A riding board such as a surfboard extending from a tip or front end longitudinally to a tail or rear end. The rear end terminates at a board interface plate that is incorporated into and as part of the riding board. The board interface plate is adapted to be either the tail section of the riding board or alternatively, a coupling means for connecting a tail block to the rear end of the board. The board interface plate includes a plurality of spaced apart coupling cavities that extend inwardly into the riding board body from the rear end. The surfboard may also be used with an interchangeable tail block having a tail faceplate that interfaces and couples with the interface plate on the surfboard. The tail block may be configured to most any desired tail configuration, size and shape.

Conventional riding boards come in a variety of shapes and sizes, each having its own set of characteristics. A key component of these riding boards is the tail section as it shape and configuration significantly impacts the board's riding characteristics. Moreover, the tail section also affects the riding board's length and shape. As a result, the tail section of most personal riding boards, and particularly surfboards, can be provided in a variety of shapes, each tailored to provide a desired riding characteristic. For example, a "squash tail" on a surfboard is generally known to allow a surfer to perform sharper turns and is often preferred on smaller to medium sized waves while an elongated "pin tail" is often preferred for carving turns on larger or more powerful waves. Currently, a rider must have a different riding board to take advantage of the various characteristics provided by each different tail system or block because conventional surfboards are provided with a fixed rear portion or tail. Depending on the manufacturer's preference or design requirement, the tail may be of any shape, thickness, rocker and size. With the increasing price of surfboards, having a variety of boards becomes cost prohibitive.
Another issue with conventional riding boards is damage to the tail section during handling, storage and transportation. Whether sitting in the garage, moving it by car, plane, bicycle or simply transporting it to the riding zone, the tail section of riding boards are notorious for getting damaged. It would be advantageous if the tail section could be replaced with a protective tail cover for such transportation and storage. It would be more advantageous if the riding board could be reduced in size by removing the tail section. It would be even more advantageous if the riding board could be fitted with a removable protective travel tail block. Thus, there is a need for a riding board that can be easily modified for different riding conditions and minimize damage to the riding board tail during transport.

Surfboard having interchangeable tail extensions


Techniques that facilitate access to web components and resources provided by web servers. According to an embodiment of the present invention, information is stored for links that may be used by a user to automatically access a web component. An embodiment of the present invention is described below that stores and manages links that can be used to access portal components stored by a portal.

The present application relates to the management and use of electronic links and more specifically to techniques for managing and using links to access components and resources in a distributed environment.
The popularity of distributed networks such as the Internet and the World Wide Web has given rise to a large number of servers offering services and resources of various sorts. Given the vast amount of information that is available over such distributed networks, it is becoming difficult for users to easily locate and access information and services that are relevant to a user. For example, users often want to access information that is customized and relevant to the user. To this end, web servers have been developed that enable a user to customize the content that is displayed to the user. Such servers are sometimes referred to as portals.
A portal provides a central gateway through which users can access various information sources and services/applications. A portal may provide access to several portal components including one or more portal pages, portal snippets, etc. A portal page may comprise one or more portal snippets that enable data to be retrieved and displayed on the portal page. Portal snippets are generally programs that retrieve data from an information resource and display it on a portal page. Examples of portal snippets include portlets, SAP's iViews, Plumtree's gadgets, Microsoft's web parts, etc. Portals generally allow a user to select and customize portal snippets that are included in the user's portal page or pages. In this manner, the user can customize the content that is retrieved and displayed on the user's portal page. Portal snippets may be developed using Integrated Development Environments (IDEs) such as Visual Studio .NET from Microsoft Corporation. In general, an integrated development environment (IDE) is a set of integrated tools for developing software.
Generally, when a user wishes to access a resource of component provided by a web server, the user has to connect to the appropriate web server, provide information such as user name and password that is used to authenticate the user, and upon successful authentication, browse to the component of interest to the user. For example, in order to access components (e.g., portal pages) stored by a portal, a user generally has to first connect to the portal. The user then has to provide information (e.g., user name, password) that is used to authenticate the user before the user can access portal components. Upon successful authentication, the user can then browse to the component that the user wishes to access. Accordingly, several time consuming activities (e.g., connecting to the portal, providing user name and password, browsing to the component of interest, etc.) have to be performed before a user can access a portal component of interest to the user. The problem is compounded when the user wishes to access components stored by multiple portals, each with their own connection and authentication requirements. Accordingly, techniques are desired that simplify user access to portal components and web server components in general.

Techniques for accessing portal components


Methods and systems for modifying DOCSIS-based transmission paths for communication in higher frequency and/or wireless environments, such as wireless terrestrial communication systems and satellite communication systems. An inner turbo-code is combined with a DOCSIS based Reed-Solomon (“RS”) forward error correction (“FEC”) coding scheme, to produce a concatenated turbo-RS code (other FEC codes can be utilized). In phase and quadrature phase (“I-Q”) processing is utilized to enable relatively low cost up-converter implementations. The I-Q processing is preferably performed at baseband, essentially pre-compensating for analog variations in the transmit path. Power amplifier on/off control capable of controlling on/off RF power control of remote transmitters is modulated on a transmit cable to reduce the need for a separate cable.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to methods and systems for implementing Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification ("DOCSIS") media access protocols, and derivatives thereof, in relatively high frequency applications, such as satellite internet service communications.
2. Related Art
Data, such as internet communication data, can be communicated over cable television lines using cable television modems that comply with Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification ("DOCSIS") media access protocols, and derivatives thereof. A variety of enterprises have invested in DOCSIS-compliant components and infrastructures.
Data can also be communicated with wireless systems, such as satellite communication systems. Wireless systems, however, tend to have requirements to operate with lower signal to noise ratios than DOCSIS systems. Wireless systems also typically utilize frequencies that are relatively much higher than frequencies used in conventional DOCSIS systems. Wireless communication systems, such as satellite communication systems, are, thus, generally not compatible with DOCSIS systems.
What are needed, therefore, are methods and systems for utilizing DOCSIS media access protocols, and derivatives thereof, in wireless communication applications, such as satellite communication systems.

Turbo-coding DOCSIS information for satellite communication


An improved sunshade opening and supporting device is provided with a rack-like member disposed on the main shaft of a sunshade at a section thereof over which the runner of the sunshade travels during the opening and closing of the sunshade; the rack-like member is equipped with a plurality of consecutive Z-shaped teeth each having an oblique face; a horizontal stop piece is disposed at the topmost end of the rack-like member. A groove is disposed on the inner wall of the slidable runner so as to permit the runner to be slidably engaged with the rack-like member; and a cavity is disposed on the wall of the groove of the runner with a spring housed therein. One end of the spring Abuts against a restraint flange of a supporting pin and the other end is limited by a lid secured at one end of the open-ended cavity. A supporting pin having an extended front tip at one end which is led through a through hole disposed at the front of the cavity and is connected to a pivotally operated arc arm pivotally fixed to a lug on the outer wall of the runner at the other end. The extended front tip of the supporting pin is selectively engaged with the teeth of the rack-like member and can disengaged therewith by actuation of the arc arm so as to make the supporting pin retrievably actuated due to the bias spring, causing the sunshade opened and closed readily.

The present invention relates to an improved opening and supporting device for a sunshade which is equipped with a rack-like member having a plurality of Z-shaped teeth disposed on the main shaft at a specific section over which the runner of the sunshade travels during the opening and closing of the same. A supporting pin housed in a cavity which is provided with a through hole at the front end thereof on the wall of the groove with a spring received therein is connected to an arc arm pivotally secured to a lug disposed on the outer wall of the runner. The bias spring is disposed between a restraint flange disposed on the front portion of the supporting pin and a lid secured to the open end of the cavity. So the actuation of the arc arm connected to the end of the supporting pin which is led through a through hole on the lid can force the supporting pin to move backward against the bias spring and the release of the arm permits the biased spring to push the supporting pin to travel in a reverse direction so as to let the front tip of the supporting pin to selectively engage with one tooth of the racklike member whereby the runner of the sunshade can be automatically retained in place when it is pushed upwardly open, and can be slidably operated downwardly when the pivot arm is actuated to make the supporting pin withdrawn in the cavity, permitting the runner to move downward.
As shown in FIG. 1, a prior art sunshade is provided with a plurality of locking holes 111 on the main shaft 11 thereof on which a runner 12 is slidably located. A plurality of supporting ribs 13 are pivotally connected to the runner at one end and connected to the middle of the frame ribs 14 at the other end so that the upward sliding of the runner will push the sunshade open, and the downward movement of the same will make the sunshade collapse. A top cover 15 is attached to the frame of the sunshade. A supporting pin 132 attached to a chain 131 at one end which is secured to one of the supporting ribs 13 is used to retain the runner 12 in place when the supporting pin 132 is selectively engaged with one of the locking holes 111 with the runner located just above the supporting pin 132 and supported in place by the same.
To collapse the sunshade 1, an operator only has to reverse the steps cited above so as to permit the runner 12, free of the retaining of the supporting pin 132, to move downwardly.
Generally speaking, the conventional sunshade opening device using a supporting pin is able to be operated with ease, but there are still some disadvantages associated therewith in practical operation, which are given as follows:
1. The size of the sunshade is usually very large so that it can keep a wide area covered; the larger the sunshade is the heavier it becomes; an operator has to push the runner upwardly with great effort first with hands and then hold the runner in place with one hand and locate the supporting pin with the other; and the supporting pin is selectively inserted into one of the locking holes as long as the runner is disposed at a desired position and the supporting pin is in alignment with the target locking hole. If not, the operator has to make some adjustments of the location of the runner and the supporting pin. To an operator who is too weak to open the heavy sunshade with one hand, the opening of the same without help from others becomes impossible, causing great inconvenience in practical operation.
2. The main shaft and the runner of the sunshade are slidably engaged with each other and the two are usually assembled together in a loose manner so that the runner can be smoothly moved; but the loose engagement of the runner with the main shaft produces crevice therebetween which can get the fingers of an operator hurt easily when the skin of the fingers is accidentally clamped in the crevice in the collapse of the sunshade.
To overcome the above cited problems, the present inventor has worked out an improved opening and supporting device for a sunshade which is presented in details in the following description along with a number of drawings.

No. 123, Liu Tze Lin, Liu Hsiang Ts'un, Shui Shang Hsiang


A semiconductor device includes an inductance structure and a shielding structure. The shielding structure is arranged to at least partially shield the inductance structure from external electromagnetic fields. The shielding structure includes a shielding structure portion arranged along a side of the inductance structure such that the shielding structure portion is around at least a portion of a perimeter of the inductance structure.

A semiconductor device may include an inductance structure (also referred to as an inductance die or an inductance circuit). The inductance structure is a passive two-terminal component designed to store energy in a magnetic field when current flows through the inductance structure. For example, when a current flowing through the inductance structure changes, a time-varying magnetic field induces an electromotive force (i.e., a voltage) in the inductance structure. The induced voltage has a polarity which opposes the change in the current that created the induced voltage. As a result, the inductance structure opposes changes in current flowing through the inductance structure. These characteristics of an inductance structure permit the inductance structure to be used to, for example, reduce noise in a current or to stabilize the current in a semiconductor device.

Electromagnetic shielding structure for a semiconductor device and a method for manufacturing the same

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.


A network adapter configured to functionally connect a local area network cable to a personal computer bus via the computer's standard parallel port. The adapter includes a substantially fully enclosed housing having first and second external connectors respectively configured to mate with a computer's parallel port connector and with a network cable. The adapter is primarily comprised of (1) network interface circuitry for transmitting data packets to and receiving data packets from a local area network and (2) input/output circuitry for bidirectionally transferring data bytes between the network interface circuitry and a computer's parallel port.

The present invention relates to hardware/software systems of the type used to connect a personal computer (PC) to a local area network. Such systems are generally referred to as "network adapters", or more specifically by the particular network type with which the adapter is designed to function; e.g. Ethernet adapter, Token Ring adapter, etc.. Several such adapters are commercially available from different manufacturers. They are typically constructed around network specific chip sets supplied by integrated circuit manufacturers. For example, Intel, National Semiconductor, and Advanced Micro Devices each supply an Ethernet chip set.
In prior art network adapters, the chip set (typically comprised of controller, serial interface, and transceiver chips) is mounted on a circuit board configured for insertion into a spare expansion slot of the PC. When so inserted, the board edge connector automatically connects the chip set to the PC's data and address bus.
More specifically, an exemplary Ethernet chip set marketed by National Semiconductor consists of a Network Interface Controller (NIC) (DP8390), a Serial Network Interface (SNI) (DP8391 or DP83910) and a Coaxial Transceiver Interface (CTI) (DP8392). Working together, this three chip set implements the IEEE 802.3 network standard for connecting personal computers together in a local area network. The CTI chip is typically connected between the Ethernet coaxial cable and the SNI chip to alternatively drive, or receive packet data from, the coaxial cable. The SNI chip is connected between the CTI chip and the NIC chip and basically performs Manchester data encoding/decoding functions. The NIC is the heart of the three chip set and implements all Media Access Control (MAC) functions for transmission and reception of packets in accordance with the IEEE 802.3 standard. In typical prior art network adapters, the NIC connects directly to the PC bus via the aforementioned board edge connector.

Network adapter using status inlines and data lines for bi-directionally transferring data between lan and standard p.c. parallel port


The active matrix type liquid crystal display device has a plurality of liquid crystal elements. Each liquid crystal element has a transistor section, a transistor side conductive light shielding film electrically connected to the transistor section, and a liquid crystal element having an opposing electrode coupled to the transistor section. There are a first potential terminal connected to the opposing electrode and a second potential terminal connected to the transistor side conductive light shielding film with a potential applied by the first potential terminal being independent from a potential applied by the second potential terminal. With this arrangement, the lateral field components around the pixel portion, which become a cause for the reverse tilt of the liquid crystal, are relatively reduced with respect to the vertical field components, thus reducing the disclination and providing excellent display characteristics without residual images.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display device using an amorphous silicon thin film transistor (TFT), and more particularly to a high-definition liquid crystal display device having a conductive light shielding film at a transistor substrate side.
(2) Description of the Related Art
A liquid crystal display device of the kind to which the present invention relates is proposed in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Kokai Publication No. Hei 3-50527. The proposal relates to a thin film transistor array substrate comprising a light shielding film provided on a glass substrate and having an open portion (an aperture) at a pixel electrode formation region, an interlayer insulating film provided on a surface including the light shielding film, a thin film transistor provided on the interlayer insulating film on the light shielding film, and a display electrode provided on the interlayer insulating film so as to be connected with the thin film transistor and be in alignment with the open portion. The light shielding of the TFT region other than the pixel electrode formation region is effected by the light shielding film provided on the glass substrate, and this light shielding suppresses an increase in the TFT off-current caused by back light irradiation, and shields the leakage light from outside the pixel electrode.
The above prior art thin film transistor array substrate is shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, FIG. 1 being a plan view of a unit pixel, FIG. 2 being a sectional view taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 being a sectional view taken along line 3--3 in FIG. 1.
In FIG. 1, the numeral 1 is for a gate electrode, 2 is for a semiconductor layer, 3 is for a drain electrode, 4 is for a source electrode, 5 is for a pixel electrode, 7 is for an end of a TFT side conductive light shielding film, 6 is for an open portion, 11 is for a scanning signal line, and 12 and 13 are for image signal lines. The unit pixel is formed at a region surrounded by the scanning signal line 11 and the image signal lines 12 and 13. The electrical connection is established between the gate electrode 1 of the TFT and the scanning signal line 11, between the drain electrode and the image signal line 12, and between the source electrode 4 and the pixel electrode 5, and the conductive light shielding film having the open portion 6 is provided at the pixel electrode formation region on the glass substrate.
The structure shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 are formed by depositing a Cr film on a glass substrate 100 by a sputtering process, and the portion of the Cr film that corresponds to the pixel electrode formation region is selectively etched so as to form an opening, thus forming the light shielding film 116. Then, a nitride silicon film is deposited on a surface including the light shielding film 116 by a CVD process, thus forming a light shielding layer insulating film 114.
Next, a Cr film is deposited on the light shielding layer insulating film 114, and this is selectively etched so as to form a gate electrode 111 on the light shielding film 116. Thereafter, a nitride silicon film is deposited on a surface including the gate electrode 111 thereby forming a gate insulating film 115.
On the gate insulating film 115 corresponding to the gate electrode 111, there are selectively formed an amorphous silicon film 119 and an n.sup.+ type amorphous silicon layer 119a provided on a surface of the amorphous silicon film and, on the gate insulating film 115 over an open portion of the light shielding film 116, a pixel electrode 105 is formed with the ITO film being selectively provided. Here, the pixel electrode 105 is provided so as to partly overlap peripheral portions of the opening of the light shielding film 116.
Next, a Cr film is deposited on a surface including the amorphous silicon film 119, and the resulting film is selectively etched whereby a drain electrode 113 and a source electrode 118 are formed.
Using the source/drain electrodes 118 and 113 as masks, the n.sup.+ type amorphous silicon layer 119a at a region corresponding to the gate electrode 111 is etched away, thus forming a thin film transistor array substrate. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 4, the light shielding film 116 and the opposing electrode 121 are of the same potential (=V.sub.com) so that the charging capacitor is formed between the light shielding film 116 and the pixel electrode 105.
An equivalent circuit of one pixel in the prior art liquid crystal display device is shown in FIG. 5. The light shielding layer insulating film 114 and the gate insulating film 115 constitute a capacitor between the pixel electrode 5 and the light shielding film 116, and the same potential V.sub.com as for the light shielding film 116 is applied to the opposing electrode 121 which, together with the pixel electrode 105, sandwiches the liquid crystal 130.
In the above prior art example, no light shielding film is disposed on the TFT back channel so that there is a problem with regard to light shielding characteristics.
A thin film transistor array provided with a light shielding film on a back channel is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent Application Kokai Publication No. Sho 60-192370. In this example, a metal light shielding film on the back channel is coupled to either a first stage or a second stage of a gate line. A unit pixel of the thin film transistor array disclosed in the Japanese Patent Application Kokai Publication No. Sho 60-192370 is shown in a plan view in FIG. 6. FIG. 7 shows a sectional view taken along line 7--7 in FIG. 6, and FIG. 8 shows a sectional view taken along line 8--8 in FIG. 6.
In FIG. 6, the numeral 1 is for a gate line as a scanning signal line, 119 is for a semiconductor layer, 3 is for a drain electrode, 4 is for a source electrode, and 5 is for a pixel electrode.
In FIGS. 7 and 8, the numeral 100 is for a glass substrate, 1 is for a gate electrode, 3 is for a drain electrode, 4 is for a source electrode, 115 is for a gate insulating film, 144 is for a common electrode constituted by a transparent conductive layer, 145 is for an interlayer insulating film, 5 is for a pixel electrode, 117 is for a passivation insulating film, and 14 is for a conductive light shielding film on a TFT back channel.
As shown in FIG. 8, the conductive light shielding film 14 of a metal such as Cr on the TFT back channel is connected to a first stage gate electrode 1.
A thin film transistor in which a light shielding film on a back channel is connected to either a source electrode or a drain electrode is disclosed, for example, in Japanese Utility Model Application Kokai Publication No. Hei 3-42124. In this example, as shown in FIG. 9, a back channel side conductive light shielding film 14 formed of a metal is provided on a passivation insulating film 117 on a side opposite to the gate electrode 1ll with a semiconductor layer of an amorphous silicon film 119 and/or an n.sup.+ type amorphous silicon layer 119a being sandwiched therebetween, and the conductive light shielding film 14 is electrically coupled to a drain electrode 3 of the TFT.
In these example s disclosed in the above Japanese Patent Application Kokai Publication No. Sho 60-192370 and Japanese Utility Model Application Kokai Publication No. Hei 3-42124, the back channel side light shielding film fulfills also a role of a back gate, but the potential thereof changes with time and, moreover, cannot be provided as desired or selectively.
In each of the prior art liquid crystal display elements explained hereinabove, there is a trend that, when the element becomes highly defined, the lateral electric field between the pixel electrode and the TFT, the gate scanning line, and the image signal line, increases at the periphery of the pixel electrode (FIG. 4) and, as a consequence, the electric field which is expected to be in the vertical direction towards the liquid crystal between the pixel electrode and the opposing electrode is disturbed. For this reason, a disclination caused by a reverse tilt and a reverse twist of the liquid crystal is apt to occur around the pixel.
The light is constantly transmitted at portions where a disclination occurs, thereby degrading the quality of display. Also, the disclination causes the open portions to move, and this is observed by the user as a residual image.

Active matrix liquid crystal display device with independent potentials applied to the opposing electrode and the transistor side conductive light shielding film


An amplifier includes a common load suitable for outputting an output signal, a coarse input differential stage, coupled to the common load, suitable for amplifying a difference between an input signal and a coarse ramping signal to output a coarse conversion signal as a first output signal, when the coarse ramping signal is lower than the input signal, and a fine input differential stage, coupled to the common load, suitable for amplifying a difference between a fine ramping signal and a bias signal and compensating the first output signal to output a fine conversion signal as the output signal, when a zero crossing occurs by the compensated first output signal.

1. Field
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to an image sensor (IS), and more particularly, to a amplifier, which includes a multi input differential stage by employing an additional input differential pair, a comparator, and an analog-to-digital converting apparatus using the same.
In the following embodiments, a two-step single-slope analog-to-digital converter (ADC) will be illustrated, for the illustrative purpose. However, the present invention may be applied to a multi-step multi-slope ADC as well as a multi-step single-slope ADC, and may also be applied to a system requiring a high-speed multi-step single-slope ADC or multi-step multi-slope ADC. Thus, the present invention is not limited to the two-step single-slope ADC.
2. Description of the Related Art
A method for two (multi)-step single-slope A/D conversion were disclosed in related art documents such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,670,904 issued to Alexey Yakovlev on Dec. 30, 2003, entitled as 'Double-Ramp ADC For CMOS Sensors,' and an article by Seunghyun Lim, 'A High-Speed CMOS Image Sensor With Column-Parallel Two-Step Single-Slope ADCs', IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 393-398, March, 2009.
The devices according to the related arts store a coarse ramping voltage for most significant bit (MSB) conversion in a top plate of a capacitor, connect an input stage for fine ramping to a bottom plate of the corresponding capacitor during fine ramping for least significant bit (LSB) conversion, and use the principle that the voltage having been stored in a floating state in the top plate of the capacitor changes according to a fine ramping voltage.
The devices according to the related arts fundamentally may have a concern in that the slopes of the coarse ramping voltage and the fine ramping voltage which are inputted to a comparator during the coarse ramping and the fine ramping may differ depending on a conversion process.
That is, while the coarse ramping voltage may be directly stored in the capacitor and simultaneously transmitted to an input stage of the comparator without a loss, the fine ramping voltage is coupled in series to parasitic capacitance of the input stage of the comparator through the capacitor. Thus, the fine ramping voltage may be transmitted with a loss.
Therefore, the devices according to the related arts do not have a linear output characteristic with respect to an input full range during A/D conversion. That is, a code shift may occur.

Amplifier using multi input differential pair, and comparator and analog-to-digital converting apparatus using the same


A control device for a coupling electromagnet in particular for a starter motor for a motor vehicle, operable to regulate the speed of engagement of the pinion of the ring gear in such a way as to avoid stresses wear and noise due to excessive speed of engagement in the initial phase of the starting operation. The device operates in a closed loop with a feedback signal generated by an estimator.

The present invention relates in general to coupling devices and more specifically refers to a control device for a coupling electromagnet which can be associated with a starter motor used for starting an internal combustion engine.
As is known the use of electric motors for starting heat engines, in particular internal combustion engines is widely diffused. In the case of internal combustion engines of motor vehicles this starting system has by now in fact become standard.
To start an internal combustion engine by means of an electric starter motor the motor and the engine are coupled by means of gear wheels. On the drive shaft of the starter motor there is fitted a gear wheel commonly called a pinion, whilst on the internal combustion engine's crankshaft there is fitted another gear wheel, called a ring gear, having a decidedly greater diameter than the diameter of the pinion.
By energising the starter motor this, by means of the pinion and ring gear which mesh together, drive the internal combustion engine's crankshaft allowing the engine to start. It is, however, evident that the pinion and ring gear cannot be permanently in mesh with one another. In fact, if this were to happen, once the internal combustion engine had started, it would drive the starter motor at high speed certainly causing damage to the two gear wheels and/or to the starter motor. For this purpose the starter motor is therefore provided with an electromagnet intended to cause engagement of the pinion, which can slide in an axial direction with respect to the ring gear in such a way that the respective teeth only mesh during the starting operation.
This system, although accepted and universally adopted in the motor vehicle sector, is not however free from disadvantages. In fact, the conventional starting systems do not provide any control for the supply of the electromagnets so that the pinion and ring gear are subject to high stresses due to the excessive speed with which the pinion comes into contact with the ring gear. This excessive speed also causes an annoying acoustic noise especially if the teeth of the pinion strike against those of the ring gear. Moreover, since the internal combustion engine tends always to stop in predetermined positions the teeth of the ring gear involved in these impacts tend always to be the same thereby causing localised wear.
Further problems can arise for example if the user, when starting the engine, maintains the starting contacts closed for a period of time greater than necessary, thereby causing excessive wear and overheating of the starter motor.
Some solutions proposed to overcome these disadvantages are known in the art. For example the document EP-A-0 727 577 describes a starter system comprising a device for controlling the speed of translation of the coupling electromagnet using a tachometric sensor for the purpose of detecting this speed of translation. In the document EP-A-0 727 667, there is described an electromagnetic tachometric sensor which can be used in such a starter system.
This arrangement allows an effective control of the speed of translation of the coupling electromagnet to be effected, but is not free from disadvantages. In fact, the use of a tachometric sensor involves a not insignificant increase in the cost and complexity of the system. There are also known arrangements in which this control is effected without a tachometric sensor but by measuring the current in the winding of the coupling electromagnet. For example, in the document U.S. Pat. No. 5 383 428 there is described a starter system comprising an electronic control unit operable to detect the current in the winding of the coupling electromagnet by means of a measurement resistor (or shunt) and to control this current. This measurement resistor is connected to the winding of the coupling electromagnet in that it is constituted by a portion of copper wire constituting a part of this winding. This arrangement however has the disadvantage of not allowing a sufficiently accurate control of the speed of translation of the electromagnet for various reasons which will be discussed in more detail hereinafter.

Device for controlling a coupling electromagnet for starting an internal combustion engine, in particular for a motor vehicle


A portable apparatus for collecting pet feces includes a basin having oppositely spaced edge portions, a planar bottom surface and a pair of oppositely disposed flange portions protruding outwardly. A housing is mounted on top of the basin and includes integral and opaque sidewalls protruding upwardly from the basin. One sidewall has a passageway formed therein. The housing further includes a grass-like top layer positionable on a mesh-like bottom layer. The apparatus further includes wire handles having lower end portions positionable below the top layer and engageable therewith and top end portions protruding upwardly from the sidewalls. The sidewalls allow a user to maintain a substantially stable grip of the top layer when removing the solid feces during non-operating conditions. The handle lower end portions have generally L-shapes for traversing upwardly and rearwardly through the bottom layer.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to a waste collection apparatus and, more particularly, to a pet waste collection apparatus for collecting pet feces.
2. Prior Art
With the enactment of laws in many locations requiring owners to remove from the streets and sidewalks solid wastes left by pets, the amount of distasteful work involved in keeping pets has increased. Thus, there is a well recognized need for accommodating pets, especially dogs, to defecate. This is true not only in large cities but also in smaller ones as well.
It is known that there are some pet toilets in which entry of the pet onto an upwardly biased treadle forces the treadle to a level position which, in turn, conditions a valve actuation arrangement for opening a control valve when the pet leaves. When the pet steps off the toilet, the treadle returns to its upwardly inclined position whereby control of the valve is opened and a large volume of water flushes down the treadle.
Some pet toilets activate via an electronic sensing means. After the animal leaves, a sensor detects that a platform has returned to its normal level and water is automatically introduced to a level of the platform. An ultrasonic transducer emits ultrasonic waves which clear the platform and other areas of the pet toilet.
The prior art has several limitations. In some cases, the prior art is not connected to the home's conventional plumbing system and this can cause the need for human intervention in order to properly clean the device. In other cases, the device's structure is such that it limits the size of the pet, so that only smaller animals can use the device. In still other prior art toilets, a timing device could cause the toilet to flush while in use or a malfunction of moveable flooring, upon flushing, could injure the pet.
Accordingly, a need remains for an improved pet toilet which overcomes these disadvantages. The present invention is very convenient for use in the home, and the flushing and cleaning are carried out automatically.


The present invention relates to methods and arrangements of optimizing radio resource utilization at a group communication for members of a specific group in a communication network system, comprising communication network nodes (15) communicating over a radio interface on downlink (12) and uplink (13) radio bearers with a plurality of user equipments (18) each of which is associated with one of said members. A shared downlink radio bearer for low priority listening members of said specific group is established. The low priority listening members are assigned to the shared downlink radio bearer.

Under the development of the long term evolution (LTE) by the third generation partnership project (3GPP), broadcasting of user data, such as IP-TV, is currently being planned. Multimedia broadcast/multicast services (MBMS) is the technique envisioned for the broadcasting services in LTE.
The actors within the field of national security and public safety (NSPS) are engaged in a constant strive to protect the society and its citizens against attacks and dangers of various forms. The national security refers to the protection of the society against any form of attack. Public safety refers to the protection of the society from all types of harm, danger, injury or damage and is provided by emergency services, such as the police, the fire brigade etc. Reliable communication and information supply are critical for the success of a mission. Public safety organizations are, therefore, particularly interested in group communications, i.e. group calls, and dedicated resources are being provided for these organizations.
For national security and public safety (NSPS), a product release for LTE may be based on unicast, i.e. every participant in a group call, in addition to its default bearer, will get a dedicated channel to carry voice. A guaranteed bit rate (GBR) bearer is assumed to be allocated as dedicated bearer for each member participating in the group call. The current assumption is that it shall be possible to support at least 100 simultaneous users per cell on a 5 MHz bearer. For future product releases, the MBMS multicast mode would be a natural choice for NSPS group calls. In the MBMS multicast mode, the user subscribes to the multicast service and land charging data for the end user may be generated.
For scenarios where the participants in a group call tend to cluster, e.g. at the scene of some major fire or other accident, the number of users in one cell may exceed the capacity of an NSPS system based on unicast. To handle those scenarios, a broadcast solution would be needed. As stated above, MBMS is being standardized and it will take considerable time before MBMS capable user equipments (UEs) reach the market. There is, therefore, a need for a solution which overcomes at least one of the above-mentioned drawbacks.

Methods and arrangements for optimizing radio resource utilization at group communications


The invention relates to a filtering and deodorizing device for use with a colostomy pouch. The device of the invention comprises a housing having first and second chambers in gas flow communication with one another; gas inlet means adapted for connection to the colostomy pouch, for introducing into the first chamber gas flowing from the pouch; filtering means in the first chamber for filtering gas flowing through the inlet means; deodorizing means in the second chamber for deodorizing the filtered gas flowing from the first chamber; gas control means positioned downstream of the deodorizing means and operative between open and closed positions for regulating gas build-up in the pouch; and gas outlet means for discharging the gas flowing from the second chamber when the gas control means is in the open position. Gas build-up in the pouch is released when the gas control means is in the open position so that the gas flows from the pouch through the first chamber and then through the second chamber and is evacuated as a filtered and deodorized gas through the gas outlet means.

The present invention pertains to improvements in the field of colostomy products. More particularly, the invention relates to a filtering and deodorizing device for use with a colostomy pouch.
Colostomy is the surgical formation of an artificial anus by making an opening from the colon through the abdominal wall. A person having undergone colostomy must constantly keep a colostomy pouch in position against such an opening or stoma by means of a flange attachment to receive feces discharged through the stoma. An abdominal belt support placed over the colostomy pouch is generally used to hold the pouch in position. When such a belt is used, the person cannot release gas build-up accumulated in the closed pouch unless the pouch is disconnected from the flange surrounding the stoma, which can only be accomplished by the removal of clothing and the belt.
Since 1990, colostomy pouches have been provided with perforations defining a vent for gas buildup release. However, there is no control of the gas release which provides an offensive odor. With no control of the gas release, the pouch will completely deflate and come into contact with the stoma. The pouch touching the stoma causes the puddling and accumulation of discharged feces around the attachment flange. The accumulation of feces, on the other hand, causes irritation of the skin around the stoma if the feces are not removed and the skin washed.
Because a gas release problem can occur at the most unexpected moment, many persons have been using colostomy pouches without the above vent, thereby trapping the gas. The person must then retreat to a private room to disconnect the pouch so as to allow the release of the trapped gas. This procedure requires of course the removal of the person's clothing to gain access to the pouch.

Filtering and deodorizing device for use with colostomy pouch


A method is provided for fabricating a fin field-effect transistor. The method includes providing a substrate having a first region and a second region; and forming a plurality of fin structures on a surface of the substrate. The method also includes forming a first mask layer having a plurality of first openings exposing the fin structures in the first region near the second region; and removing the fin structures in the first region near the second region. Further, the method includes forming a second mask layer on the fin structures in the second region; and removing the fin structures in the first region. Further, the method also includes forming fins by etching the substrate using the fin structures in the second region as an etching mask; and forming a gate structure and source/drain regions in the fins at both sides of the gate structure.

With the development of the semiconductor manufacturing technology, technical nodes have consistently decreased, the high-K/metal gate technology have been widely used. A desired threshold voltage has been obtained by forming a metal layer with a different work function between the high dielectric constant (high-K) dielectric layer and the metal gate structure of the high-K/metal gate structure. However, when the critical dimension (CD) is further reduced, the structures of conventional MOS field effect transistors (MOSFETs) are unable to match requirements of the device performance. Fin field-effect transistors (FinFET) have attracted extensive attentions because they may substitute the conventional devices.
FIG. 1 illustrates an existing FinFET. As show in FIG. 1, the FinFET includes a semiconductor substrate 10 and a protruding fin 14 formed on the semiconductor substrate 10. The fin 14 may be formed by etching the semiconductor substrate 10. The FinFET also includes a first dielectric layer 11 covering a surface of the semiconductor substrate 10 and a portion of side surfaces of the fin 14, and a metal gate structure 12 stretching across the fin 14 and covering the top and side surfaces of the fin 14. The metal gate structure 12 includes a high-K dielectric layer (not shown) on the side and top surface of the fin 14; a metal gate electrode (not shown) formed on the high-K dielectric layer; and a second dielectric layer (not shown) covering the first dielectric layer 11 and the fin 14. The surface of the second dielectric layer levels with the surface of the metal gate structure 12.
However, when the technical node of the FinFET is further reduced, the performance of the FinFET may need further improvement. The disclosed device structures and methods are directed to solve one or more problems set forth above and other problems.

Fin field effect transistors and fabrication method thereof

SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING INTERNATIONAL (BEIJING) CORPORATION

SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING INTERNATIONAL (SHANGHAI) CORPORATION


A method apparatus and computer program product for providing access to host attribute information in a storage area network is disclosed. The storage area network is composed of a plurality of hosts coupled to at least one initiator. Each initiator is coupled to one or more targets and each initiator has an associated identifier. In each host, the identifier of the initiator is related to other host attribute information. The identifier may be, for example, a world wide name. The host attribute information including the identifier is sent from each of the plurality of hosts to the one or more targets and stored in memory of an associated storage array. Either a host or requestor remote from the storage array may request the collected host attribute information from the storage array. A topology of the storage area network may then be formed from the host attribute information of each host.

As businesses grow, so too do their requirements for the storage of data. Storage area networks (SANs) are a scalable solution to this problem, allowing additional storage devices to be added as the need arises. SANs contain storage devices and servers forming a network configuration. SANs provide a mechanism through which all of a business' storage devices may be made available to all of the servers in the business' computer network. The servers in a SAN are coupled to the computer network of the business and act as a pathway between the end user and the stored data. Because stored data does not reside directly on any of the SAN's servers or the servers of the computer network external from the SAN, server power is utilized for business applications, and network capacity is released to the end user. Since there is no central processing bottleneck and many storage devices may be connected to the SAN, the SAN is scalable.
One of the major challenges for the designers of SANs involves their configuration and management. Due to the ever growing number of components in a scalable SAN, the changing state of those components, and the multitude of physical and logical relationships between components, creating a topology of the SAN which a system manager can use possesses a difficult task. Prior art SANs do not have the ability to automatically create a current topology providing recognizable identifiers for the connected components. As such, system managers are forced to create associations between the world wide name of particular host bus adapters (HBAs) and the servers that are connected to them.
At best, in a SAN in which the components are connected through a fibre channel, the communication protocol of the fibre channel provides a means at the storage array for linking a world wide name (WWN) of a host bus adapter (HBA) to an identifier of the storage array, but the protocol does not provide any information about the server connected to the host bus adapter and therefore does not define a usable topology for the SAN.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Pushing attribute information to storage devices for network topology access


The present invention produces very stable, covalently bonded separation substrates for separations application such as liquid and gas chromatography as well as capillary zone electrophoresis. An intermediate substrate is prepared which has hydride species on the substrate surface. These hydrides preferably are further derivatized by the catalytic addition of organic compounds bearing a terminal vinyl group. The final surface modification contains closely packed, direct carbon linkages that are stable.

Chemically modified silicas have been, and continue to be, widely used as supports in a great variety of chromatographic separations. With the aim of controlling its selectivity while reducing unwanted interactions with one or more compounds, numerous synthetic procedures have been developed to attach organic moieties (R) on the silica surface. Early work on the chemical modification of silica described the use of an esterification reaction between surface silanol groups and an alcohol to give Si-O-C linkages (Halasz and Sebastian, Angew. Chem. (Int. Ed.) 8:453 (1969); Deuel, et al., HeIv. Chim. Acta 119:1160 (1959)). Although such materials were useful for many separations, their limited hydrolytic stability seriously precluded the extensive usage of these bonded phases, particularly in liquid chromatography which requires the use of aqueous eluents.
Currently, commercially available bonded phases are prepared by reacting selected organosilanes with the silica surface. Halogen- or alkoxy-substituted alkyldimethylsilanes react with the surface silanols attached to the silica surface through an Si-0-Si-C linkage. By using this approach it is possible to produce bonded silicas with a great variety of organic groups, ranging from non-polar materials, for instance, octyl- and octadecyl-silicas (R --(CH.sub.2).sub.n CH.sub.3, with n-7 and 17 respectively) commonly used as bonded supports in reversed-phase liquid chromatography, to ionic materials such as benzenesulphonic acid derivatives, which are widely used in ion-exchange liquid chromatography. The preparation of these and similar materials are described in a number of publications (e.g., Roumeliotis and Unger, J. Chromatogr. 149:211 (1978) or Asmus, et al., J. Chromatogr. 123:109 (1976)) and patents (Sebastian, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,956,179; Hancok, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,257,916; or Ramsden, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,661,248).
The new development of electrophoretic separations in a capillary format has promoted the extent of the silane technology normally used in chromatography to the deactivation of the inner wall of the quartz capillary. Thus, Jorgenson, et al. (Science 222:266 (1983)) have noted that separation of model proteins, such as cytochrome, lysozyme and ribonuclease A, in untreated fused silica capillaries with a phosphate buffer at pH 7 was accompanied by strong tailing, and suggested that this might be caused by strong interactions of the proteins and the capillary wall. Derivatization of the capillary wall has been proven effective to prevent or control protein sorption. In another application (U.S. Pat. No. 4,680,201 issued 1987), Hjerten describes a method for preparing a thinwall, capillary tube for electrophoretic separations by use of a bifunctional compound in which one group (usually a terminal --SiX.sub.3 group where X=Ethoxy, methoxy or chloride) reacts with the glass wall and the other (usually an olefin group) does so with a monomer taking part in a polymerization process. This process resulted in a wall-bonded, polymer-filled capillary useful for polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition, by chemically modifying the quartz surface of the capillary, operational variables such as the electroosmotic flow are said to be more amenable to control.
The extensive usage of these bonded materials in chromatography and capillary electrophoresis does not necessarily imply that they meet all requirements with respect to separation performance and stability. On the contrary, they are subject to serious effects arising primarily from a relatively limited organic coverage due to the "bulky" methyl groups of the silane reagent and from a still unsatisfactory hydrolytic stability, particularly under moderately acidic or slightly alkaline elution conditions. This limited surface coverage along with a hydrolytically labile organic layer both result in the exposure of a substantial number of surface silanols, groups which are known to be primarily responsible for the residual adsorption phenomena that plague silicon-based materials. These so called "silanophilic" interactions are usually undesirable in chromatography as well as in capillary electrophoresis because they often result in "tailing" peaks, catalyzed solute decomposition, lead to unreliable quantitation, etc. One of the most striking cases of silanophilic interactions occurs perhaps in the separation of certain compounds containing amino or other similar groups, particularly biomolecules. For instance, many proteins may interact very strongly with unreacted silanols leading to excessive band tailing, incomplete recovery of one or more solutes, or even recovery of the same component from different bands. As a result of such problems, other organosilane reagents have been developed.
Two related approaches have been proposed in which the methyl groups of the organosilane reagent are replaced either by a "bidentate" or by a bulkier group (Kirkland and McCormick, Chromatographia 24:58 (1987)). In both cases the new groups are aimed to shield the unreacted silanols as well as the hydrolytically labile linkage that bonds the silane to the support. Although this steric protection has resulted in somewhat improved bonded phases, the necessity still exists for a truly effective silane chemistry.
In another completely different approach, bonded silicas bearing direct Si-C linkages have been developed. They involve the sequential reaction of the silica substrate with a chlorinating reagent (e.g., thionyl chloride) and a proper alkylating reagent (e.g., a Grignard or organolithium compound). In principle this method should provide not only a closer attachment and a denser coverage of organic functionalities but also a more hydrolytically stable bonded phase than that obtained by the corresponding Si-O-Si-C linkage. Nevertheless, the application of chlorination/Grignard or chlorination/organolithium reaction sequence to modify silica substrates has been hindered by several factors. One factor is that the one-step organosilanization (such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,956,179 to Sebastian, et al.) is relatively easy to produce materials as compared to the two-step halogenation/alkylation which, additionally, demands rigorous moisture-free conditions. Difficulties associated with the removal of residual salts which may be occluded in the porous silica matrix during the alkylation process is also an important factor which has contributed to the limited usage of this synthetic approach. Additionally, the preparation of the alkylation reagent exhibits strong interferences with many reactive functionalities, particularly those containing carbonyl, nitrile, carboxyl, amide, alcohol, etc. That is, the great reactivity which makes a Grignard reagent so useful in many synthetic approaches seriously limits its applicability. The organic group, R, in the Grignard reagent, RMgBr, must remain intact during the preparation of the reagent. It is a well known fact that Grignard reagents react with acidic components to form the corresponding hydrocarbon group R-H. More strictly, "any compound containing hydrogen attached to an electronegative element such as oxygen, nitrogen, and even triply-bonded carbon are acidic enough to decompose a Grignard reagent" (Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 3rd Edition, 1974). Additionally, a Grignard reagent reacts readily with molecular oxygen, carbon dioxide, and with " nearly every organic compound containing a carbon-oxygen or carbon
nitrogen multiple bond" (supra). The group nitro (--NO.sub.2) also appears to react oxidatively with a Grignard reagent. It seems clear therefore that only a very limited number of organic functionalities may be present in the halide compound from which a Grignard reagent can be prepared. Being even more reactive than the corresponding Grignard reagent, an organolithium reagent should exhibit the same limitations described above in a similar or greater extent. This, of course, greatly limits the versatility of this approach.
It is therefore desirable to address the shortcomings of existing bonded packings by developing an alternate silane chemistry which combines the superior coverage and hydrolytic stability of direct Si-C linkages with the preparation simplicity of silane derivatization.

Silicon hydride surface intermediates for chemical separations apparatus


A polar group-containing ethylene polymer or copolymer having improved insulating properties, or a composition thereof is characterized in that said polar group-containing ethylene polymer or copolymer contains 20 to 8000 ppm of a polar group having a dipole moment of more than 0.8 debye. The polymer can be used in a power cable as insulation.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a polar group-containing ethylene polymer or copolymer having improved high-voltage insulating characteristics and improved moldability, and to a composition thereof. The invention also relates to a high-voltage cable made by utilization of said ethylene polymer or copolymer or said composition.
More particularly, the present invention relates to a polar group-containing polymer or copolymer having improved insulation resistance and good dielectric breakdown strength, a composition thereof, and a high-voltage power cable made from said polymer or copolymer or said composition.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Heretofore, high-pressure radical polymerization process polyethylene and crosslinked polyethylene are used widely as an insulating material for high-voltage cables because of their excellent electric characteristics.
Nevertheless, the need for continuing improvement in power loss during transmission indicates the need for still further technological progress in high-voltage cables.
One of the means for decreasing such power loss is to increase the insulation resistance of the insulating materials to be used for the production of high-voltage cables.
In recent years, the field of high-voltage cables wherein said cables are used is expanding into such regions where even higher-voltage insulating materials are required. In spite of this fact, the thickness of the insulating layer for high-voltage cables tends to be decreasing year by year because of increasing transportation and installation costs.
Therefore, there is a continuing and growing demand for improving electric properties such as dielectric breakdown strength of a high-voltage insulating layer for power cables to decrease the thickness of the insulating layer.
The present invention is based on a finding that a remarkable improvement of insulation resistance of an ethylene polymer or copolymer can be attained by incorporation of a specific polar group in a specific amount into said ethylene polymer or copolymer.

Ethylene polymers or copolymers having improved insulating properties, compositions, and power cables made therefrom


A method for processing LBT monitoring failures, a method for transmitting preambles, apparatuses thereof and a system. The method for processing LBT monitoring failures includes: a physical layer of a terminal equipment performs LBT monitoring, and indicates an LBT monitoring failure or random access preamble transmission drop or an LBT detection instance failure to an MAC layer or an RRC layer when the physical layer deems that the LBT monitoring fails; and the MAC layer or RRC layer of the terminal equipment performs at least one piece of the following processing according to the indication: performing resource selection; triggering channel selection or BWP switching; triggering a radio link failure; triggering RRC connection reestablishment; and performing counter maintenance.

Radio link failure (RLF) is a hot topic in communication standardization research.
In New Radio (NR), detection of a radio link failure will be triggered when the following conditions are met that: a timer T 310 expires, a random access procedure fails and the timer T 311 is not running, and radio link control (RLC) fails. Reference may be made to existing standards for definitions of timers T 310 and T 311.
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a random access procedure. As shown in FIG. 1, when the terminal equipment does not receive a random access response or contention resolution is unsuccessful, a counter "PREAMBLE_TRANSMISSION_COUNTER" is added by 1. When a value of the counter is "preambleTransMax+1", the terminal equipment indicates "a random access problem" to an upper layer.
In a case where a radio link failure occurs, if the terminal equipment is not configured with dual connectivity (DC), or the terminal equipment is configured with DC and the radio link failure occurs in a master cell group (MCG), the terminal equipment deems that it is a radio link failure of the master cell group, in which case the terminal equipment may stay in a connected state, select a suitable cell and perform connection reestablishment. If no suitable cell is found within a certain period of time after the radio link failure, the terminal equipment may enter into an idle state. If the terminal equipment is configured with DC and the radio link failure occurs in a secondary cell group (SCG), the terminal equipment deems that it is a radio link failure of the secondary cell group, in which case the terminal equipment may report the failure to a network device via a secondary cell group failure information process.
On the other hand, a problem of frequency resources has always been one of the important topics in the discussion of communication technologies. In order to solve the problem of frequency resources, in addition to improving resource utilization, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) also tried to use more frequency bands, including unlicensed bands. In order to provide 3GPP services on unlicensed bands, the following mechanisms are introduced: Listen Before Talk (LBT), and Discovery RS Measurement Timing Configuration (DMTC).
It should be noted that the above description of the background is merely provided for clear and complete explanation of this disclosure and for easy understanding by those skilled in the art. And it should not be understood that the above technical solution is known to those skilled in the art as it is described in the background of this disclosure.

Method and apparatus for processing LBT monitoring failures and system


Carbon electrode impregnating pitch is made from coal tar by centrifugation of the coal tar to remove particulates, followed by milling and distilling the remaining material.

The commercial carbon industry manufactures graphite electrodes that are used in electric-arc steelmaking furnaces. These carbon artifacts must carry large electric currents in the steel melting processes. The desirable characteristics of these carbon electrodes are high density, high modulus of elasticity, high electrical conductivity and high flexural strength.
Such electrodes are typically made by mixing petroleum coke with coal-tar pitch having a high solids content including many particles greater than 10 microns, known as binder pitch. The mix is extruded to form a cylinder known as a "green form", which is baked at 900.degree.-1300.degree. C. to volatilize and remove non-carbonaceous material. When the green form is baked, it is transformed from a product which contains about 95% carbon to one which contains greater than 99% carbon. During the baking process, some of the organic compounds are destructively distilled, resulting in carbon deposition in the form. As the vaporized materials vacate their specific locations and exit the form, they produce a porous and channeled structure, resulting in a reduced density and reduced capacity of the form for carrying current. Impregnating pitches are used to fill the pores and channels to increase the carbon density of the form and thus improve the current carrying capacities of the electrode. After impregnation, the form is baked again and then graphitized at temperatures as high as 3000.degree. C.
In the prior art, impregnation required a pitch having a low content of solids greater than about 1 micron in size. Petroleum pitch has been most frequently used in the past because it is relatively free of solid particles; if coal-tar pitch is used, it must have a low solids content to pass the filterability test. Solids content of coal-tar pitch is generally expressed in terms of quinoline insolubles, or "QI", because the particulate matter in coal-tar pitch is largely particles of coal, coke and carbon, which are insoluble in quinoline, while the balance of the pitch is soluble.
More particularly, there are five characteristics normally used to guide the choice of a coal-tar impregnating pitch. These are:
1. Softening point, usually as measured by ASTM D3104. This test gives an indication of pitch viscosity at impregnating conditions. PA1 2. Quinoline Insolubles, (QI), usually is measured by ASTM D2318. This test provides a measure of the coal, coke, and carbon particles in the pitch as well as any liquid crystals that may have formed if the pitch was heat-treated. PA1 3. Ash, usually as measured by ASTM D2415. This test gives an indication of materials that may be left in the electrode that may catalyze carbon loss under ultimate use conditions. PA1 4. Coking value, usually as measured by ASTM D2416. This test gives an indication of how much in-situ carbon will be deposited from the impregnating pitch in the electrode. PA1 5. Rate of filtration and filterability index as measured by any suitable process, which may be similar to that described by Couderc et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,542, column 1, lines 40-65, incorporated herein by reference. Generally, filterability indices of 2.5 g.sup.2 /min. or greater are considered acceptable for an impregnant.
Because of its extremely low solids content and high filterability index, petroleum pitch is normally utilized as the impregnating pitch. However, petroleum pitch has a lower in-situ carbon yield than coal-tar pitch and yields a more non-uniform deposition of its carbon. Coal-tar pitch generally has a lower filterability index because of the coal and coke particles contained therein and is usually subjected to the expensive step of solids removal to make a suitable impregnant.
The present invention enables the economic use of coal-tar pitch as the impregnant for green form electrodes.
As mentioned above, it has been known in the past to use petroleum pitch as an impregnant for carbon electrodes. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,961,837 and 4,277,324. These patents of course do not address the problem solved by applicant, which is to prepare a coal-tar pitch economically for such use.
The basic objective of the Couderc et al patent mentioned above (U.S. Pat. No. 4,997,542) is to make a pitch having minimal QI. The present invention has as its object the opposite, in the sense that the quinoline insoluble materials are preserved in the pitch insofar as possible or practical. Couderc et al employ a thermal treatment and flash distillation, and do not centrifuge as does the present invention.
A relatively simple centrifugation of coal tar is shown by Bernet et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,036,603. While the description says the liquid product is "substantially solid-free" (column 1, line 54), no use is suggested for it, and very likely it would be unsuitable as an impregnation pitch because of residual particles greater than one micron.
Boodman et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,436,615, prepare a coal-tar pitch which is proposed for making electrodes. They filter as well as centrifuge, and optionally distill liquids from the separation steps to make a product suggested for impregnating graphite electrodes (column 3, line 68-column 4, line 1).
Mori et al, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,640,761, use a heat-treating step prior to centrifugation to cause aggregation of relatively small particles of quinoline insolubles so they can be more easily removed; in Mori et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,986,895, two centrifugation steps are used with heat treatment between them to cause aggregation of the smaller quinoline insolubles to facilitate centrifugation.
A low QI impregnating pitch is made by Chu et al in U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,774. They use an oxidation system with no resemblance to applicant's.
The only reference of which I am aware utilizing milling actually mills coal-tar pitch rather than coal tar. This is Japanese Patent 63,130,697 (Jun. 2, 1988), which made a pitch capable of impregnating graphite electrodes having a porosity of 17%. The process is not like applicant's, which combines the steps of centrifugation and milling.

Process for making carbon electrode impregnating pitch from coal tar


A radar apparatus for a motor vehicle including a transceiver device configured to transmit radar radiation and to receive the radar radiation reflected from objects in an environment of the radar apparatus and to generate a measurement signal, and a protection device configured to protect the transceiver device from external influences. The thickness of the protective device is at least in sections less than 10% of a wavelength of the radar radiation passing through the protective device.

Modern motor vehicles are provided with a multitude of sensors to detect the vehicle's environment. Based on the sensor data generated, driver assistance systems may support the driver or steer the vehicle partially or completely autonomously. Radar sensors may be used to calculate distances and relative speeds. These sensors are usually located at the front or rear of the vehicle, especially in the area of the bumper or behind the radiator grille. Radar sensors comprise antenna elements for generating electromagnetic radar radiation as well as electronics that control the antenna elements. Since these components may easily be damaged by external environmental influences, it is necessary to design a protective device that prevents the components from being directly exposed to the environment. Such a protective device is referred to as a radome and is preferably configured to blend in with the external appearance of the vehicle.

Radar apparatus, method of manufacturing a radar apparatus and motor vehicle

Brose Fahrzeugteile SE & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft, Bamberg


A method for fabricating a ceramic material includes impregnating a porous structure with a mixture that includes a preceramic polymer and a filler. The filler includes at least one free metal. The preceramic polymer material is then rigidized to form a green body. The green body is then thermally treated to convert the rigidized preceramic polymer material into a ceramic matrix located within pores of the porous structure. The same thermal treatment or a second, further thermal treatment is used to cause the at least one free metal to move to internal porosity defined by the ceramic matrix or pores of the porous structure.

This disclosure relates to ceramic processing. Ceramic materials are known and used for components such as coatings, ceramic bodies and ceramic matrices. Ceramic materials may be fabricated using techniques such as powder processing and sintering, polymer impregnation and pyrolysis, or melt or slurry infiltration. However, these processing techniques can limit the chemistry and microstructure of the ceramic material.

Method for fabricating a ceramic material


The present invention relates to the use of a plant material of the species Trichilia sp., alone or in association with one or more of the following plants: Paullinia cupana (Sapindaceae), Croton moritibensis (Euphorbiaceae) and Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae) in the treatment, reversion, combat and/or prevention of ventricular fibrillation. A product particularly embraced by the present invention comprises the plant material of the species Trichilia sp., alone or in association with extracts from other plants. The invention also refers to the use of one or more fractions of plant extract from such plant material, particularly of Trichilia catigua A. Juss, and of one or more subfractions of said fractions in the treatment, combat, prevention and/or reversion of ventricular fibrillation.

Medicinal plants known as catuaba (Trichilia sp.) have recognized uses due to their stimulating activities for the nervous system, specially for sexual incapacity of the male genital organs, and as a tonic in the treatment of physical and mental fatigue. For example, Trichilia catigua A. Juss is greatly used for such purpose.
Trichilia catigua A. Juss is a Brazilian medicinal plant, abundantly growing in the north and northeast of the country. Although this plant has been used for centuries by the native population, there are few scientific studies for demonstrating the pharmaceutical properties thereof or their phytochemical composition.
Already known are, e.g., phytotherapeutic formulations prepared from extracts of catuaba plants (Trichilia sp.), which can be used alone or in combination with other medicinal plant extracts, such as guarana. A number of alternative formulations containing extracts of other species of catuaba are already well-known from the state-of-the-art, all of them being related to the tonic and stimulating effect of this group of plants.
There already exist in the art phytotherapeutical products comprising a combination of extracts from plants of the Trichilia sp. species, particularly Trichilia catigua (Meliaceae), Paullinia cupana (Sapindaceae), Croton moritibensis(Euphorbiaceae) and Zingiber officinale (Zingiberaceae), for example.
A commercially available product, related to that tonic and stimulating effect, and comprising extracts from the above-mentioned plants in combination with suitable carriers is Catuama®, Catuama®, in particular, is a phytotherapeutic drug widely used in Brazil. Its composition consists of 4 extracts from medicinal plants including: catuaba (Trichilia catigua A. Juss, Meliaceae—plant), guarana (Paullinia cupana Kunth, Sapinadaceae—seeds), muirapuama (Croton moritibensis Baill., Euphorbiaceae—root) and ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Zingiberaceae—rhizome).
On the other hand, it is known that ventricular fibrillation is the major cause of sudden death, being present at 70% of the cases of cardiac standstill, specially in patients suffering from coronary cardiopathy. Its electrophysiological mechanism involves a great disorganization of cardiac electrical activity, with changes in the conduction of the stimulus and ventricular repolarization leading to the development of multiple reentrant circuits, the so-called fibrillation "rotors". It often occurs as the ultimate event of a cardiopathy.
The survival rate for this arrhythmia is still too low, less than 5%. Even for those individuals who achieve reversion at sinus rhythm, hospital discharge rate is disappointing. Thus, there is a great interest in finding and standardizing measures which increase survival in such a critical condition.
So far, the only available treatment for this arrhythmia is the electrical defibrillation. According to American Heart Association recommendations, electrical defibrillation should always be tried as a first treatment, and may subsequently be associated to the use of pharmaceuticals. The major difficulty with this therapy resides in two facts: first, the defibrillator may only be used by well-trained people, even in the case of semi-automatic models, and its cost is very high; second, the defibrillation time is critical, it being known that at every minute the chances of an effective reversion is reduced by 10%. Thus, a simple measure, which could be quickly used by individuals with no specific training, would be greatly useful.

Pharmaceutical composition comprising plant material or


Reverse Link (RL) data rate allocation in a High Data Rate (such as 1xEV-DO) system as a function of Forward Link (FL) channel quality. Rate shaping of a throughput profile for multiple Access Terminals (ATs) is performed by adjusting transition probabilities associated with a data rate allocation algorithm. The RL maximum data rate per AT is adjusted to reduce the loading in a designated area and result in rate shaping of the cell and/or sector. In one embodiment, the maximum data rates are adjusted as a function of the FL Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR), such as measured per serving sector or as a captured sum total of FL SINR. In still another embodiment, the maximum data rates are adjusted as a function of differences in rise-over-thermal values between neighboring sectors.

1. Field
The present invention relates generally to wireless communication, and particularly to reverse link rate allocation for packet data transmissions.
2. Background
In a wireless communication system, such as a system supporting packetized data communications, a radio link for transmissions from an Access Network (AN), or system infrastructure, to an Access Terminal, or remote user, is referred to as a downlinik or Forward Link (FL). The radio link for transmissions from the AT to the AN is referred to as the uplinik or Reverse Link (RL). Each AT determines an appropriate data rate for RL transmissions. Various methods for determining RL transmission rates from an AT are discussed in "SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PERSISTENCE-VECTOR-BASED MODIFICATION OF USAGE RATE ASSIGNMENT," by Gadi Karmi, et al., having U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/410,199, filed on Sep. 30, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,535,523, issued Mar. 18, 2003 and assigned to the assignee hereof.
In a High Data Rate system, such as a system supporting the "cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification,' referred to herein as "1xEV-DO," or IS-856, the AT autonomously determines a data rate for transmissions on the RL based on a probabilistic algorithm that considers the amount of data pending, the available transmit power or PA (power amplifier) headroom, the closed loop resource allocation calculation, and the maximum data rate as indicated to the AT by the AN. The AN assigns probabilities to each of the possible rate transitions that an AT may make. Each AT uses the same probabilities, which are predetermined and set at each AT.
Additionally, each AT implements a power control mechanism to adjust the transmit power dynamically. The adjust in AT transmit power compensates for changes in AT location, shadowing and fading experienced by the AT and the transmit data rate. As an AT moves farther away from a Base Station (BS) in the Active Set (AS) of the AT, the transmit power of the AT increases to compensate. Generally, as an AT moves toward a sector boundary, the interference caused by the AT in question to other AT's is increased due to an increase in the AT transmit power.
As the rate allocation algorithm considers the transmit power, an AT far from the AN, or otherwise experiencing a poor channel condition, relative to other ATs, may be subject to low data rates for an extended time period. In many communication systems, however, there is a desire to provide an equal grade of service. In other words, each AT is provided an approximately equal opportunity to transmit data on the RL without regard to channel condition so as not to penalize an AT for moving within the system. However, this mechanism does not take into account the interference due to an AT.
An increase in data rate results in an increase in the interference caused by an AT to other ATs in the system and therefore, there is a desire to discourage and/or prohibit that AT from transmitting at higher rates if that AT is likely to cause excessive interference to other AT's in the system. Further, there is a desire for each AT to transmit at maximum rate conditioned on equal interference considering all ATs in the system.
There is a need, therefore, for AT rate allocation that balances an equal grade of service goal with the desire to maximize capacity of the system. Similarly, there is a need for AT rate allocation that provides a robust RL and reduces interference to other users. There is further a need for reverse link rate allocation to achieve better control over other-cell interference and improve system stability.


A vehicle comprises a compression ignition engine provided with engine management means and having a catalyst for exhaust gas aftertreatment, wherein the engine management means is configured, when in use, to detect idle conditions and upon determining that idle conditions exist, stops the engine entirely, wherein the catalyst comprises a honeycomb substrate monolith coated with a catalytic washcoat comprising one or more precious metal, which catalytic washcoat being arranged between a first, upstream washcoat zone and a second, downstream washcoat zone, wherein a thermal mass in the first washcoat zone is different from a thermal mass in the second washcoat zone and wherein a washcoat layer in the first, upstream washcoat zone is substantially contiguous with a washcoat layer in the second, downstream washcoat zone.

The emissions from vehicles and internal combustion engines generally are the subject of ever-tightening regulation around the world. Concern about global warming associated with CO2 emissions has led to fiscal incentives in a number of countries to reduce CO2 emissions from vehicles. Increasingly, therefore, private cars and light commercial vehicles are being powered by light duty diesel engines, which have relatively low fuel consumption and relatively low CO2 emissions.
Amongst the strategies being adopted to improve both fuel consumption and emissions for both gasoline spark ignition engines and compression ignition (e.g. Diesel) engines is "stop-start". With a stop-start system, when the vehicle halts for more than a few seconds, the engine is stopped entirely. When the driver needs to move off once more, e.g. depressing the clutch, moving the gear stick, turning the powered steering wheel or, in automatic or semi-automatic vehicles, shifting to "drive", causes the engine to be re-started. Although this causes more load on the battery and starter motor, so that these need to be upgraded, there can be significant savings. The savings in tests under the New European Drive Cycle may, depending on the stop-start system adopted, be of the order of up to 5% of fuel consumption and up to 8% of CO2 emissions. Urban authorities are keen on reducing emissions in towns and cities, and from heavy traffic, so it is likely that stop-start systems will be included in many new vehicles.
Light duty Diesel engines are becoming even more efficient, with electronic control modules and injection technology being combined with mechanical improvements. This means that the exhaust gas temperatures are very much lower than with gasoline engines or heavy duty (truck and bus) diesel engines. Under light load, for example in urban use, and when "coasting" in gear, little or no fuel is being used by such latest design light duty Diesel engines, and the exhaust gas temperatures may, be no greater than about 100-200° C. Despite these low temperatures, advanced catalyst technology can achieve light-off during the New European Drive Cycle, during real-life city driving conditions, low-speed accelerations and steady driving conditions. "Light-off" may be defined as the temperature at which a catalyst catalyses a reaction at a desired conversion activity. For example "CO T50" is a temperature at which a particular catalyst causes the conversion of carbon monoxide in a feed gas, for example to CO2, with at least 50% efficiency. Similarly, "HC T80" is the temperature at which hydrocarbon, perhaps a particular hydrocarbon such as octane or propene, is converted, e.g. to water vapour and to CO2 at 80% efficiency or greater.
However, under certain circumstances low exhaust gas temperatures can mean that the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) may be unable to operate effectively. That is, the DOC may be unable to achieve or to maintain "light-off".
For vehicles not fitted with an engine "stop-start" system, an additional problem arising from operation of the engine under such light load conditions is that whilst the engine is operating, relatively cool exhaust gases, comprising mostly air, continue to pass from the engine through the DOC or other catalyst. This flow of cool gases can cool the DOC to below light-off temperatures. When load is reapplied, for example upon acceleration, the catalyst is unable to meet the desired conversion of the pollutant gases immediately, with the result that emissions of pollutants may be above the regulated levels for a period. In due course, the higher temperature exhaust gases raise the catalyst temperature above light-off temperature once more.
One known DOC design is disclosed in our WO 2007/077462 and comprises a flow-through monolith comprising (numbering from upstream to downstream) first, second and third platinum-group metal-containing washcoat zones. The platinum group metal loading in each of the first and third zones is greater than in the second zone, which is spatially disposed between the first and third zones. The third zone, that is the zone which, when in use, is disposed furthest from the engine, may include a washcoat having a higher thermal mass than the first and second zones, for example by using a thicker washcoat or a washcoat material having an inherently higher thermal mass, such as densified zirconia. Densified zirconia can have a density of 3.5 g/cm3. The three-zone arrangement is designed to maintain catalyst performance at an overall reduced total platinum group metal cost.

Exhaust system for a vehicle having a “stop-start” compression ignition engine


A method and an electronic device for switching state, relating to the field of electronic device applications, for facilitating a user carrying and using a peripheral keyboard is described. The electronic device includes a casing that includes a display unit for displaying on a first surface of the casing; an input unit being movably disposed on a second surface of the casing; according to different positional relationships between the input unit and the casing. The electronic device has at least two different operating modes: a tablet operating mode or a laptop operating mode. The device is usefully applied to a tablet type electronic device.

The present invention relates to a field of electronic device applications, and more particularly, to a method for switching state and an electronic device.
At present, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs for short), typically a tablet, win more and more favor of the public due to portability, of which a touch-screen electronic device is most popular. The touch-screen electronic device acquires text content inputted by a user via a virtual keyboard on the screen, but the virtual keyboard has problems such as slow typing and easy pressing on a wrong key, etc., so the user gets used to entering text through an external physical keyboard.
In general, the external physical keyboard is connected to the touch-screen electronic device in two ways, via Bluetooth or Universal Serial BUS (USB for short), and transmits the information content inputted by the user to the electronic device by means of a pulse signal or a level signal. When the user is not using the physical keyboard, the physical keyboard and the electronic device are kept separated, and when the user goes out, he need to carry the physical keyboard along with the electronic device, then it is easy to miss one of them, resulting in inconvenience for the user. In addition, as to a physical keyboard using wireless technologies such as Bluetooth or Infrared, the user need to regularly replace the batteries in the keyboard, also resulting in inconvenience for the user.

Electronic device and method for switching state thereof


Methods, systems, and devices are described for managing wireless communications in a machine-to-machine (M2M) wireless Wide Area Network (WAN). An operating frequency band of the M2M wireless WAN is divided into at least a first frequency channel and a second frequency channel. The first and second frequency channels being used for communications on a reverse link. A first rise over thermal (RoT) threshold is set for the first frequency channel. A second RoT threshold is set for the second frequency channel. The second RoT threshold is lower than the first RoT threshold.

The following relates generally to wireless communication, and more specifically to communications in a machine-to-machine (M2M) wireless wide area network (WAN). Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, sensor data, tracking data, and so on. These systems may be multiple-access systems capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include code-division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time-division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) systems, and orthogonal frequency-division multiple access (OFDMA) systems.
Generally, a wireless multiple-access communications system may include a number of base stations, each simultaneously supporting communication for multiple devices. In some examples, these devices may be sensors and/or meters configured to collect data and transmit this data to an end server via a base station. These sensors and/or meters may be referred to as M2M devices. Base stations may communicate with M2M devices on forward and reverse links. Each base station has a coverage range, which may be referred to as the coverage area of the cell. An M2M device may transmit data to a base station on the reverse link.
When an M2M device transmits data on the reverse link, it adds to the total interference on the reverse link. Since the reverse link transmissions might be high speed in nature, the spreading factors may be low, the coding gain may be low, and the power required by the M2M device to perform these transmissions may be high. The resulting interference might create communication problems on the reverse link. As a result, an acceptable noise and interference threshold may be set. This may represent the amount of interference that can be added to the reverse link without causing the interference to become too high to decode information received from M2M devices. Traditional approaches, however, set a single threshold for the various frequency channels of the reverse link. If the threshold is set too high, M2M devices with a larger path loss may not be able to effectively transmit communications on the reverse link. If the threshold is set to low, the capacity the frequency channels is diminished.

Multiple access scheme for multi-channels of a network with a limited link budget


The present invention provides a method for protecting or preventing a crop from injury due to the application of a combination of compounds by altering the susceptibility of the crop by incorporating a gene resistant to inhibition by at least one of the compounds in the combination into the genome of the crop.

The interaction of pesticides which when applied in combination, either simultaneously or sequentially, result in responses not predictable from the performance of each pesticide applied singly is of major concern to agriculturalists. Of particular concern are synergistic responses which occur on a single plant species. Synergistic responses obtained with combinations of herbicides, insecticides and fungicides are described as the combined action of two components of a mixture such that the total effect is greater or more prolonged than the sum of the effects of the two components taken independently.
Simultaneous or sequential applications of herbicides, fungicides and insecticides are common in the production of many food and fiber crops; however, synergistic pesticide combinations may cause problems in crop production due to increased toxicity to crop plants and other nontarget species and increased residue burdens in crops or soil.
Methods directed towards protecting a crop from inhibition of growth and development due to a single pesticidal compound, such as an herbicide, are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,343,649 and 3,749,566 and in copending patent applications Ser. Nos. 292,207 filed Dec. 30, 1988 and 169,094 filed Mar. 8, 1988. However, no methods directed towards protecting or preventing a crop from injury due to a combination of pesticidal compounds have been described.
It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide a method for protecting or preventing a crop from injury due to the application of a combination of pesticidal compounds by altering the susceptibility of the crop to one or more components of the combination by incorporating a pesticide resistance gene into the genome of the crop.

Method for the prevention of crop injury in the presence of synergistic pesticide combinations


A non-transitory computer-readable medium includes computer-executable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, are configured to cause the at least one processor to receive an inquiry from a training system, in which the inquiry includes a request for assistance to perform a first operation, retrieve a training profile for the first operation from a database based on the inquiry, and transmit the training profile to the training system, in which the training system is configured to present image data, audio data, or both regarding the first operation based on the training profile. The computer-executable instructions are also configured to cause the at least one processor to receive variant feedback from the training system, generate an updated training profile based on the variant feedback, store the updated training profile in the database.

The disclosure relates generally to providing assistance to a field user performing certain tasks in an industrial environment via a training system. More particularly, embodiments of the present disclosure are related to systems and methods for generating, modifying, and optimizing content to be presented to the field user by the training system.
This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present techniques and are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it should be noted that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
A training system may be used to assist a field user to perform a desired task. For instance, the training system may present content to the field user, including visual elements, which may be seen by the field user, and/or audio elements, which may be heard by the field user. The visual and audio elements may guide the field user to perform the desired task. In some embodiments, the content presented by the training system may include real-world content and computer-generated or virtual content that may provide interactive content to better enable the field user to perform the desired task. However, before the video and/or audio elements can be used to guide the field user, these elements are created for each individual task that a field user may perform. With this in mind, it may be useful to provide improved systems and methods for creating content that is presented by the training system and that effectively guides the field user in performing these various tasks.

System and method to generate training content based on audio and image feedback data