Provided herein are methods, compounds, and compositions for reducing expression of an ANGPTL3 mRNA and protein in an animal. Also provided herein are methods, compounds, and compositions for reducing plasma lipids, plasma glucose and atherosclerotic plaques in an animal. Such methods, compounds, and compositions are useful to treat, prevent, delay, or ameliorate any one or more of cardiovascular disease or metabolic disease, or a symptom thereof.

Diabetes and obesity (sometimes collectively referred to as "diabesity") are interrelated in that obesity is known to exacerbate the pathology of diabetes and greater than 60% of diabetics are obese. Most human obesity is associated with insulin resistance and leptin resistance. In fact, it has been suggested that obesity may have an even greater impact on insulin action than diabetes itself (Sindelka et al., Physiol Res., 2002, 51, 85-91). Additionally, several compounds on the market for the treatment of diabetes are known to induce weight gain, a very undesirable side effect to the treatment of this disease.
Cardiovascular disease is also interrelated to obesity and diabetes. Cardiovascular disease encompasses a wide variety of etiologies and has an equally wide variety of causative agents and interrelated players. Many causative agents contribute to symptoms such as elevated plasma levels of cholesterol, including non-HDL cholesterol, as well as other lipid-related disorders. Such lipid-related disorders, generally referred to as dyslipidemia, include hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia among other indications. Elevated non-HDL cholesterol is associated with atherogenesis and its sequelae, including cardiovascular diseases such as arteriosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and other forms of heart disease. These rank as the most prevalent types of illnesses in industrialized countries. Indeed, an estimated 12 million people in the United States suffer with coronary artery disease and about 36 million require treatment for elevated cholesterol levels.
Epidemiological and experimental evidence has shown that high levels of circulating triglyceride (TG) can contribute to cardiovascular disease and a myriad of metabolic disorders (Valdivielso et al., 2009, Atherosclerosis. 207(2):573-8; Zhang et al., 2008, Circ Res. 1; 102(2):250-6). TG derived from either exogenous or endogenous sources is incorporated and secreted in chylomicrons from the intestine or in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) from the liver. Once in circulation, TG is hydrolyzed by lipoprotein lipase (LpL) and the resulting free fatty acids can then be taken up by local tissues and used as an energy source. Due to the profound effect LpL has on plasma TG and metabolism in general, discovering and developing compounds that affect LpL activity are of great interest.
Metabolic syndrome is a combination of medical disorders that increase one's risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. The symptoms, including high blood pressure, high triglycerides, decreased HDL and obesity, tend to appear together in some individuals. It affects a large number of people in a clustered fashion. In some studies, the prevalence in the USA is calculated as being up to 25% of the population. Metabolic syndrome is known under various other names, such as (metabolic) syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome, Reaven's syndrome or CHAOS. With the high prevalence of cardiovascular disorders and metabolic disorders there remains a need for improved approaches to treat these conditions
The angiopoietins are a family of secreted growth factors. Together with their respective endothelium-specific receptors, the angiopoietins play important roles in angiogenesis. One family member, angiopoietin-like 3 (also known as ANGPT5, ANGPTL3, or angiopoietin 5), is predominantly expressed in the liver, and is thought to play a role in regulating lipid metabolism (Kaplan et al., J. Lipid Res., 2003, 44, 136-143).
The human gene for angiopoietin-like 3 was identified and cloned as a result of searches of assembled EST databases. The full-length human cDNA codes for a polypeptide of 460 amino acids which has the characteristic structural features of angiopoietins: a signal peptide, an extended helical domain, a short linker peptide, and a globular fibrinogen homology domain (FHD). The mouse angiopoietin-like 3 cDNA was found to encode a 455 amino acid polypeptide with 76% identity to the human polypeptide. An alignment of angiopoietins showed that angiopoietin-like 3, unlike other family members, does not contain the motif of acidic residues determining a calcium binding site. Northern blot analysis revealed expression principally in the liver of adult tissues, with murine embryo Northern blots showing the presence of transcripts as early as day 15, suggesting that angiopoietin-like 3 is expressed early during liver development and that expression is maintained in adult liver. The mouse gene maps to chromosome 4, and the human gene was mapped to the 1p31 region (Conklin et al., Genomics, 1999, 62, 477-482).
KK obese mice have a multigenic syndrome of moderate obesity and a diabetic phenotype that resembles human hereditary type 2 diabetes. These mice show signs of hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and hyperlipidemia. A strain of KK mice called KK/San has significantly low plasma lipid levels despite signs of hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia. The mutant phenotype is inherited recessively, and the locus was named hypolipidemia (hypl). The locus maps to the middle of chromosome 4, and the gene was identified as angiopoietin-like 3 through positional cloning. Injection of recombinant adenoviruses containing the full-length mouse or human angiopoietin-like 3 cDNA in the mutant KK/San mice caused an increase in plasma levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acides (NEFA). Similarly, injection of recombinant angiopoietin-like 3 protein into the mutant mice increased levels of triglycerides and non-esterified fatty acids. (Koishi et al., Nat. Genet., 2002, 30, 151-157).
In another study focusing on the metabolic pathways of triglycerides in KK/San mice, overexpression of angiopoietin-like 3 resulted in a marked increase of triglyceride-enriched very low density lipoportien (VLDL). Differences in the hepatic VLDL triglyceride secretion rate were not significant between wild-type KK and KK/San mice. However, studies with labeled VLDL suggested that the low plasma triglyceride levels in KK/San mice were primarily due to enhanced lipolysis of VLDL triglycerides rather than to enhanced whole particle uptake. The plasma apoB100 and apoB48 levels of KK/San mice were similar to wild-type KK mice. ApoCIII-deficient mice have a similar phenotype to KK/San mice, and ApoCIII is thought to modulate VLDL triglyceride metabolism through the inhibition of lipase-mediated hydrolysis of VLDL triglycerides. In vitro analysis of recombinant protein revealed that angiopoietin-like 3 directly inhibits lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity (Shimizugawa et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 33742-33748).
Consistent with a role in lipid metabolism, angiopoietin-like 3 mRNA was found to be upregulated in C57BL/6J mice fed normal chow diets with 4% cholesterol and in mice treated with the liver X receptor (LXR) agonist T0901317. LXRs are ligand-activated transcription factors which play a role in the regulation of genes that govern cholesterol homeostasis in the liver and peripheral tissues. In addition to cholesterol metabolism, LXRs may also play a role in regulation of fatty acid metabolism. Treatment of HepG2 cells with natural or synthetic agents which activate LXR caused increased angiopoietin-like 3 expression. The promoter of the human angiopoietin-like 3 gene was found to contain an LXR response element. In addition, the promoter contained several potential binding sites for other transcription factors including HNF-1, HNF-4, and C/EBP. (Kaplan et al., J. Lipid Res., 2003, 44, 136-143).
Treatment of rodents with T0901317 is associated with triglyceride accumulation in the liver and plasma. The liver triglyceride accumulation has been explained by increased expression of the sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP1c) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), both of which are targets of LXR. T0901317 failed to increase plasma triglyceride concentration in angiopoietin-like 3 deficient mice, while the stimulated accumulation of hepatic triglyceride was similar to that observed in treated wild type mice. The rise in plasma triglyceride in wild-type mice treated with T0901317 parallels an induction of angiopoietin-like 3 mRNA in the liver and an increase in plasma concentration of the protein. (Inaba et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2003, 278, 21344-21351).
Further studies addressed the mechanism of the increase in plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels observed in KK/Snk mice treated with exogenous angiopoietin-like 3. Probe of fixed human tissues with a fluorescence-labeled angiopoietin-like 3 protein demonstrated strong binding only on adipose tissue. Furthermore, radiolabeled protein binding was examined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and was found to be saturable and specific. Incubation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with angiopoietin-like 3 led to enhanced release of FFA and glycerol into the culture medium. (Shimamura et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2003, 301, 604-609).
In a study using streptozotocin-treated mice (STZ) to model the insulin-deficient state and db/db mice to model the insulin-resistant diabetic state, larger amounts of hepatic angiopoietin-like 3 were observed in diabetic mice as compared to control animals. Both models of diabetes showed hypertriglyceridemia, and the hyperlipidemia observed was explained at least partially by the increased expression of angiopoietin-like 3. These results suggested that angiopoietin-like 3 is a link between diabetes and dyslipidemia, with elevation promoting hyperlipidemia (Inukai et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 2004, 317, 1075-1079).
A subsequent study examined the regulation of angiopoietin-like 3 by leptin and insulin, both of which are key players in the metabolic syndrome. Angiopoietin-like 3 expression and plasma protein levels were increased in leptin-resistant db/db and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice relative to controls. Supplementation of ob/ob mice with leptin decreased angiopoietin-like 3 levels. The alterations in expression were associated with alterations in plasma triglyceride and free fatty acid levels. Gene expression and plasma protein levels were also increased in insulin-deficient STZ-treated mice. (Shimamura et al., Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 2004, 322, 1080-1085).
In accord with its membership in the angiopoietin family, recombinant angiopoietin-like 3 protein was found to bind to αVβ3 integrin and induced integrin αVβ3-dependent haptotactic endothelial cell adhesion and migration. It also stimulated signal transduction pathways characteristic for integrin activation. Angiopoietin-like 3 strongly induced angiogenesis in the rat corneal angiogenesis assay. (Camenisch et al., J. Biol. Chem., 2002, 277, 17281-17290).
Genome-wide association scans (GWAS) surveying the genome for common variants associated with plasma concentrations of HDL, LDL and triglyceride were undertaken by several groups. The GWAS studies found an association between triglycerides and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near ANGPTL3 (Willer et al., Nature Genetics, 2008, 40(2):161-169).
U.S. Pat. No. 7,267,819, application U.S. Ser. No. 12/128,545, and application U.S. Ser. No. 12/001,012 generally describe angiopoietin-like 3 agonists and antagonists.
PCT publications WO/02101039 (EP02733390) and WO/0142499 (U.S. Ser. No. 10/164,030) disclose a nucleic acid sequence complementary to mouse angiopoietin-like 3 (Ryuta, 2002; Ryuta, 2001).
There is a currently a lack of acceptable options for treating cardiovascular and metabolic disorders. It is therefore an object herein to provide compounds and methods for the treatment of such diseases and disorder.
The potential role of angiopoietin-like 3 in lipid metabolism makes it an attractive target for investigation. Antisense technology is emerging as an effective means for reducing the expression of certain gene products and may therefore prove to be uniquely useful in a number of therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications for the modulation of angiopoietin-like 3.

Modulation of angiopoietin-like 3 expression


Systems and methods are provided for simulating shadows in a scene. In an embodiment, two or more light sources that cast shadows from objects are identified. Each of those light sources is then assigned to a channel in a shadow mask buffer. The shadows are then accumulated into the shadow mask buffer and may be combined with corresponding lights to render the scene.

Some manufacturers of video games, especially first-person shooter (FPS) video games that emulate the game world from the perspective of the player-character, strive to provide realistic interactive environments to enhance the gaming experience. For example, one such realism effect may include a depiction of shadows "caused" by one or more light sources. Where a single light source may cast shadows from many objects in a scene, the combined effect of many light sources acting upon the same object or objects is expectedly even more difficult to reproduce. Further complications include the use of different types of light, such as ceiling lights, flashlights, fire, and/or daylight, which can cause effectively different shadow patterns. And, the use of lights which change color, intensity, and geography (e.g., a sun setting) can cause effectively different shadow patterns. Further, even if a light source provided does not change, a moving object requires a change in the shadow pattern.
Existing techniques used to maintain shadows use directional encoding to approximate multiple incident lights, as shown in FIG. 1A. Where, for example, incident lights 101a and 102a strike an object 103 to create a shadow, existing technologies approximate the combined effect of incident lights 101a and 102a by using directional encoding to compute and apply the effect of hypothetical light source 104. This approximation, however, results in inferior mapping quality, especially on specular objects such as mirrors, water or metal, since shadows may block all or part of a specular. Moreover, this approximation limits the range and precision of shadows from high dynamic range (HDR) light sources, especially when lights may change intensity and color during game play.
Thus, there is a need for systems and methods that accurately reproduce dynamic shadows from many incident light sources in a real time environment.

Systems and methods for reproduction of shadows from multiple incident light sources


Methods and apparatus for dynamic class reloading and versioning that allow developers to change and recompile classes and to have running programs adopt the new versions of the classes dynamically, without redeploying the application. A dynamic class reloading component detects if the environment supports dynamic class redefinition and uses it if supported but does not require it. As the component loads a managed class, it modifies the bytecode of the class and generates additional classes and interfaces to support type-safe class versioning. Unique names are generated for successive versions of a managed class. A separate interface may be generated for each distinct method name and signature implemented on managed classes. Each generated class may implement all the generated interfaces that correspond to its methods. The same class loader that would load each managed class without the component loads the component-generated classes and interfaces.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to computer systems, and more particularly to dynamic class reloading and versioning.
2. Description of Related Art
Java™ may be described as a class-based, platform-independent programming language. A virtual machine may be generally described as a software implementation of a central processing unit (CPU) that runs compiled code (e.g., applets and applications) on a given system or machine, where the code itself remains the same from one system or machine to another. In Java™ technology, the virtual machine that runs compiled Java™ code is referred to as a Java Virtual Machine (JVM™). In the JVM, the basic unit of software is the (Java™) class. A class-based software application (e.g., a Java™ application or applet) running in a virtual machine (e.g., a JVM) might consist of tens, hundreds, or thousands of classes. A class is generally composed of fields that hold data or references to other objects, and methods. The body of each method contains executable instructions (bytecode) that implements a part of the program logic. In order to use a class—to access the data it stores or to execute its methods—the virtual machine (e.g., JVM) first loads the class into memory.
Java™, J2EE™, Java™ EE, and JVM™, as used throughout this document, are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the United States and other countries.
Class Loaders
Class loaders are one of the cornerstones of virtual machine architectures such as the Java™ Virtual Machine (JVM™) architecture. A class loader is an object that is responsible for loading classes. Programmatically speaking, class loaders are objects that may be defined in code (e.g. Java™ code). In Java™ technology, class loaders are instances of subclasses of abstract class ClassLoader. Given the name of a class, a class loader may attempt to locate or generate data that constitutes a definition for the class. A typical strategy is to transform the name into a file name and then read a "class file" of that name from a file system. The default class loading behavior in the JVM is to load the class file from a specified location (e.g., specified in a class path) into the memory and to execute the bytecode as and when the request comes in for the particular class. Whenever a class refers to another class, for example, by initializing a field or local variable, the referent is immediately loaded (or delegated by that class loader to its parent class loader) by the same class loader that loaded the referencing class. Class loaders may enable a system (e.g., a virtual machine) to load classes without knowing anything about the underlying file system semantics, and may allow applications to dynamically load classes such as Java™ classes as extension modules
Java™ and Java™ Virtual Machine (JVM™) Technology
In Java™ technology, a class loader loads the bytecode from a class's class file into the Java™ Virtual Machine (JVM™, also referred to herein as simply VM), making it available for use in an application. A given class loader can load only one class of a given name. Conventionally, once a class loader has loaded a class, there is no way for application code or the class loader itself to unload the class. Different class loaders may load the same or different bytecode using the same class name. The VM's type system considers such classes to be different; each class is implicitly qualified by the class loader that loads it.
The JVM provides features via which Java™ code, e.g. a programmer's custom Java™ code, can gain control as a class is being loaded and transform the bytecode that will be used in defining the class. For example, classes in the java.instrumentation package in Java™ may be leveraged to provide this feature.
Once a class has been defined, conventional JVM technology allows Java™ code to redefine the class in restricted ways, as described in the Java™ documentation for the java.instrumentation package. Conventionally, the only change allowed is to rewrite the bytecode inside method bodies. The redefinition allowed by conventional JVM technology cannot change the so-called shape of the class by adding or removing fields or methods or changing the signatures of methods or the types of fields.
Java™ technology includes the abstract class java.lang.ClassLoader, also referred to herein as ClassLoader or class loader. Any Java™ code that retrieves bytecode for use in defining classes must extend ClassLoader. Many of its methods can be overridden by subclasses that extend ClassLoader, and in fact some of ClassLoader's methods are defined as abstract, meaning that they must be overridden by subclass implementations. On the other hand, ClassLoader declares some of its methods as final, meaning subclasses cannot override them. The implementations of such final methods in ClassLoader are guaranteed to be the ones that execute. An important method is defineClass. The several variants of this method (all final) contain the logic that actually converts a byte array (or a byte buffer) containing the bytecode of a class into a class definition that can be used throughout the JVM.
Further, the JVM associates a defined class with the specific class loader that invokes defineClass (also referred to herein as the define class method) for that class. This is essentially how the VM implicitly qualifies each class with the loader that loaded the class.
A software developer writing an application, for example an application in a Java™ Platform, Enterprise Edition (which may be referred to as Java™ EE or J2EE™) environment application server, typically follows a cycle of work that involves editing his or her source code, recompiling it, deploying or redeploying the application into the application server, and testing the revisions by running the application, repeating this cycle many times to fix problems in the application or to enhance the application. Often, the application server must do considerable work to redeploy an application, and even when this step takes only a relatively short time, it can still be disruptive to the flow of the developer's work.
Conventionally, VM technology provides limited support for changing a class once it has been loaded. For example, the Java™ HotSpot™ VM supports replacing the bytecode instructions in the bodies of methods, but does not support adding or removing fields or methods, or changing the signature of any method. Such changes are common in normal software development. Conventionally, to make such changes and then use them, a developer must either redeploy the application (if he or she is using a container-based product such as an application server) or restart the VM and rerun the program. Redeploying or rerunning the application is potentially time-consuming and expensive, in part because all classes—even those that have not changed—must be reloaded as part of the redeployment or restart. In addition, redeploying or restarting causes the loss of the current program state. Redeploying or restarting takes significant time and interrupts the flow of the developer's work as he or she performs repetitive cycles of the edit, build, deploy, and run development process.


A question-and-answer application having questions with which topics are associated is described. In some embodiments, user-generated topics are assigned to questions to indicate the subject matter covered by the questions. The application logic includes topic merge logic for quickly and efficiently merging two topics, while enabling the topic merge operation to be easily undone if necessary.

A variety of web-based applications provide users with the ability to collaboratively generate content, for example, by creating and/or editing web page components, or even entire web pages, via a conventional web browser application. Some web-based applications that provide such functionality are referred to as wikis. One particular type of application that provides such functionality is a web-based encyclopedia that allows users to generate and edit articles on various topics of interest. Another example of an application that relies on collaborative, user-generated content is a question-and-answer application that provides an online forum that enables users to post questions, post answers to questions, or simply view questions and corresponding answers.
With this type of application, because the content is user-generated and often several users may be contributing, it is often difficult to effectively and efficiently maintain the content in an organized manner. For instance, with a web-based encyclopedia application, multiple users may generate articles for similar, or even the same, topic. As the number of article entries grows, it can become an extremely daunting and time consuming task for a content administrator to manually identify what are essentially duplicate articles and then combine their content. Similarly, with a question-and-answer application, users may establish various topics or categories to which questions are assigned. When users create multiple topics for what is essentially the same subject matter, it may become difficult for users to quickly identify content of interest. For instance, if four or five synonymous topic names exist for the same subject matter, such as, "San Francisco Bay Area," "The Bay Area," "San Francisco, Calif.," "San Francisco," "The Greater Bay Area," and so forth, it becomes difficult for a user to know which of the several topics to select to find relevant information. When different topic names are used for the same subject matter, it may be time consuming for a user to assign a particular question to all of the relevant topics. Moreover, as the number of topics associated with a particular questions increases, the time required to process the data and to identify and recall all of the topics associated with a particular question may also increase, thereby introducing a delay into the user experience.

Methods and systems for merging topics assigned to content items in an online application


A bobbin-type winder for winding a synthetic yarn at a constant speed is disclosed. The winder includes a bobbin shaft having a bobbin mounted thereon and a bobbin shaft driving apparatus, operably connected to a first inverter, for rotating the bobbin shaft. The winder further includes a traverse device for traversing the yarn supplied to the bobbin, and a contacting roll arranged such that it is movable into contact with the circumferential face of a yarn package wound on the bobbin. The contacting roll is driven via a second inverter and a rotational speed detector is provided for detecting the rotational speed of the contacting roll. A controller is electrically connected with the bobbin shaft driving apparatus and the rotational speed detector for controlling the rotational speed of the bobbin shaft in accordance with the detector rotational speed of the contacting roll. The second inverter is isolated from the controller so that a torque applied from the outer surface of the yarn package to the contacting roll is minimized.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a winder of a synthetic yarn, a winding method, and cheese-like yarn package formed by the winder. More particularly, the present invention relates to a winder and a winding method capable of winding synthetic yarn at a high speed in a spinning process of synthetic yarn, and to a cheese yarn package having an excellent winding shape and a good yarn quality.
2. Description of the Related Art
A number of reports regarding high-speed production of synthetic yarns have been published during the past 10 and several years. Of special interest are the technique for manufacturing directly a yarn having practical physical properties by winding continuously a melt spun yarn into a yarn package and the technique of winding the yarn at a speed of at least 4,000 m/min, and sometimes from 8,000 m/min to 9,000 m/min. Such high-speed manufacture of synthetic yarn takes two systems: the so-called "spin take-up" process, in which the melt spun yarn is directly wound as a fully oriented yarn onto the yarn package without a drawing process, and the so-called "spin draw take-up" process, in which the melt spun yarn is wound onto the yarn package after a drawing process.
As described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,195,051, 4,156,071, 4,415,726, 4,426,516, and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 58-208416, the spin take-up process enables manufacture of a yarn dyeable under normal pressure, which is impossible with a conventional polyester yarn, by spinning the yarn at a speed of 7,000 m/min or more and winding it onto the yarn package.
The spin draw take-up process enables obtaining synthetic yarn with mechanical properties similar to those of conventional synthetic yarn by means of a high-speed winding process and is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,390,685 and 4,456,575.
In high-speed manufacture of synthetic yarn the high-speed causes several problems in the winding operation, e.g., inferior shape of the yarn package and irregularity of yarn quality along the lengthwise direction of the yarn as disclosed in "Journal of The Society of Fiber Science and Technology", Japan, vol. 38, No. 11. Solutions of the above problems are now under study.
When winding yarn onto a yarn package having a cheese-form, the yarn is traversed by a traverse device and wound through a contacting roll on a bobbin mounted on a bobbin shaft. Since the traversed yarn is reversed at a decreased speed at both ends of the yarn package, as is well known, a yarn dwell, i.e., yarn accumulation, is generated on the ends of the yarn package, so that the package protrudes outward at edges of end portions of the yarn package (hereinafter, referred to as "high-edge"). The diameter of the yarn package at the high-edge portions becomes slightly larger than at the middle portion. Also, the winding hardness at the high-edge portions becomes higher than at the middle portion. Therefore, during the winding operation, the yarn package is wound with only the high-edge portions pressed on the rotating contacting roll.
As driving systems for winding the yarn package, several systems may be mentioned, i.e., (1) a surface driving system, in which the contacting roll is driven, (2) a bobbin shaft driving system, in which the bobbin shaft is driven, and (3) a driving system, in which the contacting roll and the bobbin shaft are driven under cooperative control. In the above-mentioned systems (1) and (2), contact pressure is applied between the contacting roll and the yarn package, and a following member in the contacting roll or the yarn package is driven frictionally by the driving member. The contact pressure is determined as the force necessary to transmit a rotary motion to the following member without slippage and to maintain the yarn path of the yarn to be wound onto the yarn package. It is necessary to have a large contact pressure, especially for high-speed winding. This large contact pressure crushes the high-edge portions of the yarn package, resulting in bulges on the two end faces, so that the shape of the yarn package becomes inferior. Further the large contact pressure results in irregularities in the yarn quality, and irregularities in the corresponding period of the yarn between the two faces of the yarn package caused by the difference of internal stresses of the yarn prevailing in the yarn package. Further, in high-speed winding, slippage between the contacting roll and the yarn package and variation of the winding speed occur easily, further exacerbating the irregularities. When a dyeing-finishing process is applied to woven or knitted fabric fabricated from yarns of the yarn packages having the above-mentioned irregularities, the result is a flaw so-called "hikes," i.e. irregularities of brilliance caused by the weft or warp yarn running in the direction of the yarn on the woven or knitted fabric. Fabric having many "hikes" substantially lose value as merchandise. It is therefore important to eliminate "hikes" from the fabric.
There are several proposals in the related art to overcome the above-mentioned problems in the yarn package. For example, Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 49-6495 discloses a traverse cam having a specific track which is capable of decreasing the height of the high-edge portions. Japanese Examined Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 50-22130 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 60-167855 disclose a specific multi-track cam capable of traversing the yarn to disperse the high-edge portions. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 56-127558 discloses a scroll cam type traverse mechanism having a specific track capable of increasing the contacting area between the contacting roll and the yarn package. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 50-83544 discloses a method of gradually decreasing the contact pressure between the contacting roll and the yarn package.
However, when yarn is wound at a speed of 5,000 m/min or more by a conventional winder in which the above-mentioned traverse mechanism is adopted, and the yarn package is frictionally driven by a driven bobbin shaft, the yarn package sometimes collapses during the winding operation and so normal winding is difficult. Therefore the quality of the yarn package cannot be improved and it is sometimes impossible to form the yarn package.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,069,985 and 3,288,383 disclose a system in which the speed of a bobbin shaft driving means is controlled to achieve a constant winding speed by detecting the change of the power consumption of a contacting roll driving means. However, the power consumption changes by the heat generation of the contacting roll driving means, the change of the sliding resistance of bearings of the contacting roll driving means, and the like, so the above power consumption detection method is not able to keep the winding speed exactly the same, especially in the case of high-speed winding of 5,000 m/min or more.
Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (Kokai) No. 60-209013 discloses a method for winding yarn in a noncontacting state between the yarn package and another member into a pirn-like yarn package by using a spindle driven winder. This related art suggests that improvement of the irregularities of yarn quality i.e., irregularities of "hike" and uneven dyeing, cannot be obtained by a winder having a contacting roll in which the yarn is traversed at a high speed.
Accordingly, a cheese package of synthetic yarn wound at a speed of 5,000 m/min or more having excellent shape stability and suffering from little "hike" defects when the yarn of the cheese package is directly used to manufacture a weaving fabric or a knitting fabric has not been found up to now.

Winder of synthetic yarn, cheese-like yarn package of synthetic yarn, and method for winding the same


A job processing apparatus which processes job data in cooperation with another job processing apparatus is provided. The job processing apparatus comprises an analysis unit configured to analyze a processing status of predetermined job data, and a determination unit configured to determine, in accordance with the analyzed processing status, whether the job processing apparatus has an operation authority to the job data. The job processing apparatus also comprises a prohibition unit configured to prohibit an operation of the job data when the job processing apparatus is determined not to have the operation authority.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a job processing apparatus which processes job data in cooperation with another job processing apparatus, a control method therefor, and a computer-readable storage medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
There has conventionally been proposed a job processing apparatus which processes job data in cooperation with another job processing apparatus. For example, a given job processing apparatus transmits image data obtained by scanning an original by its scanner to another job processing apparatus. The printer of the receiving job processing apparatus prints the image data, or the printers of the two job processing apparatuses print the image data. These functions are called remote copying or cascade copying, which allows printing at a remote place or parallel-printing to shorten the print time.
Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 08-251319 proposes a method of distributing the original images of respective pages from a master printing apparatus to slave printing apparatuses, and printing the distributed original images by the slave printing apparatuses.
Some of printing apparatuses which execute the cooperative operation have a function of displaying a list of print data on the display device of a print data transmitting or receiving printing apparatus, prompting the operator to perform a data operation such as printing cancellation, printing stop, printing resume, or printing interruption.
However, in the conventional technique if both transmitting and receiving cooperative apparatuses execute data operations, the following trouble may occur. That is, when the transmitting and receiving apparatuses simultaneously perform data operations, the data may change to a state the users of the two apparatuses do not want.

Job processing apparatus, control method therefor, and computer-readable storage medium


The toner container (10) described has a bottom in the shape of a funnel, with a very deep toner storage region. The side walls of the container consist of flat surfaces, whereby at least one wall (12) of the container forms a support surface for the toner container (10). In order to prevent the adhesion of the toner on the walls of the container, said walls are sloped. The toner container (10) is emptied by means of a vertically movable suction spout arranged in a vertically movable manner. In this way, it can be used both as a transfer tank for fresh toner and as a collection tank for used toner.

In copier and in modern fast data printers that operate on the principle of electrophotography, charge images are generated on a recording medium, for example directly on an intermediate carrier (photoconductive drum) or directly on special paper, and are subsequently inked with a black powder (toner) in a developer station. Given employment of an intermediate carrier, this toner image is subsequently transferred onto normal paper and fixed thereon.
As a rule, a two-component developer that is composed of ferromagnetic carrier particles and of the toner particles carrying the color is used. The developer is conducted past the charge image on the intermediate carrier with a magnetic brush arrangement, the toner adhering thereto as a result of electrostatic forces.
An electrophotographic copier means that develops charge images according to the principle addressed above is disclosed, for example, from DE-AS 21 66 667 and corresponding U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,784,297 and 3,883,240.
Due to the inking of the charge images on the intermediate carrier, the toner concentration in the developer mix of the developer station constantly decreases. It is therefore necessary to constantly supply new toner to the developer mix in metered fashion. Since the toner consumption per time unit is extremely high in fast copier means and high-performance data printers, a roomy, toner reservoir is used in such apparatus in order to avoid down time caused by refilling toner. When this toner reservoir is empty, the toner that is usually supplied in handy containers is filled into the reservoir. It is thereby important to fill the toner from the container into the reservoir such that no toner is spilled and thereby contaminates the environment.
German Patent No. 32 24 296 and corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 4,561,759 discloses an apparatus for filling and sieving toner from a container into a toner reservoir. The toner situated in a transport container, namely in a toner bottle, is thereby supplied to a reservoir in that the toner bottle is inverted into a filling aperture of the reservoir. A strainer basket that is closed from the reservoir with a sieve is arranged in the region of the filling aperture, this strainer basket being in communication with an electrical shaker means that can be triggered as needed. The shaker means is thereby triggered by opening the cover that closes the filling aperture.
In such filling devices, there is then the risk that the toner will be spilled given manual decanting from the toner bottle. Since, moreover, the toner is only supplied to the toner reservoir at a defined location, special distributor devices are needed in the toner reservoir in order to guarantee a uniform supply of the toner to the developer station.
Xerox Disclosure Journal, Vol. 1 No. 8, August 1976, p. 47, also discloses that toner be supplied to the developer station from a reservoir arranged at a distance therefrom in that air is blown through the reservoir. This air then transports the toner into the developer station.
DE-A-3 116 870 and corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 4,465,112 further discloses an apparatus for filling toner from a container into a reservoir in the development station of a non-mechanical printer or copier means. The apparatus is composed of a centering tank, of a seating surface and of a filling opening of the reservoir fashioned shaft-like. A swivel hole is arranged between the seating surface and the centering tank. The container is first arranged in the centering tank secured against turning. After being opened, the container is swivelled around the swivel hole until it comes to lie in the seating surface. The opening of the container thereby proceeds over the filling opening of the reservoir. The container is subsequently inverted into the filling opening.

Toner delivery system having a multi-functional toner container for non-mechanical printer and copier means


Disclosed are a data transmission method, a system and an apparatus, which are used to meet transmission quality requirements of data on multiple kinds of logic channels in the event that multiple kinds of logic channels related to multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS) are mapped to the same transmission channel. The data transmission method provided by the present invention includes that: a network side determines multiple kinds of modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) needed to be adopted when multiple kinds of logic channels are mapped to the same transmission channel, and notifies a terminal of correspondence between logic channels and MCSs; using MCSs needed to be adopted, the network side performs modulation and coding for the data on logic channels mapped to the transmission channel, then transmits it to the terminal through the transmission channel.

The technology of Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) is intended to provide a user in radio cellular systems with a multimedia broadcast and multicast service. The MBMS in a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system is also referred to as an evolved MBMS (eMBMS). The eMBMS in an existing LTE Release 9 (LTE R9) system is performed in MBMS/Unicast-mixed cells, that is, a unicast service can also be transmitted in a cell where an MBMS is transmitted to perform coordinated transmission of the unicast service and the MBMS by transmitting the MBMS at some instances of time and the unicast service at other instances of time. Furthermore, the MBMS is transmitted in the LTE R9 system with Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) mode, that is, the same content of information is transmitted concurrently in multiple cells at the same frequency at the same time.
A logical channel is such an interface to a high layer protocol that is defined at a Media Access Control (MAC) layer which provides the logical channel with a data transmission service. The type of transmitted data service on different logical channel is distinguished by the type of the logical channel. A transport channel is an interface provided at a physical layer for a high layer (e.g., the MAC layer) to transmit data, and the type of the transport channel is defined dependent upon a transmission characteristic and a transmission scheme of the data at the physical layer.
In the LTE system, existing logical channels involved in transmission of an MBMS generally include a Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH), a Multicast Control Channel (MCCH) and a Multicast Traffic Channel (MTCH). Transport channels generally include a Multicast Channel (MCH), a Broadcast Channel (BCH) and a Downlink Shared Channel (DL-SCH), all of which are downlink channels.
In the LTE R9 system, logical channels and transport channels have a mapping relationship as illustrated in FIG. 1, where the BCCH is mapped onto the BCH or the DL-SCH, and in the MBMS/Unicast-mixed cells, the MTCH and the MCCH are mapped onto the MCH. These channels primarily function as follows.
(1) BCCH
System information is transmitted over the broadcast control channel from a network to a User Equipment (UE). For the MBMS, configuration information of the MCCH, e.g., the repetition period of the MCCH, an offset of a starting sub-frame of the MCCH, an amount of sub-frames occupied by the MCCH, and a configuration of Radio Link Control Unacknowledged Mode (RLC UM), is carried over the BCCH so that the UE can locate the resource of the MCCH, but no specific MBMS traffic information is carried over the BCCH.
(2) MCCH
The multicast control channel is a point-to-multipoint downlink channel over which MBMS-related control information is transmitted to the UE from the network, and one MCCH may correspond to one or more MTCHs, that is, control information of a plurality of MTCHs may be carried over the MCCH.
Information carried over the MCCH includes configuration information of an MBMS logical channel (e.g., the MTCH, and an MSCH), information of an MBMS Radio Bearer (RB) (e.g., the RB index information of RBs provided in a modification period of the MCCH), information of an MBMS Session Start, and information of an MBMS Session Stop.
(3) MTCH
The multicast traffic channel is a point-to-multipoint downlink channel over which specific MBMS traffic data is transmitted to the UE from the network.
The MTCH and the MCCH may be mapped onto the same MCH, that is, the MTCH and the MCCH are multiplexed at the MAC layer. The MTCH and the MCCH may be multiplexed at the MAC layer through Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), or TDM-based internal multiplexing in a Transport Block (TB).
Particularly, transmission of data over a transport channel through TDM refers to time-division transmission of data of logical channels multiplexed over the same transport channel, that is, data of only one of the logical channels multiplexed over the transport channel can be transmitted in one sub-frame allocated to the transport channel. With multiplexing through TDM, data information over the MTCH and the MCCH is transmitted respectively over different sub-frames corresponding to the MCH, as illustrated in FIG. 2.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, if the entire resource of a sub-frame can not be occupied by data of a logical channel, the remaining part of the sub-frame shall be filled with padding bits. Therefore, transmission of data over a transport channel through TDM-based internal multiplexing in a TB means that firstly data of a specific logical channel (or a set of logical channels), e.g., data of the MCCH, or a combination of data of the MCCH and another logical channel (e.g., the MBMS Scheduling Channel (MSCH) over which scheduling information of an MBMS is transmitted), is transmitted through TDM, and when all of the data over the specific logical channel or the set of logical channels in a specific sub-frame has been transmitted but the resource available from the TB of the sub-frame has not been exhausted, data of another logical channel (or a set of logical channels) is allowed to be transmitted in the same TB.
In the existing LTE system, one sub-frame corresponds to one TB for each transport channel, and only one Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) is adopted for the TB. Data of only one MCH transport channel may be present in an MBSFN sub-frame occupied for MBMS transmission. Since MBMS-related control information is carried over the MCCH, a different modulation and coding scheme from that for transmission of data of another logical channel (e.g., the MTCH) is typically adopted to improve the reliability of reception at the UE so that the UE can receive the MBMS-related control information reliably. However, when data of logical channels, such as the MCCH and the MTCH, is multiplexed over the same MCH, if a modulation and coding scheme preset for the MCCH is adopted for all of the sub-frames of the MCH, the spectrum efficiency will be low; or if a modulation and coding scheme preset for another logical channel (or a set of logical channels), e.g., the MTCH, is adopted for all of the sub-frames of the MCH, the reliability of the MCCH will fail to be ensured.
In summary, it is impossible in the existing LTE system to satisfy different transmission quality requirements of data over a plurality of types of MBMS-related logical channels mapped onto the same transport channel for which only one MCS can be adopted.

Data transmission method, system and apparatus thereof

China Academy of Telecommunications Technology


The present disclosure relates to cleaning compositions in general, and cleaning compositions that are well suited for use by individuals, who experience adverse health effects that may occur upon exposure to certain chemicals. This condition, characterized as multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS), makes it virtually impossible for certain individuals to use commercially available cleaning products without inducing immunological responses. The instant disclosure presents and describes protocols for the formulation and evaluation of a variety of cleaning products using a combination of 14C assay, head space analysis and screening of ingredients and products by highly sensitized individuals. The methods and compositions newly presented herein avoid causing adverse health responses in individuals and are suitable for use by any person, particularly individuals who experience MCS.

Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to cleaning compositions in general, and cleaning compositions well suited for those individuals, who experience multiple chemical sensitivities (MCS), in particular. Individuals with MCS are virtually unable to use commercially available cleaners. The instant disclosure concerns the selection of ingredients and methods for formulating and evaluating a series of cleaning products for use by any person, including individuals with MCS.
Cleaning product compositions that are suitable for cleaning clothing, dishware, countertops and other hard surfaces have been commercially prepared, marketed, and sold to consumers for over two hundred years. As cleaning technology progressed, environmental and safety issues sometimes lagged behind discoveries in cleaning efficacy. For example, in the late 1950's and early 1960's, it was found that synthetic surfactants that had supplanted natural soap products exhibited poor biodegradability, and were building up in waste water streams; streams laden with tenacious foam were widespread, and tremendous efforts were focused on finding alternatives. In the 1970's, certain builder compounds also came under scrutiny for their environmental impact, such as eutrophication on inland lakes and ponds. In the search for alternate builder materials, one candidate material, nitrilotriacetic acid, NTA, was found to be a very promising candidate. Fortunately, before it reached mass distribution, safety tests showed that it could transport heavy metals across placental membranes, which was thought of as potentially harmful to developing fetuses.
These examples, among others, has led to attention being paid to safety on par with that of cleaning performance; in fact, attention to the issue has resulted in numerous very effective ingredients being removed from commerce. By and large, most cleaning ingredients currently in use have resolved many of the issues of the past, and now there is widespread effort to understand the potential after-effects of cleaning ingredients as far as acute toxicity, chronic toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and hormone disruption are now commonly looked at before ingredients are brought to market.
One further phenomenon that has received attention in the last few years is the effect of cleaning compositions on chemically sensitive individuals. In westernized countries, asthma and related atopic disorders such as eczema and hay fever are now major public health concerns, due to their high prevalence—approximately 20% of the people in the United States are estimated to be sufferers. Understandably, there is concern associated with significant ill health and high societal and healthcare costs. Multiple scientific studies have raised concerns about the potential for consumer products to cause or exacerbate asthma or asthma-like responses.
While the removal of dyes and fragrances from cleaning products have alleviated responses of some sensitive individuals, there are a considerable number of consumers who are not able to use commercially-available products for reasons that until now have not been well-understood. These individuals are forced to use centuries-old cleaners such as vinegar and baking soda, products that are lacking in cleaning efficacy, but are a last resort for these individuals. Unfortunately, while the mechanism whereby these individuals become highly and multiply sensitized is not understood, when they do become sensitized, there is no known cure of reversal of debilitating responses. Products are therefore needed that are not only designed for these individuals, but for a general population that is possibly but unknowingly vulnerable to acquiring multiple chemical sensitivities.
In recent years, more and more products are being sold which claim to be "green", "environmentally friendly", "natural", "organic", "sustainable", etc., with the implication that such products contain ingredients that are bio-based, or at least have lower levels of petrochemical ingredients. While some of these products have been based on well-founded technology, the actions of some have caused environmental advocates as well as the media to warn against the phenomenon of trying to promote a product's credentials through dubious claims as "greenwashing." Although some regulatory agencies, such as the EPA and FDA, provided regulations and standards for environmentally hazardous substances and food and drugs respectively, there is no similar agency that specifically covers cleaning products. In addition, none of these agencies have developed clear guidelines for the terms "natural", "green", "environmentally friendly" or the like. There are some organizations, which provide lists of approved natural components and standards for components based on standardized test methods which measure, toxicity, biodegradability and other factors for determining the naturalness and environmental impact of a given product. However there is little guidance on issues like, use of "eco-hybrids" or "hybrid surfactants" that are comprised of both petroleum and plant based chemistries, which is contributes to the ongoing problem of "greenwashing".
There is perhaps a larger problem with the implication that no matter how "green" or "natural" a product might be, that such products may imply that they are safer for consumers than other mainstream products. While standards have been established to measure the degree of bio-basis of a product, the need for standards to better promote the safety of such products has received too little attention, much less been established. No organizations can certify the overall safety of consumer cleaning products, in particular towards consumers that suffer from multiple chemical sensitivities.
In addition to proximate effects of potentially deleterious ingredients, increasing attention has turned toward understanding conveyance of such chemicals from the household to the larger environment. Indeed it has been reported that the exhaust coming out of a dryer vent has detectable amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in all tested commercially available detergent products. See A. C. Steinemann, L. G. Gallagher, A. L. Davis, and I. C. MacGregor, "Chemical Emissions from Residential Dryer Vents During Use of Fragranced Laundry Products," Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health, 6 (2011) 151-156. VOCs from consumer products can migrate outdoors and thus impact outdoor air quality. According to California Air Resources Board 1990 statistics, some 265 tons of VOCs were released into California air from the use of consumer products each day. See B. Bridges, "Fragrance: Emerging Health and Environmental Concerns," Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17 (2002) 361-371. This makes it difficult for a customer trying to make an environmentally conscious decision to purchase cleaning products that will not release harmful VOCs into the atmosphere.
In summary, cleaning products available in the market today do not explicitly address all aspects of consumer safety. While the vast majority of cleaning product manufacturers ensure that their products cause minimal acute and chronic toxicity problems, exposure to cleaning product chemicals has been associated with the development and exacerbation of asthma and related disorders. However, consumers who may desire to lessen their exposure to harmful chemicals by purchasing safe cleaning products are unable to do so because product ingredients are not fully disclosed on labels. Further, the ingredient profiles of cleaning products that are claimed to be green are remarkably similar to those not labeled green, causing confusion in the minds of consumers looking for safe cleaning products. Indeed, experts on indoor air quality have shown the presence of known carcinogens and hazardous air pollutants even in cleaning products that are free of fragrances and dyes.
Description of the Related Art
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,973,362 and 7,096,084 to Long, et al., teach a method for evaluating chemical components based on their function in the product. The methods taught by Long require first the function of a given raw material in a product first be identified, and then a set of predetermined criteria be applied based on the function of the raw material, to determine the raw material's designated environmental class rating, which is then given an environmental grade of from 1-3. The problem with this method is that it requires an individual, burdensome analysis of each component of a composition to arrive at a final value for the composition as a whole. In addition, it requires that the individual components be analyzed by their function and one or more components in a composition may have multiple functions. Furthermore, this method requires knowledge of all the components, their percentages in the formulation and their functions in a given formulation, which makes testing products off the shelf impossible or impractical because the required information is often not readily available. The end result is that although this method provides a standardized method for measuring the environmental impact of a given chemical formulation, it too is burdensome and requires too much information about the components and their functions to make it practical for use in testing a wide range of compositions that are available on store shelves.
International Publications Nos. WO2007099294, WO2009024743, and WO2009024747 assigned to Reckitt Benckiser Group, plc, teach compositions for toilet cleaning and hard surface cleaning which are "environmentally acceptable," but the application does not clearly define what is meant by "environmentally acceptable". The publications merely teach cleaning compositions, which do not have high levels of volatile organic compounds or VOCs, and exclude certain acids, solvents, chelating agents and thickeners. While these applications teach certain "environmentally acceptable" compositions, it does not establish any criteria or test methods which could be used to determine if other compositions meet this criteria other than those compositions which may have the same exact ingredients as those taught in the application.
Similarly, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,990,065 and 6,069,122 assigned to Procter & Gamble teach compositions for dishwashing detergents that contain natural surfactants and solvents, but they do not teach a method or criteria of determining whether a composition is "natural" or a means of measuring the natural components in a given composition. These patents merely teach a means of making a particular dishwashing composition that contains some natural ingredients.

Cleaning formulations for chemically sensitive individuals: compositions and methods


A catalytic filter system adaptable to the various challenges of a catalytic gas phase reaction is provided, wherein the system comprises a filtration vessel having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet, a separation wall provided in the interior of the filtration vessel and a plurality of filter candles, the separation wall dividing the interior into a raw gas chamber and a clean gas chamber; the separation wall comprising a plurality of openings designed to sealingly accommodate the plurality of filter candles; the fluid inlet being arranged in fluid communication with the raw gas chamber upstream of the plurality of filter candles; the fluid outlet being arranged in fluid communication with the clean gas chamber downstream of the plurality of filter candles; and the filter system comprising a first catalytic medium accommodated in the clean gas chamber downstream of the filter candles and upstream of the fluid outlet.

A filtration system of such type has been proposed in the U.S. Pat. No. 6,863,868 B1 and the filter candles used are catalytic filter candles such that the filtration system may be used for hot gas filtration.
Differently structured filter systems for cleaning flue gases are known from EP 0 600 440 A2 wherein a barrier filter module is used together with a separate catalyst module. The raw gas is first passed through the barrier filter module and then passed through the catalyst module.
Both types of catalytic filter systems are useful in flue gas treatment since they provide at the same time particle separation and a catalytic gas phase reaction in one unit.
However, the problem of such combined particle separation/catalytic gas phase reaction devices is that in cases where high catalytic conversion rates are required and have to be guaranteed for high inlet concentrations, the face velocity of the raw gas has to be reduced in order to increase the residence time of the gas for the catalytic reaction in the catalytic element. This leads to an increase of the number of filter elements in order to meet the required throughput and correspondingly to an increase of the size of the filter system.
In order to cope with the challenge of the particle load of the raw gas, i.e., the filtration action, such increase in size of the filter system typically would not be necessary.


A refrigeration cycle apparatus (1) is capable of performing a refrigeration cycle using a small-GWP refrigerant. The refrigeration cycle apparatus (1) includes a refrigerant circuit (10) and a refrigerant enclosed in the refrigerant circuit (10). The refrigerant circuit includes a compressor (21), a condenser (23), a decompressing section (24), and an evaporator (31). The refrigerant contains at least 1,2-difluoroethylene.

In the related art, R410A has been frequently used as a refrigerant in refrigeration cycle apparatuses such as air conditioners. R410A is a two-component mixed refrigerant of difluoromethane (CH2F2; HFC-32 or R32) and pentafluoroethane (C2HF5; HFC-125 or R125), which is a pseudo-azeotropic composition.
However, R410A has a global warming potential (GWP) of 2088. From the viewpoint of increasing concern for global warming, R32 having a lower GWP has been more frequently used in recent years.
Therefore, for example, PTL 1 (International Publication No. 2015/141678) proposes various low-GWP mixture refrigerants as alternatives to R410A.


A transport stream recording device, method thereof, transport stream reproduction device, method thereof, and recording medium for efficiently recording and reproducing transport streams. A source packet having a four byte TP_extra_Header attached to a 188 byte transport packet is generated, 32 source packets of 192 bytes each are collected, and aligned units generated equivalent to a three sector portion of data (6144 bytes) are recorded or reproduced on the recording medium.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a transport stream recording device, method thereof, transport stream reproduction device, method thereof, a program recording medium and a data recording medium and relates in particular to a transport stream recording device, method thereof, transport stream reproduction device, method thereof, a program recording medium and a data recording medium ideal for efficient record or reproduction of digital multi-channel broadcast signals transmitted as transport streams onto a data recording medium.
2. Description of Related Art
In Europe and North America, as well as domestically in Japan, MPEG2 (Moving Picture Experts Group Phase 2) transport streams are utilized in digital satellite broadcasts and land digital broadcasts, etc. MPEG video packets and MPEG audio packets for the audio and video of the broadcast program are time-multiplexed on these transport streams. The length of one transport stream packet is 188 bytes.
If the transport stream corresponding to the program could be recorded as digital signals on the receive side, then a high quality audiovisual program can be viewed repeatedly at any time with no degradation of image or sound quality.
If the transport stream of a the program could further be recorded for instance, on a recording medium capable of random access such as a hard disk or optical disk, then random access reproduction highly responsive to user commands can be achieved.
However, random accessible recording mediums such as hard disks and optical disks are usually formatted in logical block units of 2048 bytes called sectors and the data written in the sectors, based on an FAT (File Allocation Table) and UDF (Universal disk format), etc.
To achieve reproduction with high responsiveness, the AV (audio-visual) data contained in the transport stream must be recorded in sector units (or integer multiples of sector units). However, as mentioned above, the transport packet is 188 bytes, while the sector is 2048 bytes so that the sector and byte are therefore not well compatible with each other and the problem currently exists that AV data contained in the transport stream cannot be recorded in sector units (or integer multiples of sector units).
Further, even if the AV data could be recorded in sector units (or integer multiples of sector units), the high responsiveness of the random access reproduction makes address control of the recorded AV data difficult and troublesome to achieve.

Transport stream processing device, and associated methodology of generating and aligning source data packets in a physical data structure


According to the present invention a method for implementing connection access authorization between a first entity and a second entity in a communication system comprising at least one closed user group is disclosed. The method comprises the steps of storing a table (DB3) of special identifications for an entity belonging to a closed user group, receiving a connection request, a) checking (12) whether the connection is within a closed user group, b) checking (13) whether all connections across the border of the closed user groups of both the first and the second entities are allowed, c) checking (14) whether the first entity belongs to the table (DB3) of special identifications for the second entity, and giving connection access (15) if at least one of the conditions a, b and c is true. By this method, a rejection of a connection request is overridden in case an entity having a special identification, e.g., a subscriber having a special number, is called. The invention also proposes a device for carrying out the method.

In addition to normal speech and data transmission, mobile communication systems provide a plurality of supplementary services for subscribers. Basic services according to the specifications have already been brought into use, and the number of more advanced services based on the intelligent network architecture increases continuously.
One supplementary service included in mobile communication systems is a closed user group (CUG). By means of the closed user group several different restrictions concerning the internal or external telecommunications can be defined for a selected group of subscribers. Available call restrictions include for example barring of incoming or outgoing calls and barring of long-distance or international calls. Closed user groups are typically applied in companies in which it is desirable to restrict the use of mobile stations given to employees mainly to professional purposes. In call set-up process closed user groups cause additional checks, on the basis of which call set-up either is continued normally or is discontinued due to call restrictions.
In closed user groups it is possible to allow some members of the closed user group to communicate with users outside the group by giving an outgoing access authorization to those members. Usually, such an outgoing access capability is provided only for a few members of the closed user group. The outgoing access capability is defined for each member or subscriber of the closed user group in a subscriber data base.
The WO 99/08468 defines a method of giving a call transfer possibility to some members of the closed user group. The basic idea of this patent application is to allow the transfer of a call to a specific number. The implementation of this feature has to be carried out for each subscriber in the corresponding subscriber data base.
However, in practice there is a need that all members or at least a group of the members of a closed user group can obtain outgoing access authorization for example with respect to numbers like numbers of authorities or some special service numbers outside the closed user group.

Accessing numbers outside a closed user group in a mobile communication system


The present invention produces an Fe-based member having a high Young's modulus and a high toughness. In producing an Fe-based member, a first step and a second step are sequentially carried out. At the first step, an Fe-based material comprising. 1.5% by weight.ltoreq.C.ltoreq.2.5% by weight PA1 1.4% by weight.ltoreq.Si.ltoreq.3.5% by weight PA1 0.9% by weight.ltoreq.Mn.ltoreq.1.7% by weight PA1 0.5% by weight.ltoreq.Ni.ltoreq.1.5% by weight, and. the balance of Fe including inevitable impurities is subjected to a thermal treatment at a heating temperature set in a range of T.sub.S <T.sub.1 <T.sub.L and under a quenching condition, wherein T.sub.S represents a solidus temperature of the Fe-based material, and T.sub.L represents a liquidus temperature. Then, at the second step, the resulting Fe-based material is subjected to a thermal treatment at a heating temperature T.sub.2 set in a range of Te1<T.sub.2 <Te2 and for a heating time t set in a range of 90 min.ltoreq.t.ltoreq.180 min, wherein Te1 represents a eutectic transformation starting temperature, and Te2 represents a eutectic transformation finishing temperature.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for producing an Fe-based member having a high Young's modulus and a high toughness.
2. Description of the Related Art
There is a conventionally known method for increasing the Young's modulus of an Fe-based member by compounding a dispersant such as a reinforcing fiber, reinforcing granules and the like having a high Young's modulus to a matrix of the Fe-based member.
With this method, however, the following problem arises: the dispersant is coagulated in the matrix, and when the surface nature of the dispersant is poor, the toughness of the produced Fe-based member is largely injured.

Process for producing Fe-based member having high young's modulus and high toughness


The instant invention is based, at least in part, on the discovery that T-bet maintains host commensal relationships in the gastrointestinal tract. Accordingly, this invention provides methods of treating and/or preventing ulcerative colitis, and/or colon cancer, and/or preventing colonization of a subject's gastrointestinal tract with commensal bacteria that promote ulcerative colitis as well as methods of identifying agents that treat and prevent the same.

The intestinal lumen is massively colonized by bacteria and for most metazoans this relationship is mutually beneficial (Ley, R. E., et al. (2006). Cell 124, 837-848). Prokaryotes productively partner with their eukaryotic hosts to aid in the digestion and extraction of energy and nutrients from food, and non-pathogenic bacteria suppress pathogenic species (Backhed, F., et al. (2005). Science 307, 1915-1920; Rakoff-Nahoum, S., and Medzhitov, R. (2006). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 308, 1-18). An epithelial cell barrier is essential for this symbiosis as it creates a boundary necessary for coexistence by preventing mucosal inflammation in response to bacterial or other luminal stimuli (Nieuwenhuis, E. E., and Blumberg, R. S. (2006). Adv Exp Med Biol 579, 108-116; Weber, C. R., and Turner, J. R. (2007). Gut 56, 6-8). However, in some individuals this balance is upset, resulting in persistent intestinal inflammation, that manifests as the two distinct clinical entities of inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC) (Boone, D. L., and Ma, A. (2003). J Clin Invest 111, 1284-1286; Rakoff-Nahoum, S., and Medzhitov, R. (2006). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 308, 1-18; Rakoff-Nahoum, S., and Medzhitov, R. (2006). Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 308, 1-18). Determining the factors that regulate these complex host-commensal relationships and promote the development of colitis is of great clinical import and scientific interest.

Compositions and methods for the treatment and prevention of ulcerative colitis and colon cancer and screening methods to identify same


A temperature measuring system, comprising an imaging device for focusing radiation towards a radiation detector, wherein the imaging device is a diffractive optical device.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the present invention relate to a temperature measuring system. In particular, they relate to a temperature measuring system for use within a gas turbine engine.
2. Description of the Related Art
A gas turbine engine is a heat engine using air as a working fluid to provide thrust. Air at atmospheric pressure enters the engine at an air intake and is compressed by the compressor blades. Compressed air then enters a combustion chamber where heat is added to the air by introducing and burning fuel at constant pressure, thereby increasing the volume of the air considerably. Gases resulting from combustion expand through the turbine, driving the turbine blades, and subsequently flow out of the exhaust.
The amount of fuel added to the air in the combustion chamber depends on the temperature rise required. The maximum temperature is, however, limited by the materials from which the nozzles and turbine blades are made.
The nozzles and turbine blades are built using materials that are able to resist heat and are not susceptible to thermal shock at high temperatures, such as nickel based alloys. Despite this, for a particular blade material there is an acceptable safe life and a maximum permissible turbine entry temperature. It therefore follows that it would be useful to have an accurate estimate of the temperature of the turbine blades, in order to ensure that the maximum turbine entry temperature is not being exceeded.
Optical pyrometers are often used in industrial applications to estimate temperatures, particularly when it is difficult to situate a temperature measuring device close to the object being measured. An optical pyrometer provides an estimate of the temperature of an object by focusing the radiation emanating from the object using optical lenses towards a radiation detector. The temperature of the object can then be estimated from the measured intensity of the light using, for example, the well-known Planck radiation law.
Optical pyrometers can provide a reasonably accurate estimate of the temperature in many situations. However, their use in a gas turbine engine can be problematic because the temperatures reached within the engine are very high. The lenses used often have a different thermal expansion coefficient to their housing, which has to be accounted for. The filler material used to connect the lenses to their housing may also susceptible to degradation at high temperatures. Furthermore, the optical lenses can become covered with soot and dirt while the engine is in operation. These factors all have a bearing on the accuracy of the temperature estimate provided by the pyrometer and can mean that it is less accurate than it would otherwise be.


The present invention relates to an IPL apparatus that is used as a hair removing machine or cures skin ailments by periodically irradiating Xenon lamp light on the user's skin, the IPL apparatus comprises: a double-voltage unit which has a double-voltage capacitor, and outputs a high voltage by superposing an inputted supply voltage with a voltage charged in the double-voltage capacitor; a charging capacitor which charges energy for turning on a Xenon lamp by accumulating electric charges supplied from the double-voltage unit; a reference voltage generator which sets a charging voltage level charged in the charging capacitor; and a switch unit which is positioned between the double-voltage unit and the charging capacitor, and switches on and off the movement of the electric charges to the charging capacitor from the double-voltage unit by setting an output of the reference voltage generator to a control signal.

In the initial stage, many laser apparatuses were introduced to treat skin ailments. These laser apparatuses are appropriate for curing a particular skin ailment by selecting the laser light of a wavelength necessary for treating specific ailments and locally irradiating the selected laser light on the corresponding skin part to be treated. However, said laser apparatuses have a lot of side effects, and particularly, it is hard to irradiate laser beams on the skin that has various skin ailments. That is to say, because each ailment needs proper laser beams, these ailments should be treated by using several laser beams if the patient wants to be treated due to the freckles or blemishes, the expanded blood vessels, and fine wrinkles or large pores on his or her face.
To solve such drawbacks, an intense pulsed light (hereinafter, IPL) apparatus, which simply cures various skin ailments by irradiating diverse wavelengths of lights at a time, has been developed by an American doctor Bitter, and is being widely used at the moment. The IPL apparatus employs a lamp flash that emits light having a wavelength of 350 nm to 1200 nm, and adjusts the wavelength of the emitted light with a filter, and generally, as the irradiation lamp, a Xenon lamp irradiates laser beams on the skin for three seconds, two to three times approximately.
Like mentioned above, when the IPL apparatus irradiates laser beams with the Xenon lamp, the amount of energy that is irradiated at a time should be controlled at a desired level. Further, the IPL apparatus has to supply regular power to a Xenon flash circuit in order to emit the irradiation energy of which the level is determined. For the lamp flash driving circuit of the IPL apparatus, a PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation) driving circuit mode, a PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) driving circuit mode, and a mixed type thereof are used.
FIG. 1 is a driving circuit diagram of a prior IPL apparatus that employs a PAM driving mode. Power supplied from a supply voltage 10 ranging from 100V to 240V is inputted to an output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30 (for example, SMPS (Switching Mode Power Supply)) after noise has been removed by a noise filter 20. The output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30 converts the inputted power into stable DC power, and supplies the DC power to a capacitor 80. When the user adjusts the irradiation energy of a Xenon lamp through a user interface 60, a corresponding adjustment signal is inputted to a controller 50, and the controller 50 precisely adjusts an output voltage of the output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30 according to the adjustment signal. Further, if the controller 50 drives a Xenon lamp flash unit 40 through a trigger 70 at every proper time by using the energy supplied to the capacitor 80 from the output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30, the energy stored in the capacitor 80 is instantly supplied to the Xenon lamp flash unit 40. Hence, if a voltage applied to the capacitor 80 is adjusted, a desired level of the energy supplied to the Xenon lamp flash unit 40 is obtained. In the PAM driving mode of FIG. 1, the amount of energy (that is, voltage values on both ends of the capacitor 80) supplied to the Xenon lamp flash unit 40 is adjusted in such a manner that the amount of energy delivered to the user's skin can be controlled precisely.
FIG. 2 is a driving circuit diagram of a prior IPL apparatus that employs a PWM driving mode. Power supplied from a supply voltage 10 ranging from 100V to 240V is inputted to an output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30 (for example, SMPS (Switching Mode Power Supply)) after noise has been removed by a noise filter 20. The output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30 converts the inputted power into stable DC power, and supplies the DC power to a capacitor 80. When the user adjusts the irradiation energy of a Xenon lamp through a user interface 60, a corresponding adjustment signal is inputted to a controller 50, and the controller 50 outputs a trigger signal for performing a proper PWM driving process to a trigger 70, and precisely controls the amount of energy supplied to the Xenon lamp flash unit 40. In this case, the controller 50 may adjust a charging voltage by transmitting a control signal even to the output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30 when necessary. FIG. 3 is a graph for illustrating the amount of energy charged and discharged in accordance with time in the Xenon lamp flash unit 40 of the prior IPL apparatus that employs the PWM driving mode shown in FIG. 2. Like illustrated in FIG. 3, it could be understood that the Xenon lamp flash unit 40 is driven only in the oblique sections from the moment when a trigger signal is applied, while the energy is charged to the trigger time Tt from time 0. That is to say, in the PWM driving mode of FIG. 2, by controlling the width and intervals of the oblique time for the amount of energy supplied to the Xenon lamp flash unit 40, it is possible to precisely adjust the amount of energy delivered to the user's skin.
However, the prior IPL apparatus that employs the PAM driving mode in FIG. 1, the prior IPL apparatus that employs the PWM driving mode in FIG. 2, and the prior IPL apparatus that employs the mixed type thereof use the output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30 in order to supply stable power to the capacitor 80. In this case, because the IPL is characterized in that DC current values outputted from the output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30 use hundreds of milliamperes (mA) to tens of amperes (A), a high-capacity power source should be switched, whereby a high-priced output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30 is essential. Further, it is problematic because an expensive noise filter 20 has to be equipped in order to remove noise of the power that is supplied to the high-capacity output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30. Such a problem is now emerging since the more expensive noise filter 20 and the higher-priced output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier 30 should be used if the capacitor 80 has to be charged at a faster speed in order to more often turn on the Xenon lamp flash unit 40 at every second.
In addition, when the output of the IPL apparatus is increased, the IPL apparatus may be used as a hair removing machine for removing hairs on legs, arms and the like. However, if the IPL apparatus is used as the hair removing machine, a higher output is necessary. Thus, when the driving circuit of the prior IPL apparatus is used, the higher-priced output voltage-controlled constant voltage supplier (30) and the more expensive noise filter (20) should be provided as well.

Intense pulsed light apparatus capable of controlling enegy level with SCR


The present invention concerns a dual gain antenna system 100 with an integrated system to control a matching network 214. The dual gain antenna system 100 comprises an antenna that includes a first helically shaped antenna element 104, a second vertical antenna element 106, and a base portion 101. The first antenna element 104 is disposed around a longitudinal axis of a dielectric rod 102 that contains a bore 205. The second antenna element 106 is disposed within the longitudinal axis of the dielectric rod bore 205. A sensor 215 detects when the second antenna element 106 is in the extended position and transmits a control signal to a matching system 214 that selectively controls the impedance matching network 214 between the antenna and the RF feed line 103.

1. Statement of the Technical Field
The inventive arrangements relate to a dual gain radio antenna, particularly for handheld use.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the area of handheld radio communications, a task often faced by RF antenna designers is to provide an antenna that offers sufficient antenna gain without sacrificing operating bandwidth. To achieve such a two-fold objective, a physically large antenna has often been required. Examples of conventional solutions to this problem include various types of antenna devices such as fold-out crossed dipole antennas and dish antennas.
While such antennas are capable of providing enough gain in a particular radiating direction, their large and bulky design hinders their application for handheld use. In the area of military operations, for instance, there is a present need for both ground and satellite communications. Providing such dual use within a handheld device while maintaining a rugged low-profile design can be difficult.
Satellite communication devices typically require a high gain. Ground communications, on the other hand, do not necessarily require such high gain. It is well known in the art that different antennas or combination of antennas may have different load impedances. It is also known that impedance matching circuits are commonly implemented to facilitate the maximum amount of signal power transfer between an antenna and a transceiver.
Therefore, what is needed is a handheld radio antenna that can satisfy both satellite and ground communication antenna gain requirements. Such a device should be low-profile in design and include a control means for selectively providing the correct impedance matching network depending on what type of antenna (and hence communication use) is required.


A sampling device includes a switch capacitor circuit. First ends of two switches are respectively connected to an input signal. Second end of the first switch is connected to an upper plate of a first capacitor. Second end of the second switch is connected to a lower plate of a second capacitor. A connection node connecting a lower plate of the first capacitor to an upper plate of the second capacitor is connected to a power source. The first ends of a third switch and a fourth switch are respectively connected to an input common-mode voltage. A second end of the third switch is connected to the upper plate of the first capacitor. A second end of the fourth switch is connected to the lower plate of the second capacitor. The connection node is connected to the power source. Thus, an output common-mode voltage of the sampling device is adjustable.

With the increasing improvement of A/D converter quantization accuracy, the requirements to the linearity thereof are higher and higher. Sampling linearity is a critical factor for A/D converter linearity, and a large amount of applications require lower A/D converter power consumption, and thus, a sampling device with high linearity and low power consumption is required. However, the traditional sampling device usually generates second-order non-linearity during capacitance sampling (that is, the sampled capacitance value includes second-order terms relevant to the input voltage), thus causing low linearity of the sampling device.

CHINA ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION, 24TH RESEARCH INSTITUTE


An electro-optical device includes a lighting device including a light guiding plate and a light source emitting light to the light guiding plate which are received in a frame, and a displaying panel, in which the light guiding plate has an inclined portion which gradually becomes thicker as it becomes nearer the light source, and the frame as a frame protrusion facing the inclined portion of the light guiding plate.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an electro-optical device and all electronic apparatus, and more particularly to an electro-optical device which is less affected by interference fringes by the presence of a frame protrusion and an electronic apparatus having the electro-optical device.
2. Related Art
As for electro-optical devices, liquid crystal display (LCD) devices have been widely used. The liquid crystal display device includes a plurality of pixel regions provided between opposing electrodes and modulates light passing through a liquid crystal material provided at the pixel regions by selectively applying a voltage to the pixel regions, thereby displaying an image of pictures or characters as a whole.
Recently, double-sided displaying type LCD devices have been developed in order to realize multifunctional display devices. However, known double-sided displaying type LCD devices have a problem in that it has relatively lower brightness in comparison with single-sided displaying type liquid crystal display devices, that is, it is impossible to achieve sufficient brightness because light from a single light source and a single light guiding plate enters two liquid crystal panels.
In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, JP-A-2004-46050 discloses another double-sided displaying type LCD device as shown in FIG. 15. In this LCD device, LCD panels 307 and 308 are arranged on both sides of a single light guiding plate 302, respectively, which has an end with a light source 301 thereon, reflective polarizing plates 305 and 306 are interposed between the light guiding plate 302 and the LCD panel 307 and between the light guiding plate 302 and the LCD panel 308, respectively, and transmission axes of the reflective polarizing plates 305 and 306 are adjusted.
In greater detail, the transmission axes of the reflective polarizing plates 305 and 306 are aligned with transmission axes of liquid crystal panel polarizing plates 309 and 310, respectively, facing the reflective polarizing plates 305 and 306. That is, the transmission axes of the reflective polarizing plate 305 and the liquid crystal panel polarizing plate 309 disposed on the same side with respect to the light guiding plate 302 are aligned with each other, and the transmission axes of the reflective plate 306 and the liquid crystal panel polarizing plate 310 disposed on the same side with respect to the light guiding plate 302 are aligned with each other. On the other hand, the transmission axes of the reflective polarizing plate 305 and the liquid crystal panel polarizing plate 309 disposed on the same side with respect to the light guiding plate 302 orthogonally intersect the transmission axes of the reflective polarizing plate 306 and the liquid crystal panel polarizing plate 310 disposed on the opposite side across the light guiding plate 302.
However, the double-sided displaying type LCD device disclosed in the above-mentioned patent document still encounters many problems. For example, light from a light source is not effectively used and light is not uniformly guided over the entire area of the light guiding plate.
As for the double-sided displaying type LCD device, there is a further known technique in which a light guiding plate having an inclined portion (also called a wedge portion) which becomes thicker as it becomes nearer a light source is used in the LCD device. This LCD device also has a problem in that light is apt to leak from the inclined portion and thus interference fringes are easily formed.

Electro-optical device and electronic apparatus