction, and controlling the second current to have a magnitude substantially equal to that of the first current when the first current flows in a second direction. The first current flows in the first direction when a winding of a motor is being supplied with energy and flows in the second direction when the winding of the motor is discharging energy.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent the work is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
A Brush-Less Direct Current (BLDC) motor, also known as an electronically commutated synchronous motor, uses driver circuits to electronically commute one or more windings of the motor. The driver circuits periodically connect and disconnect the one or more windings of the motor to a supply voltage and a ground, and a current then flows through the one or more windings, generating one or more magnetic fields within the motor.
When the driver circuits disconnect the one or more windings from the supply voltage and the ground, the magnetic fields within the motor cause the current to continue flowing through the one or more windings. The continued flow of the current generates a voltage across the one or more windings. The voltage generated by the continued flow of the current rises until a path is found for the current to flow through.
In some driver circuits, the path includes one or more of protection diodes connected across conduction terminals of transistors of the driver circuits, body diodes intrinsic to the transistors of the driver circuit, and reactive components, such as capacitors, associated with a circuit that supplies power to the driver circuit.
The flow of the current dissipates energy stored in the magnetic fields in the motor. When the energy in the magnetic fields is completely dissipated, the current flow ceases.


In accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, a hanger comprises a main body disposed in a first plane and a swivel hook coupled to the main body such that the main body and the hook maintain a desired planar relationship with each other.

In existing systems for displaying objects, such as garments, ties, mats, towels, linen, etc., the objects are hung or clipped to hangers which are suspended from display bars. Such a system 10 is shown in FIG. 1A in which a plurality of objects 12 are hung on conventional hangers and suspended from a rod 14. A conventional hanger comprises of a hook and a main body. The hook comprises of two portions—a top portion that interfaces with the display bar and a bottom portion that interfaces with the main body of the hanger. The top portion of the hook is circular in shape. Thus, the hanger contacts a round display bar at only one contact point causing the hanger to be unstable when an object is suspended from it. When these hangers are hung on rod 14, only the narrow sides of the objects are exposed for viewing. As a result, customers or users of such display systems are unable to view the front of the objects with ease. The user has to use effort to part the objects to expose the front of a particular object for viewing. Therefore, much of the characteristics of the object, such as collar style, shape of the neck opening, the style of the fastener used, and design elements that are located on the front and back of a garment, for example, are not easily seen by the user. This is especially disadvantageous in a retail setting, where shoppers have to spend a lot of time and effort to shift the hangers on the rod to get a full view of the object.
FIG. 1B is a bottom plan view of prior art object display system 10. Because the conventional hangers and display rod 14 are perpendicular to each other, the floor space required for hanging objects using prior art object display system 10 is at least as wide as the width W1 of the hangers.


A convertible window system having two window sashes, a weatherstripping, and a tilt pivot assembly. The window system can be readily switched between single-hung and double-hung configuration. The weatherstripping assembly, which is operatively connected to each of the two sashes, has a number of regions. Each of these regions has different attributes which determine the types of translations and rotations that can be performed on a sash with a predetermined force. In a preferred embodiment, an upper sash can be removed from a window frame by the application of a predetermined force on the top of the sash while the sash is within a predetermined range of the weatherstripping assembly without the need for withdrawing guide pins from the channel of the weatherstripping assembly.

Various types of double-hung windows are well known. Such windows are commonly used in houses and buildings for providing increased ventilation capacity. Such windows typically include a window frame, a weatherstripping assembly, an upper sash and a lower sash. The window frame is the stationary part of the window. It typically consists of a head jamb, a window sill, side jambs, extension jambs and a blind stop. The upper and lower sashes are slidably connected within the window frame.
Typically, the weatherstripping assembly is attached to the window frame, and serves to form a weather-tight seal between the window frame and each of the sashes. The weatherstripping assembly additionally houses the components of the balance assembly, if a balance assembly is utilized in the window system. Springs are often used in balance assemblies to apply an upward force on a sash and reduce the amount of effort required to lift the sash. Double-hung windows generally have two window sashes, each of which can be removed or translated independently. Furthermore, there is no window system which allows a user to readily convert between a single-hung and a double-hung window configuration.
Tilting double-hung windows are designed to be tilted for the purpose of accessing both sides of a window sash from one side of a window frame. Typically, such window systems will have guide pins at the top of each sash. These guide pins interconnect with the weatherstripping assembly to keep the sash aligned with the window frame. In order to remove a window sash, the guide pins are retracted from the weatherstripping assembly and the upper part of the sash can then be rotated about the pivot axis.
Current techniques of repairing, maintaining and cleaning sashes for double-hung windows are inadequate because they do not allow for ready removal of either or both the window sashes.
Current techniques for shipping or transporting window systems have been developed to ship double-hung window systems. For example, some window systems utilize straps and pads to prevent translation and rotation of the individual sashes during movement. Utilizing straps costs additional time and money.
Current techniques for securing window sashes in a double-hung window are similarly inadequate. For example, when a window is open a limited amount, the locking mechanism can no longer provide a secure environment within the house. These and other drawbacks exist.


The present disclosure relates to systems, methods, and non-transitory computer readable media for generating and providing composition effect tutorials for creating and editing digital content based on a metadata composite structure. For example, the disclosed systems can generate and/or access a metadata composite structure that includes nodes corresponding to composition effects applied to a digital content item, where a given node can include location information indicating where a composition effect is applied relative to a digital content item. The disclosed systems can further generate a tutorial to guide a user to implement a selected composition effect by identifying composition effects of nodes that correspond to a location selected within a composition interface and presenting instructions for a particular composition effect.

Advancements in software and hardware platforms have led to a variety of improvements in systems for assisting users in editing digital content. For example, digital content editing systems are now able to provide instructions for recreating specific digital images from start to finish. Amid efforts to improve the detail of assistance in guiding users to create and edit digital content, conventional digital content editing systems have been developed that can show the final output at various steps in the process of reproducing a digital image or design.
Despite these advances however, conventional digital content editing systems continue to suffer from a number of disadvantages, particularly in their accuracy, efficiency, and flexibility. For example, although many conventional digital content editing systems can illustrate outputs at various stages in the creation process, these systems nevertheless consider an entire composition as a monolithic entity. Thus, many systems that instruct users on how to generate final outputs of digital images fail to provide the necessary granularity to teach users how to implement various composition effects in detail. These systems therefore inaccurately guide users through the process of creating and/or editing their own individual digital content.
In addition, conventional digital content editing systems are also inefficient. Indeed, because many conventional systems fail to provide the requisite detail for implementing specific composition effects, these systems require an inordinate amount of time for users to sift through tutorials to find desired portions. Even assuming that a user finds a tutorial that matches the appropriate version of a software application, the user is still required to determine which steps of the tutorial are relevant and then remember how to reproduce those steps independently. For example, some conventional systems require users to watch a video tutorial for creating a digital image that includes various composition effects. Upon watching the video, the user is required to determine which sections of the video are relevant for the user's own project and to reproduce the steps shown in the video to implement composition effects.
Moreover, some conventional digital content editing systems are inflexible. For example, due to the fact that conventional systems illustrate generating already-created digital content items from start to finish, these systems cannot flexibly generate tutorials for implementing composition effects adapted to a user's own project. Thus, conventional systems fail to adapt to different items of digital content to flexibly guide users through tutorials for implementing composition effects.
As a result of the inaccuracy, inefficiency, and inflexibility of conventional digital content editing systems, many of these systems suffer from a lack of customer retention. Indeed, many users of conventional systems find it difficult to discern which editing tools are applicable for recreating a particular composition effect in a digital image. Beyond this, users also find many editing tools too complex and the instructions for using them too convoluted to effectively learn to implement them in the future. Thus, due to the above-mentioned shortcomings, conventional systems often struggle to retain users.
Thus, there are several disadvantages with regard to conventional digital content editing systems.

Generating and providing composition effect tutorials for creating and editing digital content


A molded double frame display hanging frame system that is easy to assemble to hang a display object on a vertical surface. The system includes a square or rectangular platform with four, straight perpendicularly aligned outer edges. Attached to the platform's outer edges is the outer frame. Formed on the center region of the platform is a four sided, raised inner frame structure that allows an inner frame to be selectively attached to the front surface of the platform. A plurality of holes are formed at the inside corners of the mounting area adjacent to the inner frame structure which receive pin connectors that hold the display object over the mounting area. A transparent panel may be placed over the display object and held in position by the inner frame. The platform, the outer frame, and the inner frame may be made of molded composite material.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains to wall displays or hangings, and more particularly to wall displays or hangings that include a rigid platform that may be selectively modified by the end user enabling it to be decorative outer and inner frames and a sheet of matting.
2. Description of the Related Art
Wall displays or hangings used to display objects, such as pictures, photos, portraits, 3D printed canvas, are mounted on a rigid planar structure. Sometimes, the planar structure is surrounded by a square or rectangular outer frame. The display object is placed over the front surface of the planar structure and inside the outer frame. Sometimes a decorative sheet of matting is placed inside the outer frame that includes center opening that surrounds the display object. When used with a sheet of matting, the display object is recessed inside the center opening form in the sheet of matting. A large sheet of glass or transparent material is placed inside the outer frame that covers the sheet of matting and the display object.
To further enhance the appearance of the wall display or hanging, an inner frame may be mounted inside the outer frame that surrounds the display object. The inner frame is mounted centrally on the wall display or hanging and evenly spaced inward from the outer frame.
What is needed is an inexpensive lightweight platform for a wall display or hanging that can be selectively used with or without an outer or inner frame, and with or without a sheet of matting that can be easily attached or removed from platform. What is also needed is such a system that can be easily painted by the end user.

Platform and double frame display hanging system


A crossbow includes two rotatable cam assemblies mounted on a rigid cam support structure, the rotation axes of which are fixed relative to and arranged at a forward end of a stock. Limbs are coupled to the stock at positions rearward from the front of the stock. The limbs couple to the cam assemblies via power cables arranged generally parallel to the stock. The cam assemblies provide travel distance multiplication to a bowstring relative to the travel distance of the limb tips.

Previous workers in the crossbow art have used mechanical arrangements that allow the parts to work imprecisely, by using excessive parts that create excessive play. Play in any mechanism may reduce precision of location, and in a crossbow, mechanical play reduces precision of aiming.
One notable problem in the prior art is the use of movable cams and wheels located at the ends of movable parts, notably at the ends of the resilient limbs that store the energy used for shooting the arrow or bolt. A cam or wheel at the end of a limb moves during release of an arrow, and this is not conducive to precise aiming. Movement of the cam or wheel causes lateral acceleration of the tensile member engaging the cam or wheel, which causes addition imprecision and extra bearing friction. Moreover, friction in the cam or wheel bearing, if not precisely matched by that of the one on the other side of the crossbow, will throw off the aim, and precise matching the friction exactly is difficult. The same is true of any difference in spring constant, length, etc. between the two limbs (bow arms). Such differences will cause deflection of the arrow trajectory during the launch.


A device and method is which plurality of Zadoff-Chu sequences is allocated to a frame, a value of a parameter in the Zadoff-Chu sequence is different among the plurality of Zadoff-Chu sequences, and the Zadoff-Chu sequence allocated to the frame is different among a plurality of cells.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a wireless communication system, a pilot sequence allocation apparatus and a method for allocating pilot sequence used for the system and the apparatus and a mobile station used in the method, and more specifically to the allocation of pilot sequence in a single carrier transmission system used in a wireless accessing method
Description of the Prior Art
As an uplink wireless accessing method in the wireless communication system of the next generation, a single carrier transmission method is effective (refer to, for example, a Non-Patent document 1, "Physical Layer Aspects for Evolved UTRA" (3GPP TR25.814 v1.2.2 (2006-3), Chapter 9.1.). The configuration of a frame format used in the singe carrier transmission method proposed in the Non-Patent document 1 is shown in FIG. 19.
In FIG. 19, a data signal is supposed to be sent in six LB (Long Block) #1 to #6 in a sub frame and a pilot signal is supposed to be sent in two SB (Short Block) #1, #2.
CP (Cyclic Prefix) is added to the first half of the LB #1 to #6 and SB #1, #2 for effectively executing equalization of frequency regions at the receiving side. Addition of CP is to copy the latter portion of the block to the first portion as shown in FIG. 20.
As a pilot signal used in an uplink wireless accessing in the mobile communication system of the next generation, the Zadoff-Chu sequence, which is one of CAZAC (Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-Correlation) sequences, (refer to, for example, a Non-Patent document 2, K. Fazel and S. Keiser, "Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems" (John Willey and Sons, 2003)) is currently drawing attention.
The Zadoff-Chu sequence is represented by the formula:C_k(n)=exp [−j2πk/N) (n(n+½)+qn) ]  (1)In the formula (1), n=0, 1, . . . , N, and q is an arbitrary integer and N is a sequence length.
The CAZAC sequence is a sequence that has constant amplitude in both regions of time and frequency and it has always Zero Auto-Correlation for time shift that is other than the cyclic self-correlation value 0. As the CAZAC sequence has Constant amplitude in a time region, it can keep PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) low. As the CAZAC sequence also has Constant amplitude in a frequency region, it is a sequence suitable for propagation path estimation in the frequency region. Here, a small PAPR means that it cart keep the power consumption low. This feature is preferred in the mobile communication.
Further, as the "CAZAC sequence" has a complete self-correlating characteristic, it is advantageous in being appropriate for detecting time of a received signal and draws attention as the pilot sequence appropriate for a single carrier transmission, which is an uplink wireless accessing method in the wireless communication system of the next generation.
In the cellular environment (wireless communication network with a service area divided into a plurality of cells), the base station receives not only an uplink signal of the mobile station in the cell managed by the base station as an uplink received signal but also an uplink signal of the mobile station of the other cell (particularly, adjacent cell) (see FIG. 1). The mobile station receives not only a downlink signal from the base station of the cell managed by the base station but also a downlink signal of the base station of the other cell as it receives the uplink signal. Here, communication from the mobile station to the base station is called an uplink and communication from the base station to the mobile station is called a downlink. The above-mentioned cell can also be called a sector.
As the base station captures a pilot signal from the mobile station in the cell managed by the base station in the uplink communication, the pilot signal sent from the mobile station of the other cell needs to be reduced sufficiently. Thus, it is desirable that a set of small sequences of correlation values is allocated as the pilot sequence of cells adjacent to each other. In the downlink communication, it is also desirable that a set of small sequences of correlation values is allocated as the pilot sequence of cells adjacent to each other for the same reason for the uplink communication.
The correlation characteristic of the CAZAC sequence largely depends on the sequence length. That is to say, if the sequence length includes a prime number or a big prime number, the correlate characteristic is very good (correlation value is small). In contrast, if the sequence length is a combined number comprising only small prime numbers (for example, an exponent such as 2 or 3), the correlate characteristic greatly degrades (a big value is included in the correlation value).
Specifically, if the sequence length of Zadoff-Chu sequence is a prime number, the correlation value of arbitrary sequences is always kept 1/√N (N is a sequence length and the root is a prime number) (for example, refer to the Non-Patent document 2). If the sequence length: N=127, the correlation value is always kept 1/√127, and if the sequence length: N=128, the worst value (the maximal value) of the correlation value is 1/√2.
Sequences whose correlation value is 1/√N are abundant by the number of (N−1). From the viewpoint of a correlation value, it is proposed that the CAZAC sequence whose sequence length is the same, primary number and whose parameter [parameter in the formula (1)] is different is allocated to each cell as a pilot sequence. As a result of that allocation, the number of sequences are (N−1), thus, the same pilot sequence needs to be re-performed for each of the (N−1) cells. The (N−1) will be called as the number of repeating of the pilot sequences below.
On the other hand, if the pilot sequence is sent in a plurality of blocks (two SB #1, #2 in the frame format shown in FIG. 19) as in the frame format of an uplink wireless access considered in the wireless communication system of the next generation (see FIG. 19) and if a pilot sequence is allocated for each cell as mentioned above (that is to say, if sent pilot sequence is common in a plurality of pilot blocks in a frame and the pilot sequences used in SB #1, #2 of the frame format shown in FIG. 19 are the same), an interference pattern from the other cell are the same in each pilot block at the receiving side.
That causes a problem in that no effect of reduction of interference by other cells by combining (averaging) a plurality of pilot blocks can be obtained at the receiving side. This is because no effect of reduction of interference by other cells can be obtained; as the pilot sequences sent in a plurality of pilot blocks are the same, interference from the other cells are received in the same manner (interference pattern) in every pilot block to combine (average) them (see FIG. 21).
If a pilot sequence common in a plurality of pilot blocks in a frame is used in a conventional W-CDMA (Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access) and the like, a sequence which is a random sequence multiplied for a frame called a scrambling code is sent. Thus, a pattern of the pilot sequence to be sent differs for each pilot block so that the effect of reduction of interference by other cells can be obtained by combining (averaging) a plurality of pilot blocks at the receiving side.
In the abovementioned conventional uplink wireless accessing system, if a sequence such as the abovementioned CAZAC sequence is used as a pilot sequence, it is limited that a scrambling code cannot be applied to. This is because that a unique characteristic is lost [for example, CAZAC characteristic (a characteristic advantageous for receiving such as constant amplitude in a time and frequency regions, and the cyclical self-correlation value is always 0 except for the case where the time shift is 0)], as a result of multiplying a sequence such as the CAZAC sequence by a random sequence such as a scrambling code.
If a sequence such as the CAZAC sequence is used as a pilot sequence and only a code is allocated for each cell, the problem in that the effect of reduction of interference cannot be obtained by combining (averaging) received pilot blocks in the abovementioned frame cannot be avoided.
The object of the present invention is to provide a wireless communication system, a pilot sequence allocation apparatus and a method for allocating pilot sequence to be used in the apparatus and a mobile station using the method that eliminates the abovementioned problems and can obtain the effect of reduction of interference by combining received pilot blocks if a sequence such as the CAZAC sequence is used as a pilot sequence.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Communication system, base station, mobile station, method for mobile station, and method for communication system


A passive frequency multiplexer includes a beam forming network lens including a plurality of input terminals and a plurality of output terminals; a transmission line for transmitting a signal to the beam forming lens; and a plurality of couplers arranged in series along the transmission line, each of the plurality of couplers comprising an input terminal, an output terminal, and a coupled output terminal, each of the coupled output terminals of the plurality of couplers being coupled to a respective one of the input terminals of the beam forming network lens.

1. Field
Example embodiments of the present invention relate to a passive frequency multiplexer for passive RF signal processing.
2. Description of the Related Art
Frequency domain information is typically acquired from time domain signals via sampling, high-speed digitization, and digital signal processing. This process consumes a large amount of power and requires a high volume of processors.


A method, system, and computer software product for operating a memory cell collection. Memory cells in the collection store binary multi-bit values delimited by characteristic parameter bands of a characteristic parameter. In one embodiment, a comparing unit compares a retrieved count and a stored count for each binary multi-bit value. The retrieved count, equal to the number of occurrences the binary multi-bit value, is retrieved from the memory cell collection. The stored count, equal to the number of occurrences the binary multi-bit value, is stored in the memory cell collection. An error correction unit then assigns the error memory cell(s) a corrected binary multi-bit value with the characteristic parameter value within the characteristic parameter band adjacent to the characteristic parameter band associated with the retrieved binary multi-bit value such that the retrieved count of each binary multi-bit value is equal to the stored count of each binary multi-bit value.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to operation of memory storage systems, and more particularly to error detection and correction in memory storage systems using statistical methods and data cell counts in high density storage systems.
2. Description of Background
Typical semiconductor computer memories are fabricated on semiconductor substrates consisting of arrays of large number of physical memory cells. In general, one bit of binary data is represented as a variation of a physical parameter associated with a memory cell. Commonly used physical parameters include threshold voltage variation of the Metal Oxide Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) due to the amount of charge stored in a floating gate or a trap layer in non-volatile Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM), resistance variation of the Phase Change memory element in Phase-change Random Access Memory (PRAM) or Ovonic Unified Memory (OUM), and charge storage variation in volatile Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM).
Increasing the number of bits to be stored in a single physical semiconductor memory cell is an effective method to lower the manufacturing cost per bit. Multiple bits of data can also be stored in a single memory cell when variations of the physical parameter can be associated with multiple bit values. This multiple bits storage memory cell is commonly known as Multi-Level Cell (MLC). Significant amount of efforts in computer memory device and circuit designs are devoted to maximize the number of bits to be stored in a single physical memory cell. This is particularly true with storage class memory such as popular non-volatile Flash memories commonly used as mass storage device.
The basic requirement for multiple bit storage in a semiconductor memory cell is to have the spectrum of the physical parameter variation to accommodate multiple non-overlapping bands of values. The number of bands required for an n-bit cell is 2n. A 2-bit cell needs 4 bands, a 3-bit cell needs 8 bands and so forth. Thus, the available spectrum of a physical parameter in a semiconductor memory cell is the limiting factor for multiple bit memory storage.
In addition to the limiting spectrum width, fluctuations in environmental variables such as temperature, power, and time affect all operations and data integrity of a typical semiconductor storage device. Data integrity is a major problem for data storage systems due to the fluctuations in the environment variables. It is desirable to devise a cost effective method to preserve the integrity of the stored data in semiconductor storage systems.

Multi-bit error correction scheme in multi-level memory storage system

International Business Machines Corporation


The VideoHarp is an optical-scanning device for sensing and tracking the movement of multiple fingers which is then used to control the generation of light or sound or to control the motion of other physical objects. Preferably, the VideoHarp detects the images of a performer's fingertips using a single sensor. From these images, the movement of each fingertip is tracked and this information is translated into a standard output, which is preferably used to control a device which generates sound or light. The translation of the finger motion into control signals is programmable, enabling the VideoHarp to be played using a variety of different types of motions and gestures. For example, the VideoHarp may be played with harp-like or keyboard like gestures, by bowing or drumming motions, or even by gestures and motions with no analogue in existing instrument techniques.

Various devices for detecting the position of passive objects are known, such as the devices disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,144,449 and 4,247,767. These devices, however, are limited to detecting position and cannot detect multiple finger gestures. Moreover, they are fairly complicated and require frames and encompassing light sources as well as several sensors, the latter being fairly expensive. U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,770 discloses a method and device for isolating and manipulating graphic objects on a computer video monitor. This device which also uses a frame and several sensors is not easily adapted to playing and generating music, although it can detect multiple fingers.
Detecting position and using it to control music is described in Max Mathew's "The Sequential Drum" in Computer Music Journal, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Winter 1980). The device described in this article, however, only detects the movement of one finger and also requires the use of several sensors.
It would be desirable, therefore, to have a gesture sensing device which was particularly adept at sensing and tracking the movement of multiple fingers and which could use these gestures to generate or control sound, light and/or the motion of physical objects. Preferably, this device could simultaneously extract several parameters from the movement of multiple fingers and use these parameters to control the creation of sound and/or light. It would also be desirable to have a gesture sensing device which would be easily playable as a musical instrument and which did not require an elaborate frame and several sensors.


A shock absorber for a starter is presented. The shock absorber includes a rotary disk, a stationary disk and a disk spring. The rotary disk is pressed by the disk spring against a stationary disk to generate frictional force when the rotary disk is rotated by an excessive shock thereby absorbing the shock. The rotary disk has a plurality of press-formed rectangular dimples at a surface opposite the stationary disk, and each side of each the rectangular dimple inclines to a direction of rolling of the raw material of the rotary disk.

The present application is based on and claims priority from Japanese Patent Applications: Hei 11-300442, filed Oct. 22, 1999, Hei 11-300480, filed Oct. 22, 1999, Hei 11-300492, filed Oct. 22, 1999, and 2000-45589, filed Feb. 23, 2000, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a shock absorber for absorbing a shock.
2. Description of the Related Art
JP-A-63-277859 discloses a starter equipped with a shock absorber for interrupting transmission of an excessive torque. In such a shock absorber for a starter, a rotary disk is pressed against a stationary disk to generate a frictional force so that rotation of the rotary disk can be controlled. Accordingly, when a shock that is more than a certain normal torque is applied to the rotary disk, the rotary disk slips or rotates, thereby absorbing the shock.
Such a rotary disk has a plurality of dimples and small banks formed around the dimples at a height of about tens of microns, providing a press-formed frictional surface. An amount of grease is filled in the spaces (dimples) between the stationary disk and the rotary disk with the banks being in contact with the surface of the stationary disk to prevent seizing.
Because an array direction of the dimples is the same as the direction of the rolling of the raw material of the rotary disk, the height of the banks are not formed even. That is, the bank of the sides in parallel with the direction of rolling is lower than the bank of the sides that is perpendicular to the direction of rolling. Only two sides of the rectangular dimples can touch the stationary disk. Therefore, the two side-banks may be worn away more easily than the four side-banks. This lowers the lifetime of the shock absorber.
If another two-side banks start touching the stationary disk after the first two side-banks initially touched the stationary disk have worn away, the friction factor changes too abruptly to control the transmission torque.
As the rotary disk has rotated for a long time, the spaces for the grease between the head of the dimple and the bottom thereof become narrower. Accordingly, a sufficient amount of grease can not be supplied to the sliding surfaces of the disks. This causes the seizing and shortens the lifetime.
The invention has been made in view of the above problem and has an object of providing a shock absorber that can make the height of the banks (or raised portions) of the rectangular dimples even.
According to a main feature of the invention, rotary disk of a shock absorber has a plurality of press-formed rectangular dimples at a surface opposite the stationary disk. The rectangular dimples have four sides that incline to a direction of rolling of the raw material of the rotary disk. In such a case, the difference in height between the four side banks can be effectively reduced so that four banks can touch the stationary disk evenly.
Preferably, each the rectangular dimples may be square dimples. In such a case, each side of the square shape inclines to the direction of rolling at 45 degree in angle.
The plurality of rectangular dimples can be formed on the surface of the stationary disk instead of the rotary disk.
According to another feature of the invention, a rotary disk of the shock absorber has an oil hole or an oil groove as an oil reservoir. The oil hole or oil groove penetrates the rotary disk in the thickness direction.
Even if the surface of the rotary disk wears away to some extent, the oil hole or oil groove does not disappear, so that grease can be prevented from reducing. The grease filled in the oil hole or oil groove is supplied to the sliding surfaces as long as the rotary disk rotates, so that the seizing can be prevented.
Preferably, the rotary disk has a plurality of oil holes at circumferentially and radially different positions, and the plurality of oil holes are disposed so that the radial positions thereof partially overlap each other on a circumference of the rotary disk. When the rotary disk rotates, a plurality of rotation loci of the oil holes is formed to partly overlap each other.
Accordingly, the supply of the grease is not stopped in the radial direction of the rotary disk where the plurality of the oil holes are formed, so that the grease can be continuously and uniformly supplied to the friction surface of the rotary disk.
The plurality of oil holes is preferably disposed spiral about the center of the rotary disk over the circumference of the rotary disk. The plurality of oil holes is dispersed evenly in the circumferential and radial directions so that the flatness of the rotary disk""s surface opposite the stationary disk can be secured. This prevents uneven contacts with the stationary disk.
The rotary disk can have a first one of the oil holes that opens radially outward and a second one of the oil holes that opens radially inward, and the first one and the second one of the oil holes extend to partially overlap each other in the radial direction. Accordingly, the first one and the second one of the oil holes partially overlap each other when the rotary disk rotates. Therefore, the grease can be supplied evenly to the friction surface of the rotary disk.
In addition, the rigidity of the rotary disk becomes smaller than the oil holes not open to either outward or inward, so that the rotary disk can deform along the stationary disk. This equalizes the pressure on the surface of the rotary disk to result in even frictional wear, so that the lifetime of the rotary disk can be increased.
The first one and second one of the oil holes preferably incline to the rotational direction from radial directions, so that the grease can enter the first and the second ones of the oil holes while the rotary disk rotates. In other words, the grease can be continuously supplied to the friction surface of the rotary disk.
The stationary disk of the shock absorber can have oil reservoirs instead of the rotary disk.
In this case, the same effect as the rotary disk having the oil reservoir can be obtained. Therefore, reduction in strength of the rotary disk can be avoided.
According to another feature of the invention, a rotary disk of a shock absorber is comprised of a plurality of circumferentially divided pieces.
Because the surface area of each the divided piece is small relative to the entire surface area of the rotary disk, each divided piece can have a high flatness. As a result, pressure can be applied to each divided piece evenly, so that the surface pressure of the rotary disk can be made even.
A stationary disk can have a plurality of circumferentially divided pieces, instead of the rotary disk.


Line security apparatus for a direct-wire alarm system utilizes a transmitter at the remote premises to impose on the direct current a small amplitude carrier frequency which is on/off modulated by a clocked, continuous progression of pseudo-random digital bits. A receiver, tuned for the carrier frequency, is utilized at the monitoring station to recover the progression of digital bits, if received at the monitoring station. A microprocessor at the monitoring station produces an identical and initially synchronous sequence of digital bits, compares the produced sequence to the progression of bits received, and effects a temporary alarm signal indicating that the line security is disrupted if the bits do not correspond. Because the lack of correspondence may be due to deviations of the transmitter and microprocessor clocks, the microprocessor seeks correspondence by shifting the produced sequence and, if successful, continues the comparison as shifted. If the shifting does not result in correspondence, an alarm is signalled.

The present invention relates to alarm systems and specifically to line security apparatus for alarm systems, particularly alarm systems of the direct current, direct wire type.
In a number of prior alarm systems, line security apparatus applies a square wave or sinusoidal security signal to one end of the communications line and detects whether the security signal is received at the opposite end. U.S. Pat. No. 3,786,501 to Marnerakis discloses a direct current alarm system having a sinusoidal security signal imposed on the direct current at the remote premises and apparatus at the monitoring station to detect the signal. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,641,547 to Reiss, et al., a detecting loop-type alarm system has line security apparatus which imposes at one end of the loop at the monitoring station a square wave which is periodically reduced in its positive amplitude. A detector at the monitoring station at the opposite end of the loop determines, during these periodic reductions, whether the security of the detecting loop has been breached by insertion of excessive resistance.
Circuitry for producing random patterns of digital bits is known to persons skilled in digital electronics.

Pseudo-random pulse line security monitoring system


There is provided a method of manufacturing a nitride semiconductor device. The method of manufacturing the nitride semiconductor device comprises: a first film forming process that forms a first film on a nitride semiconductor layer; an ion implantation process that implants a P-type impurity into the nitride semiconductor layer through the first film by ion implantation; a second film forming process that forms a second film on the first film, after the ion implantation process; and a heat treatment process that processes the nitride semiconductor layer by heat treatment after the second film forming process. This suppresses the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer from being roughened.

Technical Field
The invention relates to a method of manufacturing a nitride semiconductor device.
Description of the Related Art
A known configuration of a semiconductor device includes a semiconductor layer that is made of a nitride semiconductor, for example, gallium nitride (GaN) (for example, JP 2014-086698A). Ion implantation may be employed to form a P-type region in a specified area of the semiconductor layer.
JP 2014-086698A describes a method that forms a silicon dioxide (SiO2) layer of 50 nm in thickness on a gallium nitride layer to serve as a protective layer for protecting the surface of the gallium nitride layer, performs ion implantation and performs heat treatment at temperature of 800° C. to 900° C. JP 2014-041917A describes a method that performs ion implantation into a gallium nitride layer without providing a protective layer, forms an aluminum nitride (AlN) layer to protect the surface of the gallium nitride layer after performing the ion implantation and performs heat treatment. The relevant techniques are described in WO 2015/029578 and JP 2009-126727A.
In the technique described in JP 2014-086698A, however, the protective layer is formed rather thin to allow for ion permeation and has insufficient thickness as the protective layer in heat treatment. There is accordingly a likelihood that nitrogen present in the gallium nitride layer is dropped off during heat treatment to roughen the surface of the gallium nitride layer. In the technique described in JP 2014-041917A, on the other hand, the protective layer may be denatured by heat during heat treatment. This may make it difficult to remove the protective layer. There is accordingly a need to expose the gallium nitride layer to rather extreme conditions for removal of the protective layer. This may result in roughening the surface of the gallium nitride layer.
There is accordingly a demand for a technique that suppresses the surface of the nitride semiconductor layer from being roughened by ion implantation or by heat treatment.

Method of manufacturing nitride semiconductor device


A plurality of slitting devices for rolls of sheeting can be clipped onto a dispensing carton so that the sheeting is readily slit to width as it is drawn from the carton. The devices are folded from single flat steel units so as to guard the edges of blades securely when not in use.

Flexible sheeting material of different types must be slit to the required width at the site and time of installation. Such sheeting, as, for example, the glare resistant film that is applied to the windows of buildings and vehicles, is packaged in rolls of great length in elongated portable cardboard boxes. Strips of the proper dimensions for particular window panes must be cut from these rolls, and such cutting can be an awkward job due to the conditions at the work site, which are beyond the operator's control, and the flimsiness and static adhesiveness of the film.
Commercially available single-edge razor blades, as blades which have one edge finely sharpened and the opposite edge protected by a folded and crimped metal strip are called, have been long used to slit sheetings, including film sheetings but my present improvement in devices for protectively holding the blade has the novel advantages of keeping the sharp edges of the blade completely protected when the blade is not in use while easily exposing an end of the blade for cutting, allowing different portions of the cutting edge to contact the film as the edge becomes dull, including reversal of the blade in the device, and means for clamping the device onto a standard corrugated-board box to cut film sheeting as it is withdrawn. But my device is also very useful for cutting sheeting by hand and can be safely held so as to lock the blade firmly during use. The same means that clamp my device to a dispensing container will clip it to an operator's clothing for safe keeping.


A surgical cast cutter for removing orthopedic bandages of a hard casting material type comprises a first shank (2a), cutting portion (2b), and second shank (2c); a first housing (1) having a built-in rotating device which rotates the cutting tool; a tool holding device which rotatably holds the cutting tool (2); a second housing (15) which receives the cutting tool (2) and having an integrated horseshoe-shaped protrusion which is inserted between the hard cover and affected area as a guide such that the hard cover may be easily cut; and a hood (50) which is coupled to the second housing (15) and movable in the up and down direction. The hood also serves as a collecting device for collecting dusts and debris formed from the removal of the cast. A method is also disclosed for applying the cast on an affected area such that it may be easily removed by the cast cutter.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a surgical instrument in particular to a cast cutter for removing orthopedic bandages of a hard-casting material type, and a method for casting the affected area in such a manner so that the cast may be easily cut by using the cast cutter.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Various devices and methods for removing a cast from an affected area of a patient have been developed. For example, an electric saw having a rotating or oscillating blade has been used to remove the cast from the affected area of a patient.
This electric saw has proved unsatisfactory for many reasons. In particular, this electric saw often shocks the patient getting the cast removed due to the approach of the rotating or oscillating blade against the affected area and the noise and debris generated when the electric-saw piercingly cuts the cast. This is particular disadvantage can especially occur when the patient is a child.
In addition, because of the above disadvantages, cast cuttings using an electric saw remove the cast from the affected area by penetrating through the cast in such a way so that the rotating or oscillating blade does not contact the affected area. This method necessitates the cutting of the cast once and then the use of a separate mechanical device for spreading the cut cast open.
The two separate actions must be performed due to the possibility of shock to the patient and because the operator must perform the task of cutting the cast with the electric saw, which requires extreme caution, twice on two uniform portions of the cast to avoid using a separate mechanical device to spread the cut cast open, causing agony for both the patient and the operator.
Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide a cast cutter which does not cause shock or injury to the patient when removing the cast from the affected area, and which is provided with a hood which can be moved up and down according to the flexion caused from the difference in thickness of the cast. The hood also serves the additional role of collecting dust and debris formed from the removal of the cast.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a casting method whereby the cast cutter may perform the cutting operations easily when removing a cast from an affected area.
To achieve the above-mentioned objects, the cast cutter, according to this invention includes a cutting tool comprised of a first shank, cutting portion, and second shank; a first housing having a built-in rotating means which rotates the cutting tool; a tool holding means which rotatably holds the cutting tool; a second housing which receives the cutting tool having an integrated horseshoe-shaped protrusion which is inserted between the hard cover and affected area as a guide such that the hard cover may be easily cut; and a hood which is coupled to the second housing and which is movable in the up and down direction.
The method of cutting the cast by using the cast cutter configured as the above is comprised of the steps of wrapping a cast padding on the affected area; adhering adhesive tape of a smooth surfaced strip-shape on the cast padding under the hard cover portion to be cut when the hard cover is removed from the affected area with the hard cover cutter; and wrapping the hard cover on the cast padding on which the adhesive tape is adhered on a portion thereof.

1602-1503, Munchon-maeul Newsamik Apartment, 117, Juyeop-dong, Ilsan-gu


A system and method for efficiently providing high-quality medical diagnostic service is disclosed. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a computer-controlled diagnostic device is placed in a location, such as a primary care clinic, where the device can be the most timely used. The device is linked by a computer network to a computer accessible by an expert diagnostician, who is qualified to express diagnostic opinions based on his or her review of the test data from the test device. The linkage can be either direct, moderated by an intermediate computer, which distributes diagnostic tasks to a team of diagnosticians, facilitates remote control and troubleshooting of the test devices by qualified personnel and remote training of the end-users of the test device, and manages billing by the clinics, diagnosticians and the provider of the diagnostic service system. Timely testing of patients in an economical manner is thus achieved.

Cardiovascular disease is the number one killer in the United States. According to the American Heart Association, cardiovascular disease inflicts over 59 million Americans and contributes to approximately sixty percent of all deaths recorded each year. This deadly disease attacks both men and women, equaling the next seven leading causes of death combined for men and causing one out of every two deaths in women. Treatment options for cardiovascular disease are continuing to expand. However, patients are often diagnosed too late to be treated effectively or without invasive measures. Accordingly, early diagnosis and early treatment are vital to ensure successful outcomes.
To date, tools for obtaining such an early diagnosis have been difficult to access. Typically, devices for measuring blood flows through arteries and veins (which are necessary for diagnosing cardiovascular disease) are large and expensive. Further, interpretation of the results of such testing require the doctor performing such tests to have special skills. As a result, such testing is usually performed only in vascular laboratories in large hospitals. Here, the cost of having equipment and the necessary doctor expertise can be justified through the volume of patients using such equipment. Yet a patient may not go to a hospital until the cardiovascular disease has progressed to an advanced stage. Accordingly, it is desirable to perform such tests on a more routine basis.

System and method for testing for cardiovascular disease


A coating composition of an aliphatic polyurethane resin in an organic solvent; wherein the resin has terminal hydroxyl groups, a weight average molecular weight of about 3,000 to 30,000, and is the reaction product of a fatty acid ester of drying oil fatty acids, polyol, having at least three reactive hydroxyl groups, aromatic monobasic and an alkyl amino aromatic acid that provides ultraviolet light absorbing groups, and an aliphatic diisocyanate; the composition can contain conventional pigments, organo metallic driers, and light stabilizers and cures at ambient temperatures and is useful as primary finish for metals, plastics and reinforced plastics, and can be used as a refinish composition for automobiles and trucks.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to coating composition, in particular to polyurethane coating composition.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Ambient temperature curing compositions of a mixture of an acrylic and alkyd resin are shown in Miller and Walus, U.S. Pat. No. 3,585,160 issued June 15, 1971. An improvement to this composition that uses a polyisocyanate and catalyst is shown in Miller, U.S. Pat. No. 3,844,993 issued Oct. 29, 1974. Thermosetting coating compositions of an alkyd resin and an aliphatic polyisocyanate crosslinking agent are shown in Miller, U.S. Pat. No. 3,789,037 issued Jan. 29, 1974.
While the above compositions provide adequate finishes, none provide an isocyanate free polyurethane coating composition that forms a finish that cures at ambient temperatures that is useful for automobiles and trucks and is weatherable for a long term.

Aliphatic polyurethane coating composition