A system of mechanically moving cool air into the hot attic space within a building structure such as a residence, which reduces the heat load on the habitable portion of the building structure, and thus allowing efficient cooling. The cool air is drawn from a vented crawl space, from a cellar or a basement space through applicable ducts, and a vertical duct or air chase upward into the attic using a controlled fan/blower air handling apparatus. The cool air then flows into the attic through applicable ducts and forces the attic air outside through exterior attic vents. In this system the possible irritants and contaminated crawl space air, basement air, or attic air is not vented into the habitable living space of the building, thus providing a healthier living environment for the inhabitants. This system can be adapted to applicable existing and new building structures of one or multiple floors.

The present invention relates to the cooling of a single or multi-floor building structure on the size of a residence, or a similar small commercial, office, or apartment type building. The typical building structure that the cool air ventilation system invention would be used within, would contain a closed off habitable indoor living space, separating a crawl space below and an attic space above. The cool air in the crawl space is captured by an applicable system of ducts, the cool air moved by the means of a controlled fan/blower air handling apparatus, and the cool air moved vertically by duct or air chase into the attic space. The hot air temperature within the attic is reduced by the positive cool fresh air flow drawn from the crawl space, creating an efficient means of lowering the heat load on the building, thus saving cooling costs, and related energy needs. The present invention also addresses a configuration of the system with a reduction and possible omission of ducts in the crawl space and attic space. In this arrangement, a vertical duct/air chase from the crawl space to the attic with a controlled fan apparatus would be used.
In some prior approaches, the movement of air within the crawl space, cellar, basement, and attic air is not blocked off from the indoor living space. That same air is allowed to infiltrate the habitable portion of the building. That same air could be contaminated by the odors, irritants, and contaminants within the crawl space or attic space; depending on how the air was being used. Some prior systems may use the building cool air combined with the cool air produced from an air conditioning system or heat exchanger. The cool air ventilation system invention does not mix cool air from the crawl space, cellar, or basement space with other building cooling systems.
The present invention was designed in such a way as to be applicable to a plurality of new and existing building construction means. The present invention was also designed in a simple means to reduce in place costs and operating costs. Where as other approaches are lacking in one or any combination of the following-cost effective, health benefits, simplicity, and performance.
Some lower level building contaminants that may be irritable and unhealthy for the building occupants may include odors, mold particles, and radon gas. The cool air ventilation system invention would reduce the crawl space contaminants due to the positive flow of fresh air and reducing the infiltration of the irritable contaminants into the habitable portion of the building. The described cool air ventilation system invention may also be utilized by the building inhabitants during the off season colder months, as needed to create fresh air to reduce the crawl space contaminants.
The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has two extensive published articles relating to mold problems in the U.S. The two articles are, xe2x80x9cA Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture, and Your Homexe2x80x9d, and xe2x80x9cMold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildingsxe2x80x9d. Both articles interact and are applicable to most buildings. There are several health issues involved, such as asthma and allergy problems which causes suffering to millions of people. One of the key items the EPA expressed several times was that xe2x80x9cMoisture Control is the Key to Mold Controlxe2x80x9d. The EPA article, xe2x80x9cMold Remediation in Schools and Commercial Buildingsxe2x80x9d, mentioned above includes the following statement, xe2x80x9cMolds gradually destroy the things they grow on. Prevent damage to building materials and furnishings, save money, and avoid potential health risks by controlling moisture and eliminating mold growthxe2x80x9d. The cool air ventilation system invention helps to reduce moisture in both the habitable indoor portion of the building, and crawl space, cellar, or basement, and mold is reduced creating healthier living conditions, which helps to save health care expenses. Reduction of moisture in the crawl space reduces mold, which attacks costly structural building components, saving the building owner maintenance costs.
The United States Department of Energy-Office of Building Technology State and Community Programs publication, xe2x80x9cInstalling and Using a Whole House Fanxe2x80x9d, relates to cost saving of a whole house fan and health issues. The disadvantages of this technology is the outside contaminants are pulled into the habitable indoor living space of the building through open windows. The building inhabitants are then subject to allergenic pollen and dust. The cool air ventilation system does not contaminate the building structure indoor living space. It does not have an unattractive open hole in the indoor ceiling to winterize.
In the present invention, a cellar or basement area may be utilized for drawing cool fresh air through openings; the air flow may be filtered as needed with an air filter in an air filter housing frame.
In certain areas of the world, the present invention may act on it""s own for cooling a building. In other areas of the world, it may be an advantage to also include additional air conditioning equipment means within the building structure. The present invention reduces the heat load on the building structure. This is an advantage as the additional air conditioning equipment can be downsized, helping to offset equipment, maintenance, operation, and overall cooling energy costs.
The described cool air ventilation system invention reduces the building heat load, reduces building cooling costs, helps to save natural resources used to create energy, and reduces resultant contamination, provides healthier living conditions for the building inhabitants, which helps to save health care expenses, and enhances the longevity of some building components subject to hot attic heat and mold in the crawl space.
The present invention relates to a reduction of the heat load on a building structure such as a residence type building. This is accomplished by utilizing the coolness found in the lowest shaded closed off space of a building. Fresh air enters at the exterior wall vents or openings at the lower level, the air moves though the lower level circulated vertically and disbursed into and out of the exterior vented attic space. The positive cool airflow through the hot attic space reduces the hot attic heat, and thus reduces the heat load on the building. A fan/blower air handling apparatus with applicable ducts is a means of creating the positive airflow from the lowest space of the building to the attic space. Reducing the building heat load in this means is cost effective and allows energy conservation, and savings.
Another object of the cool air ventilation system invention is to create a healthier means to utilize the low-level cool air space, without circulating that same air into the building indoor living space of the building. The building structure is split into three spaces, a closed off habitable indoor living space, separating a low level crawl space, cellar or basement space, and a upper attic space. The upper attic space and the lower crawl space is connected with a solid duct or a combination air chase constructed in such a means to prevent air penetration into the habitable indoor living space. This means prevents odors, irritants and contaminated air from flowing into the habitable indoor living space and thus helps save health related expenses for the building inhabitants.
It would be an inconvenience for the building inhabitants to constantly regulate the fan/blower air handling apparatus for the present invention. The cool air ventilation system invention system fan/blower air handling apparatus is controlled by a plurality of means for efficient operation and benefit for the building inhabitant. The applicable control means may include any one or combination of the following, an off-on switch, a temperature operating switch, an exterior solar type off-on switch, a humidistat, and an adjustable intermittent off-on timer switch. The humidistat would be utilized to prevent damp air from being pulled into the building structure.
Unlike the whole house fan concept, the present cool air ventilation system invention, utilizes the air drawn from a cooler source of supply, and therefore enhances an efficient means of attic ventilation and reduces exposure to contaminants.
Another object of the present cool air ventilation system invention would be to enhance the reduction of dust particles in the moving air from the crawl space, cellar or basement spaces to the attic space. A means to help prevent movement of dust particles would be to utilize an air filter housing and air filter at the fan/blower air handling apparatus, at the air chase, and at exterior vents, and window openings. The earth covered crawl space, or cellar can be covered with a plastic flexible sheet membrane material. The cellar or basement floor can be covered with a concrete floor.
The described cool air ventilation system invention reduces the building heat load, reduces building cooling costs, helps to save natural resources used to create energy, and reduces resultant contamination, provides healthier living conditions for the building inhabitants, which helps to prevent health care expenses, and enhances the longevity of some building components subject to hot attic heat and mold in the crawl space.


A damascene process, applicable to a semiconductor substrate, with a patterned first mask layer formed thereon. A part of the substrate not covered by the first mask layer is exposed, while a first dielectric layer is formed on the exposed part of the substrate. The first mask is then removed to form a first opening in the first dielectric layer. A conformal barrier layer is formed on the substrate and the first dielectric layer, followed by filling the first opening with a metal plug. Alternatively, a dual damascene process is disclosed where a second patterned mask layer is formed in first opening and covers a part of the first dielectric layer, while a part of the first dielectric layer is exposed. A second dielectric layer is formed on the exposed part of the first dielectric layer. The second patterned mask layer is removed to form a second opening and to expose the first opening. Consequently, the conformal barrier layer is formed on the substrate and the dielectric layers, before filling the openings with the metal plug.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor process. More particularly, the present invention relates to a damascene process.
2. Description of Related Art
A damascene process is one kind of interconnect process. The damascene process is to form a trench in a dielectric layer. A metal layer is formed in the trench to form a conductive line as an interconnect. A dual damascene process is one kind of multilevel interconnect process. In the dual damascene process, a contact or a via is additionally formed as an interconnect.
FIGS. 1A through 1C are schematic, cross-sectional views showing a conventional damascene process.
As shown in FIG. 1A, a semiconductor substrate 100 is provided. A dielectric layer 102 is formed over the substrate 100. A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process is performed to planarize the dielectric layer 102. A patterned photoresist layer 104 is formed on the dielectric layer 102.
As shown in FIG. 1B, using the photoresist layer 104 as a mask, the dielectric layer 102 is etched by dry etching to form a trench 106.
As shown in FIG. 1C, the photoresist layer 104 (FIG. 1B) is removed by oxygen plasma. A metal plug 108 is formed in the trench 106, thus completing the damascene process. If a dual damascene process is performed, the process is more complicated.
In the conventional method, oxide with a low dielectric coefficient is used as a material for the dielectric layer 102. The oxide layer includes spin-on polymer (SOP) having a polymer-like structure. While removing the photoresist layer by oxygen plasma, the SOP layer with the polymer-like structure is easily damaged by the oxygen plasma. Therefore, the process is not suitable for removing the photoresist layer by oxygen plasma. Another improved process is to form a cap oxide layer between the dielectric layer and the photoresist layer, as shown in FIGS. 2A through 2B. FIGS. 2A through 2B are schematic, cross-sectional views showing another conventional damascene process. For the convenience of description, the same reference numbers are used in the FIGS. 1A through 1C and FIGS. 2A through 2B to refer to the same or like parts.
As shown in FIG. 2A, a dielectric layer 102 is formed over the substrate 100. A cap oxide layer 103 is formed on the dielectric layer 102. A patterned photoresist layer 104 is formed on the cap oxide layer 103. The cap oxide layer 103 is defined.
As shown in FIG. 2B, the photoresist layer 104 (FIG. 2A) is removed by oxygen plasma. Using the cap oxide layer 103 as a hard mask, the dielectric layer 102 is etched to form a trench 106.
In the conventional method, due to the cap oxide layer 103, the process is more complicated. In addition, while etching the dielectric oxide layer with a low dielectric coefficient to form the trench, a gas with oxygen is commonly used as an etching gas source. The dielectric layer is easily damaged during the etching process. Therefore, the trench profile is not easily controlled and a trench with a bowed profile is often formed. Adhesion between the cap oxide layer and the dielectric oxide layer with a low dielectric layer is poor so that while performing a cleaning step after the etching process, peeling occurs on the cap oxide layer. Moreover, the cap oxide layer formed on the dielectric oxide layer leads to an increased dielectric coefficient for the dielectric layer.


The device comprises a measurement conduit (10) mounted movably in a guide tube connecting the reactor vessel to an instrumentation room which the measurement conduit (10) enters by passing through a sealing nozzle (25). The measurement conduit encloses peripheral sheaths (14) fastened around a central sheath (13). Measuring probes are fastened to the end of cables (16) and mounted movably, each inside a leakproof peripheral sheath (14). The nozzle (25) comprises a leakproof chamber (40). At their ends, each of the peripheral sheaths (14) of the conduit (10) comprises a leakproof passage (50, 50') for the sliding exit of the measurement cable (16) into the chamber (40). Leakproof passge devices (52) for each of the cables (16) are also placed in an exit wall (42) of the chamber (40) of the nozzle (25).

Pressurized water nuclear reactors comprise a vessel which is filled, when the reactor is in operation, with a coolant fluid which consists of water under pressure. The reactor core, consisting of fuel assemblies, is completely immersed in the coolant water.
In the use of nuclear reactors such as pressurized water nuclear reactors, measurements must be made in the core while the reactor is operating. It is necessary, in particular, to carry out measurements of neutron flux at various places along the height of the core, in order to determine the neutron flux or power distribution along the axial direction of the core, which generally corresponds to the vertical direction.
In their central part, the fuel assemblies forming the core comprise an instrumentation nozzle into which can be introduced, throughout the height of the core, a leakproof thimble, inside which a neutron flux measurement probe is moved while the reactor is operating.
The thimbles associated with each of the fuel assemblies in which flux measurements are carried out must be capable of being withdrawn from these assemblies, for example when reloading of the core is carried out. These thimbles are therefore mounted so that they can move and slide inside guide tubes connecting the lower part of the vessel to a measurement room or instrumentation room in which the ends of the thimbles remote from the ends which are introduced into the core are accessible for the movement of the probes, for the collection of the measurement signals and for the movement of the thimbles inside the guide tubes. The movement of the thimbles in the guide tubes is performed merely by pushing or pulling, sufficient clearance being provided to limit the forces to be applied to the thimble, despite the curved shape of the guide tubes over most of their length.
In addition to the movable neutron flux measurement probes, use is also made of a set of flux-measuring devices such as collectrons, placed in a stationary position in the core and at various levels along its height.
Devices for measuring temperature, pressure or level, which are placed in the core at various determined locations, must also be used while the reactor is operating.
In order to simplify the instrumentation of the core and the procedures for using and maintaining this instrumentation, it has been proposed to place all the measuring devices relating to a core assembly in which measurements are carried out inside leakproof supporting and positioning conduit designed similarly to the conduit receiving the movable probe. A conduit of this kind comprises an outer tubular enclosure in which there is mounted, in a central position, coaxially with the enclosure, a sheath or thimble permitting the guidance of a movable probe for measuring neutron flux. Measuring devices such as collectrons are placed in the conduit, around the central sheath and in stationary positions distributed along the length of the conduit. The conduit for supporting and positioning the measuring devices has a diameter which is slightly smaller than the diameter of a guide tube permitting its movement and connecting the lower part of the vessel to the instrumentation room. The conduit may be placed in the core or withdrawn from the core from the instrumentation room, merely by its end being pushed or pulled. Inside the instrumentation room, the measurement conduit is mounted in a sliding and leakproof manner inside a nozzle which is rigidly integrally attached to the end of the corresponding guide tube.
It is obviously necessary to employ a central thimble and a neutron flux measuring probe which are miniaturized in relation to the prior art, the intrumentation nozzles of the assemblies being the same as those which were intended to receive thimbles alone. Similarly, the passages reserved for the conduits for supporting and positioning measuring devices in the internal structures of the reactor vessel, between the bottom of the vessel and the base of the core, as well as the guide tubes, are the same as those which were employed for guiding the thimbles alone.
These measurement conduits or leads must have sufficient flexibility to be capable of being moved without excessive force by pushing and by pulling inside curved guide tubes connecting the instrumentation room to the bottom of the vessel. The outer enclosure of these measurement conduits or leads must, furthermore, withstand major forces in a fluid at a high temperature and at a high pressure and under irradiation. In particular, this leakproof outer enclosure must withstand the pressure of the primary coolant water which is exerted on its wall while the reactor is in operation.
To avoid subjecting the wall of the measurement conduit to the pressure of the reactor's primary coolant fluid it has been proposed, in applicant's French Patent Application No. 86-16,505, to produce the measurement conduit in such form that it is in contact with the primary fluid on both its outer surface and its inner surface. The measurement conduit is made in the form of an tubular unit comprising lengths of flexible tubing which are connected together by spacers in which peripheral measuring probes are placed. The central thimble placed coaxially relative to the conduit is made in a leakproof form and such as to withstand the pressure of the primary fluid with which it is in contact via its outer wall. The peripheral measuring probes are immersed directly in the primary fluid inside the measurement conduit. The position of the peripheral probes along the length of the conduit is perfectly determined by the position of the spacers connected by variable lengths of flexible metal tubing.
A device of this kind offers the advantage of being capable of being produced in a form which is both flexible and robust and of facilitating placement of the instrumentation in the reactor core.
However, in the case where a peripheral measuring probe has become defective in operation, the entire measurement conduit must be withdrawn from the corresponding guide tube and must be repaired in a workshop, in order to replace it.
Furthermore, the position of the probes cannot be modified, the latter being determined once and for all when the measurement conduit is designed.
Lastly, the guide tubes towards the various assemblies in which measurements are carried out are of different lengths and require customizing of the design of the measurement conduits. This necessity creates problems which are difficult to solve in the context of the manufacture, storage and replacement of the measurement conduits.

Device for measuring parameters in the core of a nuclear reactor in operation


A sintered alumina article having an excellent flexural strength comprises numerous sintered plate crystalline corundum particles each having cleavage surface planes and accumulated on and bonded to each other in a manner such that the cleavage surface planes of the accumulated plate crystalline particles are substantially in parallel to each other and can be produced by forming the plate crystalline corundum particles into a predetermined shape so that the plate crystalline particles are accumulated in the above-mentioned manner; and by sintering the resultant precursory article at 1500.degree. C. or more under the ambient atmospheric pressure.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sintered alumina article with a high flexural strength and a process for producing same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a sintered alumina article which has an excellent flexural strength and is useful as a highly reliable electronic construction material and medical material, and a process for producing the same under an ambient atmospheric sintering pressure.
(2) Description of the Related Art
Conventional sintered alumina articles which have been prepared by forming corundum (Al.sub.2 O.sub.3) particles into a predetermined shape and then sintering the shaped precursory article under ambient atmospheric pressure exhibits a poor flexural strength of 2000 to 4000 kg/cm.sup.2.
Another conventional sintered alumina article is produced by sintering the shaped precursory article under a high pressure and exhibits an enhanced flexural strength of 6000 to 8000 kg/cm.sup.2, but this high pressure sintering procedure is costly, and thus makes the resultant sintered article expensive. Also, the high pressure sintering procedure restricts the shaping of the sintered article.
A sintered ferrite article, in which sintered ferrite particles are oriented, is now in practical use. The orientation of the ferrite particles provides an anisotropic magnet but not a high strength article. This type of sintered ferrite article is produced by shaping ferrite plate crystalline particles into tapes by a doctor blade method or a calender method, superimposing the tapes on each other, and sintering the superimposed tapes. The plate crystalline ferrite particles can be easily produced by grinding ferrite lumps, and thus the oriented, sintered ferrite article can be easily produced.
Nevertheless, it is very difficult to produce corundum plate crystalline particles by grinding, and thus an oriented, sintered corundum article cannot be easily obtained.
The plate crystalline corundum particles can be produced in accordance with the method disclosed in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 37-7750 by a hydrothermal treatment of aluminum oxide particles or aluminum hydroxide particles at a temperature of 100.degree. C. to 300.degree. C. under a pressure of 20 to 100 atmospheres to produce boehmite (AlOOH) particles, and by a further hydrothermal treatment of the boehmite particles with water or an aqueous alkali solution at a temperature of 350.degree. C. or more under a pressure of 200 atmospheres or more. In the above-mentioned method, the corundum particles can be produced by a treatment under a very high pressure of 200 atmospheres or more, and this high pressure causes the resultant corundum plate crystalline particles to have a large thickness of 1 .mu.m or more, and it is difficult to orient these very thick particles in the intended article.
In another method, the plate crystalline corundum particles can be produced by dry heat-treating aluminum oxide particles or aluminum hydroxide particles, but the particles obtained by the above-mentioned method have a large particle size of 10 .mu.m or more, and thus it is difficult to firmly bond them together.

Sintered alumina article with high flexural strength and process for producing same


This invention discloses a display device mother substrate, a display device substrate and a manufacture method of display device substrate thereof. The display device mother substrate includes a first substrate, a second substrate, a first active area circuit and a first transmission line, wherein a first cutting line is defined between the first substrate and the second substrate. The first active area circuit is disposed on the first substrate and is electrically connected to the first transmission line. The first transmission line includes a display line portion, an end line portion and a middle line portion, wherein the display line portion is electrically connected to the first active area circuit. The middle line portion is disposed on the second substrate, wherein two ends of the middle line portion are electrically connected to the display line portion and the end line portion respectively at the first cutting line. The display device mother substrate is cut along the first cutting line to be separated into the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein the middle line portion is also separated from the display line portion and the end line portion.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a display substrate having an arched signal transmission line and a manufacture method thereof; and more specifically to a liquid crystal display substrate having an arched signal transmission line and a manufacture method thereof.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Flat display panels and the flat display devices using the flat display panels are now the mainstream display devices on the market; especially the liquid crystal display panels are extensively used in display devices for electronic products such as home flat television, flat monitors of personal computers and laptop computers, display screens of mobile phones and digital cameras.
In order to transmit image data, a plurality of signal transmission lines are disposed on the surface of a flat display substrate. FIG. 1 is a top view of a conventional flat display substrate. As FIG. 1 shows, the conventional display substrate includes a first panel substrate 10 and a second panel substrate 20, wherein the panel substrates 10, 20 will be separated at the separation line 40 after a panel performance test is completed. A test line 50 and an active area (or namely pixel area, or namely display area) 12 are disposed on the surface of the first panel substrate 10. During the performance test, the test line 50 accepts test signals from probes (not illustrated) and then transmits the test signals to the active area 12. The test signals simulate the signals during normal operation and drive the active area 12 to inspect whether the display panel can function normally.
As FIG. 1 shows, due to the layout requirement of the display panel, part of the test line 50 overlaps the signal line 60, wherein the signal line 60 is used to transmit electrical signals during normal operation. As FIG. 1 shows, the test line 50 and the signal line 60 overlap and thus parasitic capacitance exists between the test line 50 and the signal line 60. Thus, in the performance test, part of the test signal will be transformed into static charges and stored in the parasitic capacitance between the test line 50 and the signal line 60. After the display panel passes the performance test and starts normal operations, the stored static charges which are accumulated to a certain level may be discharged and damage the protection layer and the insulation layer between the test line 50 and the signal line 60. In this way, electrical signals cannot be correctly transmitted due to short-circuit and thus the display panel cannot correctly display desired images.

Display substrate having arched signal transmission line


A radial magnetic bearing apparatus suspends a rotating shaft and stably operates at a level exceeding a bending intrinsic vibration value of the rotating shaft by controlling magnetic forces generated by control coils wound around control magnetic poles. Grooves are provided on the surface of each control magnetic pole facing the rotating shaft, and sensor coils are wound to pass through the grooves in order to detect the position of the rotating shaft in the radial direction. A part of each control magnetic pole may be used as magnetic poles of an inductance-type displacement sensor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a radial magnetic bearing apparatus for suspending a magnetic object by controlling a magnetic force with electromagnets, and, particularly, to the structure of control magnetic poles of the electromagnets.
2. Description of the Prior Art
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a radial magnetic bearing apparatus of the prior art. A control magnetic pole core 1 is provided with control magnetic poles 31, 32, 35 and 36 around which control coils 51, 52, 55 and 56 are wound. An object made of a magnetic material, for example, a rotating shaft 8, is suspended in a direction X under a control force of electromagnets by control magnetic poles and control coils. The generated control magnetic poles 31 and 32 form a pair. The respective control coils 51 and 52 are wound to form different magnetic poles so that the magnetic fluxes formed by these coils are closed. Therefore, a pair of control magnetic poles 31 and 32 attract the rotating shaft 8 in the +X direction. On the other hand, a pair of control magnetic poles 35 and 36 provided opposite to the control poles 31 and 32 also attract the rotating shaft 8 in the -X direction. As a result, the rotating shaft 8 is positioned and supported in the direction X without any contact with the control magnetic poles 31, 32, 35 and 36 by balancing the magnetic force generated by the electromagnets. In the same manner, the rotating shaft 8 is also positioned and supported in the direction Y without any contact with the control magnetic poles 33, 34, 37 and 38 by balancing the magnetic force generated by the electromagnets comprising a pair of control magnetic poles 33 and 34 and a pair of control poles of 37 and 38.
A pair of control poles located at a position opposite to a pair of control poles provided with control coils supports the rotating shaft 8 in a balanced position under a magnetic force generated by these electromagnets. As such, it is necessary to control excitation of the control coils by detecting the position of the rotating shaft, in order to balance the magnetic forces generated by the electromagnets. To this end, an inductance-type displacement sensor is usually provided adjacent to each control magnetic pole to detect the radial position of the rotating shaft 8. This sensor has a magnetic pole similar to the control magnetic pole and around which a sensor coil is wound for detecting a change in inductance.
FIG. 2 is a sectional view of inductance-type displacement sensors provided in the radial magnetic bearing apparatus shown in FIG. 1. The inductance-type displacement sensors comprise sensor magnetic poles 41 to 48 and sensor coils 61 to 68 wound around the sensor magnetic poles. The position of the rotating shaft 8 in the direction X can be detected by measuring a ratio of inductance of a pair of sensor coils 61 and 62 wound around the magnetic poles 41 and 42, respectively, and the inductance of a pair of sensor coils 65 and 66 wound around the magnetic poles 45 and 46 located opposite to the magnetic poles 41 and 42 with respect to the rotating shaft. The position of the rotating shaft 8 in the direction Y is detected by measuring a ratio of the inductances of the sensor coils 63, 64, 67, 68 in a similar manner.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of the radial magnetic bearing apparatus shown in FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 3, displacement detecting points of the inductance-type displacement sensor comprising the sensor magnetic pole 41 around which the sensor coil 61 is wound and the inductance-type displacement sensor comprising the sensor magnetic pole 45 around which the sensor coil 65 is wound are located by .DELTA.L below in the axial direction of the rotating shaft 8 from working points of the control magnetic pole 31 and the control magnetic pole 35, respectively.
However, such a conventional magnetic bearing apparatus having control magnetic poles and magnetic poles of inductance-type displacement sensors, when operated at a level above the intrinsic value of bending vibration of the rotating shaft 8 results in oscillation which is impossible to control. FIG. 4 is a diagram explaining a bending mode vibration at the intrinsic value of bending vibration of the rotating shaft 8. In FIG. 4, positions AA' and CC' indicate the position of the working point of the control magnetic poles, while positions BB' and DD' indicate the position of poles of the displacement sensors. The control magnetic pole positions AA' and CC' are displaced by .DELTA.L from the magnetic pole positions BB' and DD' of the displacement sensors as shown in FIG. 3.
Under a normal control condition, the rotating shaft 8 is straight as indicated by symbol 8a, but under conditions of vibration occurring at the bending intrinsic value, the shaft 8 is bent as indicated by symbol 8b. Therefore, since each displacement sensor detects a displacement at the position separated by .DELTA.L from the position of the control magnetic pole under vibration occurring at the bending intrinsic value, the displacement sensor may erroneously indicate that a control force is required to be exerted upwardly, although a control force exerted downwardly is essentially required at the operating point of the control magnetic pole. In such a case, since an exciting current flows into the control magnetic pole to generate a control force exerted upwardly, the rotating shaft 8 is driven to an oscillating condition, resulting in a loss of control on the magnetic bearing apparatus.
Such oscillating and no control conditions may be avoided by conforming the position of the operating point of each control magnetic pole with the position of a corresponding magnetic pole of the displacement sensor. However, conventional displacement sensors consist of magnetic sensors, except for optical sensors or electrostatic capacitance-type sensors. Accordingly, if an inductance-type displacement sensor is mounted near a control magnetic pole, the displacement sensor generates an error signal by magnetic fields generated by the control pole.
On the other hand, an optical sensor is very expensive and is not desirable from the point of view of cost. Moreover, since control magnetic poles generate heat due to exciting currents, electrostatic capacitance-type sensors which are easily influenced by a change in temperature can not be employed.


An ultra-low-speed rotating low-strain high-filling-rate hydrogen alloy automatic absorption-desorption reaction device includes a shell, a hydrogen storage reaction bed, a motor, a controlling and monitoring system, a wire inlet port, a hydrogen absorption and desorption port, and a universal angle wheel. The reaction bed is circular, rotating at a low speed under driving of a light ultra-low speed motor; facades on two sides of the reaction bed are respectively provided with a transmission shaft and the hydrogen absorption and discharge port which are respectively connected with an ultra-low-speed gear reduction motor or a high-pressure hydrogen storage tank and a hydrogen-consuming device; the reaction bed includes a hydrogen storage metal alloy, a heat-conducting anti-hardening filling material, and a phase change material; a shell of the alloy reaction bed has a heater and an external side surface of a hydrogen storage alloy reaction device has a PLC controlling and monitoring system.

Hydrogen energy is valued by human beings due to a superior performance thereof. A hydrogen storage density per unit volume of a hydrogen storage alloy is much higher than that of a high-pressure bottle manner, and is also higher than that of liquid hydrogen, with mild hydrogen storage conditions, and hydrogen absorption and desorption are accompanied by an obvious heat effect, so that the hydrogen storage alloy has a great application potential in the field of energy conversion and utilization. With advantages of nickel and rare earth resources in China, the hydrogen storage alloy has a broad industrial application prospect. However, at present, the application of the hydrogen storage alloy is relatively mature in the field of batteries only, and other application fields still need to be developed. After hydrogen absorption of the hydrogen storage alloy, a volume of the hydrogen storage alloy will expand obviously (15% vol % to 20% vol %), and periodic expansion and contraction of a lattice enable the alloy to bear a stress to induce an internal crack. With residual internal crack and heat stress during manufacturing, after several circulations of hydrogen absorption and desorption, the alloy starts to be pulverized into powder of several microns to tens of microns, and hydrogen absorption pulverization becomes an inherent characteristic of the hydrogen storage alloy. A performance of a hydrogen storage alloy reaction device directly depends on a design level of a reaction bed thereof, and alloy pulverization is a main bottleneck of a reaction bed design, with great hazards as follows: {circle around (1)} a powder alloy is easy to be hardened and has a poor fluidity, so that bed body expansion, plastic deformation, and failure are easily caused; {circle around (2)} a heat conductivity of the powder alloy can be reduced by an order of magnitude compared with that of original particles, which hinders heat flow transfer during hydrogen absorption and desorption, thus reducing a hydrogen absorption and desorption speed; {circle around (3)} the alloy pulverization may take the chance to increase a gas resistance of the bed body, and inhibit mass transfer of the hydrogen absorption and desorption of the alloy in the bed body; and {circle around (4)} blocking of a gas release needle valve is easily caused, which brings a great hidden danger to a system safety.
In view of this, improvement of heat and mass transfer performances of the reaction bed on the premise of ensuring a structural strength of the bed body becomes a most critical link in the application research of the hydrogen storage alloy. At present, the disclosure aiming at a hydrogen storage alloy reaction bed device mainly focuses on the following two aspects. {circle around (1)} Dedication to development of standard unit hydrogen storage tank for relieving local stress concentration: CN1752506A provides a circular hydrogen storage tank having a simple structure and no embedded gas pipe suitable for small-scale hydrogen storage, which is internally provided with an aluminum wire mesh to enhance heat transfer; CN104100834A, CN202048351U, and CN106813101A respectively provide a circular hydrogen storage tank made of a porous metal particle, high-heat-conductivity plating honeycomb foam aluminum, foam nickel, and a hydrogen storage alloy in a mixed manner; CN105371105A provides a circular hydrogen storage tank internally provided with a spiral stainless steel coil and an elastic buffer layer of a foam nickel layer; CN105387341A, CN107859871A, and CN108131563A respectively provide a circular hydrogen storage tank with 10 layers of gas guide isolation plates, multiple layers of fine-diameter isolation meshes, and a pure aluminum spiral; CN105715953A provides a portable small hydrogen storage container with a shell made of a multilayer composite material, which realizes heat exchange between an inside and an outside of the hydrogen storage container by utilizing a metal foil connected to the outside of the hydrogen storage container and placed at an innermost layer of the shell; and CN107270120A provides a vehicle-mounted light high-pressure composite (high-pressure gas plus metal combination) circular hydrogen storage tank to increase a volume density of hydrogen storage. {circle around (2)} Dedication to rapid hydrogen absorption and desorption hydrogen storage reaction bed system for enhancing heat transfer: CN200310101758.6 provides a reaction bed composed of a hydrogen storage tank internally provided with a heat-conducting agent and an anti-hardening agent, and tank bodies are connected by a gold fin for enhancing heat transfer; CN106594518A provides a reaction bed, in addition to connecting the tank bodies by the fin for enhancing heat transfer, the fins are staggered to form a circulating water channel to enhance heat transfer; CN205480185U provides a reaction bed with an internal heat transfer structure composed of a circulating water pipeline and a fine-diameter copper mesh jointly; CN103185196A provides a modular metal hydride hydrogen storage reaction bed structure capable of being thermally matched with a fuel cell, which reduces dependence of hydrogen desorption of a hydrogen storage system on an ambient temperature; CN102865453A provides a metal hydride hydrogen storage reaction bed with a function of automatic hydrogen absorption and desorption, wherein an independent refrigeration tube filled with water, methanol, or ethane and an independent heating tube filled with freon or ammonia respectively release hydrogen storage heat to the environment and absorb environmental heat for hydrogen desorption; CN105202365A provides a reaction bed for automatic circulating hydrogen absorption and desorption between two metal hydride hydrogen storage tanks, which alternately immerses two communicated metal hydride hydrogen storage tanks into a high-temperature water bath and a low-temperature water bath to realize hydrogen desorption of the metal hydride hydrogen storage tank with a rising temperature and hydrogen absorption of the metal hydride hydrogen storage tank with a decreasing temperature; CN203248985U provides a reaction bed structure with tank bodies connected through a metal supporting plate and a copper fin radiator; and CN102942159A provides a composite hydrogen storage system reaction bed combining solid hydrogen storage and high-pressure gas hydrogen storage, which realizes heat exchange inside the device. In conclusion, on one hand, after the hydrogen absorption pulverization of the hydrogen storage alloy, physical and chemical properties of the hydrogen storage alloy are changed greatly, which not only directly lead to decrease of a self-heat/mass transfer performance, but also reduce a reliability of a whole reaction bed, and it is a common technical means for a hydrogen storage unit to internally install some components for enhancing heat transfer and resisting hardening; and on the other hand, most hydrogen storage alloy reaction beds are placed longitudinally or transversely, and the reaction beds or unit hydrogen storage tanks are mostly circular, with obvious advantages compared with other reaction beds or unit hydrogen storage tanks, such as those in a square, in terms of a stress tolerance.
However, during hydrogen absorption and desorption circulation of the alloy, a circular tank body generally has axial and circumferential strain problems. Circumferential buckling deformation and axial deformation of the transversely placed unit hydrogen storage tank are mainly concentrated in a range of ¼ pipe length of a lower part of the tank body, and the transversely placed unit hydrogen storage tank mostly appears at a lower part of a tail end of the hydrogen storage tank, and then extends to a middle and lower part of the tank. A root of stress accumulation lies in a settlement effect of pulverized particles, so that a local filling rate of the tank body is increased obviously from top to bottom, and a filling rate of a bottom is larger, with a most prominent stress accumulation phenomenon. In addition, expansion and contraction of the alloy are also affected by a "circulating compression effect" dominated by a friction between a bed wall and the alloy, so that the local filling rate of the alloy is gradually increased from a hydrogen port to the tail end, resulting in plastic deformation and failure after a local filling density at the bottom of the tank body exceeds an allowable value. In order to ensure a reliability of a bed body, increasing a strength of the bed body, sacrificing a hydrogen storage density of a system, and strictly controlling a filling amount and working conditions of the hydrogen storage alloy are common technical means in design of the hydrogen storage alloy reaction bed. However, the above means not only have a high cost and a poor economy, but also bring negative effects on a self-weight, heat transfer, the hydrogen storage density, and the like, and cannot ensure the reliability of the bed body, so that the technical means must be combined with new measures for relieving the stress of the bed body.

Ultra-low-speed rotating low-strain high-filling-rate hydrogen storage alloy reaction device and technology


A system for applying literature to a wall of an object includes a hopper having an exit for dispensing literature one piece at a time and a rotatable member having a plurality of literature receiving areas disposed around the periphery thereof. Each literature receiving area receives one piece of literature from the exit. The member is positioned such that a portion of the periphery is in facing relationship with the exit of the hopper for allowing one of the literature receiving areas to be aligned with the exit. A servomotor rotates the rotatable member in a first direction such that the literature receiving areas pass by the exit one at a time to correspondingly receive a piece of literature from the exit of the hopper. A roller guides a web past a literature receiving area having a terminal piece of literature positioned thereon such that an adhesive coating on the web is in facing relationship with the terminal piece of literature. A pinch roller transfers the terminal piece of literature into adhering contact with the adhesive coating on the web. The web is then moved downstream to apply each piece of literature to an object.

Packaging equipment is commonly used for the filling of containers, the closure of the containers, and the labeling of containers. Examples of containers in frequent use are the bottles or boxes found on the shelves in the marketplace. The bottles are used to package food and other items for both the home and in industry. Such packages are provided with labels to identify the contents of the package, as well as to provide instructions in the use of the material contained within the package.
A problem arises in that there are occasions wherein there is insufficient room on a package label to provide all of the necessary data and instructions on the use of the material contained within the package. For example, in the distribution of medicinal products, literature or outserts in the nature of a multi-folded paper is attached to the package, such multi-folded paper has adequate space to fully describe the material being packaged and/or its use. However, the securing of literature, such as the foregoing multi-folded paper or a brochure of bound sheets of paper, is not readily accomplished by the type of mechanism utilized for applying a simple, single layer label. The bulkiness of the literature and its tendency to open, necessitates the use of specially constructed equipment which can handle the folded or bound literature.
The known literature applying machines have a number of problems. Web breaks and adjustment of the literature stop pins create constant attendance. Tension of the web is critical because too much tension causes web breaks, while not enough tension may cause the web to sag. Further, removing the literature from a magazine hopper and placing it on the web in a consistent manner is another problem with the conventional literature applying machines. Such conventional literature applying machines use a reciprocating or rotary mechanism that takes the literature out of a hopper using a vacuum, turns the literature at an angle of 90.degree. with respect to the web, and then releases the vacuum, thus adhering the literature to the web. However, this type of mechanism does not apply the literature to the web with consistent accuracy, and must be rebuilt frequently due to constant mechanical wear.
Literature may also be applied to containers using glue machines. The literature is removed from a hopper and placed on a rotary drum. The drum holds the literature by vacuum and is rotated to a station that applies glue to the back of the literature. The drum is then rotated to another station where the literature is applied directly onto a container. This method of applying a piece of literature to the container, however, is messy and inaccurate.
The present invention overcomes many of the disadvantages inherent in the above-described literature applying machines by providing a rotatable member which receives literature from a hopper and is rotated to a station that applies the literature to an adhesively coated web. The rotatable member of the present invention is rotated such that only a single piece of literature is received by each literature receiving area on the rotatable member.

System for applying literature to a wall of an object


A method of use and apparatus for estimating repair cost, particularly applicable to cost estimation of interspaced defect damaged vehicle surfaces. The method of use of the present invention provides that a defect count be made for a predetermined representative area; that a determination of relative severity be made with respect to at least one defect within the representative area; and that the repair estimate is then based upon the defect count information and defect severity. A set of physical templates may be provided, with a first template allowing the calculation of the number of dents per surface area, and a second template for grading, comparing, or otherwise determining the size or severity of the individual dents. Additionally, the defect count data and defect severity data may be determined with an electronic scanning means. Various formulae may be employed (manually or electronically) for calculating the cost estimate to repair the damaged surface.

Damage to vehicle surfaces from hail or other icy precipitation is typically manifested as randomly dispersed symmetrical and concavely-shaped depressions or dents. Motor vehicles subject to such damage may suffer a substantial loss in value, and as a result, it may be desirable to repair such a hail damaged vehicle. One approach to repairing hail damage is to simply replace a damaged panel with a new panel and finish the panel to match the existing panels. Yet another approach to repairing hail damage is to apply a hardening fill material (e.g., Bondo.RTM.) in a hail dent depression, sand and prep the defect area, and then refinish the area to match. Both of these approaches are time inefficient and expensive, since extraneous panel surface areas are refinished. Another approach to repairing hail damaged surfaces is a technique referred to as "paintless dent repair" or PDR. Using the PDR technique, a repair technician manipulates elongate tools to bias or otherwise force the dented metal back into shape from the reverse side of the panel. Most significantly, the previously damaged panel need not be refinished as the paint associated with the dent typically remains intact.
Paintless dent repair is an inherently labor intensive repair process, as little or no replacement of parts or additional supplies may be required during the repair. However, it has been difficult to accurately and uniformly estimate the time and cost to repair hail damaged motor vehicles using the paintless dent repair technique as the time and cost of this type of repair varies widely depending on the number and relative severity of the dents. Estimates have traditionally been "best guess" approximations, which may vary dramatically between repair facilities. At the present time, there is a need for effective and precise means for calculating an estimate of the time to repair a hail damaged vehicle. This need is particularly significant to insurers, as an insurance claim adjuster may have a very short time to review and estimate each damaged vehicle.

Apparatus and method of use for calculating an estimate of damaged surface repair cost


A computer processing system for validating isogeny-based cryptography keys having an electronic computing device with an isogeny-based cryptosystem operably configured to validate public keying material including an elliptic curve by simultaneously computing an elliptic curve supersingularity check along with an elliptic curve public point check.

Cryptology is the practice and study of techniques for secure communication in the presence of third parties called adversaries. More generally, cryptography is about constructing and analyzing protocols that prevent third parties or the public from reading private messages and includes various aspects in information security such as data confidentiality, data integrity, authentication, and non-repudiation. Applications of cryptography include electronic commerce, chip-based payment cards, digital currencies, computer passwords, and military communications. Cryptosystems are a suite of cryptographic algorithms needed to implement a particular security service, most commonly for achieving confidentiality. Due to the sensitive nature of internal computations required for a cryptography session, namely one utilizing post-quantum cryptography, the hardware or processing footprint must be protected from a variety of active techniques that cleverly manipulate cryptosystem inputs. As such, utilizing methods to validate this information before use can increase the security of such systems.
Notably, physical implementations of cryptosystems must protect against maliciously generated private and public keys so as not to leak critical internal information. For instance, if in an elliptic curve cryptosystem a third-party sends a public key that is not actually a point on the curve, the resulting behavior from naively utilizing this public key could reveal an internal private key. Furthermore, post-quantum cryptosystems are relatively new with many unclear attack vectors. These public keys and other inputs to a party's implementation of a cryptosystem must be validated as much as possible, but also as efficiently as possible. Among post-quantum cryptosystems, there are very few, if any, validation techniques in use.
Therefore, a need exists to overcome the problems with the prior art as discussed above.

High-performance systems to validate isogeny-based cryptography keys


According to the present disclosure an air cleaner and air filter cartridge arrangement is provided. The air filter cartridge is a removable and replaceable cartridge for use in the air cleaner. The cartridge includes, among other things, an end cap having a preferred outwardly directed radial seal and a groove. The air cleaner includes a housing with a stabilizing ring projecting into an interior, positioned to project at least partially into the groove of the filter cartridge, when the filter cartridge is mounted for use. Methods of assembly and installation are described.

Air filtering is used in a variety of systems. A typical application is as an air cleaner for intake air in internal combustion engines. After a period of use, filter media within the air cleaner requires servicing, either through cleaning or complete replacement. Typically, for an air cleaner used with an internal combustion engine such as on a vehicle, filter media is contained in a removable, replaceable (i.e. serviceable) component, element or cartridge. Examples are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,211,543; 4,135,899; 3,672,130; B1 5,445,241; 5,700,304; 6,051,042; 6,039,778; 5,547,480; 5,755,842; and, 5,800,581; and, PCT publication WO 89/01818, the complete disclosures of all of these references being incorporated by reference.
Also, in: U.S. Provisional Application 60/699,136 filed Jul. 13, 2005; U.S. application Ser. No. 11/210,914 filed Aug. 24, 2005; Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/604,554 filed Aug. 25, 2004; U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/677,031, filed May 3, 2005; U.S. Publication 2004/0134171 A1, published Jul. 15, 2004; and PCT Publication WO 04/039476, published May 13, 2004, filter systems and filter cartridges are shown which have, among other things, unique interactions between the cartridge and the housing. The references in this paragraph are incorporated herein by reference, in their entirety.
Continued improvements have been ongoing, with respect to the designs of replacement part air filter cartridges, and air cleaners for receiving them. As improvements and refinements in the seal type and location are sought and obtained, desirable variations in air cleaner design and manufacture are also facilitated.

Air cleaner; air filter cartridge and method of manufacturing


Apparatus including spaced ramps directing spaced wheels of an automobile upon platforms to define each of the first and second ramp members. An elongate flexible web is mounted longitudinally of each ramp member and extends forwardly thereof to accommodate frictional engagement with automotive wheels to align and secure the ramps in position subject to mounting of the ramps by the associated automobile.

1. Field of the invention
The field of the invention relates to automotive ramp structure, and more particularly pertains to a new and improved automotive ramp apparatus wherein the same utilizes elongate flexible webs in association with rearwardly positioned ramps to align the ramp members in association with an automobile.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In leu of the use of lifting jacks to lift an automotive forward or rear portion upwardly, ramp structures are utilized that permits elevation of the automobile body through its wheels. Each of a plurality of ramps are arranged to provide support for the spaced wheels of the automobile in use. Examples of the prior art structure may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 1,904,693 to MYERS et al wherein a interfolding ramp is provided with an upper platform and a forwardly positioned ramp member.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,279,464 to JACKSON sets forth a ramp structure for use with automobiles wherein the support portion of the ramps are provided with a recessed area to anchor an automobile in use.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,232,585 to ALDRICH sets forth an automobile wheel support structure utilizing an arcuate support in association with a forwardly positioned ramp to support spaced wheels of an automobile.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,638,910 to NELLIS et al sets forth a ramp structure easily disassembled for storage during periods of non-use.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,847,376 to BINDING sets forth a portable vehicular ramp and rack structure utilizing traction surface portions associated with the ramp and support to maintain the automobile in orientation relative to the ramp structure in use.
As such, it may be appreciated that there continues to be a need for a new and improved automotive ramp apparatus as set forth by the instant invention wherein the same addresses both the problems of ease of use as well as safety and effectiveness in construction to fixedly secure the ramps in orientation with mounting wheels of an automobile to prevent misalignment of the ramps during use and mounting by the automobile.


A gyro measurement while drilling system, which includes a strapdown inertial unit, a filtering and level conversion module, a data acquisition and data communication module, a driving mechanism, a driving control module and a navigation computer. A gyro measurement while drilling method, which is used in the measurement while drilling system and includes one or a combination of the following methods: a full parameter variable compensation method, an initial alignment algorithm and a continuous measurement while drilling method. The system and method of the present disclosure can meet the most demanding application scenarios in the field of petroleum drilling measurement, i.e., measurement while drilling (MWD), and are compatible with other scenarios, such as wireline measurement, gyro steerable measurement and other application fields; the system and method also solve the problems of environmental adaptability, bias repeatability and bias error of a gyroscope in a high-temperature and vibration environment, and solve the technical problems of an inertial instrument in a deep steerable drilling application scenario from the perspective of systems.

Directional drilling of directional wells refers to the drilling method of drilling to the target horizon along a preset well trajectory, which can be divided into geometric steerable drilling and geological steerable drilling according to the guiding basis. Geometric steerable drilling usually refers to the steerable drilling method of controlling the well trajectory by using the geometric parameters (the well inclination angle, the azimuth angle and the tool face angle) of the well measured by a Measurement While Drilling (MWD) tool. Geological steerable drilling means, in addition to the capability of geometric steering, the capability of controlling the well trajectory in real time according to the geological parameters (stratum lithology, stratum level, oil rock characteristics, etc.) obtained by Logging While Drilling (LWD), so that the drill bit can drill along the optimal position of the stratum.
The MWD solution consisting of a fluxgate magnetometer and a quartz flexible accelerometer, which appeared in 1978, defined the basic specifications of MWD because of its excellent measurement accuracy and adaptability in harsh environments, and quickly became the standardized product of major oil companies. The breakthrough of key technologies of these two types of core sensors played a key role. The fluxgate magnetometer realizes azimuth measurement by sensing geomagnetic field, and because the fluxgate magnetometer has no moving parts, the fluxgate can be hardly influenced by harsh environments such as vibration and impact. In addition, due to the breakthrough of the core material with high temperature resistance, the fluxgate magnetometer has become the preferred sensor for azimuth measurement. Another core sensor is an inertial sensor. A quartz flexible accelerometer is a sensor sensing inertial space acceleration, and it mainly senses gravity acceleration in the MWD, and it was mainly used for military purposes at the beginning. A quartz flexible accelerometer forms an inertial navigation system for various missiles and aircrafts together with a gyroscope. Manufacturers represented by Japan Aviation Electronics Industry, Limited (JAE) and Honeywell in the United States have improved and optimized the military inertial navigation quartz accelerometer, making it meet the requirement for precision under a high temperature and strong vibration. In addition, the data transmission technology has made a breakthrough at this time, that is, the development of sensor technology and data transmission technology makes the magnetic MWD become the mainstream technology of directional well measurement.
However, during the past 40 years since the appearance of the magnetic MWD, the research and application of gyro inertial technology in petroleum field has never stopped. On one hand, new gyroscopes are constantly appearing, and the accuracy and environmental adaptability of gyroscopes are getting higher and higher; on the other hand, the more complex well trajectory measurement requires higher and higher measurement accuracy. During this period, gyroscope applications mainly include: North Seeking Gyro, Gyro Steering, Continuous North Seeking Gyro Systems, Drop Gyro, and Gyro-MWD that is present recently, which have pushed the gyro technology to a new height.
Schlumberger, Baker Hughes, Gyrodata, Scientific Drilling, etc., have been committed to the development of the gyro (while drilling) measurement system in the past decades.
Thereinto, Baker Hughes reported a ring laser inertial guidance surveyor (RIGS) as early as 1987. RIGS is a wireline gyro measuring instrument composed of a small triaxial laser gyro. RIGS has a laser gyro with strategic precision and also possesses the ability of static point measurement and continuous measurement. However, due to the size and environmental adaptability of the laser gyro, RIGS cannot be applied in the field of measurement while drilling.
The North Seeking Gyro of the Keeper series is a representative product of Scientific Drilling Company of the United States, which can be used for orientation and borehole trajectory measurement. In the past ten years, the North Seeking Gyro has a high market share, so it is considered to be a very successful product in the wireline logging industry.
Keeper is divided into three operation modes, namely: Gyro Compass, Low Angle High Speed and High Angle High Speed. The coordinate system is defined as northeast, which respectively represents XYZ axes. An accelerometer and a gyroscope are installed on the X axis. An accelerometer is installed on the Y axis and a gyroscope is installed on the Z axis. In addition, a gyroscope was used in the report, so it can be judged that a dynamically tuned gyroscope (DTG) is used by Keeper. The DTG is a frame-type and high-speed motor-rotor biaxial gyroscope, which provides angular rate information for the X axis and the Z axis respectively. Different combinations are used in the three operation modes of the gyroscope.
Keeper adopts the classical stable platform solution, which requires a complex frame gimbals structure design to cooperate with actuators such as steering sensor and motors, establishes inertial spaces under various well inclination angles, and completes the corresponding azimuth measurement. For continuous measurement of small and large well inclination angles, the previous state is taken as an initial value. Once power failure occurs or large errors are caused by environmental factors, it is necessary to return to the initial state of north-seeking of vertical wells to obtain the initial attitude and orientation.
A dynamically tuned gyroscope is still based on a high-speed rotating motor to realize gyro effect. Unlike traditional float-type gyroscopes, a dynamically tuned gyroscope uses flexible support to suspend a gyro rotor and separates the gyro rotor from a driving motor, and uses the dynamic effect torque generated by a balance ring to compensate the elastic torque of the flexible support to realize closed-loop measurement. The dynamically tuned gyroscope is ingenious in design. When it reaches a tuning state, a dynamically tuned gyroscope will show the characteristics of a free gyroscope in a small angle range. It is a miniaturized dual-axis gyroscope, which is an important innovation in the rotor gyroscope technology. The dynamically tuned gyroscope was also used in the field of measurement (while drilling) quite early. For example, Gyrodata Company of the United States has continuously improved the design and technology of the dynamically tuned gyroscope, so that its accuracy and service life are continuously improved under a high-temperature and vibration environment.
With the development of computer technology, strapdown inertial technology requires a gyroscope to have technical advantages such as a small size, a large range and high reliability. With new inspirations brought by the Foucault pendulum and Coriolis effect, the way of establishing a gyro effect has changed from the previous high-speed rotating rotor technology to Coriolis vibration, which greatly emancipates the mind in the technical direction of small size and reliability. As for a Coriolis vibration gyroscope, it can be divided into Type I and Type II. Type I mostly adopts a tuning fork solution, such as an early MEMS comb gyroscope in the Draper Lab and a quartz tuning fork gyroscope in the BEI, while Type II adopts a fully symmetric structure, which greatly improves the isotropy index of frequency and damping. And precisely because of the design of a symmetric structure, self-testing and self-calibration of the gyroscope can be realized conveniently, and the unity of a force balance rate mode and a rate integration full angle mode can be realized. Examples of representative products include a MEMS ring-shaped gyroscope, a MEMS-Disk gyroscope of Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), and a hemispherical gyroscope HRG.
The demand for high-end gyroscopes in oil exploration and development are: gyroscopes working under high temperature and strong vibration and having a small volume and high precision have always been the unswerving pursuit of the inertial technology in the oil industry. Especially in the case of interference of a fluxgate magnetometer during directional drilling, gyroscopes are not unnecessary at present, but there is no suitable gyroscope product which can satisfy the standard constructed by the magnetic MWD, i.e. work normally for a long time in harsh environments such as high temperature and strong vibration.
As the gyroscope technology applied to steerable drilling, the reliability in harsh environments is an important basis for selecting gyroscopes. The purpose of the present disclosure is to develop a gyro system that can meet the most demanding application scenario in the field of oil drilling measurement: measurement while drilling (MWD), and is compatible with other scenarios, such as wireline measurement, gyro steerable measurement and other application fields. It also solves the environmental adaptability and bias repeatability of the gyroscope in a high-temperature and vibration environment, and solves the technical problems of an inertial instrument in a deep steerable drilling application scenario from the perspective of systems. That is, the gyro needs to have high precision and good environmental adaptability in severe environments such as high temperature, strong vibration and large impact, and also take into account the small size requirement of the probe tube.

Gyro measurement while drilling system and method therefor

INSTITUTE OF GEOLOGY AND GEOPHYSICS, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES


A fan module includes a housing, a bearing, a rotating shaft, and a fan wheel. The housing includes a bottom covering plate, a top covering plate, and a side wall connected between the bottom covering plate and the top covering plate and surrounding to form a housing space. The bearing is disposed on the bottom covering plate and includes a supporting pillar. The supporting pillar extends from the bottom covering plate toward the top covering plate. The rotating shaft has a first through hole therein. The rotating shaft is rotatably sleeved onto the supporting pillar by the first through hole. The fan wheel is connected to an outer edge of the rotating shaft.

In general, in order to prevent overheating of electronic components inside a computer which leads to abnormal operation thereof, a fan is equipped on an electronic component, such as a power supply, a CPU and/or a GPU. As such, the temperature in the computer is easy to dissipate from the electronic component, so as to remove the heat generated by the electronic components during the operation. However, due to a trend of miniaturization of the internal space of the computer, a performance and a configuration of rotating components in the fan are limited, so as to hinder the dissipation of heat.

Inventec (Pudong) Technology Corporation


In a first aspect, a first method is provided for reducing memory errors. The first method includes the steps of (1) detecting at least one error in data output from a first physical memory unit (PMU) of a memory; (2) detecting at least one error in data output from a second PMU of the memory; and (3) setting a bit indicating respective data output from a plurality of PMUs includes errors. Numerous other aspects are provided.

Existing methods and apparatus of checking memory for errors may include employing a memory controller to periodically access a memory to gather statistics regarding physical memory units (PMUs), such as DRAMs or similar memory units, from which data may be output during memory accesses. If errors output from a single PMU exceed a predetermined threshold (e.g., a count), the controller may activate an interrupt so that evasive and/or corrective action may be taken. The action may prevent the errors output from the PMU from creating an uncorrectable error that may require a halt of the computer system including the memory.
Errors in data output from two or more PMUs also may be problematic even though no single PMU has an error level that exceeds its predetermined error threshold. Accordingly, methods and apparatus for checking memory for errors in such circumstances are desirable.

Methods and apparatus for reducing memory errors

International Business Machines Corporation


An interflap segmented seal is provided for use between adjacent flaps of an axisymmetric vectorable exhaust nozzle in order to minimize flow loss therebetween when the flaps are pivoted through different angles in order to turn the exhaust flow and vector the thrust. The overlapping seal segments are mounted to a backbone having an elliptical cross-section by a flange with a lobed hole in it through which the backbone passes. Spacers between the flanges axially position the individual segments from each other. Variable movement between adjacent flaps produces different angles between the sealing edges of the flaps which are often skewed with respect to each other and the flexibility afforded by the seals of the present invention allows the seals to minimize the leakage between the flaps and the seals.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to gas turbine engine exhaust nozzles and, more particularly, to seals for use between divergent flaps of axisymmetric vectorable exhaust nozzles.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Variable area axisymmetric nozzles are well known in the field and employed in such engines as the General Electric F110 engine. The exhaust nozzles of such engines use convergent divergent flaps and seals to aerodynamically control the exhaust flow to transform the pressure and thermal energy of the combustion discharge airflow into velocity and forward thrust for the engine. The manner and means to provide such nozzles are shown in many publications including U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,176,792, 4,245,787, and 4,128,208 entitled "Variable Area Exhaust Nozzle", Arthur McCardle, Jr., "Variable Area Nozzle System", Wilbert B. Freid, "Exhaust Nozzle Flap Seal Arrangement", Edward W. Ryan, et al, assigned to the same assignee and incorporated herein by reference. A new function, namely thrust vectoring, has been added to this type of nozzle as represented by an invention developed at the General Electric Company.
For an understanding of how the individual flaps and seals interrelate and operate to form the overall nozzle and thrust vectoring function, reference may be made to the patent application Ser. No. 336,369 entitled "Axisymmetric Vectoring Exhaust Nozzle", Thomas P. Hauer et al, filed with the present application and assigned to the same assignee. Interflap sealing for axisymmetric convergent divergent nozzles has always posed an interesting problem and challenge to gas turbine engine nozzle designers as evidenced by the many designs, arrangements and patents, some of which are cited herein.
Conventional nozzles including ones with variable throat and exit areas employ nozzle flaps and nozzle flap seals that pivot through the same angles or change their attitude with respect to an engine centerline generally simultaneously so there is no circumferential variation in their respective attitudes or pivot angle with respect to an engine or nozzle centerline. The axisymmetric vectoring nozzle adds a new dimension to an already difficult problem namely how to seal between two surfaces whose orientation or attitude is constantly changed. The present invention addresses the sealing problems of an interflap seal which provides sealing between two adjacent divergent flaps that are pivoted through different angles from one and other and with respect to an engine centerline. Each flap can be pivoted in a coning motion relative to the convergent flap or other other nozzle element to which it is attached. Another way of describing the problem is that there is a circumferential variation in nozzle flap attitudes with respect to an engine or nozzle centerline.
As with all nozzle and gas turbine engine system designs it is desirable that they be light weight, easy and relatively inexpensive to manufacture, maintain and repair and be highly durable in a high temperature and stress environment.
Accordingly, a primary object of the present invention is to provide sealing between nozzle flaps of a gas turbine engine axisymmetric vectoring exhaust nozzle.
Another object of the present invention is to provide sealing between the divergent flaps of a gas turbine engine axisymmetric vectoring variable exhaust nozzle.
Another object of this invention is to provide sealing between divergent flaps of a gas turbine engine axisymmetric vectoring variable exhaust nozzle wherein adjacent flaps are rotated through different angles or attitudes with respect to the nozzle centerline during vectoring operations.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide sealing between the divergent flaps which maintains axial and circumferential sealing integrity throughout the range of circumferential variation in nozzle flap attitudes with respect to the nozzle centerline.
A further object of the present invention is to provide sealing means between the divergent flaps of an axisymmetric vectoring variable exhaust nozzle which is light in weight and easy to manufacture and repair.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide seal segments for an interflap seal for use in an axisymmetric vectoring variable exhaust nozzle that facilitate the repair and maintenance of the seal and nozzle.
These objects and other features and advantages become more readily apparent upon reference to the following description when taken in conjunction with the appended drawings.

Axisymmetric vectoring exhaust nozzle seal


A computer system comprising a motherboard and a power supply having an associated power management bus controller with memory storing the power capacity of the associated power supply. A power circuit provides power from the power supply to the motherboard, wherein the motherboard has a processor and a baseboard management controller. The system further comprises a power management bus providing communication between the baseboard management controller and the power management bus controller associated with the selected power supply, wherein the power management bus controller provides the stored power capacity to the baseboard management controller. This allows the baseboard management controller to limit operation of the processor to control the amount of power consumed from exceeding the power capacity of the selected power supply. The power capacity of the power supply may be sent to the baseboard management controller in response to booting the motherboard.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to methods and systems for supplying power to a computer system, and more specifically to the methods and systems for controlling the amount of power consumed by computer systems.
2. Background of the Related Art
Modern data centers include large numbers of electronic components that require electrical power to operate. In fact, sufficient power capacity must be provided to support each of the electronic components over an operating range up to the maximum possible power that the components can draw. The maximum possible power drawn by an electronic component, or group of components, is sometimes referred to as the maximum label power. In a rack for supporting and operating computer systems, such as a group of servers and supporting hardware, the power circuits must be able to supply enough power to operate the rack at the most extreme configuration of components and the maximum workload scenario. This is the case even though the actual operating power may be only about 30% to 70% of the maximum label power. Furthermore, regulations generally require that the rack power circuits have the capacity to provide 20% more power than the sum of the maximum label power for each electronic component. Unfortunately, providing excess and unused power capacity increases infrastructure and operating costs. Furthermore, if the data center can support only a limited total power, excess power means that fewer electronic components can be installed in the data center.
Software power capping tools, such as ADVANCED ENERGY MANAGER (a trademark of International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk, N.Y.), can be used to limit the power consumption of a computer system. However, because software is subject to modification or failure, regulations generally prohibit reliance on software to control the total power to the system.

System power capping using information received from the installed power supply


A housing for a current limiting fuse that includes a metal fuse element and a non-conductive filler material. The fuse element is configured to melt to create an open circuit when an applied current exceeds a threshold amount. The housing includes first and second cylindrical members. The first cylindrical member has an open end portion and the second cylindrical member has an integrally formed closed end portion and an open end portion configured to be attached to the open end portion of the first cylindrical member to close the housing. The housing also includes a fastening member configured to prevent the open end portion of the first cylindrical member from separating from the open end portion of the second cylindrical member when the fuse element melts.

Current limiting fuses are used with high voltage applications, such as high voltage power lines and transformers. Examples of current limiting fuses can be found in U.S. Pat. No. 6,538,550, which is incorporated by reference. Current limiting fuses generally include an insulating cylindrical housing that contains a metal fuse element encased in silica sand. The housing is enclosed on either end by metallic end caps that are attached with an adhesive, such as epoxy. When an excessive current is applied, the metal fuse element melts to break the electrical circuit. When the fuse element melts, high pressures are created inside the fuse, which can cause the end plates to become separated from the housing.
In transformers, such current limiting fuses can be electrically connected to other fuses. For example, a current limiting fuse may be connected in series with a bayonet fuse, such as is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,936,507, which is incorporated by reference.


In an example, a method includes identifying a contact area of a substrate within which an apparatus will make contact with the substrate and defining a boundary area of the substrate between the contact area and a remaining area of the substrate. Print agent may be printed on the substrate, wherein the print agent is printed at a first coverage in the remaining area, a second coverage less than the first coverage in the contact area; and a gradually reducing coverage across the boundary area from the first to the second coverage.

In printing, print agents such as inks or toners (generally, 'print agents') may be applied to a substrates. Substrates may in principle comprise any material, for example comprising paper, card, plastics, fabrics, or the like.
In some examples, coloured print agents are applied to a substrate, and then transparent or translucent print agents (generally 'coating') may be applied to the substrate on top of the coloured print agents. The transparent or translucent print agents may provide a visual effect, such as a gloss or matt finish, or may be applied to protect the substrate and make it more durable.

Reducing marks in print agents on substrates


The present invention is for laminated and interconnected multiple substrates forming a multilayer package or other circuit component. A solder bump may be situated on the conductive pad of at least one of two or more substrates. The solder bump preferably is formed from an application of solder paste to the conductive pad(s). Adhesive films may be positioned between the surfaces of the substrates having the conductive pads, where the adhesive films include apertures located substantially over the conductive pads such that the conductive pads and/or solder bumps confront each other through the aperture. The two or more substrates pressed together via the adhesive films are mechanically bonded. The solder bump(s) may be reflowed during or after the lamination to create a solder segment that provides an electrical connection between the conductive pads through the aperture in the adhesive films.

The advent of high-density circuits has spurred the development and implementation of high-layer-count (HLC) printed wiring boards (PWBs) having multilayer substrates. While multilayer substrates typically offer the advantage of more efficient use of space in a circuit board design, multilayer substrates typically require more complex connection capabilities and circuit modularity. These complexities give rise to several problems. For one, relatively large drills often are required to form via holes, or "vias," for connecting two or more HLC substrates to one another. Further, the alignment of layers and the potential for wander by the drill bit present serious obstacles to correct registration and connections between and among HLC substrates. Substrates with high aspect ratios introduce additional complications, as it generally is difficult to plate a via hole to connect multiple substrates without disturbing adjacent circuit features. Further, the interconnection between substrates typically cannot be easily repaired. As a result, the failure of a single connection may cause an entire multilayer package of substrates to be discarded as incurably defective.
In view of the problems presented in the use of HLC substrates (also known as large-layer-count substrates or LLC substrates) in multilayer packages, improved techniques for HLC lamination have been developed. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,786,238 and 5,986,339, both issued to Pai, et al., disclose techniques for HLC lamination based on plating copper and solder posts. While eliminating some of the problems discussed above, these techniques have a number of limitations. One such limitation includes the possibility of an electrical disconnect. It will be appreciated that the heights of plated posts on a large board often vary significantly from the edges to the center of the board despite the use of pulse plating processes and "thieving" features to enhance uniformity. Because of this height variation, some posts may fail to electrically connect with the counterpart on the opposing HLC substrate. These conventional techniques are also limited by the expense and time-requirements of the plating process, especially in small-batch production. It also will be appreciated that printed wiring boards (PWBs) with plated solder bumps typically are difficult to handle as solder slivers may separate from the plated bumps and cause problems in subsequent manufacturing operations unless the boards are reflowed to melt and secure the bumps.
Accordingly, an improved HLC laminating process would be advantageous.

General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems, Inc.


An image projecting system is disclosed which is provided with a carrier part disposed in an optical path between a light source and an image receiver such as, for example, a screen and a sensitive medium and adapted to be loaded with a microfilm. Inside the image projecting system, masking members for adjusting the range of the optical path are fitted. These masking members rotate around the optical axis of the optical path. Even when an image happens to be photographed aslant in the microfilm, only a stated area of the image is projected on the image receiver.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an image projecting system for projecting an image on a microfilm on a magnified scale on an image receiver. More particularly, this invention relates to an image projecting system intended for use as an image projector for a reader or a reader printer, for example, and provided with a masking device for masking the area of an image on microfilm other than a desired area thereof and allowing only the desired part of the image to be projected on an image receiver.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A reader is used for projecting on a screen a desired image selected from all the images recorded on a microfilm. A reader printer is provided with a screen for the projecting thereon of a desired image selected from all the images recorded on the microfilm and a copying unit for printing the image. The image projecting system of this class incorporates in the optical path thereof a masking device for the purpose of enabling only a desired part of the images recorded on the microfilm to be projected on the screen for close inspection and, at the same time, to be copied.
Japanese Utility Model Publication SHO 55(1980)-18,817 discloses an image projecting system which is provided with a masking plate for the purpose of enabling a desired area of an image selected from the images recorded on a microfiche film to projected on a screen and keeping the area of the image other than the desired area masked. Owing to the use of this masking plate, the masked area of the image is displayed undecipherably on the screen or the area not masked and the masked area are displayed as distinguished from each other on the screen.
Japanese Utility Model Laid-Open SHO 61(1986)-104,443 discloses a copying machine which is provided beneath an original stand with a sheet-like light shielding member having formed therein openings of a plurality of sizes matched to varying sizes of originals. Owing to this construction, the particular one of the openings having a size conforming to the size of a given original is positioned correspondingly to the original so that the light is enabled to pass through the opening and impinge on the original. The conventional techniques of this principle are incapable of tilting the masking area.
Another problem is that images can be recorded as tilted in a microfilm. When this type of microfilm is loaded in a carrier unit and the images under discussion are projected on the screen, these images are displayed in a slanted state. If a microfilm on which such images have been recorded are held in a correct position in the carrier unit, the projected images appear in a tilted state. If the images in this state are copied, then the copied images present a slanted appearance.


The invention is a tripod easel in which the first, second and third legs are elastically deformable in the forward and rearward directions between a first position and a second position. In the second position, the first and third legs define arcs in the forward direction and the second leg defines an arc in the rearward direction. In the second position, the three legs define a free-standing tripod. The first and third legs define rows of supporting holes that can support an artwork support apparatus, a cantilevered shelf, a palette holder, a paper towel holder or other accessories.

A. Field of the Invention
The invention is an easel to hold an artwork, such as a canvas or sketch pad. The invention is also a method of making the easel of the invention. The invention includes accessories for use with the easel, including a bench and a shelf.
B. Statement of the Related Art
Easels have been in use for many years to hold an artwork at a convenient height and orientation either for creation or display of an artwork. For the purposes of this document, the term 'artwork' means any creative work comprising matter applied to a substrate. As used in this document, the term 'substrate' means a canvas fabric stretched on a frame, paper, such as paper contained within a sketch book, wood, hardboard, tile, metal, or any other object that an artist may wish to support for the purpose of applying paint or other matter to the object to create the artwork. Easels are particularly useful for easel painting; namely, for supporting an artwork for the purpose of creative painting in any of several techniques, including but not limited to oils, tempura, gouache, watercolors and pastels.
Tripod easels are well known in the art. A tripod easel features three legs. The top ends of the legs are joined together. The bottom ends of the three legs are in a spaced apart relation to define the self-supporting tripod. The top end of the legs may be joined by a hinge about which one or more of the legs rotates, allowing the tripod easel to move between a first position in which the legs of the tripod easel do not define a self-supporting tripod and a second position in which all three of the legs are in a spaced-apart relation and in which the legs define a self-supporting tripod.
Display easels also have been used for many years to support completed artworks for display. A display easel may be a tripod easel.