The present invention relates to unique dental structures such as bridges and crowns. The bridge comprises a structural component such as a fiber reinforced polymeric base material impregnated bar disposed within interproximal cavities located in the distal occlusal surface of the mesial abutment tooth and the mesial occlusal surface of the distal abutment tooth, and a support element of woven fibers and polymeric base material. The support element can span the endentulous area, wrap around the structural component, and provide support for the veneer on the pontic.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to dental restoration devices and methods of manufacture thereof. In particular, this invention relates to dental bridges comprising at least one fiber-reinforced structural component and a method of manufacture thereof.
2. Brief Description of the Related Art
In the dental arts, a bridge is a device for the restoration and replacement of one or more natural teeth. It replaces at least one missing tooth and is supported on either side by the remaining teeth. A bridge generally comprises a pontic for replacement of the missing tooth, and connectors which connects the pontic to a retaining member such as a crown formed on an abutment tooth adjacent the pontic. By their nature, bridges must be aesthetic, as well as strong, in order to withstand forces generated by mastication of various types of foods and to maintain the positions of the abutting teeth. Prior art bridges therefore often incorporate a structural reinforcing element to provide strength, and a veneer to provide aesthetics, including ceramic or particulate-filled resin composite veneers.
Not surprisingly, construction of such dental bridge is often a time consuming, involved, and complex process requiring multiple steps. Accordingly, a number of bridge designs are disclosed in the prior art which are intended to either enhance strength or ease of preparation. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,074,791 discloses a bridge comprising a preformed pontic, which simplifies preparation. The so-called winged bridge disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,000,687 is designed to enhance bridge strength. U.S. Pat. No. 4,877,400 to Holsclaw discloses a dental bridge comprising a metal pontic rod that is opaqued and installed in refractory model notches. The metal ponltic rod and abutment teeth are coated with a porcelain mix and cured. Since metal is opaque to visible light, metal bridges fail to offer optimum aesthetic qualities. U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,162 to Dobbs discloses a dental bridge comprising a wax occlusal bar and at least one removable wax pontic.
A prefabricated dental bridge in U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,116 to Schoher et al. discloses a prefabricated pontic having a framework that is adjustable by use of a plurality of pliable metal members which interconnect for an open skeleton framework. U.S. Pat. No. 4,457,714 to Klein discloses a prefabricated dental bridge comprising a vertically-orientated pontic element and a pair of horizontally-extending bars disposed on opposite sides of the pontic element.
One problem experienced in prior art bridges featuring particulate-filled resin composite veneers is fracture of the veneer under tensile loading, due to a low strain-to-failure values of the composites. Veneers that are unsupported (due to poor framework design) are also vulnerable to shear under occlusal/incisal loading. Thus, while suitable for their intended purposes, there still remains a need for dental bridges which are aesthetically pleasing, strong and simple for the dentist or dental technician to prepare, and which possess sufficient structural integrity to withstand the stresses associated with mastication.

Fiber-reinforced dental bridge and method of manufacture thereof


A fully enclosed and self-propelled ice fishing house is operable from within the enclosure to control a tracked drive, a vertically movable floor, and vertical movement of an exterior auger. The movable floor may be raised for transport and lowered to the surface of the ice during fishing. The exterior auger is preferably in front of the vehicle, and a line parallel to a longitudinal axis of the vehicle extends from the auger to a fishing opening portal in the movable floor.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains generally to motor vehicles, and more particularly to motor vehicles having an endless flexible track structure, a vehicle frame and motive power and drive means for the flexible track. In a preferred manifestation, the present invention is a fully enclosed ice fishing house which is operable from within the enclosure to control a tracked drive, movable floor, and exterior auger.
2. Description of the Related Art
In northern latitudes, during the long winters there is no ability to grow or harvest plants. However, many of the deeper or spring-fed lakes maintain water below ice, and fish are able to survive the winter months. Consequently, many lakes in the northern latitudes hold bounties of fish, and these fish have long served as an essential source of food.
In addition to fulfilling a basic need for food, many people today find fishing to be a very enjoyable recreational sport. In some cases this may simply be a return to one's roots, or a refreshing visit to what times of old involved. In other cases, the combination of time in the relatively unspoiled outdoors and the opportunity to meet one's basic needs combine to provide great satisfaction. In yet other cases, the time away from hectic life in the city and opportunity to socialize in a more private environment provides an excellent change of pace. Regardless of the specific reasons, millions of individuals at least on occasion continue to participate in the sport.
When a fisherman embarks upon a fishing trip, whether for an afternoon or a multiple day trip, one part of the preparation is the securing of supplies. Frequently, a fisherman will carry many diverse tools, such as an ice auger, various live and artificial baits, hooks, leaders, weights, bobbers, stringers, and the like.
Once supplies have been gathered, an ice fisherman will travel to a suitable location on the ice surface of a suitable lake. The fisherman will then create a hole through the ice into the water, typically by drilling with an ice auger. Next, the fisherman will pass a fishing line terminated by an artificially or live-baited hook through the hole. The fisherman then waits for an unsuspecting fish to bite or swallow the bait, and then the fisherman will reel the line in and pull the fish through the hole in the ice.
Ice fishing involves sometimes waiting for extended time periods for fish to bite. Unfortunately, by the very nature of the location on top of the ice, there is generally little natural shelter available to protect a fisherman from the elements. Consequently, the combination of cold temperatures and wind can be quite brutal. When temperatures fall below zero on the Fahrenheit scale, and when the winds begin to blow, frostbite occurs in only a few minutes on exposed skin. Severe winter weather can make an otherwise very enjoyable past time into a brutal and life threatening experience.
Snow that requires substantial exertion to walk through and slippery ice are both covering the lakes, making access by foot travel physically challenging and risky. Difficult foot access and the risk of life threatening exposure to the elements combine to create an obstacle or barrier for elderly or handicapped individuals that would otherwise gain great enjoyment and satisfaction from the sport of ice fishing.
A shelter, commonly referred to as an ice house or ice shanty, may be used to protect a fisherman from extreme cold and possible wind gusts. Many ice houses may also be provided with a source of heat, light, and a radio, television, or other entertainment system. Understandably, such ice houses have gained wide acceptance.
Unfortunately, ice houses tend to be heavy, awkward, and not readily transported. Consequently, ice houses can be especially difficult to set up in remote locations. Even for more accessible locations, typical ice houses pose difficulties in transportation and tend to be left in one location all winter.
As is well-known, fish are not predictable, and may move from day to day to different locations about the lake. A fixed ice houses cannot be moved to better fishing locations, while a portable shelter could. Consequently, for a fisherman to have the option of moving to a different location on the ice is of benefit in the art of ice fishing.
Other complications can arise when the ice house is left out all winter. For example, snow and ice can build up inside of the ice houses, making the floor slippery. Another complication arises if the top layer of ice melts on a particularly warm day because the ice house can become frozen to the lake when it re-freezes, making removal difficult or impossible until the lake starts melting again. Also, if the weather warms up significantly before one has a chance to retrieve the ice house, the ice house will be irretrievable and end up at the bottom of the lake. Furthermore, in order to even get a traditional ice house on the lake can require a larger vehicle, such as a truck, to drive out onto the ice. In addition, supplies left within the ice house may be stolen or vandalized.
Some artisans have designed portable enclosures that may be transported across ice and snow. Exemplary patents, the contents and teachings which are incorporated herein by reference, include U.S. Pat. No. 3,464,735 by Smith, entitled "Snowmobile camper"; and Des 510,541 by Buchanan, entitled "Ice transporter". These enclosures provide protection from the elements and may be towed by other vehicles. However, other than shelter, they are of little utility to an ice fisherman since they do not provide shelter while still also providing access through the ice to fish.
Several additional towable enclosures provide access to the ice and submerged fish, including U.S. Pat. No. 2,473,076 by Scheibner, entitled "Collapsible structure for ice fishing"; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,487,734 by Davis, entitled "Convertible multipurpose recreational assembly", the teachings and contents of each which are incorporated herein by reference. These greatly facilitate the travel to and from different locations upon the ice through the use of a motorized towing vehicle such as an ATV, snowmobile, or other vehicle. However, the fisherman must still drive the towing vehicle, connect and disconnect therefrom, drill a suitable hole, and in the case of the Sheibner patent load and unload supplies and gear from the shelter. Each of these requirements make the experience less enjoyable, and also much more difficult for elderly or disabled individuals.
As an alternative, some artisans have designed ice fishing shelters that are transported and supported by a snowmobile. Exemplary patents, the contents and teachings which are incorporated herein by reference, include: U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,312 by Scheuermann, entitled "Collapsible shelter, and methods of constructing and utilizing same"; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,962,221 by Carrette, entitled "Mobile ice fishing shelter assembly". In a similar manner, other artisans have designed shelters for All-Terrain Vehicles (ATVs) and the like. Exemplary patents, the contents and teachings which are incorporated herein by reference, include: U.S. Pat. No. 6,439,645 by Pedersen, entitled "Mobile all-terrain vehicle enclosure"; U.S. Pat. No. 6,802,327 by Koss, entitled "Retractable portable shelter with an attachment for vehicles"; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,503,607 by Sersland et al, entitled "Retractable enclosure for small land vehicle". Other artisans have designed simpler enclosures for snowmobiles, without any consideration at all for other utility. Exemplary patents, the contents and teachings which are incorporated herein by reference, include: U.S. Pat. No. 3,599,740 by Martinmaas, entitled "Snowmobile cab assembly"; U.S. Pat. No. 3,603,419 by Riddle, entitled "Combination cover and trailing sleigh for traction snow vehicles"; U.S. Pat. No. 3,622,175 by Benz et al, entitled "Safety canopy for snowmobiles"; and U.S. Pat. No. 3,877,533 by Maziarka et al, entitled "Snowmobile steering mechanism". Unfortunately, none of these concepts alleviate the need for a fisherman to be significantly exposed to the elements, and potentially need significant strength and capability.
Finally, a few artisans have tried to facilitate the use or transport of an auger. Exemplary patents, the contents and teachings which are incorporated herein by reference, include: U.S. Pat. No. 2,734,722 by Pokorny, entitled "Post hole driller"; U.S. Pat. No. 3,602,321 by Kortschaga, entitled "Ice auger attachment for snow vehicles"; U.S. Pat. No. 3,731,751 by Rusco, entitled "Power driven auger attachment for snowmobiles"; U.S. Pat. No. 5,622,235 by Merritt, entitled "Tracked vehicle"; U.S. Pat. No. 5,746,277 by Howell, entitled "Drilling apparatus"; U.S. Pat. No. 6,742,612 by Campbell et al, entitled "Offroad tracked vehicle for snow and ice"; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,889,779 by Skarlupka IV et al, entitled "Auger/vehicle interface jig".
In addition to the aforementioned patents, several commercial machines exist that greatly facilitate access to ice fishing. These include the StomperTech ATRV all season off-road ice fishing, camping, hunting, and rescue vehicle from StomperTech Industries Incorporated of Clearwater, Minn.; the Yooper Crawler self propelled ice fishing shanty from R & I Manufacturing of Gulliver Mich.; and the SnoBear mobile fish house by SnoBear Industries of West Fargo, N. Dak.; the teachings of each which are incorporated herein by reference. These machines each provide a number of features and advantages that are very significant and beneficial when compared to the patents incorporated by reference herein above. Nevertheless, there remains a need for a particular combination of features that these machines do not achieve.
One challenge with a mobile and self contained shelter is achieving appropriate balance between ground clearance, ease of use for ice fishing, and cost. More specifically, the Yooper Crawler provides good ground clearance while preserving relatively simpler and lower cost construction than, for exemplary purposes, the SnoBear. However, the Yooper Crawler also elevates the floor of the fish house above the ice by the same clearance between the fish house floor and the ski bottoms. In other words, when more clearance is provided to traverse heavier snow coverings, this same clearance is a hindrance for the fisherman later since this creates an undesirable gap between fish house floor and the ice surface. In addition, an elderly or handicapped fisherman must also climb a ramp to gain sufficient elevation to reach the interior floor of the shelter. Consequently, the more transportable the shelter, the less desirable to use for ice fishing.
In contrast to the Yooper Crawler, the SnoBear provides an Acralift System that allows the machine to lower and raise through a twelve inch range, allowing the machine to raise above a heavy snow during transport, while still lowering down to an ice surface for fishing. While this is a very innovative and highly beneficial system, the complexity necessarily adds undesirable cost, and the amount of available elevation gain for transport is still more limited than may be desired for some applications.
Thus there still exists a need and opportunity for a more complete and comprehensive set of features and benefits, while minimizing the detrimental aspects of the prior art.
In addition to the foregoing patents and publications, Webster's New Universal Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition copyright 1983, is incorporated herein by reference in entirety for the definitions of words and terms used herein.

Ice fishing house with tracked drive, movable floor, and remotely controlled auger


Systems and methods are disclosed for detecting covert DNS tunnels using n-grams. The majority of legitimate DNS requests originate from network content itself, for example, through hyperlinks in websites. So, comparing data from incoming network communications to a hostname included in a DNS request can give an indication on whether the DNS request is a legitimate request or associated with a covert DNS tunnel. This process can be made computationally efficient by extracting n-grams from incoming network content and storing the n-grams in an efficient data structure, such as a Bloom filter. The stored n-grams are compared with n-grams extracted from outgoing DNS requests. If n-grams from an outgoing DNS request are not found in the data structure, the domain associated with the DNS request is determined to be associated with a suspected covert DNS tunnel.

This application relates to the detection of covert DNS tunnels.
In recent years, hackers have increasingly utilized the Domain Name System (DNS) network protocol as a medium for a covert channel. Communications that would otherwise be disallowed by network firewalls or other security monitoring systems may be able to readily pass through a network undetected as a DNS communication. Further, the DNS protocol has significant room for user-defined data and supplementary text fields which may be utilized by a hacker to transmit covert information. Additionally, DNS servers are decentralized, making it easy to set up a DNS server that will function as the receiving end of covert DNS tunnels.
Some current systems have resorted to computationally intensive algorithms and machine learning techniques to attempt to uncover these covert DNS tunnels with limited success. Other systems have relied on visualization techniques to uncover covert DNS tunnels; however, these implementations require significant human input and analysis.

Systems and methods for detecting covert DNS tunnels


The control of gate widths is improved for system-on-a-chip (SoC) devices which require multiple gate dielectric “gate” thicknesses, e.g., for analog and digital processing on the same chip. A hard mask is formed to protect a thick gate while the thin gate region is etched to remove oxide (sometimes referred to as a preclean step). The patterned substrate is then processed to selectively deposit a second thickness of gate material. The thin gate may be silicon oxide and the physical thickness of the thin gate may be less than that of the thick gate. In a preferred embodiment, the substrate is not exposed to air or atmosphere after the hardmask is removed.

There is a growing desire for a "system on a chip" as integrated circuit technology enters the ultra large scale integration (ULSI) era. Ideally, the industry would like to build a computing system by fabricating all the necessary integrated circuits on one substrate, as compared to fabricating many chips of different functions on multiple substrates. The concept of "system on a chip" has been around since the very large scale integration (VLSI) era (early 1980s), but even today, it is very difficult to implement such a truly high-performance system on a single chip because of vastly different fabrication processes and different manufacturing yields for various I/O, logic and memory circuits.
In CMOS logic used for manufacturing system-on-a-chip (SOC) products there are usually gates of differing thicknesses, for example, a SOC may have a thin silicon oxide gate and a thick oxide gate. The thin gate is used for high performing devices since it facilitates faster switching. The thicker gate is used for analog, I/O, voltage regulation and other applications requiring higher voltage than the thin gate can tolerate. In more complex devices, there may even be more than two gate oxide thicknesses in a CMOS technology.
There is a need for new manufacturing processes which enable more control of thin gate oxide thickness on SOC devices.


A scoring device which produces a plurality of cuts with a single pass comprises a handle and a body portion containing a movable blade holding assembly consisting of a series of razor blades mounted on a shaft with spacer elements between them. By loosening a thumb screw on the shaft the assembly can be released from a retracted noncutting position and slid out from the body portion to expose a greater amount of the blade edge which will produce a deeper cut. The assembly is then locked at the desired extended position with the thumb screw. The blades can be easily and economically replaced to maintain a sharp cutting edge and the device can be used to score fish.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a scoring device and a method of scoring fish utilizing this scoring device having a plurality of spaced apart retractable razor blades. The device is pulled across the fish so the blades produce a plurality of simultaneous cuts and the depth of the cuts can be controlled by adjusting the degree of extension of the sliding blade assembly.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Previously fish scoring was done with a knife having a single blade. To provide multiple cuts on both sides require passing the knife over each side of the fish many times. When a large number of fish are to be cooked for a fish fry, this scoring procedure requires a great deal of time and effort to make the many cuts at the same uniform depth.


Roughly described, a system for estimating an effective channel length of a 3D transistor having a gate length below 20 nm involves estimating an effective volume of the channel and a cross-sectional area of the channel, and estimating the effective channel length as the ratio of effective volume to cross-sectional area. Preferably the effective volume is estimated as the sum of the Voronoi volumes within containing boundaries of the channel, excluding those volumes having a dopant concentration above the source/drain dopant concentration at the carrier injection point. The containing boundaries can be identified using geometry data describing the transistor, particularly the data identifying inner surfaces of the gate dielectric. The estimated effective channel length can be used in TCAD level analysis of the transistor and calculating characteristics of the transistor as needed for circuit simulation.

It is desirable in many cases to have accurate estimate of the channel length for the short channel transistors like FinFETs and nano-wires. It is used to compare transistors to each other, to characterize the short channel effects, to characterize the direct source-to-drain tunneling, to model ballistic mobility, which is directly proportional to the channel length, etc. The gate length is easy to measure or extract from a geometry database, as it is defined by the gate patterning mask and subsequent deposition of the gate dielectric and the gate. However, the physical gate length is not a useful value for determining many critical characteristics of a transistor. More important is to know the effective channel length, which is defined as the average distance from source junction to drain junction. The effective channel length can be smaller than the gate length, same, or larger, depending on how transistor is built. Current practice is for engineers to take a close look at the transistor and estimate its effective channel length based on a number of factors. It is desirable to have an algorithm that can reliably determine the effective channel length and exclude human errors and human-to-human variation due to the different "eye-balling" approaches.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Estimation of effective channel length for FinFETs and nano-wires


First and second processing circuits are provided for carrying out a reverberation process of an input signal, and first and second filters are provided for applying amplitude characteristics to output signals of the first and second processing circuits. A first adder is provided for adding an output signal of the first processing circuit with an output signal of the second filter at opposed phase, and a second adder is provided for adding an output signal of the first filter with an output signal of second processing circuit in-phase. First and second speakers are provided to receive output signals of the first and second adders. The first and second amplitude characteristics are determined in accordance with a correlation coefficient of sound pressures of sounds from the first and second speakers.

The present invention relates to a sound field control system wherein a monophonic audio signal is converted into stereo-simulated signals.
Spacial sound impression which a listener feels depends on auditory sensations of the ears. When sounds of the same amplitude reach both ears at the same phase, the listener feels as through the sound is coming from the center in front of him, lacking in lateral expanse. On the other hand, when complex sounds of the same amplitude at a various phases are heard, a lateral expanse is sensed.
In the case of steady noise such as white noise and pink noise, the extent of the lateral expanse can be expressed using as a factor only an interaural correlation coefficient .phi.xy(.tau.) of sound heard by both ears. Namely, ##EQU1## wherein, x(t) and y(t) are audio signals reproduced from the right and left loudspeakers, respectively. The value .phi.xy(.tau.) when .tau. is zero represents the correlation coefficient.
However, such a simple physical value is not sufficient to express the lateral expanse felt when a musical sound including a large quantity of impulsive components is heard. Moreover, a feeling of lateral expanse differs in the case of musical sound with transient or impulse sound and in the case of steady noises although the value of the correlation coefficient may be the same.
This is due to the fact that, although there exist reflected sounds from various directions, the human ear is able to discern the direction from which came a sound that first reached the ear, that is, a direct sound of a sound source. More particularly, the human auditory system operates to render the direction from which the initial reflected sound following the direct sound obscure, and to compensate the volume of the direct sound by the reflected sound. Such a characteristics of the auditory system is an important factor in quantitatively expressing the sense of expanse of the musical sounds.
In order to achieve such a sense of lateral expanse, there has been proposed a sound field generating systems such as a surround, presence stereo and omni-sound system for creating the sound field. Each of these systems uses a two-channel audio signal as a sound source. The audio signal is processed so that a component expressing a sense of sound field is effectively strengthened.
Furthermore, there is proposed a sound field control (SFC) system wherein acoustic conditions are added to the two-channel audio signal so as to simulate the effects caused in various reproducing locations. For example, the audio signal is processed by a DASP based on data on sound field collected by way of a proximity four point microphone recording system in famous concert halls of the world, or on data simulated by a computer. The sound reproduced from the processed audio signal is emitted from four speakers, thereby giving the listener a feeling as though he is actually in one of these halls.
Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. 6-269098 discloses such a SFC system as shown in FIG. 4. Referring to FIG. 4, a monophonic audio signal S(t) is fed to a first SFC processing circuit 10 and a second SFC processing circuit 20. The first and second SFC processing circuits 10 and 20 process the signal S(t) in a different manner so that stereo-simulated signals S.sub.1 (t) and S.sub.2 (t) having a small correlation coefficient therebetween are generated. The stereo-simulated signals S.sub.1 (t) and S.sub.2 (t) are fed to loudspeakers 12 and 22 through respective amplifiers 11 and 21 so as to be reproduced. Namely, in the SFC system, the signals are controlled so as to set the transient interaural correlation coefficient at an optimum value to provide a sense of lateral expanse.
More particularly, FIG. 5 shows the first and second SFC processing circuit 10 and 20 in detail. The SFC processing circuit 10 comprises a left delay element 11 having a plurality of output terminals LO.sub.1 to LO.sub.n so that a plurality of delay times are provided. Similarly, the SFC processing circuit 20 comprises a right delay element 11R having a plurality of terminals RO.sub.1 to RO.sub.n. The delay time becomes longer as the distance between each output terminal and the corresponding input terminal Lch IN or Rch IN becomes longer.
Output terminals LO.sub.1 and LO.sub.2 of the delay element 11 and an output terminal RO.sub.5 of the delay element 11 are connected to an adder 4 so as to generate a first left channel reverberation signal. Output terminals LO.sub.i and LO.sub.i+1 of the delay element 11 and output terminals RO.sub.1 and RO.sub.2 are connected to an adder 5 so as to generate a first right channel reverberation signal. Similarly, output terminals LO.sub.k and LO.sub.k+1 and RO.sub.t and RO.sub.t+1 are connected to an adder 6 to generate a second left channel reverberation signal. Output terminals LO.sub.j, RO.sub.u and RO.sub.u+1 are connected to an adder 7 to generate a second right channel reverberation signal.
The first reverberation signals from the adders 4 and 5 have a relatively small delay while the second reverberation signals from the adders 6 and 7 have a large delay.
The first left and right channel reverberation signals from the adders 4 and 5, respectively, are fed to a first function of correlation control filter 3, and second left and right channel reverberation signals from the adders 6 and 7, respectively, are fed to a second function of correlation control filter 2.
The first right and left reverberation signals with a smaller delay are controlled to have a predetermined interaural correlation coefficient and the second reverberation signal with a large delay are controlled to have a correlation coefficient corresponding to the delay, thereby to provide an appropriate sense of expanse.
The principle of the above-described conventional system is based on a transient interaural correlation coefficient. The filters 2 and 3 control the interaural correlation coefficient to coincide with that of a concert hall said to have excellent acoustics, so that a similar acoustic effect is obtained in an ordinary room.
The correlation coefficient control filters 2 and 3 control the signals by SFC processing and adding a negative-phase sequence component. However, the frequency response in accordance with the correlation coefficient is not considered, so that the sense of expansion is not sufficient.


Disclosed is a semiconductor device comprising a semiconductor substrate including first and second element-formation regions partitioned by an isolation trench, first and second lower gate insulating films formed on the first and second element-formation regions, first and second floating gates formed on the first and second lower gate insulating films, an isolation insulating film formed at least in the isolation trench and has a depression formed in an upper surface thereof, an upper gate insulating film formed on the first and second floating gates, and a control gate line including an opposed portion opposed to the first and second floating gates, with the upper gate insulating film being interposed, and a portion located inside the depression, the first floating gate including a side surface opposed to the second floating gate and entirely aligns with a side surface included in the first element-formation region and defined by the isolation trench.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, there is an increased demand for nonvolatile semiconductor memory devices, such as EEPROMs. A nonvolatile semiconductor memory device has problems in that where adjacent ones of memory cells in the word-line direction are close to each other, the capacitive coupling between the adjacent floating gates inevitably increases.
To solve this problem, a depression is formed in an isolation insulating film between memory cells, and a control gate line (word line) is formed in the depression (which is disclosed, for example in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2001-168306). A method for providing such a structure will be described, referring to FIGS. 13–15.
In FIG. 13, reference numeral 101 denotes a semiconductor substrate comprising an isolation trench 103 and an element-forming region 102. Numeral 104 denotes an isolation insulating film, numeral 105 denotes a lower gate insulating film (a tunnel insulating film), and numerals 106a and 106b denote polysilicon films serving as a floating gate. In the process illustrated in FIG. 13, the isolation insulating film 104 and polysilicon film 106a are overlaid with polysilicon film 106b, and a silicon oxide film 111 is formed on polysilicon film 106b. After the silicon oxide film 111 is patterned by lithography and etching, a film used for preparing side spacers is formed on the entire surface of the resultant structure. The film is etched by RIE or the like in such a manner that side spacers 112 are left on the side surfaces of the silicon oxide film 111. In this manner, the silicon oxide film 111 and the side spacers 112 define an etching mask having an opening portion 113.
Next, the polysilicon film 106b and the isolation insulating film 104 are etched, using the above-mentioned etching mask. As a result, a hollow portion 114 is defined, as shown in FIG. 14.
As shown in FIG. 15, the etching mask is removed, an upper gate insulating film (an ONO film) 107 is formed, and a polysilicon film 108a and a WSi film 108b, serving as control gate lines, are formed. Subsequently, the WSi film 108b, the polysilicon film 108a, the upper gate insulating film 107, the polysilicon films 106b and 106a, are patterned for isolation of memory cells.
In the prior art described above, the capacitive coupling between the adjacent floating gates (namely, the polysilicon films 106a and 106b) can be suppressed by filling the hollow portion 114 of the isolation insulating film 104 with the polysilicon film 108a.
However, since lithography is used for patterning the silicon oxide film 111 in the prior art described above, there may be an alignment error between the pattern of the silicon oxide film 111 and the pattern of the isolation trench 103 (the isolation insulating film 104). In order to form the hollow portion 114 reliably in the isolation insulating film 104, the width of the etching mask composed of the silicon oxide film 111 and the side spacers 112 must be provided with a margin. In other words, the width of the opening portion 113 of the etching mask must be less than the width of the isolation trench 103 by the dimension corresponding to the margin. As a result, the width of the hollow portion 114, which is formed by etching the polysilicon film 106b and the isolation insulating film 104, is naturally less than the width of the isolation trench 103. Where the adjacent memory cells are arranged at short intervals (in other words, the isolation trench 103 is narrow), it is very difficult to fill the hollow portion 114 with the polysilicon film 108a. Hence, the capacitive coupling between floating gates is hard to suppress.
As described above, the prior art has problems in that if the isolation trench has a reduced width, a control gate line cannot be easily formed in the hollow portion 114 of the isolation insulating film, and the capacitive coupling between floating gates is hard to suppress.

Semiconductor device and method of manufacturing the same


A water absorptive fabric including a layer of a water absorptive polymer whose major components consist of a cross-linked poly(metal salt of acrylic acid) and a water-soluble resin. The fabric may be produced by first impregnating a fabric substrate with a solution which contains a metal salt of acrylic acid in the form of a monomer, a cross-linking agent and a water-soluble resin, and then heating the impregnated fabric substrate to thereby copolymerize the monomer and the cross-linking agent, in the presence of the water-soluble resin.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a water absorptive fabric, and a process suitable for producing such a water absorptive fabric.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
A water absorptive fabric is used for various purposes. A water cut-off layer used in a communication cable is one example of application of the water absorptive fabric. Generally, the water absorptive fabric is prepared by impregnating a non-woven fabric substrate with a water absorptive composition containing sodium acrylate monomer and a suitable cross-linking agent, heating the impregnated substrate to thereby polymerize the monomer of the water absorptive composition, and finally drying the substrate. The water absorptive fabric thus prepared has a relatively large water absorbing capacity. Where the fabric is used as the water cut-off layer provided in an optical fiber cable, for example, it is desired that the water absorptive fabric has a sufficiently high coefficient of water absorption or a sufficiently high ratio of hygroscopic swelling or expansion. To this end, the amount of sodium acrylate used for impregnating the substrate is usually increased. However, the increase of the sodium acrylate tends to cause increased hardness of the produced non-woven fabric due to cross-linking of sodium polyacrylate, resulting in reduced flexibility of the fabric, and increased difficulty in bending, folding or otherwise handling the fabric to meet a specific application requirement.
For solving the above drawback, it is proposed to use an elastomer such as ethylene-propylene rubber, together with sodium acrylate. This solution suffers from another drawback, namely, reduction in the degree or ratio of hygroscopic swelling or expansion of the water absorptive fabric, whereby the obtained fabric cannot be suitably used for such applications that require the fabric to be able to swell in a sufficient degree absorbing a large amount of aqueous components.

Water absorptive fabric, and process of producing the same


A window frame measuring method is provided and includes the steps of: providing a smart electronic device having a window frame measuring application; starting the window frame measuring application of the smart electronic device to allow the image capturing unit to capture a code and a window frame externally and generate a code data and a window frame graphic data, respectively, which are then transmitted to the window frame measuring application by the transmission unit; analyzing and comparing the code data and the window frame graphic data by the window frame measuring application so as to generate a measuring data corresponding to dimensions of the window frame and transmit the measuring data to the display unit for display. Therefore, the window frame measuring method not only enables a user to perform smart human-machine interface interaction but also enhances accuracy in measurement of actual dimensions of window frames.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to measuring methods and, more particularly, to a window frame measuring method for use in measuring dimensions of window frames
2. Description of Related Art
Before buying curtains to be hung in window frames at home, users usually measure dimensions of the window frames (including window frame inner diameters, window frame outer diameters, and window frame diagonal distances) with a measurement tool (including a caliper or a tape measure) and then go shopping for the right curtains according to the measurements.
As described above, the prior art requires the users to measure the dimensions of the window frames and then go shopping for the right curtains according to the measurements. However, if the users measure the dimensions of the window frames wrongly, curtains subsequently purchased from a retailer by the users according to the wrong measurements will not fit, and the users will have to return the curtains to the retailer for an exchange or refund. In view of the aforesaid drawbacks of the prior art, the aforesaid conventional process is time-consuming and laborious. Therefore, the present invention is aimed at enabling users to measure dimensions of window frames conveniently and enhancing accuracy in measurement of dimensions of window frames.


Improved apparatus for shaping electrodes wherein an abrasive die member is vertically driven into contact with an electrode workpiece member while the die and workpiece members are oscillated with respect to one another in the horizontal plane with the oscillatory motion being imparted through two improved eccentric spindle assemblies which are simultaneously adjusted to vary the degree of eccentricity and therefore the amplitude of the oscillatory motion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of electrical discharge machining and more particularly to an improved apparatus for abrasively forming electrical discharge machining electrodes.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Prior to the present invention a method and apparatus for forming electrical discharge machining electrodes were disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,663,785 entitled Method of Erosively Shaping a Master Die and U.S. Pat. No. Re. 27,588 entitled Apparatus for Shaping Electrodes, respectively. The method and the apparatus for its implementation involved the use of an abrasive die and an electrode workpiece mounted in working alignment with one another. The die and workpiece are moved relative to one another in a horitzontal oscillatory rotary motion as they are brought together in the vertical direction such that the workpiece is abrasively formed into the same shape and contour as the die member.
In order to accommodate the need to operate the abrading apparatus at different amplitudes of oscillatory rotary motion it was necessary that the eccentricity of the two drive spindles be adjustable. This was accomplished by mounting the eccentric pin of each spindle to the platen to be oscillated with opposed locking wedges. In order to effect an adjustment of the oscillation amplitude the mounting assembly for each drive spindle had to be separately loosened and the opposed wedges moved relating to one another to increase or decrease the offset of the eccentric pin axis from the main rotational axis of the spindle. Since each spindle had to be individually adjusted the adjustment process required an experienced and skilled operator to assure that both spindles were set to the same measure of offset as well as the same point in rotation. Excessive set-up time was thus involved and even minor errors would lead to excessive bearing wear during operation. The overall assembly was, furthermore, much less rigid then required for precision operation.


On the basis of a first repertoire of genes coding for a population of one of two kinds of polypeptides capable of being combined, particularly an antibody light chain variable region, and at least one gene, and preferably a second repertoire coding for the other kind of polypeptide, particularly an antibody heavy chain variable region, the genes from the first repertoire are inserted into a first vector to form a vector population and the genes from the second repertoire are inserted into a second vector, at least one of said vectors being a recipient for the expression of both genes as polypeptides irreversibly combined with the outer surface of the product of said vector.

Antibody molecules are formed by the association of two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains by means of disulphide bridges. The two heavy chains are mutually associated in accordance with a Y-shaped structure and the two light chains respectively associate with the two branches of this structure in such a way that the variable domains of the light chains (VL) and heavy chains (VH) are-situated close to each other. The binding to the antigen results from the properties of the variable parts of the light and heavy chains. A complex system of rearrangement and selection then enables a substantial quantity of antibody which is specific to an antigen to be induced rapidly.
The standard hybridoma technique makes it possible to select clones of hybrid cells which express genes encoding the light and heavy chains of an antibody molecule. This technique requires the fusion of cells of lymphocytic origin, which contain genes directing the formation of antibodies, and of cells which are capable of giving rise to hybridomas which form immortalized cell lines. The cells which carry the genes in question are generally obtained by randomly creating libraries of circulating cells, with or without prior immunization with a specific antigen, and the hybridomas are screened by means of an antigen-antibody reaction after multiplying and culturing the hybridoma clones. This technique is cumbersome, with a limited yield, and the screening is not simple.
Another method, which uses recombinant bacteriophages, has recently been employed. The principles and the various ways of carrying out this method are described, for example, by D. R. Burton, Tiptechxe2x80x94May 1991, vol. 9, 169-175; D. J. Chiswell et al., Tiptechxe2x80x94March 1992, vol. 10, 80-84; H. R. Hoogenboom et al., Rev. Fr. Transfus. Hxc3xa9mobiol., 1993, 36, 19-47 (see, also, Patent Applications PCT WO 92/01047 and 92/20791).
This technique consists in inserting, into a vector, a repertoire of genes for variable regions of antibodies in association with a bacteriophage gene under conditions which enable the gene to be expressed in the form of a fusion protein which is presented at the surface of the phage, thereby exposing the variable regions of the light and heavy variable chains, which are linked by their disulphide bridges in the manner of an antibody Fab fragment, and in selecting the phages directly by means of a rapid separation method employing the immobilized specific antigen, for example by means of immunoaffinity chromatography. The selected phages can, following elution, infect a bacterium and be used directly for production or for repeating selection cycles. This method is particularly powerful since, in theory, it enables very substantial libraries to be created and a library to be screened in an extremely discriminating, efficient and rapid manner. A phage which lends itself particularly well to this method is the filamentous phage fd, in which it is possible to fuse the fragment encoding one of the heavy or light chains of the antibody with the gene for the minor surface protein and to insert the fragment encoding the other chain in such a way that, after the phage has infected bacteria, a population of phages is obtained which carry, at their surface, a fusion protein which presents the heavy and light chains in a configuration which is able to recognize the antigen and which can, therefore, be screened.
In addition to its simplicity, this technique offers great advantages. In association with the preliminary amplification of the library of antibody genes, it is possible to select one phage presenting a specific antibody fragment in a very large population of phages, of the order of 107, which can make it possible to search for human antibody genes without having necessarily to carry out a prior immunization of the donor.
By means of cleavage followed by religation, or by using two separate libraries of genes for light chains and for heavy chains, it is possible to obtain phages linking one light chain and one heavy chain in a random manner.
However, the number of different clones which it is possible to obtain is limited by the yield of the selection and by the degree of efficiency of the bacterial transformation.
A means of increasing the number of successful combinations linking the light chains of a first library to the heavy chains of a second library was described by P. WATERHOUSE et al., Nucleic acids Research, 1993, Vol. 21, No. 9, 2265-2266, enabling up to 1012 clones to be obtained using a loxP site-specific recombination system which is sensitive to the action of a Cre recombinase. However, the linkage. remains reversible. Furthermore, there is no control over the action of the recombinase and the recombined vectors do not have any selective advantage over the other vectors.
Now, taking into account the yield of the step for selecting recombinant phages which, in reality, only retains a fraction of the phages of interest, it is desirable to obtain the highest possible yields of recombinant vectors with the least possible number of non-recombinant vectors.
An object of the present invention is, therefore, to provide a process for producing multicombinatorial libraries, in particular in the form of phages or phage-mids, from two repertoires of genes, one for light chains and the other for heavy chains, enabling a very high number of clones to be obtained.
Another object of the invention is to provide such a process in which the number of non-recombinant vectors which are present at the end of the process is reduced.
Another object of the invention is to produce recombinants of this nature which have an enhanced stability.
The invention relates to a process for producing multicombinatorial libraries in which, starting from a first repertoire of genes encoding a population of one of two types of polypeptides which are capable of combining with each other, covalently or non-covalently, in particular variable regions of one of the light chain and heavy chain antibody types, and from at least one gene encoding the other type of polypeptide, in particular a variable region of the other type of antibody chain, or preferably from a second repertoire of genes encoding a population of the said other type, the genes of the said first repertoire are introduced into a first vector in order to form a population of vectors carrying the different genes of the said first repertoire, and the said gene of the said other type or the genes of the said second repertoire are introduced into a second vector, at least one of the said vectors, termed recipient, being arranged to receive, by recombination with the other vector, all or part of the said other vector, together with its gene, under conditions enabling the said recipient vector to contain, after recombination, a gene of one of the two types and a gene of the other type and to express the two genes in the form of linked polypeptides which are able to appear on the external surface of the product of the said vector, being maintained there and being linked together in a multimeric manner, or simulating a multimer, characterized in that the said vectors exhibit means enabling the recombination of the two types of chains to be effected in an irreversible manner.
In that which follows, the invention will be described in the application in which the two types of polypeptides are regions, which are at least in part variable, of light and heavy chains of antibodies. However, it will be understood that the invention also applies to other types of polypeptides which are capable of combining with each other, in particular the chains of heterodimeric receptors such as the xcex1 and xcex2 chains or xcex3 and xcex4 chains of the T-cell receptors.
Particularly advantageously, the vectors, which are preferably circularized, respectively contain the E. coli attB and the xcex phage attP specific recombination sites which are arranged in such a manner as to permit recombination under the influence of the associated recombinase or integrase thereby forming, in a single vector resulting from the recombination, stable junction sequences such as attL and attR.
Naturally, it would also be possible to replace these sites by the specific recombination sites of other bacterium/phage, or alternative, recombination systems.
In order to enable vectors which only contain a single chain to be eliminated and an additional increase in the relative content of recombinant vectors to be obtained as a consequence, the said vector can be arranged to have a selection marker which is initially non-functional and which is rendered functional by the recombination.
Preferably, the selection marker comprises a gene which permits selection, when it is expressed, and a promoter which is specific for the gene, the promoter being inserted into one of the vectors and the marker gene being inserted into the other, in such a way that they become linked in the recombinant vector which is obtained. The preferred markers include the genes, together with their promoters, for resistance to chloramphenicol, to tetracyclines and to gentanycin.
Naturally, the two vectors can also contain specific markers which can be used in the specific construction of each of the vectors, so as to permit or improve selection of each of the vectors during the process of its construction. As an example, these markers can be the genes for resistance to antibiotics such as kanamycin and ampicillin.
Preferably, a thermo-inducible recombinase is used to control the recombination step between the first and the second vector, for example by means of choosing a suitable host such as the E. coli strain D1210 HP, which is to be found in the catalogue of the American company Stratagene.
The invention also relates to the vectors which are obtained by the process according to the invention, in particular the vectors of the plasmid or phagemid type, which are characterized by the presence of a sequence encoding a variable part of an antibody light chain, and a sequence encoding a variable part of an antibody heavy chain, the said sequences. being accompanied, in suitable environments, by elements which enable them to be expressed in a host, the said light-chain and heavy-chain sequences, together with the said means which are linked to them, being respectively separated by unique irreversible integration sites such as, in particular, attP or attB.
Finally, the invention relates to multicombinatorial libraries which are formed by the vectors according to the invention and which combine, in a random manner, a sequence encoding one of the polypeptide types, such as a variable part of a light chain, and a sequence encoding the other polypeptide type, such as a variable part of a heavy chain.
An example will now be described of the construction of a recombinant vector according to the invention which combines the variable parts of the light chain and the heavy chain of one and the same anti-HIV gp160 clone, a vector which is found to be able to express the genes of the said light and heavy variable parts and to present their expression products at its surface or, as a variant, to release them in the form of a heavy chain-light chain combination which recognizes the gp160 antigen.

Process for preparing a multicombinatorial library of vectors for expressing antibody genes


An integrated circuit (IC) chip contains a small non-volatile “ID” memory such as an FeRAM array that stores information associated with manufacturing, testing, and performance of the IC chip. The stored information can include but is not limited to a serial number, a wafer ID, a batch ID, a date code, chip history, test data, and performance information. The storing information on the chip eliminates any difficulty in matching the information with the IC chip and provides a flexible permanent record of any information the manufacturer may find useful. The ID memory thus permits tracking and identification of ICs to a degree that was not previously practical. Additionally, a self-test can compare prior test results stored in the ID memory to current self-test results to detect defects or to select operating parameters of the integrated circuit.

Achieving a high yield of good integrated circuits is generally of critical importance to integrated circuit manufacturers. Accordingly, manufacturers often attempt to identify and address the cause of defects, when defects are detected. Tracking the batches or the particular wafers corresponding to defective chips can sometimes help identify the cause of defects. Accordingly, wafers are often marked with a unique ID or serial number that permits a manufacturer to keep a database containing the processing histories of the wafers.
Cutting a wafer separates the identifying marks from the resulting chips, so that tracking the source of a particular chip becomes very difficult after cutting. In particular, tracking individual chips can be done by marking the individual chips, which can be a time consuming additional processing step, and then maintaining a database indexed by the identifying marks on the chips. Chips might also be identified according to their position on processing equipment, but such identification is error prone.
Testing of the integrated circuits is also critical to quality control and to achieving a high yield of good IC chips. Accordingly, IC chips are generally subject to a series of quality control tests before and after packaging. Comparing the results of the separate tests can prove useful, but tracking and correlating the results of these tests presents the difficulty of identifying individual chips and then matching the chips with prior test results.
In view of the limitations of current techniques for identifying individual chips and matching data with specific chips, better structures and processes are sought for tracking of information associated with the manufacture of integrated circuits.


This invention relates to an improved process for synthesizing carboxylic acids by the carbonylation of alcohol. An alcohol such as methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide in a liquid reaction medium containing a rhodium (Rh) catalyst stabilized with an haloacetic acid, especially trifluoroacetic acid (TFAA), along with alkyl iodide such as methyl iodide (MeI) in specified proportions. The present reaction system is not only characterized by unexpectedly high catalyst stability, but also characterized by the high reaction rate for the formation of acetic acid. The improvement resides in the employment of trifluoroacetic acid as the catalyst promoter at a temperature from 180.degree. C. to 200.degree. C. The primary advantage of the catalyst system of this invention is the enhancement of the rate of carbonylation. The other advantage of the catalyst system is that they are readily soluble and thermally stable, making them resistant to deposition.

1. Field of the Invention:
This invention relates to an improvement of a process for synthesizing carboxylic acids by the carbonylation of alcohol. More particularity, this invention relates to the addition of trihaloacetic acid to the rhodium catalytic system to promote the reaction rate. The alcohol used in this reaction system has the formula of ROH, where R is a saturated hydrocarbonyl radical having 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
2. Description of the Prior Art:
The use of group VIII transition metals as the carbonylation catalysts for the production of carbonylation products are known in the art, with many of such catalysts being based on cobalt and using a halide promoter. However, the rhodium system has become the most important one in the recent years. So far as we know, there has not heretofore been a disclosure of a rhodium based carbonylation catalyst system containing trihaloacetic acid as the promoter used in the generation of carboxylic acid such as acetic acid by the carbonylation of alcohol such as methanol with carbon monoxide at mild pressure and temperature conditions. The rhodium catalytic systems that have been disclosed will be described in the following paragraphs and the relationship between those procedures and this invention will be discussed.
Among processes for synthesizing acetic acid, the one that is the most commercially useful is the carbonylation of methanol with carbon monoxide as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,769,329 and in U.S. Pat. No. 4,690,912 both issued to Paulik et al. on Oct. 30, 1973, and Sep. 1, 1987 respectively. The reaction was carried out at 180.degree. C. and 35-70 Kg/cm.sup.2 Co. The catalyst system comprises rhodium, either dissolved or otherwise dispersed in the liquid reaction medium or else supported on an inert solid, along with a halogen-containing catalyst promoter such as methyl iodide. The patents teach that the preferred solvent and liquid reaction medium for the process is the desired carboxylic acid itself, i.e., acetic acid when methanol is being carbonylated to produce acetic acid. The selectivity is exceptionally high, typically greater than 95%. However, the rate of carbonylation has been highly dependent on water concentration in the reaction medium. When the water concentration is reduced to below about 14-15 wt %, the rate of reaction declines. Reducing the water content also leads to the formation of by-product such as ester. It is taught in European Patent No. 0055618 that typically about 14-15% water is present in the reaction medium of a typical acetic acid-producing system using carbonylation technology. In a paper written by Hjortkjaer and Jensen [Ind. Eng. Chem., Prod. Res. Rev. 16,281 (1977)], it is shown that the reaction rate of methanol carbonylation is increased with the increasing of water content from 0 to 14 wt %. Above 14 wt %, the reaction rate is unchanged. The catalyst also becomes more susceptible to inactivation and precipitation when carbon monoxide partial pressure and/or water content is/are low. These prior arts disclose an important message that water must be present in the reaction system to obtain a satisfactory reaction rate.
Taiwan Application No. 74101387, to Celanese Corporation, disclose that using high concentration of LiI as the stabilizer for the rhodium catalytic system under a limited amount of water, it will be necessary to add methyl acetate as the promoter in order to obtain a productivity almost the same as the one which was obtained from a system with high concentration of water. The purpose of the Celanese patent is to reduce the amount of water but this also reduces the reaction rate.
It can be seen from the prior arts mentioned above that those systems either have the disadvantage of requiring high water content or have the disadvantage of the reduced reaction rate if the amount of water therein is reduced. Those literatures have never mentioned the use of trihaloacetic acid. Therefore, the main purpose of this invention is to find a suitable additive which can both reduce the amount of water and increase the reaction rate. Using the catalytic system of this invention, a very high productivity can be obtained under the reduce water content of 4 to 11% so that the problem resulting from water can be avoided. The catalytic system of this invention, even though dissolved in the system containing low amount of water, is still resistant to precipitation. Furthermore, in view of the separation of the acetic acid from low amount of water, the consumption of energy during distillation can be reduced when compared with the separation of them from high amount of water. The other procedures, such as solvent extraction, can also be simplified and thus the expansion of equipments can be avoided. The accomplishment of this invention, i.e., achieving high productivity and reaction rate under low water content by the incorporation of trifluoroacetic acid into the catalytic system, can not be overmatched by the prior art. According to the present invention, the reaction rate in the environment of low water content and in the absence of methyl acetate is even higher than that of the prior art in which methyl acetate is used.

Production of carboxylic acids from carbonylation of alcohol

China Petrochemical Development Corporation


A control system for an internal combustion engine according to one aspect of the invention calculates a total amount of evaporative fuel purged from a canister based on dynamic characteristics and concentration of purged gas. The system calculates an amount of evaporative fuel supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine based on the total amount of evaporative fuel and depending on dynamic characteristics of the purged gas. Then, the system determines a required amount of fuel to be injected by a fuel injection valve based on the amount of evaporative fuel supplied to the combustion chamber. A control system according to another aspect of the invention calculates an amount of fuel to be injected by the injection valve and the ratio of the amount of fuel to be injected to the amount of fuel to be purged from the canister based on operating conditions of the engine, and based on this ratio, controls the purge control valve and at the same time decreases the amount of fuel to be injected, while setting a limit to this ratio for maintaining the linear relationship of the valve opening period of the fuel injection valve and the fuel injection amount.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a control system for internal combustion engines, and more particularly to a control system for an internal combustion engine equipped with an evaporative emission control system for purging (discharging) evaporative fuel generated from a fuel tank into an intake system of the engine to thereby control the emission of evaporative fuel into the air.
2. Prior Art
Conventionally, a control system for an internal combustion engine has been proposed, e.g. by U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,172, filed Oct. 21, 1983 (hereinafter referred to as "the first prior art system"), which comprises a fuel tank, a canister for adsorbing evaporative fuel generated from the fuel tank to temporarily store it therein, a purging passage connecting between the canister and an intake system of the engine, a flowmeter arranged in the purging passage for measuring a flow rate of a purged gas (mixture of evaporative fuel and air), and a purge control valve arranged in the purging passage at a location downstream of the flowmeter for controlling the flow rate of purged gas.
According to the first prior art system, evaporative fuel generated from the fuel tank is temporarily stored in the canister, and the stored evaporative fuel is purged into the intake system of the engine as a fuel component for combustion to be burned in a combustion chamber of the engine together with fuel injected by a fuel injection valve. Further, according to this system, the flow rate of purged gas is controlled by means of the purge control valve arranged in the purging passage so as to control the air-fuel ratio of a mixture supplied to the combustion chamber to a desired value, to thereby prevent the emission of noxious components from the engine into the atmosphere.
Further, a control system for an internal combustion engine (hereinafter referred to as "the second prior art system") has already been proposed e.g. by Japanese Provisional Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 2-245441, in which a required amount of fuel for injection is calculated in response to an output from an air-fuel ratio sensor, and then the required amount of fuel is corrected by decreasing it by an amount of evaporative fuel purged per one rotation of the engine, to control the fuel injection amount based on results of this decremental correction.
Since the second prior art system corrects the required amount of fuel for injection by subtracting the amount of purged fuel therefrom, it is possible to prevent, to some extent, the air-fuel ratio of a mixture supplied to the combustion chamber from transiently deviating from a desired value even if the rotational speed of the engine is drastically changed.
Further, a method of controlling the fuel injection amount (hereinafter referred to as "the third prior art system") has already been proposed e.g. by Japanese Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 3-59255, which comprises the steps of estimating an amount of fuel adhering to an inner wall surface of an intake pipe and an amount of fuel carried off from the adhering fuel through evaporation to be drawn into a combustion chamber, and determining a required fuel injection amount with these estimated amounts taken into account.
According to the third prior art system, the amount of fuel is corrected so as to compensate for the influence by fuel adhering to the inner wall surface of the intake pipe based on the above-mentioned estimated amounts, and the corrected amount of fuel is injected, so that a correct amount of fuel can be constantly supplied to the combustion chamber, which makes it possible to prevent, to some extent, the air-fuel ratio of a mixture supplied to the combustion chamber from being largely deviated from a desired value.
In the first prior art system, however, the flow rate of evaporative fuel contained in the purged gas varies as a function of the amount of fuel stored in the canister. It is difficult to estimate the amount of evaporative fuel stored in the canister, and hence it is impossible to calculate an accurate amount of purged evaporative fuel, so that even if the flow rate of purged gas is controlled by means of the purge control valve, it is impossible to accurately control the flow rate of purged evaporative fuel. Therefore, when the engine is in a transient state, e.g. when the flow rate of purged gas very largely increases or decreases, or when the engine operating condition drastically changes, the amount of evaporative fuel drawn into the combustion chamber cannot be accurately controlled so that it may be undesirably largely deviated from a desired value, which causes the air-fuel ratio of a mixture supplied thereto to deviate from a desired value, leading to degraded exhaust emission characteristics of the engine.
On the other hand, in the first prior art system, the fuel (gasoline) injected from the fuel injection valves is in a liquid state, and part of the injected fuel adheres to the inner wall surface of the intake pipe, depending on a degree of atomization thereof. On the other hand, the evaporative fuel is in a gaseous state, and hence it is directly drawn into the combustion chamber without adhering to the inner wall surface of the intake pipe. When evaporative fuel, which is directly supplied to the combustion chamber, is purged into the intake system in a large amount, the ratio of the injected fuel to the evaporative fuel actually supplied into the combustion chamber deviates from a desired value. That is, since the evaporative fuel, which is gaseous, is more flammable than the injected fuel, which is liquid, the degree of contribution of the evaporative fuel to combustion and the degree of contribution of the injected fuel to combustion largely deviate from respective desired values.
However, in the first prior art system, the air-fuel ratio feedback control is performed by controlling the total amount of injected fuel and evaporative fuel with the two types of fuel regarded as an indivisible component for combustion. Therefore, under such air-fuel ratio control with the two types of fuel regarded as the indivisible component, it is impossible to control the air-fuel ratio of a mixture to a desired value when evaporative fuel is drawn into the combustion chamber in a large amount.
Further, in the first prior art system, the air-fuel ratio feedback control is performed with the amount of evaporative fuel supplied to the combustion chamber taken into consideration. However, if a large amount of evaporative fuel is purged into the intake system, it is difficult to control the air-fuel ratio of a mixture to a desired value with high accuracy, which causes the emission of a large amount of noxious components such as HC into the atmosphere, resulting in degraded exhaust emission characteristics of the engine.
Further, when the engine has not been warmed up and a catalytic converter arranged in the exhaust system of the engine has not been activated, as is the case with the engine immediately after the start thereof, the engine is generally unable to perform good combustion. Therefore, there has been a strong demand for an engine exhibiting improved exhaust emission characteristics even when the engine is started at a low temperature.
In the second prior art system, there is a delay time period before the air-fuel ratio sensor becomes activated through to generate a proper output signal. Therefore, during the delay time period, it is impossible to calculate a required amount of fuel for injection. In short, it is impossible for the second prior art system to calculate an accurate amount of fuel actually required for injection all the time, particularly when the engine is started. Further, the second prior art system system does not contemplate a time lag caused by transport of fuel to the combustion chamber. Therefore, it is impossible to supply just an actually required amount of fuel to the combustion chamber, making it difficult to constantly control the air-fuel ratio to a desired value.
It is known that gasoline, which is injected fuel, and butane, which is a major component of evaporative fuel, have different stoichiometric air-fuel ratios (the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio of gasoline is approximately 14.6, while that of butane is approximately 15.5), so that the optimum ignition timing depends on the ratio (evaporative fuel ratio) of an amount of evaporative fuel to the total amount of fuel supplied to the combustion chamber.
FIG. 1 shows an example of the relationship between the evaporative fuel ratio (butane/(butane+gasoline)) and the optimum ignition timing .theta.IG, provided that evaporative fuel is 100% butane, in which the solid line indicates the optimum ignition timing .theta.IG assumed when the engine coolant temperature is 87.degree. C. and the dot and chain line that assumed when the engine coolant temperature is 33.degree. C.
As is clear from FIG. 1, as the evaporative fuel ratio increases, the optimum ignition timing .theta.IG shifts in a retarding direction, with the shift degree also depending on the engine coolant temperature.
However, in the first and second prior art systems, the ignition timing .theta.IG control is performed without taking the evaporative fuel ratio into consideration at all. Therefore, if the amount of evaporative fuel purged from the canister increases, the ignition timing deviates from the optimum ignition timing .theta.IG in an advancing direction, which causes degraded exhaust emission characteristics and degraded driveability of the engine.
In the third prior art system, although the amount of fuel injected by the fuel injection valves is corrected so as to compensate for the influence by the adhering fuel, dynamic characteristics of the evaporative fuel purged from the canister, such as the time lag caused by transport of fuel to the combustion chamber, are not taken into consideration, making it impossible to constantly and accurately control the air-fuel ratio of a mixture to a desired value.

Control system for internal combustion engines


A dehumidifying base material and a device for forming the dehumidifying base material are provided. The dehumidifying base material is formed from a raw base material including a metal layer, an upper adhesive film, a lower adhesive film, an upper absorbent material layer, a lower absorbent material layer, an upper release film, and a lower release film. The raw base material is placed on a material placement part and passes a first release roller, an upper absorbent adhesive part, a second release roller, and a lower absorbent adhesive part sequentially to form the dehumidifying base material. The dehumidifying base material with an absorbent material applied onto two sides thereof is compressed, and is rolled by a base material rolling part.

1. Technical Field
This disclosure relates to dehumidifying base material manufacturing techniques, and to a dehumidifying base material, a dehumidifying base material forming device, and a method for forming a dehumidifying base material.
2. Description of Related Art
A dehumidifying base material of a dehumidifying component in a dehumidifying drying apparatus is produced by manual adhesion. When the dehumidifying base material is manually adhered, an adhesive film will be adhered unevenly, an absorbent material is likely to be fell, and the processing speed is too slow. As a result, the dehumidifying base material has unstable quality and insufficient efficiency. An inorganic gel, such as silicon oxide and aluminum oxide and an organic gel such as poly vinyl butyral (PVB) that are used to make the dehumidifying base material suffer from secondary hardening in a high temperature environment, which results in a component distortion problem.
Given the above, the market needs a device that forms a dehumidifying base material automatically, so as to promote the formation quality of the dehumidifying base material and the efficiency of dehumidifying components. During the automatic formation of a dehumidifying base material, it is the primary consideration that an absorbent material has to be adhered to an adhesive film evenly. Preferably, the absorbent material is adhered to the entire surface of the adhesive film evenly. During the formation of the dehumidifying base material, in order for the absorbent material to be adhered to the entire surface of the adhesive film evenly, the supplying amount of the absorbent material has to be controlled accurately. Too less the amount of the absorbent material cannot be adhered to the adhesive film securely, which results in weak efficiency. Too much the amount of the absorbent material will have a portion thereof fell from the adhesive film and is wasted.
Therefore, providing a dehumidifying base material forming device that forms dehumidifying base material automatically and applies an absorbent material onto the entire surface of an adhesive film without overusing the absorbent material is becoming one of the important issues in the art.

Dehumidifying base material, and device and method for forming the same

INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE


A catalyst composition is prepared by mixing at least an aluminum halide (preferably AlCl.sub.3), at least one copper(II) salt (preferably CuCl.sub.2), calcium aluminate and at least one alcohol (preferably ethanol), shaping the mixture, and drying the shaped particles. The thus-obtained catalyst composition is employed in the isomerization of alkanes and/or cycloalkanes.

In one aspect, this invention relates to the preparation of a composition of matter which is effective as a catalyst for isomerizing alkanes and cycloalkanes. In another aspect, this invention relates to an alkane/cycloalkane isomerization process.
The use of combinations of aluminum halide (in particular AlCl.sub.3) and certain metal chlorides and sulfates (in particular CuCl.sub.2 or CuSO.sub.4) for alkane isomerization is known and has been described in various scientific articles. The present invention is directed to a novel, effective alkane isomerization catalyst composition comprising a combination of aluminum halide(s) and copper(II) salt(s) and a particular solid inorganic refractory material.

Isomerization process and catalyst therefor


A trench type power MOSFET has a thin vertical gate oxide along its side walls and a thickened oxide with a rounded bottom at the bottom of the trench to provide a low RDSON and increased VDSMAX and VGSMAX and a reduced Miller capacitance. The walls of the trench are first lined with nitride to permit the growth of the thick bottom oxide to, for example 1000 xc3x85 to 1400 xc3x85 and the nitride is subsequently removed and a thin oxide, for example 320 xc3x85 is regrown on the side walls. In another embodiment, the trench bottom in amorphized and the trench walls are left as single crystal silicon so that oxide can be grown much faster and thicker on the trench bottom than on the trench walls during an oxide growth step. A reduced channel length of about 0.7 microns is used. The source diffusion is made deeper than the implant damage depth so that the full 0.7 micron channel is along undamaged silicon. A very lightly doped diffusion of 1000 xc3x85 to 2000 xc3x85 in depth could also be formed around the bottom of the trench and is depleted at all times by the inherent junction voltage to further reduce Miller capacitance and switching loss.

This invention relates to power MOSFET devices and their methods of manufacture, and more specifically relates to such devices with reduced RDSON, reduced gate capacitance and increased gate breakdown voltage.
In present trench type power MOSFET devices, a vertical gate oxide is formed simultaneously within the vertical walls of the trench and at the trench bottom. In order to provide a low RDSON, the vertical oxide should be relatively thin. However, the gate to drain capacitance is determined by the thickness of the gate oxide at the trench bottom, and the gate breakdown voltage VGSMAX is limited by the curvatures of the oxide at the trench bottom corner. Thus, the desire for a thin vertical gate oxide for low RDSON is contradictory to the need of a thick oxide at the bottom of the trench for improved VGSMAX and a low gate to drain capacitance. It would be desirable to harmonize these trade-offs.
A further problem exists in present trench type power MOSFETS due to the conventional formation of the channel and source diffusions. Thus, these regions are usually formed by an implant followed by the diffusion. The implants are known to cause surface damage which extends to a particular depth, depending on the process variables. Therefore, the vertical channel, which extends from the point at which the source intersects the trench wall to the bottom of the channel diffusion, will include damaged silicon caused by the earlier implants. This then increases threshold voltage and increases the channel resistance. It would be desirable to avoid the influence of implant damage on the conduction channel of the device.
A still further problem exists in current power MOSFETs in that the inherent Miller capacitance of the structure increases the gate charge QG of the device and thus increases switching loss. It would be desirable to reduce Miller capacitance to reduce switching loss.
In accordance with a first aspect of this invention, a novel structure and process are provided which result in the production of a thick gate oxide at the bottom of the trench and a significantly thinner gate oxide along its vertical wall. Thus, a trench is first etched in conventional fashion, through a source diffusion layer and channel diffusion layer and the trench walls and bottom have a silicon nitride coating deposited thereon. A thermally grown pad oxide may be formed before depositing the silicon nitride. The silicon nitride at the bottom surface of the trench is then reactively etched away, and a silicon dioxide layer is then grown on the exposed silicon at the bottom of the trench. The bottom oxide layer is grown to any desired thickness, for example, 1000 xc3x85 to 1400 xc3x85 in comparison to the conventional oxide thickness of about 320 xc3x85 used for the side wall gate oxide in the conventional device. During its growth, the oxide and the silicon at the corners of the trench round out to smooth or round the otherwise sharp bottom corners of the trench.
In another embodiment of the invention, the thicker bottom oxide is formed by amorphizing the trench bottom by using a heavy dose ion implantation (for example 1E16 atoms/cm2) of a neutral species ion, for example, Argon, after the trench etch. This process makes use of the fact that amorphized silicon oxidizes 3 or 4 times faster than the single crystal silicon surface along the vertical trench walls.
Thereafter, the silicon nitride layer remaining on the trench walls is removed by a wet etch which leaves the thick bottom oxide layer intact. A thin gate oxide (320 xc3x85 for example) is then grown on the exposed side walls.
The resulting structure has the desired thick bottom oxide and rounded silicon bottom for increased VDSMAX and VGSMAX and reduced Miller capacitance; and a thin gate oxide on the trench walls for reduced RDSON.
The channel length of the new device is also reduced to about 0.7 microns (from 1.2 microns for the same voltage in the prior art).
In forming the source and channel diffusions, the impurity atoms are implanted into the silicon and diffused before forming the trench. When the diffusions are shallow, as for a low voltage device with a reduced channel length (for example, 0.5 microns) part of the blocking voltage is held off only by the channel. However, the channel may include silicon along the trench wall which was damaged during the implant process. In accordance with a further feature of the invention, the source diffusion in a short channel low voltage MOSFET is made intentionally deeper than the implant damage depth. In this way, the full channel length will be along undamaged silicon so that threshold voltage and RDSON characteristics are unaffected by silicon crystal implant damage.
As a still further feature of the invention, and to further reduce Miller capacitance, a very lightly doped Pxe2x88x92xe2x88x92 or Nxe2x88x92xe2x88x92 diffusion of about 1000 xc3x85 to about 2000 xc3x85 in depth is formed around the bottom of the trench. The Pxe2x88x92xe2x88x92 diffusion will be depleted at all times by the inherent junction voltage, thus reducing Miller capacitance and switching loss. This concept is applicable to planer devices as well as trench devices.

Low voltage power MOSFET device and process for its manufacture


An apparatus for covering a pickup truck bed is provided. The apparatus includes a flexible cover for selectively extending to at least partially cover the pickup truck bed and at least partially retracting to form a roll. A first motor is provided for extending the flexible cover, and a second motor is provided for driving the roll to retract the flexible cover. A front wall adjacent to an operator's cab of the pickup truck may include a housing for the roll. The flexible cover may include at least one support extending transverse to a travel direction secured at least partially within a pocket formed therein. A water management system may be provided for keeping water from entering the bed. A controller may tie operation of the flexible cover to the operation of any of a light, a tailgate, a remote control, or a control connected with the vehicle.

Often, it is desirable to cover a pickup truck bed when not in use to keep out debris and moisture. Past approaches have involved the use of "tonneau" covers. Such covers may be comprised of rigid panels that must be manually removed to gain access to the bed. Once removed, the rigid panels must also be stowed, which if done in the bed creates limitations on available storage space. Typical after-market covers are also not fully integrated with the pickup truck, and thus are prone to undesirable leakage.
Accordingly, a need is identified for an improved tonneau cover for a pickup truck bed.

Flexible powered tonneau cover for a pickup truck bed


A plurality of data-transmitting stations communicate with respective data-receiving stations via channels using optical carriers of different wavelengths, the several channels sharing a common light guide between an optical multiplexer at an outgoing terminal and an optical demultiplexer at an incoming terminal. To minimize cross-talk between channels, the data streams modulating their carriers are so synchronized that the signal peaks appearing beyond the demultiplexer on any pair of spectrally adjacent channels are relatively offset by half a signal period of their data streams or of the faster one of these two data streams. The synchronization can be carried out through electronic control of the channel modulators at the transmitting stations or with the aid of optical delay lines inserted in every other channel upstream of the multiplexer. A similar phase relationship is maintained between incoming and outgoing data streams at a subscriber station having a transmitter and a receiver communicating via an optical duplexer with a single light guide.

In such a communication system, messages sent by several transmitters to respective receivers travel over paths sharing a common light guide between an optical multiplexer at an outgoing terminal and an optical demultiplexer at an incoming terminal. Each transmitter is linked with its associated receiver by an individual channel defined by an optical carrier of a particular wavelength differing from those of all the other carriers. These channels, accordingly, occupy predetermined relative positions in the spectrum of wavelengths which are not necessarily related to the geographic locations of the stations. In the ensuing description, the term "adjacent channels" refers to those channels whose carriers lie next to each other in that wavelength spectrum.
The number of channels that can be accommodated by a common light guide is limited by interference phenomena giving rise to cross-talk between adjacent channels. Thus, the carriers must be sufficiently spaced apart to minimize such interference.
Various solutions have already been proposed to overcome the problem of cross-talk. In an article (Paper C7.3) presented by H. Ishio and T. Miki at the IOOC '77 conference held in Tokyo, there has been described a comparison system in which the output signal of a photodetector receiving incoming signals from a channel of a wavelength-division-multiplex system is modified by a corrective electrical signal derived by suitable attenuation and polarity inversion from the optical inter-channel interference.
The output voltage or current of a photodetector oscillates in random fashion about a mean value constituting the useful signal. These oscillations account for a noise component of an amplitude proportional to the actual signal level. Since the noise accompanying an interfering signal is obviously uncorrelated with the noise accompanying the affected signal, the above-described compensation technique cannot reduce noise interference but is in fact likely to intensify same. This problem, accordingly, is specific to optical communication systems using photoelectric signal conversion.
Moreover, the level of the optically interfering signal must be exactly known to enable an effective reduction of cross-talk without further signal degradation. The electrical components needed for signal attenuation and polarity inversion also tend to introduce additional noise due in part to drift and instability phenomena.

Fiber-optical data-communication system using carriers of different wavelengths

CSELT, Centro Studi e Laboratori Telecomunicazioni S.P.A.


This disclosure pertains to a slip cover device adapted to be positioned over the uppermost portions of a chair backrest. The open mouth portion of an inverted U shaped cross-section fabricated from a flexible material is applied downwardly surrounding the uppermost marginal edges of the backrest of the chair. The rearmost surface of the cover is provided with a pouch having an open mouth at the uppermost region thereof. A purse may be stored in the pouch, utilizing a flexible strip hingeably affixed at one end and removably affixed at the other end to the rearmost surface of the cover to capture the handle of the purse. One marginal edge of the inverted U shaped cross-section, that is applied downwardly surrounding the uppermost marginal edges of the backrest of the chair, is elongated, such that the elongated portion may be attached to selected areas of the chair itself or the pouch portions of the apparatus or the portion of the apparatus which resides on the top of the backrest of the chair.

1. The Field of the Invention
This invention relates to slip covers for furniture and more particularly to that class providing a pouch and article securing means affixed thereto.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The prior art abounds with a plurality of slip covers having article carriers affixed thereto. U.S. Pat. No. 3,479,085 issued on Nov. 18, 1969 to E. Weinstein teaches a slip cover having a plurality of article carrying pouches and receiving areas affixed to a slip cover whose principle function is to cover the backrest panel of the front seat of a motor vehicle. U.S. Pat. No. 2,223,532 issued on Dec. 3, 1940 to H. A. Sallop discloses a backrest seat cover for the front seat of a motor vehicle having a pouch affixed thereto whose outermost panel is openable, utilizing a slide fastener therefor. An inner surface of the pouch is provided with a plurality of article storing compartments, each having a separate open mouth. U.S. Pat. No. 3,014,759 issued on Dec. 26, 1961 to H. A. Bing teaches a pouch fitted to a supporting flexible sheet. The bottom of the pouch and distantmost end of the sheet parallel thereto are each fitted with a plurality of adjustable straps extending outwardly therefrom. The free end of each strap is fastened to a book-like member which is utilized to secure the pouch and supporting sheet to the internal spring components of the front seat of an automobile.
Each of the aforementioned patents failed to disclose means to selectively secure a purse within the pouch.


The reactor plate preferably includes a sealed reactor, a reactor flow channel connected to the reactor, a sample container constituted from a sealed container provided separately from the reactor, a sample container flow channel to be connected to the sample container, a syringe for sending a liquid, a switching valve for connecting the syringe to the reactor flow channel or the sample container flow channel, and a projecting flow channel connected to the end of the sample container flow channel located on the sample container side. The sample container has a penetrable portion through which the projecting flow channel can penetrate and which is provided to be opposed to the projecting flow channel and is located such that the projecting flow channel penetrating the penetrable portion is brought into contact with a liquid contained in the sample container. The sample container can be connected to the sample container flow channel.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a reactor plate suitable for use in various analyses such as biological analyses, biochemical analyses and general chemical analyses in the fields of medical care and chemistry, and a reaction treatment method for treating such a reactor plate.
2. Description of the Related Art
As small-size reaction apparatuses for use in biochemical analyses and general chemical analyses, micro multi-chamber apparatuses are known. Examples of such micro multi-chamber apparatuses include microwell reactor plates such as microtiter plates constituted from a flat substrate having a plurality of wells in the surface thereof (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2005-177749).
Further, as a structure for quantitatively treating a trace amount of liquid, there is proposed a trace amount liquid dispensing structure having a first flow channel, a second flow channel, a third flow channel which opens into the flow channel wall of the first flow channel, and a fourth flow channel which opens into the flow channel wall of the second flow channel and connects one end of the third flow channel to the second flow channel and which is relatively less likely to cause capillary attraction than the third flow channel and is narrower than the other three channels (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Nos. 2004-163104 and 2005-114430). When such a trace amount liquid dispensing structure is used, a liquid is introduced into the first flow channel and drawn into the third flow channel, and then the liquid remaining in the first flow channel is removed, and next the liquid having a volume corresponding to the capacity of the third flow channel is dispensed into the second flow channel.
In the case of a conventional microwell reactor plate, the upper surface of the reactor plate is exposed to the atmosphere during use. Therefore, there is a fear that foreign matter will enter a sample from the outside, or on the other hand, there is a case where a reaction product will pollute an environment outside the reactor plate.
Also in the case of the trace amount liquid dispensing structure disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2004-163104 or 2005-114430, each of the first flow channel and the second flow channel has, at both ends thereof, liquid introduction ports exposed to the atmosphere, and therefore there is a case where a reaction product will leak through the ports and then pollute an environment outside the structure.

Reactor plate and reaction processing method