Bearing system for a turntable (10) with a stepping drive, in which a table plate (12) is rotatably mounted on ball bearings on top of a housing (14), having drive pins (36) disposed on the same diameter offset at uniform angular distances and protruding from the bottom of the table plate (12), the drive pins engage a cam groove (34) in a motor-driven roll (32) mounted on the housing, wherein the shape of the cam groove determines the characteristic of the rotary movement of the turntable (12); the table plate being circularly defined, has a diameter that is greater than the associated upper part of the housing (14) that forms the bearing area (40); the part of the table plate (12) reaching radially past the housing is thickened such that it reaches slightly downward over the bearing area (40) of the housing and the races of the rolling bearing for the table plate are formed in the bearing area of the outwardly facing wall of the housing (14). On the margin of the table plate facing downwardly in the bearing area there is removably fastened a bearing ring (50), and in the inner surface of the table plate (10) opposite the races in the housing, races for mounting the rolling bodies (bearing balls 44) are formed partly in the overreaching outer margin area of the table plate and partly in the bearing ring (50).

The invention relates to a bearing system for a turntable with stepping drive, having a table plate journaled on the top of a housing, and having a plurality of driving pins disposed all on the same diameter and projecting from its bottom at uniform angular distances and engaging a groove in a motor-driven cylinder journaled in the housing, the shape of the groove determining the characteristic of the rotation of the table plate.
Stepping turntables of this kind are used in many fields of industrial technology whenever, for example, workpieces are carried successively step by step to various working stations where they are held while being worked, and then must be passed on to the next working station, the working stations being arranged around the table with a uniform angular spacing. The holding means or vises for the workpieces are then mounted on the stepping turntable where they must be held strongly and as free as possible from movement for the achievement of high accuracy. At least in the case of comparatively large units, so-called "wire ball bearings" are used as a rule, in which the bails roll on hardened steel wire rings which thus form the races of the ball bearing. These wire ball bearings have proven useful for heavily loaded rotary bearings of great diameter. In the turntables here in question the configuration has formerly been such that the circularly defined table plate was provided on its outer circumference with a circumferential groove to receive the two wire rings forming the table-side races of the ball bearings, while the wire rings forming the races on the housing side were disposed in the wall of a recess in the housing accommodating the circumference of the turntable on the one hand, and in the circumferential wall facing the turntable plate of a bearing mounting and adjusting ring screwed to the face of the housing. Removing the mounting and adjusting ring by unscrewing it from the housing then permits the bearing to be removed and enables the turntable plate to be lifted away from the turntable housing; then the bearing clearance can be adjusted by inserting spacing shims into the gap between the face of the housing and the confronting surface of the mounting and adjusting ring. It is to be noted in any case that the table plate of the turntable was disposed largely recessed within the housing's bearing area and the mounting and adjusting ring was screwed to the housing. Thus the diameter of the table plate and thus also of the wire bearing is established by the horizontal dimensions of the housing in the bearing area. Between the mounting and adjusting ring and the circumference of the table plate there is also a certain, although narrow, gap through which dirt particles and other contaminants, such as chips, drilling and cooling fluid or the like can penetrate. In applications in which this danger exists, this gap must additionally be covered or sealed off in some suitable manner.


A thin film resonator for a wireless power transmission is provided. The thin film resonator may include a first transmission line unit provided as a thin film type, a second transmission line unit also provided as the thin film type, and a capacitor inserted at a predetermined position of the first transmission line unit.

1. Field
The following description relates to a wireless power transmission system, and more particularly, to a thin film resonator for wireless power transmission.
2. Description of Related Art
Recently, techniques for wireless power transmission are attracting an increasing amount of attention. Particularly, it would be favorable to supply power wirelessly to various types of mobile devices such as a cell phone, a laptop computer, an MP3 player, and the like. One technique for wireless power transmission includes the use of a resonance characteristic of a radio frequency (RF) device.
A wireless power transmission system using the resonance characteristic may include a source to supply power and a destination to receive the power. In this example, when the destination is a mobile device, the source and the destination may be located close to each other. Therefore, in the wireless power transmission system including a resonator, the resonator needs to have a short power transmission length. In order to provide the short power transmission length, the resonator may have a large form factor.
A physical size of the resonator for the wireless power transmission with the large form factor may be relatively large and the power transmission efficiency may be relatively low. In a general resonator for the wireless power transmission, a resonance frequency may depend on the physical size of the resonator. This may be a barrier for reducing the size of the resonator for the wireless power transmission.

Thin film resonator for wireless power transmission


A position specifying device communicable with a transmitter supporting Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is provided. The position specifying device includes: a signal receiving unit configured, by using multiple antennas each having different directivity, to receive BLE radio signals transmitted from the transmitter and to measure respective receiving strengths of the BLE radio signals; and a specifying unit configured to specify a position of the transmitter by comparing the respective receiving strengths measured via each of the multiple antennas.

Technology called BLE (Bluetooth (registered trademark) Low Energy) is known. BLE is an enhanced technology of Bluetooth (registered trademark) which is a wireless communication technology for short distance, and BLE enables extremely power-efficient communication. A service for distributing a coupon by using BLE technology is available. In the service, a transmitter for transmitting an advertisement using BLE is placed in a location such as a store, and by activating a predetermined application program in a smartphone that has detected the advertisement, the coupon is received by the smartphone.
An example of conventional technique utilizing BLE is disclosed in Patent Document 1.
As a transmitter or a receiver supporting BLE is assumed to communicate with each other within a short distance of 15 to 20 meters, it is difficult for a receiver (such as a smartphone) to receive a radio wave transmitted from a transmitter at a remote location. Further, as a radiation pattern of a radio wave emitted from a transmitter is omnidirectional, it is difficult for a receiver to detect a direction in which the transmitter is positioned.

Position specifying device, transmitter, and non-transitory recording medium


The disclosure relates to a water slide system including an at least partly translucent or transparent slide tube which may be circumferentially closed and in which a slide surface that can be wetted with liquid extends in a slide direction. Lighting features that are visible from the interior of the slide tube are arranged on the outside of the slide tube in order to achieve optical effects in the interior of the slide tube. According to an aspect, the lighting features are pixels, for example LEDs, which are arranged in a matrix of at least one screen module. The screen module may be in the shape of a shell that extends on the outside of the slide tube and over a circumferential portion of the slide tube and which can be actuated in order to display movable two-dimensional or stereoscopic images, which may be curved in the circumferential direction.

Field of the Invention
The disclosure relates to a water slide system. In particular, the disclosure relates to a water slide system including a circumferentially closed slide tube that is translucent or transparent, at least in sections, and in which a slide surface that is wettable with water and extends in a slide direction is provided for a user, wherein lighting features that are visible from the interior of the slide tube are situated on the outer side of the slide tube in order to achieve optical effects in the interior of the slide tube. The discosure further relates to a method for operating a water slide system.
Description of Related Art
Water slide systems comprising a circumferentially closed slide tube are well known. For generating light effects in the interior of the tube, it is known to equip the outer side of the slide tube with separate light emitting diodes (LEDs), for example for simulating a starry sky, or with an LED strip. The achievable optical light effects do not extend beyond blinking or continuous light effects.
A water slide is known from U.S. Pat. No. 7,762,898 B2, having lighting means situated on its periphery for achieving light effects.
A tube is known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,510 A which, among other things, may be slid through. Various light effects such as stereoscopic light may be achieved to evoke various feelings in the user.
A water slide having an audiovisual entertainment system is known from WO 2006/116176 A2, wherein images may be projected into a water curtain by means of a projector.


A hob apparatus includes a configuration unit having at least two input connections for connection to at least two inverters in one-to-one correspondence, at least two output connections for connection to at least two heating elements in one-to-one correspondence, and at least one switch operably connected to a first one of the at least two input connections and operably connected to at least a first one of the at least two output connections. The configuration unit operates the at least two inverters in at least one operating state in parallel to at least one of the at least two heating elements. The configuration unit includes at least one bridging element to connect the first one of the at least two input connections and a second one of the at least two output connections to one another independently of a switching position of the at least one switch.

The invention proceeds from a hob apparatus.
A hob apparatus which comprises a configuration unit and is designed as an induction hob apparatus is already known from the prior art. The configuration unit has two input connections which are each intended to form a connection to at least one heating frequency unit. Furthermore the configuration unit has two output connections which are each intended to form a connection to a plurality of heating elements. In each case a switch of the configuration unit is disposed between a first of the input connections and a first of the output connections as well as between a second of the input connections and a second of the output connections. The switches are intended to switch the two heating frequency units in parallel.


The present invention provides novel and antifibrinolytic compounds, processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical and veterinary compositions thereof, and their use in medicine, in particular for the treatment of bleeding. The present application relates to numerous embodiments of chemical structures which in whole or in part mimic or are analogs of the amino acid Lysine such that they bind to specific binding site(s) within specific protein sub structures in the structures of Plasminogen, and/or Plasmin, and/or Plasminogen Activators, and/or Thrombin.

A major goal in surgery, as well as treatment of major tissue damage, is to avoid or minimize bleeding to ensure the formation of stable and secure haemostatic plugs that are not easily dissolved by fibrinolytic enzymes. It is of importance to ensure quick and effective formation of such plugs or clots, which should be limited in their extent to avoid unwanted haemostatic consequences. Antifibrinolytic agents are widely used to prevent fibrinolysis and reduce blood loss associated with trauma, in major surgery, and in response to bleeding associated with pathologies such as menorrhagia.
Currently, two synthetic lysine analogs, epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) and tranexamic acid (TXA), are the only antifibrinolytics in widespread commercial use to control bleeding. These agents competitively inhibit activation of Plasminogen to Plasmin, a proteolytic enzyme that acts to rapidly degrade fibrin and fibrinogen, the plasma proteins contributing to the formation of stable haemostatic clots. Plasminogen and Plasmin also have additional specialized physiological functions as disparate as wound healing, tissue regeneration and reproduction, with or without the participation of other factors.
EACA and TXA are known to bind to Plasminogen, Plasmin, and to numerous plasma proteins which share certain common structural features. The common structural features in all these proteins are known as "Kringles." Kringles are protein chains consisting of approximately 80 to 100 amino acids of highly homologous sequences, held together by three disulfide linkages, which altogether impart a characteristic three-dimensional structure to these components of any native protein containing them. Typically, proteins containing Kringles have some functional association with Fibrin(ogen) and the Fibrin forming and degrading systems. Further, physiologically relevant proteolytic fragments of Plasmin(ogen), generated in normal metabolism and containing two or more Kringles, are known as Angiostatins, since they function as inhibitors of vascular growth.
Well before its structural elucidation, it was known that both Plasminogen and Plasmin bound to single-chain omega amino carboxylic acids, with 5, 6 or 7 amino-pentanoic, hexanoic or heptanoic acids being optimal in their ability to bind to or affect Plasmin(ogen) function. Detailed structure-activity studies led to identification, first of EACA and later TXA as then optimal pharmaceutical agents for moderating Plasmin mediated Fibrinolysis.
Aminocaproic acid (6-aminohexanoic acid) is a derivative and analogue of the amino acid lysine, which makes it an effective inhibitor or ligand for enzymes that bind that particular residue. Such enzymes include proteolytic enzymes like Plasmin, the enzyme responsible for fibrinolysis. For this reason, it is effective in treatment of certain bleeding disorders that can be given orally or intravenously. As an antifibrinolytic agent, aminocaproic acid works by blocking the breakdown of blood clots. It is useful for preventing and treating severe bleeding in patients with medical conditions that cause blood clots to dissolve faster than normal and lead to severe bleeding, including: hemophilia; aplastic anemia; lung, prostate, stomach and cervical cancer; cirrhosis; and certain complications of surgery.
Aminocaproic acid is FDA-approved for enhancing hemostasis when fibrinolysis contributes to bleeding. In life-threatening situations, transfusion of appropriate blood products and other emergency measures may be required. Fibrinolytic bleeding may frequently be associated with surgical complications following heart surgery (with or without cardiac bypass procedures) and portacaval shunt; hematological disorders such as amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (accompanying aplastic anemia); acute and life-threatening abruptio placentae; hepatic cirrhosis; and neoplastic disease such as carcinoma of the prostate, lung, stomach, and cervix. Urinary fibrinolysis, usually a normal physiological phenomenon, may contribute to excessive urinary tract fibrinolytic bleeding associated with surgical hematuria (following prostatectomy and nephrectomy) or nonsurgical hematuria (accompanying polycystic or neoplastic diseases of the genitourinary system). Topical gel (CAPROGEL) is FDA-approved for treatment of traumatic hyphema of the eye.
Tranexamic acid [trans-4-(aminomethyl)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid] is another synthetic analog of the amino acid lysine. It is used to treat or prevent excessive blood loss during surgery and in various medical conditions or disorders (helping hemostasis). It is an antifibrinolytic that inhibits the activation of plasminogen to plasmin, by binding to specific sites of both plasminogen and plasmin, a molecule responsible for the degradation of fibrin, a protein that forms the framework of blood clots. Tranexamic acid has roughly eight times the antifibrinolytic activity as aminocaproic acid, and is frequently used in surgeries with high risk of blood loss such as cardiac, liver, vascular and large orthopedic procedures.
Tranexamic acid 500 mg Tablets are FDA-approved for short term use for haemorrhage or risk of haemorrhage in those with increased fibrinolysis or fibrinogenolysis. Local fibrinolysis as occurs in the following conditions: prostatectomy and bladder surgery, menorrhagia, epistaxis, conisation of the cervix, traumatic hyphaema, management of dental extraction in haemophiliacs, and hereditary angioneurotic oedema. CYKLOKAPRON Injection is indicated in patients with hemophilia for short-term use (two to eight days) to reduce or prevent hemorrhage and reduce the need for replacement therapy during and following tooth extraction.
Other antifibrinolytic compounds are described in the following patents and patent applications:
U.S. Pat. No. 3,526,657 to Merck discloses "the compound 4-aminomethylbicyclo [2.2.2]oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid having antifibrinolytic properties and being capable of counteracting certain hemorrhagic conditions and other disorders resulting from a pathological fibrinolytic state in patients."
U.S. Pat. No. 3,634,499 to Merck discloses "the compounds 4-aminomethylbicyclo-[2.2.1]-heptane 1-carboxylic acid, 4-aminomethylbicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-1-carboxylic acid, 5-aminomethylbicyclo-[3 2.2]-nonane-1-carboxylic acid and the corresponding 2,5 and 6,8-diketo compounds respectively are useful in antifibrinolytic compounds."
U.S. Pat. No. 3,641,128 to Merck discloses "the compound 4-(a-amino lower alkyl)bicyclo-[2.2.2]-octane-1-carboxylic acid and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are useful as antifibrinolytic compounds."
U.S. Pat. No. 3,641,129 to Merck discloses "the compound 4-aminomethylbicyclo-[2,2,2]-octanel-acetic acid and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof are useful as and fibrinolytic compounds."
U.S. Pat. No. 3,754,085 discloses "novel substituted or unsubstituted benzene and cyclohexane phosphonic acids. The phosphonic acids disclosed herein are potent anti-fibrinolytic agents. Also included herein are pharmaceutical compositions containing said phosphonic acid compounds as an active ingredient and methods of treating fibrinolytic states in patients by administering said compounds. Further encompassed is a substituted benzene phosphonic acid known to the art having novel anti-fibrinolytic activity."
U.S. Pat. No. 3,920,833 to Stanley Drug Products discloses "a new class of synthetic antifibrinolytic agents is provided herein. Certain omega-aminoalkanesulfonic acids have been found to exhibit potent antifibrinolytic activities."
U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,346 to Laboratorio Fides discloses "compounds for effecting hemostatic and antifibrinolytic action, namely a 1-acylamino naphthalene-4 sulphonic acid derivative and compositions and method of achieving such action."
WO2014012964 to Prayecto De Biomedicina Cima discloses "spirocyclic compounds of formula (I), a process for their preparation, as well as to the intermediates used in this process. It also relates to pharmaceutical or veterinary compositions containing them, and to their use in medicine, in particular as antifibrinolytic and antihemorrhagic agents."
There is still a need for improved antifibrinolytic compounds with better biological activities and/or reduced potential for side effects (such as thrombolytic complications) to treat subjects experiencing bleeding episodes, including subjects where the bleeding episodes are due to surgery, trauma, or other forms of tissue damage, as well as in clinical scenarios characterized by excessive fibrinolysis.


Semiconductor devices and electronics packaging methods include integrated circuit chips having redundant signal bond pads along with signal bond pads connected to the same signal port for non-destructive testing of the integrated circuit chips prior to packaging. Electrical testing is made via the redundant signal bond after which qualified integrated circuit chips can be attached to a pristine and bumped final interposer or printed circuit board to provide increased reliability to the assembled electronic package.

The present invention generally relates to fabrication methods and resulting structures for semiconductor devices. More specifically, the present invention relates to electronics packaging methods and structures including redundant bond pads for non-destructive testing of integrated circuit chips.
In order to minimize the shipment of modules with defective integrated circuit chips, integrated circuit chips are subjected to tests during various stages of fabrication prior to and subsequent to dicing. It is particularly difficult and expensive to test integrated circuit chips after dicing. One reason is that an integrated circuit chip must be tested through its pins and contacts or pads before populating the carrier, card, board, or the like. The chip is then tested as part of an assembly and when complete, the chip is removed from the card or board. This is not a simple "desoldering" step, especially in the case of high input/output (I/O) density chips, encapsulation chip connect technologies, and multi-chip modules. In these instances, the chip site is redressed and a new chip installed for testing.

Non-destructive testing of integrated circuit chips

International Business Machines Corporation


A paper guide printer with simple structure, high positioning accuracy and color print of excellent picture quality. The printer/recording unit includes a platen roller, a roll type recording paper which is pulled and fed on the platen roller and a recording head. A recording paper pull-feed mechanism is installed which includes a clamp opening closing unit for catching the end of the roll type recording paper and for making the linear reciprocation movement by the designated cycles at every recording in accordance with the length of main run direction being recorded at one time, and also the roll paper drum that can be turned in reverse direction for pulling back the recording paper when the roll type recording paper reciprocates at the designated cycles.

Printers are known and available that selectively give an impact force to the transcription material by a solid ball or a print wire, that form an ink jet by heat, vibration, electric field and magnetic field, that selectively give heat to the transcription material using a thermal head and that selectively give heat to the heat sensitive recording paper using a thermal head.
In recent years, the need for the realization of color in printing is high, and the professional use of universal type printers as well as business use printers is expanding especially in the field of CAD and computer graphics.
However, because a variety of conventional printers use cut paper in many cases, the transfer route of paper inside the unit essentially becomes complex, and as a result, makes the enlargement of recording paper and the maintenance difficult. These matters are important especially in the case of the color printer. In the color printer which prints 3 colors and black 4 times, the complex paper transfer route makes it difficult to enhance the positioning accuracy, and the color picture quality is insufficient. This has resulted in a vicious cycle requiring the more complex mechanism for enhancing the positioning and picture quality.
On one hand, there is a method for using a roll paper instead of cut paper, and it was proposed to print 4 times on the same face by rolling the recording paper around a large size drum and turning the drum 4 times. In this method, the unit scale essentially becomes greater because a large size drum is required for printing large paper and a plurality of drum diameters are needed for obtaining various sizes of printed face (various sizes of fonts or print face).
Further, there is the method for installing a plurality of roller units before and after the platen roller and repeatedly pulling and feeding the recording paper several times in forward and reverse main run directions, but the paper feeding mechanism which is the most important point is poor in practical use.


A tool is disclosed for terminating conductors of a ribbon cable to insulation displacement contacts of terminals that are partially assembled to a connector housing. After termination of all of the terminals the assembly is removed from the tool and the entire strip of terminals is fully inserted into the connector housing and the carrier strip removed and discarded. The tool includes a terminal strip feed mechanism that is partially contained in the base of the tool that feeds both the strip of terminals and the ribbon cable so that it does not interfere with movement of the ribbon cable. The feed mechanism is coupled to the ram so that energy is stored during the termination stroke of the ram which is subsequently used during the return stroke to drive the feed mechanism in advancing the strip of terminals and ribbon cable into position for terminating the next conductor.

There is a need for small hand operated or simple bench mounted tools that may be efficiently used to terminate conductors to terminals of a connector on a small quantity basis. One such terminating tool is the Terminating Head part number 58336-1, manufactured by AMP Incorporated, Harrisburg Pa. The tool is arranged to be attached to a standard pistol grip handle for manual actuation, an air powered handle, or may be mounted to a work bench along with an air power unit for power actuation. The tool, a front view of which is shown in FIG. 1 and identified as 10, is limited to terminating discrete wires only. As is shown, the tool 10 includes a frame 12, a terminal strip guide 14, and an insertion mechanism 16 which is driven by a ram 18. A connector having a strip 20 of terminals partially assembled thereto is positioned within the frame so that the strip of terminals rests on a work surface of the guide 14 and the left most terminal is in alignment with the insertion blade. A discrete wire is inserted from the front of the tool into a U-shaped opening 22 so that it is between the insertion blade and the first terminal. The ram 18 is then caused to move downwardly, as viewed in FIG. 1, causing the wire to be pushed into the insulation displacement contact of the first terminal. A somewhat L-shaped feed arm 24 is pivotally attached to the frame 12 by means of a pivot pin 26. A feed finger 28 is pivotally attached to and carried by the arm 24 and is spring biased toward the strip of terminals by the spring 30. A pin 32 extends from the upper portion of the arm 24 into a vertically disposed slot in the ram 18. A spring 34 arranged between the frame 12 and the pin 32, pushes the pin 32 against the bottom of the slot. When the tool is actuated the ram 18 moves downwardly and the spring 34 urges the pin 32 to follow and remain in engagement with the bottom of the slot. This pivots the arm 24 counterclockwise so that the feed finger moves toward the right causing the points of the feed fingers to cam out of the drive holes in the carrier strip, ride along the bottom of the strip, then engage the next set of drive holes. When the termination is complete the ram moves upwardly with the pin 32 still against the bottom of the slot, thereby forcing the arm 24 to pivot clockwise, moving the feed finger to the left which feeds the strip of terminals to the left one position, ready for the next termination.
The tool 10 is an excellent tool for terminating discrete wires, however, does not lend itself easily to modification so that it will accommodate ribbon cable. To accomplish this purpose the feed arm 24 must be replaced with an entirely new structure that does not block front access to the work surface by the ribbon cable. What is needed is a terminal strip feeding mechanism that is coupled to and actuated by the ram that will not interfere with movement of the ribbon cable across the work surface of the tool.

Feed mechanism in a tool for terminating ribbon cable to a connector


A method for filling a plastic container (8) while it is still hot and deformable without damaging it, when the filling comprises a phase (17; 13) during which a noticeable difference in pressure between the container inside and the environment external to the filling installation occurs, at least during part of said phase, consisting in placing the container in a sealed chamber (9) isolating it from the external environment and modifying (18; 12) the pressure inside the chamber to reduce, even cancel, the difference in pressure between the container inside and outside. The invention is applicable to the filling of plastic containers, with aerated beverages and/or their filling after a vacuumizing phase of their internal volume, immediately after they have been made by blowing.

The invention concerns improvements made at the time of filling containers of plastic material, when such operation includes at least one stage during which a significant difference in pressure occurs between the interior of the container and the internal environment in the filling installation, and when the operation is done when the containers are hot and have areas that are more or less malleable. This is the case when the filling phase of the container with any product is preceded by placing them under depression (more or less significant vacuum) from the interior of the container, particularly while being filled with beer, or during overpressure when filling with a gaseous liquid, and when the containers are immediately filled after manufacture by blow molding or extrusion, blowing of a blank. It concerns a procedure and installation for its embodiment.
The filling of a container with any product may sometimes be preceded by placing the interior of the container under vacuum or pronounced depression, for example to replace the air found in it by another medium, to avoid spoiling the product which will be finally packaged in the container. For example, this is the case in the filling of oxide-sensitive products such as beer, certain fruit juices and others: any trace of the oxidizing product must be removed, and in this case it must be rendered inert, for example with nitrogen.
The filling of a container, such as a bottle, with gaseous liquid classically consists of a phase of creating overpressure in the interior of the bottle with a gas, typically carbon dioxide, followed by a phase of filling with liquid, and a phase of depressurization to remove excess gas, while maintaining a certain gas pressure inside.
The pressure difference causes problems in plastic containers, when filling is attempted a few seconds after the containers came out of the blowing mold and are still hot, as is the case in the so-called in-line filling installations.
With these containers, it is not possible to put them under depression before filling, without causing deformation by collapse or crushing of the containers.
With the same type of containers, filling with gaseous liquids creates the following problem: the overpressure phase of the containers before filling makes them burst or causes irreversible deformation.
The deformations or bursting affect the body of the containers, but one can see deformations affecting more particularly the bottom of the containers (a phenomenon called "stress cracking" in professional language).
These phenomena are due to the fact that the plastic container is obtained by blowing of a blank (preform, parison, intermediate container), before bringing it to its blow temperature, therefore softened by heat. When the container comes out of the blowing mold, it still has more or less hot zones, which are therefore more or less malleable. In general, these are the zones that are extruded the least during blowing, and which become cold more slowly for various reasons; and the bottom is one of the zones which are the least extruded. However, if, during the time the pressure difference is present, the temperature exceeds the softening temperature even more, a deformation may occur because of the mechanical force exercised on these zones by internal pressure (overpressure or depression)
It also happens, although more rarely, that bursting or deformations occur when filling is done without creating depression or prior overpressure with a gas, and the pressure at which the liquid is introduced or, more generally, the pressure of the filling product is high.
Indeed, plastic containers and therefore their blanks are sized to withstand internal pressure values (overpressure or depression) necessary for the filling or the preservation of the products after closing, when the material is stabilized and therefore cooled.
This is why, until now, all filling attempts under the aforementioned conditions, with plastic containers which still have zones at a temperature higher than the softening temperature, and sized to withhold the same conditions when the material is stabilized, have failed, and in-line filling was not applied at industrial scale.
A possible solution has been to oversize the containers in order to compensate their formation by surplus material. This solution, however, is not realistic for several reasons, among which are: on the one hand, it is in contradiction with the current trend to make the containers longer, for reasons of cost of materials; on the other hand, the containers contained are rather unaesthetic; in addition, paradoxically, the surplus of material makes the containers fragile when stabilized; finally, the surplus material necessary for filling, becomes useless when the containers are cooled.

Method for filling containers and installation therefor


An indexable insert milling tool with a milling body which on the circumference comprises distanced chip spaces, in which insert seats for indexable cutting inserts are formed, and with fastening screws which can be screwed into a threaded bore in the insert seat for fastening the indexable inserts via a middle hole, wherein the insert seat comprises a first bearing surface extending roughly perpendicular to the threaded bore, against which the rear side of the indexable inserts bear and a second bearing surface on the inner side of the chip spaces, against which the indexable inserts laterally bear. The indexable insert on the rear side on the cutting edge sides comprise raised elongate support sections wedge-shaped in cross section with lower parallel distanced elongate support surfaces. Bordering the second bearing surface in the insert seat there are formed recesses whose axes run approximately parallel to the second bearing surface and which in cross section are formed complementarily to the cross section of the support sections. The one support section is accommodated in the recess with an approximately positive fit and the indexable insert on tightening the fastening screw on account of the wedging effect is pressed against the second bearing surface, whilst the support surface of the other support section bears on a radial outer section of the first bearing surface.

The invention relates to an indexable insert milling tool.
From DE 43 04 071 there is known a plane cutter with indexable inserts in which the milling indexable inserts are arranged in insert seats which are formed in the chip spaces of the milling body. The insert seat and the milling indexable insert are arranged such that a negative radial angle of the insert seat, a negative axial angle of the insert seat and a positive effective cutting angle are in each case 12.degree. to 18.degree., preferably 15.degree.. Inspite of the large effective cutting angle for the indexable inserts there results a stable cross section since the lateral surfaces (free surfaces) may run at right angles to the bearing surface. The chip spaces are relatively short. They may therefore be worked in with relatively short milling tools which keeps the manufacturing cost small. The geometry of the chip spaces furthermore permits a smaller separation of the plane miller, i.e. a higher cutting speed. Finally the bores on the tool holder for fastening the indexable inserts may be designed relatively long. By way of this the security of the insert seat is increased even further.
With high speed millers the fastening of indexable inserts is loaded very heavily. With this there exists the danger that the high centrifugal forces loosens screw fastenings or lead to the shearing off of the tensioning screws. Independent of this a fastening of the indexable insert is very heavily loaded by way of the cutting forces, above all with a negative mounting angle.
It is therefore the object of the invention to provide an indexable insert milling tool in which the indexable inserts are arranged and fastened in the milling body such that they are able to resist high cutting and centrifugal forces.
With the miller according to the invention the indexable insert on the rear side on the cutting edge side comprises a raised elongate support section wedge-shaped in cross section with a lower support surface, wherein the distanced support surfaces run parallel on the rear side of the indexable insert. In the insert seat bordering the bearing surface which assumes the radial loading and against which therefore the lateral surface of the indexable insert bears there is formed a recess with surfaces approximately parallel to the second bearing surface. The recess in cross section is formed complementarily to the cross section of the support sections in a manner such that the support section is accommodated in the recess with an approximately positive fit and the indexable insert on tightening the fastening screw on account of the wedging effect is pressed against the second bearing surface whilst the support surface of the other support section bears against a radial outer section of the first bearing surface.
In other words, the radial bearing surface together with a wedge surface of the recess forms the possibility of a positive-fit connection to the complementarily formed support section. As a result of the wedging effect on tightening the fastening screw a force component against the radial bearing surface is produced. By way of this the indexable insert on the carrier body is centered and is effectively secured against a drifting to the outside.
The rear-side support surface of the respective other support surface at the same time lies on the first bearing surface of the miller body. The indexable insert therefore has a bridge-like cross section on the rear side. The indexable insert is therefore relatively broadly supported.
The design according to the invention has several advantages. The indexable insert may be arranged at a relatively large negative mounting angle. By way of this there results a favourable chip space with a relatively small volume which permits a narrow tooth pitch angle to be achieved, i.e. a large cutting number on the circumference of the miller. At the same time it is prevented that the indexable insert is pulled out by way of cutting forces.
In spite of a narrow tooth pitch comparatively stable indexable insert cross sections with large positive free angles and effective cutting angles may be applied.
A further advantage is the good workability of the insert seats (with a large negative mounting angle). Relatively short and stable working tools with low unclamping lengths may be applied.
The centering effect of the described clamping system ensures that the indexable inserts compellingly are clamped with a high truth of running. A twisting of the indexable insert or a radial displacement is ruled out, and specifically during the clamping procedure as well as cutting loading on application. Apart from the increased clamping security as a side effect there arises advantages on reversing or changing the indexable insert. With the clamping procedure the indexable insert is only yet to be displaced in the axial direction against the bearing of the insert seat.
The main advantage of the design according to the invention is however the great strength of the seat of the indexable insert with respect to attacking cutting forces and high centrifugal forces.
The radial bearing surface in the recess on the one hand and the radial bearing surface for the lateral walling of the indexable insert on the other hand may be formed by differing surfaces. According to one formation of the invention it is however advantageous when the second bearing surface forms a wall of the recess.
As already mentioned the back of the indexable insert in cross section is preferably trapezoidal. The insert seat may on the first bearing surface which faces the rear side comprise a rectangular base in the form of a pyramid base which is formed around the threaded bore and whose wall directed towards the second bearing surface represents the wall of the recess forming the wedge surface.
Corresponding to the above embodiment form the rear side of the indexable insert may be formed as a rectangular frame of which two oppositely lying sides form the support section and comprise the support surfaces. The frames connect the support sections to one another and thus stabilize the indexable insert against undesirable deformation.
According to a further formation of the invention the chip space comprises an axial third bearing surface against which one end-face side of the indexable insert comes to bear. Such a bearing surface is however known per se with indexable insert seats in milling bodies.
According to a further formation of the invention the axis of the threaded bore is arranged such that the fastening screw presses the indexable insert against the third bearing surface. By way of this the indexable insert is pretensioned against the third bearing surface.
The indexable insert is mounted in the milling body preferably with a relatively large positive axial angle, the free surface of the indexable insert of the main cutting edge according to another formation of the invention is preferably crowned. The face is according to another formation of the invention designed in the form of a flute.
According to a further formation of the invention the indexable insert at the end-face side may comprise a minor cutting edge with a flanging radius and a plane bezel.


Several embodiments related to batteries having electrodes with nanostructures, compositions of such nanostructures, and associated methods of making such electrodes are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method for producing an anode suitable for a lithium-ion battery comprising preparing a surface of a substrate material and forming a plurality of conductive nanostructures on the surface of the substrate material via electrodeposition without using a template.

Lithium-ion batteries are commonly used in consumer electronics because of their high energy-to-weight ratio, low or no memory effect, and long charge-holding ability when not in use. In addition to applications in consumer electronics, lithium-ion batteries are growing in popularity for defense, automotive, and aerospace applications. These new applications impose a continued need to improve the energy density of lithium-ion batteries.
Conventional lithium-ion batteries typically have a carbon-based anode. However, the carbon-based anode tends to limit the charging capacity of the lithium-ion batteries. For example, lithiation of a carbon-based anode can produce a charging capacity of about 372 mA·h/g, while lithiation of tin (Sn) can produce a charging capacity of about 990 mA·h/g, and lithiation of silicon (Si) can produce a charging capacity of about 4,200 mA·h/g. However, lithiation (which may also be referred to as "insertion") of lithium in both tin and silicon is known to be associated with about 300% volume change. As a result, after a few charge-discharge cycles, a tin- or silicon-based anode would be pulverized, and thus the charging capacity of the lithium-ion battery would be reduced. Accordingly, certain improvements in lithium-ion battery design and construction are needed.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Batteries with nanostructured electrodes and associated methods


An optimizing hardware-software co-verification system is disclosed including a number of bus interface models, a number of memory models, and a co-verification optimization manager for co-verifying a hardware-software system having memory. Co-verification is performed with a single coherent view of the memory of the hardware-software system, transparently maintained by the co-verification optimization manager for both the hardware and software verifications. This single coherent view includes at least one segment of the memory being viewed as configured for having selected portions of the segment to be statically or dynamically configured/reconfigured for either unoptimized or optimized accesses, wherein unoptimized accesses are performed through hardware verification, and optimized accesses are performed "directly" by the co-verification optimization manager, by-passing hardware verification. Co-verification of a hardware-software system is performed with or without the co-verification optimization manager op mg verification time, which is statically or dynamically configured/reconfigured, and optionally in accordance to a desired clock cycle ratio between hardware and software verifications, also statically or dynamically configured/reconfigured.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of digital system design verification. More specifically, the present invention relates to design verification of digital systems whose development efforts are neither hardware nor software dominant.
2. Background Information
The majority of digital systems being designed today are task specific embedded systems that consist of standard and/or custom hardware as well as standard and/or custom software. Standard hardware typically includes off-the-shelf microprocessor/micro-controller, and memory etc., whereas custom hardware is implemented with programmable logic devices (PLDs), or Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). Hardware architecture binds and constrains these resource and provides a framework on which software processes execute. Standard software typically includes a real time operating system (RTOS), and configurable device drivers, whereas customer software is the embedded application. Software architecture defines how these processes communicate.
The complexity of these systems varies widely from low to high end depending on the market segment and product goals. They can be found in almost everything that we encounter in our daily lives, such as communication systems ranging from the phone on our desk, to the large switching centers, automobiles, consumer electronics, etc.
Some embedded systems are software dominant in their development effort, in that most of the design efforts are focused on implementing the functionality in software. Typically, standard or previously designed hardware are employed. Thus, even though the software dominant characteristic typically makes these systems a lot more cost sensitive, these systems can be readily validated by compiling and debugging the software under development on existing hardware, using a compiler, a debugger and other related software tools.
Other embedded systems are hardware dominant, in that most of the design efforts are focused on implementing the functionality in PLDs or ASICs. The original software content of these systems tends to be small. Typically, these embedded systems are found in applications where performance is critical. For these systems, hardware emulation and/or simulation techniques known in the art appear to adequately serve the design verification needs. In the case of emulation, the hardware is "realized" by configuring the reconfigurable logic and interconnect elements of the emulator. The configuration information are generated by "compiling" certain formal behavioral specification/description of the hardware. In the case of simulation, a simulation model would be developed. For the more "complex" hardware, since it is very difficult, if not outright impossible, to model all the behaviors of the hardware, certain accuracy are often sacrificed. For example, in the case of a microprocessor, it is often modeled by a "bus interface model", i.e. only the different bus cycles that the processor can execute are modeled. The modeled bus cycles are driven in timed sequences, representative of typical bus transactions or bus activities for invoking specific conditions.
Embedded systems that are most difficult to validate are those that are neither software or hardware dominant, in that both parts play an equally important role in the success of the system. Due to increased time to market pressures, hardware and software are usually developed in parallel. Typically, the hardware designers would validate the hardware design using an hardware simulator or emulator. Concurrently, the software designer would validate the software using an instruction set simulator on a general purpose computer. The instruction set simulator simulates execution of compiled assembly/machine code for determining software correctness and performance at a gross level. These instruction set simulators often include facilitates for handling I/O data streams to simulate to a very limited degree the external hardware of the target design. Typically, instruction set simulators run at a speeds of ten thousand to several hundred thousand instructions per second, based on their level of detail and the performance of the host computer that they are being run on.
Traditionally, the hardware and software would not be validated together until at least a prototype of the hardware, having sufficient amount of functionality implemented and stabilized, becomes available. The software is executed with a hardware simulator, and very often in cooperation with a hardware modeler (a semiconductor tester), against which the hardware prototype is coupled. The hardware simulator provides the hardware modeler with the values on the input pins of the prototype hardware, which in turn drives these values onto the actual input pins of the prototype hardware. The hardware modeler samples the output pins of the prototype hardware and returns these values to the hardware simulator. Typically, only one to ten instructions per second can be achieved, which is substantially slower than instruction set simulation.
Recently, increasing amount of research effort in the industry has gone into improving hardware and software co-verification, such as co-simulation. New communication approaches such as "message channels" implemented e.g. using UNIX.RTM. "pipes" have been employed to facilitate communication between the hardware and software models (UNIX is a registered trademark of Santa Cruz Software, Inc.). Other efforts have allowed the models to be "interconnected" through "registers", "queues", etc. However, even with the improved communication techniques, and employment of less complete models, such as "bus interface models" for a microprocessor, hardware and software co-simulation known in the art remain running substantially slower than instruction set simulation.
Thus, it is desirable if hardware and software can be co-verified together at speed that is closer to instruction set simulation. As will be disclosed in more detail below, the present invention allows the user to selectively optimize the hardware and software co-verification, achieving the above discussed and other desirable results.

Optimizing hardware and software co-verification system


A light bulb type fluorescent lamp lighting apparatus includes a fluorescent light emitting tube; and an electronic lighting circuit for applying an electric current to the fluorescent light emitting tube. The electronic lighting circuit includes a pair of electrode filaments provided in the fluorescent light emitting tube, a capacitor connected parallel to the fluorescent light emitting tube, an inductor connected in series to one of the pair of electrode filaments, and at least one temperature negative characteristic resistance element connected parallel to at least one of the pair of electrode filaments. The at least one temperature negative characteristic resistance element has a resistance impedance, and the fluorescent light emitting tube is started based on a change in the resistance impedance of the at least one temperature negative characteristic resistance element.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to alight bulb type fluorescent lamp lighting apparatus for lighting up a fluorescent light emitting tube using a high frequency inverter type electronic lighting circuit.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, as energy savings have become more and more important, an increasing number of fluorescent lamp light apparatuses have adopted a high frequency inverter type electronic lighting circuit, instead of a copper-iron stabilizer as conventionally used. Specifically for a light bulb type fluorescent lamp built in the lighting apparatus as an energy-saving light source replacing a light bulb, the use of this type of electronic lighting circuits is becoming more common in order to realize a lamp having a higher lamp efficiency or light emission efficiency.
In order to improve the lamp efficiency of the electronic lighting circuit for a light bulb type fluorescent lamp, there has been an attempt to improve the circuit conversion efficiency of the electronic lighting circuit. As a result, the circuit conversion efficiency which was about 80% has been increased to a maximum of about 92%. This has been realized by introducing a series inverter circuit system in an electronic light circuit or by using a MOS field emission power transistor as an electronic component. The value of about 92% is almost the maximum possible value for circuit conversion efficiency. In order to further improve the lamp efficiency, a different new technique, for example, a technique for reducing a power loss caused by heat generation in an electrode filament coil in the fluorescent light emitting tube is demanded.
FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a basic structure of a conventional high frequency inverter type electronic lighting circuit 119 (hereinafter, referred to simply as the xe2x80x9celectronic lighting circuit 119xe2x80x9d). The electronic lighting circuit 119 includes an inverter circuit section 125 which is driven by a commercial power supply 113. The inverter circuit section 125 lights up a fluorescent light emitting tube 120.
The fluorescent light emitting tube 120 includes a pair of electrode filament coils 121 and 122. The electrode filament coil 121 includes terminals 121a and 121b, and the electrode filament coil 122 includes terminals 122a and 122b. The terminals 121a and 122a are closer than the terminals 121b and 122b to the power supply 113 for applying an electric current to the fluorescent light emitting tube 120.
The terminal 122a of the electrode filament coil 122 is directly connected to the inverter circuit section 125. The terminal 121a of the electrode filament coil 121 is connected to the inverter circuit section 125 via an inductor 124 provided for electric current control. The inductor 124 is connected in series to the terminal 121a. The terminals 121b and 122b of the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 are connected to each other via a capacitor 123. The capacitor 123 and the inductor 124 are included in a resonating circuit. In FIG. 4, an inductance of the inductor 124 is represented by xe2x80x9cLxe2x80x9d, and a capacitance of the capacitor 123 is represented by xe2x80x9cCsxe2x80x9d.
The conventional electronic lighting circuit 119 performs an operation for starting and thus placing a fluorescent lamp into a constant lighting state, using a hot cathode starting system. This will be described below.
Before starting the lamp, the inverter circuit section 125 causes an electric current to flow to the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 of the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 through the capacitor 123 in order to pre-heat the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 and thus cause the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 to emit a sufficient amount of thermoelectrons. The capacitor 123 is connected parallel to the fluorescent light emitting tube 120.
When the pre-heating electric current is supplied to the electrode filament coils 121 and 122, a starting voltage is applied between the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 within about 1 second, and thus the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 is started. The starting voltage corresponds to a resonating voltage of the resonating circuit including the capacitor 123 and the inductor 124.
The fluorescent light emitting tube 120, after being started, goes into a constant lighting state. In this state, the electric current still flows to the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 via the capacitor 123, and thus heat is generated in the electrode filament coils 121 and 122.
As described above, the conventional electronic lighting circuit 119 realizes the constant lighting state of the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 after pre-heating the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 and then starting the fluorescent light emitting tube 120. After the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 goes into the constant lighting state, the electric current for heating the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 is basically unnecessary. However, since an electric current is required in order to pre-heat the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 by the conventional method, the electric current inevitably flows even after the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 goes into the constant lighting state and thus generates heat in the electrode filament coils 121 and 122. This heat generation causes a power loss.
In a currently-used light bulb type fluorescent lamp (for example, a 14 W or 25 W light bulb) which has a luminous flux corresponding to that of a general 60 W or 100 W light bulb, the power loss caused by the heat generation is 0.4 W to 0.5 W per electrode filament coil. In the fluorescent light emitting tube 120, the power loss caused by the heat generation is 0.8 W to 1.0 W per electrode filament coil. These values are not negligible.
FIGS. 5A through 5C show known electronic light circuits used for reducing such a power loss caused by the heat generation in an electrode filament coil during a constant light state of the fluorescent light emitting tube 120. Like elements as those in FIG. 4 bear identical reference numerals.
An electronic light circuit 119a shown in FIG. 5A adopts a so-called cold cathode starting system. The electrode filament coils 121 and 122 of the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 are respectively shortcircuited by leads 126 and 127. The leads 126 and 127 are respectively connected parallel to the electrode filament coils 121 and 122. The fluorescent light emitting tube 120 is started in a cold cathode state with no thermoelectrons being emitted. Due to such a structure, the power loss caused by the heat generation in the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 is reduced.
An electronic lighting circuit 119b shown in FIG. 5B is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 10-199686. Diodes 128 and 129 are respectively connected parallel to the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 of the fluorescent light emitting tube 120. Due to such a structure, the amount of the electric current flowing to each of the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 is reduced to half. Thus, the power loss caused by the heat generation is also reduced to about half.
An electronic lighting circuit 119c shown in FIG. 5C is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 5-13186. Capacitors 131 and 132 are respectively connected parallel to the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 of the fluorescent light emitting tube 120. The capacitor 131 branches the electric current into the capacitor 131 and the electrode filament coil 121, and the capacitor 132 branches the electric current into the capacitor 132 and the electrode filament coil 122. Due to such a structure also, the amount of the electric current flowing to each of the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 is reduced. Thus, the power loss caused by the heat generation is also reduced.
Fluorescent lamps are now expected to be used in houses which is one important field of use of light bulbs, in addition to department stores, restaurants, hotels and other business settings in which the fluorescent lamps are mainly used. Generally in fluorescent lamps, an electron radiating substance filling the electrode filament coils at the time of starting the lamp easily scatters. Accordingly, it is known that as the number of times the fluorescent lamp is lit on or off is increased, the life of the lamp is shortened. This is also true with light bulb type fluorescent lamps. Lamps which are used in houses are inevitably lit on or off a greater number of times than lamps used in business settings. It is required that the number of times the lamp can be lit on and off until the life of the lamp ends (hereinafter, the number of times the lamp can be lit on and off until the life of the lamp ends will be referred to as the xe2x80x9clamp life lighting on/off characteristicxe2x80x9d) be increased.
The lamp life lighting on/off characteristic is conventionally about 5000 times. Now, the lamp life lighting on/off characteristic is required to be increased to be 4 times larger, i.e., at least 20000 times. According to an experiment performed by the present inventors, the average life of the conventional lamp was 6000 hours. This corresponds to an average life obtained in a test by which the lamp is kept on for 2.5 hours and then kept off for 0.5 hours.
In order to respond to this demand, Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 62-126596 discloses an electronic lighting circuit 140 shown in FIG. 6. A temperature positive characteristic resistance element (positive character thermistor or PCT) 133 is connected parallel to the capacitor 123 so as to be opposite to the commercial power supply 113 with respect to the fluorescent light emitting tube 120. Due to such a structure, a large amount of pre-heating electric current flows to the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 via the temperature positive characteristic resistance element 133 before the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 is started. Thus, the lamp life lighting on/off characteristic is improved.
The present inventors performed studies on a fluorescent lamp using an electronic lighting circuit, specifically a light bulb type fluorescent lamp having a built-in electronic lighting circuit, in order to realize both reduction in a power loss caused by the heat generation in an electrode filament coil in the constant lighting state of the lamp and an increase in the lamp life lighting on/off characteristic. As a result, the present inventors found that the electronic lighting circuits shown in FIGS. 5A through 5C have an undesirable possibility that the lamp life lighting on/off characteristic is not increased.
In the cold cathode starting system shown in FIG. 5A with no emission of thermoelectrons, the power loss caused by the heat generation in the coils can sufficiently be reduced. However, the voltage for starting the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 needs to be applied for an extended period of time. Thus, the glow discharge time period, immediately after the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 is started, is also relatively long. As a result, the electron radiating substance filling the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 scatters more violently than in a circuit adopting the usual hot cathode starting system, and therefore there is an undesirable possibility of reducing the lamp life lighting on/off characteristic.
In the structure shown in FIG. 5B including the diodes 128 and 129 connected parallel to the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 respectively and the structure shown in FIG. 5C including the capacitors 131 and 132 connected parallel to the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 respectively, the effect of reducing the power loss is relatively small. Moreover, a sufficient number of thermoelectrons are not emitted since a sufficient amount of pre-heating electric current does not flow to the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 before the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 is started. As a result, a larger amount of electron radiating substance scatters, which involves an undesirable possibility of not increasing the lamp life lighting on/off characteristic.
In the structure shown in FIG. 6, a sufficient amount of pre-heating electric current can flow to the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 before an electric current for starting the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 flows, which significantly increases the lamp life lighting on/off characteristic. However, the power loss caused by the heat generation in the electrode filament coils 121 and 122 during the constant light state of the fluorescent light emitting tube 120 is not reduced. The power loss is almost the same as that in the conventional electronic lighting circuit 119 shown in FIG. 4.
A light bulb type fluorescent lamp lighting apparatus according to the present invention includes a fluorescent light emitting tube; and an electronic lighting circuit for applying an electric current to the fluorescent light emitting tube. The electronic lighting circuit includes a pair of electrode filaments provided in the fluorescent light emitting tube, a capacitor connected parallel to the fluorescent light emitting tube, an inductor connected in series to one of the pair of electrode filaments, a temperature positive characteristic resistance element connected parallel to the capacitor, and at least one temperature negative characteristic resistance element connected parallel to at least one of the pair of electrode filaments.
In one embodiment of the invention, the number of the at least one temperature negative characteristic resistance element is two, and the two temperature negative characteristic resistance elements are respectively connected parallel to the pair of electrode filaments.
In one embodiment of the invention, the at least one temperature negative characteristic resistance element is connected to either one of the pair of electrode filaments.
In one embodiment of the invention, the electronic lighting circuit further includes an inverter circuit section for supplying an electric current for lighting up the fluorescent emitting tube.
A light bulb type fluorescent lamp lighting apparatus according to the present invention includes a fluorescent light emitting tube; and an electronic lighting circuit for applying an electric current to the fluorescent light emitting tube. The electronic lighting circuit includes a pair of electrode filaments provided in the fluorescent light emitting tube, a capacitor connected parallel to the fluorescent light emitting tube, an inductor connected in series to one of the pair of electrode filaments, and at least one temperature negative characteristic resistance element connected parallel to at least one of the pair of electrode filaments. The at least one temperature negative characteristic resistance element has a resistance impedance, and the fluorescent light emitting tube is started based on a change in the resistance impedance of the at least one temperature negative characteristic resistance element.
In one embodiment of the invention, the number of the at least one temperature negative characteristic resistance element is two, and the two temperature negative characteristic resistance elements are respectively connected parallel to the pair of electrode filaments.
In one embodiment of the invention, the at least one temperature negative characteristic resistance element is connected to either one of the pair of electrode filaments.
In one embodiment of the invention, the electronic lighting circuit further includes a temperature positive characteristic resistance element connected parallel to the capacitor.
In one embodiment of the invention, the electronic lighting circuit further includes an inverter circuit section for supplying an electric current for lighting up the fluorescent emitting tube.
Thus, the invention described herein makes possible the advantages of providing a fluorescent lamp lighting apparatus for reducing a power loss caused by heat generation in an electrode filament coil during a constant lighting state of a fluorescent light emitting tube and also increasing a lamp life lighting on/off characteristic.
These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying figures.

Light bulb type fluorescent lamp lighting apparatus

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A process for preparing optically active 3-phenylglycidic acid esters comprising reacting a racemic trans-3-phenylglycidic acid with an alkanol in the presence of a hydrolase to esterify preferentially either (2S, 3R) isomer or (2R, 3S) isomer of said racemic compound and isolating and collecting the resulting optically active 3-phenylglycidic acid ester from the reaction mixture, whereby the optically active ester can be produced in a single step and in a highly pure form. The optically active 3-phenylglycidic acid esters are useful for the preparation of 1,5-benzothiazepine derivatives having pharmacological activities such as platelet aggregation inhibitory activity.

It is known that 3-phenylglycidic acid esters are useful as an intermediate for preparing 1,5-benzothiazepine derivatives having pharmacological activities such as platelet aggregation inhibitory activity (U.S. Pat. No. 4,590,188).
It is also known that optically active 3-phenylglycidic acid ester compound can be prepared by permitting a culture broth, cells or treated cells of as microoganisms having an ability of stereoselectively hydrolyzing a (2R, 3S)-3-phenylglycidic acid ester compound to act on a racemic 3-phenylglycidic acid ester compound which may also have a substituent on the phenyl group, thereby hydrolyzing the (2R, 3S) optically active isomer and separating and collecting the (2R, 3S) antipode from the reaction mixture (European Patent Publication No. 417785).

Process for preparing (2S,3R)-3-alkyl-phenylglycidic acid esters using lipase