A full flow opening structure of gardening-used figure sprinkling head, including a sprinkling gun connected with a figure sprinkling head, the sprinkling head being composed of a figure water discharging cover and a bottom cap watertightly fused with each other by ultrasonic wave. A conic post formed with thread hole being disposed at a center of interior of the sprinkling gun. An inner periphery of the water discharging cover is formed with multiple radially arranged ribs for connecting with a circular screen plate. A full flow opening is defined between the ribs. The exit of each full flow opening is disposed with an inclined flange. The periphery of the screen plate is disposed with a rearward extending annular partitioning board. The partitioning board and the inner wall of the water discharging cover define therebetween a full flow water passage. An inner portion of the screen plate is disposed with several different annularly arranged figure sprinkling holes and two blind faces. Each figure sprinkling hole has a rearward extending hollow post. One of the blind faces has a rearward extending full flow opening guide flange shaped as a balloon flask and connecting with the partitioning board of the screen plate and communicated with the full flow water passage. The full flow opening at the exit of the guide flange is closed.

The present invention relates to a full flow opening structure of gardening-used figure sprinkling head, in which the exit of the full flow opening of the water discharging cover is disposed with an inclined flange. The back face of the screen plate of the water discharging cover is disposed with a full flow opening guide flange shaped as a balloon flask. By means of the head section guide flange, the water flowing through the water entrance of the bottom cap will evenly collectively flow to the inner wall of the water discharging cover. The water is guided by the inclined flange at the exit of the full flow opening to evenly scatter flow to the respective full flow openings and smoothly discharge in an even weak state.
In a conventional full flow opening structure of gardening-used figure sprinkling head, the head section of the sprinkling gun is connected with a figure sprinkling head which is composed of a figure water discharging cover and a bottom cap watertightly fused with each other by ultrasonic wave. A stepped post disposed at a center of interior of the sprinkling gun is passed through a central through hole of the figure sprinkling head and connected therewith by a screw. A water exit and a locating hole are formed in the sprinkling gun. A spring pin is inserted in the locating hole. Several ribs are disposed in the exit of the water passage and spaced from an end face thereof by a certain distance. A water sealing O-ring is disposed in the water passage by the distance. An inner periphery of the water discharging cover is formed with multiple radially arranged connecting ribs for connecting with a circular screen plate. An inner portion of the screen plate is disposed with six different annularly arranged figure sprinkling holes and two blind holes. Each figure sprinkling hole has an inward extending hollow post abutting against six figure water entrances of the bottom cap. The outer periphery of the bottom cap abuts against the periphery of the screen plate and spaced from the connecting ribs by a certain distance, permitting the water to flow through the full flow opening. Then the bottom cap is fused with the screen plate by ultrasonic wave to form the figure sprinkling head. In addition to the six water entrances, the bottom cap has a fine mesh water inlet. A back face of the bottom cap is formed with several locating recesses corresponding to the water entrances. The sprinkling head is rotarily adjustable to fit the locating spring pin into the locating recess of the bottom cap so as to align the water entrance of the bottom cap with the exit of the water passage. The 0-ring serves to achieve a watertightly sealing effect and the water is guided and discharged from the sprinkling head.
In addition to the six water entrances and the fine mesh water inlet, the back face of the bottom cap is disposed with a full flow flange shaped as a balloon flask to define a recess. The sprinkling head can be freely rotated to align any water entrance with the water passage of the sprinkling gun to sprinkling water in a figure pattern or a mesh pattern. Moreover, the full flow flange can be aligned with the water passage to expose a rectangular section of the recess for guiding the water into the sprinkling gun to flow out from the full flow opening between the connecting ribs and all the sprinkling openings in a weak flow state.
The above structure has a shortcoming as follows:
When the sprinkling head is switched to discharge the water from the full flow opening, the water tends to collectively flow out from the full flow opening of the lower half section of the water discharging cover. Therefore, the water cannot be evenly and smoothly discharged.

Full flow opening structure of gardening-used figure sprinkling head


The invention relates to compounds of the formula I
in which
R is H, unbranched or branched alkyl having 1-6 C atoms or cycloalkyl having 3-6 C atoms,
R1 is Ar,
R2 is Arxe2x80x2,
R3 is H, R, R4, Hal, CN, COOH, COOA or CONH2,
Ar, Arxe2x80x2 are phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl, in each case independently of one another unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted by R, OH, Hal, CN, NO2, CF3, NH2, NHR, NR2, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, benzyloxy, SO2NH2, SO2NHR, SO2NR2, xe2x80x94CONHR, xe2x80x94CONR2, xe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NH2xe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NHR, xe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NR2, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NHR, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NR2, R4 or together by xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)mxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94, R4 is xe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90NH)xe2x80x94NH2 which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted by xe2x80x94COR, xe2x80x94COOR, xe2x80x94OH or by a conventional amino protective group or xe2x80x94NHxe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90NH)xe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90O)xe2x80x94Nxe2x95x90C(NH2)2,
A is alkyl having 1-4 C atoms,
Hal is F, Cl, Br or I,
m is 1 or 2,
n is 0, 1, 2 or 3,
p is 0 or 1,
and their salts.
The invention also relates to the optically active forms, the racemates, the diastereomers and the hydrates and solvates, e.g. alcoholates, of these compounds.
The invention is based on the object of finding novel compounds having useful properties, in particular those which can be used for the production of medicaments.
It has been found that the compounds of the formula I and their salts have very useful pharmacological properties together with good tolerability. In particular, they show factor Xa-inhibiting properties and can therefore be employed for the control and prevention of thromboembolic disorders such as thrombosis, myocardial infarct, arteriosclerosis, inflammations, apoplexy, angina pectoris, restenosis after angioplasty and intermittent claudication.
The compounds of the formula I according to the invention can furthermore be inhibitors of the clotting factors factor VIIa, factor IXa and thrombin of the blood clotting cascade.
Aromatic amidine derivatives having antithrombotic action are disclosed, for example, in EP 0 540 051 B1. Cyclic guanidines for the treatment of thromboembolic disorders are described, for example, in WO 97/08165. Aromatic heterocycles having factor Xa-inhibitory activity are disclosed, for example, in WO 96/10022. Substituted N-[(aminoiminomethyl)phenylalkyl]azaheterocyclylamides as factor Xa inhibitors are described in WO 96/40679.
The antithrombotic and anticoagulating effect of the compounds according to the invention is attributed to the inhibiting action against the activated clotting protease, known under the name factor Xa, or to the inhibition of other activated serine proteases such as factor VIIa, factor IXa or thrombin.
Factor Xa is one of the proteases which is involved in the complex process of blood clotting. Factor Xa catalyses the conversion of prothrombin into thrombin. Thrombin cleaves fibrinogen into fibrin monomers which, after crosslinking, contribute elementarily to thrombus formation. Activation of thrombin can lead to the occurrence of thromboembolic disorders. Inhibition of thrombin, however, can inhibit the fibrin formation involved in thrombus formation. The inhibition of thrombin can be measured, for example, by the method of G. F. Cousins et al. in Circulation 1996, 94, 1705-1712.
Inhibition of factor Xa can thus prevent thrombin being formed. The compounds of the formula I according to the invention and their salts intervene in the blood clotting process by inhibition of factor Xa and thus inhibit the formation of thrombi.
The inhibition of factor Xa by the compounds according to the invention and the measurement of the [sic] anticoagulating and antithrombotic activity can be determined by customary in vitro or in vivo methods. A suitable procedure is described, for example, by J. Hauptmann et al. in Thrombosis and Haemostatis 1990, 63, 220-223.
The inhibition of factor Xa can be measured, for example, by the method of T. Hara et al. in Thromb. Haemostas. 1994, 71, 314-319.
After binding to tissue factor, the clotting factor VIIa initiates the intrinsic part of the clotting cascade and contributes to the activation of factor X to factor Xa. Inhibition of factor VIIa thus prevents the formation of factor Xa and thus subsequent thrombin formation. The inhibition of factor VIIa by the compounds according to the invention and the measurement of the [sic] anticoagulating and antithrombotic activity can be determined by customary in vitro or in vivo methods. A customary procedure for the measurement of the inhibition of factor VIIa is described, for example, by H. F. Ronning et al. in Thrombosis Research 1996, 84, 73-81.
The clotting factor IXa is generated in the intrinsic clotting cascade and is likewise involved in the activation of factor X to factor Xa. Inhibition of factor IXa can therefore prevent factor Xa being formed in another way. The inhibition of factor IXa by the compounds according to the invention and the measurement of the [sic] anticoagulating and antithrombotic activity can be determined by customary in vitro or in vivo methods. A suitable procedure is described, for example, by J. Chang et al. in Journal of Biological Chemistry 1998, 273, 12089-12094.
The compounds of the formula I can be employed as pharmaceutical active compounds in human and veterinary medicine, in particular for the control and prevention of thromboembolic disorders such as thrombosis, myocardial infarct, arteriosclerosis, inflammations, apoplexy, angina pectoris, restenosis after angioplasty and intermittent claudication.
The invention relates to the compounds of the formula I and their salts, and to a process for the preparation of compounds of the formula I according to claim 1 and their salts, characterized in that
a) they are set free from one of their functional derivatives by treating with a solvolysing or hydrogenolysing agent, by
i) liberating an amidino group from its oxadiazole derivative or oxazolidinone derivative by hydrogenolysis or solvolysis,
ii) replacing a conventional amino protective group by hydrogen by treating with a solvolysing or hydrogenolysing agent or liberating an amino group protected by a conventional protective group, or
b) in a compound of the formula I, one or more radicals R, R1, R2 and/or R3 are converted into one or more radicals R, R1, R2 and/or R3, by, for example
i) hydrolysing an ester group to a carboxyl group
ii) reducing a nitro group
iii) acylating an amino group
iv) converting a cyano group into an amidino group and/or
c) a base or acid of the formula I is converted into one of its salts.
For all radicals which occur a number of times, it is a condition that their meanings are independent of one another.
Above and below, the radicals and parameters R, R1, R2, R3 and n have the meanings indicated in the formula I, if not expressly stated otherwise.
R is alkyl, is unbranched (linear) or branched, and has 1 to 6, preferably 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, C atoms. R is preferably methyl, furthermore ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl, in addition also pentyl, 1-, 2- or 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-, 1,2- or 2,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-ethylpropyl, hexyl, 1-, 2-, 3- or 4-methylpentyl, 1,1-, 1,2-, 1,3-, 2,2-, 2,3- or 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1- or 2-ethylbutyl, 1-ethyl-1-methylpropyl, 1-ethyl-2-methylpropyl, 1,1,2- or 1,2,2-trimethylpropyl. R is also cycloalkyl and is preferably cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl. R is furthermore H.
A is alkyl having 1, 2, 3 or 4 C atoms and is preferably methyl, furthermore ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl or tert-butyl.
Hal is preferably F, Cl or Br, but also I.
Ar and Arxe2x80x2 are phenyl, benzodioxol-5-yl, naphthyl or biphenyl, in each case independently of one another unsubstituted or mono-, di- or trisubstituted by R, OH, OR, Hal, CN, NO2, CF3, NH2, NHR, NR2, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, benzyloxy, SO2NH2, SO2NHA, SO2NR2, phenylsulfonamido, xe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NHR, xe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NR2, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NHR, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94NR2, xe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94(CH2)mxe2x80x94Oxe2x80x94 or R4, naphthyl or biphenyl monosubstituted by amidino being preferred. Preferred substituents for biphenyl are amidino, fluorine, SO2NH2 or SO2NHR.
Ar and Arxe2x80x2 are phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl, in each case independently of one another preferably unsubstituted, furthermore phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl, preferably, for example, mono-, di- or trisubstituted by methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, hydroxyl, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butyloxy, pentyloxy, hexyloxy, cyano, nitro, trifluoromethyl, amino, methylamino, ethylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, pyrrolidin-1-yl, piperidin-1-yl, benzyloxy, sulfonamido, methylsulfonamido, ethylsulfonamido, propylsulfonamido, butylsulfonamido, dimethylsulfonamido, phenylsulfonamido, aminomethyl, aminoethyl, N-methylaminomethyl, N-ethylaminomethyl, N,N-dimethylaminomethyl, aminomethyloxy, aminoethyloxy or R4 and in addition benzodioxolyl.
Ar and Arxe2x80x2 are therefore, in each case independently of one another, very particularly preferably, for example, o-, m- or p-tolyl, o-, m- or p-ethylphenyl, o-, m- or p-propylphenyl, o-, m- or p-isopropylphenyl, o-, m- or p-tert-butylphenyl, o-, m- or p-hydroxyphenyl, o-, m- or p-nitrophenyl, o-, m- or p-aminophenyl, o-, m- or p-(N-methylamino)phenyl, o-, m- or p-(N-methylaminocarbonyl)phenyl, o-, m- or p-acetamidophenyl, o-, m- or p-methoxyphenyl, o-, m- or p-ethoxyphenyl, o-, m- or p-(N,N-dimethylamino)phenyl, o-, m- or p-(N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl)phenyl, o-, m- or p-(N-ethylamino)phenyl, o-, m- or p-(N,N-diethylamino)phenyl, o-, m- or p-fluorophenyl, o-, m- or p-bromophenyl, o-, m- or p-chlorophenyl, o-, m- or p-(methylsulfonamido)phenyl, o-, m- or p-amidinophenyl, 7-amidino-2-naphthyl, 2xe2x80x2-amidinobiphenyl-3-yl, 3-fluoro-2xe2x80x2-sulfamoylbiphenyl-4-yl, 3-fluoro-2xe2x80x2-N-tert-butylsulfamoylbiphenyl-4-yl, 2xe2x80x2-sulfamoylbiphenyl-4-yl, 2xe2x80x2-N-tert-butylsulfamoylbiphenyl-4-yl, o-, m- or p-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)phenyl, o-, m- or p-(piperidin-1-yl)phenyl, o-, m- or p-{5-methyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)}phenyl, 7-{5-methyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)}naphth-2-yl, o-, m- or p-{5-oxo[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)}phenyl, 7-{5-oxo[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)}naphth-2-yl, furthermore preferably 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-difluorophenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2,3-, 2,4-, 2,5-, 2,6-, 3,4- or 3,5-dibromophenyl, 2,4- or 2,5-dinitrophenyl, 2,5- or 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 3-nitro-4-chlorophenyl, 3-amino-4-chloro-, 2-amino-3-chloro-, 2-amino-4-chloro-, 2-amino-5-chloro- or 2-amino-6-chlorophenyl, 2-nitro-4-N,N-dimethylamino- or 3-nitro-4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl, 2,3-diaminophenyl, 2,3,4-, 2,3,5-, 2,3,6-, 2,4,6- or 3,4,5-trichlorophenyl, 2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl, 2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorophenyl, p-iodophenyl, 3,6-dichloro-4-aminophenyl, 4-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-4-bromophenyl, 2,5-difluoro-4-bromophenyl, 3-bromo-6-methoxyphenyl, 3-chloro-6-methoxyphenyl, 3-chloro-4-acetamidophenyl, 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 3-amino-6-methylphenyl, 3-chloro-4-acetamidophenyl or 2,5-dimethyl-4-chlorophenyl.
R3 is preferably, for example, H, Hal, COOH, COOA or CONH2.
R4 is preferably, for example, unsubstituted xe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90NH)xe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94NHxe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90NH)xe2x80x94NH2, xe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90O)xe2x80x94Nxe2x95x90C(NH2)2, which can also be monosubstituted by OH,
very particularly preferably unsubstituted xe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90NH)xe2x80x94NH2 or
m is 1 or 2.
n is preferably 0 or 1, in addition also 2 or 3.
The compounds of the formula I can have one or more chiral centres and therefore occur in various stereoisomeric forms. The formula I includes all these forms.
Accordingly, the invention relates in particular to those compounds of the formula I in which at least one of the radicals mentioned has one of the preferred meanings indicated above. Some preferred groups of compounds can be expressed by the following subformulae Ia to Ii, which correspond to the formula I and in which the radicals not designated in greater detail have the meaning indicated in the formula I, but in which
in Ia Ar is phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl, which is monosubstituted by R4;
in Ib Arxe2x80x2 is phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl which is monosubstituted by R4;
in Ic Ar, Arxe2x80x2 are phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl, in each case independently of one another monosubstituted by R4;
in Id Ar, Arxe2x80x2 are phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl, in each case independently of one another monosubstituted by xe2x80x94CONR2, SO2NH2 or R4;
in Ie R3 is H, R, Hal, COOH or COOA;
in If R4 is xe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90NH)xe2x80x94NH2 or
in Ig n is 1;
in Ih R is H, unbranched or branched alkyl having 1-6 C atoms or cycloalkyl having 3-6 C atoms,
R1 is Ar,
R2 is Arxe2x80x2
R3 is H, R, Hal, COOH or COOA,
Ar, Arxe2x80x2 are phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl, in each case independently of one another monosubstituted by xe2x80x94CONR2, SO2NH2 or R4,
R4 is xe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90NH)xe2x80x94NH2 or
A is alkyl having 1-4 C atoms,
Hal is F, Cl, Br or I,
m is 1 or 2,
n is 0, 1, 2 or 3,
in Ii R is H, unbranched or unbranched alkyl having 1-6 C atoms or cycloalkyl having 3-6 C atoms,
R1 is Ar,
R2 is Arxe2x80x2,
R3 is H, R, Hal, COCH or COCA,
Ar, Arxe2x80x2 are phenyl, naphthyl or biphenyl, in each case independently of one another monosubstituted by R4,
R4 is xe2x80x94C(xe2x95x90NH)xe2x80x94NH2 or
A is alkyl having 1-4 C atoms,
Hal is F, Cl, Br or I,
m is 1 or 2,
n is 0, 1, 2 or 3,
p is 0 or 1.
The compounds of the formula I and also the starting substances for their preparation are otherwise prepared by methods known per se, such as are described in the literature (e.g. in the standard works such as Houben-Weyl, Methoden der organischen Chemie [Methods of Organic Chemistry], Georg-Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart), namely under reaction conditions which are known and suitable for the reactions mentioned. Use can also be made in this case of variants which are known per se, but not mentioned here in greater detail.
The starting substances can, if desired, also be formed in situ, such that they are not isolated from the reaction mixture, but immediately reacted further to give the compounds of the formula I.
Compounds of the formula I can preferably be obtained by setting compounds of the formula I free from one of their functional derivatives by treating with a solvolysing or hydrogenolysing agent.
Preferred starting substances for the solvolysis or hydrogenolysis are those which otherwise correspond to the formula I, but instead of one or more free amino and/or hydroxyl groups contain corresponding protected amino and/or hydroxyl groups, preferably those which, instead of an H atom which is bonded to an N atom, carry an amino protective group, in particular those which, instead of an HN group, carry an Rxe2x80x2xe2x80x94N group in which Rxe2x80x2 is an amino protective group, and/or those which, instead of the H atom of a hydroxyl group, carry a hydroxyl protective group, e.g. those which correspond to the formula I, but instead of a group xe2x80x94COOH carry a group xe2x80x94COORxe2x80x3, in which Rxe2x80x3 is a hydroxyl protective group. Preferred starting substances are also the oxadiazole derivatives, which can be converted into the corresponding amidino compounds.
The amidino group can be liberated from its oxadiazole derivative, for example, by treating with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst (e.g. Raney nickel). Suitable solvents are those indicated below, in particular alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, organic acids such as acetic acid or propionic acid, or mixtures thereof. As a rule, the hydrogenolysis is carried out at temperatures between approximately 0 and 100xc2x0 and pressures between approximately 1 and 200 bar, preferably at 20-30xc2x0 (room temperature) and 1-10 bar.
The oxadiazole group is introduced, for example, by reaction of the cyano compounds with hydroxylamine and reaction with phosgene, dialkyl carbonate, chloroformic acid esters, N,Nxe2x80x2-carbonyldiimidazole or acetic anhydride.
A number ofxe2x80x94identical or differentxe2x80x94protected amino and/or hydroxyl groups can also be present in the molecule of the starting substance. If the protective groups present are different from one another, in many cases they can be removed selectively.
The expression xe2x80x9camino protective groupxe2x80x9d is generally known and relates to groups which are suitable for protecting (for blocking) an amino group from chemical reactions, but which are easily removable after the desired chemical reaction has been carried out at other positions in the molecule. Typical groups of this type are, in particular, unsubstituted or substituted acyl, aryl, aralkoxymethyl or aralkyl groups. Since the amino protective groups are removed after the desired reaction (or reaction sequence), their nature and size is otherwise not critical; however, those having 1-20, in particular 1-8, C atoms are preferred. The expression xe2x80x9cacyl groupxe2x80x9d is to be interpreted in the widest sense in connection with the present process. It includes acyl groups derived from aliphatic, araliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids and, in particular, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl and especially aralkoxycarbonyl groups. Examples of acyl groups of this type are alkanoyl such as acetyl, propionyl, butyryl; aralkanoyl such as phenylacetyl; aroyl such as benzoyl or toluyl; aryloxyalkanoyl such as POA; alkoxycarbonyl such as methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl, BOC (tert-butyloxycarbonyl), 2-iodoethoxycarbonyl; aralkyloxycarbonyl such as CBZ (xe2x80x9ccarbobenzoxyxe2x80x9d), 4-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl, FMOC; arylsulfonyl such as Mtr. Preferred amino protective groups are BOC and Mtr, in addition CBZ, Fmoc, benzyl and acetyl.
The expression xe2x80x9chydroxyl protective groupxe2x80x9d is likewise generally known and relates to groups which are suitable for protecting a hydroxyl group from chemical reactions, but which are easily removable after the desired chemical reaction has been carried out at other positions in the molecule. Typical groups of this type are the abovementioned unsubstituted or substituted aryl, aralkyl or acyl groups, in addition also alkyl groups. The nature and size of the hydroxyl protective groups is not critical, since they are removed again after the desired chemical reaction or reaction sequence; groups having 1-20, in particular 1-10, C atoms are preferred. Examples of hydroxyl protective groups are, inter alia, benzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, p-nitrobenzoyl [sic], p-toluenesulfonyl, tert-butyl and acetyl, benzyl and tert-butyl being particularly preferred.
The liberation of the compounds of the formula I from their functional derivatives is carried outxe2x80x94depending on the protective group usedxe2x80x94for example using strong acids, expediently using TFA or perchloric acid, but also using other strong inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, strong organic carboxylic acids such as trichloroacetic acid or sulfonic acids such as benzene- or p-toluenesulfonic acid. The presence of an additional inert solvent is possible, but not always necessary. Suitable inert solvents are preferably organic, for example carboxylic acids such as acetic acid, ethers such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane, amides such as DMF, halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, in addition also alcohols such as methanol, ethanol or isopropanol, and also water. Mixtures of the abovementioned solvents are additionally suitable. TFA is preferably used in an excess without addition of a further solvent, perchloric acid in the form of a mixture of acetic acid and 70% perchloric acid in the ratio 9:1. The reaction temperatures for the cleavage are expediently between approximately 0 and approximately 50xc2x0; the reaction is preferably carried out between 15 and 30xc2x0 (room temperature).
The groups BOC, OBut and Mtr can be removed, for example, preferably using TFA in dichloromethane or using approximately 3 to SN HCl in dioxane at 15-30xc2x0; the FMOC group using approximately 5 to 50% solution of dimethylamine, diethylamine or piperidine in DMF at 15-30xc2x0.
Hydrogenolytically removable protective groups (e.g. CBZ, benzyl or the liberation of the amidino group from its oxadiazole derivative)) can be removed for example by treating with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst (e.g. of a noble metal catalyst such as palladium, expediently on a support such as carbon) [sic]. Suitable solvents here are those indicated above, in particular, for example, alcohols such as methanol or ethanol or amides such as DMF. As a rule, the hydrogenolysis takes place at temperatures between approximately 0 and 100xc2x0 and pressures between approximately 1 and 200 bar, preferably at 20-30xc2x0 and 1-10 bar. Hydrogenolysis of the CBZ group takes place readily, for example, on 5 to 10% Pd/C in methanol or using ammomium [sic] formate (instead of hydrogen) on Pd/C in methanol/DMF at 20-30xc2x0.
Suitable inert solvents are, for example, hydrocarbons such as hexane, petroleum ether, benzene, toluene or xylene; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, trifluoromethylbenzene, chloroform or dichloromethane; alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, n-butanol or tert-butanol; ethers such as diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF) or dioxane; glycol ethers such as ethylene glycol monomethyl or monoethyl ether (methyl glycol or ethyl glycol), ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (diglyme); ketones such as acetone or butanone; amides such as acetamide, dimethylacetamide, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) or dimethylformamide (DMF); nitrites such as acetonitrile; sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); carbon disulfide; carboxylic acids such as formic acid or acetic acid; nitro compounds such as nitromethane or nitrobenzene; esters such as ethyl acetate or mixtures of the solvents mentioned.
The biphenyl-SO2NH2 group is preferably employed in the form of its tert-butyl derivative. The tert-butyl group is removed, for example, using TFA with or without addition of an inert solvent, preferably with addition of a small amount of anisole (1% by volume).
The cyano group is converted into an amidino group by reaction with, for example, hydroxylamine and subsequent reduction of the N-hydroxyamidine with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst such as, for example, Pd/C. For the preparation of an amidine of the formula I (e.g. Ar=phenyl monosubstituted by C(xe2x95x90NH)xe2x80x94NH2), ammonia can also be added to a nitrile. The addition is preferably carried out in a number of stages in a manner known per se by a) converting the nitrile using H2S into a thioamide, which is converted using an alkylating agent, e.g. CH3I, into the corresponding S-alkyl imidothioester, which for its part is reacted with NH3 to give the amidine, b) converting the nitrile into the corresponding imido ester using an alcohol, e.g. ethanol in the presence of HCl, and treating this with ammonia, or c) reacting the nitrile with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and then hydrolysing the product.
The radicals R2 and xe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94R1 are introduced into the dihydroimidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one system by customary alkylation methods. Thus it is possible, for example, to react a compound of the formula II
in which R has the meaning indicated in claim 1 and R1 and R3 are each a radical of the type which cannot be alkylated, such as, for example, for R1 a phenyl or naphthyl radical substituted by
with a compound of the formula III
R2xe2x80x94(CH2)pxe2x80x94Lxe2x80x83xe2x80x83III
in which L is Cl, Br, I or a free or reactively [sic] functionally modified OH group, and p is 1,
and by this process compounds of the formula (IA) are obtained.
L is preferably Cl, Br, I or a reactively [sic] modified OH group such as, for example, an activated ester, an imidazolide or alkylsulfonyloxy having 1-6 C atoms (preferably methylsulfonyloxy) or arylsulfonyloxy having 6-10 C atoms (preferably phenyl- or p-tolylsulfonyloxy).
Suitable solvents are those mentioned above. The reaction is carried out in the presence of an acid-binding agent, preferably of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate or of another salt of a weak acid of the alkali metals or alkaline earth metals, preferably of potassium, sodium, calcium or caesium. The addition of an organic base such as triethylamine, dimethylaniline, pyridine or quinoline can also be favourable. Depending on the conditions used, the reaction time is between a few minutes and 14 days, and the reaction temperature is between approximately 0xc2x0 and 150xc2x0, normally between 20xc2x0 and 130xc2x0.
In compounds where p=0, R2 is introduced via a boronic acid derivative.
Analogously, R2xe2x80x94(CH2)pxe2x80x94, in which p=1, can also firstly be introduced into the dihydroimidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one system and then a compound of the formula IV
in which p=1 and R has the meaning indicated in claim 1 and R2 and R3 are each a radical of the type which cannot be alkylated,
can be reacted with a compound of the formula V
R1xe2x80x94(CH2)nxe2x80x94Lxe2x80x83xe2x80x83V.
In the compounds of the formula V, R1 is a radical which cannot be alkylated, such as, for example, a phenyl radical substituted by 5-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl and L has the meaning as in the compounds of the formula III. Compounds of the formula (IA) and/or (IB) are obtained by this process.
In addition, it is possible to convert a compound of the formula I into another compound of the formula I by converting one or more radicals R, R1, R2 and/or R3 into one or more radicals R, R1, R2 and/or R3, e.g. by acylating an amino group or reducing nitro groups (for example by hydrogenation on Raney nickel or Pd-carbon in an inert solvent such as methanol or ethanol) to amino groups.
Esters can be hydrolysed, for example, using acetic acid or using NaOH or KOH in water, water-THF or water-dioxane at temperatures between 0 and 100xc2x0.
In addition, free amino groups can be acylated in a customary manner using an acid chloride or anhydride or alkylated using an unsubstituted or substituted alkyl halide, expediently in an inert solvent such as dichloromethane or THF and/or in the presence of a base such as triethylamine or. pyridine at temperatures between xe2x88x9260 and +30xc2x0.
A base of the formula I can be converted into the associated acid addition salt using an acid, for example by reaction of equivalent amounts of the base and of the acid in an inert solvent such as ethanol and subsequent evaporation. Acids suitable for this reaction are in particular those which yield physiologically acceptable salts. Thus, inorganic acids can be used, e.g. sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrohalic acids such as hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acids such as orthophosphoric acid, sulfamic acid, in addition organic acids, in particular aliphatic, alicyclic, araliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic mono- or polybasic carboxylic, sulfonic or sulfuric acids, e.g. formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, pivalic acid, diethylacetic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, pimelic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, citric acid, gluconic acid, ascorbic acid, nicotinic acid, isonicotinic acid, methane- or ethanesulfonic acid, ethanedisulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, naphthalenemono- and -disulfonic acids, and laurylsulfonic acid. Salts with physiologically unacceptable acids, e.g. picrates., can be used for the isolation and/or purification of the compounds of the formula I.
On the other hand, compounds of the formula I can be converted into the corresponding metal salts, in particular alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, or into the corresponding ammonium salts using bases (e.g. sodium or potassium hydroxide or carbonate). Physiologically acceptable organic bases, e.g. ethanolamine can also be used.
Compounds of the formula I according to the invention can be chiral on account of their molecular structure and can accordingly occur in various enantiomeric forms. They can therefore be present in racemic or in optically active form.
Since the pharmaceutical activity of the racemates or of the stereoisomers of the compounds according to the invention can differ, it can be desirable to use the enantiomers. In these cases, the final product or else even the intermediates can be separated into enantiomeric compounds by chemical or physical measures known to the person skilled in the art, or even employed as such in the synthesis.
In the case of racemic amines, diastereomers are formed from the mixture by reaction with an optically active resolving agent. Suitable resolving agents are, for example, optically active acids, such as the R and S forms of tartaric acid, diacetyltartaric acid, dibenzoyltartaric acid, mandelic acid, malic acid, lactic acid, suitably N-protected amino acids (e.g. N-benzoylproline or N-benzenesulfonylproline) or the various optically active camphorsulfonic acids. Chromatographic resolution of enantiomers with the aid of an optically active resolving agent (e.g. dinitrobenzoylphenylglycine, cellulose triacetate or other derivatives of carbohydrates or chiral derivatized methacrylate polymers attached to silica gel) is also advantageous. Suitable eluents for this are aqueous or alcoholic solvent mixtures such as, for example, hexane/isopropanol/acetonitrile, e.g. in the ratio 82:15:3.
The invention further relates to the use of the compounds of the formula I and/or their physiologically acceptable salts for the production of pharmaceutical preparations, in particular in a non-chemical manner. In this connection, they can be brought into a suitable dose form together with at least one solid, liquid and/or semi-liquid excipient or auxiliary and, if appropriate, in combination with one or more other active compounds.
The invention further relates to pharmaceutical preparations comprising at least one compound of the formula I and/or one of its physiologically acceptable salts.
These preparations can be used as medicaments in human or veterinary medicine. Possible excipients are organic or inorganic substances which are suitable for enteral (e.g. oral) or parenteral administration or topical application and do not react with the novel compounds, for example water, vegetable oils, benzyl alcohols, alkylene glycols, polyethylene glycols, glycerol triacetate, gelatin, carbohydrates such as lactose or starch, magnesium stearate, talc, petroleum jelly. Tablets, pills, coated tablets, capsules, powders, granules, syrups, juices or drops, in particular, are used for oral administration, suppositories are used for rectal administration, solutions, preferably oily or aqueous solutions, in addition to suspensions, emulsions or implants, are used for parenteral administration, and ointments, creams or powders are used for topical application. The novel compounds can also be lyophilized and the lyophilizates obtained used, for example, for the production of injection preparations. The preparations indicated can be sterilized and/or can contain auxiliaries such as lubricants, preservatives, stabilizers and/or wetting agents, emulsifiers, salts for affecting the osmotic pressure, buffer substances, colourants, flavourings and/or [lacuna] more further active compounds, e.g. one or more vitamins.
The compounds of the formula I and their physiologically acceptable salts can be used in the control and prevention of thromboembolic disorders such as thrombosis, myocardial infarct, arteriosclerosis, inflammations, apoplexy, angina pectoris, restenosis after angioplasty and intermittent claudication.
In this connection, as a rule the substances according to the invention are preferably administered in doses of between approximately 1 and 500 mg, in particular between 5 and 100 mg, per dose unit. The daily dose is preferably between approximately 0.02 and 10 mg/kg of body weight. The specific dose for each patient depends on all sorts of factors, however, for example on the efficacy of the specific compound employed, on the age, body weight, general state of health, sex, on the diet, on the time and route of administration, and on the excretion rate, pharmaceutical combination and severity of the particular disorder to which the therapy applies. Oral administration is preferred.
Above and below, all temperatures are indicated in xc2x0 C. In the following examples, xe2x80x9ccustomary working upxe2x80x9d means: water is added, if necessary, the mixture is adjusted, if necessary, depending on the constitution of the final product, to a pH of between 2 and 10 and extracted with ethyl acetate or dichloromethane, the extract is separated off, the organic phase is dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated, and the residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel and/or by crystallization. Rf values on silica gel; eluent:ethyl acetate/methanol 9:1.
Mass spectrometry (MS): EI (electron impact ionization) M+ FAB (fast atom bombardment) (M+H)+

Imidazo (4,5-C) pyridine-4-one derivatives with factor XA inhibiting effect

Abstract: The invention relates to novel compounds of formula (I), wherein R, R1, R2, R3, n and p have the meaning defined in claim 1. Compounds are inhibitors of clotting factor Xa and can be used for the prophylaxis and/or therapy of thrombo-embolic disorders.


Dollies and methods of using dollies can include a platform configured to hold items for transport, a support frame adjacent the platform, an actuation mechanism coupled to the support frame, and a moveable gate coupled to the support frame and configured to be moved from a closed position to an open position in response to the triggering of the actuation mechanism by force applied by a user. The moveable gate can comprise a rotatable shaft disposed at an end of the moveable gate and extending within an opening, wherein the moveable gate is configured to move with the rotatable shaft as the shaft rotates within the opening, and at least one counterweight coupled to the moveable gate and positioned to assist in the movement of the gate to the open position in response to the triggering of the actuation mechanism.

Transport vehicles, or dollies, are used to transport items of various weights and sizes. Dollies are especially prevalent in manufacturing and distribution facilities in which the unloading and unloading of items is commonplace. Dollies may be tailored and customized based on the characteristics of the items to be transported. For example, the dolly may be configured to carefully secure fragile items on the dolly platform. Dollies may also be customized to align with loading and unloading devices, such as conveyors. One such dolly component, which secures the items on the dolly as well as easing the loading and unloading of items, is the dolly gate. The dolly gate is coupled to the dolly, and can be used to prevent items from sliding off of the dolly. Furthermore, the dolly gate may comprise a frame having dimensions that facilitate aligning with a conveyor such that items may be delivered directly from the conveyor to the dolly.
These benefits notwithstanding, conventional dolly gates are heavy steel components requiring significant exertions of force, for example, at least 20 pounds of force to move the device from open and closed positions. As a result, the need arises for improvements in dollies and dolly gates, which facilitate easier use and control of the dolly gates.

Toyota Motor Engineering and Manufacturing North America, Inc.


A graphical user interface is disclosed for use with an appliance network. To improve understanding of the network, the interface includes a metaphorical representation of a connected appliance that is animated to metaphorically simulate an activity related to the appliance.

The present invention relates to graphical user interfaces for data processing devices and, more particularly, to a graphical user interface for a data processing network that includes appliances.
Steadily increasing numbers of home appliances are being equipped with digital microcontrollers. While improved performance is typically the reason for incorporating digital control in an appliance, the availability of home appliances with data processing capability has led to recognition that appliances could be connected in a network and controllable from remote locations within the home and from outside the home, such as from an office, or a cellular phone. An appliance network might also be connected to other networks such as the World Wide Web (the "web"), a security system, or an entertainment system. In addition to the convenience of remotely controlling an appliance's operation, networking facilitates remote monitoring of an appliance's performance by a repair organization and promotes safety by warning remote users of potentially dangerous conditions related to the appliance. For the same or similar reasons, devices intended for a particular purpose or use, whether a typical home appliance or not, may be networked in schools, businesses, or other environments.
While appliance networks have the potential to increase convenience and safety, traditional appliance users may find it difficult to conceptualize an appliance network because the function of the network differs from that of the appliances. In addition, appliance networks are principally communication networks and the invisibility of communication further increases the difficulty of conceptualizing interaction between two appliances. For example, checking the status of drying clothes from a display on a microwave oven is not intuitive. An appliance network may also be connected to the Internet with access to e-commerce or other web sites. Users may find it difficult to navigate the Internet and to understand how to achieve a desired objective at a web site through interaction with an appliance.
Graphical user interfaces (GUI) for data processing systems utilize icons to represent physical objects and often a metaphorical representation of the system to aid the user's navigation. For example, a prevalent GUI for personal computers includes icons representing virtual file folders to metaphorically represent the data stored on the computer. However, such GUIs represent the internal data structure of a computing device or program such as a game but are not useful for aiding understanding of the operation of and communication within a network comprising a multiplicity of appliances with disparate functions and operating characteristics.
What is desired, therefore, is a user interface for an appliance network that facilitates understanding the network and the effects of the user's interaction with the network.

Graphical user interface for an appliance network


A mechanism is provided to globally inline a callee with high cost-effectiveness on the basis only of profile information in a call graph, without looking through all call-graph edges. The mechanism provides a technique for inlining. An inline cost-effectiveness ratio for the callee reachable from a caller to be compiled is calculated. Calculating the inline cost-effectiveness ration includes using a ratio of a frequency of calls to the callee to a total of call frequencies as effectiveness and using a ratio of a code size of the callee to a total size of inlinable code as cost. A determination is made as to whether to inline the callee by comparing the inline cost-effectiveness ratio with a predetermined threshold. The callee is inlined into a source code in response to determining that the callee method is to be inlined.

The present invention relates to a compiler technique, and particularly relates to inlining which is a compiler optimization technique.
Inlining is also referred to as inline expansion or inline function expansion, and is one of most important optimization techniques for compilers. Inlining is a technique in which optimization is achieved by expanding code for a function called by a function caller and preventing control from being transferred to the function.
Function inlining is performed by inserting a directive, such as an inline keyword, into source code during coding.
For example, inlining can (1) reduce overhead associated with calls and returns, (2) expand the range of compiler optimization, and (3) improve spatial locality of code. Inlining is particularly effective for functions which are small and frequently called.
By default, a compiler can automatically determine whether code is to be inline-expanded.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 6-202875 describes a compiler that performs optimization through inline expansion. The compiler includes control flow weighting means for estimating the number of executions of each partial control flow included in a control flow on the basis of a result of analysis by control flow analyzing means, and weighting each partial control flow on the basis of the number of executions; and object generating means for determining, with reference to a result of the weighting performed by the control flow weighting means, the necessity of inline expansion of a function called by each function call, and generating an object program reflecting the determination.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 11-212797 describes a program converting method for converting a source program written in a programming language to an object program written in a language executable by a computer or processor, characterized in that the object program is generated by changing indirect calling code to direct calling code, wherein, in the indirect calling code, on the basis of information about a procedure, function, or subroutine obtained in the process of converting the source program to the object program, identification information of the procedure, function, or subroutine is assigned to a specific variable at a point in a program, and the procedure, function, or subroutine is indirectly called by using the variable at another point, whereas in the direct calling code, the procedure, function, or subroutine is directly called at a point in the program.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-188681 describes an inline expansion method that includes the steps of translating source code into object code without inline-expanding at least some of functions included in the source code; selectively changing the object code; executing the object code and measuring the number of calls and the processing time of the at least some of the functions; and selectively inline-expanding the at least some of the functions included in the source code with reference to the number of calls and the processing time.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 11-306026 describes a code optimization method related to a CPU having a plurality of instruction sets. The code optimization method includes a cost calculating step of calculating a cost of program code to be optimized on the basis of a cost evaluation table, and storing a result of the calculation; and an optimization-instruction-set selecting step of selecting an optimum instruction set from the stored result of the calculation. In this code optimization method, the cost calculating step inline-expands the program code, calculates a cost of the inline-expanded program code on the basis of the cost evaluation table, and stores a result of the calculation.
Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2004-62234 describes a compile program running on a computer and converting a source program including a function call to object code. In the compile program, if a function to be inline-expanded is called from the same function at a plurality of points, expansion code for the callee function is shared by using a branch instruction from the call points.
D. R. Chakrabarti and S. Liu, "Inline Analysis: Beyond Selection Heuristics", Proceedings of the International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization, pages 221-232, 2006; O. Beohm, D. Citron, G. Harber, M. Klausner, and R. Levin, "IBM Research Report, Aggressive Function Inlining with Global Code Reordering", Computer Science, H-0247 (H0611-009), Nov. 15, 2006; P. P. Chang and W. W. Hwu, "Inline function expansion for compiling C programs", Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN 1989 Conference on Programming language design and implementation, pages 246-257, 1989; and P. P. Chang, S. A. Mahlke, W. Y. Chen, and W. W. Hwu, "Profile-guided automatic inline expansion for C programs", Software Practice and Experience", Vol. 22(5), pages 349-369, May 1992, each describe an inlining technique for static compilers.
J. Cavazos and M. F. P. O'Boyle, "Automatic Tuning of Inlining Heuristics", Proceedings of the 2005 ACM/IEEE SC Conference, page 14, November 2005; K. Hazelwood and D. Grove, "Adaptive Online Context-Sensitive Inlining", Proceedings of the international symposium on Code generation and optimization", feedback-directed and runtime optimization, pages 253-264, 2003; M. Arnold, S. Fink, V. Sarkar, and P. Sweeney, "A comparative study of static and dynamic heuristics for inlining", ACM SIGPLAN Workshop on Dynamic and Adaptive Compilation and Optimization, 2000; S. Kulkarni, J. Cavazos, C. Wimmer, and D. Simon, "Automatic construction of inlining heuristics using machine learning", Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Code Generation and Optimization, 2013; and T. Suganuma, T. Yasue, M. Kawahito, H. Komatsu, and T. Nakatani, "Design and Evaluation of Dynamic Optimizations for a Java Just-In-Time Compiler", ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol. 27, No. 4, pages 732-785, July 2005 each describe an inlining technique for dynamic compilers.
P. Zhao and J. N. Amaral, "To Inline or Not to Inline? Enhanced Inlining Decision", 16th Workshop on Languages and Compilers for Parallel Computing, 2003 describes an inlining technique based on temperature heuristics.

Globally inline a callee with high cost-effectiveness on the basis only of profile information in a call graph

International Business Machines Corporation


A capstan and stowage reel assembly for arrays towed by submarines, the ambly comprising a capstan mounted for rotation about an axis, the capstan having a toothed annular wall and an annular external wall adapted to receive cable/array means thereon, a capstan toothed drive means engaged with the toothed wall to cause the rotation of the capstan, a combination winch/stowage reel mounted for rotation about the axis, the reel having first and second circular flanges adapted to receive the cable/array means therebetween, the first flange having a toothed portion, a reel toothed drive means engaged with the toothed flange to cause the rotation of the reel, and a guide conduit for guiding the cable/array means from the capstan onto the reel in cable/array retrieving operations and from the reel onto the capstan in cable/array means deployment.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an assembly for deploying, retrieving and stowing cable and the like, and is directed more particularly to such an assembly as is suitable for use onboard submarines in conjunction with towed acoustical sensing arrays.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Towed arrays are sensitive sensor components of a sonar system that are towed at selected distances behind a submarine and are connected to the submarine by a tow cable. A towed array handling system is used to deploy the array, hold the array at a selected distance from the submarine when deployed, retrieve the array, and stow the array when not deployed.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, it will be seen that a prior art towed array handling system includes a winch assembly W and a stowage reel assembly R. The winch assembly W includes a driven capstan C and an idling drum D. In operation, the capstan C rotates to bring a tow cable T onto the capstan C and thence onto the drum D and back to the capstan, usually for a plurality of turns, and thence onto the stowage reel R. To deploy the tow cable T, which typically would have an array fixed to a free end thereof, the array being of substantially the same configuration as the cable, the capstan C draws cable from the stowage reel R and, after a plurality of turns around the idling drum D, urges the cable through a guide tube G and out of the submarine to facilitate towing of the array well aft of the submarine's propulsion propellers. The capstan is driven at its central hub. In paying out the cable there initially may be little stress on the cable so that the capstan may turn within the cable wound thereon without causing the cable to deploy out. Rollers are provided (not shown) which press the cable wound upon the capstan against the capstan hub to generate a frictional interface so that turning of the capstan hub will generate movement of the cable. In short order, enough cable is deployed such that the drag of the array and cable through the water produces strain on the cable sufficient to cause the cable to move in accordance with the bidding of the capstan.
It is clear from FIGS. 1 and 2, that the equipment arrangement dictated by the prior art assembly requires a relatively large space on a vessel in which space is at a premium. It would be beneficial to have available for use in submarines a winch and stowage reel assembly more volume and weight efficient than the above-described prior art apparatus.
Further, new arrays are of cross sections and sizes, and of complex configurations, which are not compatible with the above-described capstan traction rollers and small diameter capstan and idler drums, and their close tolerances relative to the prior art cable and array.

Combination capstan and stowage reel assembly for arrays towed by submarines

The United Stats of Americas as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


A polygon outline shape processing device uses transformed vertex information from a geometric transformation device and, for each scan-line, converts polygon X, Y vertex information, mapping pattern vertex information and polygon Z-value information into polygon outline information. A horizontal interpolation device interpolates for the polygon interior, for each scan-line, using the polygon outline information provided by the polygon outline shape processing device. A hidden surface removal device performs a hidden surface removal operation as a result of comparing Z values of dots on a scan-line with Z values of corresponding dots previously stored in a Z-value line memory. A pixel drawing device determines mapping pattern information of dots on a scan-line, using polygon interior information provided by the horizontal interpolation device. In a pixel line memory the mapping pattern information of the dots on the scan-line is written when the result of the hidden surface removal operation allows the dots to be drawn. The mapping pattern information is used for reading out image information of basic patterns to be drawn from a mapping pattern memory.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to a three-dimensional (simply referred to as 3D, hereinafter) image processing apparatus and method, and particularly relates to a 3D image processing apparatus and method which display on a two-dimensional (simply referred to as 2D, herein after) screen a projection image of a 3D polyhedral object.
2. Description of the Related Art
When displaying a 3D object on a 2D screen such as a CRT display by applying a perspective transformation and the like, there is a need to carry out hidden surface removal processing which makes objects hide other objects which are distanced further from the perspective view point. Methods of hidden surface removal processing include the Z-sort method, the Z-buffer method and the scan-line method.
The Z-sort method has an advantage over other methods in that it can be carried out at a high speed, but has a disadvantage in that it cannot draw objects correctly when some objects overlap other objects. The Z-buffer method eliminates this disadvantage of the Z-sort method by comparing one polygon with another polygon with regard to their distances from the perspective view point at each pixel of the image. In the Z-buffer method, the color and the depth, i.e., the Z value (the distance from the perspective view point), of a polygon are stored in a memory for each pixel of the image. When a new polygon needs to be displayed, the Z value of the new polygon is compared for each pixel with the Z value stored in the memory. only when the new Z value is smaller than the old Z value, will the Z value of the a pixel be updated. At the same time, the color of the new polygon for that pixel is stored in the memory. Thus, objects distanced further from the perspective view point are overwritten by nearer objects, which results in an appropriate image with hidden surfaces removed.
The problem is that the Z-buffer method needs a Z-buffer memory for storing a Z value of objects for each pixel, and, thus, requires a large amount of memory volume for the entire image. Further, in order to improve image drawing speed, a method may be considered in which the Z-buffer memory is connected with a image drawing processing device in dot parallel and thereby Z values of a plurality of dots are read and written in parallel. However, this method needs a plurality of memories serving as the Z-buffer memory.
The scan-line method is suitable for a serial processing, since it utilizes a strong correlation existing between adjacent pixels within one scan-line or adjacent pixels across scan-lines when displaying the color of each pixel for consecutive scan-lines. However, this method requires a large amount of computation and a complex control logic.
A method for hidden surface removal processing with a hybrid nature between the Z-buffer method and the scan-line method is disclosed in the Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 62-100878, which utilizes a correlation across scan-lines and uses the Z-buffer method within one scan-line. This Laid-Open Patent Application discloses a hidden surface removal processing apparatus comprising a depth register for storing a depth (Z value), a luminance register for storing luminance data (with color), an adder for demarcating a plane segment, adding a displacement of depth, comparing depth data with each other by using a time division, an input/output device for outputting information about an input plane segment token through one pipeline register while updating that information, and a luminance data bus for outputting data stored in the luminance register. However, in the above-described apparatus, because the above-described hardware is needed for each dot on a scan-line, the size of the entire hardware may be considerably large.
An image processing apparatus which places patterns on each polygon to be displayed and thus performs mapping is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 5-120449.
According to this image processing apparatus, patterns are placed inside a polygon and the patterns placed inside a polygon vary as a configuration of the polygon varies.
However, in the image processing apparatus which performs mapping, although mapping on polygons can be easily performed, the Z-sort method is used as the hidden surface removal for polygons. Therefore, an object may not be correctly drawn when polygons overlap other polygons.
In order to solve this problem, an image processing apparatus which performs mapping and uses the Z-buffer method as the hidden surface removal method for polygons is disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application No. 7-105404 (corresponding to the U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/317,116 filed on Oct. 3, 1994). This Laid-Open Patent Application discloses a method in which each polygon vertex has mapping X, Y addresses and a Z value of the polygon, the mapping X, Y addresses and polygon Z value is caused to vary along an outline of the polygon and thus an interpolation calculation is performed. Then, through the hidden surface removal using the Z-buffer method, a polygon which is located nearest to the perspective view point for a pixel position is obtained. Based on the X address of at least one end of a scan-line between two opposite sides of the obtained polygon, mapping pattern information and displacement of the mapping pattern information, a mapping pattern address is calculated. According to the calculated mapping pattern address, a mapping pattern memory is accessed, thereby R, G, B or a luminance value of each dot is read out, the read R, G, B or luminance value is transferred to a CRT, and thus an image having mapping performed thereon is displayed.
However, in the Z-buffer method in the related art used in the above-described apparatus, because a dot at the same address is updated many times in a frame memory, overall processing speed depends on the frame memory access speed capability.
Further, in a case where access in the frame memory is performed in dot parallel in order to achieve a high-speed Z-buffer hidden surface removal, because interface of the frame memory should be of a multi-bit interface, it is necessary to use as the frame memory a plurality of memories, each having a small capacity, thus data processing efficiency may not be high and high costs may be required.

Image processing method and apparatus including hidden surface removal


The rotary compressor is constructed such that two oil cooler pipes are arranged in the vicinity of two compressing elements located at the opposite ends of an electrically driving element. With this construction, cooling performances of the rotary compressor can be doubled. In addition, since the two oil cooler pipes and two heat exchangers are connected to each other in series, there does not arise a necessity for enlarging a volume of the rotary compressor by increasing a diameter of the same. Alternatively, the rotary compressor may include a cooler pipe for conducting refrigerant to an oil cooler pipe and a fan for simultaneously forcibly cooling an enclosed vessel and the cooler pipe. In this case, since the temperature of refrigerant gas to flow into the oil cooler pipe can be lowered, the lubricant can be cooled at a high efficiency. Thereby, it is provided an enclosed type rotary compressor which can exhibit sufficiently high performances, high properties and high reliability without any necessity for enlarging a volume of the rotary compressor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an enclosed type rotary compressor employable for a refrigerating unit for a refrigerator or the like, an air conditioner or the like. More particularly, the present invention relates to an enclosed type rotary compressor for cooling a lubricant oil and a compressing element, each of which is heated up to an elevated temperature during running.
2. Description of the Prior Art
FIG. 3 is a vertical sectional view of a conventional enclosed type rotary compressor as disclosed in an Examined Japanese Patent Publication (Kokai) Sho-63-39798, and FIG. 4 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the enclosed type rotary compressor taken along line A--A in FIG. 3.
In FIG. 3 and FIG. 4, reference numeral 1 designates an enclosed vessel. The enclosed vessel 1 is composed of three enclosed vessel segments, i.e., an enclosed vessel segment 1a, an enclosed vessel segment 1b and an enclosed vessel segment 1c, and a lubricant 4 is hermetically stored in the enclosed vessel 1. An electrically (hereinafter "electrically driving element") driving element 2 consists of a stator 2a and a rotor 2a, and a compressing element 3 includes as essential components a cylinder 3a, an end bearing 2b, a main shaft bearing 3c, a rolling piston 3d and a crankshaft 3e by way of which power generated by the electrically driving element 2 is transmitted to the compressing element 3. The electrically driving element 2 and the compressing element 3 are enclosed in the vessel 1. Reference numeral 5 designates an oil supplying pipe. A spirally extending oil supplying spring 5a received in the oil supplying pipe 5 is rotated by the crankshaft 3e, causing a lubricant 4 to be supplied to the compressing element 3. Reference numeral 6 designates a discharge cover for attenuating pulsating pressure wave of refrigerant gas discharged through a discharge port 3f formed through the end bearing 3b, and reference numeral 6a designates a refrigerant discharge port formed through the discharge cover 6. Reference numeral 6b designates a plurality of fixing screws each serving to fixedly securing the discharge cover 6 to the end bearing 3b. Reference numeral 7 designates a discharge pipe for supplying the refrigerant to an oil cooler condenser 8, and reference numeral 9 designates a loop-shaped oil cooler pipe of which lower part is immersed in the lubricant 4. Reference numeral 10 designates an ordinary condenser disposed in a refrigerant circuit, reference numeral 11 designates a pressure-reducing (regulator) unit, reference numeral 12 designates an evaporator, and reference numeral 13 designates a suction pipe. In addition, reference numeral 14 designates a terminal portion by way of which electricity is supplied to the electrically driving element 2. Next, a mode of operation of the conventional enclosed type rotary compressor as constructed in the aforementioned manner will be described below.
As the refrigerant gas is compressed by the compressing element 3, it is discharged into the enclosed vessel 1 through the refrigerant discharge port 6a of the discharge cover 6, and thereafter, it is supplied via the discharging pipe 7 to the oil cooler condenser 8 in which the heat of the refrigerant gas is radiated. Subsequently, the cooled refrigerant gas is introduced into the oil cooler pipe 9 of which immersed part performs heat exchanging between the refrigerant and the lubricant 4 in the vessel 1 so as to cool the lubricant 4. The refrigerant is heated again as it passes through the oil cooler pipe 9, and the heated refrigerant is delivered to the condenser 10 in which the heat of the refrigerant is radiated, causing it to be liquidized. The liquidized refrigerant is delivered via the pressure-reducing unit 11 to the evaporator 12 in which it is vaporized and then sucked in the compressing element 3 again, whereby a single refrigerating cycle is completed.
FIG. 5 is a schematic sectional view of an oil cooling mechanism employable for a conventional multistage type oil cooling screw compressor as disclosed in Unexamined Japanese Utility Model Publication (Kokai) UM-Sho-63-82081.
In FIG. 5, reference numeral 25 designates oil separators, reference numeral 26 designates oil coolers, and reference numeral 27 designates oil return lines. In addition, reference numeral 28 designates a casing. Three rotors 29 are accommodated in the casing 28, and three nozzles 30 are disposed in the casing 28 so as to allow oil to be returned to compressing chambers of the rotors 29 during a step of compressing.
With the oil cooling mechanism as constructed in the above-described manner, as the oil flows through the oil coolers 26 and the oil return lines 27, it is cooled during the compressing step in the presence of a differential pressure P.sub.1 -P.sub.2 wherein discharge pressure in each oil separator 25 is represented by P.sub.1 and pressure in a compressing chamber of each rotor 29 during the compressing step is represented by P.sub.2. After the oil is cooled, it is returned to the compressing chamber of each rotor 29 so as to compress the oil.
FIG. 6 is a schematic sectional view of an oil cooling mechanism employable for a conventional air cooling type oil supplying compressor as disclosed in Unexamined Japanese Patent Publication Hei-1-300073.
In the drawing, reference numeral 25 designates an oil separator, reference numeral 26 designates an oil cooler, reference numeral 31 designates an oil pipe, reference numeral 32 designates a cooling fan, and reference numeral 33 designates a main body of the compressor.
With the oil cooling mechanism constructed in the above-described manner, oil contained in the high pressure air discharged from the compressor 33 is separated from air in the oil separator 25, and as the oil is increasingly accumulated on the bottom of the oil separator 25, it is discharged to the oil cooler 26 via the oil pipe 31 in the presence of a differential pressure P.sub.3 -P.sub.4 wherein pressure in the oil separator 25 is represented by P.sub.3 and suction pressure of the compressor 33 is represented by P.sub.4. Subsequently, the oil is cooled by rotating the cooling fan 32, and then, it returns to the suction side of the compressor 33.
As is apparent from the above description, it is an essential condition for each of the conventional enclosed type rotary compressors as mentioned above that the rotary compressor is designed with small dimensions in order to minimize the volume of the compressor. For this reason, it is practically difficult to maintain a large space for storing the oil cooler pipe 9 enough to effectively cool the lubricant 4. For example, in case that a single compressing element 3 including a compressing chamber having a large displacement volume or two compressing elements 3 disposed at the opposite ends of the electrically driving element 2, which generate a large heat quantity, are employed for a compressor, necessary cooling properties can not be obtained with the compressor with the result that the temperature of a lubricant is elevated, and moreover, the temperature of each compressing element 3 is also elevated. Consequently, there arise serious malfunctions that the refrigerating capability of the rotary compressor is reduced due to the preheating the refrigerating gas, and the bearing is seriously damaged or injured due to reduction of the viscosity of the oil, resulting in the rotary compressor failing to operate normally.
The oil cooling unit employed for the conventional multistage oil cooling type screw compressor or the conventional air cooling type oil supplying compressor includes means for directly cooling an oil in the oil coolers 26, and after completion of the oil cooling, the cooled oil is returned to the compressing chamber of the compressor. With such construction, when the oil fails to be accumulated in any one of the oil separators because of some operating conditions or environmental conditions, the high pressure refrigerating gas to be compressed flows through the oil line to reach the compressing chamber of the rotary compressor. This leads to the result that an amount of compressing operation to be performed is substantially increased, causing a large amount of energy to be undesirable consumed.


A resilient backing member for use in cooperation with an impulse heating element comprises a resilient body having a longitudinal shoulder surface and a longitudinal intermittent raised edge protruding from the shoulder surface. The resilient backing member is for use in cooperation with an impulse heating element for sealing layers of thermoplastic film together and for either forming a sealed portion on the film, a rupturable portion on the film or severing the film. Accordingly, the resilient backing member can be used on a pouch filling machine to produce a string of sealed pouches connected by a rupturable portion or a sealed portion, and filled with flowable material without the use of a separate cutting blade.

Packaging pouches are typically made on vertical form, fill and seal machines. Using such a machine, a flat web of synthetic thermoplastic film is unwound from a roll and formed into a continuous tube in a tube forming operation, by sealing the longitudinal edges of the film together to form a lap seal or a fin seal. The tube thus formed is pulled vertically downwards to a filling station. The tube is then collapsed across a transverse cross-section of the tube, the position of the cross-section being at a sealing device below the filling station. A transverse heat seal is made by the sealing device at the collapsed portion of the tube, thus making an airtight seal across the tube. The sealing device generally comprises a pair of jaws. Conventional sealing devices used for this application are of impulse heat sealing type and are sold under the trade-mark ROPEX.
After making the transverse seal, but before the jaws of the sealing device are opened, a quantity of material to be packaged, for example a liquid is caused to enter the tube at the filling station, and to fill the tube upwardly from the aforementioned transverse seal. The tube is then caused to move downwardly a predetermined distance. This movement may be under the influence of the weight of the material in the tube, or it may be caused by pulling or mechanically driving the tube. The jaws of the sealing device are closed again, thus collapsing the tube at a second transverse section. The second transverse section may be above, usually just above the air/material interface in the tube, or the second transverse section may be below the air/material interface. In these machines, the sealing device seals and severs the tube transversely at the second transverse section. The material filled portion of the tube is now in the form of a pillow shaped pouch. Thus the sealing device has sealed the top of the filled pouch and sealed the bottom of the next to be formed pouch, all in one operation. The filling of the product may be conducted on a continuous or intermittent basis. One such vertical form, fill and seal machine of the type described above is sold under the trade-mark PREPAC. Other suitable machines are sold under the trade-marks INPACO and ELECSTER.
A variety of flowable materials may be packaged in this manner, for example, milk, syrups, sauces, juices, water and the like. The term "flowable material" is meant to encompass materials which are flowable under gravity or may be pumped. Such materials may include emulsions, pastes, peanut butter, preserves, dough, ground meat, powders, detergents, oils and granular solids. It is anticipated that the pouches could be used for containing flowable materials, in particular foods that are packaged under sterile, pasteurized or aseptic conditions.
The pouches produced through this type of process can be manufactured to contain any volume of flowable material. In the situation where drinking fluids are packaged in this fashion, a typical size might be 250 mls or 500 mls. In such instance, it is possible to consume the fluid directly from the pouch.
In some circumstances, it is desirable that such pouches be produced as strings of a plurality of sealed pouches connected together and that they be easily separable in order to be sold individually. In this case it is essential that the pouches in the strings be easily separated without the potential of tearing open the adjacent pouches. There are several references that disclose machines that are directed towards producing strings of pouches that can be separated by tearing or rupturing a rupturable portion between adjacent pouches. For example, such machines are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,064,776, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004/0231291 A1, PCT Patent Application No. WO 00/59784, European Patent Application No. 1 449 769 A1, European Patent Application No. 0 042 586 and UK Patent Application No. 2 350 597 A. These machines make use of sealing jaws that use heat to produce the seal between adjacent pouches, in conjunction with a separate cutting blade that physically cuts perforations in the vicinity of the seal produced by the sealing jaws in order to produce a rupturable portion between adjacent pouches.
There are several factors that must be considered when using a separate cutting blade to create the rupturable portion. Firstly, the complexity of the machine is significantly increased as additional moving parts are required to operate the blade and the operation of the blade must be properly coordinated with the other operations of the machine. Further, since film materials typically used to produce the pouches such as polyethylene are notably abrasive, the blade eventually gets dull and must be replaced or sharpened on a regular basis. Furthermore, in order to change the design of the pouches or rupturable portion produced, the cutting blade must be replaced. These factors lead to increased maintenance and downtime of the machine, and, can also entail health and safety concerns as the service personnel is required to handle the sharp cutting blades.
Another drawback of using a separate cutting blade is that since the perforations are preferably created in the vicinity of the heat sealed portion, the film is generally still warm and softened in this area following the heat sealing operation. The warm and softened film can foul the cutting blade and affect its performance. Consequently, the blade must be kept relatively clean and sharp in order to ensure proper cutting. One known method of addressing this problem is to use the cutting blade to perforate the film at a distance from the heat sealed portion. This allows the blade to perforate the film in an area where the film is cooler and also creates a suitable clearance between the blade and the pouch so as to reduce the risk of the pouch getting damaged by the cutting blade. Evidently, this requires a larger seal area to be formed and therefore increases film consumption. Another method is to allow a period of time to expire between the heat sealing operation and the cutting operation in order to allow the film to cool. However, this increases the cycle time of the filling machine.
Since, pouches are meant to be one-time use packages it is appropriate that the manner in which they are manufactured is as economical as possible, without sacrificing the basic packaging requirements for the materials in question. Therefore, there is a need for a device and method that can reliably produce strings of sealed pouches connected by a rupturable portion and filled with flowable material in a fast, consistent and economic manner.

Resilient backing member for the use with an impulse heating element


A valve is configured to control a flow of a gas disposed within a convective cooling loop. The valve can be actuated between an open position and a closed position via a magnetic field generated by at least one electrically conductive coil disposed within a cryostat.

Superconducting magnets are used in a variety of contexts, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To realize superconductivity, a magnet is maintained in a cryogenic environment at a temperature near absolute zero. Typically, the magnet includes one or more electrically conductive coils which are disposed in a cryostat and through which an electrical current circulates to create the magnetic field.
There are many ways to maintain the electrically conductive coil(s) at cryogenic temperatures so that they are superconducting during normal operation.
One method is to employ one or more cooling tubes in a cooling loop to circulate a gas between the electrically conductive coil(s) and a cold station so as to transfer heat from the electrically conductive coil(s) and the cold station. The cold station is typically some structure with a relatively large thermal mass, and can be used to keep the electrically conductive coils cold for a short period of time if the refrigeration system is turned off or is not operative. Such cooling tube(s) may efficiently transfer heat from the electrically conductive coil to the cold station whenever the cold station is at a lower temperature than the electrically conductive coil(s).
However, in some situations it is possible for conditions within the cryostat to degrade and the temperature of the magnet (i.e., electrically conductive coil(s)) may begin to rise. This may happen, for example, if refrigeration capability for the cryogenic environment is lost, for example due to a loss of electrical power for the compressor (i.e., a power outage). At a certain point, if cooling of the magnet's environment within the cryostat is not restored, then the magnet's temperature will rise to reach the so-called critical temperature where the magnetic field will "quench" and the magnet will convert its magnetic energy to heat energy. In that case, the temperature of the electrically conductive coil(s) may rise well above the cold station's temperature, and the heat sink capacity of the cold station may be wasted. Furthermore, if the cold station is heated by the electrically conductive coil(s), it may need to be re-cooled by the cryostat's refrigeration system in order to bring the superconducting magnet system back to normal operation. This can cause the time to recover from a quench to be extended.
Additionally, in some superconducting magnet systems (for example, so-called "cryofree systems") the magnet is maintained in a vacuum environment and is cooled by a sealed system (e.g., a cold plate) which is filled with a cryogenic fluid, for example liquid helium. In such systems, it is beneficial to provide a getter on or near the cold station within the vacuum environment so as to absorb stray molecules that may be released into the vacuum, as such stray molecules can become a mechanism for heat transfer. In that case, if the cold station is allowed to heat up, then the stray molecules which have been captured by the getter may be released into the chamber. If that occurs, an expensive and time-consuming vacuum pump down of the cryostat may be required to remove the released molecules.
Therefore, in a case where an electrically conductive coil rises in temperature as the magnetic field is quenched, it would be desirable to thermally disconnect or isolate the electrically conductive coil from the cold station so that the heat from the electrically conductive coil does not heat up the cold station. More specifically, in a case where the magnetic field is quenched and the electrically conductive coil rises in temperature, it would be desirable to open the cooling loop which would otherwise transfer heat from the electrically conductive coil to the cold station.
However, because the cooling loop typically has high gas (e.g., helium gas) inside, is disposed in a high vacuum environment, and operates at very low cryogenic temperatures, manual valves or solenoid operated valves (which also have large heat dissipation) are not very suitable for controlling flow within the cooling loop, for example to prevent circulation within the cooling loop when the electrically conductive coil is heated due to a quench.
Accordingly, it would be desired to provide a method and device for automatically prevent circulation within the cooling loop when the electrically conductive coil is heated dues to a quench without external control.
One aspect of the present invention can provide a method including: actuating a valve of a convective cooling loop between a closed position and an open position via a magnetic field generated by at least one electrically conductive coil disposed within a cryostat, wherein actuation of the valve controls flow of a gas disposed within the convective cooling loop.
In some embodiments, the method can further include cooling the electrically conductive coil via a sealed system having liquid helium disposed therein.
In some embodiments, opening the valve in the convective cooling loop can include displacing a magnetically reactive sealing element of the valve with respect to a sealing surface of the valve in response to the magnetic field having at least the threshold magnetic field gradient, to thereby open the valve.
In some embodiments, actuating the valve in the convective cooling loop can include displacing a magnetically reactive element of the valve in response to the magnetic field having at least the threshold magnetic field gradient, wherein displacing the magnetically reactive element causes a nonmagnetic sealing element of the valve to be displaced with respect to a sealing surface of the valve to open the valve.
In some embodiments, actuating the valve in the convective cooling loop can include employing at least one of gravity and a force produced by a pressure of the gas to cause a sealing element of the valve to be disposed against a sealing surface of the valve to close the valve.
In some embodiments, actuating the valve in the convective cooling loop can include employing a force produced by a spring in the valve to cause a sealing element of the valve to be disposed against a sealing surface of the valve to close the valve.
In some embodiments, actuating the valve in the convective cooling loop in response to the magnetic field can include applying the magnetic field oriented in a direction perpendicular to direction of a flow of the gas from an inlet of the valve to an outlet of the valve to open the valve.
In some embodiments, actuating the valve in the convective cooling loop in response to the magnetic field can include applying the magnetic field oriented in a direction parallel to direction of a flow of the gas from an inlet of the valve to an outlet of the valve to open the valve.
Another aspect of the present invention can provide an apparatus including: a convective cooling loop; and a valve configured to control a flow of a gas disposed within the convective cooling loop, wherein the valve is configured to be actuated between an open position and a closed position via a magnetic field generated by at least one electrically conductive coil disposed within a cryostat.
In some embodiments, the valve can include a sealing element and a sealing surface configured so that when the electrically conductive coil is not energized, the sealing element is mated to the sealing surface such that the valve is closed so as to prevent the flow of the gas within the cooling loop, and a magnetically reactive element, wherein in response to the magnetic field of the electrically conductive coil, the magnetically reactive element is configured to cause the sealing element to be displaced with respect to the sealing surface such that the valve is opened and the flow of the gas within the cooling loop is enabled.
In some embodiments, the magnetically reactive element can include a ferromagnetic material.
In some embodiments, the sealing element can include the magnetically reactive element.
In some embodiments, the sealing element can be nonmagnetic, and the magnetically reactive element can be attached to the sealing element such that when the magnetically reactive element is displaced by the magnetic field of the electrically conductive coil, the magnetically reactive element can in turn displace the sealing element with respect to the sealing surface such that the valve can be opened.
In some embodiments, when the electrically conductive coil is not energized, the sealing element can be held against the sealing surface at partially by gravity to close the valve.
In some embodiments, the valve can further include a spring, wherein when the electrically conductive coil is not energized, the sealing element can be held against the sealing surface at partially by a force produced by the spring to close the valve.
In some embodiments, the valve further includes a lever having a beam and a fulcrum, wherein the magnetically reactive element can be disposed at a first end of the lever at a first side of the fulcrum, and the sealing element can be disposed at a second end of the lever at a second side of the fulcrum, wherein when the magnetically reactive element is displaced by the magnetic field of the electrically conductive coil it can operate the lever so as to displace the sealing element with respect to the sealing surface such that the valve can be opened.
Yet another aspect of the present invention can provide an apparatus including: a cooling tube configured to circulate a gas therethrough to allow thermal energy to be transferred from a first device to a second device; and a valve disposed in a gas flow path of the cooling tub. The valve can include: a valve housing having an inlet and an outlet, and a sealing element and a sealing surface disposed within the valve housing, wherein the sealing element can be configured to be displaced with respect to the sealing surface to switch the valve between an open position and a closed position via a magnetic field.
In some embodiments, the sealing element can be configured to be mated to the sealing surface to close the valve and prevent a flow of the gas between the inlet and the outlet in the absence of the magnetic field, and is further configured to be displaced with respect to the sealing surface to open the valve and permit a flow of the gas between the inlet and the outlet in the presence of the magnetic field.
In some embodiments, the seating element can include a magnetically reactive material.

Method and device for controlling cooling loop for superconducting magnet system in response to magnetic field