An ink-jet recording sheet comprising a first porous layer at the outermost position of the ink-jet recording sheet, wherein the ink-jet recording sheet satisfies the following Formula (1), when an aqueous solution, which comprises a water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent having an SP value in an range of from 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of not less than 120xc2x0 C. in an amount of from 10 to 40%, is provided to the surface of the ink-jet recording sheet in an amount of 20 ml/m2,

The present invention relates to an ink-jet recording sheet (hereinafter referred simply to as a recording sheet), and in more detail to an ink-jet recording sheet which exhibits excellent ink absorbance and results in minimized image degradation due to harmful gases. Further, the present invention relates to an ink-jet recording method in which recording is carried out by jetting ink and a preparing method of the recording material.
Ink-jet recording is carried out in such a manner that fine ink droplets are jetted onto a recording sheet such as a paper sheet, employing various working principles so that images and text are recorded. Said ink-jet recording exhibits advantages such as relatively high speed, low noise, and easy multicolor reproduction.
Conventional drawbacks with nozzle clogging and maintenance in said recording method have been overcome due to improvement of both inks and devices. As a result, at present, said recording method has been increasingly applied to various fields such as various types of printers, facsimile machines, and computer terminals.
Recently, said printers have been particularly improved so as to produce high quality images which approach conventional photographic image quality. Accordingly, needed are recording sheets capable of realizing conventional photographic quality and of further reproducing conventional photographic print-like properties (glossiness, smoothness and toughness).
In order to reproduce such conventional photographic print-like properties, developed as conventional recording sheets have been so-called swelling type sheets which are prepared by applying hydrophilic binders such as gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol onto a support. However, said sheets exhibit drawbacks such as slow ink absorption, surface stickiness after printing, and ease of image bleeding due to the presence of moisture during storage. Particularly, it is very difficult to reach the conventional photographic image quality due to the fact that since the ink absorption rate is low, prior to ink absorption, ink droplets are blended with each other, tending to result in bleeding between different colors and beading within the same colors.
Instead of said swelling type recording sheets, a so-called porous type recording sheet has now been playing a major role. Said porous type recording sheet exhibits a feature in that since ink is absorbed into multiple fine voids, the ink absorption rate is high. Examples of recording sheets, which achieve conventional photographic image quality, as well as conventional photographic print-like properties, as described above, are described in Japanese Patent Publication Open to Public Inspection Nos. 10-119423, 10-119424, 10-175364, 10-193776, 10-193776, 10-217601, 11-20300, 11-106694, 11-321079, 11-348410, 10-178126, 11-348409, 2000-27093, 2000-94830, 2000-158807, and 2000-211241.
On the other hand, in addition to said image quality and conventional-print like properties, higher level of durability as well as image retention properties has been demanded and much researches has been conducted to improve light fastness, moisture resistance, and water resistance to the level of silver halide photography. For example, regarding improvement of the light fastness, many techniques are disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication Open to Public Inspection Nos. 57-74192, 57-87989, 57-74193, 58-152072, 64-36479, 1-95091, 1-115677, 3-13376, 4-7189, 7-195824, 8-25796, 11-321090, 11-277893, 2000-37951.
In addition to the light fastness problem, porous type recording sheets have a problem in which, due to the multiple-void structure, discoloration and fading tend to occur due to harmful gases. Water-soluble phthalocyanine based dyes, which are employed in common color ink-jet printers, tend to result in said problem.
The mechanism of said discoloration and fading has not yet been fully clarified. However, it is assumed that a very small amount of active harmful gases such as ozone, oxidants, SOx, and NOx in ambient air decomposes said dyes, since the multiple-void structure has a large surface area and an active surface of inorganic fine particles.
Techniques for reducing said discoloration and fading are described in Japanese Patent Publication Open to Public Inspection Nos. 63-252780, 64-11877, 1-108083, 1-216881, 1-218882, 1-258980, 2-188287, 7-237348, 7-266689, 8-164664, and others. However, recording sheets for producing photographic image quality, utilizing a finer multiple-void structure than conventional, tend to be more readily degraded. Accordingly, conventional improvement techniques have not resulted in sufficient effects and more essential improvement has been demanded.
Said swelling type recording sheets tend to result in fewer such problems, but exhibit inherent difficulty to improve the low ink absorption rate.
It is possible to overcome discoloration and fading problems by utilizing an ink-jet recording method in which a pigment-based ink is used. However, drawbacks such as bronzing on the recording sheet surface have not been overcome so as to result in sufficiently acceptable image quality in terms of overall product quality. Further, the following gas insulation methods are very effective: prints are subjected to a lamination treatment or placed in a frame, or as described in Japanese Patent Publication Open to Public Inspection Nos. 53-27426, 59-222381, 62-271781, 11-157207, 11-245507, and 2000-71608, recording sheets, comprising fine thermoplastic particles on the surface, are printed, and subsequently heated or pressed to result in formation of a gas insulation layer. However, each of said methods needs a post-treatment to result in an additional manufacturing process. Specifically, in ink-jet recording employing a large-sized sheet at a width of at least 60 cm, lamination and heat roll treatments are troublesome and special devises are expensive. Accordingly, it can be safely assumed that said methods are not generally employed.
Japanese Patent Publication Open to Public Inspection No. 63-60784 describes an ink-jet recording media comprising a porous layer having organic fine particles and inorganic fine particles. However, the organic fine particles disclosed in the Japanese Publication are only capable of being dissolved in a special solvent having high solubility, and cannot dissolved in organic solvents, which are used in conventional inks for ink-jet recording. Therefore, such ink-jet recording medias cannot be used in conventional ink-jet recording.
From the viewpoints of the foregoing, the present invention has been achieved. An object of the present invention is to minimize image degradation due to harmful gases without applying any additional process to an ink-jet recording sheet having a high ink absorption rate.
The object of the present invention has been achieved employing the following embodiments.
[Structure 1]
An ink-jet recording sheet comprising a first porous layer at the outermost position of the ink-jet recording sheet, wherein the ink-jet recording sheet satisfies the following Formula (1), when an aqueous solution, which comprises a water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent having an SP value in an range of from 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of not less than 120xc2x0 C. in an amount of from 10 to 40%, is provided to the surface of the ink-jet recording sheet in an amount of 20 ml/m2,
Vc/Vdxe2x89xa60.4xe2x80x83xe2x80x83Formula (1)
wherein Vc represents a water transition amount of a first area of the ink-jet recording sheet, where the aqueous solution is provided, during a contact time of 0.8 seconds when the first area is subjected to Bristow""s Measurement, and Vd represents a water transition amount of a second area of the ink-jet recording sheet, where the aqueous solution is not provided, during a contact time of 0.8 seconds when the second area is subjected to Bristow""s Measurement.
[Structure 2]
The ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 1, wherein the ink-jet recording sheet further satisfies the following Formula (2),
V60/Vdxe2x89xa70.7xe2x80x83xe2x80x83Formula (2)
Vd represents a water transition amount of the ink-jet recording sheet during a contact time of 0.8 second when the ink-jet recording sheet is subjected to Bristow""s Measurement after being stored at 60xc2x0 C. and 20 RH for 24 hours.
[Structure 3]
The ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 1, wherein the first porous layer comprises a water-insoluble organic fine particles, which is capable of being dissolved in or swelled by a water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent having an SP value in a range of from 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of 120xc2x0 C. or more, as a primary component, and the ink-jet recording sheet further comprises a second porous layer comprising inorganic fine particles and a hydrophilic binder as a primary component.
[Structure 4]
The ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 3, wherein a mean primary diameter of the water-insoluble organic fine particles is not more than 0.1 xcexcm.
[Structure 5]
The ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 3, wherein the ink-jet recording material comprises a non-water-absorptive support.
[Structure 6]
The ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 1, wherein the water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent is diethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
[Structure 7]
The ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 6, wherein the first porous layer comprises water-insoluble organic fine particles, which is capable of being dissolved in or swelled by diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, as a primary component, and a mean primary diameter of the water-insoluble organic fine particles is not more than 0.1 xcexcm.
[Structure 8]
The ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 6, wherein the ink-jet recording sheet comprises a non-water-absorptive support.
[Structure 9]
The ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 1, wherein the first porous layer comprises organic fine grains as a primary component.
[Structure 10]
The ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 1, wherein the ink-jet recording sheet comprises a non-water-absorptive support.
[Structure 11]
An ink-jet recording sheet comprising an ink-absorbing layer having a first porous layer at the outermost position of the ink-absorbing layer,
wherein the ink-absorbing layer comprises water-insoluble organic fine particles which is capable of being dissolved in or swelled by a water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent having an SP value in a range of from 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of 120xc2x0 C. or more.
[Structure 12]
The ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 11, wherein the first porous layer comprises the water-insoluble organic fine particles as a primary component.
[Structure 13]
The ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 12, wherein the ink-absorbing layer comprises a second porous layer contains inorganic fine particles and a hydrophilic binder as a primary component, and a thickness of the first porous layer is not more than 20% of the entire ink-absorbing layer and a thickness of the second porous layer is not less than 80% of the entire ink-absorbing layer.
[Structure 14]
An ink-jet recording method comprising steps of jetting an ink having a water-soluble dye, water and water soluble organic solvent onto an ink-jet recording sheet comprising a first porous layer at the outermost position of the ink-jet recording sheet in an amount of 10 to 35 ml/m2, and drying the at room temperature until reaching a constant state, wherein the ink and the ink-jet recording sheet satisfy the following Formula (3),
Va/Vbxe2x89xa60.4xe2x80x83xe2x80x83Formula (3)
wherein Va represents a water transition amount of a first area of the ink-jet recording sheet, where the ink is provided in said amount, during a contact time of 0.8 seconds when the first area is subjected to Bristow""s Measurement, and Vb represents a water transition amount of a second area of the ink-jet recording sheet, where the ink is not provided, during a contact time of 0.8 seconds when the second area is subjected to Bristow""s Measurement.
[Structure 15]
The ink-jet recording method of Structure 14, wherein the water-soluble organic solvent is a water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent having an SP value in a range of from 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of 120xc2x0 C. or more, and the first porous layer comprises a water-insoluble organic fine particles which is capable of being dissolved in or swelled by the water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent.
[Structure 16]
The ink-jet recording method of Structure 15, wherein the water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent is triethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
[Structure 17]
An ink-jet recording method of jetting an ink comprising a water-soluble dye, water and a water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent having an SP value in a range of from 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of not less than 120xc2x0 C. onto an ink-jet recording sheet comprising a first porous layer at the outermost position of the ink-jet recording sheet, wherein the first porous layer contains a water-insoluble organic fine particles, which is capable of being dissolved in or swelled by the water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent, as a primary component.
[Structure 18]
The ink-jet recording method of Structure 17, wherein the water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent is triethylene glycol monobutyl ether.
[Structure 19]
A method for preparing the ink-jet recording sheet of Structure 1 comprising steps of coating a coating solution comprising an organic fine particle emulsion, which satisfies the following Formula 4, and drying the coated solution,
T0xe2x89xa760 and T20xe2x89xa610xe2x80x83xe2x80x83Formula (4)
wherein T0 is a minimum film forming temperature (in xc2x0 C.) of the organic fine particle emulsion and T20 is the minimum film forming temperature (in xc2x0 C.) of the organic fine particle emulsion when a hydrophilic organic solvent is added to the organic fine particles emulsion in and amount of 20 percent by weight of the organic fine particle emulsion.
The present invention will now be detailed below.
The recording sheets employed in the present invention preferably have a relatively high ink absorption rate to realize conventional photographic quality. Therefore, at least the outermost surface preferably possesses multiple-void structure. Said recording sheets more preferably have a porous ink absorptive layer as the outermost layer which is formed by said ink absorptive layer on the support.
It is possible to confirm the shape of voids through observation employing an electron microscope.
It is preferable that voids are not isolated, but are connected to each other so as to provide a passage among them. In this case, void diameter may be defined as the diameter which is determined employing, for example, a mercury pressure inclusion method.
In said porous type recording sheets, any spaces between packed fine particles are generally regarded as voids. Accordingly, it is also possible to express said void diameter based on the size of packed particles and the packing ratio. The particle size employed in the present invention is preferably from 0.01 to 1 xcexcm, and is more preferably from 0.02 to 0.1 xcexcm, while the void ratio is preferably from 10 to 70 percent, and is more preferably from 20 to 60 percent.
The ink-jet recording sheet, described in Structure 1, will now be described.
Said ink-jet recording sheet is characterized in comprising porous layer having a multiple-void structure on the outermost position of the ink-jet recording sheet and satisfying Vc/Vdxe2x89xa60.4.
Vc is the water transition amount during a contact time of 0.8 second, when the area of said ink-jet recording sheet, which is provided with an aqueous solution containing a water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent, having an SP value of 18,414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of at least 120xc2x0 C., in an amount of 10 to 40 percent by weight, is provided onto the surface of said ink-jet recording sheet at a rate of 20 ml/m2 and subsequently dried at room temperature until reaching a constant state, is subjected to measurement according to the Bristow""s Measurement, and Vd is the water transition amount during a contact time of 0.8 second when the non-aqueous solution provided area of said recording sheet is subjected to Bristow""s Measurement. Namely, it is necessary that the water absorption rate of the area provided with said aqueous solution is less than that of the non-recorded area. The resulting decrease ratio (the ratio of the amount of absorbed water before and after the treatment) is preferably no more than 40 percent, and is more preferably no more than 20 percent.
Selected as water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents employed in said aqueous solution are those which are water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents described in Structure 1 and have an SP value of 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of at least 120xc2x0 C. Preferably, water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents having the SP value of 18.414 to 25.575 and a boiling point of at least 180xc2x0 C. are used. The upper limit of said boiling point is not particularly limited, but those having a melting point of no higher than 30xc2x0 C. are preferred. As the water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent in the aqueous solution, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether is preferably used.
Incidentally, said Bristow""s Measurement is carried out based on xe2x80x9cMethod for Determining the Liquid Absorbability of Paper and Board (Bristow""s Method) (refer to J. TAPPI Paper and Pulp Test Method No. 51xe2x88x9287). In the present invention, as the liquid for Bristow Test, water is used. However, for the purpose to make said measurement easier, water may be tinted by dissolving a very small amount of dyes. In the present invention, water containing in an amount of not more than 0.1% of dyes regarded as water.
The amount of liquid transfer with Bristow Test is explained below. This test method specifies a method for measuring liquid absorbing behavior of paper and board in a short period of time. A Bristow Test Machine Type II (compression type) manufactured by Kumagai Riki Kogyo Co., Ltd. was employed, by which a transfer amount (m1/m2) during a contact duration of 0.8 second was obtained as a void volume.
xe2x80x9cDried at room temperature until reaching a constant statexe2x80x9d, as described in the present invention, means that moisture evaporation reaches equilibrium with general atmosphere. Preferably, referred to is a state after approximately one hour at 23xc2x0 C. and 55 percent relative humidity, since an ink or an aqueous solution is provided.
Further, an ink-jet recording sheet was successfully developed which exhibited the following properties. By adjusting said ink-jet recording sheet to satisfy V60/Vdxe2x89xa70.7 in the aforementioned Structure 2, it was possible to effectively minimize discoloration and fading in areas recorded with less ink of an ink-jet recorded sheet. Further, it was possible to effectively minimize said discoloration and fading during winter when ambient temperature was low after printing.
From the viewpoint of obtaining the aforementioned effects of the present invention, it is preferable that the V60/Vd value be no less than 0.7 and the Vc/Vd value be no more than 0.3. Further, said V60/Vd value is preferably in the range of 0.7xe2x89xa6V60/Vdxe2x89xa61.5.
The ink-jet recording sheet, described in Structure 11, will now be described.
Said ink-jet recording sheet is characterized in comprising a porous layer comprising water-insoluble organic fine particles which are dissolved in or swelled by water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents having an SP value of 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of at least 120xc2x0 C.
Selected as said water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents employed in said aqueous solution are those which are have an SP value of 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of at least 120xc2x0 C. The upper limit of said boiling point is not limited, but those having a melting point of no higher than 30xc2x0 C. are preferred.
Further, the organic fine particles dissolved in or swelled by said water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents are selected, as said organic fine particles.
In the ink-jet recording sheet described in Structure 11, in order to effectively minimize discoloration and fading, it is preferable that Vc/Vdxe2x89xa60.4, specified in the ink-jet recording sheet described in Structure 1, be satisfied.
The preferable state of ink-jet recording onto the ink-jet recording sheet of the present invention is as follows. Voids in the porous layer, which have been present before providing said aqueous solution, result in the following after providing the same: 1. voids disappear, 2. the number of voids decreases, and 3. the void diameter decreases.
Of these, xe2x80x9c2. the number of voids decreasesxe2x80x9d is preferred. It is preferable that the height of the maximum peak, which is located between 0.01 to 1 xcexcm of the void size distribution, decreases to no more than 40 percent.
Further, xe2x80x9c3. the void diameter decreasesxe2x80x9d is also preferred. When the maximum peak, which is located between 0.01 to 1 xcexcm of said void size distribution, is regarded as the void diameter, it is preferable that said void diameter decreases to no more than 60 percent after recording compared to before recording.
However, most preferred is xe2x80x9c1. voids disappearxe2x80x9d, in such a manner that when the surface of the recorded area is observed after recording, employing an electron microscope, voids are not noticed.
Further, considered as preferable structures to realize the shape variation of voids as above are those, described below.
After ink is provided onto a recording sheet, water in said ink gradually evaporates. On the other hand, water-soluble organic solvents evaporate slowly, and the ratio of said water-soluble organic solvents, remaining in said recording paper as a liquid, gradually increases. Namely, dissolution of water-insoluble substances, which are soluble in said water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents, starts as said ink is dried. Namely, when ink-jet recording is carried out employing a recording sheet comprising xe2x80x9cwater-insoluble organic fine particles which are dissolved in or swelled by water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent in said inkxe2x80x9d, after drying said ink, it is possible to seal voids or decrease the void diameter while some or all of the organic fine particles are dissolved in or swelled by the water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent.
Further, a porous layer comprised of fine hydrophobic organic particles as the primary component such as polystyrene may be provided in said recording sheet, and plasticizers such as phthalic acid esters are incorporated into the second layer neighboring the porous layer and provided between the porous layer and the support. It is preferable that the porous layer is provided at the outermost position of the recording sheet. When ink is provided to the resulting recording sheet, said plasticizers are dissolved in the water-soluble solvents in said ink and are allowed to diffuse. As a result, said organic fine particles are subjected to plasticization and film forming and are capable of sealing voids and decreasing the void diameter.
Further, a porous layer comprising organic fine particles comprised of alkali-soluble resins such as hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose as the primary component may be provided in the recording sheet, and organic bases, which are water-insoluble and are diffusible in the presence of water-soluble organic solvents in said ink, are incorporated into the second layer neighboring the porous layer and provided between the porous layer and the support. It is preferable that the porous layer is provided at the outermost position of the recording sheet. When an ink is provided onto the recording sheet, after drying, said organic bases are dissolved in the water-soluble organic solvent in said ink and diffused to increase the pH of the porous layer and dissolve organic fine particles, whereby it is possible to seal voids and decrease the void diameter.
Further, in the same manner, a porous layer comprising organic fine particles comprised of alkali-soluble resins as the primary component may be provided in the recording sheet, and chelating agents, which are barely soluble in water and are diffusible in the presence of water-soluble organic solvents in the ink, are incorporated into the second layer neighboring the porous layer and provided between the porous layer and the support, and further, metal hydroxides such as zinc hydroxide which are insoluble in water, are incorporated into third layer neighboring the second layer and provided between the second layer and the support. It is preferable that the porous layer is provided at the outermost position of the recording sheet. When the ink is provided onto the recording sheet, after drying, said chelating agents diffuse and result in a chelating reaction with metals in metal hydroxides. Due to this reaction, alkali is generated to increase the pH of the porous layer and dissolve said organic fine particles, whereby it is possible to seal the voids or decrease the void diameter.
(Ink)
Said ink comprises water-soluble dyes, water, and water-soluble organic solvents. If desired, other additives may be incorporated into said ink. Specifically, water-soluble organic solvents are incorporated without fail for the purpose of minimizing dye deposition near nozzles due to drying. Said water-soluble organic solvents are any of the organic solvents which are soluble in water, and may be employed in combination. The boiling point of said organic solvents is preferably 120xc2x0 C. or higher. Further, it is preferable that water-soluble organic solvents having an SP value of 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd are incorporated in an amount of 10 to 30 percent.
The SP value, as described herein, refers to the solubility parameter and is an important scale to estimate the solubility of substances. In the present invention, as the unit of the SP value, (MPa)xc2xd, which is a value at 25xc2x0 C., is used. Said SP values of organic solvents are described on page IV-337 of J. Brandrup, et al., xe2x80x9cPolymer Handbookxe2x80x9d, A Wiley-Interscience Publication, and other publications. As the unit of the SP value, (cal/cm3)xc2xd may be used. 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd corresponds to 9 to 15 (cal/cm3)xc2xd.
The water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent, in the present invention, represents a water-soluble organic solvent, which has at least one alcoholic hydroxyl group in the molecule, including a polyvalent alcoholic compound and a polyvalent alcoholic compound, which is partially alkyl-esterificated. Listed as examples of water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents are butanol, isobutanol, secondary butanol, tertiary butanol, pentanol, hexanol, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, butylene glycol, hexanediol, pentanediol, glycerin, hexanetriol, thioglycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, triethylene glycol monoethyl ether, triethylene glycol monomethyl ether, triethylene glycol monobutyl ether, triethylene glycol diethyl ether, triethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monoethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol monobutyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether, and tetraethylene glycol diethyl ether.
Particularly preferred water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents are polyhydric alcohol and alkyl ethers of polyhydric alcohols, and 2 or 3 types are preferably selected from them.
Preferably employed as water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents having an SP value (being a solubility parameter) in the range of 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd among the water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents according to the present invention, are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, and triethylene glycol monobutyl ether. Of these, diethylene glycol (having an SP value of 19.437 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of 230xc2x0 C.) and triethylene glycol monobutyl ether are still preferably employed and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether is most preferably employed.
Said ink comprises at least one of the water-soluble dyes such as direct dyes, acidic dyes, basic dyes, reactive dyes or food dyes which are known in the art of ink-jets. The concentration of dyes in said ink is commonly from 0.1 to 5 percent.
In order to improve wet ability to recording sheets, the surface tension of said ink is commonly in the range of 25 to 60 dyn/cm at 20xc2x0 C., and is preferably in the range of 30 to 50 dyn/cm.
In order to improve solubility dyes in said ink, it is preferable that the pH be maintained at no lower than 7. In order to adjust the pH to the desired value, pH regulators may be employed.
Listed as other additives of said ink are, for example, sequestering agents, antifungal agents, viscosity modifying agents, surface tension adjusting agents, wetting agents, surface active agents, and antirusting agents. The concentration of these additives in said ink is generally from 0.01 to 5 percent.
The maximum ink ejection amount is preferably no more than 35 ml/m2. When the ejection amount exceeds said value, it is necessary to increase the thickness of the coating layer to increase the ink absorption capacity. As a result, various problems, such as cracking, occasionally occur The maximum ink ejection amount is preferably no more than 25 ml/m2.
The ink-jet recording method described in Structure 14 will now be described.
When ink-jet recording is carried out by jetting ink comprised of water-soluble dyes, water, and water-soluble organic solvents onto an ink-jet recording sheet having porous layer having a multiple-void structure on the outermost position of the recording sheet, said ink-jet recording method is characterized in that the relationship between said ink-jet recording sheet and said ink satisfies the formula described below.
Va/Vbxe2x89xa60.4
wherein Va is the water transition amount during a contact time of 0.8 second, when the recorded area of said ink-jet recording sheet, which has been recorded on at an ink ejection amount of 10 to 35 ml/m2, and subsequently dried at room temperature until reaching a constant state, is subjected to Bristow""s Measurement, and Vb is the water transition amount during a contact time of 0.8 second when the non-recorded area of said recording sheet is subjected to Bristow""s Measurement.
(Ink-Jet Recording Sheet)
It is required that a ratio of the water transition amount (Va/Vb) of the recorded surface of said ink-jet recording sheet to that of the non-recorded surface during a contact time of 0.8 second of said Bristow""s Measurement is no more than 0.4. Namely, it is required that the water absorption amount decreases. The ratio said decrease is preferably no more than 40 percent, and is more preferably no more than 20 percent.
During drying of the ink-jet recording sheet described in Structure 14 after recording, for the purpose of accelerating drying, heat sources as well as blowers may be employed. However, from the viewpoint of additional load due to devices and processes, natural drying is preferred.
The ink-jet recording method, described in Structure 17, will now be described.
Said ink-jet recording method is characterized in that recording is carried out onto the ink-jet recording sheet comprising a porous layer, which has a multiple-void structure and is provided at the outermost position of the recording sheet, comprising fine water-insoluble organic particles as the primary component which is capable of being dissolved in or swelled by the water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvent having an SP value in a range of from 18.414 to 30.69(MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of not less than 120xc2x0 C., employing an ink comprised of water-soluble dyes, water, and the water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents. Incidentally, the primary component in a layer, as described in the invention, means that its concentration is more than 50 percent to 100 percent by weight with respect to solids in the layer, more preferably more than 75 percent to 100 percent by weight with respect to solids in the layer.
xe2x80x9cWater-insoluble organic fine particles (occasionally, simply referred to as organic fine particles), which are dissolved in or swelled by water-soluble organic solvent in the inkxe2x80x9d are preferably comprised of polymers having a molecular weight of at least 5,000. Said polymers are selected from among those known in the art, such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, elastomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, styrene-acryl copolymers, styrene-methacrylate copolymers, polyester, polyvinyl ether, polyvinyl acetal, polyamide, polyurethane, polyolefin, SBR, NBR, polytetrafluoroethylene, chloroprene, proteins, polysaccharides, rosin ester, and ceramic resins. Particularly preferable materials of said organic fine particles are polyvinyl acetal based resins, polyurethane based resins, rosin ester based resins, acrylate based resins, methacrylate based resins, and SBR. Resins, which are prepared by modifying or copolymerizing at least two monomers, are also preferably employed. Resins may be employed which are added with the specified modification group or from which a leaving group is removed. Said organic fine particles may be prepared by blending at least two materials, and further, at least two types of organic fine particles may be blended and employed.
xe2x80x9cBe dissolvedxe2x80x9d, as described in the invention, refers to the state in which organic fine particles and water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents are subjected to equilibrium to form a single phase, while xe2x80x9cbe swelledxe2x80x9d, as described herein, refers to the state in which organic fine particles absorb said water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents to result in two times increase in volume compared with before absorbing. The volume increase ratio, when swelled, is preferably from 2 to 8 times.
Said organic fine particles should be insoluble in water so that they are not dissolved during ink-jet recording. However, they are allowed to absorb water at an amount range in which the ink absorption rate is not adversely affected. They may absorb water up to 20 percent with respect to their weight.
Cross linking agents may be incorporated into said organic fine particles at an amount range in which dissolution in, or swelling by, water-soluble organic solvents is not adversely affected. Irrespective of organic or inorganic materials, cross-linking agents, which have been known in the art, may be employed.
The particle diameter of said organic fine particles markedly affect the surface gloss of recording sheets. The number average particle diameter is preferably from 0.001 to 2 xcexcm, more preferably from 0.01 to 1 xcexcm, and still more preferably 0.01 to 0.1 xcexcm. In the present invention, following method is used to determine said number average particle diameter. The cross-section as well as the surface of the particle containing layer is observed employing an electron microscope, and each diameter of many randomly selected particles is determined and the simple average (number average) is calculated. The diameter of each particle is the diameter of a circle having the same area as the projection area of said particle. The shape of said organic fine particles is not necessarily spherical but may be acicular or tabular.
Further, in order to effectively minimize discoloration as well as fading, it is preferable that the relationship between said ink-jet recording sheet and said ink satisfies Va/Vbxe2x89xa60.4 in the ink-jet recording method in Structure 12.
The particularly preferable embodiments in the ink-jet recording sheet of the present invention are that at least 80 percent of thickness of the entire ink absorptive layer is the thickness of the porous layer comprising inorganic fine particles as well as hydrophilic binders as the primary components; no more than 20 percent of thickness of the entire ink absorptive layer is the thickness of the porous layer comprising fine water-insoluble organic particles which are dissolved in or swelled by water-soluble alcohol-type organic solvents having an SP value in a range of from 18.414 to 30.69 (MPa)xc2xd and a boiling point of at least 120xc2x0 C.; and further, the porous layer, comprising said organic fine particles, is provided as the outermost layer. Incidentally, in said porous layer comprising organic fine particles, the ratio of said organic fine particles to the solids in said porous layer is preferably more than 50 percent by weight.
It is preferable that said porous layer is almost totally packed with said organic fine particles. The ratio of said organic fine particles to the solids in said layer is preferably more than 50 percent by weight, and is more preferably more than 75 percent. Further, in order to effectively shield it from harmful gases, the porous layer, comprising organic fine particles, is preferably provided as the outermost layer.
A layer comprising said organic fine particles at a high packing ratio generally results in a decrease in the void ratio. Accordingly, when an ink absorptive layer is comprised of a single layer, the thickness of said ink absorptive layer increases. By contrast, a porous layer comprising inorganic fine particles and hydrophilic binders results in a high void ratio, whereby it is possible to absorb a greater amount of ink, employing a thinner layer. As a result, it is preferable to form an ink absorptive layer comprised of both a layer comprising organic fine particles and a porous layer comprising inorganic fine particles and hydrophilic binders. The thickness of said porous layer comprising organic fine particles is preferably from 0.1 to 30 percent with respect to the thickness of said ink absorptive layer, and is more preferably from 0.5 to 20 percent.
From the viewpoint of effectively resulting in discoloration- and fading-minimizing effects, it is preferable that a layer containing organic fine particles at a high concentration is provided. The content ratio in the organic fine particle containing layer is preferably not less than 80 percent by weight, and is more preferably from 90 to 100 percent by weight. Further, said organic fine particle containing layer is preferably the outermost layer of the ink absorptive layer.
A layer containing said organic fine particles in an at least definite amount generally results in a low void ratio. As a result, when the ink absorptive layer is formed utilizing a single layer, the thickness tends to increase to assure the absorption capacity.
By contrast, a porous layer comprised of inorganic fine particles and hydrophilic binders results in a high void ratio. As a result, said porous layer exhibits properties such that a thinner layer can absorb more ink. Accordingly, it is preferable to form an ink absorptive layer comprised of the organic fine particle containing layer together with the porous layer containing inorganic fine particles, as well as hydrophilic binders.
Cited as examples of said inorganic fine particles may be white inorganic pigments such as precipitated calcium carbonate, heavy calcium carbonate, kaolin, clay, talc, calcium sulfate, barium sulfate, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, zinc hydroxide, zinc sulfide, zinc carbonate, hydrotalcite, aluminum silicate, diatomaceous earth, calcium silicate, magnesium silicate, synthetic non-crystalline silica, colloidal silica, alumina, colloidal alumina, false boehmite, aluminum hydroxide, lithopone, zeolite, and magnesium hydroxide.
In order to achieve high glossiness, the diameter of said inorganic fine particles is preferably from 0.01 to 1 xcexcm, and is more preferably from 0.02 to 0.1 xcexcm.
The inorganic fine particles, as described herein, may be either primary particles or secondary particles. The diameter of said inorganic fine particles refers to the highest order particle diameter observed in the dried layer.
In the present invention, when composite particles comprised of inorganic fine particles and a small amount of organic polymers are employed, said composite particles are commonly designated as inorganic fine particles. In this case, the diameter of said inorganic fine particles also refers to the highest order particle diameter observed in the dried layer. Further, the ratio of organic polymers to inorganic fine particles in said composite particles comprised of inorganic fine particles and a small amount of organic polymers is commonly from {fraction (1/100)} to xc2xc by weight.
The average diameter of said inorganic fine particles is determined as follows: the cross-section and surface of said porous layer are observed, employing an electron microscope, and the diameter of many randomly selected particles is obtained, whereby said diameter is determined as the simple average value (being the number average value). The diameter of each particle, as described herein, is the diameter of the circle having the same area as the projection area of said particle.
In the present invention, from the viewpoint of achieving lower cost as well as higher reflection density, said fine particles preferably have a lower refractive index. Silica, especially silica synthesized employing a gas phase method (hereafter referred to as a fumed silica), or colloidal silica is more preferred. Further, it is possible to use fumed silica subjected to a cation surface treatment, colloidal silica and alumina subjected to a cation surface treatment, colloidal alumina, pseudo boehmite.
Listed as examples of hydrophilic binders, employed in said ink absorptive layer, are polyvinyl alcohol, gelatin, polyethylene oxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, polyurethane, dextran, dextrin, carrageenan (xcexa, "igr", and xcex), agar, Pullulan, water-soluble polyvinyl butyral, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and carboxymethyl cellulose. Said hydrophilic binders may be employed in combination of two or more types. The hydrophilic binder preferably employed in the present invention is polyvinyl alcohol.
In addition to common polyvinyl alcohol which is obtained by hydrolyzing polyvinyl acetate, said polyvinyl alcohol includes modified polyvinyl alcohol which is obtained by being subjected to cationic modification of the terminals, or anionic modification or anion modified polyvinyl alcohol having an anionic group.
The average degree of polymerization of preferably employed polyvinyl alcohol, prepared by hydrolyzing vinyl acetate, is preferably at least 1,000, and is more preferably from 1,500 to 5,000. The saponification ratio is preferably from 70 to 100 percent, and is most preferably from 80 to 99.5 percent.
Said cation modified polyvinyl alcohol includes polyvinyl alcohol having a primary, secondary, or tertiary amino group, or a quaternary ammonium group in its main chain or side chain as described, for example, in Japanese Patent Publication Open to Public Inspection No. 61-10483, and is prepared by copolymerizing an ethylenic unsaturated monomer, having a cationic group, with vinyl acetate.
Two or more polyvinyl alcohols, which are different from each other in the degree of polymerization and modified types, may be employed in combination.
The added amount of inorganic fine particles, employed in said ink absorptive layer, varies markedly depending on the required ink absorption capacity, the void ratio of the porous layer, the types of inorganic fine particles, and the type of hydrophilic binders. However, said added amount is generally from 5 to 30 g per m2 of the recording sheet, and is preferably from 10 to 25 g.
Further, the ratio of inorganic fine particles employed in said ink absorptive layer to the hydrophilic binders is generally from 2:1 to 20:1, and is most preferably from 3:1 to 10:1.
In order to minimize the bleeding of images during storage after recording, cationic polymers are preferably employed.
Cited as examples of cationic polymers may be polyethyleneimine, polyallylamine, polyvinyl amine, dicyandiamide polyalkylene polyamine condensation products, polyalkylene polyamine dicyandiamide ammonium salt condensation products, dicyandiamide formalin condensation products, epichlorohydrin-dialkylamine condensation products, diallyldimethylammonium chloride polymers, diallyldimethylammonium chloride-SO2 copolymers, polyvinylimidazole, vinylpyrrolidone-vinylimidazole copolymers, polyvinylpyridine, polyamidine, chitosan, cationized starch, vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride copolymers, (2-methacroyloxyethyl)trimethylammonium chloride copolymers, and dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymers.
Further, listed as said polymers are cationic polymers described in xe2x80x9cKagaku Kogyo Jiho (Chemical Industry Update)xe2x80x9d, Aug. 15 and 25, 1998, and polymer dye fixing agents described in xe2x80x9cKobunshi Yakuzai Nyumon (Introduction to Polymer Pharmaceuticals)xe2x80x9d, published by Sanyo Kasei Kogyo Co., Ltd.
In order to regulate the physical strength of the ink absorptive layer as well as to minimize cracking of the coated layer during coating and drying, it is preferable that hardeners be incorporated into the ink-jet recording sheet of the present invention.
Said hardeners are generally compounds which have a group capable of reacting with said hydrophilic binders, or compounds which promote reaction between different groups of said hydrophilic binders. They are suitably selected and employed depending on the type of hydrophilic binders.
Listed as specific examples of hardeners are, for example, epoxy based hardeners (diglycidyl ethyl ether, ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, 1,6-diglycidylcyclohexane, N,N-glycidyl-4-glycidylpxyaniline, sorbitol polyglycidyl ether, and glycerol polyglycidyl ether), aldehyde based hardeners (formaldehyde and glyoxal), active halogen based hardeners (2,4-dichloro-4-hydroxy-1,3,5-s-trizine, and bisvinylsulfonyl methyl ether), boric acid and salts thereof, borax, and aluminum alum.
When polyvinyl alcohol and/or cation modified polyvinyl alcohol is employed as the particularly preferred hydrophilic binder, it is preferable that hardeners, selected from boric acid and salts thereof, and epoxy based hardeners are employed. The most preferable hardeners are those selected from boric acid and salts thereof.
Boric acid or salts thereof refer to oxygen acid having a boron atom as the central atom and salts thereof, and specifically include orthoboric acid, diboric acid, metaboric acid, tetraboric acid, pentaboric acid, and octaboric acid, and salts thereof.
The employed amount of said hardeners varies depending on the types of hydrophilic binders, the types of hardeners, the types of inorganic fine particles, and the ratio of the hardeners to the hydrophilic binders. However, said amount is generally from 5 to 500 mg per g of the hydrophilic binder, and is preferably from 10 to 300 mg.
In addition to said additives, various other additives may be incorporated into the ink absorptive layer, as well as other layers which may be desired for the ink recording sheet of the present invention. The following various types of additives, known in the art, cited as incorporated examples may be: polystyrene, polyacrylic acid esters, polymethacrylic acid esters, polyacrylamides, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, or copolymers thereof; fine organic latex particles of urea resins or melamine resins; various types of cationic or nonionic surface active agents; UV absorbers described in Japanese Patent Publication Open to Public Inspection Nos. 57-74193, 57-87988, and 62-261476; anti-fading additives described in Japanese Patent Publication Open to Public Inspection Nos. 57-74192, 57-87989, 60-72785, 61-146591, 1-95091, and 3-13376; brightening agents described in Japanese Patent Publication Open to Public Inspection Nos. 59-42993, 59-52689, 62-280069, 61-242871, and 4-219266; pH regulators such as sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, citric acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and potassium carbonate; antifoaming agents, antiseptics, thickeners, antistatic agents, and matting agents.
Said ink absorptive layer may be comprised of two or more layers. In this case, each ink absorptive layer may be constituted in the same manner.
Suitably employed as supports employed in the present invention may be ink-jet recording sheets known in the art. They may be water-absorptive supports but are preferably non-water-absorptive supports.
Listed as water-absorptive supports capable of being employed in the present invention may be, for example, common paper, cloth, and sheets and boards comprised of wood. Of these, paper is particularly preferred due to the excellent water absorbability of the base material itself, and low cost. Employed as paper supports may be those which are prepared by employing as the main raw materials, chemical pulp such as LBKP and NBKP, mechanical pulp such as GP, CGP, RMP, TMP, CTMP, CMP, and PGW, and wood pulp such as waste paper pulp. Further, if desired, suitably employed as raw materials may be various types of fibrous materials such as synthetic pulp, synthetic fibers, and inorganic fibers.
If desired, various types of additives, known in the art, such as sizing agents, pigments, paper strength enhancing agents, fixing agents, optical brightening agents, wet paper strengthening agents, and cationic agents, may be incorporated into said paper supports.
It is possible to produce paper supports as follows. Fibrous materials such as wood pulp and various additives are blended and the resulting blend is applied to any of the various paper making machines such as a Fourdrinier paper machine, a cylinder paper machine, and a twin wire paper machine. Further, if desired, it is possible to carry out a size press treatment employing starch and polyvinyl alcohol, various coating treatments, and calender finishing during paper making processes or in said paper making machine.
Non-water-absorptive supports capable of being preferably employed in the present invention include transparent supports as well as opaque supports. Listed as said transparent supports are films comprised of materials such as polyester resins, diacetate resins, triacetate resins, acrylic based resins, polycarbonate based resins, polyvinyl chloride based resins, polyimide based resins, cellophane, and celluloid. Of these, when employed for Overhead Projectors, those, which are radiation heat resistant, are preferred, and polyethylene terephthalate is particularly preferred. The thickness of said transparent supports is preferably from 50 to 200 xcexcm.
Preferred as said opaque supports are, for example, resin coated paper (being so-called RC paper) in which at least one surface of the base paper is covered with a polyolefin resin layer comprised of white pigment, and so-called white PET prepared by incorporating white pigments such as barium sulfate into said polyethylene terephthalate.
For the purpose of enhancing the adhesion between said various supports and the ink absorptive layer, it is preferable that prior to coating said ink absorptive layer, said supports are subjected to a corona discharge treatment, as well as a subbing treatment. Further, the ink-jet recording sheets of the present invention are not always desired to be white and may be tinted.
It is particularly preferable that employed as the ink-jet recording sheets of the present invention be polyethylene laminated paper supports because recorded images approach conventional photographic image quality, and high quality images are obtained at relatively low cost. Said polyethylene laminated paper supports will now be described.
Base paper, employed in said paper supports, are made employing wood pulp as the main raw material, if desired, together with synthetic pulp such as polypropylene and synthetic fiber such as nylon and polyester. Employed as said wood pulp may be any of LBKB, LBSP, NBKP, NBSP, LDP, NDP, LUKP, or NUKP. However, it is preferable that LBKP, NBSP, LBSP, NDP, and LDP, which are comprised of shorter fiber, are employed in a greater amount. However, the ratio of LBSP and/or LDP is preferably from 10 to 70 percent by weight.
Preferably employed as said pulp is chemical pulp (sulfate pulp and sulfite pulp). Further, also useful is pulp which has been subjected to a bleach treatment to increase its whiteness.
Into said base paper suitably incorporated may be sizing agents such as higher fatty acids and alkylketene dimers; white pigments such as calcium carbonate, talc, and titanium oxide; paper strength enhancing agents such as starch, polyacrylamide, and polyvinyl alcohol; optical brightening agent; moisture maintaining agents such as polyethylene glycols; dispersing agents; and softeners such as quaternary ammonium salts.
The degree of water freeness of pulp employed for paper making is preferably from 200 to 500 ml under CSF Specification. Further, the sum of weight percent of 24-mesh residue and weight percent of 42-mesh calculated portion regarding the fiber length after beating, specified in JIS-P-8207, is preferably between 30 and 70 percent. Further, the weight percent of 4-mesh residue is preferably 20 percent by weight or less.
The weight of said base paper is preferably from 30 to 250 g/m2, and is most preferably from 50 to 200 g/m2. The thickness of said base paper is preferably from 40 to 250 xcexcm.
During the paper making stage or after paper making, said base paper may be subjected to a calendering treatment to result in excellent smoothness. The density of said base paper is generally from 0.7 to 1.2 g/m2 (JIS-P-8118). Further, the stiffness of said base paper is preferably from 20 to 200 g under the conditions specified in JIS-P-8143.
Surface sizing agents may be applied onto the base paper surface. Employed as said surface sizing agents may be the same as those above, capable of being incorporated into said base paper.
The pH of said base paper, when determined employing a hot water extraction method specified in JIS-P-8113, is preferably from 5 to 9.
Polyethylene, which is employed to laminate both surfaces of said base paper, is mainly comprised of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and/or high density polyethylene (HDPE). However, other LLDPE or polypropylene may be partially employed.
Specifically, as is generally done with photographic paper, the polyethylene layer located on the ink absorptive layer side is preferably constituted employing polyethylene into which rutile or anatase type titanium oxide is incorporated so that opacity as well as whiteness is improved. The content ratio of said titanium oxide is generally from 3 to 20 percent by weight with respect to polyethylene, and is more preferably from 4 to 13 percent by weight.
It is possible to employ said polyethylene coated paper as glossy paper. Further, in the present invention, it is possible to employ polyethylene coated paper with a matt or silk surface, as obtained in the conventional photographic paper, by carrying out an embossing treatment during extrusion coating of polyethylene onto said base paper.
In said polyethylene coated paper, it is preferable to maintain a paper moisture content of 3 to 10 percent by weight.
It is possible to apply various types of ink absorptive layers, such as a porous layer and a sublayer, arranged as required, onto a support, employing a method selected from those known in the art. The preferred methods are that the coating composition constituting each layer is applied onto a support and subsequently dried. In this case, it is possible to simultaneously apply two or more layers onto said support, and simultaneous coating is particularly preferred in which all hydrophilic binder layers are simultaneously coated.
Employed as coating methods are a roll coating method, a rod bar coating method, an air knife coating method, a spray coating method, and a curtain coating method. In addition, preferably employed is the extrusion coating method employing a hopper, described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,681,294.
The recording sheet of the present invention tends to easily result in discoloration and fading. Therefore, said recording sheet is preferably employed in the large-sized ink-jet recording field in which a lamination treatment is generally carried out to minimize said discoloration and fading. Accordingly, said recording sheet is preferably wound into a roll at a width of 60 to 180 cm and a length of 10 to 200 m.
When each non-recorded area of the ink-jet recording sheets, described in the invention, is subjected to Bristow""s Measurement, the water absorption amount of said non-recorded area is preferably from 10 to 30 ml/m2 during a contact time of 0.8 second.
Listed as specific examples of ejection systems of the ink-jet recording of the present invention may be an electrical-mechanical conversion system (for example, a single cavity type, a double cavity type, a bender type, a piston type, a share mode type, and a shared wall type), an electrical-thermal conversion system (for example, a thermal ink-jet type, and a bubble jet type), and an electrostatic suction type (for example, an electric field control type and a slit jet type), and a discharge system (for example, a spark jet type).
The preferable maximum ink ejection amount of the present invention is from 10 to 35 ml/m2.
The preferable example to constitute the ink-jet recording sheet described in Structure 2 will now be described hereunder. A porous layer comprised of inorganic fine particles and hydrophilic binders is provided on a support. Further, provided is an ink absorptive layer prepared by providing a porous layer packed with organic fine particles having a Tg of at least 60xc2x0 C., at a high concentration, as the uppermost layer. Plasticizers such as phthalic acid esters may be incorporated into said porous layer, in a small amount. By varying the materials, molecular weight, and content ratio of fine inorganic particles and the types and added amount of said plasticizers, it is possible to prepare the ink-jet recording sheet in which the ink absorptive layer has voids on the uppermost surface and which satisfies the aforementioned General Formula 2.
Further, as one of the specific means to decrease the number of voids on the uppermost surface of the ink absorptive layer and to decrease the void diameter, as described in Structure 19, an ink absorptive layer is preferably prepared through a process in which a coating composition comprising organic fine particle emulsion which satisfies the aforementioned General Formula 4, is applied onto a support and subsequently dried.
In the aforementioned General Formula 4, T0 is the lowest film forming temperature (in xc2x0 C.) of said organic fine particle emulsion, and T20 is the lowest film forming temperature (in xc2x0 C.) of said organic fine particle emulsion when hydrophilic organic solvent is added to said organic fine particles in an amount of 20 percent by weight.
The lowest film forming temperature of organic fine particle emulsion will now be described.
The lowest film forming temperature of organic fine particle emulsion, as described herein, may be determined utilizing the method described in ISO 2115.
During preparation of said organic fine particle emulsion, when hydrophilic organic solvent is directly added to said emulsion, localized coagulation occasionally occurs. For the purpose of minimizing said coagulation, it is preferable that water-diluted hydrophilic organic solvent is added. Water may be added in the same amount as the volume of said emulsion, since determination of the lowest film forming temperature is not adversely affected.
In the present invention, materials of said organic fine particle emulsion, which satisfies the aforementioned General Formula 4, are not particularly limited. Employed as said materials may be those, conventionally known in the art, such as polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyacrylate, polymethacrylate, elastomer, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, styrene-acryl copolymers, styrene-methacrylic copolymers, polyester, polyvinyl ether, polyvinyl acetal, polyamide, polyurethane, polyolefin, SBR, NBR, polytetrafluoroethylene, chloroprene, proteins, polysaccharides, rosin ester, and shellac resins.
Of these, particularly preferable organic fine particle materials include polyvinyl acetal based resins, polyurethane based resins, rosin ester based resins, styrene-acryl copolymers, styrene-methacryl copolymers, and SBR. Employed may be those in which a specific modifying group is added to resins or a leaving group is removed. Organic fine particles may be formed upon mixing at least two types of materials, and further, at least two types of organic fine particles may be blended and employed.
In order to maintain dispersion stability, dispersing agents and surface active agents are preferably incorporated into said organic fine particle emulsion. Self-emulsifying type emulsions, in which a hydrophilic group is added to the molecular chain, may be employed.
Listed as means to control the lowest film forming temperature of said organic fine particle emulsion, as well as organic fine particle emulsion added with said hydrophilic organic solvent, are those to control materials of organic fine particles, monomer compositions, molecular weight, the amount of dispensing agents, and particle diameter.

Ink-jet recording sheet, ink-jet recording method and preparing method of ink-jet sheet

Abstract: wherein each of Vc and Vd represents a water transition amount of a first area, where the aqueous solution is provided, and a second area, where the aqueous solution is not provided, respectively, during a contact time of 0.8 seconds when the recording material is subjected to Bristow""s Measurement.


Control clocks of different phases are distributed to a memory array divided into multiple banks, and processing of entries and search keys (read and write operations and search operation) is performed at different phases. The memory array divided into banks is further divided into smaller arrays, that is, sub-arrays, and a sense amplifier in a read-write-search circuit block is shared by the two sub-arrays. In this case, a so-called open bit line structure in which each one bit line is connected from both sub-arrays to a sense amplifier is adopted. The same look-up table is registered to multiple banks, successively inputted search keys are sequentially inputted to the multiple banks, and the search operation is carried out in synchronization with the control clocks of different phases.

With the explosive growth of the Internet, the table scale required for routers and switches in a network has been rapidly increasing, and the speed-up of table search has been demanded. As means for solving this problem from the aspect of hardware, a ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) attracts a lot of attention.
For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2003-272386 (Patent Document 1) discloses a structure of the TCAM cell using two dynamic storage cells for storing three values of '0'/'1'/'X' (don't care). By this structure, the occupied area of the cell can be reduced and the increase in capacity can be achieved, and at the same time, low power consumption and speed-up of search operation can be achieved.
In addition, for example, "IEEE 2004 Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Digest of Technical Papers" June 2004, pp. 382 to 385 (Non-patent Document 1) discloses an encoding method of entry or search key and a memory array structure to achieve the CAM which can solve the problems of capacity shortage and increase in power consumption in the TCAM. In this technology, an encoding method called one-hot-spot block code is used.
In the TCAM, "entry" is usually used as a term that corresponds to "word" popularly used in a DRAM and a SRAM. Since "entry" is the term which indicates information stored in each "word", the storage information is called "entry" and comparison information is called "search key" in accordance with customary practice in this specification.


A system and method for providing security to a graph of interconnected nodes includes a grouping multiplexing layer configured to monitor calls to the system, a graphing dynamic link layer configured to transmit and receive data to and from the graph, and a group security manager coupled to the grouping multiplexing layer and coupled to the graphing dynamic link layer; the group security manager is configured to perform security-related acts via interacting with a group database to propagate security-related information to members of a group within the graph. The group security manager is configured to provide role-based authorization on publication of one or more records and provide membership control for admission to a graph of interconnected nodes. The group security manager provides membership control by providing credentials to potential members of the graph to enable a connection and by providing a governed system for renewal and revocation of members.

In general, peer-to-peer computing refers to direct sharing of computer resources and services between systems. Direct exchanges of data, processing power and storage can enhance computing power and networking connectivity. Clients and servers can interchange their roles and leverage collective processing and storage power across a group of computers depending on which role is most efficient for the network. As a result, servers and clients can apportion roles and reduce the need for additional storage and the like.
Some types of peer-to-peer infrastructures follow a graphing protocol. A graph is a collection of interconnected peer nodes. A group is an implementation of a graph that also provides security in a graph, and allows sharing of the same graph by multiple applications on the same machine. Peer nodes join a graph to exchange information in the form of records. A basic graphing protocol provides for no control over connectivity among peers and the information published in the graph. The information published can be spoofed or tampered. There is also no control over who can connect to the graph. Malicious users can easily eavesdrop and listen to information exchanged between peers in the graph. Therefore, there is a need for security in peer to peer networks that prevent malicious users, spoofing, tampering and generally provides control over a secure group.


Provided are systems and methods for overcoming optical errors occurring from reticle and other hardware usage in a semiconductor fabrication apparatus. The systems and methods minimize optical errors, such as those resulting from gravitational sag on a reticle or mask, for a pattern being projected onto a wafer. The reduced errors allow larger reticles and masks to be used—while maintaining optical accuracy; and also improve optical budget management.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to photolithographic systems used in semiconductor wafer fabrication. More particularly, the present invention relates to systems and methods for reducing optical errors for a pattern projected onto a wafer in a semiconductor fabrication apparatus.
2. Background
Semiconductor wafer fabrication involves a series of processes used to create semiconductor devices and integrated circuits (ICs) in and on a semiconductor wafer surface. Fabrication typically involves the basic operations of layering and patterning, along with others such as doping and heat treatments. Layering is an operation used to add thin layers of material (typically insulator, semi-conductor or conductor) to the surface of the semiconductor wafer. Patterning is an operation that is used to remove or implant dopants into specific portions of the top layer or layers on the wafer surface. Patterning is usually accomplished through the use of photolithography (also known as photomasking) to transfer a semiconductor design to the wafer surface.
Patterning is often used to expose an area to be etched, such as to create a trench for creation of an isolation structure. A 'reticle' is a hard copy of a pattern recreated in a thin layer of an opaque material, such as chrome, deposited on a glass or quartz plate. The reticle may be used directly in the patterning process to project a pattern—or image—onto a wafer. Alternatively, the reticle may be used indirectly to produce a photomask. The photomask, or 'mask', is also a glass plate with a thin chrome layer on the surface used to pattern or expose an area to be etched. Often, the reticle or mask is covered with many copies of the circuit pattern. The reticle or mask is then used to pattern a whole wafer surface in one pattern transfer.
Photolithographers define optical budget as a combination of resolution, or the minimum line space that can be resolved with a pattern, and depth of focus, the range at which the light patterning projection maintains a predefined accuracy. References to optical budget can also relate to pattern displacement from one layer to another.
Semiconductor device sizes have decreased dramatically over the years. Reaching sub-micron IC feature sizes and patterns has introduced new problems. Currently, photolithographers are looking toward removing the sag of a reticle, or mask, due to gravity as it sits on a reticle stage. Gravitational sag is currently the main obstacle to optical budget management. For six inch by six-inch mask, gravitational sag robs a major portion of the total focus budget. With plans to increase mask size to 9 by 9 inches, gravitational sag is expected to exceed over 60 percent of the optical budget. In addition to gravitational sag, other hardware realities are hindering current patterning techniques.
In view of the above, what is needed are solutions for addressing inaccuracies in photolithography introduced by hardware used in a semiconductor apparatus.

Optical error minimization in a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus


A spinal fixation system is provided that includes a coupling member and a locking device that is operable to fix an elongate member in the coupling member. There is also provided insertion instruments configured to install and remove various components of the spinal fixation system. In one form, the coupling member includes opposing side wall portions having a resilient portion on at least one of the side wall portions that cooperates with the locking device for being inserted into the coupling member via resilient flexing of the resilient portion. The coupling member and locking device also preferably include cooperating structure therebetween to define a plurality of distinct positions of the locking device in the coupling member.

Spinal rods for immobilizing vertebral bones of the spinal column are typically anchored to the vertebrae via anchor members such as bone screws or hooks. The rods are connected to the anchor members by generally yoke-shaped coupling members that can be integral with the anchor member. Alternatively, the coupling members may be a separate component from the anchor member to form the coupling device for use in polyaxial pedicle screw systems for spinal rod fixation. Generally, these prior systems employ a compression or lock member that is advanced toward the spinal rod for securing it relative to the anchor member, and in polyaxial systems for securing the anchor member relative to the coupling member.
For this purpose, the compression member and coupling device typically have a threading engagement therebetween such that the compression member is threaded down into its locked position in or about the yoke-shaped coupler. In this regard, wedge cam surfaces provided on radial flanges of the compression member and in radial recesses in the upstanding walls of the coupling yoke member have also been employed to advance the compression member for pushing the spinal rod down into fixed position relative to the screw anchor member, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,565,565, to Yuan, et al. The problem with the threaded or cam wedge systems of spinal rod locking is that to allow the compression member to advance relative to the coupler, the size or profile of the coupler as well as the compression member may be increased. In other words, to have threads or cam surfaces formed on the coupler requires that the walls be provided with a sufficient axial extent for the advancement of the threaded or cammed compression member therealong.
In polyaxial spinal fixation systems, the use of inserts between the head of the anchor member and the spinal rod has been proposed, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,733,286 to Errico, et al. The large hemispherical insert of Errico, et al. is engaged on a concave recess formed in a screw head received in the coupler allowing the coupler to adjust relative to the polyaxial pedicle screw for receipt of the spinal rod in its desired position. However, the entire Errico, et al. system has an undesirably large profile as it employs a threaded set screw for clamping on the spinal rod, and the hemispherical insert extends well beyond the top of the screw head into the coupler channel through which the spinal rod is received.
With prior threaded systems, it is often difficult for the surgeon to reposition or adjust the spinal rod relative to the fixation system during the surgical procedure after the compression member is inserted into the cap. Once the compression member is initially threaded into the coupling member, any space between the spinal rod and the compression member for final positioning of the rod prior to locking is randomly achieved. For example, the surgeon can randomly thread the compression member a few turns to provide a re-positioning gap between the compression member and rod or completely thread the compression member into a locking position and then back-off the threading to form this re-positioning gap. As a result, the current threaded systems for immobilizing vertebral bones with spinal rods typically require the surgeon to spend more time and guess work for achieving a gap between the compression member and rod for any final positioning of the rod prior to locking. If the re-positioning gap is not large enough, the spinal rod may bind during repositioning, thereby requiring even additional time and adjustment of the compression member to form a larger gap. All this random threading and guesswork by the surgeon requires additional time in the operating room for performing the surgical procedure on the patient.


The compiled code of a computer program is stored in multiple pieces within a database. Each piece is optionally stored within a separate data record. Execution of the computer program includes using database queries to retrieve pieces of the compiled code for execution. The database and associated database management logic are used to provide numerous advantages in execution and management of the computer program. For example, in some embodiments, database queries are used to help facilitate program flow logic. In another example, database queries are based on a command line or universal resource locator. These queries may be used to select functionality of a computer program in response to the command line or universal resource locator.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is in the field of computing systems, and more specifically in the fields of computer programming and provisioning.
2. Related Art
In a typical computing model source code is generated by a programmer using an editor. This source code may be configured to be interpreted at the time it is executed or compiled into executable code using a compiler. Compiled code typically executes more quickly than interpreted code because the compiling process includes parsing and syntax checking prior to execution. Compiling the code also places the code in a form (e.g., object code) that may be directly executable using an operating system.
The compiled code is stored using a filing system, typically provided with an operating system configured to execute the compiled code. For example, the compiled code may be stored in an ".exe" file for execution within the Windows operating system. The compiled code may be linked to other files containing executable code, data or scripts. This linking may occur prior to or at the time the code is executed. When the code is executed the file system is used to identify the file within which the code is stored and this file is opened and processed by the operating system.
There are several disadvantages to this computing model. For example, modification of the compiled code typically involves recompiling an entire source code or file thereof. If a single function, among many functions, within source code, is modified, then the entire source code, on a file-by-file basis, is recompiled. Further, specific permissions and specific software (e.g., an editor) are required to modify the source code. This can be cumbersome when the editor and code are on different computing devices.
Databases and database programs configured to manage the databases are commonly used to store and access data. Sometimes this data is used by computer programs external to database programs. For example, an external program may use a database program to retrieve data that is then operated on by the external program. Database programs may also include "database stored procedures" which are functions prepared by a user of the database program to operate on a database. Database stored procedures are limited to operating on stored data and are differentiated from other types of computer programs in that these procedures are run under the control of (e.g., within) the database program rather than under direct control of an external operating system.
Compiled code is typically executed using a command line that includes a name of the compiled code, e.g., a program name, and optionally a path to the compiled code. This command line is optionally represented by a graphical icon in a graphical user interface. A command line optionally further includes parameters, sometimes referred to as switches, that are used as input to the compiled code and may be used to control operation of the compiled code. For example, the DOS command line "CD lib" includes a program identifier "CD" and a parameter "lib." The program identifier is used to identify compiled code, which in this case is configured for changing a file directory. The parameter is used to pass, to the compiled code, an identity of the directory to change to.
Compiled code is optionally accessed over a computer network, such as the internet, using a universal resource locator (URL). For example, the URL www.xsevo.com/login.esp may be used to execute a login program hosted at xsevo.com. The URL may also be used to pass parameters to a program. For example, the URL www.xsevo.com/login.esp?lvl=high may be used to pass a value of "high" for a parameter "lvl" to the program login.esp. URLs and command lines may, thus, be used to provide parameters to previously established compiled code.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Instance management of code in a database


A heat sink in adapted to be attached to a pin grid array comprising a pair of grooves extending along opposite sides into which grooves the tops of attachment clips are disposed. The heat sink has a pair of indentations on opposite sides of each clip holds each clip in place in the groove, the heat sink with the clips attached being positioned between two compression sections of a pair of attachment pliers and when a pin grid array is positioned adjacent to the heat sink, compression of the plier handles connects the clips to the pin grid array. Removal is accomplished by a pair of pliers having projecting points which fit beneath the clips so that compression of the plier handles forces the clip away from the pin grid array disconnecting it.

Microprocessors and other semiconductor devices are often packaged in what is called pin grid arrays ("PGA"). These are actually very small boards of many circuits having a great many conductive contacts or pins by which they may be electrically connected to a much larger printed circuit board. In most cases, the pin grid array contains a large number of pins densely packed together, and when attached, the pins of the pin grid array are usually soldered to the printed circuit board or connected through a socket. A heat sink is often removably connected to the pin grid array to dissipate the heat generated by the semiconductor when in use. The heat sink may be attached to the pin grid array by some form of removable clip or clamp so that the heat sink may be removed from the pin grid array package or other semiconductor package. Because of space requirements on the boards, these PGA's or semiconductor packages are usually spaced as close as possible. As a result, it is often difficult for an assembler to physically position the several small clips used to attach the heat sink to the pin grid array, while properly aligning the heat sink and pin grid array, all at the same time. Moreover, the situation becomes even worse in trying to remove the connectors once the pin grid array is installed on the printed circuit board.
Because of the soldering that would be involved in attaching and removing the pin grid array, it is sometimes necessary to remove and re-attach the heat sink to the pin grid array after the latter is mounted on the board, without removing the pin grid array from the board itself. Unfortunately, the epoxy method (most common) for attaching heat sinks to pin grid arrays means that it cannot be easily separated when the pin grid array is soldered to the printed circuit board. Some clamps for attaching heat sinks to PGA's are small and difficult to properly grasp and/or position in the environment of a crowded assembled printed circuit board. Often, there is not enough room between the pin grid array and other components on the board for the assembler to hold and attach any of the prior art connectors, and as the connectors are sometimes made of metal, if they are dropped or become loose on the board itself, they could short out other expensive electronic devices.
An added problem with the prior art attachment and removal procedures is that they involve applying a downward force on the printed circuit board, which is undesirable. The boards during assembly are generally supported on opposite sides by rails, thereby permitting them to flex in the middle. Such a flexing, as is caused by this downward force, tends to stretch and possibly break the electrical traces on the board, particularly those that extend across the board between the rails. Consequently, besides lack of space problems in attaching or removing a heat sink to a pin grid array mounted on a board, the assembler must be very careful not to flex the board.
Accordingly, an object of the invention is to provide a means by which a heat sink may be easily attached to and removed from a pin grid array or other device while on the board.
Another object of the invention is to provide a heat sink which holds the clip/clips in place as if the heat sink and clips were a single unit.
Another object of the invention is to provide a tool for easily installing a connector for attaching a heat sink to a pin grid array or other device without flexing any printed circuit board to which the pin grid array or other device may already be attached.
Another object of the invention is to provide a tool for easily removing the clip for attaching a heat sink to a pin grid array or other device.

Heat sink for an electronic pin grid array


A case of a disk device has an open-topped rectangular base and a top cover in the form of a rectangular plate screwed to the base. A label is pasted on the top cover. Provided in the case are a disk-shaped recording medium, a head for recording and reproducing information to and from the recording medium, and a mechanical section. The top cover has a depression formed by drawing, the label is pasted on the top cover so as to cover the depression, and at least a part of the depression is exposed to form an opening portion.

1. Field
An example of this invention relates to a disk device having a disk for use as a recording medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, disk devices, such as magnetic disk devices, optical disk devices, etc., have been widely used as external recording devices of computers or image or music recording/reproducing apparatuses.
For example, a magnetic disk device generally comprises a magnetic disk, spindle motor, head actuator, voice coil motor, circuit board unit, etc., which are arranged in a case. The spindle motor supports and rotates the magnetic disk. The head actuator supports magnetic heads and the voice coil motor drives the head actuator. The head actuator is provided with a bearing portion attached to the case and arms that are stacked on the bearing portion and extend from the bearing portion. A magnetic head is mounted on each arm by means of a suspension.
According to a device disclosed in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2004-5783, for example, a case is composed of an open-topped base on which mechanical sections are mounted and a top cover that covers an opening of the base. Normally, the top cover is fastened to the peripheral edge portion of the upper surface of the base with screws. In order to enhance the rigidity of the top cover, it is provided with a drawn portion, e.g., a circular arcuate depression. Further, a nameplate label that indicates the model number, manufacturer, etc. of the magnetic disk device is pasted on a surface of the top cover. The label is stuck to the top cover surface so as to conceal the whole depression.
The magnetic disk device constructed in this manner undergoes vibration that is caused by rotations of the spindle motor and the magnetic disk, vibration of the head actuator attributable to a windage that is caused by the rotation of the magnetic disk, vibration that is caused by a seek action of the head actuator, etc. The vibrations of the spindle motor and the head actuator, which behave as vibration generating portions, are transmitted to the plate-shaped top cover through the base and a pivot or the like of the head actuator. Thereupon, the top cover vibrates and generates noise. If the frequency of normal mode of vibration of the cover is approximate to a frequency transmitted to the top cover, in particular, resonance is developed, so that the vibration amplitudes of the spindle motor and the head actuator increase. In consequence, noises also increase inevitably.
In the case where the nameplate label covers the whole surface of the drawn portion of the top cover, the vibration of the top cover is transmitted to the nameplate label by air propagation and solid propagation, whereupon the label vibrates. The vibration of the label is transmitted again to the top cover by air propagation, so that the vibration of the top cover is excited inevitably. Owing to this phenomenon, the magnitude of the vibration of the top cover increases, so that the level of the noise from the top cover is raised. If a vibration damper is stuck to the drawn portion in order to suppress the vibration of the top cover to reduce the noise, the number of parts increases, resulting in an increase in cost.
Modern magnetic disk devices that are used in a wide variety of fields require reduction of noises.


An interface system for connecting various accessory devices to a radiotelephone and arbitrating between conflicting requests for access to the audio channel of the radio telephone by the accessory devices. Included is a controller for controlling operation of the interface system and a switch for connecting the audio channel of the selected accessory to the audio channel of the radiotelephone. A method is also provided for entering user selected operational settings for controlling operation of the interface system and prioritizing access to the radiotelephone.

1. Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains in general to cellular telephones and devices which use cellular telephones for mobile communication, and more particularly, to the connection of a portable computer via a modem to a cellular telephone.
2. Description of Related Art
The growing use of cellular telephones and accessory devices such as speakerphones, portable computers, and portable facsimile machines is allowing many people to perform their jobs while away from their home and office. In particular, the use of cellular data modems in conjunction with laptop computers allows people to receive and send facsimiles and access local area networks while in a mobile office environment.
A shortcoming of sending and receiving facsimiles via a cellular telephone is that the modem must be repeatedly connected and disconnected, to and from, the cellular telephone when the user wishes to send or receive a facsimile or place or receive a voice telephone call, respectively. Furthermore, in situations where a user does not know when an incoming facsimile will be transmitted, the user must keep the modem connected to the cellular telephone. Maintaining this connection disables voice calls and prevents the cellular telephone user from using the cellular telephone to place or receive voice calls. Repeated connecting and disconnecting of the modem is especially bothersome for users while driving an automobile when the user's hands are not readily available. Besides being bothersome, this distraction is also dangerous to the user while driving an automobile.
There currently is no acceptable method by which a user of a cellular telephone can place and receive voice calls without physically disconnecting the modem from the cellular telephone. Generally, a cellular telephone user who wishes to avoid connecting and disconnecting the modem when making voice calls is forced to use two separate telephones with different telephone numbers. There is a need, therefore, for an interface system capable of connecting a plurality of accessories, including at least a modem, to a radiotelephone and coordinating access by these devices to the audio channel of the radiotelephone without manual intervention by the cellular telephone user. It would also be advantageous for such an interface system to allow the user of the cellular telephone to prioritize operation of the various accessories connected to the cellular telephone.

Interface system for providing hands-free operation of a radiotelephone and accessories in a mobile office environment


An image pickup system includes one or more optical elements, wherein an infrared cut coating in which a maximum value of reflectance at the wavelength λ of 800 to 1200 nm is 30% or more, is formed on at least two optical surfaces of the optical elements.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image pickup system. In particular, the present invention relates to an image pickup system having an infrared cut function.
2. Description of Related Art
In optical systems for a digital still camera and a digital video camera, light-receiving elements such as CCD or CMOS are used. These light-receiving elements have a high sensitivity not only in a visible region but also in an infrared region. Thus, in order to provide a light-receiving characteristic close to the visibility, it is required that light having a wavelength λ of 800 to 1200 nm is cut. Conventionally, an infrared cut filter in which dozens of high refractive index materials and low refractive index materials were alternately layered on a glass substrate, has been used.
However, an optical element in which the infrared cut filter is formed on a glass substrate, is expensive. Further, because the glass substrate is thick, it is difficult to fully satisfy the recent requirements for a smaller and thinner optical system. A technique in which a smaller and thinner optical system is provided by forming an infrared cut filter on one surface of the outermost lens in an image pickup system lens, is known (for example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 10-10423).
However, in case that an image pickup system lens is made of plastic, when a laminated film composed of dozens of layers for cutting light having wavelength λ of 800 to 1200 nm, is formed, there was a problem of the significant technical difficulty because of a risk of surface deformation or the like due to crack or stress. Furthermore, when a glass lens as an image pickup system lens is coated with dozens of infrared cut filters, there was a problem that the cost of the above coating is the same as that of an infrared cut coating of a glass substrate.


A circuit arrangement for voltage switching is used for optimized control of switching transistors, which are used for switching voltages applied to an output of the circuit arrangement. The circuit arrangement of the invention enables rapid voltage switching with a simultaneously low current consumption.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a voltage arrangement for voltage switching with low current consumption.
2. Description of the Background Art
Battery-buffered systems typically have available a main voltage supply, which is used to supply energy to the system during normal operation. The main voltage supply can be fed, for example, by a line voltage or by means of a vehicle on-board electrical system. If the main voltage supply fails, for example, when the system is separated from the line voltage or from the vehicle on-board electrical system, typically a battery takes over the voltage supply to the system or to parts of the system.
For dynamic voltage switching between the voltage supplied by the main voltage supply and the battery-supplied voltage, typically switches are used for voltage switching, which have a first input terminal for connecting the voltage supplied by the main voltage supply and a second input terminal to connect the battery-supplied voltage. Either the voltage supplied by the main voltage supply or the battery-supplied voltage is provided at an output terminal of the switches for voltage switching, depending on the level of the voltage supplied by the main voltage supply. To this end, the voltage supplied by the main voltage supply is monitored with use of a voltage monitor, which causes a switching of the voltage at the output of the voltage arrangement with an appropriate output signal.

Circuit arrangement for voltage switching


An Oak tree named ‘QSSTH’ having an upright branching habit and consistent red fall coloration, and also capable of being reproduced reliably using vegetative cuttings.

The present invention relates to a new and distinct variety of Quercus shumardii, Shumard Oak, which has been given the varietal name 'QSSTH'.
The parentage of this tree is unclear. It is definitely a red oak type tree. Representative species include Pin Oak, Q. palustris, or Red Oak, Q. rubra, Nuttall Oak (Q. nuttallii), Shumard Oak (Q. shumardii), and Scarlet Oak (Q. coccinea). My new tree has characteristics that have prevented making an exact identification of its species, but Shumard Oak appears to be the closest.
Shumard Oak, as well as most other red oak types, readily hybridize with one another, and there is a high probability that this tree is a result of a cross between a Shumard Oak and Nuttall Oak or some other species of red oak, since Shumard Oak and Nuttall Oak overlap one another across much of their range. For example, in Texas, Shumard is located in a wide band covering most of the eastern part of the state, Nuttall is found in the lower Southeast corner of the state, and Texas Red Oak, Q. texana, is the primary tree in the central part of the state east of Dallas. There is also a large swath of habitat between the primary Shumard and Texas Red Oak regions where the predominant tree is a hybrid between Shumard and Texas Red Oak. Hybrids are common and can easily make up a large population of the trees in any given area.
My original tree had been purchased as a seedling tree growing in a one gallon container in fall 1996 and at that time was planted in a cultivated nursery field. In winter 2003, it was transplanted to an observation area where it has remained since that time. It is now 10 years old from a seed. The description of this new Oak variety is based on observations of this original tree and of asexually propagated progeny, asexually propagated in Oconee County, Ga., from vegetative propagation. These asexually propagated progeny are being grown at a nursery in Oconee County, Ga.
The original tree has displayed characteristics resembling Shumard Oak and Nuttall Oak. There is much confusion over the exact identification of this tree, and several experienced individuals have expressed differing opinions. The only consistency has been the opinion that the acorn is generally the most distinguishing characteristic determining the species difference between Shumard Oak and Nuttall Oak. When compared to the above oaks, the acorns on my new tree most resemble Shumard Oak, which indicates that the tree is most likely a Shumard Oak or at least has Shumard Oak as one of its parents. Other physical characteristics of the tree, such as leaf size, sinus depth, and bud features, do not provide definitive answers as to the true parentage of the tree.