The present invention relates to a resin for optical-semiconductor-element encapsulation obtained by reacting a silicon compound with a boron compound or an aluminum compound, wherein the silicon compound is represented by the following formula (I):

Resin compositions for optical-semiconductor-element encapsulation, which are used for encapsulating optical semiconductor elements such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), are required to give a cured resin having transparency. In general, epoxy resin compositions obtained from an epoxy resin, such as a bisphenol A epoxy resin or an alicyclic epoxy resin, and an acid anhydride hardener have been commonly used (see, for example, JP-A-2006-274249).
However, there are cases where the epoxy resins discolor when used over long at high temperatures, resulting in a decrease in luminance of the light-emitting diode devices. Encapsulating resins are required to have a modulus of elasticity reduced to some degree in order to stably produce the resins in a sheet form by a roll-to-roll process or to relieve the stress to be imposed on the optical semiconductor devices obtained by encapsulation with the resins. However, epoxy resins generally have a high modulus of elasticity and are hence unsuitable for that purpose.

Resin for optical-semiconductor-element encapsulation and optical semiconductor device obtained with the same

Abstract: wherein R1 and R2 each independently represent an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or an aryl group, in which a plurality of R1's are the same or different and a plurality of R2's are the same or different; X represents a hydroxy group, an alkoxy group, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, or an aryl group; and n is 4 to 250, and an optical semiconductor device obtained with the resin.


A protective case for Integrated Panoramic Night Vision Goggles (IPNVG) which includes a first container portion having a rigid protective exterior, and a top portion having a rigid exterior, the container and top portions connected along a common edge, so as to define a clamshell type container. The container portion further provides a soft optical foam interior, with the foam interior including a carved out space for receiving a set of IPNVG therein. There is further provided a plurality of openings for defining storage spaces for extra batteries in the case. The top portion also provides a soft optical foam interior which conforms to the interior of the top portion, so that when the top portion is closed upon the container portion, there is provided a zipper which forms an enclosure of the top and container portions for defining a rigid exterior protective case for the night vision goggles, yet allowing the goggles to be positioned within a soft optical foam interior for protection and safety.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to night vision goggles. More particularly, the present invention relates to a protective carrier and storage case for integrated panoramic night vision goggles (IPNVG), to provide a durable, protective case for the goggles while under soft interior environment.
2. General Background of the Invention
One of the instruments utilized by pilots in the cockpit of fighter aircraft such as F15, F16, A10 and F22 and others, are night vision goggles, also referred to as IPNVG, in order for the pilot to view certain exterior features during night flights. Working within the safety of flight issues such as space/cockpit management, there is a need to protect the IPNVG in the cockpit, yet be engineered in such a manner so as to reduce the possibility of the night vision goggle case catching on cockpit surfaces, the ejection seat handles, or other aircraft instrumentation which would compromise the safety of the flight and the mission accomplishment goals. Therefore, there is a need in the art for a container for IPNVG which has a hard protective exterior which would prevent the IPNVG from damage incurred in drops or falls, punctures, and general mistreatment. The container would have a rounded shape so as to avoid contact with instruments within the cockpit, and to provide easy storage, and yet a soft compressible interior so that the IPNVG is protected from scratches and has the greatest possible cushioning affect.

Protective case for night vision goggles


A junction of a pylon with an aircraft wing, the pylon including a primary structure extending from front to rear along a longitudinal axis and in the form of a box with a rear face and an upper spar forming an upper face of the box, a longitudinal median plane separating the primary structure into two parts, left and right, the junction comprising a rear attachment system for attaching the pylon to the wing, this system being arranged at the rear of the primary structure, the rear attachment system including a shoe attached beneath the wing, the shoe being connected, via at least one articulated connecting rod, to a fitting attached to the rear face of the pylon by an articulation whose articulation pin, termed the horizontal articulation pin, is perpendicular to the longitudinal median plane, and the shoe being connected to the upper spar via a force reacting system.

Conventionally, an aircraft comprises at least one jet engine attached beneath each of its wings by a pylon including a primary structure in the form of a rigid box. The pylon is attached isostatically beneath the wing by members for attaching the pylon to the wing. The attachment members include a front attachment system arranged essentially halfway along the length of the primary structure, a rear attachment system arranged at the rear of the primary structure, and an intermediate attachment system arranged between the front and rear attachment systems.

Junction of a pylon with an aircraft wing


An electrophotographic printer using an electroluminescent imaging head having surface emission light emitting elements arranged in an array in the fast scan direction, in which the elements are divided into a plurality of elements in the slow scan direction, and in which the elements in the trailing position have a greater dimension in the slow scan direction than the elements in the leading position.

In a conventional electrophotographic printer, as shown in the external view of FIG. 10, a print image is obtained by converting an electrical signal into a light signal, using the light signal to form an electrostatic latent image on a photoconductive member which has previously been charged by a corona discharge, developing this image, and transferring it to an output medium. For example, there are electrophotographic printers having an electroluminescent imaging head (electroluminescent printer head) 52 and a photosensitive drum 51.
The exposure system of such a conventional electrophotographic printer uses for example a thin-film electroluminescent array which is small, has stable luminance and is capable of quick response.
FIG. 11 shows a transverse cross-section of an electroluminescent imaging head, comprising an array of electroluminescent elements 71 and a rod lens array 72. The array of electroluminescent elements 71 comprises the following electrodes and layers formed on a substrate 81, in this order: a metal electrode 82, an insulating layer 83, a light emitting layer 84, an insulating layer 85 and a transparent electrode 86.
The rod lens array 72 is positioned so that the whole light emitting portion is covered. A photoreceptor 90 and the array of electroluminescent elements 71 are positioned on opposite sides of rod lens array 72 (For example, the above described characteristics are described in Japanese unexamined patent application number Sho 62-92868.) The light emitting portion of each electroluminescent elements, as shown in the plan view of FIG. 12, is separately formed with a dimension L in the slow scan direction and a spacing P in the fast scan direction.
It has been proposed, as the exposure system for an electrophotographic printer, as shown in the external view of FIG. 13 to use an electroluminescent imaging head consisting of an electroluminescent device which uses edge emission of electroluminescent elements 92 formed on a substrate 91. (See "The Construction and Characterization of A 400-dpi Thin-film Electroluminescence Edge Emitter" D. Leksell, et al, Proceedings of the SID, Vol. 29/2, 1988, pp. 147-150)
Next, a conventional method of driving an electroluminescent imaging head is described, referring to FIG. 14 and FIG. 15. FIG. 14 is a circuit block diagram of the conventional electroluminescent imaging head and FIG. 15 is a timing chart of the drive operation.
In the circuit of the electroluminescent imaging head, as shown in FIG. 14, each of the drivers IC1 to ICm is connected to electroluminescent elements CEL, and the other ends of the electroluminescent elements CEL are connected to a common drive signal COM. Each driver IC consists of a shift register 1 which reads a data signal together with a clock signal, latch circuit 2 which latches the data signal under the control of a latch signal and output circuit 3 which controls output under the control of an output enable signal OE by changing the level of the latched data signal.
As illustrated in FIG. 15, the data signal is output under the control of the output enable signal OE from output circuit 3, to form an output signal On, which has different waveforms in the light emitting and non-light emitting states. The common drive signal COM has waveforms synchronized with the light emitting and non-light emitting waveforms of the output signal On. Light is emitted when and only when the potential difference of the output signal On and the common drive signal COM is sufficiently high.
In more detail, the data signal undergoes level conversion in output circuit 3 and the output signal On has a peak value V.sub.MOD. The common drive signal COM has a waveform with a positive peak value V.sub.POS which is equal to the sum of V.sub.TEL, the light-emitting threshold voltage of the electroluminescent elements, and the voltage V.sub.MOD ; the waveform has a negative peak value V.sub.NEG, which is equal to -V.sub.TEL. The potential difference between the output signal On and the common drive signal COM is applied to the electroluminescent elements CEL. Light is emitted when and only when the potential difference between the output signal On and the common drive signal COM is over the threshold. Thus, electroluminescent elements in the electroluminescent imaging head are controlled to emit light or not, as required.
The distribution characteristics of the amount of light applied to the photosensitive drum, which rotates at a constant rate, when writing a single pixel using the electroluminescent imaging head, are, as shown in FIG. 16, trapezoidal, and almost rectangular in the fast scan direction, they are, as shown in FIG. 17, asymmetrical in the slow scan direction, rising to a peak, and then falling more gradually. This asymmetry produces distortion in the formation of pixels, and means that high quality printing in an electrophotographic printer is not possible.
The light distribution in the slow scan direction as shown in FIG. 17 results from the relative movement of the electroluminescent imaging head and the photosensitive drum and the light emission response characteristics of the electroluminescent elements, which have a short rise time but a decay time as long as 1 ms.

Electrophotographic printer using electroluminescent imaging head


A joint structure for a robot includes a first link and a second link rotatably coupled to each other through a joint part and a linear-motion actuator coupling the first link to the second link at a part separated from the joint part. The linear-motion actuator has a casing, and a pair of first shaft parts integrally formed with an outer surface of the casing. The first link is supported by the first shaft part so as to be pivotable with respect to the linear-motion actuator. The first link relatively pivots to the second link by the linear-motion actuator reciprocating.

It is known that a first link is coupled to a second link through a joint part, and robots are provided with a linear-motion actuator which pivots the second link with respect to the first link (e.g., see Patent Document 1). The robot disclosed in Patent Document 1 includes an electric motor, a nut member which is driven to be rotated by the electric motor through a belt, a threaded shaft which threadedly engages with the nut member, and a casing which accommodates the nut member.
Moreover, in the robot disclosed in Patent Document 1, a pivot shaft provided to the first link is fitted into a bearing member which is attached to a through-hole formed in the casing. Thus, the casing is supported by the first link so as to be pivotable about the axial center of the pivot.


The invention relates to a detection device for detecting that the coin storage receptacle of a slot machine such as a parking meter is full of coins. The device includes a moving flap (32) disposed across the coin arrival path. A microswitch (42) detects the position of the flap (32). If the flap does not return to its rest position, then the receptcle is full.

Numerous machines are actuated by coins, or tokens, or the like and they contain a coin receptacle for storing said coins, ect. Examples of such "slot machines" include pay phones, vending machines, and meters for paying for car parking
In such machines, coins are inserted via one or more slots and they pass through a coin selector of varying degrees of complexity which verifies that the coins are not counterfeit and which also establishes the value of the coins. Reject coins are returned to the user while accepted coins are sent via a chute to a coin receptacle. In some cases, the chute may include a coin hold device which temporarily retains accepted coins until the user actuates a coin-encashing control which allows the coins to go to the coin receptacle. Until the user actuates the coin-encashing control, the user retains the possibility of abandoning the operation and recovering the coins.
The organization in charge of the machines must periodically collect the coins contained in the receptacle. In some cases the receptacle is fixed in the machine and collection takes place by opening a trap door communicating with the receptacle. In other cases the receptacle is in the form of a removable safe. Collection then consists in removing full receptacles and replacing them with empty receptacles. European patent number 44 754 in the name of FLONIC describes a parking fee terminal equipped with the first type of coin receptacle.
One of the problems with managing such machines is defining when to collect coins from them. If collections are performed too frequently relative to the real capacity of each receptacle, then operating expenses are too high. In contrast, if collections are not performed frequently enough, then the receptacles are in danger of overflowing. Overflowing is always bad, since it either causes coins to be lost or else it disturbs the overall operation of the coin circuit in the machine. If the receptacle is removable, coin overflow may jam the receptacle and prevent it from being removed. If the receptacle if fixed, coin overflow can fill up the coin arrival chute and hinder operation of systems disposed upstream from the chute. It is therefore always desirable to provide a device in such a machine for detecting that its coin receptacle is full.
One possible detection system consists in taking advantage of the fact that an electronic coin selector can also be used to count all the coins it has selected. However this solution is not satisfactory since coins come in different sizes and the way in which they pile up in the receptacle is random. In order to perform detection by counting coins, it is therefore necessary to provide a considerable safety margin over optimum filling.
In order to remedy these drawbacks, an object of the invention is to provide a device for detecting that a coin receptacle is full by detecting the level to which a receptacle is actually filled regardless of the nature of the coins it contains.

Detection device for detecting that a coin receptacle is full


According to one embodiment, the first process of forming a first light-reflecting structure including forming a patterned dielectric layer on a substrate, forming a first high refractive index layer on the substrate and the dielectric layer, planarizing the first high refractive index layer, forming a mask layer on the first high refractive index layer, forming a periodic structure in the mask layer and the first high refractive index layer, the periodic structure having openings separated at a constant period, forming a low refractive index layer on the mask layer and filling the periodic structure with the low refractive index layer, and performing chemical mechanical polishing to cause the mask layer and the low refractive index layer to form substantially the same plane.

Optical semiconductor devices are broadly divided into semiconductor light-emitting devices and semiconductor light-receiving devices. A vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) device is drawing attention as a semiconductor light-emitting device in recent years, and has a structure in which an optical semiconductor structure including an active layer (a light-emitting layer) is vertically interposed between two membrane reflectors made of photonic crystals.
Such a semiconductor laser device must have good heat dissipation and low strain inside the device structure. In a method for manufacturing a conventional semiconductor light-emitting device, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) dishing undesirably causes a level difference between the membrane reflector portion and the periphery of the lower membrane reflector; therefore, even if a III-V junction is possible, strain may be generated in this portion. Moreover, there are cases where the dishing amount makes the junction impossible to form; and there is room for improvement.

Semiconductor light-emitting device and method for manufacturing semiconductor light-emitting device


A pneumatic radial aircraft tire is described having a B/A ranging between 60-70%. The tire may further optionally include a tire bead portion having a Ra/Fr1 relationship which ranges from about 1 to about 2.1. The tire may further optionally include a SW/TS ratio which ranges from about 0.1 to about 0.5, wherein SW is the chafer gauge at area A, TS is the total sidewall rubber gauge at area A, wherein A is defined as the region in the sidewall that has a lower radial endpoint defined by the point of contact between the flange and the tire at inflated, unloaded condition, and an upper radial endpoint AH defined by the tire wheel flange point of contact when the tire is at inflated, and at 200% rated load.

Aircraft tires are subject to extreme operating conditions due to the heavy load per tire coupled with the high speed of the aircraft. Because of the heavy loading, the tires are subject to much greater deflection than passenger or truck tires.
Aircraft tires have two common constructions: bias and radial. Over 70% of aircraft tires are bias, which means they have a casing made of layers of alternate layers of ply that are at alternate angles substantially less than 90 degrees relative to the center line of the tread. However, radial tires are becoming more common as airframe manufacturers seek lighter weight. Radial tires are like passenger tires in that they have the ply oriented at substantially 90 degrees relative to the tread centerline. Aircraft tires come in a range of sizes, however the H-type size range has historically been a bias tire. Due to the modern trend, it is desired that radial aircraft tires are available in the H-type size. This has not been possible in the past because they have more deflection in the sidewall due to bending under loading. As a result, radial tires may have an increased heat generation and mechanical fatigue in the bead area of the tire. There may also be problems of bead cracking and scuffing in the bead region, as well as rubber deformation under the bead core.
Thus an improved radial tire with increased durability and bending resistance is desired.


An electronic device having a calculation function and suitable for being detachably connected to a portable electronic device having a calculation function is provided. The electronic device includes a body, a connecting base and a supporter. The body has a first surface. The connecting base is disposed at the body and has a containing cavity. The portable electronic device is suitable for being disposed in the containing cavity to be electronically connected to the electronic device. A back surface of the portable electronic device leans against the first surface. The supporter is connected to the body and supports the body, and an angle is formed therebetween.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an electronic device and, more particularly, to an electronic device which can be detachably connected to a portable electronic device.
2. Description of the Related Art
As information age comes, computers are widely used. Conventionally, a desktop computer is concentrated on performance, and it is seldom moved. Thus, the desktop computer usually has a large size and a heavy weight, and occupies much space on the desk. Moreover, since the desktop computer is connected to a display device via a cable, the position of the display device is limited by the length of the cable. As science technology develops, electronic products become lighter and thinner. Many electronic devices which are smaller and lighter than the desktop computer, such a notebook computer, a tablet computer and an all-in-one (AIO) computer, become popular in the electronic market.
Taking the AIO computer as an example, it includes a display device and a host fixed at a back surface of the display device. The display device is usually fixed in a casing of the host. When the user wants to repair or move the display device, he or she should detach the casing of the host and unlock the display device. Thus, it is inconvenient for the user to repair and move the display device.


Disclosed are a driving circuit and an organic light emitting display using the same, which realizes stable gray levels. The driving circuit includes a first selector that produces a first selection and sub selection signals, and a second selector that produces a second selection and sub selection signals. The driving circuit also includes a first voltage divider and a second voltage divider, each of which receives the selection signals. The first and the second voltage dividers can produce various voltage levels depending on the various combination of the selection signals.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a driving circuit and an organic light emitting display including the driving circuit, more particular to a driving circuit, which may reduce errors in realizing gray levels by preventing a voltage drop occurring in an analog switch in order to improve the linearity, and an organic light emitting display including the driving circuit.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a flat panel display device, a plurality of pixels are formed on a substrate and forms a display region. A scan line and a data line are coupled to each of the pixels, and an image is displayed by applying driving signals to the pixels.
Flat panel display is classified into an active matrix type luminescence display and a passive matrix type luminescence display according to its driving method. These types of flat panel displays have been used for display devices of portable information terminals such as a personal computer, a portable telephone, and a personal digital assistant (PDA), and monitors of all kinds of information devices. A liquid crystal display (LCD) including a liquid crystal panel, an organic light emitting display including an organic light emitting diode, and a plasma display panel (PDP) including a plasma panel are examples of flat panel displays. Recently, various flat plate displays capable of reducing weight and volume have been developed overcoming the disadvantages of bulky cathode ray tubes (CRT).
FIG. 2 is a circuitry diagram showing a resistor unit for generating various voltage levels in a D/A converter, which can be used in a data driver of an organic light emitting display. Specifically, FIG. 2 shows a resistor unit for generating eight voltage levels. In order to generate eight voltage levels, eight resistors are serially coupled to each other. A first reference voltage having a higher voltage and a second reference voltage having a lower voltage are applied across the resistors. The difference of the first reference voltage and the second reference voltage are divided by the 8 resistors to obtain divided voltages, which are data voltages.
The D/A converter shown in FIG. 2 generates 8 data voltage levels, which are divided by the 8 resistors. Since the number of the data voltage levels is fixed, the number of gray levels to be generated is also fixed. Therefore, in order to generate another gray levels such as 256 gray levels, 128 gray levels, and 64 gray levels, the D/A converter should have another circuit design that is different from the circuit shown in FIG. 2. Because the data driver includes an unique resistor unit for achieving a specific gray levels, the data driver should be replaced in order to realize another gray levels, which causes inconvenience and reduces flexibility.

Driving circuit and organic light emitting display using the same


A locking apparatus for providing security for either unauthorized access or unauthorized removal of portable computers. The portable computer sets on a base tray that has side and rear walls with access ports. A combined assembly of a removable locking member and an adjustable security member fits snugly over the top surface of the computer. The combined assembly is secured to the rear wall of the base tray by a flange and to the front of the base tray by a locking mechanism.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to security of portable computers. Specifically, this invention relates to locking device for computers, which may be permanently secured to a permanent structure such as a desk, a computer credenza, an articulating arm or other types of permanent structures. The computer may be installed or removed from the locking device at the discretion of those having access to the security features of the locking device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Portable computers, particular the class of portable computers referred to as notebook computers, have the advantage of being compact and light weight and therefore easily transportable. However, the disadvantage of these relative small computers is that they may be subject to unauthorized removal or acquisition.
In the prior art, locking devices for computers, including portable computers, served to provide security for the devices in the absence of the computer owner or other authorized persons. However, the prior art devices were often cumbersome from the perspective of ease of installation and removal of the computer from the locking device. Also, the prior art locking devices did not have the flexibility to adjust to portable computers of different dimensions.
One such prior art computer security device which is indicative of the limitations noted above is U.S. Pat. No. 5,052,199 (Derman). Derman discloses a clamp locking device for personal computers. The Derman device is essentially a large base frame with threaded rods which grip a desk top personal computer chassis from several sides. Installation and removal of the personal computer from the Derman device requires partial disassembly of the device, the use of a wrench to tighten or untighten the threaded rods, and manipulation of sliding bars to allow or prohibit access to the threaded rods. The Derman device is restrictive in that it is designed to fit a personal computer chassis with a specific footprint, i.e. dimensions.
Another computer security device can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,052,651 (Guddee). The Guddee device is even more complicated that the Derman device in that installation and removal of the personal computer requires the virtual dismantling of the fastener. The fastener is a complex assortment of frame, locking bars, rails, connecting pins, rods and posts, bolts and other numerous components. Furthermore, the Guddee device, similar to the Derman device is designed to fit a standard personal computer chassis and therefore lacks the flexibility to accommodate portable devices of different dimensions.
Still another type of locking device for computers is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,361,610 (Sanders). The Sanders device is characterized by a plate assembly which is inserted into the floppy disk drive of the computer. A standard padlock and cable combination secures the plate assembly, and thus the computer, to a permanent object such as a table or desk. The disadvantage of this approach is that no security is provided with respect to access of the computer including keyboard, hard drive, modem, display, RAM, etc. Furthermore, the security of the Sanders device is easily defeatable by means of nothing more than wire clippers for snipping the cable.
Therefore, a solution to the limitations imposed by the prior art devices was needed to provide a portable computer security device with convenient installation and removal, the capability of accommodating more than one size portable computer and means for limiting access to the operation of the computer.


A floating cell removing device using a generic flow control includes a processor having a generic flow control processing logic for transmitting/receiving a signal cell, checking a generic flow control field of an operation and maintenance cell and removing a floating cell; a pair of cell relay and add/drop function units respectively connected to a subscriber and a network of the processor, for supporting an internal communication between subscriber terminals, temporarily storing the signal cell and transmitting it to a network device; a pair of asynchronous transfer mode hierarchical function processors for converting a cell header, inserting and extracting an operation and maintenance cell, and transmitting it to the processor and the cell relay and add/drop function units; and a plurality of buffers formed between the processor and the cell relay and add/drop function units and between the cell relay and add/drop function units, for temporarily storing data inputted therefrom.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for removing a floating cell by using generic flow control (GFC) which is generated when a ring type subscriber network is formed to provide broadband services to small offices or home in a Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network and a method thereof.
2. Discussion of Related Art
With development of communication technologies, the demand for high quality regarding various communication services has increased. To satisfy these demands, an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) has been proposed to provide high speed data service including transmission and burst service such as an actual time video service with variable bit rates, as well as continuous services such as a voice service or a video service.
In the past, development has been focused on large-scaled switches applicable to national key networks and the medium-scale of devices for supplying broadband services to private networks or a plurality of regions rather than on the devices for directly supplying services to subscribers.
Most of the above devices are structured in a switch type and thus are adequate to traffic transmission/reception between regions requiring a large input/output capacity. However, particularly when these are used at home or small offices using direct services, these are disadvantageous as compared to a ring or a bus type multi-access configuration, as described in the following.
First, in the switch-structured device, each service terminal must be connected to the switch via its own transmission line, and this requires more transmission lines as compared with the case of a ring or a bus type device, causing a substanial increase in cost.
Secondly, with a complicated switch structure, there is difficulty in maintenance or operation in comparison with a simple multiplexer or a ring type device.
Thirdly, when an input port is required to be added, the multi-access configuration can simply add the input port by connecting it to the preceding terminal or inserting it in the existing configuration. However, the switch-structured device must install it in a switch unit, causing unnecessary port consumption.
However, even when a user turns off the power of any terminal, the switch-structured network does not affect the traffic flow of other terminals. To the contrary, the ring type network cannot communicate any more via the terminals placed in the downstream of the powered-off terminal.
Thus, a power off bypass switch which can control the data flow even at the power off is required for each terminal.
In addition, there is required a method for efficiently removing floating cells generated due to the power off of any terminal during a communication and thus preventing unnecessary cells from occupying the bandwidth.
FIG. 1a and 1b are diagrams showing general configurations of a switch-structured network and a ring type network.
In a switch-structured network of FIG. 1a, each terminal is connected to a broadband network terminator 11 via its own transmission line. Therefore, even when a terminal is powered off during communication, this does not affect the other terminals nor occupy the bandwidth of the other terminals.
Meanwhile, in the ring type network of FIG. 1b where each terminal is connected to a broadband network terminator 16 via one shared line in ring form, if user voluntarily powers off any of the terminals 17, 18, 19 and 110, all terminals placed downstream of the powered-off terminal cannot communicate any more.
Thus, even though a power off bypass switch is installed to prevent the problem described above, all cells to be transmitted to the terminal continuously occupy the bandwidth of the ring. These cells are called floating cells.
Generally, in order to control the flow between each terminal and a network terminator in a point-to-point connection network, four bits are allotted to a generic flow control field in an asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) cell header. But in most cases, the generic flow control field is not used.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a cell header format designated in a conventional private network. In FIG. 2, 4 significant bits of the first byte in the cell header comprised of five bytes are assigned to the generic flow control field, and a virtual path identifier (VPI) and a virtual channel identifier (VCI) determine the path via which the cell is to be routed.
The generic flow control field used to control the traffic amount input to the network termination device 11 has a control mode and a non-control mode.
In the non-control mode, the flow of the data input to the network termination device is not controlled and a value "0" is input to the generic flow control field.
On the contrary, the control mode gives a priority order to each cell to be input to the broadband network termination device 11 and then permits the input of the cell of higher priority first, or temporarily suspends the cell flow in the terminal unit (12, 13, 14, 15) if the sum of the traffic sent toward the network termination device 11 exceeds the network termination device capacity.
However, with a complicated algorithm and a greater hardware requirement to control the traffic in the terminal unit, none of existing terminals and network termination devices support the control mode.
In addition, since it is not easily applicable to the multi-access type network, all devices support the non-control mode.

Floating cell removing device using generic flow control and a method thereof

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


The present invention provides a method of updating the cache state information for store transactions in an system in which store transactions only read the cache state information upon entering the unit pipe or store portion of the store/load queue. In this invention, store transactions in the unit pipe and queue are checked whenever a cache line is modified, and their cache state information updated as necessary. When the modification is an invalidate, the check tests that the two share the same physical addressable location. When the modification is a validate, the check tests that the two involve the same data cache line.

The state of a cache may change between the placing of an operation storing data from the cache into the unit pipe or into the store portion of the store and load queue and the completion of the store operation. Store operations are queued to allow the program code to move forward. Because of the nature of store ordering requirements on cache coherency, older operations may modify the validity or location of the cache line within the data cache. These modifications may cause the cache state information which the store operations received upon issue to become old or outdated. Maintaining data integrity requires some mechanism to allow the cache state information for the store operations to be updated.
One way to update transactions is to read the cache state information. It may, however, be desirable to limit access to the cache. For example, a cache may be designed with a single read/write access point, or port. The design may afford simplicity, or be suitable for a smaller or low-power cache. With such a design, to read the cache state information, it is necessary to recycle operations through the unit pipe. Repeated recycling to update the store transaction requires many cycles and blocks other accesses to the cache.
Therefore, there is a need for a method of updating the cache state information for store transactions without reading the cache state information in a manner that addresses at least some of the issues associated with conventional updating of store transactions.

Method of updating cache state information where stores only read the cache state information upon entering the queue

International Business Machines Corporation


Disclosed herein are methods and systems for automated activation and configuration of broadband LTE IANs. A mobile IAN base station, an activated mode and a dormant mode, determines at least one location in a local region of the mobile IAN base station while in the dormant mode. An activation-permission request is submitted to a geo-location-database (GDB) function, and the mobile IAN base station receives an activation-permission response. The response is based on an expected level of wide-area-network (WAN) coverage associated with the determined location. Responsive to receiving an activation-permission grant, the mobile IAN base station transitions to the activated mode. Responsive to not receiving an activation-permission grant, the mobile IAN base station remains in the dormant mode.

It is important that public-safety responders have an adequate link to communication services (e.g., telephony, data services, and the like) when responding to an incident. However, the reality of the dynamic and mobile nature of the profession is that, in many instances, incidents occur outside of the range or coverage of the established radio access networks (RANs). In other cases, the available RAN signal may not have enough capacity to support the required public-safety mission. To facilitate communication between the responders and offsite utilities, incident area networks (IANs) are often set up using mobile base stations. These mobile base stations establish a link between a given wireless-communication device (WCD) (e.g., a handheld mobile radio) and a given network resource, typically using some standard for over-the-air communication, an example of which is 3GPP's Long Term Evolution (LTE), which is one example protocol for a type of wireless communication known as orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) communication. In addition to mobile radios, some examples of commonly used WCDs include cell phones, smartphones, dongles, tablets, notebook computers, laptop computers, and the like. And certainly many other examples of WCDs could be listed as well, as known to those having skill in the relevant art.
It is desirable for public-safety responders to be able to communicate with one another as efficiently as possible for at least the reason that the immediacy and efficacy with which public-safety responders can communicate with one another are quite often determinative of a positive outcome in public-safety incidents. For the sake of general efficiency and for optimized allocation of network resources, it is important that mobile base stations be coordinated with existing communication networks. Accordingly, for this reason and others, there is a need for methods and systems for automated activation and configuration of broadband IANs.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.
The apparatus and method components have been represented where appropriate by conventional symbols in the drawings, showing only those specific details that are pertinent to understanding the embodiments of the present invention so as not to obscure the disclosure with details that will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the description herein.

Methods and systems for automated activation and configuration of broadband incident area networks (IANs)


A new and distinct variety of grapevine plant named ‘CAR2-21-20’ particularly distinguished by very large berry size, very large berry clusters, uniformly filled clusters and strong berry attachment, is disclosed.

The present invention comprises a new and distinct variety of grapevine botanically known as Vitis vinifera and hereinafter referred to by the variety name 'CAR2-21-20'. The new variety originated from a cross conducted in September 1994 in Salta de las Rosas, Mendoza, Argentina between the female grapevine plant named 'Majestic' (unpatented) and the male grapevine plant named '552' (U.S. Plant Pat. No. 9,916). A single plant was selected for further evaluation and asexual propagation.
The new variety was first propagated in 2005 in Davis, Calif. by vegetative cuttings and has been asexually reproduced repeatedly by vegetative cuttings for four generations. 'CAR2-21-20' has been found to retain its distinctive characteristics through successive asexual propagations.
Plant Breeder's Rights for this variety have not been applied for. 'CAR2-21-20' has not been made publicly available anywhere in the world more than one year prior to filing of this application.


Container image building using dependency container images. First dependency information that identifies a first set of dependencies necessary to generate a first application container image is accessed. A dependency container image index that identifies dependencies contained in one or more dependency container images is accessed. A first dependency container image of the one or more dependency container images is selected based on the dependency container image index and the first dependency information. The first dependency container image lacks at least one dependency identified in the first set of dependencies. A new dependency container image is generated using the first dependency container image and the at least one dependency. A new entry is stored in the dependency container image index that identifies the new dependency container image and each dependency contained in the new dependency container image.

It is common for a software developer to write a complex computer program that, during compilation of the source code, and/or during the execution of the resulting executable file, will require external, pre-existing files to either compile properly or execute properly. Such external, pre-existing files are sometimes referred to as dependencies. In the compilation phase, for example, a dependency may include one or more source code files that define entrypoints of an executable library that provide a desired, pre-existing functionality that the complex computer program utilizes. The source code files allow the compiler to generate appropriate executable code associated with function invocations of the executable library contained in the complex computer program. In the execution phase, for example, the dependency may be an executable library that is invoked by the complex computer program to implement the desired functionality.


Various methods and devices for inserting a guidewire into the body are provided. In one embodiment, a guidewire insertion device is provided and includes and outer sheath having an outer surface and an inner lumen extending therethrough, and a dilator having an inner lumen extending therethrough and having a length greater than a length of the outer sheath. A guidewire can be configured to extend through the inner lumen of the dilator such that the guidewire is removably and replaceably disposable within the dilator and coupled thereto. A locking mechanism can be effective to selectively configure the guidewire between a locked position in which the guidewire is stationary relative to the dilator and an unlocked position in which the guidewire is movable relative to the dilator.

Dilators are widely used in medical procedures to gain access to body cavities by dilating tissue and formed a working channel therethrough for the insertion of instruments and other materials. The use of dilators and access ports has become more common as they provide minimally invasive techniques for establishing a portal for a number of procedures.
In a typical procedure, a guidewire is inserted into the body, and then a dilator is pushed through the tissue over the guidewire to dilate the tissue. The dilator can then be used as a working channel through the tissue for accessing a surgical site. Various other types of devices can then be inserted through the dilator, including needles to anchor to bone. One such device is a Jamshidi needle, that is a long, hollow needle having a cutting edge on one end and a handle and syringe attachment on the other end to remove a sample of tissue from bone marrow. While effective, there can be many disadvantages to these types of techniques. Specifically, there is a larger number of steps required to access the body, and ultimately bone, with various devices being inserted through tissue and into the body separately.
Accordingly, there is a need for improved methods and devices for providing access into a body cavity, and in particular for inserting a guidewire into the body and/or into bone.


A touchless car wash composition, that can be made from a concentrate and diluted to use concentration using commonly available service water can comprise an ether amine or diamine in particular a fatty ether amine or diamine. The novel compositions are typically free of hydrocarbon solvents and silicone materials that are common in prior art compositions. The compositions are used in touchless car wash processes in which the materials are sprayed in the form of an aqueous dilute solution to remove soil from the vehicle surface. The aqueous compositions are self removing and very small amounts of the aqueous solutions remain to create water spotting on cleaned vehicle surfaces. The novel compositions of the invention can also contain a variety of other ingredients in a fully formulated system. Such ingredients include rapid dewatering of painted surfaces, improved cleanliness of glass and painted surfaces. A substantial reduction of water spotting and concentrates stability. When used in systems using the direct contact between a brush, the friction between the brush and the vehicle surface is substantially reduced.

Soiled vehicle surfaces have been cleaned for many years using a variety of compositions and methods. Such compositions can be as simple as solutions of organic dish soaps or common all-purpose utility cleaners. In commercial or industrial vehicle cleaning such as semi-automatic and completely automatic car washes, a variety of cleaning materials have been used in a cleaning system that can often contain a pre-rinse or pre-cleaning step, a cleaning step followed by a combination of one or more steps using waxes, rinses, anti-rust agents, mechanical dryers, etc. Such vehicle cleaning operations can be embodied in a retail cleaning operations designed for cleaning vehicles by personal owners or by car wash personnel. Such cleaning stations can also include stations operated by car rental agencies, retail car dealerships, automobile fleet operators, bus sheds, train depots, airplane maintenance buildings, etc.
One class of commonly available automotive cleaning materials contain a variety of anionic surfactants that is used in conjunction with compatible nonionic surfactants, sequestrants, waxes and other ingredients.
Hydrocarbon wax compositions, applied after the aforementioned cleaning step, promote a shiny finish and are blended to promote removal of water from the vehicle surfaces. Such waxes also often contain a wax with anionic or nonionic surfactants, anti-rust agents and other components that form a fully functional system that can dewater automobiles leaving a dry shiny finish.
A second class of waxing composition is commonly available including a typical formulation containing surfactants, solvents and a silicone wax-like material that forms a shiny surface. Silicones are well known, very hydrophobic materials that when used in vehicle waxing compositions with other components such as nonionic detergents, anti-rust agents, etc. to form a shiny, dry vehicle surface.
One common theme in the prior art cleaning compositions is an anionic material (typically a sulfonate or sulfate surfactant), while the prior art waxing compositions require hydrocarbon or silicone wax materials.
Amine compounds have also been commonly formulated in hydrocarbon containing and silicone containing wax compositions and compositions that contain both hydrocarbons and silicants. For example, Chestochowski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,440,063 teaches fatty amine-organic acid salts in car wash formulations. Baker et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,592,669 discloses a hydrocarbon wax composition containing a fatty alkyl amine in a transparent film forming composition. Cifuentes et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,258,063 discloses a gloss improving foam for use on vehicle surfaces. The film combines waxes with an alkyl cyclohexyl amine. Herring, GB 1,349,447 discloses a car polish composition comprising a paraffin wax combined with an alkyl diamine. Lastly, ABE, WO 92-22632 discloses a water repellent car window washing composition using a fatty amine acetate salt in combination with a hydrocarbon solvent and silicone wax in a complex formula containing a fluorocarbon active material. Fatty alkyl amines typically have the formula R-NH.sub.2 wherein R is a hydrocarbon group that can have 1-3 unsaturated bonds but contain 6-24 straight chain carbon atoms.
Eriksson, WO 92-08823 discloses cleaning and degreasing agent containing an ethoxylated alkyl amine. Eriksson, EP 43360 teaches a metal corrosion protector comprising an ethoxylated amine composition. Lemin et al., GB 2,036,783 discloses a water repellent foam using a cationic dewatering agent comprising an ethoxylated amine that can also use an optional anti-static agent. Fatty ethanol amine amide compounds have been disclosed in, for example, in Bayless, U.S. Pat. No. 5,330,673 for use in adhesives and cleaners. Further, JP 06-145603 teaches a dewatering film form using triethanolamine and a hydrocarbon wax or silicone wax. JP 05-156289 teaches a vehicle cleaner containing short chain water soluble amines. Lastly, JP 03-024200 teaches a detergent for soil removal on vehicles using a short chain aqueous or nonaqueous amine.
Fox, U.S. Pat. No. 4,284,435 teach a car wash composition using an ethoxylated quaternary amine composition. Karalis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,864,060 teaches a car wash composition combining a quaternary ammonium compound and an amine oxide material. Betty, Jr. et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,756,835 teaches an auto polish that combine a quaternary ammonium compound and an ethoxylated amine and a petroleum mineral oil. Tarr, U.S. Pat. No. 5,221,329 teaches a water repellent material used as a coating for aircraft comprising a quaternary ammonium compound and a saline compound. JP 03-262763 and JP 58-076477 disclose car wash compositions and anti-spotting coating compositions that can contain quaternary amine materials in combination with additives such as waxes, cationic surfactants, etc.
These prior art vehicle cleaning materials have had some success in the marketplace. However, the marketplace continually searches for materials having improved properties. Properties that can always use improvement include the gloss of the cleaned vehicle surface, the rate and amount of dewatering, water spotting on glass or painted surfaces, concentrate stability, solution clarity and overall ease of preparing aqueous dilutions from the aqueous concentrate materials. The marketplace has continually searched for improvements in aqueous systems containing organic cleaner materials that can have improved soil removal, improved gloss in the final vehicle surface, reduced spotting and improved dewatering. Lastly, the environmental compatibility of the hydrocarbon and silicone wax-like materials has been questioned in recent years. A substantial need exists to develop vehicle cleaners and rinses that can clean and shine with minimal aqueous residue in touchless or cloth or brush systems.

Vehicle cleaning and drying compositions


A drill comprising, a central cutting edge tip which is arranged on an axial portion of a distal end of a spindle body, and a peripheral cutting edge tip which is arranged on an outer peripheral portion of the distal end of the spindle body, each of the tips including a tip body, the central cutting edge tip being arranged so that its longitudinal direction is parallel with a radius direction of the spindle body, a long-side cutting edge and a long-side corner cutting edge adjacent to an axial side of the long-side cutting edge being formed as an end cutting edge, and the short-side corner cutting edge adjacent to the long-side corner cutting edge being arranged so as to go beyond the axis of the spindle body, the peripheral cutting edge tip being arranged so that its longitudinal direction is parallel with a radius direction of the spindle body, the short-side cutting edge and the short-side corner cutting edge adjacent to an outer peripheral side of the short-side cutting edge being 9 formed as an end cutting edge, and the long-side corner cutting edge adjacent to the short-side corner cutting edge being arranged so as to be inclined with respect to an axis of the spindle body.

The present invention relates to a throw away tool type drill which is constructed so that an end cutting edge is formed by a central cutting edge and a peripheral cutting edge, and to a drill tip. In particular, the present invention relates to a drill which can prevent a breakage of the central cutting edge, and to a drill tip which is formed with a chip breaker.
Conventionally, there is, for example, a throw away tool type drill which has been disclosed in Jpn. Pat. KOKAI Publication No. 6-91416. In this type of drill, a diamond plate-like tip is used, and the tip has the same shape and dimension and is used both as a central cutting edge and a peripheral cutting edge.
Each side of a diamond which functions as a rake face of a tip is formed with a pair of side cutting edges individually adjacent to vertex portions forming an acute angle of the diamond. Also, the vertex portion forming an acute angle is formed with a pair of V-letter corner cutting edges shorter than the side cutting edge. These V-letter corner cutting edges are mutually symmetrical with respect to a bisector of the vertex portion, and form a cross angle lager than an apical angle thereof.
A tip fixing holder is formed with a bottom face and a wall face so that fixing stiffness and accuracy of a tip to a tool body can be enhanced.
Moreover, there is Jpn. UM Appln. KOKOKU Publication No. 7-37769 having a disclosure that a different tip is used for each of a central cutting edge and a peripheral cutting edge.
A tip having a substantially plate-like rectangle is used as the central cutting edge. The tip is formed with an obtuse V-letter cutting edge ridge line in rotation symmetry at its opposite ends in a longitudinal direction thereof. On the other hand, a tip having a plate-like rectangle is used as the peripheral cutting edge. The tip is formed with a linear cutting edge at its opposite ends on each of shorter and longer sides.
In the central cutting edge tip and the peripheral cutting edge tip, their longitudinal direction ends are situated in an axial direction of the tool body, so that a diameter of cutting edge can be made small.
The aforesaid conventional drill has the following problems. Specifically, there are caused a chip breakage in the central cutting edge and a trouble on chip control in the peripheral cutting edge.
In the central cutting, there is case where a breakage is caused in a cutting edge in the vicinity of the center of a drill due to an axial direction pressure caused by feeding motion when a cutting speed becomes zero. In order to avoid such a phenomenon caused in the vicinity of the drill center, the central cutting edge tip has been conventionally arranged in a tool offset state. However, the tool offset with respect to the tip is not sufficient for enhancing a strength of a cutting edge in the vicinity of a rotational center of the drill.
Moreover, the breakage in the central cutting edge results from a factor that a tip corner angle and an inclination angle of a tip cutting edge ridge line with respect to a rotational center line of drill are not properly set. In general, in the case where the tip corner angle and the inclination angle are both large, a cutting edge strength can be enhanced. However, the aforesaid angular setting is not readily varied because of various problems such as a limitation of a tip shape, cutting balance. For this reason, the cutting edge strength could not be enhanced.
On the other hand, a trouble on a chip control is due to a difference in a cutting speed of an end cutting edge on a drill distal end portion. Specifically, in case of viewing the drill distal end portion from an axial direction of the drill, a cutting speed has a proportional relationship with a drill diameter; for this reason, the cutting speed becomes the highest speed in an outer periphery of the drill, and becomes zero in the axis thereof.
Thus, a difference in a cutting speed is great in the vicinity of the axis where cutting by the central cutting edge is executed; for this reason, chips naturally curl up. As a result, there is almost no trouble on chip control.
However, since a difference in a cutting speed is small in an outer periphery side where cutting by the peripheral cutting edge is executed, cut chips are hard to curl up. For this reason, there occurs a case where these chips curl up the tool body. Therefore, the peripheral cutting edge needs to form a chip breaker which is excellent in a chip breakage performance in order to remove these cut chips.
The diamond-shaped tip used in each of the aforesaid Publications is a positive type tip having a chip breaker. However, the tip has no sufficient allowance in its breaker width. For this reason, proper chip control is not widely achieved. Meanwhile, if the breaker width is formed wider, a tip size becomes large; for this reason, it is difficult to make small a drill diameter.
To solve the aforesaid problems, there is required a throw away tool type drill which is capable of collectively satisfying requirements such as breakage prevention of the central cutting edge, improvement in chip control of the peripheral cutting edge, and a scale-down of a drill diameter.


This relates to an inspection apparatus for inspecting a structural component to which access is restricted, comprising a movable unit including a superconductor and an inspection device, a drive unit including a magnetic field generator adapted to generate a magnetic field, wherein said movable unit and said drive unit are arranged with a predetermined gap therebetween for receiving said structural component and are coupled in a force-locking manner by means of the frozen magnetic flux, i.e., without a physical connection, between the magnetic field generator and the superconductor. Thus, spaces or areas to which access is restricted can be inspected without the need of physically connecting the drive unit and the movable unit.

An inspection of areas or spaces to which access is restricted is necessary in many industries and technical fields. Some simple examples in FIG. 7 illustrate the problem of access restriction. FIG. 7A shows a simple wall or structural component W1 of a considerable size such that it might be difficult to easily inspect the backside thereof, for example if the wall W1 is quite high and only accessible from the top T. FIG. 7B shows another example of a wall W2 to which access is restricted because the back side of the wall is accessible only from one side A whilst the inner space (hollow space) is access-restricted on three other sides B, C and D because of solid walls. Whilst the front surface of the wall W2 maybe visually (or e.g. via infrared sensing or laser sensing) inspected to detect for example mechanical defects, it is difficult to inspect (or analyze) the back side of the wall W2 because the opening A might not be wide enough for a human being to crawl into it or the wall W2 might simply be too high such that it would at least be cumbersome to a person to climb up the wall on one side and struggle down the other side if the side B was accessible (as discussed with reference to FIG. 7A.
There may be also other reasons why access to certain areas or spaces behind the wall W1 or W2 is restricted. For example, the interior space may be polluted with hazardous gases such that a human being must not enter the restricted space for health reasons. It could also be that fire has developed inside the space or behind the wall and this does not allow immediate access. In such a case, the inspection might not simply relate to inspecting the structural component or the inside wall itself but to inspecting the interior space as to whether or not there is trapped a human being who needs assistance.
In cases of such area or space access restrictions, an inspection device, for example a camera, must be inserted into the space differently. Conventional solutions, for example in the field of pipe inspection, comprise the use of a small robot crawling into the piping or into the space to which access is restricted for human beings. Such a robot can be remote-controlled and may be equipped with a camera. For smaller spaces, it might be sufficient to fix an inspection device to the end of a holding rod and then to physically move around the inspection device by moving the holding rod.
In the aerospace industry, inspection of various structural components is essential before, and in particular, after assembly and during maintenance. For example, in the aircraft many access-restricted areas exist as hollow spaces in the wings or elsewhere in the fuselage. In addition, the inner mechanical structure of a wing is quite complicated and involves various different support structures. In such a case, typically a manhole is provided somewhere to provide access to the inner space and a human being crawls into this access-restricted space, for example into a wing or a tank after degassing. On the other hand, exactly because the wing comprises complicated support structures inside it is also not easily possible to have a robot driving around inside the wing for inspection.

Inspection apparatus and inspection system for inspecting access-restricted spaces and areas


Handle for accumulator battery comprising a central grip and two steps on each side of the grip. The outer end walls of the steps have rounded perimeters. Each outer step is provided with an oval opening intended to cooperate with a respective pivot which the battery cover has on its opposite sides. The oval shape of the pivot cooperates with the oval shape opening due to their orientation to prevent removal of the handle at either a folded down or upraised orientation. The span of the first steps of the handle covers the terminals of the battery, and each first step permits anchoring of the cover-pieces over the terminals.

The present invention relates to a handle for the transport and manipulation of electric accumulator batteries, preferably for batteries of the type for starting motor cars.
Since batteries have always been objects of great specific weight, there has been a constant endeavor to find the manner of facilitating their transport, storage and manipulation. The objective has become greater at the present time when a great many motor car batteries are sold in department stores, supermarkets and hypermarkets, where the customer collects the battery off-the-shelf and carries it off to mount in his vehicle by himself. The objective is facilitating the handling process by methods which in addition to enhancing the appearance of the battery, ensure safety, both through preventing the escape of the acid of the electrolyte, and by avoiding the risk of short circuit resulting from accidental electrical connection between the two poles or terminals.
Various types of handles are already known for facilitating the transport and manipulation of batteries, of which almost all utilize flexible elements such as plastic straps or cords in order that, while permitting the hand-carrying of the battery, and the mounting of the battery in the vehicle is not obstructed or even impeded. Also known are some rigid handles with different systems of lowering and fastening and swivelling the handle mentioned. But the majority of these must be removed from the battery when it is installed in the vehicle, in order to permit the assembly of the terminals with the pertinent clamps.
The handle of the present invention is rigid, permitting the handling of the battery with complete ease. Nevertheless, the handle presents no difficulty when mounting the battery, due to its special design.
The handle of the present invention has a double ladder configuration comprised of two steps on each side, with two windows or openings of non-round, and particularly oval shape at the lower ends situated in such a manner that it permits their fitting on and rotation about each of the side pivots joined to the upper part of the cover and at the same time permits it to be lowered on to the upper face or cover of the battery. This handle is specially designed in order to permit easy mounting due to the fitting of the windows of the handle on the pivots of the cover and also to permit the batteries to be stacked in the warehouse.
On lowering the handle on to the cover, the top part of the double ladder, which serves as the grip of the handle of the invention, is positioned between the battery connection terminals and precisely at the same height as the top part of the cover, projecting slightly over the top part of the lead terminals, in such a manner that the base is enlarged on which the batteries shall stand when stacked. Therefore, the risk of falling over is diminished, at the same time as the risk is minimized of breaks in or damage to the bottom or base of the batteries when they are stacked on top of each other, since the projecting parts which usually produce damage to the bottom of the batteries are the terminals themselves and these, when employing the design of the handle of the invention, are located at a lower level than the cover and the grip.
The pivots, around which the handle of the invention swivels, are situated on the two sides of the cover. The pivots are shaped like a mushroom, the outer part of which is non-round, and particularly oval in form and thicker than the inside which is circular in order to permit the handle to turn. The outermost and oval-shaped part of the pivots is dimensionally slightly less than the oval in the openings in the handle and the major axis of the oval of the pivots forms an angle of less than 90xc2x0, preferably 65xc2x0 to the horizontal, in such a manner that it only permits the handle to be mounted when the latter is positioned forming that angle to the horizontal.
The fitting of the handle on the pivots of the cover is carried out by means of a simple movement and with virtually minimum force. However, once the handle is engaged, it accepts displacement and rotation with ease and with maximum guarantee of safety because the cover shall be unable to withdraw from its engagement while the handle is maintained upright forming an angle of 90xc2x0 to the horizontal, which is the only position in which it is possible to transport the battery suspended from its handle. The handle can only be detached when it forms the same angle with the horizontal as that of the outermost part of the pivots and this is always much less than 90xc2x0, normally 65xc2x0. Therefore, during the transport of the batteries suspended from their handle, that is when the handle is raised, there is no risk of batteries falling as a result of aforesaid handle escaping from its engagement.
The material employed to fabricate the handles can be of many types. Preferably, for practical and decorative reasons, the same material is employed as that used in the manufacture of the covers and of the pivots about which it has to work.
As handles are used for transporting batteries, one of the problems that most regularly arises is that of having to detach the handles in order to prevent them striking against the covers of the batteries when these are subjected to vibration due to the motion of the vehicle. In the present invention this problem has been resolved through including on the cover two nipples which have to be inserted in the two recesses that are located on the ends of the lower part of the grip of the handle when the latter is lowered, in such a manner that handle and cover are firmly joined and are capable of withstanding the vibrations resulting from the motion of the vehicle without producing impacts.
Additionally, the handle of the present invention includes three holes situated on the upper part and on each of the two sides that surround the terminal of each polarity. Into these holes are inserted the nipples which are included on the lower part of some special pieces that cover the battery terminals, while the battery is in storage or is being transported to the vehicle in which it shall be mounted. These terminal cover-pieces with which the handle is provided protect the terminals from any possible short circuit, and contribute to better identification of the polarity of the battery, given that they are marked with the positive and negative signs.
To provide a better understanding of the present invention, a detailed description is given hereunder with reference to the drawings appended, in which has been represented by way of illustrative example, an embodiment of the handle in accordance with the principles of the invention.

Sociedad Espanola del Acumulador Tudor, S.A.


A hinge assembly for a vehicle windshield comprises a first holder, a second holder, and a hinge member. The first holder includes a first body and a first receptacle with a first opening and a first closed end, wherein a first axis is defined between the first closed end and the first opening, the first axis being normal to a first plane defined by the first opening. The second holder includes a second body and a second receptacle with a second opening and a second closed end, wherein a second axis is defined between the second closed end and the second opening, the second axis being normal to a second plane defined by the second opening. The hinge member is attached to the first and second holder and has first and second ends and defines a third axis. When the hinge member is in a relaxed condition, the first and second axes form oblique angles relative to the third axis. In this configuration, the hinge member is under less strain in the both of the open and closed positions than is the case with prior hinges.

Recreational vehicles, including golf carts, are often supplied with top coverings or canopies and windshield assemblies to protect occupants from foul weather, wind and sun. Many conventional recreational vehicles, such as golf carts, include a frame support system attached to the cart body that includes front and rear vertical frame posts which support the top covering and windshield assembly. The windshield assembly is typically attached to the posts on the vehicle front and protects the occupants from wind and weather while moving.
Various types of windshield assemblies have been employed, including single and multi-panel windshields as well as windshields which open, are detachable or are fixed to the vehicle. Golf carts with windshield assemblies that open have been made in various forms. Many of these windshield assemblies include an upper panel that is hinged on its lower edge to a lower panel that is fixed to the vehicle. The upper panel is movable between a closed or raised position and an open or lowered position. In the closed position, the windshield panel is connected to the frame support posts, thereby blocking entry of wind or rain into the cab portion of the golf cart. In the open position, the panel is lowered away from the golf cart frame, thereby creating an opening for ventilation and the like.
The hinges that are typically employed to interconnect the upper and lower panels of the windshield typically include a flexible hinge member that fits between the upper edge of the lower panel and the lower edge of the upper panel. The hinge member is fixed to brackets or the like that are then attached to the windshield panels via screws, adhesive or the like. An exemplary windshield arrangement is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,791,720 to Moore et al., the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein in their entirety.
Windshield hinges of this configuration have generally performed adequately. However, they can be relatively expensive to install on the windshield panels. In addition, retrofitting of a windshield panel that is broken or damaged is difficult.

Hinged windshield assembly and method for manufacturing same


A method and apparatus for transmitting a paging message in a cloud radio access network (RAN) system is provided. A baseband unit (BBU) or a mobility management entity (MME) determines a location update range of a user equipment (UE) based on moving speed and a moving direction of the UE, and transmits information this to the UE. The UE transmits information on moving information of the UE, which is determined based on the received information and a measurement result with respect to at least one accessible remote radio frequency (RF) unit (RRU) of the UE, and the measurement result to the BBU or the MME; and The BBU or MME updates the location update range of the UE based on the received measurement result and the moving information of the UE, and transmits a paging message to the UE through at least one RRU included in the updated location update range of the UE.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to wireless communications, and more particularly, to a method and apparatus for transmitting a paging message in a wireless communication system.
2. Related Art
A universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) is a third (3rd) generation asynchronous mobile communication system which is operated at wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) based on European system such as global system for mobile communications (GSM) and general packet radio services (GPRS). Long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE-advanced (LTE-A) have been discussed as 4th generation mobile communication system by 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) standardizing UMTS. 3GPP LTE and 3GPP LTE-A is technology for high speed packet communication. The 3GPP LTE requires cost reduction of a user and improvement of a service quality, extended and improved coverage and system capacity, flexible use of a frequency band, a simple structure, open interface and suitable power use of UE. To this end, various schemes have been suggested.
Further, it is expected that a request for data traffic is increased due to increase in image service and an ultra-high speed data service. Accordingly, as a solution scheme, there is a need for a scheme which may improve a whole efficiency and performance in all parts of the 4th mobile generation mobile communication system and additionally allocate a new frequency band. Accordingly, discussion for a 5th generation mobile communication system being a next generation mobile communication system starts.
Meanwhile, in the 4th generation mobile communication system and the 5th mobile communication system, various types of small cells such as a pico cell or a femto cell cooperate with a macro cell so that a radio access network (RAN) structure is changed. The 4th generation mobile communication system or the 5th mobile communication system is aimed at increasing quality of experience (QoE) by providing a high data transmission rate to a final user in a state that vertical multiple layer cells controlled by an existing macro cell coexist. The small cell is aimed at increasing spectrum efficiency by efficient deployment and operation. Ideal or non-ideal backhaul network may be supported between the macro cell and the small cell, and/or between small cells. The small cell may be provided in a sparse deployment environment and/or a dense deployment environment. In the next generation mobile communication system, construction of a small cell, to support increase in data traffic in a dense zone and indoor, may be significantly increased. Further, since researches for optimizing performance of small cells have been developed, the cells have a possibility to be developed to an operating system independently from the macro cell.
In recent years, discussion to improve indoor/outdoor scenarios using low power nodes has been performed. That is, research to provide a wireless communication service indoor/outdoor through a macro cell based on high-power node and a small cell based on a low-power node has been performed. Further, a work for obtaining advantages with respect to dual connectivity concept having a simultaneous connectivity in a macro cell layer and a small cell layer using the same or different carrier has been discussed. When considering such a trend, as a great number of small cells are deployed, it is expected that final users are physically located closer to a network.
Accordingly, in a radio access network of a 5th generation mobile communication system, it is expected that communication through user-centered virtual coverage other than existing physical cell based communication is achieved. In order to allow communication through the user-centered virtual coverage, a service provision unit such as user-centered virtual coverage distinguished from the existing cell based service provision unit should be implemented. This may cause a serious influence on a current wireless access network. For example, in a case of providing the user-centered virtual coverage, there may be a need for a new method of updating a tracking area and a new method of transmitting a paging message other than an existing method of updating a tracking area and an existing method of transmitting a paging message.

Method and apparatus for transmitting paging message in wireless communication system


A mobile wireless device adapts receive diversity during discontinuous reception based on downlink signal quality, page indicators and page messages. When the downlink signal quality exceeds a pre-determined threshold, the mobile wireless device decodes a page indicator channel through an initial antenna, and otherwise, decodes a paging channel through the initial antenna without decoding the page indicator channel. The mobile wireless device switches to decoding the paging channel through an alternate antenna when a page indicator decodes as an erasure. When a paging message received through a single antenna decodes with an incorrect error checking code, the mobile wireless devices enables receive diversity through multiple antennas for subsequent decoding. The mobile wireless device switches between single antenna reception and multiple antenna reception based on tracking multiple consecutive error checking code failures and successes.

Mobile wireless devices in wireless networks can be designed to balance advanced communication capabilities with limited available power storage, particularly in devices with smaller form factors that offer "high performance" features such as provided in "smart" phones. Analog signal reception and signal processing by the mobile wireless device can consume significant amounts of power when active that can affect battery drain in the mobile device. Continuous reception of radio frequency signals, even when not establishing or maintaining an active connection with the wireless network, can reduce the operating time of the mobile wireless device unnecessarily. In an "idle" state, during which the mobile wireless device may not be not actively connected to the wireless network, the mobile wireless device can receive and process signals selectively rather than continuously to reduce power consumption. Active circuitry in the mobile wireless device can be limited to components needed to receive and decode signaling messages from the wireless network. Wireless communication standards can specify procedures that can provide for lower power consumption by allowing the mobile wireless device to cycle between a non-active "sleep" state and an active "wake" state in a process known as discontinuous reception (DRX). Newer mobile wireless devices can also include multiple antennas connected to multiple receivers that can each consume power. During an active wake cycle, the mobile wireless device can selectively receive signals through one or more antennas, adapting the number of antennas used and the number of active receivers that process signals based on received signal conditions to balance performance of wireless reception with local battery power consumption.
Wireless networks continue to evolve as new communication technologies develop and standardize. Current wireless network deployments include many variations in architecture, including support for different wireless communication technologies offered by one or more wireless network service providers. A representative wireless network for a wireless network service provider can include support for one or more releases of wireless communication protocols specified by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) and Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) communication standards organizations. The 3GPP develops mobile communication standards that include releases for Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE Advanced standards. The 3GPP2 develops mobile communication standards that include CDMA2000 1×RTT standards. Each of the standards listed above include a form of discontinuous reception (DRX) in which one or more receivers (or transceivers) in a mobile wireless device can be disabled periodically to save power consumption and then be selectively enabled to listen for signaling messages transmitted by the wireless network. The signaling messages can be used to initiate connections between the specific mobile wireless device and the wireless network as well as to broadcast information to multiple mobile wireless devices for operation in the wireless network.
Representative signaling messages include paging indicators sent in one or more paging indicator channels and paging messages (or more generally signaling/control messages) transmitted in parallel paging (signaling/control) channels. The mobile wireless device can monitor a paging channel directly or can monitor a paging indicator channel for paging indicators that can point to a forthcoming paging message on a paging channel As a paging indicator can be as short as one bit, variations in received signal quality conditions can corrupt the page indicator bit and can potentially result in the mobile wireless device missing page messages or reading page messages intended for other mobile wireless devices and thus wasting power consumption in the mobile wireless device unnecessarily. The mobile wireless device can adapt reception based on measured receive signal quality and/or receive signal strength to improve reception of the signaling messages. The mobile wireless device can enable multiple receivers to improve signal reception of paging indicators on the paging indicator channel and/or paging messages on the paging channel. For mobile wireless devices that support receive diversity with multiple antennas and multiple receivers, power consumption during signal reception can depend on the number of active receivers. The performance of decoding received can depend on the quality of signals received through one or more antennas, each of which can be connected to one or more receivers. Thus there exists a need for methods and apparatuses to adapt receive diversity in a mobile wireless device that can improve signal reception while limiting power consumption during discontinuous reception in the wireless network.

Adaptive receive diversity during discontinuous reception in mobile wireless device


A method for spectral measurement is disclosed. The method uses a low-resolution grating to disperse light and thereby image a spectrum thereof. The imaged spectrum is converted into a digital electrical signal and is processed in order to enhance the spectral information. The resulting spectral information is analogous to that captured using a higher resolution spectral imager with optical processing of the spectral data. The method is equally applicable to enhancing resolution of spectra captured using high resolution spectral imaging devices.

Increasingly accurate yet fast methods and instrumentation for measuring various quantities are required in environmental analysis and technologies, in industrial monitoring, in diagnostics for health care, and in pharmacology. Some of these requirements are outlined in Parker S. (Ed.): McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, 1983, and in D. A. Skoog and J. J. Leary, Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 4.sup.th edition, Harcourt Brace College Publishers, New York, USA, 1992. For example, in environmental applications, there is a need for integrated and miniaturized measurement tools which can be used directly at sites where measurements are important (factory exits, waste, dumps etc.), and to transmit continually, without cable connection, the information necessary for real-time monitoring to the centers for pollution prevention or waste management. Amongst the most widespread methods for identification of the pollutants are those of spectrometry and in particular of absorption spectrophotometry. Numerous examples of existing needs for light-spectrum-measurement based in situ applications are described in the prior art.
Spectroscopy is an analytic technique concerned with the measurement and characterization of the interaction of radiant energy with matter. This often involves working with instruments designed for this purpose, called spectrometers, and corresponding methods of interpreting the interaction both at the fundamental level and for practical analysis. The distribution of radiant energy, absorbed or emitted by a sample of a substance under study, is called its spectrum. If energy of ultraviolet (UV), visible (Vis) or infrared (IR) light is used, the corresponding spectrum is called a light-spectrum. In the description, which follows, the term spectrum is used in the sense of light-spectrum and the term spectrometer is used in the sense of spectrophotometer.
A spectrometer has a resolution associated with its design or implementation affecting resolution of measured spectra. As is well understood by those of skill in the art of spectrometry, a required resolution for UV and a required resolution for IR spectral imaging is different. Further, the terms high-resolution and low-resolution are related to an imaged spectral band or to wavelengths of light within the imaged band. For a broadband spectrometer, either graduated spectral resolution or a spectral resolution sufficient to properly image each band is used.
Interpretation of spectra provides fundamental information at atomic and molecular energy levels. For example, the distribution of species within those levels, the nature of processes involving change from one level to another, molecular geometries, chemical bonding, and interaction of molecules in solution are all studied using spectrum information. Practically, comparisons of spectra provide a basis for the determination of qualitative chemical composition and chemical structure, and for quantitative chemical analysis as disclosed in Parker S. (Ed.): McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, 1983 which is hereby incorporated by reference.
Referring to information from that text, a general functional block diagram of a spectrometer is shown in FIG. 1 and contains five components:
a stable source of radiant energy; PA1 a transparent container for holding the sample of the substance for analysis; PA1 a device that isolates a restricted region of the spectrum for measurement; PA1 a radiation detector which converts radiant energy to a usable signal in the form of an electrical signal; and, PA1 a signal processor and readout, which displays the electrical signal on a meter scale, a cathoderay tube, a digital meter, or a recorder chart. PA1 a low resolution transducer comprising a dipersive element for dispersing light and a photodetector for converting the dispersed light into an electrical signal representative of spectral data; and, PA1 a processor for significantly enhancing the resolution of the spectral data using stored data, the stored data relating a captured spectrum of a sample to a known spectrum of the sample having higher resolution. PA1 a low resolution transducer consisting of a port for receiving electromagnetic radiation for measuring a spectrum thereof; a dipersive element for receiving the electromagnetic radiation received at the port, for dispersing the received electromagnetic radiation, and for providing the dispersed electromagnetic radiation; a photodetector for receiving the dispersed electromagnetic radiation from the dispersive element and for converting the dispersed electromagnetic radiation into an electrical signal representative of spectral data; PA1 an analog to digital converter for converting the electrical signal representative of spectral data into a digital electrical signal representative of spectral data; and, PA1 a processor for significantly enhancing the resolution of the spectral data and for correcting some errors within the spectral data using stored data, the stored data relating a captured spectrum of a sample to a known spectrum of the sample having higher resolution. PA1 imaging a first spectrum of a sample using a spectral transducer; PA1 comparing the first spectrum to data representative of a known spectrum for the same sample; PA1 determining calibration data for transforming the first spectrum into an approximation of the known spectrum; PA1 imaging a spectrum of a second sample using the low-resolution spectral transducer; PA1 estimating an ideal spectrum for the second sample using the calibration data, the estimation performed using the determined transformation. PA1 choosing a form of an ideal peak v.sub.s (.lambda.,l) and of projection operator G and reconstruction operator R; PA1 pre-processing the data {y.sub.n.sup.cal }; PA1 determining parameters p.sub.G of projection operator G and parameters p.sub.R of reconstruction operator R; and, PA1 storing calibration data comprising the determined parameters in memory. PA1 calibrating of a spectrometer comprising a spectrometric transducer, the calibration for determining data relating to the spectrometric transducer; PA1 imaging a spectrum of a sample; and, PA1 reconstructing a spectrum s(.lambda.;l,a) based on the determined data and related to the imaged spectrum, the reconstructed spectrum having a higher-resolution than the imaged spectrum.
The modem spectrometers are very sophisticated and guarantee excellent measurement performance in a laboratory environment, but in situ applications of spectrometers are only made in exceptional circumstances, since they require relatively expensive equipment, which is usually transported in special vehicles.
In general, the precision of spectrometers is considered adequate for most laboratory applications and, therefore, recent efforts in improving spectrometers have focused on improving in situ usability.
The miniaturization of spectrometers is a necessary precondition for their mass in situ application; however, the size of a spectrometer is limited by required precision and accuracy of measurements because of existing relations between optical spectral resolution, spectral range of a spectrometer and its physical dimensions. The optical spectral resolution of commonly manufactured spectrometers is proportional to their dimensions. This is a noted and important limitation for miniaturization of spectrometers, which heretofore could not be circumvented. Unfortunately, since precise spectrometers for use in environmental analysis are often bulky, costly, and expensive to transport and install, many known and important applications of spectrometers remain unimplemented due to cost and/or inconvenience. A portable spectrometer that has a lower cost than conventional spectrometers and is preferably hand-held would allow the use of spectrometers in a wide range of applications to the benefit of many industries.
Existing spectrometers, which could be adapted to in situ measurements, are relatively large and expensive. Companies such as Ocean Optics, CVI Laser Corporation, and Control Data offer miniaturized PC-compatible, on-card spectrometers whose price ranges between $6,000 and $20,000. These spectrometers are commonly intended for laboratory applications and offer interesting metrological characteristics. Some other companies offer portable autonomous spectrometers for measuring specific substance contents (e.g. Clean Earth). Their dimensions are relatively large and prices reach several thousands US Dollars. Attempts to implement the optical functions using semniconductor-based integration technologies have resulted in lower quality of operation over that-obtained by means of classic discrete technologies. Therefore, an autonomous, integrated spectrum-measurement-based tools for UV-Vis-IR range are still not available.
Recently, increased research activity is directed towards developing spectrometers for sensing applications and for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) in optical communication; however, a simple low cost solution with a totally integrated opto-electronic part using standard technologies is still lacking. A variety of spectrometric probes for in situ measurement are known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 5,712,710 for example, describes a probe for use in measuring the concentration of a specific metal ion dissolved in liquid. The device suffers from known problems of probe miniaturization. Either the bandwidth og the spectrometer is narrow to accommodate a small probe size, the quality of the spectral imaging is poor, or the optical processing components are large and costly. The device comprises a hand-held processing unit coupled to the probe. The processing unit is programmed to calculate and display the concentration of a specific material. In this probe, neither the photodetector nor the processing unit are integrated with the light diffraction structure. Further, the use of poor resolution in imaging the spectrum is unacceptable for most applications when using such a probe.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,910 describes a method of forming a light diffraction structure directly over a photodetector. The device requires external electronic circuitry to obtain a useful spectrum of light and the spectral resolution is very high in comparison to that of existing conventional spectrometers. U.S. Pat. No. 5,731,874 describes a spectrometer with an integrated photodetector. This device is sensitive only to particular spectral lines and thus is useful over a narrow spectral range.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,742,389, Zavislan et al. disclose a Spectrophotometer and Electro-Optic Module Especially Suitable for Use Therein. The device incorporates a grating that is moveably mounted within a small housing that is capable of being held. The disclosed device concerns itself with alignment of optical components and the detector, but does not address resolution.
None of the above-described approaches permits manufacture a low cost high-resolution hand-held spectrometer. These known small spectrometric probes are frequently of complex design, resulting in increased manufacturing costs. It is, therefore, desirable to provide an autonomous simple low-cost solution where the above difficulties are alleviated. A need remains for a low-cost miniaturized spectrometric sensor/transducer with a spectral resolution comparable to that of conventional spectrometer, and capable of determining the absorbance spectral signature of a wide variety of substances in situ.
It would be advantageous to provide a small, hand-held, portable spectrometer having sufficient resolution and accuracy for use in applications where the spectrometer is installed as a sensor in a monitoring system.

Method of interpreting spectrometric data