A motorized roller comprised of a commercial electric motor suspended inside a drive roller tube, drives via belt means, input of a integral two stage drive belt system adjacent to said motorized drive roller. Subsequently the output of two stage drive belt system is fed back to the motorized motor outside housing which in turn drives treadmill or conveyor continuous belt to move people or goods. Increased torque provided by two stage drive requires less horsepower.

Not applicable.
Not applicable
1. Field of the Invention
Motorized rollers (i.e. a roller with an internal motor) are common in the conveyor industry. Motorized rollers are not common in treadmills, which use an external motor to drive the roller.
2. Description of the Related Art
Present state-of-the-art in conveyor design uses an internal motor assembled in the conveyor roller tube. The internal motor drives gears and clutches that provide power to convey heavy loads. The requirement for gears and clutches makes this design relatively expensive.
The motorized rollers presently used by conveyors are not suited to treadmills because treadmills are very sensitive to cost, have extreme foot impact loads, require variable speeds, and have greater duty cycles. A 200 pound treadmill runner at 10 M.P.H. will have an inertia impact of three to four times his weight or about 700 pounds of localized foot impact on a moving belt above a non-moving deck at an approximate rate of one hundred (100) times a minute. Treadmills must support higher speeds and a more resilient drive coupled with lower costs than provided by current conveyer motorized rollers. Therefore, treadmills use belt drives which are quiet, absorb shock, cost effective, easy maintenance/assembly and more efficient through less loss of friction compared to gears. However, in order to implement these belt drives, it has been necessary up to now to mount drive motors externally on the front of the treadmill under a shroud. This increases profile of the treadmill (creating a front bulge that runners have to be careful to avoid) and also enlarges its footprint, wasting expensive gym floor space (see FIG. 4). Internal clutches are also required to prevent damage in case of sudden shock loads. Lastly, it is difficult to maintain belt tension because front roller drives pushes the runner on the belt rather than pulling said runner.
An in-depth search for treadmills revealed only one patent for treadmills that has a motor inside the roller (U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,872). In this patent, there are two motors and gears (not a belt drive). All production treadmill belt drives have the motor external (ref. U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,872 xe2x80x9cPriorArtxe2x80x9d). The two-motor device in U.S. Pat. No. 5,509,872 device does not appear to be in production.
This invention is a rear roller drive assembly that can be used either for treadmills or conveyor systems. An all-belt drive provides the shock absorption required in the heavy impact, high friction duty cycle required for treadmills. Any suitable electric motor may be suspended as a purchased entity and integrated inside a tube as a modular package coupled with a two stage all belt drive system. Suitable clearance between the inner tube walls and the suspended motor is maintained by the motor drive shaft, bearings and shafting affixed to the rear motor housing (see FIG. 1). A belt drive FIGS. 1 and 2, absorbs shock loads. No clutches required. The resiliency of a belt drive ensures quiet operation even when coupled with high motor speeds. The two-stage reduction in FIG. 1, provides for a wide range of torque transmission. The non-rotating support shaft of the running belt drive roller is locked to the frame with a centering bracket such as a xe2x80x9cVxe2x80x9d shaped groove which in effect holds the shaft in position longitudinally as well as radially (see FIG. 3) This rigid horizontal bracket supports the suspended motor; prevents motor shaft from rotating and permits one bearing to support one end of the housing of the motor without putting a load on the motor assembly.
Space saved by an internal motor suspended in the treadmill rear drive roller provides a means to pull rather than push treadmill walking or running belt. Pushing a belt requires higher belt tensions (to prevent slipping) which in turn results in subsequently higher bearing radial loading.
Opposite clutch coupling and complete commercial motor entity facilitates motor removal and maintenance. All the efficiency, performance, and advantages in this belt drive are applicable in motorized rollers for powered conveyor systems.

Rear roller treadmill drive with internal motor, console controlled variable soft deck and torque bar side elevation

Abstract: The all belt, no gears, drive system absorbs shock, is quiet and has a low profile.


A bearing unit is provided, wherein the outer peripheral surface of the inner race extends outward in the axial direction beyond the end surface of the outer race, and is formed such that the diameter of the outer peripheral surface of the inner race increases in the direction toward the rolling elements, such that when lubrication oil is ejected together with air on the outer peripheral surface of the inner race, the lubrication oil moves over the outer peripheral surface due to centrifugal force and is supplied to the rolling elements, making it possible to secure the amount of lubrication oil supplied per unit time to the inside of the bearing, and thus making it possible to reduce wind noise.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a bearing unit for supporting the main shaft of high-speed rotating machine tools, and particularly to a bearing unit that is lubricated for example, with oil air and oil mist lubrication.
2. Description of the Related Art
Grease lubrication and oil lubrication are used mainly as the methods for lubricating bearings. In grease lubrication, lubrication is performed by filling the bearing with grease, and when compared with oil lubrication using lubrication oil that is supplied externally, it is generally possible to simplify the construction around the bearing to be lubricated as well as it is possible to better keep foreign matter from getting into the bearing from the outside. However, this method has a problem in that it is hard to cool the inside of the bearing, and to do with high-speed rotation.
In contrast to this, in the oil lubrication, relatively low-temperature lubrication oil is supplied from the outside to securely cool the bearing from the inside thereof so as to form an adequate lubricating oil film. In oil air and oil mist lubrication, which is one type of the oil lubrication, lubrication oil is fed to the inside of the bearing unit using compressed air, making it possible to perform lubrication more efficiently.
Oil air and oil mist lubrication is performed using a nozzle that ejects both air and lubrication oil. However, there is a problem in that the wind noise (Zxc2x7Fc component), which occurs due to the air that is ejected from the nozzle when rotation increases, becomes severe. Therefore, in oil air and oil mist lubrication, attempts have been made to reduce the noise by finely adjusting the position, shape and number of nozzles. However it is still not made quiet enough until now.
In consideration of this problem, it is an objective of this invention to provide a bearing unit that suppresses noise such as wind noise, and which is quieter.


Disclosed are a radiotherapy assistant apparatus for modulating a build-up region of a photon beam for a radiotherapy, a radiotherapy system including the radiotherapy assistant apparatus, and method for the radiotherapy system. The radiotherapy assistant apparatus for modulating a build-up region of a photon beam for a radiotherapy, including at least: a magnetic field generator that generates a magnetic field that has a direction perpendicular to a movement direction of the photon beam, the magnetic field generator is disposed on a movement route along which the photon beam moves toward a target portion of the radiotherapy; and a magnetic field intensity adjuster that adjusts an intensity of the magnetic field generated by the magnetic field generator. The magnetic field generator disperses secondary electrons that have particular energy levels equal to or lower than a preset value.

Embodiments of the inventive concept described herein relate to an apparatus for modulating build-up regions of photon beams by using a magnetic field and a beam spoiler, a radiotherapy apparatus based on photon beams including the same, and a method for modulating build-up regions of a photon beam by using a magnetic field and a beam spoiler, and more particularly, to an apparatus for modulating build-up regions, by which a depth dose is modulated in build-up regions of photon beams, a radiotherapy apparatus including the same, and a method for modulating build-up regions of photon beams.
A radiotherapy apparatus is a medical instrument that uses radioactive rays in treatment of diseases, and is widely used to delay, stop, or destruct growth of a malicious tumor tissue such as a cancer by using X-rays, photons, and charged radioactive rays, such as electron beams.
Meanwhile, when an excessive amount of radioactive rays having high energy are delivered to normal tissues or organs of a human body, DNA molecules are ionized and damaged, causing a mutation or killing cells so that the mutation caused due to the DNA damage may cause a genetic defect and may cause a cancer. Accordingly, when normal tissues and a tumor are close to each other, the radiotherapy dose often is not sufficiently irradiated due to a side-effect of the radioactive rays.
Accordingly, during the radiotherapy, the amount of radioactive rays and the disposition of the radioactive rays have to be adjusted such that a tumor that is to be destructed receives a sufficient amount of radioactive rays and a damage to normal tissues that surrounds the tumor is minimized.

Radiotherapy assistant apparatus for modulating build-up region of photon beam, radiotherapy system and method therefor

UNIVERSITY OF ULSAN FOUNDATION FOR INDUSTRY COOPERATION


A fluid metering valve includes a valve needle that is actuatable by an electromagnetic actuator that includes an armature guided on and along a longitudinal axis of the valve needle with a movement limited by a stop surface on the valve needle. A projection of an edge of the stop surface extends into a projection plane, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis and at which the armature and stop surface are in contact temporarily during operation, through an opening of a conduit of the armature, dividing the opening into an inner surface on one side of the projection and an outer surface on the other side of the projection. A fluid exchange between inside and outside of an area between the stop surface and armature is via a path through the inner surface, conduit, and outer surface when the armature is in contact with the stop surface at the projection plane.

DE 103 45 967 A1 discloses a fuel injection valve for fuel injection systems of internal combustion engines. The known fuel injection valve encompasses a solenoid and an armature pushable by the solenoid in a stroke direction against a return spring. The armature is disposed movably on the valve needle between a first flange that is connected to the valve needle and delimits the motion of the armature in the stroke direction, and a second flange connected to the valve needle. Provided between the armature and the second flange is a spring by which the armature is pushed, with the fuel injection valve in an idle state, in such a way that is spaced away from a stop surface of the second flange with formation of an armature travel distance. It has already been disclosed in this context that the use of a spring embodied as a helical spring, instead of a cup string, is advantageous because a cup spring prevents equalization of the fuel present between the armature, armature stop, and spring, with the result that buildups and uncontrolled hydraulic behavior of the fuel in the region of the armature can occur.


A heat-insulating an soundproofing lining for an engine compartment is disclosed, and a method of manufacturing the same, are disclosed. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the lining includes a first covering layer facing the engine. A duroplastic foam layer contacts the covering layer. A soundproofing layer contacts the duroplastic foam layer. A second covering layer contacts the soundproofing layer. According to another embodiment, a method of manufacturing a heat-insulating and soundproofing lining for an engine compartment is disclosed. The method includes the steps of (1) providing a first covering layer; (2) providing a duroplastic foam layer on the first covering layer; (3) providing a soundproofing layer on the first covering layer; (4) providing a second covering layer; and (5) pressing the layers together at an increased temperature and an increased pressure.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention pertains to a heat-insulating and soundproofing lining for the engine compartments of motor vehicles and a process for the manufacturing thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the engine compartments of motor vehicles, including both passenger and commercial vehicles, soundproofing parts in the form of absorbers are increasingly being used to reduce engine noise. In general, these absorbers are designed as molded articles to reduce the exterior and interior noise of vehicles. The molded articles may be made from webs (e.g., from cotton) or from polyurethane foam, and typically have thermostabilities up to about 160xc2x0 C.
In certain areas, such as exhaust manifolds or exhaust gas recirculation areas, the molded articles may be subjected to high thermal loads. Thus, these molded articles are often laminated, partially or completely, with aluminum foil to serve as heat reflectors in order to protect the underlying nonwovens. Examples of such laminated articles are described in DE-U-87 00 919. The laminating, however, often results in the a loss of soundproofing for any component beneath the aluminum laminate, because sound cannot penetrate the aluminum foil and be absorbed.
DE 36 01 204 A describes an absorbing molded article consisting of several layers of nonwoven material that has been used for noise-reducing linings in the engine compartments of motor vehicles. The absorbing molded article consists of a covering layer of plastic fibers facing the engine, an adjacent heat-insulating and soundproofing layer of an inorganic, highly heatproof, fibrous material, and an additional absorbing layer of organic fibers.
DE 38 18 301 C also describes a noise-reducing molded article for the engine compartment of a motor vehicle in which an inorganic, highly heatproof, fibrous material bonded by a binder is covered by a fibrous carbon material by means of a bonding agent containing a melamine resin at the engine side. The molded article has a good noise reduction, and it is reportedly useful as a thermal insulation up to a temperature of about 500xc2x0 C. In addition, it is planned to provide the molded article with a layer of carbon fibers. This carbon fiber layer is intended to provide a certain mechanical protection for the sensitive layer of inorganic fiber material.
DE 42 11 409 A1 describes a self-supporting, heat-insulating, and soundproofing lining for a combustion engine of a motor vehicle having several layers which have been compressed under the influence of pressure and heat with the formation of regions having a definably preset compression. The lining consists of a stronger, heat-insulating and soundproofing layer of an inorganic fiber material facing the engine which is covered by a fibrous carbon material. A stronger layer of an inorganic fibrous material opposite the engine cures to form a self-supporting backing. At the side facing the body, the backing may be covered by a layer of a polyester web or polyacrylonitrile fibers.
A heat-insulating and soundproofing lining on the basis of melamine resin foams covered with temperature-resistant covering layers on one or both sides has often been used in the automobile sector. According to DIN 4102, melamine resin foams are considered to be flame resistant, and are classified under class B1. A long-term heat resistance from xe2x88x9240xc2x0 C. to 150xc2x0 C. and a long-term heat loadability of 200xc2x0 C. for three weeks render this material particularly suitable for the manufacturing of linings for the engine compartments of motor vehicles. This material, however, is extremely expensive.
Thus, it is the object of the invention to provide linings for the engine compartments of motor vehicles having comparable heat-insulating and soundproofing properties at costs distinctly reduced as against the state of the art.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, the aforementioned object is achieved by a heat-insulating and soundproofing lining for an engine compartment of a motor vehicle. According to one embodiment, the lining comprises a first covering layer facing the engine. A duroplastic foam layer having a long-term thermal stability up to 180xc2x0 C., a long-term thermal loadability at 200xc2x0 C. of three weeks and a thickness below 5 mm, contacts the first covering layer. Next, a soundproofing layer of plastic foam, particle composite foam or web consisting of natural or synthetic fibers and mixtures thereof, needled or non-needled, is in contact with the duroplastic foam layer layer. Finally, a second covering layer is in contact with the soundproofing layer, and is opposite the engine side.
Thus, the lining parts of the invention are especially suited for the lining of built-in components, body components and the like of motor cars, heat-radiating machines and units, in particular of sound-absorbing elements for the protection against excessive thermal loads due to machine guides, catalyst components and the like, in particular within the engine compartment of motor vehicles.
The present invention replaces, at least partially, the relatively expensive duroplastic foam material of the foam layer of a soundproofing lining with more cost-efficient materials without a deterioration in the heat-insulating and soundproofing properties of the lining. In addition, the present invention does not cause a degradation of the thermal behavior of the soundproofing lining. For example, a suitable soundproofing lining for a front engine hood reduces the sound propagation through the front engine hood. The geometry of the lining parts may depend on the interior surface of the front engine hood and the spatial conditions within the engine compartment. The fastening of the lining parts may be effected by, for example, plugging in a hole pattern on the inner surface of the front engine hood. The lining may be secured by a split rivets. According to the invention, lining parts may be installed between the body and the engine in the area of the bulkhead within the engine compartment. The lining parts may be secured at the body by coarse-thread bolts or snap fasteners (or sheet nuts).
In general, the lining of the present invention comprises several layers. These layers include a first covering layer, a duroplastic foam layer, a soundproofing layer, and a second covering layer. The layers will be discussed in greater detail, below.
The first covering layer is the layer of the liner that faces the engine. In general, this layer comprises high-temperature resistant fibrous structures on the basis of inorganic fibers are suited. Especially preferred within the meaning of the present invention are nonwovens, fabrics, or knit fabrics of the above-mentioned fibers. According to the invention, in addition to polyester webs, glass fiber mats and/or carbon fiber mats, ceramic fiber mats, or mineral fiber mats are particularly preferred. Textile glass fibers, within the meaning of the present invention, includes fibers and filament yarns from vitreous melts of sodium, potassium and other silicates produced by the jet screen (filament yarns), bar screen (filament yarn and fiber) or the jet glass processes (fibers). The nonflammability of glass fibers, the high heat resistance, brittleness and the low wear resistance thereof are distinctive. They have a very high tensile strength, a low elasticity and are rotproof.
Mineral silicate fibers are mineral fibers obtained from melts of natural silicates or mixtures thereof with silicates, such as calcium, aluminum, or magnesium silicates. Mineral silicate fibers are very fine and smooth and have a spherical cross section and an amorphous structure. The thermal conductivity of mineral silicate fibers is low, they are incombustible, and, like glass, are resistant to all normally occurring chemical influences. Since the fibers cannot be spun solely, they are employed in the form of mats or similar forms mainly for high-temperature isolating purposes already in the art.
Ceramic fibers, within the meaning of the present invention, include inorganic manmade fibers and filament yarns made from silica, rayon, or with amounts of oxides, for example, of iron, aluminum, magnesium, and/or calcium oxides.
The ceramic fibers are usually classified as quartz fibers, ceramic fibers of the A, G, and V types.
Quartz fibers have a smooth surface, glassy structures and spherical cross sections. Quartz fibers are chemically resistant to all common chemicals. They are used for filter materials employed at high temperatures and in aggressive media, as insulating material in rockets, jet plane engines, nuclear power plants, blast furnaces and the like. A-type ceramic fibers have properties corresponding approximately to those of quartz fibers. The properties of G-type ceramic fibers correspond, approximately, to those of quartz fibers. They are stable up to 1000xc2x0 C. and have good electrical insulating properties at high temperatures, and they are the only material having electrical insulating properties in the form of textiles.
Depending on the degree of combustion of the viscous support material, the properties of type-IV ceramic fibers can vary widely. They are used in the form of filaments, fabrics, knit fabrics, webs for high-temperature insulators of thermal shields used in space and on blast furnaces, in jet plane engines, rockets and the like.
Carbon fibers, within the meaning of the present invention, include inorganic fibers and filament yams obtained by a structural transformation of organic fibers in a pyrolysis. Depending on the carbon amount and the temperature employed in the pyrolysis, the carbon fibers are classified as partially carbonized carbon fibers, carbonized carbon fibers, and graphite fibers. Carbon fibers are often used in the form of fibers and filaments for the reinforcement of plastics, as electrical insulating material, for reinforcing metals, building materials, materials for space flights, rockets etc.
In addition to the above-mentioned inorganic fibers, metallic fibers may be used in the textile materials. However, because metal fibers have a high thermal conductivity, so metal fibers are employed for the textile material only in small amounts.
Especially preferably within the meaning of the present invention the textile materials of first cover layer contain carbon fibers.
The layer thicknesses of the respective layers can be varied within a wide range depending on space constraints or other requirements. Thus, within the meaning of the present invention, the layer thickness of the textile materials is particularly preferably from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. In addition, the mass per unit area of the textile material is particularly preferably from 30 to 200 g/m2. In particular, the textile material serves as a mechanical protection of the duroplastic foam layer, whichxe2x80x94as is generally knownxe2x80x94has a low stability. The oleophobic and hydrophobic characters of the fibers protect the other layers within the lining.
The second layer is the duroplastic foam layer. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the duroplastic foam layer includes a flexible, open-cell foam of melamine resin. An example of a suitable material is Basotect7. This is a flexible, open-cell foam of melamine resin, a duroplastic plastic of the aminoplast group. The filigree, three-dimensional structure of the foam consists of narrow and with that easily deformable webs.
The first covering layer and the duroplastic foam layer have an attractive profile of properties, including:
a high sound absorbency
long-term thermal stability: 200xc2x0 C.
fire behavior: B1 according to DIN 4102
bulk density: 10 kg/m3xc2x11.5 kg/m3
thermal conductivity xe2x80x98lambdaxe2x80x9910xc2x7 less than 0.035 W/mK
a high flexibility
shaping by pressing and cutting
good operating ability
Usually, the fabricator will obtain the material in the form of blocks, and produce molded articles for various applications by cutting and pressing. The versatile profile of properties result in a broad range of applications. The true advantages of the product ensue from the combination of various properties.
The third layer is the soundproofing layer. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the soundproofing layer may include, for example, plastic foam or particle compound foam. A plastic foam within the meaning of the present invention preferably comprises semi-rigid polyurethane foam having a volumetric weight from 6 to 30 kg/m3, in particular from 7 to 12 kg/M3, and ester- or ether-based flexible polyurethane foam 10 having a volumetric weight from 10 to 60 kg/m3, in particular from 12 to 30 kg/m3, or particle compound foam on the basis of ester- or ether-based semi-rigid polyurethane foam and flexible polyurethane foam having a volumetric weight from 30 to 250 kg/m3, in particular from 40 to 80 kg/m3.
The soundproofing layer may include nonwoven fabrics. Nonwoven fabrics, a material of construction having a wide range of properties, have often been used in the automobile sector. For example, phenolic bonded nonwoven fabrics have been used in the automotive industry for a long time because of, inter alia, their good damping characteristics as a material for load-bearing and lined parts (in a pure form or as a composite) in the construction of passenger cars and trucks.
Phenolic bonded nonwoven fabrics are commercially available in bulk densities from 50 to 1000 kg/m3 in thicknesses from 5 to 30 mm. It is to be described as a porous composite consisting of three phases (cotton, cured phenolic resin, and air)xe2x80x94a material of construction, the profile of properties of which can be modified extensively. Cotton provides the fibrous form, whereas the phenolic resin exists in a spot-like, linear, or also net-flat manner in a kind of matrix.
The acoustic properties and the strength of the composite may be controlled by selecting the nonwoven fabrics suitably. Preferred materials for manufacturing the nonwoven include glass fiber, or glass gauze-reinforced fibrous materials, in particular, binder-containing nonwoven fabrics, preferably those consisting of a blended cotton fabric. These nonwovens are provided with the required strength by pressing at elevated temperatures.
The particular properties and the performance of the last-mentioned product group can be explained by the chemical and morphological structure of cotton and the duroplastic nature of the cured phenolic resins generally used as binders for blended cotton nonwoven fabrics. Further quantities of influence are the formability, the pressability of cotton, the statistical occurrence of bonding points and the laminating and/or sheathing effect of the binder molecules which adhere lengthwise to the fibers and which are also condensated in this form.
The cotton withstands the manufacturing process without any significant change of its physical-chemical characteristics. It imparts to the product special features of quality such as sound-absorptive capacity, good mechanical strength values, impact strength, and cold shatter strength.
Preferred binders for the nonwovens include phenol formaldehyde resins, epoxy resins, polyester resins, polyamide resins, polypropylene, polyethylene, and/or ethyl vinyl acetate copolymers. After curing, phenolic resins have the typical duroplastic properties which are transferred to the final product. Normally, the nonwoven fabric is manufactured from reprocessed cotton and powdery phenolic. resin by a dry method. The curing is performed either in the heating channel, or in the uncured semifinished product as an intermediate product within the press. For the parts used within the passenger compartment, selected textiles may be used.
Nonwoven fabrics, within the meaning of the present invention, in additional to conventional binders, may contain natural fibers, such as cotton, flax, jute, linen, as well as synthetic fibers, such as polybutylene terephthalates, polyethylene terephthalates, nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 12, viscose, or rayon as textile fiber. The type and amount of the binders to be used may be determined by the purpose of application of the nonwoven fabrics. Thus, using from 5 to 50% by weight, in particular from 20 to 40% by weight of binder, based on the nonwoven fabric, is generally preferred. According to the invention, using nonwoven fabrics having a surface density from 800 to 2000 g/m2 is especially preferred.
Preferably the layer thickness of the soundproofing layer is less than 20 mm, and in particular less than 10 mm.
In one embodiment, the duroplastic foam layer and the soundproofing layer may have a grid-like shaping, in particular, at the boundary surface of the layers. Preferably, the shaping is performed from one side. For example, it may consist of convex bulges on the side having tapered or pyramidal shapes. Exceptional acoustic values may be attained by a material and cost saving xe2x80x9cknob cutting techniquexe2x80x9d via a hollow chamber principle.
As a matter of course, the heat transfer coefficient and the acoustic properties may be controlled within a wide range by varying the layer thickness.
Similar to the first covering layer, the second covering layer serves to protect the lining from mechanical damage. For the second covering layer, it is especially preferred to use, for example, thin needle-punched or spunbonded nonwovens in order to protect the lining from contamination. In one embodiment, the weight per unit area of the second covering layer is from 30 to 200 g/m2.
The molded articles of the invention are preferably used in the bulkhead area of engine compartments or in the transmission tunnel area of motor vehicles.
The molded articles of the invention may be manufactured by a thermosetting process enabling the further use of tools and production equipment known in the art with a necessary adaptation of the starting materials. Especially preferred within the meaning of the present invention, the linings arc manufactured by pressing and adhering the textile article with the duroplastically bonded nonwoven fabric under the influence of the duroplastic binder. Here, only the contacting areas are bonded.
In another embodiment of the present invention, the first covering layer facing the engine may be covered, either partially or completely, with a metal foil in the area of the increased thermal load. Usually, with known absorbers, the layer thickness of the aluminum foil may be 250 xcexcm or more. In addition, aluminum foils having a thicknesses from 50 to 500 xcexcm may also be used. According to one embodiment of the present invention, it is preferred to use aluminum foil having a thicknesses from 50 to 100 xcexcm. The low thicknesses may be used since the other components of the laminate of the invention are also capable of performing static functions.
By means of an optional perforation of the aluminum foil, the heat reflecting effect of the aluminum foil is maintained; however, a transmittance for acoustic waves is achieved in this area so that the aluminum foil-cladded side of the duroplastic materials facing the source of sound maintains the acoustic activity thereof.
According to the present invention, the first covering layer, the duroplastic foam layer, the sound proofing layer, the second covering layer, and the optional aluminum layer may be bonded by adhesives to one another. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a hot melt powder, such as a phenolic resin powder or a hot-melt adhesive sheet, may be provided as an adhesive between the duroplastic foam layer and the soundproofing layer.
In the wheel housing area of the engine compartment, the lining parts according to the present invention face the engine in the air inlet space. The lining parts prevent the engine noise traveling into the passenger compartment, and may be fastened by fasteners, such as coarse-thread bolts and/or snap fasteners (e.g., sheet nuts). Within the bulkhead area of the engine compartment, the lining parts of the invention may be used for covering the body-in-white from the crossmember bulkhead or the windscreen gap to the tunnel level in order to seal the underside paneling. Optionally, the lining parts may comprise openings for air conditioning tubes. In the exterior area of the tunnel, the lining parts may also be inserted between the transmission or the exhaust system and the floor pan. According to one embodiment of the present invention, these lining parts may also be fastened with fasteners, such as coarse-thread bolts and/or snap fasteners.
When using the lining parts of the invention in the area of the cowl plenum top, the cowl plenum top is covered and the lining part is secured at the cowl plenum. It is positioned above the left hand or right hand bulkhead of the engine compartment.
During the specified use a decrease of the stability below the starting value under the influence of heat does not occur.
The maximum permissible temperature of the lining parts at the side averted from the sheet metal and facing the engine has the same order of magnitude as that of lining parts consisting exclusively of melamine resin layers coated on one or both sides.

Heat-insulating and soundproofing lining for an engine compartment of a motor vehicle

HP-Chemie Pelzer Research and Development Ltd.


A pre-biased voltage level shifting circuit of especial applicability with respect to those integrated circuit devices requiring a technique for converting circuit operation between differing power supply levels. In a representative embodiment, the circuit utilizes feedback to make the switching transistors faster to thereby increase the speeds of the level translation of signals based upon two different power supplies.

The present invention relates, in general, to the field of integrated circuit (xe2x80x9cICxe2x80x9d) devices. More, particularly, the present invention relates to a pre-biased voltage level shifting circuit of especial applicability with respect to those ICs requiring a technique for converting circuit operation between differing power supply levels.
When different power supplies are required in a circuit, a means of transitioning between the differing supplies is required. With existing circuit techniques, the primary deficiency in operation is the speed at which the level translation occurs between signals based on the two different power supplies.
Certain conventional circuit implementations not only exhibit operational speed problems but can also waste power due to undesired current flow between a given power supply input and circuit ground. In other circuits a xe2x80x9cfightxe2x80x9d condition can exist between transistors such that level shifting is slower intone direction (e.g. from xe2x80x9chighxe2x80x9d to xe2x80x9clowxe2x80x9d) than the other. Regardless of circuit design, existing level shifting schemes exhibit a negative impact on circuit speed performance.
Disclosed herein is a pre-biased voltage level shifting circuit of especial applicability with respect to those integrated circuit devices requiring a technique for converting circuit operation between differing power supply levels. In a representative embodiment, the circuit utilizes feedback to make the switching transistors faster to thereby increase the speed of the level translation of signals based upon two different power supplies.
Particularly disclosed herein is a voltage level shifting circuit having first and second supply voltage level inputs thereto. The circuit comprises a first switching device coupling a first circuit node to a second circuit node, with the first switching device having a control terminal coupled to the first supply voltage level input. Second and third switching devices are coupled between the second supply voltage level input and a third circuit node and a fourth switching device is coupled between the third circuit node and the second circuit node. Fifth and sixth series coupled switching devices are coupled between the second supply voltage level input and a reference voltage input and define a fourth circuit node therebetween. A control terminal of the fifth switching device is coupled to the second circuit node and a control terminal of the sixth switching device is coupled to the first circuit node. Seventh and eighth series coupled switching devices are coupled between the second supply voltage level input and the fourth circuit node with a control terminal of the eighth switching device being coupled to the second circuit node. A first circuit delay block couples the fourth circuit node to a control terminal of the, seventh switching device and a second circuit delay block couples the control terminal of the seventh switching device to a control terminal of the third switching device.
Further disclosed herein is a voltage level shifting circuit comprising an input node for receiving an input signal transitioning between a reference voltage level and a first voltage level. The circuit further comprises an output node for providing a complementary output signal transitioning between a second voltage level and the reference voltage level. An intermediate node is coupled between the input and output nodes and has a state thereof which tracks a state of the input signal. A feedback circuit having a feedback node thereof is coupled to the output node and has a state thereof which corresponds to that of the output node. In a particular embodiment disclosed herein, the voltage level shifting circuit may comprise an additional feedback circuit having another feedback node thereof coupled to the intermediate node and having a state thereof which corresponds to that of the intermediate node.

Pre-biased voltage level shifting circuit for integrated circuit devices utilizing differing power supply levels


Methods and systems are described for state driven orchestration of authentication components to access a resource protected by an access manager framework. In response to a client request for a protected resource, relevant authentication components and their respective order are determined. Upon successful authentication of the first authentication component, proper state information of the authentication process is stored by the client indicating the next authentication component. In response to a request for additional credential information for the authentication process from the next authentication component, the client provides the stored state information so that the authentication process continues with the second authentication component according to the determined order of the authentication components within an authentication process.

1. Field of Art
The present disclosure relates generally to the field of computer resource management. Specifically presented are methods and systems for computer resource access control and user identity administration.
2. Description of Related Art
Sharing and distribution of information has become the main focus in the computer age. Modern sharing and distribution methods and systems provide resource access regulations. This allows for increased security, reduced operational costs, and improved usability of shared and/or distributed resources.
Companies and agencies providing information would benefit from resource access regulations provided by sharing and distribution methods and systems. For example, these organizations may regulate their employees' access to various corporate data to control who can access what resource. For instance, an employee portal system may be protected with a username and password, but for a more sensitive HR self-service application that deals with sensitive data, users may be required to be authenticated using an RSA SecurID® token, thus providing a higher level of security to more sensitive resources or applications. Therefore, access management solutions have been developed to implement regulations for accessing resources for resource providers.
Access management solutions may provide centralized authentication, authorization, and auditing to enable single sign-on and secure access control using enterprise resources. For example, Oracle Access Manager, a product of Oracle International Corporation of Redwood Shores in California, is configured to support Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), and Collaboration suite applications.
Generally, access managers authenticate users and systems attempting to access resources protected by access managers with authentication methods using different types of credentials, such as a username or password. In some instances, the authentication may include complex authentication methods and processes that can be optimized to improve the performance of the access manager.
There exists a need in the art for better authentication techniques using an access manager to more easily provide secure and regulated access to resources, especially in widely growing complex enterprise environments.

State driven orchestration of authentication components in an access manager


A high-density low power computer cluster enables high bandwidth video streaming within a small physical footprint. A plurality of low power motherboards are densely arranged in a chassis compatible with a standard server rack. The motherboards are oriented vertically within the chassis and arranged into rows. Each motherboard serves as a node in live streaming network. External ports and indicators on the chassis enable convenient access and control of the motherboards from outside the chassis. Furthermore, a fan-based cooling system provides simultaneous cooling to the plurality of motherboards in the computing cluster.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to networked computer systems and more particularly to an architecture for live video streaming.
2. Description of the Related Arts
Applications such as live video distribution over the Internet can utilize a substantial amount of computing resources, and this requirement increases with the number of users. Large-scale content providers have traditionally favored server architectures that utilize a small number of high-powered computing systems to handle these video streaming tasks. First, using high-performance computers allows content providers to meet their needs with the fewest number of physical machines, thus keeping the managing, engineering, and maintenance resources to a minimum. Second, using a small number of high-performance machines enables companies to avoid the complexities associated with distributing software over a high number of systems. As a result, companies tend to choose to invest in faster and faster computers with huge amounts of memory and multiple Gigabit-plus network ports.
Despite these advantages, use of the highest performance computing technology can be prohibitively expensive for many entities. In addition to the high cost of the computers themselves, these high performance systems consume substantial power and produce significant amounts of heat, often requiring advanced cooling systems. These factors can add substantially to the cost and maintenance of the servers. Therefore, a low power, low cost system for high-bandwidth streaming is desirable.

High-density, low-power computer cluster for video streaming


Disclosed herein is an inverter. The inverter includes a base provided with a heat dissipation part, a main board disposed on the base to output an input power along an independent power flow through a rectification part and a inverter part, and a control board fixed to be electrically connected to the main board to form a flow of a secondary power and a flow of an electrical signal, the flow of the secondary power and the flow of the electrical signal being independent from each other.

1. Technical Field
The present application claims priority to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0021748 filed on Feb. 24, 2016 in the Republic of Korea, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present disclosure relates to an inverter, and more particularly, to an inverter capable of attenuating noise during operation by structurally separating a signal unit from a power unit.
2. Description of the Related Art
Typically, a motor drive device is supplied with power from a commercial power source. Then, the motor driving device varies the voltage and frequency of the power and supplies the varied power to the motor, thereby controlling the speed of the motor with high efficiency. A conventional motor configured as above is described below.
FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional inverter and power and signal flows thereof, and FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating the conventional motor drive seen from another side.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the conventional inverter includes a heat sink 10 and a plurality of circuit boards 20, 30, 40, 50, which are installed on a base.
The heat sink 10 is installed on the base.
The circuit boards 20, 30, 40, 50 are disposed on a middle base, which is disposed on the heat sink 10.
The circuit boards 20, 30, 40, 50 include a power board 20 disposed on the middle base, a cap board 50 disposed on the power board 20, a control board 30 perpendicularly connected to the power board 20, and an I/O board 40 disposed on control board 30.
In FIG. 1, the hollow arrow indicates flow of a main power along an input terminal 31, a rectification part 22, a DC link 27, an inverter part 23, and an output terminal 32.
The solid arrow indicates an SMPS secondary power source 25, which supplies power to the control board 30, a gate drive, and a sensing and protection circuit 26.
The dotted arrow indicates signals of a controller 24 of the control board 30, the gate drive and the sensing and protection circuit 26.
In the case of power flow and signal flow of the conventional inverter described above, interference occurs between the output of the rectification part 22 and the output of inverter part 23 due to intersection of main power therebetween.
That is, for the conventional inverter, a power terminal, a power unit such as PIM, and a signal unit are installed on the same board.
Accordingly, the signal of the conventional inverter is structurally subjected to interference by the flow of main power as described above.
Referring to FIG. 2, the conventional I/O board 40 and the control board 30 are electrically connected to each other through a wire 60 for signals, thereby forming a signal line.
The I/O board 40 is connected to the power board 20 through a ground wire 70 formed on the corresponding board, and the ground wire 70 connected to the power board 20 is extended and connected to the heat sink 10.
According to the configuration described above, the conventional inverter is structurally weak as it uses wires such as a signal wire capable of functioning as a noise antenna and a ground wire.
In addition, in the conventional cases, as the wires are used, fire may be caused by contact between the wires and a component generating heat in the process of assembling a product. Thereby, damage to the product and malfunctioning may occur.
Prior art documents related to the present disclosure include Korean Patent Application Publication No. 10-2007-0053940 (Publication Date: May 28, 2007). This document discloses a flexible print circuit board preventing circuit interference among the layers.


Methods for microwave melting of fiber mixtures to form composite materials include placing the fiber mixture in a receptacle located in a microwave oven. The methods further include microwave heating the mixture, causing a heat activated compression mechanism to automatically increase compressive force on the mixture, thereby eliminating air and void volumes. The heat activated compression mechanism can include a shape memory alloy wire connecting first and second compression brackets, or one or more ceramic blocks configured to increase in volume and thereby increase compression on the mixture.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it may be described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present technology.
Fiber mixtures, such as carbon and nylon fiber, can be heated in a microwave oven to form a composite material. Such microwave irradiation can heat the reinforcing carbon fiber, the heat then transferring to the nylon fiber, melting the latter and causing it to form a continuous matrix around the reinforcing material. In the absence of compressive pressure, air pockets and void volumes are likely to be present. Therefore, compressive pressure is required in order to avoid this. Because the fiber mixture will tend to decrease in volume during heating/melting, an apparatus applying compressive pressure must be adjusted in order to maintain consistent compressive pressure. Manually tightenable brackets can be used to provide this pressure, however they require user intervention and necessarily involve stopping the heating and delaying the process.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide systems and methods for automatically applying and increasing compressive pressure to a fiber mixture during microwave heating in the formation of a composite material.

Methods to improve compression during microwave heating

Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, inc.


Provided is an internal gear machining method capable of achieving improvement of machining accuracy and extension of the tool life by increasing a slip velocity. For this purpose, internal gear machining is performed on a workpiece (W) by synchronously rotating the workpiece (W) and a barrel-shaped threaded grinding wheel (11) in mesh with each other. The workpiece (W) is rotatable about a workpiece rotation axis (C1), and the barrel-shaped threaded grinding wheel (11) is rotatable about a grinding wheel rotation axis (B1) having a predetermined shaft angle (Σ) to the workpiece rotation axis (C1). In the internal gear machining method, the shaft angle (Σ) is set large based on the amount of change in a grinding pitch wheel pitch radius of the threaded grinding wheel (11).

In general, a gear machining process includes: forming a gear by machining a predetermined material of the gear by gear cutting; heat-treating the machined gear; and then finishing (grinding) the gear to remove distortion and the like due to this heat treatment. Heretofore, various tooth grinding methods using tools such as WA grinding wheels and superabrasive (diamond, CBN, and the like) grinding wheels have been provided to efficiently finish the faces of the teeth of a heat-treated gear. Moreover, tools for use in these methods are in external gear form, internal gear form, screw (worm) form, and the like which are chosen in accordance with the form of a gear to be ground.
On the other hand, gears are frequently used in automotive transmissions and the like. Recently, there has been a demand for the improvement of machining accuracy for the purpose of reducing the vibration and noise of such transmissions.
Accordingly, heretofore, an external gear grinding method has been provided which performs tooth face grinding by synchronously rotating a heat-treated external gear and a grinding wheel gear in mesh with each other with a crossed axes angle therebetween. By such a method, a slip velocity between the external gear and the grinding wheel gear is produced using the mesh rotation and the crossed axes angle, and thereby the faces of the teeth of the external gear can be finely ground. Such a conventional external gear grinding method is disclosed in, for example, Patent Document 1.


A resilient, modular closure for selectively sealing an opening in a pry tab beverage can. The closure comprises a handle perpendicularly extending from an integral body. The handle is grasped between the thumb and the forefinger of the user. The body comprises a downwardly-projecting, beveled offset adapted to mate with the can opening, and a notch adapted to wedgably engage the pry tab. The ventral surface of the body comprises a circumferential ridge adapted to contact a top of a beverage can to seal around the opening or to mate with a reinforcement channel surrounding the can opening. Raised guides are defined along the dorsal surface of the notch for captivating the pry tab during installation of the closure. A snap fit yieldably engages the rim of the can when the closure is installed. The snap fit comprises a rim-receptive slot. A stop extends rearwardly from the body to contact an inner surface of the rim, and an "L" shaped jaw extends downwardly from the handle. A horizontal leg of the jaw catches on the lower outer surface of the rim when the closure is forced downwardly and the can rim enters the slot between the horizontal leg and the stop.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to beverage can closures. More particularly the present invention relates to modular beverage can closures which directly engage the opening in a conventional beverage can. Art pertinent to the present invention is classified within numerous subclasses in U.S. Patent Class 220.
II. The Prior Art
Conventional pry tab-activated beverage cans typically include a top or end wall employing a score to define an opening. A pry tab is anchored to the top wall of the container by a rivet that defines a leverage point. When that portion of the tab opposite the scored area is raised by the user, the opposite end of the tab contacts and deflects the area circumscribed by the score, rupturing it from the can end. As the pry tab is leveraged about the rivet, the scored end portion is separated from the top and bent downwardly into the can.
Known pry tab cans are not easily resealable. Although plastic tops may be affixed over the can end, they do not offer the same ease of use as other closure devices offer for competing beverage containers. For example, various types of plugging or capping closures are known for resealing bottles. One desiring to use only a portion of the contents of a pry tab container has no known way to avoid loss of carbonation, contamination spilling of the contents of an opened can.
Several attempts have been made to devise pull or pry tabs for beverage cans which are resealable. Among these attempts are Fridi U.S. Pat. No. 4,244,488 and my U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,080,249 and 5,129,773. Such structures require extensive modification to existing can configurations. Therefore, they have proven largely impractical. Hence, it is desirous to provide a closure that can be used by the ultimate consumer.
Numerous attempts have been made to craft a can sealer or closure. Patents related to such devices included U.S. Pat. No. 3,727,787 issued to Gregory on Apr. 17, 1973. This "Pop-Top Can-Resealer" is aimed at older type pull-tab cans which have largely been replaced by the above described pry-tab cans. Another pop-top closure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,680,732.
Other known devices cover the entire top of the can. One such device is disclosed in Corey, U.S. Pat. No. 4,913,304, issued Apr. 3, 1990. This device employs a spring to facilitate the engagement of a plastic disc with the rim of a can. A snap on top is disclosed in Taylor, U.S. Pat. No. 4,632,271. A similar device is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,680,731.
Other devices employ a complete top seal with a portion intended to mate with the opening in the can. One such device is disclosed in Gerien, U.S. Pat. No. 4,703,873, issued Nov. 3, 1987. Gerien also discloses a flip-top to facilitate use. Another U.S. Patent disclosing such a flip-top is U.S. Pat. No. 4,796,774 issued to Nabinger on Jan. 10, 1989.
Pierce, U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,746, discloses a closure system for a container which employs an insert to be mounted to the top of the container and a plug to be mated with the insert. The can on which this closure is intended to be used differs somewhat from the conventional pry-top can. Another can closure is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,680,729.
Hence, it is desirous to provide a can closure for pry top cans which can be used by the ultimate consumer. This closure should employ existing can components to facilitate its operation. Due to the variations in can end structures from can to can it is necessary that the closure employ elements that allow it to function without dependence on exact clearances and tolerances. In other words the closure needs to seal the opening in the can top regardless of minor variations in its shape or size. Furthermore to make the closure easy to use it needs to employ a relatively large handle or gripping area. To facilitate use further the closure should use structures to assist in guiding it into place on the can.


The invention relates to a process for the formation of a structure comprising a thin layer made of semiconductor material on a substrate, including the steps of providing a zone of weakness in a donor substrate; bonding the donor substrate to a support substrate; detaching a portion of the donor substrate to transfer it to the support substrate, wherein the detaching includes applying heat treating the donor substrate to weaken the zone of weakness without initiating detachment and applying an energy pulse to provoke self-maintained detachment of the donor substrate portion to transfer it to the support substrate; and subjecting the transferred portion of the donor substrate to a finishing operation to form a thin layer. The finishing operation is simplified compared to that which is conducted by a conventional process that achieves detaching by applying a heat treatment to provoke self-maintained detachment of the donor substrate portion, and the thin layer has a surface of the same smoothness as one prepared by the conventional process.

The field of the invention is the formation of structures comprising a thin layer made of semiconductor material on a support substrate, by transferring the thin layer from a donor substrate to the support substrate. These structures are usually obtained by the use of a transfer process including steps to:
create a weakened zone within the thickness of a donor substrate;
bring the donor substrate into intimate contact with a support substrate;
detach the donor substrate at the weakened zone, to transfer part of the donor substrate onto the support substrate;
treat the part of the donor substrate transferred onto the support substrate to form the thin layer, with the treatment consisting of a sequence of finishing operations.
The invention more particularly relates to the formation of structures with a particularly thin layer, in other words the thickness of the thin layer is typically very thin, from about 100 to less than 1000 Angstroms, and in particular less than 500 Angstroms.
The well known SMART-CUT® processes are examples of transfer processes for making structures of this type and these correspond to a preferred embodiment of the invention. The structures formed by such processes are of the Semiconductor On Insulator (SeOI) type. Remember that in this case, an oxide layer is inserted between the support substrate and the thin layer. Structures obtained by such processes are used for applications in the microelectronics, optics and/or optronics fields.
After the donor substrate has been detached at the weakened zone, in order to transfer a part of the donor substrate onto the support substrate, it is known that that part must be treated to create the thin layer with the desired configuration and properties. Such a treatment is particularly designed to:
thin the part of the donor substrate transferred onto the support substrate, to bring it to the target thickness required for the thin layer;
reduce the surface roughness, particularly to satisfy surface condition specifications associated with structures used in the application fields mentioned above; and
guarantee good quality in term of defects (surface defects, defects passing through the upper layer of the SeOI structure, etc.), and also to satisfy specifications for the application fields mentioned above.
This type of treatment of the structure obtained directly after detachment typically consists of a sequence of finishing operations. This sequence judiciously leads to one or several steps aimed at thinning the structure obtained after detachment, with one or several steps aimed at smoothing the free surface of the structure.
Thinning part of the donor substrate transferred onto the support substrate after detachment enables one to achieve the target thickness, and this typically is implemented by one or several sacrificial oxidation and/or polishing operations. A polishing operation is usually not desirable because such an operation reduces the uniformity of the thickness of the transferred layer. Thus, when a polishing operation is built into the finishing sequence, it is impossible to guarantee that the standard deviation of the thickness of the transferred layer will be less than 5 Å over the entire thin layer.
Application of a sacrificial oxidation operation is also limited. Such operations tend to cause some pre-existing defects to pass through and into the thin layer, leading to the formation of HF type defects, particularly when a large part of the thickness of the transferred layer is eliminated or removed. In order to limit the formation of such defects, an intermediate thermal annealing operation is usually made between two sacrificial oxidation steps, each of these two steps being designed only for a limited thinning of such layers. As an example of such a thermal annealing, a fast thermal annealing is typically done under a controlled atmosphere using a mode commonly called RTA (Rapid Thermal Annealing). This has been implemented to various degrees in the prior art.
PCT application WO 03/009366 discloses a finishing treatment step that is based on a "basic" sequence (that could be repeated) including a sequence consisting of a sacrificial oxidation operation followed by an RTA operation. It has been observed that a single RTA operation is inefficient, particularly in terms of reducing the surface roughness, when it is implemented on the surface obtained directly after detachment.
PCT application WO 2005/013318 suggests to combine a step to create a weakened zone formed by co-implantation with a finishing treatment step based on a "basic" sequence (that may possibly be repeated) including an RTA operation followed by a sacrificial oxidation operation.
Copending application Ser. No. 11/328,061 filed Jan. 10, 2006, the entire content of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference thereto, explains that it is preferable to transfer a thick layer and then thin this thick layer, rather than attempt to transfer a thin layer directly without thinning, if the resulting thin layer is to have a thickness that is less than 1000 Angstroms, and particularly less than 500 Angstroms.
It follows from the above that a finishing treatment for a thick layer requires several sacrificial oxidation operations (each designed for limited thinning only), with RTA smoothing operations being conducted between the sacrificial oxidation operations. It will easily be understood that the use of a large number of finishing operations has an adverse effect on the global cost of the process.
Furthermore, the formation of a structure with a specified final thickness leads to additional calibration of equipment that depends on the residual thickness of the layer to be treated. For example, calibration of the lamps of an RTA type furnace (necessary to guarantee uniform heating of a wafer) is calibrated as a function of the thickness of the upper layer of an SeOI structure. Thus, if a finishing treatment is necessary for a transferred layer with a thickness of the order of 2000 Angstroms immediately after detachment, it may be necessary to perform several RTA smoothing operations between several thinning operations, to obtain a final thin layer with a thickness of 500 Angstroms. It may then be necessary to adapt each RTA smoothing operation to each thickness (initial, intermediate, final) being treated. Such an adaptation can increase the complexity of a finishing treatment with multiple operations.
Therefore, an attempt is made to simplify the finishing operation as much as possible, without compromising the quality of the final structures. In the context of forming a thin layer structure, the finishing operation sequence selected as being preferred consists of repeating the sequence of a rapid thermal annealing operation followed by a sacrificial oxidation operation. This preferred sequence, also called RTA/Sacrox/RTA/Sacrox (where "Sacrox" denotes a sacrificial oxidation), has the advantage of being high performance in terms of quality, but has the disadvantage of including a large number of operations. Thus, there is a need in the art for simplified or improved processes to enhance the processing efficiency of such materials.

Finishing process for the manufacture of a semiconductor structure

S.O.I.Tec Silicon on Insulator Technologies


The present invention relates to a device and method for measuring the amount of a liquid chemical in a plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). An ultrasonic sensor is adopted to measure a distance between a liquid chemical level in a liquid chemical measuring tube communicated with a liquid chemical tank and a top end of the liquid chemical measuring tube, and then a height of the liquid chemical in the liquid chemical tank is further determined according to an acquired attitude angle of the UAV and a distance between a central position of the liquid chemical measuring tube and a central position of the liquid chemical tank, thereby accurately measuring the amount of the liquid chemical in the liquid chemical tank of the UAV.

During the autonomous flight of a plant protection UAV, its liquid chemical gradually decreases with the spraying operation. On the one hand, the reduction of the liquid chemical continuously changes the weight and center of gravity of the plant protection UAV to during operation, so it is necessary to use a flight control system of the plant protection UAV to adjust control parameters of the UAV in real time according to the remaining amount of the liquid chemical, so as to better maintain the stable flight of the aircraft. On the other hand, the flight control system of the plant protection UAV can better control the spraying speed based on the real-time remaining amount of the liquid chemical to realize autonomous task planning. In summary, real-time and accurate measurement of the remaining amount of the liquid chemical is very important to improve the operation quality of the plant protection UAV.
There are mainly two existing technologies for measuring the remaining amount of a liquid chemical as follows.
The first technology is to install a distance measuring sensor at the top of a liquid chemical tank to measure the liquid level of the liquid chemical tank so as to estimate the remaining amount of the liquid chemical in the liquid chemical tank. However, since the attitude of the plant protection UAV changes greatly and irregularly during flight, it is often necessary to adopt a tilted attitude to correct the interference caused by the external wind speed when the UAV flies in a straight line. As a result, the liquid chemical level often oscillates and it is difficult to estimate the overall amount of the liquid chemical by measuring the local liquid level.
The second technology is to install a sensor at the bottom of a liquid chemical tank to measure the pressure of the liquid chemical at the bottom of the liquid chemical tank so as to estimate the remaining amount of the liquid chemical. Because the liquid chemical generally has certain corrosivity, the sensor is in direct contact with the liquid chemical in this method, which easily leads to corrosion and damage of the sensor.
Therefore, it is an urgent technical problem in this field how to provide a method or device that can accurately measure the amount of a liquid chemical in an UAV without contact.

Device and method for measuring amount of liquid chemical in plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)


Systems, methods, and computer-executable instructions for determining a computation schedule for a recurrent neural network (RNN). A matrix multiplication (MM) directed-acyclic graph (DAG) is received for the RNN. Valid phased computation schedules for the RNN are generated. Each of the valid phase computation schedule includes an ordering of MM operations. For each of the plurality of valid phased computation schedules, each of the MM operations is partitioned to processor cores based on L3 cache to L2 cache data movement. The RNN is executed based on the valid phased computation schedules. A final computation schedule is stored. The final computation schedule is used for future executions of the RNN.

Deep learning (DL) is a fast-growing field influencing many applications on image, speech, and text processing. Traditional feed forward neural networks assume that all inputs (and outputs) are independent of each other. This assumption may not be valid for many tasks. For example, to predict the next word in a sentence, which words come before the current word are useful. Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are an important and popular class of DL models that address the independent input/output assumption by making use of sequential information. RNNs perform the same task for every element in the sequence, with the output being dependent on the previous computation. RNNs have shown great promise in many natural language processing tasks, e.g., language models, machine translation, machine reading comprehension, speech recognition, and conversational bots.
Using RNNs typically has two steps: (1) learning model weights through training, and (2) applying the model to predict the results of new requests, which is referred to as serving, or equivalently, inferencing or scoring. Training is a throughput-oriented task: existing systems batch the computation of multiple training inputs to obtain massive parallelism, leveraging a graphics processing units (GPUs) to obtain high throughput. Users can often tolerate fairly long training time of hours and days because training is done offline. Serving, on the other hand, may make online prediction of incoming requests, imposing different goals and unique challenges.
Latency and efficiency are two important metrics for analyzing the serving of RNN models. Interactive services often require responses to be returned within a few or tens of milliseconds because delayed responses may degrade user satisfaction. Moreover, large-scale services handle massive request volumes and could require thousands of machines to serve a single model. Many RNN models from production services such as web search, advertisement, and conversational bots require intensive computation and may not be viable because of serving latency violation and cost constraints.


An apparatus for transmitting data at high data rates, between two systems that move relative to one another is provided. The apparatus includes an optical fiber and an axial module on one of the two systems for the purpose of axial data coupling, using the optical fiber and a lateral module on another of the two systems for the purpose of lateral data coupling using the optical fiber.

The present embodiments relate to an apparatus for transmitting data between two systems that move relative to one another.
In a multiplicity of applications, large volumes of data are transmitted between two systems, which move relative to one another. The two systems can be systems rotating relative to one another (e.g., rotary machines of power stations, large motors, radar installations or computed tomography systems) or systems moving translationally relative to one another (e.g., traveling trolleys, rail systems and assembly robots, or a combination of such systems).
Wireless transmission methods using, for example, optical or capacitive transmission may be used for the data transmission. If an area in proximity to an axis of rotation of a rotating system is not available for a data transmission because the area, as in the case of the computed tomography system, must remain excepted, the data transmission takes place in the radially outer region of the rotor, which imposes high demands in terms of the communication connection between a transmitter and a receiver. In addition, the data rates to be transmitted are increasing all the time, as, for example, image processing systems operate with data streams of up to 1011 bits/second.
It is known from DE 32 05 065 A1 to configure a receiving element in the form of a ring-shaped reflecting trench (e.g., a mirror trench). Light can be coupled at any angular position into the mirror trench in an approximately tangential direction, the light being guided via multiple reflection to a receiving unit. Implementing the mirror trench is complicated, time-consuming and cost-intensive, however. Furthermore, losses are also caused in such systems due to absorption in the mirror trench.

Apparatus for transmitting data between two systems which move relative to one another


Systems and methods are described for downloading audio signals into a digital telephone to update and replace a conventional ringer tone. The source of the audio signal can be from any analog audio sound source, such as a radio, PC sound card, MP3 player, CD or DVD player, etc. The audio signal can be fed through an audio cable into a handset headset jack that is already available in most digital telephones, or into a specialized audio jack incorporated into the base (of a cordless telephone). The audio signal may be comprised of a song or speech. The audio signal can be stored in a specialized memory for storing audio signals without requiring encoding the signal prior to storage, or it can be stored in any conventional memory arrangement. For a cordless telephone, the audio signal may be stored in the handset or in the base unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to telephone ring signaling systems, and more particularly to methods for customizing selection of ring tones for a telephone.
2. Background of the Invention
In recent years, there have been significant advancements in capabilities and features provided in telephone systems. In addition to the standard functionality for placing telephone calls, modern telephones now include calling logs and telephone directories, and allow users to adjust ring volume, ring tone, and displays, among many other features. Whereas telephones had once been thought of as being simple and interchangeable, modem telephone systems now can be customized according to users' unique preferences.
There are many reasons why users customize the operation of their telephones. First, many features that are now available on telephone systems facilitate more efficient and convenient telephone usage. For example, telephone users create personalized telephone directories to save time that would otherwise be spent searching for forgotten telephone numbers. As another example, a user might adjust the ring volume to a louder setting so as not to miss a call while outside or to a softer setting so as not to disturb a sleeping child. Features such as calendars and calculators, alarm clocks and call timers are popular with users because they add convenient functionality in an easily accessible, portable electronic device.
Another reason why users customize their telephones is because users simply enjoy configuring personal telephones to their tastes and preferences as a form of self-expression. For example, most cellular telephones enable users to create personal welcoming messages on the display, choose from dozens of different audible ring tones, and even customize the external appearance of the telephone through artistic faceplates. Since users are spending more and more time of each day communicating over a telephone, and carry cordless telephones throughout their houses and cellular telephones wherever they travel, it is not unexpected that many users seek to maximize the enjoyment of their telephones.
Of all the features provided in modern telephones that can be personalized, the selection of ring tones is perhaps one of the most popular. Most cellular telephones now include a list of different "tunes" that can be played instead of the standard 'ringing' sound that used to be associated with a telephone. Long gone are the days when a telephone included an actual bell for generating a ringing signal to indicate an incoming call—now telephones can select between tunes such as "Auld Lang Syne" and "Happy Birthday." Users may periodically change their selected ringer "tune" to distinguish their phone from others (e.g., when there are multiple phone lines in a house), or simply for the sake of variety.
Once telephone manufacturers discontinued the use of actual ringing bells in telephones, simulated "ringing" signals were generated by means of a piezoelectric tone generator. Such telephones could signal an incoming call by sending a pulsed electrical signal to the generator to create a 'staccato-styled' monotone. Users could adjust the volume of the ring, and perhaps the rhythm of the pulsed signal, but no additional customization was available.
Upon the advent of digital telephones, "ringers" were changed to utilize tone generators capable of playing different frequencies, or "notes." The ringer systems that are provided on most conventional digital telephones, whether for use in a landline or wireless network, operate by altering the frequency of a single tone to create a musical scale. For each available song, the memory within the telephone stores a sequence of quantized frequencies or "notes" of the song. Typically, the memory is located within the handset of either a cordless or a cellular telephone. Since the amount of memory space is finite, a song usually consists of a repeating section of a recognizable "tune." Thus, while the tune is sufficiently recognizable to be amusing, the quality of sound is usually rather poor. Some telephones include a multi-tone (polyphonic) tone generator, but this only marginally improves the quality of sound.
Although many users appreciate the variety of choosing between a dozen or so ringer "tunes" on a digital telephone, most of these tunes are merely novelty songs that quickly become tiresome. For example, while a user might enjoy setting a telephone ringer to play the "Happy Birthday" tune during his/her birthday, this tune might not otherwise be selected.
During the past few years, it has become known to download music samples as .wav files or MP3 files, or receive streams of music as RealAudio or Windows Media streaming files. Such technologies enable users to store, in digital form, high quality reproductions of music on computer memory. Due to recent advances in semiconductor storage capacity, it also has become known to store voice data (such as in dictaphones, digital answering machines, etc.) on memory cards for life-like play back. However, systems and methods are not known for improving the sound reproduction of ring tones in digital telephones.
Accordingly, there is a need for a method and system for improving the quality of ring tones in digital telephones.

Method and system for downloading audio samples for personalized telephone ring tones


An olefin polymerization process wherein monomer, at least one olefin comonomer different from the olefin monomer, diluent and catalyst are circulated in a continuous loop reactor and product slurry is recovered by means of a continuous product take off. The continuous product allows operating the reaction at significantly higher solids content in the circulating slurry.

This invention relates to the polymerization of olefin monomers in a liquid diluent.
Addition polymerizations are frequently carried out in a liquid which is a solvent for the resulting polymer. When high density (linear) ethylene polymers first became commercially available in the 1950xe2x80x2s this was the method used. It was soon discovered that a more efficient way to produce such polymers was to carry out the polymerization under slurry conditions. More specifically, the polymerization technique of choice became continuous slurry polymerization in a pipe loop reactor with the product being taken off by means of settling legs which operated on a batch principle to recover product. This technique has enjoyed international success with billions of pounds of ethylene polymers being so produced annually. With this success has come the desirability of building a smaller number of large reactors as opposed to a larger number of small reactors for a given plant capacity.
Settling legs, however, do present two problems. First, they represent the imposition of a xe2x80x9cbatchxe2x80x9d technique onto a basic continuous process. Each time a settling leg reaches the stage where it xe2x80x9cdumpsxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cfiresxe2x80x9d accumulated polymer slurry it causes an interference with the flow of slurry in the loop reactor upstream and the recovery system downstream. Also the valve mechanism essential to periodically seal off the settling legs from the reactor upstream and the recovery system downstream requires frequent maintenance due to the difficulty in maintaining a tight seal with the large diameter valves needed for sealing the legs.
Secondly, as reactors have gotten larger, logistic problems are presented by the settling legs. If a pipe diameter is doubled the volume of the reactor goes up four-fold. However, because of the valve mechanisms involved, the size of the settling legs cannot easily be increased further. Hence the number of legs required begins to exceed the physical space available.
In spite of these limitations, settling legs have continued to be employed where olefin polymers are formed as a slurry in a liquid diluent. This is because, unlike bulk slurry polymerizations (i.e. where the monomer is the diluent) where solids concentrations of better than 60 percent are routinely obtained, olefin polymer slurries in a diluent are generally limited to no more than 37 to 40 weight percent solids. Hence settling legs have been believed to be necessary to give a final slurry product at the exit to the settling legs of greater than 37-40 percent. This is because, as the name implies, settling occurs in the legs to thus increase the solids concentration of the slurry finally recovered as product slurry.
Another factor affecting maximum practical reactor solids is circulation velocity, with a higher velocity for a given reactor diameter allowing for higher solids since a limiting factor in the operation is reactor fouling due to polymer build up in the reactor.
It is an object of this invention to produce olefin polymers as a slurry in a liquid diluent utilizing continuous product slurry takeoff;
It is a further object of this invention to operate a slurry olefin polymerization process in a diluent at a reactor solids concentration high enough to make direct continuous product takeoff commercially viable;
It is a further object of this invention to operate a slurry olefin polymerization process in a diluent at higher circulation velocities.
It is yet a further object of this invention to operate a slurry olefin polymerization process in a diluent in a reaction zone of greater than 30,000 gallons; and
It is still yet a further object of this invention to provide a loop reactor apparatus having a capacity of greater than 30,000 gallons and having a continuous take off means.
In accordance with one aspect of this invention, an olefin polymerization process is carried out at a higher reactor solids concentration by means of continuous withdrawal of product slurry.
In accordance with another aspect of this invention, an olefin polymerization process is carried out by polymerizing at least one olefin monomer, and at least one olefin comonomer different from the olefin monomer, in a liquid diluent in the loop reaction zone to produce a fluid slurry comprising the liquid diluent and solid olefin polymer particles. The concentration of solid olefin polymer particles in the slurry in the zone is maintained at greater than 40 weight percent, based on the weight of polymer particles and the weight of the liquid diluent. The shiny, including a withdrawn liquid diluent and withdrawn solid polymer particles, is continuously withdrawn, as an intermediate product of the process.
In accordance with another aspect of this invention, a loop polymerization apparatus is provided having an elongated hollow appendage at a downstream end of one of the longitudinal segments of the loop, the hollow appendage being in direct fluid communication with a heated flash line and thus being adapted for continuous removal of product slurry.

High polymer solids slurry polymerization employing 1-olefin comonomer


A magazine in which a plurality of cartridges are contained as vertically moved stepwise by a distance separating two successive ones of the cartridges. The lift has a plurality of lift steps alternately engaged by a latching member. A rotary disk having two pins on its face is arranged adjacent the latching member. During rotation of the disk, one of the pins pivots the latching member out of engagement with a lift steps while the other of the pins supports the disengaged lift step to raise or lower the lift, depending upon the rotational direction of the disk. Further rotation of the disk permits the spring biased latching member to pivot back into a path where it engages the next lift step, thereby accomplishing one step of movement of the lift. Each time the lift is moved by one step, a pinch roller arrangement detects whether a cartridge is in the magazine corresponding to the position currently aligned with the inlet/outlet of the tape changer. If a cartridge is present, then the pinch rollers move the cartridge to load it into a magnetic tape unit, otherwise the lift is moved by another step, and the presence of a cartridge at the new position is detected. In this way, all of the cartridges present in magazine are sequentially loaded into the magnetic tape unit and after being ejected from the magnetic tape unit are loaded back into the magazine.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a cartridge-type magnetic tape changer in which one of a plurality of cartridge-type magnetic tapes contained in a magazine is loaded from the magazine into a magnetic tape unit and, after being ejected from the magnetic tape unit, is loaded back into the magazine.
2. DESCRIPTION OF RELATED ART
For recording desired information onto a magnetic tape ("MT" hereinafter) with a MT unit or reproducing the information recorded on an MT with the MT unit, a cartridge-type magnetic tape (hereinafter "cartridge") is loaded into the MT unit or taken out of the MT unit manually by an operator. To load/unload multiple cartridges sequentially for data or information recording or reproduction, cartridge changers have recently been proposed that have a magazine containing multiple cartridqes. Such cartridge changers are designed so that a certain one of the cartridges selected among the multiple cartridges contained in the magazine can be automatically loaded into the MT unit, and after being ejected from the MT unit, can be automatically returned into the same place in the magazine. One of these type of cartridge changers is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 60-50740. According to this type of changer, the magazine has a plurality of cartridges that is fixed on a belt that extends between a drive roller and a driven roller, and the magazine is sequentially moved by the belt as the drive roller is driven in stepwise movement by a roller gear type transmission mechanism. The magazine is driven by the belt to a predetermined position at which one of the cartridges in the magazine is loaded into the MT unit. Problems, including belt slipping, elongation of the belt and the like lead to a possible failure in accurate positioning of the magazine. Further, the belt deteriorates over time so that there is a possibility of belt failure.
In the cartridge changers of the aforementioned type, a device is provided for detecting whether or not a certain one of the cartridges in the magazine is at the position in which it is to be loaded into the MT unit. Once it is in this position, the cartridge is loaded into the MT unit. Whether the cartridge is at the loading position or not can be detected by photoelectric detecting methods, for example. One such method is known from Japanese Utility Model Unexamined Publication No. 61-79856. In implementing this method, however, the length of the optical path between the light emitter and the photodetector of the photoelectric sensor must be larger than the length between the lateral sides of the cartridge. This is disadvantageous in that it is difficult to adjust the alignment between a light emitter and photodetector spread this far apart, and therefore the device is likely to malfunction.
Cartridge changers of the known type suffer from a further disadvantage in that while a certain selected cartridge is being automatically loaded and unloaded with respect to the MT unit, the operator cannot take out or replace any of the other cartridges from the magazine. Moreover, any cartridge not set in the magazine, but set directly into the cartridge changer, cannot be automatically supplied into the MT unit. Therefore, the cartridge-type magnetic tape changers of the prior art are inconvenient for an operator's use.

Tape changer for loading and unloading a magazine of magnetic tape cartridges


The disclosure provides a drug delivery device that can release a drug or other molecule of interest in response to application of a mechanical force, such as tension, and methods of use thereof. The present disclosure provides a tension-responsive drug delivery device by exploiting a difference in mechanical properties between a drug-loaded core material and a supertiydrophobic barrier coating consisting of interconnected micro- and nano-sized particles formulated via the electrospraying of a mixture of biocompatible polymers.

Materials responsive to stimuli, such as temperature, pH, applied magnetic field, and mechanical stress are important in biomedicine because they allow spatiotemporal control over drug release. However, there remains a need in the art for materials responsive to mechanical forces for drug delivery and methods using application of mechanical forces for timed delivery, such as drug delivery.


A top-gate transistor array substrate includes a transparent substrate with a plane, an ion release layer, a pixel array, and a first insulating layer. The ion release layer is disposed on the transparent substrate and completely covers the plane. The pixel array is disposed on the ion release layer and includes a plurality of transistors and a plurality of pixel electrodes. Each of the transistors includes a source, a drain, a gate and a MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) layer. The drain, the source and the MOS layer are disposed on the ion release layer. The pixel electrodes are electrically connected to the drains respectively. The gate is disposed above the MOS layer. The first insulating layer is disposed between the MOS layers and the gates. The MOS layer contacts the ion release layer. The ion release layer can release a plurality of ions into the MOS layers.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a transistor array substrate, and more particularly, to a top-gate transistor array substrate.
2. Related Art
Currently, a liquid crystal display (LCD) with a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) layer is present. The thin-film transistor (TFT) of the LCD has an active layer made of MOS. When the LCD is in operation, a positive voltage is applied to a gate of the TFT to enable the gate to generate an electric field.
A plurality of oxygen ions (O2−) in the semiconductor layer are driven by the electric field and move towards the gate. When the oxygen ions move towards the gate, an oxygen vacancy occurs in the MOS layer. That is to say, the regions lacking oxygen ions are present in the MOS layer. Once too many oxygen ions move towards the gate, the resistance of the MOS layer will change, and it influences the operation of the LCD, thereby resulting in decrease of the reliability of the LCD.