A kit for maintaining the compression of a glazing leg gasket extending around the entire perimeter of a receptor frame. Once the glazing unit is installed within the receptor frame, the kit includes at least one sill anchor block disposed atop the sill of the receptor for engagement with the glazing frame and at least one head retention clip operable to apply a force to the glazing frame and against the receptor frame. The at least one head retention clip is adjustable to vary the compressive force applied to the glazing leg gasket.

In commercial construction, glass is a versatile design element. It can serve decorative and functional purposes, and glass exterior facades are one of the most popular elements in modern mid- and high-rise design. Builders have numerous options for integrating glass into exterior walls, but two of the most common are curtain walls and window walls.
A window wall is achieved by placing glazing between a building's concrete slabs, using the slabs as structural support. Window walls have a break between the glass, with slab covers used to conceal the concrete. Window walls are often used in residential applications as they allow for more customizable sections such as windows and balcony doors. They are most commonly installed from the inside of a building, which is a safer, more efficient and more cost effective. Units are anchored at the head and sill and sealed in place using caulking.
Aside from advantages such as customizability, ease of installation and cost savings, window walls also require less engineering and safety considerations as the exterior wall is broken up by each floors' concrete slab, providing built-in fire stopping. Also, because the separation of each window wall unit creates a sealed space there is less noise transfer and energy loss. Further, if a unit becomes damaged and needs repair that specific unit can be removed and replaced without affecting the adjoining units.
With the advent of high performance reflective glasses, sealants, gaskets and other materials used in the glazing channel are exposed to considerable temperature extremes and high exposure to ultraviolet light. Temperatures of monolithic reflective glass in spandrel or non-vision areas have been measured at 190° F. This imposes considerable expansion and high temperature resistance requirements on all materials that encounter the glass. Depending on the type of glass, significant amounts of ultraviolet light can be reflected from the glass into the glazing material.
If the materials used in the glazing channel are affected by ultraviolet light, these materials most likely will degrade producing costly repairs on the project. Chosen glass materials must meet the architect's specifications for performance, which usually are: (1) Glass thickness and type (annealed, heat treated) to meet specified and wind load requirements, (2) Thermal efficiency requirements for both summer and winter conditions, (3) Aesthetic requirements, (4) Glass type to resist the potential of breakage due to thermal stress conditions, and (5) Building codes.
The glazing system should provide for minimum face clearances, edge clearances, and nominal bite. A nominal bite (the amount of overlap between the stop and the panel or lite) on the glass will provide adequate glass retention without excessive glass coverage. Adequate edge and face clearances will properly cushion the glass, thermally and mechanically isolate the glass framing members, and prevent glass to metal contact. Excessive glass coverage can increase thermal stresses at the glass edge. The glazing system must also have the capability of transferring wind and impact loads to the surrounding structure while cushioning the glass. It must accommodate thermal expansion and contraction of the frame and glazing materials.
Temperature differentials are caused by various adjoining material, shading patterns and shading devices. The receptor and glazing system must also prevent water penetration, prevent or minimize air infiltration or exfiltration, and create thermal barriers to prevent heat loss through the frame and condensation on the frame. At the same time, the system must also present an appearance consistent with design goals and retain its appearance and function over the anticipated life span of the building, given the maintenance program planned. The glazing system must also match any special performance required of the rest of the glazing components. Considerations that may influence the choice of glazing systems include the initial and replacement costs, and the workmanship available, since wet systems require better workmanship.
The installation of glass and the utilization of compression gaskets is referred to as dry glazing. Dry glazing systems utilize extruded gaskets as the glazing seals. This system is also referred to as compression gasket glazing because the system relies on compression of the glazing gasket to seal against air infiltration and water penetration. The gaskets are extruded to a specific shape to suit the application, often mating to an aluminum extrusion profile. Silicone, neoprene and ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) are commonly used materials.
Dry glazing systems have become increasingly popular because they minimize on-site glazing requirements where craftsmanship, weather, and labor costs can adversely affect wet glazing methods. Nonetheless, even dry gasket systems typically require some strategic application when installed in the building condition.
Dry glazing is often used in a capture system wherein a heel bead is in the interior protected from UV exposure and provides a more reliable seal. The weather seal in these systems is produced by the compression of a dry gasket between a pressure plate and the glass surface. Failure to achieve adequate, uniform pressure on the gasket may result in air and water infiltration. Gaskets are generally designed to provide a uniform contact pressure of four to six pounds per inch to make the seal watertight and pressures of over ten pounds per inch should be avoided.


An embodiment of the present invention provides a 3D panel. The 3D panel includes a first substrate, a second substrate, and liquid crystals configured to be filled between the first substrate and the second substrate, wherein both the first substrate and the second substrate are provided with a common electrode and a signal electrode. Since the substrates at two sides of the 3D panel of the present invention have electrodes which can be independently controlled, the switching of a grating electrode function between the upper and lower substrates can be achieved by switching the signal to the two substrates, thereby improving the application range of the 3D panel and the compatibility and versatility of the 3D panel. In addition, the embodiments of the present invention also disclose a method for producing the 3D panel and a 3D display apparatus having the 3D panel.

Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to a technical field of 3D display, in particular, to an active grating 3D panel, a method for producing the same, and a 3D display apparatus having the 3D panel.
Description of the Related Art
Stereoscopic display (i.e., 3D display) has become a trend of display field. A basic principle of the stereoscopic display is to generate stereoscopic effect by parallax. In other words, a left eye of one person can only see a left eye picture and a right eye thereof only can see a right eye picture, wherein the left eye picture and the right eye picture constitute a pair of stereopicture images having parallax from each other.
One method for achieving the 3D display is to employ a serial display. Specifically, at a first time point, a display device displays the left eye picture, and at this time only the left eye of a viewer can see the displayed picture. At a second time point, the display device displays the right eye picture and only the right eye of the viewer can see the displayed picture. The viewer will feel the left and right eyes see the left and right eye pictures at the same time, due to persistence of images onto a eye retinas thereof, thereby producing a stereoscopic vision.
Another method for achieving the 3D display is to employ a parallel display. Specifically, at the same time point, a part of pixels on the display device display contents of the left eye picture, and the other part of pixels display contents of the right eye picture. Gratings, polaroid glasses or the like are used to enable the right eye to see the display content of a part of the pixels and the left eye to see the display content of the other part of the pixels, thereby producing a stereoscopic vision.
As for the 3D display mode in which 3D spectacles are needed, it gradually cannot meet users' requirements to the 3D display, because the 3D spectacles are easy to be lost and damaged, and are not convenient to be used when too many viewers are present, and the stereoscopic images cannot be presented only through the 3D display devices. For a naked eye 3D display mode, for example, grating type of naked eye 3D display apparatus, because the grating is directly provided into the display panel without needing 3D spectacles, it is more convenient for viewing and thus it gets more and more concerns.

3D panel, method for producing the same, and 3D display apparatus having the same


A lidar apparatus includes a sensor configured to convert light into an electrical signal, a light receiving lens configured to receive light and to guide the received light toward the sensor, a lens barrel that supports the light receiving lens, a micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) mirror arranged at a first position in which the MEMS mirror defines a first plane that forms a first acute angle with respect to at least one surface of the lens barrel, and a light output device that is configured to output a laser light toward the MEMS mirror and that is arranged at a second position in which the light output device defines a second plane that forms a second acute angle with respect to the at least one surface of the lens barrel.

A vehicle is an apparatus that can transport a user in a direction in which the user wants to go. One example of the vehicle may be a car.
In some examples, for the convenience of vehicle users, the vehicle may include various sensors and electronic devices. For instance, for the convenience of user's driving, research into an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) and autonomous vehicles has been actively conducted. In some examples, for the ADAS or an autonomous driving function in a vehicle, various sensors may be installed in the vehicle to acquire information on an object located around the vehicle.
In some cases, a vehicle may include a Light Detection and Ranging (lidar) apparatus among various sensors for detecting an object located outside. The lidar apparatus among various components of the vehicle, may be desired to have a compact size in consideration of a limited installation space and for the purpose of avoiding intervention with other components. In some cases, the lidar apparatus may be a component of the vehicle to be used for years, and thus, durability is desired for the lidar apparatus.


A semiconductor memory device includes a plurality of memory cell arrays, a plurality of decoders for decoding a first address of memory addresses, each of the decoders being connected to a corresponding memory cell array, and a plurality of sense amplifiers, each connected to a corresponding memory cell array. Also included are a decoder for decoding a second address of the memory addresses, the decoder being connected to every memory cell array, to be shared by every memory cell array, a plurality of redundancy memory cells, each of which is arranged for a corresponding memory cell array, and a plurality of programming circuits, each, arranged relative to a corresponding memory cell array to receive the first memory address and output a signal of a predetermined logic level corresponding to a defective memory cell in a memory cell array. Further, there is included a programmable decoder for receiving the second address and signal from the programming circuits, for changing a decoding state of the second address according to the logic level of the output signal from the programming circuits and for outputting a redundancy memory cell select signal which selects a redundancy memory cell in place of a specified defective memory cell.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device, and in particular, one having a redundancy memory cell and an improvement of its means for remedying a defective memory.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the existing semiconductor memory device not only normal access is gained to a memory but also a defective memory cell is remedied by replacing the defective memory cell.
FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing the arrangement of an existing semiconductor memory having the aforementioned redundancy memory cells. The memory in FIG. 8 is divided into four memory arrays MCA's. In addition to column decoders CD, row decoders RD and sense amplifiers SA, one row of redundancy memory cells R is provided for each of the memory cell arrays. X denotes row addresses input to the row decoder RD and Y denotes column addresses input to the column decoder CD.
In this case, means is provided for replacing any defective memory cell by a redundancy memory cell. Replacement is carried out by programming the column address of any defective memory cell in a programmable decoder PDC provided relative to the memory cell in question.
FIG. 9 is a circuit diagram of an example of a programmable decoder PDC shown enclosed by a broken line in FIG. 8. One input of each of NAND gates 200, 201, 202 and 203 is initially controlled, by a corresponding one of fuses F0, F1, F2 and F3, on the basis of address information of a corresponding defective cell. A corresponding column address line is connected to the other input of the respective NAND gate. The outputs of the NAND gates 200, 201, 202, and 203 are supplied to a 4-input AND gates 205 and, upon receipt of 10 a column address of any defective memory cell, the AND gate 205 inhibits the selection of a normal memory cell and delivers a redundancy memory cell select signal RSL to a redundancy memory cell select line, not shown.
In recent years, high integration density has been achieved in memory devices involving a larger number of divided memory cell arrays. Therefore, high integration density cannot be achieved if the memory cell arrays as shown in FIG. 8 are adopted. As a countermeasure, a plurality of memory cell arrays are arranged so as to share a column decoder or row decoder or both.
FIG. 10 shows an example of the arrangement of an existing semiconductor memory where a plurality of memory cell arrays share a column decoder. In this arrangement, row decoders RD, sense amplifiers SA, and a row of redundancy memory cells RM are arranged for the memory cell arrays MCA, and all the memory cell arrays share a single column decoder CD.
In the aforementioned arrangement, the replacement of a defective memory cell by a corresponding redundant memory cell is implemented through the initial programming of the column address of the defective memory cell. The programmable decoder PDC has an arrangement such as that shown in FIG. 9. Specifically, the column address line is connected to the programmable decoder and, upon receipt of a column address corresponding to any defective memory cell, the decoder inhibits the selection of any normal memory cell and delivers a corresponding redundancy memory cell select signal.
In the arrangement shown in FIG. 10, however, a lower percentage of defective memory cell replacement is expected as compared with the arrangement shown in FIG. 8. Let it be assumed that memory cells each having different column addresses are defective in each of the memory arrays. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 8, as a remedial measure for the defective memory cell, the column address corresponding to the defective memory cell is programmed for the programmable decoder PDC provided relative to the memory cell array, whereby it is possible to replace the respective defective memories. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 10, only one programmable decoder PDC is provided for storing the column addresses of the defective memory cells, failing to remedy the aforementioned defects.
Since only the column address of one defective memory cell is programmed in the programmable decoder in the case where the respective cell arrays share the column decoder, there is a drop in the remedial percentage of defective memory cells. In order to cope with this problem, a plurality of programmable decoders may be prepared, in which case the defective memory cells of the memory cell arrays at different column addresses can be replaced through a logical operation between the output of the programmable decoder and a memory cell array select signal.
FIG. 11 is an example of the aforementioned arrangement in which four programmable decoders PD0, PD1, PD2, and PD3 are prepared and the defective memory cells of the memory cell arrays at different column addresses can be replaced by connecting the output of the programmable decoder to a portion of the row address.
Let it be assumed that in the arrangement of FIG. 11, 4-bit row addresses (X0, X1, X2, X3) and 2-bit column addresses (Y0, Y1) are entered and access is gained to one memory cell. A semiconductor memory in FIG. 11 is divided into four memory cell arrays MCA0, MCA1, MCA2, and MCA3 and the 2-bit row addresses (X2, X3) are employed to select a memory cell array to be accessed. The remaining 2-bit row addresses (X0, X1) are connected to row decoders RD0, RD1, RD2, and RD3 and used to select a row select line in the memory cell array. Further, the column addresses (Y0, Y1) are connected to the column decoder CD and used to select a column select line.
FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram of a connection arrangement of four programmable decoders PD0, PD1, PD2, and PD3 shown enclosed by a broken line in FIG. 11. These programmable decoders are the same in arrangement as the programmable decoder shown in FIG. 9, and their outputs are supplied to the first inputs of 3-input AND gates 300, 301, 302, and 303, respectively. In order to perform respective predetermined operations, the AND gates 300, 301, 302, and 303 are logically combined using the aforementioned 2-bit row addresses (X2, X3), and their outputs are connected to a 4-input OR gate 305. The OR gate 305 delivers a redundancy memory cell select signal RSL as an output and is coupled to a redundancy memory cell select line (not shown) in the column decoder.
The column addresses (Y0, Y1) and row addresses (x2, X3) for selecting a corresponding memory cell array are input to the respective programmable decoders PD0, PD1, PD2, and PD3. By so doing, the column address of any defective memory cell in the corresponding memory cell array is programmed in the corresponding programmable decoder.
Here, let it be assumed that the memory cell arrays, 1, 2, 3, and 0 correspond, as the column addresses of defective memory cells, to MCA0, MCA1, MCA2, and MCA3, respectively. In this case, 1, 2, 3 and 0 are programmed in the programmable decoders PD0, PD1, PD2, and PD3, respectively. This program is achieved by blowing out the corresponding fuses F0, F1, F2, and F3. FIG. 13 shows cut-off spots of the respective fuses.
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing signal paths for the replacing of defective memory cells in the arrangement shown in FIG. 12. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 14, column addresses (Y) are input to corresponding programmable decoders. In the case of a semiconductor memory such as a DRAM, in which addresses are multiplexed, normally the row address (X) is input first and then the column address (Y) is input.
A critical path for obtaining a redundancy memory cell select signal RSL after the inputting of the address corresponds to a signal path run through a logic operation circuit LOP from the programmable decoder PDC indicated by a broken line in FIG. 14.
In the logic operation of a signal delivered from the respective programmable decoders in the arrangement shown in FIG. 12, there is a time delay from the inputting of the column address to the determination of the selection of a redundancy memory cell select line. This time delay cannot be ignored if the number of divided memory cells is increased.
In addition to the aforementioned conventional examples, other practical arrangements may be considered as programmable decoders. Since, however, the column addresses are connected to the inputs of respective programmable decoders, there is a time delay until a redundancy memory cell select signal is finally obtained after a logic operation has been performed past the programmable decoder subsequent to the inputting of the column address.
To alleviate this problem, the logic operation on the output of the programmable decoder may be performed in a cascade-connected configuration. However, in this case, a parasitic capacitance on the node of the cascade connection is increased due to an increase in the number of programmable decoders. Therefore, the cascade connection of logic circuits for logic operation on their outputs does not result in a shortening of the time from the inputting of the column address to the outputting of the redundancy memory cell select signal.
Due to the current trend toward higher integration density of existing semiconductor memories, the circuit arrangement high in a remedial percentage of defective memory cells becomes complex and, due to an increase in the number of divided memory cells involved, the time until a redundancy memory cell select signal is output increases.
The present invention has been developed taking the above-mentioned factors into consideration, and its object is to provide a semiconductor memory device which, even thought it contains a plurality of divided memory cell arrays, can replace defective memory cells with minimum delay and replace a high percentage of defective cells.

Semiconductor memory device having redundancy memory cells


The screw type vacuum pump comprises a pump casing having a suction inlet and a discharge outlet, and a pair of rotors incorporated within the pump casing and meshing with each other to rotate in synchronized manner. The vacuum pump evacuates a reaction vessel, to which process gas is applied, to obtain a negative pressure condition of a predetermined level. Upon operation of the pump, inert gas is introduced into a compression working chamber directly or through a sealing portion disposed adjacent the discharge outlet. The introduced inert gas is adiabatically compressed therein to generate heat to heat the rotors and a casing wall. Further the inert gas effects a reduction of partial pressure of the process gas in the pump. Accordingly, a side reaction product is prevented from accumulating on the rotors and the casing wall.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION AND RELATED ART STATEMENT
The present invention relates to a screw type vacuum pump, and, in particular, to an oil-free screw type vacuum pump suited for use in a device treating a process gas that generates reaction products in the pump during a manufacturing of semiconductors.
In, for example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 60-216089 and corresponding U.S. Pat. No. (4,714,418) a screw type vacuum pump is proposed which is capable by itself of performing evacuation so as to achieve a low pressure of a level about 10.sup.-4 Torr. The pump is characterised in that working chambers thereof, defined by a male rotor, a female rotor and a casing, include two or three sealed sections between a suction port thereof and a discharge port thereof. The pump includes a working chamber for contributing a transfer stroke, which has been needed by conventional compressors. As the rotors of the pump rotate, the working chambers thereof contribute to the strokes of suction, transfer, compression and discharge, respectively.
When used as a vacuum pump for general gases such as air or nitrogen gas, the above-described conventional pump has no problems. However, when used in a nitride film producing process in a low pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) device for manufacturing semiconductors, the rotors of such pump can become locked, which may incapacitate the pump. This is attributable to the great amount of reaction products present on a discharge side of the rotors, in particular on surfaces of tooth spaces contributing to the compression and the discharge strokes and on casing wall surfaces which correspond to the tooth space surfaces.

Screw type vacuum pump with introduced inert gas


The invention is a method of determining the phase difference between two interferometric images. The method includes the steps of measuring the intensities of the two beam arms, and measuring the intensities of the interfering beam arms at two different times (two frames). From the recorded data, the phase angle between the arms can be determined for each frame. These frame phase angles subtracted, and the sine of the difference is taken. The resulting data set is examined to determine a multiplicative factor that converts the minimum and maximum to the bounds of the sine function (−1, +1). This multiplicative factor is applied to a bounded trig function of the difference of the frame angles, and the inverse of the bounded trig function is taken, resulting in the phase difference between frames.

Optical path length measurements, made by interferometry, are highly sensitive and adaptable to the study of a wide range of physical phenomena because they sensitively measure small changes in the optical path length induced by physical process, of the order of a fraction of an optical wavelength.
Optical path length variations may be induced in the distance between a point on the surface of an object and the corresponding point on the image plane formed by an imaging system used to make an image of the object in the presence of externally applied perturbations. A number of physical and chemical phenomena provide mechanisms for inducing spatial distribution in such changes of the optical path length that may then be interferometrically probed. Such mechanisms could include thermal or electromagnetic excitation, or acoustic or mechanical perturbation of the material, or chemically modifying the object's surface. When interferometry is used to record images of such objects, it may provide a method of imaging the physical process that induces the optical path length change. Because of the many physical and chemical phenomena which are capable of producing optical length changes, which interferometry may potentially probe with very high optical length resolution, imaging methods based on interferometry have widespread applications in industrial measurement.
When a material sample is subjected to a perturbation, any resulting changes in the optical path length to the image plane may be potentially sensed by an interferometer. Optical path length variations occurring along the transverse coordinate of the interferometer may be probed to form an interferometric image: the transverse coordinates of the interferometer are defined as occupying orthogonal directions, (x,y) that lie in the image plane. The primary interferometric image produced by the interferometer is called an interferogram. The interferogram is defined as an image formed by the superposition of two beams of coherent light, I1 and I2, on the image plane of the interferometric imaging system. The interferogram is electronically recorded (such as by a camera considered to be a generalized imaging device composed of an array of optical sensing elements (or image pixels) operating over the wavelength range used by the interferometer beams) and the information is stored in a data storing and processing system. The interferogram is commonly referred to as a speckle image when a coherent light source is used and the object's surface roughness causes random reflection forming speckles on the image plane. When multiple images are taken, for instance of an object in various stages of deformation, each speckle image is considered a frame.
In speckle pattern interferometry, a speckle pattern image of the object before modification or perturbation (henceforth considered as a "deformation") is electronically stored. Next a speckle pattern image of the object after deformation is electronically stored. By taking the difference between the speckle pattern images before and after deformation it is possible to observe a speckle interference fringe pattern. The interference pattern appears as dark and light regions which show the deformation distribution.
General equipment for creating interferometric images is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The apparatus generally consist of:                a) a coherent radiation source, such as a laser, the radiation source emits a source beam having a spatial coherence length;        b) a beam splitter at which the source beam is separated (by partial reflection or other means) into one (or more) beam(s). In "in-plane" interferometry, the source beam is split into two probe beams I1 and I2. Each probe beam illuminates the object, but are separated by an angle alpha. In-plane interferometry is sensitive to in-plane displacements. In "out-of-plane" interferometry, the source beam is split into a probe beam I1 which illuminates the object and a reference beam I2 which is phase coherent with the probe beam and which combines with the illumination beam after interaction with the object. Out-of-plane interferometry is sensitive to out-of-plane displacements.        c) a test medium positioned to be intersected by the probe beam(s) and reflect the incident radiation, and        d) an image plane or surface in which the reflected probe(s) and reference beam are superimposed so as to produce electromagnetic wave interference, thus forming an image of the object.
The system may include lenses, mirrors or other beam directing elements to accomplish the beam splitting. In making a measurement, the intensity (the squared amplitude of the interfered waves from the two beam lines) is recorded by the charged coupled camera device or similar device. Hence, it is desirable to recover the phase information from the amplitude information recorded. Several methods have been proposed, most require shifting the relative phase of the probe beams in known amount. All such methods are computationally burdensome. In addition, they require multiple images be taken, therefore are not applicable to applications where the deformation is continuous because the phase change to be evaluated varies when the extra images are taken.

Method for resolving phase in electronic speckle interferometry


A method of operating a memory module including a plurality of semiconductor memory devices organized into a multi-rank memory on a DIMM and a memory buffer included on the DIMM, operatively coupled to the multi-rank memory, can be provided by mapping an access to the DIMM from a memory controller to semiconductor memory devices included in more than one rank within the multi-rank memory based on a mode register set signal and selectively linking rank control signals during a parallel bit test operation to the more than one rank within the multi-rank memory plurality of semiconductor memory devices.

High-bandwidth memory (hereinafter referred to as "HBM") is a type of the memory structure in which a plurality of semiconductor memory chips may be stacked on a memory buffer chip (or a register) which performs logic circuit functions. In this case, the buffer memory chips and the semiconductor memory chips may be connected to each other by through silicon vias (TSV).
A plurality of semiconductor memory chips (e.g., dies or devices) can be mounted on a printed circuit board (PCB) to implemented a memory module. The dual in-line memory module (DIMM) type memory module may be classified as a registered dual in-line memory module (RDIMM), a load reduced dual in-line memory module (LRDIMM), or FRDIMM.
Semiconductor memory devices which constitute the memory module may be divided into two or more ranks. That is, in the case of a dual-rank structure, a plurality of semiconductor memory devices on a substrate of a memory module are classified into two ranks, and semiconductor memory devices in the same rank may be accessed at the same time. As a result, a rank may mean a unit written or read together by a memory controller. Thus, for example, in the case that a single rank has a 64-bit data transfer width, dual ranks may have twice the data transfer width of the single rank, and quad ranks may have four times a data transfer width of the single rank.

Methods of operating buffered multi-rank memory modules configured to selectively link rank control signals


Systems and methods for performing electronic postmarking of data, without directly utilizing a regular electronic postmark (EPM) server (110), including receiving data from a data acquisition device (102), generating a MicroEPM data structure (106) comprising a time stamp, a digital signature, and the received data and transferring the MicroEPM data structure (106) to a regular EPM server (110).

An electronic postmark, or EPM, provides content and temporal integrity and identification authenticity for data, which is transferred over a network. The process of generating an EPM utilizing a regular EPM server is described in "Systems and Methods for Authenticating an Electronic Message," U.S. Ser. No. 09/675,677 filed on Sep. 29, 2000, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.
The MicroEPM is a system and method for performing electronic postmarking of data without directly utilizing a regular electronic postmark (EPM) server. The MicroEPM permits the generation of an electronic postmark off-line, which allows mobile devices or devices, which do not have a network, interface, to create EPMs for internally generated data. Furthermore, the invention also permits devices, which are connected to a network to generate EPMs without having to interface with an EPM server. This capability could be useful when the processing overhead of communication with an EPM server is too great, or if the EPM server is unavailable due to network problems or server downtime.

Electronic postmarking without directly utilizing an electronic postmark server


An example operation may include one or more of receiving, by a validation node, a copy request from a user node over a blockchain network, the request contains a copy token, invoking, by the validation node, a smart contract associated with the copy token to verify the copy token, in response to a verification, generating, by the validation node, media copy keys for generation of a Blu-ray copy, and recording, by the validation node, the copy token on a ledger of the blockchain network to indicate that the copy token is spent.

A centralized database stores and maintains data in a single database (e.g., a database server) at one location. This location is often a central computer, for example, a desktop central processing unit (CPU), a server CPU, or a mainframe computer. Information stored on a centralized database is typically accessible from multiple different points. Multiple users or client workstations can work simultaneously on the centralized database, for example, based on a client/server configuration. A centralized database is easy to manage, maintain, and control, especially for purposes of security because of its single location. Within a centralized database, data redundancy is minimized as a single storing place of all data also implies that a given set of data only has one primary record.
However, a centralized database suffers from significant drawbacks. For example, a centralized database has a single point of failure. In particular, if there are no fault-tolerance considerations and a failure occurs (for example, a hardware, firmware, and/or a software failure), all data within the database is lost and work of all users is interrupted. In addition, centralized databases are highly dependent on network connectivity. As a result, the slower the connection, the amount of time needed for each database access is increased. Another drawback is the occurrence of bottlenecks when a centralized database experiences high traffic due to a single location. Furthermore, a centralized database provides limited access to data because only one copy of the data is maintained by the database. As a result, multiple devices cannot access the same piece of data at the same time without creating significant problems or risk overwriting stored data. Furthermore, because a database storage system has minimal to no data redundancy, data that is unexpectedly lost is very difficult to retrieve other than through manual operation from back-up storage.
As such, what is needed is a blockchain-based solution that overcomes these drawbacks and limitations. Blu-ray disc technology remains a highly relevant way to consume audio and visual media. The Blu-ray market is in a full state of growth given that it is the de facto standard for both video and gaming devices. One of the key requirements for Blu-ray is the ability to make legal copies. This is where Blu-ray Managed Copy or Blu-ray Copy comes into place. The specification for Ultra HD Blu-ray specific version of Copy (called Blu-ray Copy) for the use with Ultra HD Blu-ray and application format has been defined by the Access Content System Two (AACS2) spec. However, most implementations are lacking the features needed to deliver the necessary functionality desired by the studios, the right user experience, or the high availability needed. The current implementation of Blu-ray Copy assumes there is a centralized server that will authorize copies (called the Copy Server). The protocol is defined by using a SOAP-like service that allows Blu-ray devices and the Copy Server to exchange messages over the Internet. However, the existing solutions do not offer any decentralized means to enable Blu-ray Copy through the use of blockchain technology.
Accordingly, it is desired to have a method and system for providing a high-availability decentralized means to enable Blu-ray Copy through the use of blockchain technology for improved user experience.

International Business Machines Corporation


Techniques for supporting triggered location services are described. In one design, at least one location related measurement for a terminal may be obtained and used to detect for a trigger event. For an equidistance triggered service, a trigger event may be declared if the distance traveled by the terminal exceeds a predefined distance. For a relative terminal to terminal triggered service, a trigger event may be declared if the terminal is inside or outside, or enters, or leaves a moving geographical target area defined by a reference terminal. For a velocity triggered service, a trigger event may be declared if the maximum velocity of the terminal exceeds a predefined velocity. For a time-distance-velocity combination triggered service, a trigger event may be declared based on distance traveled by the terminal, velocity of the terminal, and time since the last report. For all services, a report may be sent if a trigger event has occurred.

I. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to communication, and more specifically to techniques for supporting location services.
II. Background
It is often desirable, and sometimes necessary, to know the location of a terminal in a wireless network. The terms "location" and "position" are synonymous and are used interchangeably herein. For example, a user may utilize the terminal to browse through a website and may click on location sensitive content. The location of the terminal may then be determined and used to provide appropriate content to the user. There are many other scenarios in which knowledge of the location of the terminal is useful or necessary.
A message flow (which may also be called a call flow or a procedure) is typically executed in order to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the terminal and to send the location information to a client entity. Various messages are typically exchanged between one or more network entities, the terminal, and the client entity for the message flow. These messages ensure that each entity is provided with pertinent information, or can obtain this information from another entity, in order to carry out positioning for the terminal and/or to deliver location information to the client entity. However, these messages add to the traffic at various network entities. The additional traffic may be especially great for location services in which location information may be periodically provided to the client entity. The messages may also extend the response time for sending the location information to the client entity.


Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for controlling a flexible capacitive touch display panel and a corresponding touch display apparatus. The capacitive touch display panel is provided with a plurality of signal lines arranged in a grid shape, and a signal line extending in a first direction and a signal line extending in a second direction are electrically insulated from each other. In this method, for each of the plurality of signal lines, a drive signal is applied to the signal line as a drive signal line. An induction signal is received from a signal line parallel to and adjacent to the drive signal line as an induction signal line. If an intensity of the induction signal is increased, it is determined that the capacitive touch display panel is bent at a bending location between the drive signal line and the induction signal line.

The present disclosure relates to the field of display technologies, and more particularly, to a method for controlling a flexible capacitive touch display panel and a touch display apparatus including the capacitive touch display panel.
As a new display input device, a touch display apparatus is a currently popular human-computer interaction mode. The touch display apparatus is mainly applied to various fields such as public information query, industrial control, electronic game, multimedia teaching, and so on.
Based on working principles of touch display panels and media for transmitting information, the touch display panels are classified into resistive touch display panels, capacitive touch display panels, infrared touch display panels, and surface acoustic wave touch display panels. At present, the capacitive touch display panel is popularly used.
With the development of the flexible display apparatus, the capacitive touch display panel may be applied to the flexible display apparatus to implement the flexible capacitive touch display panel.

Method for controlling a flexible capacitive touch display panel and touch display apparatus

HEFEI XINSHENG OPTOELECTRONICS TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


A detector system for a medical motor system includes a multi-channel redundantly-configured detection device, which is accommodated in a hand-held control device that is adapted to control the medical motor system and which is positioned to detect the actuation of an actuation device of the hand-held control device. The multi-channel redundantly-configured detection device allows the plausibility of its output signals to be checked.

A well-known sensor detector system for a surgical motor system is a single-channel, non-redundant detector system using, for example, a Hall sensor for electrical systems, which is also used, among other things, in a known motor cable with manual control. Until now, such electrical systems have used mechanical return springs that return an actuating device such as a lever or a slider to its initial position after having been actuated by a user. If a wrong signal is unintentionally output from a sensor of the detector system, a safety-relevant malfunction may occur. If, for example, the sensor suddenly fails, for example due to a stuck-at-fault error or adhesion error of the sensor (an error in which, for example, a sensor gate is "stuck" at a certain value at an input or output), an application part or tool can get activated or start without a user actuating the actuating device. This can surprise the user who is in or near a surgical site with the application part and/or tool, for example. A disadvantage of the non-redundant detector system is that an electronic failure is not safeguarded.


An abutment for orthodontic anchorage is mountable on an osseointegrated dental implant fixture in the same manner as components used to support prosthodontic restorations. This abutment is adjustable around the axis of the implant fixture, and it supports a mount for holding an orthodontic anchor fixed to a buccal or a lingual side of the abutment. The mount is adjustable around an axis running between the buccal and lingual surfaces.

In one class of systems used in orthodontic practice arch-wires cooperating with brackets affixed to buccal surfaces of teeth are used to adjust the relative positions of teeth in a dental arch with appropriate forces applied over time to individual teeth in the arch. These wires are anchored at their ends to tubes, hooks, and the like affixed to the patient's molars, or other suitable teeth. Elastics and ligature threads are also in orthodontic use and these, too, cooperate with traction hooks and buttons affixed to surfaces of a patient's molars, or other suitable teeth.
In cases of patients who have lost their molars, or otherwise lack suitable anchorage, the use of molar tubes, hooks, buttons and the like has not been available to orthodontists. However, now that the art of dental implantology is developed to provide a variety of artificial root fixtures, notably the endosseous implant fixture, an opportunity exists to fill that need for partially edentulous patients.
It has only recently been ascertained that an endosseous dental implant can be used to enhance dental anchorage in orthodontics. A report by Douglass, J. B. and Killiany, D. M. entitled "Dental Implants used as Orthodontic Anchorage" J. Oral Implantology 13 No. 1 pp. 28-32, 1987 describes experiments with rats using implanted posts extending 3 mm. coronally to which ligature wire was tied. A later article by Kraut, R. A., Hammer, H. S. and Wheeler, J. J., entitled "Use of Endosteal Implants and Orthodontic Anchorage" Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry 9 No. 10 pp. 796-801, 1988 reports several cases in which endosteal implants were used as orthodontic anchors in humans. In each case cast crown forms were fabricated to accept orthodontic molar bands, and those crowns were affixed to the implants.

Abutment for orthodontic anchorage to a dental implant fixture


A line member connection device which applies an adhesive tape includes: a supply reel which supplies the adhesive tape; a cutter which cuts the adhesive tape drawn from the supply reel; and an intermediate roller via which the adhesive tape drawn from the supply reel is directed to the cutter, the intermediate roller being disposed between the supply reel and the cutter, wherein in cross section taken along a rotation axis of the intermediate roller, a surface of the first roller which supports the adhesive tape is shaped to have a straight section parallel to the rotation axis, and a first inclined section inclined relative to the rotation axis.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device and a method for applying an adhesive tape. In particular, the present invention relates to a line member connection device and a line member connection method for cutting an adhesive tape to a necessary length, and applying the adhesive tape.
2. Description of the Related Art
Solar batteries can directly change inexhaustible solar energy into electrical energy, without discharging exhaust gas, for instance. Thus, there are growing expectations for solar batteries as energy sources which have little impact on the environment. The electrical output of solar batteries, however, is small. Besides, the cost of manufacturing a solar cell module which includes a plurality of solar cells connected with line members is quite high, compared to the cost of generating power using another technique.
Conventionally, solder material is widely used to connect a solar cell and a line member. However, it is necessary to fuse solder in order to connect a line member and a solar cell by soldering. There is a difference in coefficient of thermal expansion between a line member and a solar cell and furthermore, the soldering connecting process requires heating at a high temperature. Accordingly, connecting a solar cell and a line member causes a residual stress in the solar cell. This residual stress causes a distortion and a micro crack in the solar cell. This consequently leads to a decrease in productivity and yields in the manufacturing process and furthermore, reduces reliability of solar cell modules.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2009-295940, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2012-15289, and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2013-75750 disclose the use of an adhesive tape for connecting a solar cell and a line member.
Typical ways of winding an adhesive tape are roughly divided into two ways, namely, record winding and traverse winding.
Record winding is a way of winding an adhesive tape in a stacking manner around a supply reel having substantially the same width as the width of the adhesive tape such that the edge of the adhesive tape is aligned at the same position.
Traverse winding is a way of winding an adhesive tape in spiral at a certain degree around a supply reel having a greater width than the adhesive tape, and when the adhesive tape reaches an end of the supply reel, winding the adhesive tape in spiral toward the other end of the supply reel, which is repeated over and over in the width direction of the supply reel.
With regard to a line member connection device which is provided with a supply reel having an adhesive tape wound in the record winding manner, cuts the adhesive tape drawn from the supply reel to a necessary length, and connects a solar cell and a line member with this adhesive tape, such a line member connection device has a problem that the cost of a supply reel is high for the length of an adhesive tape that can be wound around a single supply reel since that length is limited. In addition, such a line member connection device also has a problem that the need to exchange a supply reel per certain length of a wound adhesive tape prevents an increase in productivity.

Adhesive tape application device, line member connection device including adhesive tape application device, adhesive tape application method, and line member connection method including adhesive tape application method

PANASONIC INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY MANAGEMENT CO., LTD.


Disclosed is a composite superconductor comprising a superconductor and a metal member. The metal member is composed of one or more members to be joined together in such manner that the one or more members cover the superconductor, and at least one member is made of aluminum or an aluminum alloy.

In general, the superconductor is cooled to maintain the superconductor properties by means of such forced-flow cooling method or indirect cooling method as being immersed into the cooling medium such as liquid helium, or incorporating a refrigerating system. More specifically, a composite superconductor comprising a superconductor of alloy superconductor material such as NbTi or the like with aluminum is realized, using such properties of the aluminum as high specific heat, high heat transfer, adjustable electrical conductivity, small specific gravity, low radioactivity or the like (refer to the patent document 1 listed hereinafter).
However, in order to obtain highly efficient superconductor, it comes to be understood that the composite superconductor is effective, which comprises aluminum and a superconductor of compound superconductor material excellent in such superconductor properties as critical current density, critical magnetic field, and critical temperature, where thermal, mechanical, and electrical contact condition of the superconductor and the aluminum is controlled.
However, the compound superconductor material is worked to a predetermined size following drawing and rolling of the raw material including intermediate heat treatments, and then heat-treated to produce a compound superconductor functioning as superconductor. Thus produced compound superconductor is brittle to the mechanical distortion. Accordingly, the plastic working thereafter is subjected to a large constrains so as not to deteriorate the superconductor properties. More specifically, when such fabricating method as the extrusion-coating or the wire drawing is applied to the composite superconductor comprising the heat-treated compound superconductor and the metal member, in the same manner to the conventional alloy superconductor, the plastic working is applied thereto such that the critical current property is partially deteriorated, thus the above-described type of the composite superconductor is not realized yet.
Furthermore, other than the extrusion-coating method and the composite drawing method of the composite superconductor, there is known a method in which a hollow portion is formed by combining two copper members, then the compound superconductor consisting of Nb3Sn is placed in the hollow portion and then the joint portion of the copper members is soldered (refer to the non-patent document 1 listed hereinafter). Since aluminum has high heat transfer and high specific heat, it is necessary to rapidly provide large amount of heat. In addition, aluminum is promptly oxidized so that oxide layer has to be removed before soldering or brazing.
Accordingly, it is not practical to substitute the above-described copper member by the aluminum member, and then the aluminum members are jointed by soldering or brazing. On the other hand, it is also not practical to carry out the arc welding, since the arc welding (for example, TIG (tungsten inert gas) welding, or MIG (metallic inert gas) welding) has difficulty in adjustment of the heat amount imparted to the metal member during the welding so that the accuracy of the size in the joint portion is deteriorated, or the superconductor is deformed by thermal strain during the arc welding so that the critical current property is partially deteriorated.
There is known a composite superconductor comprising a compound superconductor of Nb3Al and a metal member of a tubular stainless alloy (refer to the non-patent document 2 listed hereinafter). According to the above composite superconductor, the supercritical helium is flown through the gap in the metal member so as to coercively cool the superconductor. Thus it is not possible to attain the object of the present invention in which the contact condition between the superconductor and the metal member of aluminum is to be controlled.
Patent document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication 2000-164053;
Non-patent document 1: Cryogenic engineering 39 vol. 9, 2004, pages 383 to 390, Ando;
Non-patent document 2: Cryogenic engineering 38 vol. 8, 2003, pages 391 to 398, Koizumi

INTER-UNIVERSITY RESEARCH INSTITUTE CORPORATION NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF NATURAL SCIENCES


This invention provides a method for controlling a gear ratio in an automatic transmission of a vehicle. The method includes detecting a desired engine braking condition associated with the vehicle. Once the engine braking condition is determined, a decay factor is determined for reducing the gear ratio of the transmission. The decay factor maintains the gear ratio for a delayed period of time before gradually reducing the gear ratio over time. After determining the decay factor, the gear ratio of the transmission is controlled in accordance with the decay factor.

Continuously variable transmissions (CVT) include primary and secondary pulleys used to continuously vary the transmission ratio of the engine speed to vehicle speed in a motor vehicle. Unlike conventional automatic and manual transmissions, continuously variable transmissions have a different driving "feel" since they do not have discrete gear selections.
Generally in a CVT system, if an operator of a vehicle obtains a high gear ratio then disengages an accelerator pedal, the transmission will automatically and continuously immediately reduce a gear ratio to a lowest gear ratio available. Hence, engine braking "feel" is minimal. In order for the operator to regain the previous performance of the vehicle, the operator must engage the accelerator pedal and wait until the high gear ratio is achieved by the CVT.
Therefore, it is desirable to provide a method for controlling the gear ratio of a CVT to selectively delay gear ratio reduction in order to achieve a desirable engine braking condition.

Controlling a gear ratio in a continuously variable transmission


Methods for producing spray-dried phenol-formaldehyde resole resins and products made therefrom. The method can include spray-drying an aerated liquid phenol-formaldehyde resole resin containing about 0.02 wt % or more of a surfactant, based on a combined weight of the liquid phenol-formaldehyde resole resin and the surfactant, to produce a spray-dried phenol-formaldehyde resole resin powder.

Powdered, curable phenol-formaldehyde resins (resole resins) have found wide use as an adhesive for a variety of wood composites, particularly oriented strand board (OSB) and other similar wafer or chip board products. Phenol-formaldehyde resole resins are typically prepared by reacting a molar excess of formaldehyde with phenol under liquid, e.g., aqueous, alkaline reaction conditions. The resulting liquid phenol-formaldehyde resole resin is then spray-dried to produce the curable phenol-formaldehyde resin powder that is used as an adhesive. Methods for preparing curable phenol-formaldehyde resin powders by spray-drying are discussed and described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,098,770; 4,424,300; 4,708,967; 4,950,433; 4,945,000; and 6,608,162.
Adjusting or controlling the packed bulk density of the spray-dried powder within an appropriate range has been a common goal of spray-drying operations. Generally, a packed bulk density for the resole resin powder between about 0.2 g/cm3 and about 0.8 g/cm3 is suitable. Oftentimes, lower packed bulk density resin powders exhibit better mill performance in the manufacture of composite wood products as compared to higher packed bulk density powders. As such, it is often desirable to produce lower packed bulk density resin powders.
In the case of spray-drying phenol-formaldehyde resole resins, it is believed that the packed bulk density of the spray-dried resin is the result of a complex inter-play, inter alia, air feed rate and temperature, liquid feed rate and temperature, and/or liquid droplet size and the solids concentration of the feed liquid. Typically, the amount by which the phenol-formaldehyde resole resin is diluted with water and/or other liquid(s) before spray-drying is used to adjust the packed bulk density of the spray-dried resin powder. Provided that the powder is thoroughly dried, a higher level of dilution usually results in a lower packed bulk density for the recovered spray-dried powder. Increasing dilution of the phenol-formaldehyde resole resin, however, increases drying energy consumption and decreases powder output.
There is a need, therefore, for improved methods for adjusting, controlling, or otherwise influencing the packed bulk density of spray-dried phenol-formaldehyde resole resin powders.

Method of spray drying phenol-formaldehyde resin


The porosity of the subsurface earth formation surrounding a borehole is investigated by measuring the populations of epithermal neutrons at detector locations longitudinally spaced from a neutron source. During this measuring process, a detector is located at the matrix density neutral (MDN) distance from the neutron source at which the matrix density effects of the earth formation are significantly reduced. The porosity measurements are determined from neutron counts detected at both the MDN location and other detector locations to derive formation porosity measurements which have reduced lithology and matrix density effects. Because of these reduced effects, the derived formation porosity values do not need to be substantially corrected to account for lithology and matrix density effects. In addition, the formation lithology and matrix density may be obtained from measurements taken at the MDN location and other detector locations.

Knowledge of the porosities of earth formations surrounding a borehole is important in the petroleum industry to assist in identifying potential oil-and-gas-bearing locations. Epithermal neutron porosity logging which is one of the ways of investigating earth formations makes use of the facts that hydrogen strongly affects neutron moderation and that the pore spaces of earth formations are usually filled with hydrogen-rich fluids, namely hydrocarbons or water. In one form of epithermal neutron porosity logging, the borehole and formation are irradiated with neutrons from an accelerator source and populations of epithermal neutrons are detected and counted at one or more locations away from the neutron source as is shown for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,581 (Hertzog et al.). The counted neutrons are correlated with porosity either individually or as ratios of counted neutrons. This form of epithermal neutron logging can be referred to as "spatial neutron porosity logging". One type of spatial neutron porosity logging measures a quantity commonly referred to as "the slowing down length" of the epithermal neutrons that irradiate the formation.
In another form of epithermal neutron logging, the borehole and formation are also irradiated with bursts of neutrons from an accelerator source and the time rate of decay (also known as die away) of epithermal neutrons is determined. In this type of measurement, epithermal neutron counts are correlated as a function of time. Such a logging technique is shown for example in U.S. Pat. No. 3,487,211 (Youmans). This form of epithermal neutron logging can be referred to as "temporal neutron porosity logging" and is also commonly known as "slowing down time" logging.
The advantage of spatial neutron porosity logging is that it provides a greater depth of investigation into the earth formation, i.e., the distance extending away from the detector and into the formation at which information is obtained, and is thus less affected by the borehole environment. Therefore, because of this greater depth of investigation, spatial neutron porosity measurements are typically less affected than temporal neutron porosity measurements by the tool standoff, i.e., distance between the detector and borehole wall, and other borehole conditions such as the type of fluids in the borehole and the invaded zone of the formation near the borehole. However, a disadvantage is that spatial measurements are normally strongly affected by earth formation lithology and matrix density.
The advantage of temporal neutron porosity logging is that those measurements are relatively insensitive to formation lithology and matrix density. However, a disadvantage with the temporal measurement is that, it is inherently a shallow measurement. Therefore, temporal measurements are strongly affected by the borehole conditions such as tool standoff, the type of fluid in the borehole and the extent of the invaded zone.
There have been several attempts to address the above stated disadvantages of both the spatial and temporal logging. In one solution, as described in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,051,581 (Hertzog et al.), spatial and temporal measurements are combined to measure porosity. In this method, populations of epithermal neutrons are detected at near and far detector locations from a neutron source in the borehole and count signals indicative of epithermal neutron populations at the near and far locations are generated. Then a count ratio of the near detector neutron count to the far detector neutron count is generated. From neutron count ratio of these populations, the slowing down length (spatial measurement) of the neutrons is measured. The slowing down length measurement can be transformed into formation porosity measurement provided the lithology and matrix density of the formation are known. Temporal logging measurements are also obtained by determining the rate of decay and the time distribution of epithermal neutrons at one detector location. These temporal measurements are then processed to derive independent values of formation porosity. The spatial and temporal measurements are then combined to obtain a formation porosity measurement, which is substantially corrected for tool standoff.
The simultaneous measurements of both the spatial and temporal distributions of the epithermal neutrons provide porosity measurements more powerful than either measurement alone provides. As previously stated, a spatial measurement of porosity is normally very sensitive to formation lithology and matrix density and relatively insensitive to tool standoff. The slowing down time derived porosity is very sensitive to tool standoff effects and relatively insensitive to formation lithology and matrix density. As previously stated, the combination of the spatial measurement and slowing down time (temporal) measurement results in porosity values that are corrected for tool standoff. Also, the two measurements have different depths of investigation, and making both of them improves the measurement of the overall porosity variations.
Another solution is to combine the temporal measurements with other measurements as described for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,068,531 (Allen et al). This patent discloses a method that attempts to produce a porosity measurement that is corrected for detector standoff. In the practice of the invention, the die away of nuclear radiation is measured and a model of the die away radiation is produced using exponential terms varying as the sum of the borehole formation and thermal neutron background components. Exponentially weighted moments of both die away measurements and die away models are determined and equated. The equated moments are solved for the ratio of the borehole to formation amplitude of the components. The formation die away constant is determined from at least the formation and thermal neutron background terms of the weighted measurement and model moments. The determined borehole to formation amplitude ratio is used to correct the determined formation die away constant for the effects of detector standoff from the borehole wall. A porosity log of the formation is produced which is hopefully corrected for detector standoff from the borehole wall as a function of the standoff corrected formation die away time constant calibrated in borehole models of known porosities.
Still another solution is to use signal analysis and decomposition techniques with temporal measurements as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,600,838 (Steinman et al ) In this patent the detected indications of thermal neutron concentrations are processed by determining the zeroth order moment of the indications during the sequence of discrete time gates and determining the first order moment of the indications during the sequence of discrete time gates in order to obtain the desired neutron decay characteristic of the earth formation separate from that of the borehole.
Still other neutron logging techniques are described, for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,973,839 (Nelligan) and 4,927,082 (Loomis et al.). Nelligan describes a method of determining the water saturation in the formation fluid and can identify the existence of hydrocarbons in the formation without determining the formation porosity. Loomis derives porosity from processing detector count rate measurements of the epithermal neutron die away curve in accordance with a multi-parameter fit to obtain the epithermal neutron decay time of the formation. Other more complex signal decomposition processing techniques are described for example in PCT application WO 89/11108, (Allen and Mills), published Nov. 16, 1989.
Although, these solutions may be effective, there are problems with each solution. Additional process steps are required in taking multiple porosity measurements and performing additional correction processing. Often additional information extraneous to the tool is needed to be combined with the spatial and temporal measurements and may not be available. Also, to obtain this additional information may require use of another logging tool in the formation at additional expense and time. Also, a problem with the approach using signal decomposition of the die away of neutrons is that this approach is affected by the shallow depth of investigation.
Therefore, there remains a need for a simple and accurate method and apparatus of performing epithermal neutron porosity logging that is less affected by the borehole environment and also has a reduced sensitivity to the effects of formation lithology and matrix density effects.

Method and apparatus for reducing matrix density effects on porosity measurements during epithermal neutron porosity well logging


A method and a display apparatus for generating and outputting an image generated to apply a special effect to a video are provided. The method includes outputting a video to a first area of a screen of the display apparatus, generating an image based on information comprised in the video, and outputting the generated image to a second area, surrounding the first area.

1. Field
Apparatus and methods consistent with the exemplary embodiments relate to displaying an image, and more particularly, to displaying an image as a special effect to a video being played.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various types of devices have been developed to play video content, for example, a variety of televisions (TVs), smartphones, tablet personal computers (PCs), notebook computers, etc.
Similarly, various attempts have been made to develop methods of enlarging a viewing area and realistically providing content to the user. For example, efforts have been made to improve sound quality, provide high resolution images, improve an aspect ratio in a video system, etc.
However, a method and apparatus for displaying an image, in which an image effect is generated based on information included in a video and applied to the video are needed.

Method and apparatus for displaying an image surrounding a video image


Improved methods and devices are described for sensing the respiration pattern of a patient and controlling ventilator functions, particularly for use in an open ventilation system. A ventilation and breath sensing apparatus may include a ventilation gas delivery circuit and a ventilation tube coupled to the ventilation gas delivery circuit. A plurality of pressure sensing elements may be separated by a distance and may produce independent signals. The signals may be used to detect pressure differentials between the plurality of pressure sensing elements. Sensing ports may be located in an airway, and connected to transducers that are valved to optimize sensitivity and overpressure protection. Airway pressure and flow can both be obtained and used to optimize ventilator synchronization and therapy.

There are two general types of control systems for conventional ventilators. A first type delivers gas to a patient based on a frequency selected by the clinician that is independent of patient activity. This control system is used when the patient is non-alert, sedated, unresponsive or paralyzed. In this type of system, the ventilator is breathing for the patient. A second type of control system delivers gas to the patient in response to an inspiratory effort created by the patient. This type of ventilation helps the patient breathe. There are also ventilators and modes of ventilation that combine these two types of control systems. The present invention relates to ventilation systems and modes that respond to an inspiratory effort by the patient.
Control systems that respond to patient breathing efforts require breath sensors to detect inspiration. Conventional systems use pressure or flow sensors to detect the start of an inspiratory effort by the patient. The sensor is located somewhere in-line with the ventilation gas delivery circuit, either inside the ventilator, or in the tubing between the ventilator and the patient, or at the patient end of the tubing. In-line breath sensors are also used to measure the entire respiratory curve in addition to just the start of inspiration; however, because the gas being delivered by the ventilator also moves past the sensor, the sensor during that time no longer measures the patient's respiration but rather the ventilator activity. In a closed ventilation system, the patient lung pressure and the gas delivery circuit pressure, while not necessarily identical, are typically very close. In an open ventilation system in which the patient is also spontaneously breathing, the patient lung pressure and the gas delivery circuit pressure can be very different. In this case, a breath sensor in-line with the ventilation gas delivery circuit can be ineffective in measuring the entire respiratory pattern.
In ventilation systems in which the patient is expected to be breathing or partially breathing spontaneously, synchronization between the ventilator and the patient is important for comfort and efficacy. However, poor synchrony is still reported in some cases because of the demanding and exacting task of measuring all the different possible spontaneous breathing signals and the vast range of variations that exist.
Some attempts have been made to use sensors that are in parallel with the ventilation gas delivery system and are more directly coupled to the patient's actual respiration. The intent of these systems is to improve breath detection, to improve responsiveness of the ventilator, to improve the synchrony of the ventilator to the patient, or to reduce work of breathing required for a patient to trigger the ventilator.
For example, chest impedance sensors can be used to measure the entire respiratory curve of a patient and to use that signal to control the ventilator and synchronize the ventilator to the patient's breathing. However, this approach is technically challenging because the signal is prone to drift, noise and artifacts caused by patient motion and abdominal movement. In another technology, the neural respiratory drive measured with an esophageal catheter is used to measure the respiration of a patient. However, this technique requires an additional invasive device and sensor, and does not monitor exhalation activity since that is a neurally passive function.
Thermal intra-airway breath sensing is promising because it directly measures airflow in the trachea and, if implemented correctly, can determine the complete breathing pattern of the patient and can generate a breathing signal that is not disrupted by the ventilator gas flow.
Pressure-based breath sensing in the airway measures pressure at the distal end of an endotracheal tube, and using that pressure measurement to control a ventilator function for the purpose of reducing the patient's breath effort required for the patient to trigger a mechanical breath from the ventilator. Reduction in effort is a result of a quicker response time of the pressure signal because of the proximity of the signal to the patient's lung. While an improvement over conventional triggering techniques in conventional ventilation, this technique still has disadvantages and in fact has not yet been converted into commercial practice. For example, a sensor must have the necessary sensitivity and accuracy to detect light breathing pressures, while also withstanding high pressures so that it does not fail during a high pressure condition, such as a cough. This is especially of concern in medium and higher pressure ventilation delivery systems. Further, additional information related to the respiration pattern is desirable to increase the efficacy of the therapy. Also, existing systems have a logistically cumbersome interface with the external control system. In summary, existing systems have the one or more of the following disadvantages that require improvement: (1) they do not measure the complete breath cycle, (2) the are in-line with the channel used for ventilation gas delivery, (3) they have a limited range of accuracy and sensitivity, and (4) they are logistically cumbersome to interface with the ventilator.

Methods and devices for sensing respiration and controlling ventilator functions


Determining relationships between graphical elements in a fixed format document is provided. Graphical element sizes and their relative positions may be analyzed to determine whether two or more graphical elements should be aggregated together or whether the graphical elements should belong to different graphical groups. Graphs and figures comprising objects that are absolutely positioned may be detected, as well as objects where inter-element positions need to be preserved from regular document flow. Additionally, background objects may be differentiated from regular text flow when the objects overlap with text.

Flow format documents and fixed format documents are widely used and have different purposes. Flow format documents organize a document using complex logical formatting objects such as sections, paragraphs, columns, and tables. As a result, flow format documents offer flexibility and easy modification making them suitable for tasks involving documents that are frequently updated or subject to significant editing. In contrast, fixed format documents organize a document using basic physical layout elements such as text runs, paths, and images to preserve the appearance of the original. Fixed format documents offer consistent and precise format layout making them suitable for tasks involving documents that are not frequently or extensively changed or where uniformity is desired. Examples of such tasks include document archival, high-quality reproduction, and source files for commercial publishing and printing. Fixed format documents are often created from flow format source documents. Fixed format documents also include digital reproductions (e.g., scans and photos) of physical (i.e., paper) documents.
In situations where editing of a fixed format document is desired but the flow format source document is not available, the fixed format document may be converted into a flow format document. Conversion involves parsing the fixed format document and transforming the basic physical layout elements from the fixed format document into the more complex logical elements used in a flow format document.
Most often, fixed format documents do not contain information about document layout elements such as graphic aggregations of vector graphics elements. Vector graphics in a fixed format document may represent various types of elements such as, but not limited to, font effects (e.g., underline, strikethrough, double strikethrough, etc.), text run borders and shading, paragraph borders and shading, page borders, page color, table borders, graphics (e.g., arrows, shapes, callouts, function plots, etc.). For example, a vector graphics element in a fixed format document may be a font underline or alternatively, may be a table edge or part of an arrow. While these elements may be visible by a user using a fixed format document viewer, proper detection of semantics of vector graphics elements may not be as straightforward. When converting a fixed format document to a flow format document, a vector graphics element may need to be dissected to understand to which element each vector graphics element belongs.
While various converters of fixed format documents to flow format documents exist, such converters may not focus primarily on document reflow. Accordingly, such converters may lack advanced layout element reconstruction. It is with respect to these and other considerations that the present invention has been made.

Grouping fixed format document elements to preserve graphical data semantics after reflow by manipulating a bounding box vertically and horizontally


Apparatus and methods are described for matching of mothers' milk to the correct baby in hospitals or other institutions where mothers' milk is expressed in advance and stored for feeding to the baby at a later time. Electronically readable indicia are used to confirm the identity of the baby, the milk units, and caregivers when the mother's milk is fed to a baby. Apparatus and methods for the collection, storage, and communication of information relevant to handling of the mother's milk are detailed such that complete audit trails are recorded and guidance to the caregiver is provided in order to ensure that all required procedures are executed properly.

Newborn infants must sometimes be cared for at a hospital for some time after birth, particularly in the case of premature or otherwise challenged babies. It is well recognized that it is advantageous for the infant to be fed its mother's natural breast milk; hence, mothers of infants requiring hospital care are encouraged to express milk for storage at the hospital, for administration to the baby when the mother is absent.
Many diseases, such as HIV, hepatitis and syphilis can be transmitted by human breast milk. For this reason, it is preferable that the baby receives only milk from its own mother. In addition, human breast milk that is improperly stored may harbour dangerous bacteria, which could harm the child.
The process for managing mothers' milk in hospital nurseries is generally as follows. Mothers are provided with a breast pump to help them express milk into appropriate containers at home. The mother is expected to label the containers with identification information and the date and time of expression then return the milk to the hospital. At the hospital, the milk is stored in a common refrigerator along with milk from other mothers.
A caregiver responsible for managing the baby's diet creates a feeding order that includes the volume of milk to be fed, and specifies any dietary supplements that must be added. It is usual practice to include an order for baby formula with the order, in case there is insufficient mother's milk available. Based on the order, units of milk are prepared for the baby and are labelled with the baby's identification, using the oldest mother's milk available.
When the baby requires feeding, the caregiver selects a prepared milk unit from the refrigerator and checks to make sure it is for the intended baby.
The selected milk unit is then fed to the baby, following a procedure that may include aspirating the baby's stomach to see if it has completely digested the previous feeding, feeding the baby the new milk, and recording the time taken and quantity fed. This information is useful for managing the overall nutrition of the infant.
There are several areas of risk with this process. It is possible that milk from the wrong mother may be selected by the caregiver; that an older milk unit might be missed, resulting in wastage; that milk may have been stored too long and may no longer be safe; and that the correct feeding procedure may not be followed. Other than training of caregivers, little is available to reduce the risk of the process.

Apparatus and method for administration of mother's milk


A method and system are disclosed for managing power sharing of a plurality of charging stations sharing the same portion of an electrical network, the method comprising detecting an event at a charging station of the plurality of charging stations; determining if a charging configuration is acceptable with the event and if the charging configuration is not acceptable, modifying the charging configuration accordingly.

Providing charging stations for electric vehicles (EV) is very desirable.
The price of commercial intelligent public charging stations is usually considered to be quite high by potential customers.
The installation of non-intelligent public charging stations can also be costly for various reasons. A first reason is the cost of the wiring which has to be defined from the start depending on a final number of charging stations connected to the same portion of an electrical network.
Another reason is that the electrical system and the distribution panel are sized so that they are capable of accommodating the aggregated load of the ultimate number of charging stations that will be installed on the given portion of an electrical network. This cost might not be visible to the owner at the beginning, but there may be an impact to the electrical system and distribution panel as the number of charging stations exceeds two or three.
Thus, challenges may arise when managing power sharing.

Method and system for managing power sharing of a plurality of charging stations sharing the same portion of an electrical network


A modular automotive fuel pump includes lower and upper housings, a motor, a rotary pumping element, and a combination clearance land and flow guide which determines the axial clearance between the pump impeller and the pump housing.

Automotive fuel pumps using rotary pumping elements, in general, and regenerative turbines in particular, have been used for many years. Such pumps typically have two-piece pump housings within which the impeller or turbine is rotated by an electric motor. Examples of such pumps are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,403,910 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,445,821, both to Watanabe et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 4,451,213 to Takei et al. The pump housings illustrated in these patents are typical of prior art devices inasmuch as the housings are generally comprised of two main parts, with the impeller operating in a chamber defined by the two pieces of the pump housing.
Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the performance of rotary pumps in general, and regenerative turbine pumps in particular is greatly dependent upon the ability to operate the pump with minimum internal leakage. Specifically, if the pumped fluid, in this case motor fuel, is permitted to flow radially across the sides of the impeller, the performance of the pump will be greatly degraded. To avoid such degradation, the clearances between the impeller and the pump housing must be exceedingly small. This requirement may cause problems during manufacturing with the illustrated and conventional prior art pump housings because it is not an easy task to repeatably build fine toleranced parts required in the pump housing and then match such parts to the impeller. This problem stems from the fact that the tolerances applied to individual parts may stack up to produce an unacceptable result in the assembled pump. If, on one hand, the clearances between the impeller and the pump housing are too great, the performance of the pump will be inadequate. If, on the other hand, the tolerances are too little, the pump may not work at all, or the motor may fail at an early age due to excessive drag imposed by the pump assembly.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an automotive fuel pump with a modular pump housing which offers superior pump performance.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an automotive fuel pump which may be manufactured with ease using conventional manufacturing techniques.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing high performance automotive fuel pumps in an economical manner.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a pump having a structure which is manufacturable using more robust processes than those employable with prior art units. Specifically, prior art pump housings are generally not compatible with the surface finishing process known as "lapping" because lapping is best used in connection with flat surfaces, and not with dished or multi-planar surfaces. A pump according to the present invention uses three major modules which may all be finished by lapping on large, flat lapping machines, at lower cost.
Other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to the reader of this specification.

Automotive fuel pump with modular pump housing


A putter head has a moment of inertia that can be adjusted easily by the golfer himself or herself. A putter head includes a body member having a face surface for hitting a ball and a back member turnably installed at the body member. The back member includes a plurality of movable parts, and the movable parts are turnably fixed to the body part. The movable part is turnably installed with one screw only.

The present invention relates to a putter head.
In a golf game, final putting often decides the game, and not only the golfer's capability of putting but also the performance and characteristics of a putter are one of the factors in deciding the game. Therefore, the adjustability of the performance and characteristics of a putter according to the physical condition of the golfer on the play day and the kind and condition of green lawn is advantageous to the golfer.
For example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-224718 describes a putter head formed by combining four parts to change the center of gravity of a putter head. The putter head is configured so that the four parts consist of a body, two wing parts located on both sides of the body, and a bottom part, and by fitting protrusions of the bottom part in grooves formed in the body and the wing parts, the parts are connected to each other. By forming the right and left wing parts by using materials having a different specific gravity, the center of gravity of the putter head can be changed to the right or the left.
In the configuration described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-224718, however, although the center of gravity of the putter head can be changed greatly by changing the specific gravity of the right and left wing parts of the putter head, it is difficult to greatly change the moment of inertia of the putter head. Also, in the configuration described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-224718, the number of parts constituting the putter head is large, and therefore it is not easy to assemble a putter head having a strength capable of withstanding putting by using these many parts.
Also, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-66249 describes a putter head provided with a front half body having a face surface and an arcuate rear half body attached to the rear side of the front half body. The front half body is formed of a metal having a small specific gravity, and the arcuate rear half body is formed of a metal having a high specific gravity. Therefore, the moment of inertia around the center of gravity of putter head is high, and the sweet area of the putter head is large. However, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-66249 does not especially describe that the moment of inertia of putter head is adjusted. Also, in the configuration described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2005-66249, the front half body and the rear half body are fixed with two bolts, so that this configuration is still insufficient for the golfer himself or herself to adjust the moment of inertia easily.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Lounge chair towel that converts into backpack. One embodiment is a lounge chair towel that includes a seat portion, a backrest portion, and a middle portion of material between the seat portion and the backrest portion. The middle portion includes a first sleeve on a back side of the lounge chair towel, a second sleeve on a front side of the lounge chair towel, and a middle sleeve disposed between the first sleeve and the second sleeve. The middle portion also includes a bag opening for a bag storage area formed by an interior of the backrest portion. The middle portion also includes one or more belt straps looped through the first sleeve and the second sleeve. The belt straps close the bag opening when pulled and forms two backpack straps to convert the lounge chair towel into the backpack.

Many variations of towels exist which incorporate straps for tying the towel or pouches for carrying items. There are also some towel designs that have a feature of optionally transforming the towel into a type of bag. However, there is still a need for a lounge chair towel capable of converting into a backpack having increased convenience and convertibility.