A computing resource service provider may provide customer with access to computing resources which may be utilized by the customer to execute a variety of applications and/or tasks. A provisioning service of the computing resource service provider may obtain application information from the customer and determine a set of computing resource configurations suitable for executing the customer's application based at least in part on the application information obtained from the customer. The customer may select a particular computing resource configuration to execute the customer application.

The use of hosted computing services, storage, and computing resources has proliferated in recent years. The resources for network computing and storage are often provided by computing resource providers who leverage large-scale networks of computers, servers, and storage drives to enable clients, including content providers, customers, and the like, to host and execute a variety of applications and web services. The usage of network computing resources allows content providers and customers, among others, to efficiently and adaptively satisfy their computing needs. However, with the growing use of virtual resources, customers are encountering situations in which managing the virtual resources may be difficult to accomplish, such as configuring, provisioning, and determining computing resources to fit a particular customer application. In many cases, customers transmit requests to provision computing resources such as, for example, virtual machine instances to execute on hardware devices. These virtual machine instances can be automatically scaled or workloads may be balanced between virtual machine instances, enabling the computing resources service provider to accommodate customer needs during the situations requiring modifications to computing capacity. However, the variety of different architectures, the number of computing resources, and types of computing resources a customer may operate creates difficulty in managing these computing resources.


Provided is a method for operating an RO-membrane treatment system that includes an energy recovery device that recovers energy from the concentrate of an RO-membrane device and the RO-membrane treatment system that reduce the occurrence of biofouling in not only the RO-membrane device but also the energy recovery device in order to increase the energy efficiency of the entire system and operate the RO-membrane treatment system with consistency. The method includes adding at least one slime-control agent selected from a combined-chlorine slime-control agent and a stabilized-bromine slime-control agent to water that is to be treated with the reverse-osmosis-membrane device such that a residual halogen concentration in the concentrate that is to be introduced into the energy recovery device is 0.1 to 10000 mg/L as total chlorine.

A known example of seawater desalination systems is a seawater desalination system that desalinates seawater by passing the seawater through a reverse-osmosis-membrane device (RO-membrane device). In the seawater desalination system, about 1 to 3 mg-Cl2/L of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) for sterilization is added to seawater. The water is subjected to a dust-removal treatment and subsequently to a pretreatment, in which coagulation is performed by adding an iron inorganic coagulant to the water and filtration is then performed. The pretreated water is pressurized with a high-pressure pump and pressure-fed to the RO-membrane device. The permeate of the RO membrane is drawn as fresh water from which salt has been removed. The concentrate (brine) containing a high concentration of salt is blown down. In order to reduce the degradation of an RO membrane caused by NaClO, sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) is added to the water on the entry side of the high-pressure pump for removing residual chlorine by reduction and performing an intermittent sterilization treatment. Sulfuric acid is also used for reducing the formation of scale and performing an intermittent sterilization treatment (NPL 1).
Most of the electric power consumed in a seawater desalination plant is used for increasing the pressure with the high-pressure pump. Accordingly, seawater desalination plants include an energy recovery device that recovers energy from the high-pressure concentrate discharged from the RO-membrane device. Examples of the energy recovery device include an energy recovery device that recovers energy from the concentrate by converting the pressure of the concentrate into electric power and an energy recovery device that recovers energy from the concentrate and reuses the energy for pressurization, that is, for pressurizing, with the pressure of the concentrate, the seawater that has been treated with a pretreatment (NPL 1 and NPL 2).
Free-chlorine oxidizing agents, such as NaClO, which have been commonly used for reducing the occurrence of biofouling of RO membranes, cause the oxidation degradation of RO membranes. In order to prevent the oxidation degradation of RO membranes, combined-chlorine slime-control agents, such as chlorosulfamic acid, and stabilized-bromine slime-control agents, such as bromosulfamic acid, have been proposed (PTL 1, PTL 2, and PTL 3).
In the case where a free-chlorine oxidizing agent, such as NaClO, is used, a residual portion of the free-chlorine oxidizing agent is removed by reduction using a reductant such as NaHSO3 on the entry side of an RO-membrane device in order to prevent the oxidation degradation of RO membranes.
Combined-chlorine slime-control agents and stabilized-bromine slime-control agents are used such that a small amount of residual chlorine can be detected on the entry side of an RO-membrane device, since they do not degrade RO membranes. For example, it is described in PTL 1 that it is preferable to use a chlorosulfamate oxidizing agent, which is a combined-chlorine slime-control agent, such that the concentration of the oxidizing agent in the water fed into an RO-membrane device (hereafter, the water to be introduced into and treated with an RO-membrane device is referred to as "RO feedwater") is 0.1 to 1000 mg/L or, particularly preferably, 1 to 200 mg/L. It is described in PTL 2 that a combined chlorine agent is used such that the total chlorine concentration in the RO feedwater is 1 to 5 mg/L or preferably 1 to 3 mg/L and the free chlorine concentration in the RO feedwater is 0.1 mg/L or less or preferably 0.05 mg/L or less. It is described in PTL 3 that the concentration of available halogen that comes into contact with a separation membrane is preferably 0.01 to 100 mg/L as available chlorine. It is also described that, if the above available halogen concentration is lower than 0.01 mg/L, the formation of slime may fail to be suppressed to a sufficient degree and that, if the above available halogen concentration is higher than 100 mg/L, the degradation of the separation membrane or the corrosion of pipes or the like may occur.
In an RO-membrane treatment system including an energy recovery device that recovers energy from the concentrate of an RO-membrane device, removing residual chlorine by reduction using a reductant, such as NaHSO3, on the entry side of the RO-membrane device subsequent to the addition of a free-chlorine oxidizing agent, such as NaClO, may result in the occurrence of biofouling in the RO-membrane device and the energy recovery device, because residual chlorine, which is effective for sterilization, is not present downstream of the RO-membrane device.
In the case where a combined-chlorine slime-control agent or a stabilized-bromine slime-control agent is used, it is not necessary to remove residual halogen on the entry side of an RO-membrane device, and RO feedwater that contains residual halogen resulting from the combined-chlorine slime-control agent or the stabilized-bromine slime-control agent is introduced into the RO-membrane device. This reduces the occurrence of biofouling in the RO-membrane device, but may result in the occurrence of biofouling in the energy recovery device, into which the concentrate of the RO-membrane device is introduced.
Specifically, although a slime-control agent added to the RO feedwater is concentrated in the RO-membrane device and, in theory, the concentration of the slime-control agent in the concentrate is increased with the water recovery rate of the RO-membrane device, the combined-chlorine slime-control agent or stabilized-bromine slime-control agent becomes decomposed by organic substances deposited on the surface of an RO membrane, organic substances contained in the feedwater, organic substances adhered to a feedwater pipe or a concentrate pipe, and a reductant, such as NaHSO3, that remains in the feedwater, while the water discharged on the raw-water side of the RO-membrane device is introduced into the energy recovery device through the concentrate pipe. As a result, even when the concentration of residual halogen resulting from the combined-chlorine slime-control agent or the stabilized-bromine slime-control agent in the RO feedwater is detected, it may not be possible to detect the residual halogen concentration in the concentrate that is to be introduced into the energy recovery device and to achieve the slime control effect. In such a case, biofouling may occur in the energy recovery device.
If biofouling occurs in the energy recovery device, the concentrate inlet of the energy recovery device becomes clogged. This reduces the energy recovery rate and also incurs the need to frequently stop the operation of the energy recovery device for maintenance in order to unclog the concentrate inlet.
PTL 1: JP 2010-201313 A
PTL 2: WO2011/125764
PTL 3: JP 2015-62889 A    NPL 1: Zousui Gijyutsu Handbook (Handbook of Water Re-use Technology) 2004 (Published on November 25, Heisei 16 (2004), Water Re-use Promotion Center), pp. 408-414    NPL 2: Water Re-use Technology—All About Water Treatment (published on May 10, Showa 58 (1983), Water Re-use Promotion Center)

Method for operating reverse-osmosis membrane treatment system


A method and apparatus for coherent demodulation for phase shift keyed signals including:. a phase estimation stage based on a sequence of reference symbols transmitted at the start of each block of data and PA1 a second order phase-locked loop stage.

The invention concerns a method of coherent demodulation for phase shift keying and a device for implementing the method.
The invention is thus applicable to transmission systems using type PSK2 or PSK4 modulation for example.
In a current demodulator known in the art, the analog signal at the intermediate frequency f.sub.i is transformed to the base band by multiplication in in-phase and quadrature channels, followed by filtering to remove image frequencies. The signal is then digitized for each channel and, after passing through a matched filter, a baseband signal is obtained, which may be represented by a complex number: EQU r.sub.k =r(kT.sub.s)=g exp(j(k.DELTA.w.sub.1 T.sub.s +.phi..sub.k))s.sub.k +n.sub.k
where:
g is the gain (loss) introduced by the channel; PA1 T.sub.s is the symbol time; ##EQU1## s.sub.k being the symbol transmitted at the instant kT.sub.s ; M representing the number of phase states and 1 being an integer corresponding to the coded bit or bits; PA1 n.sub.k is a representation of the white Gaussian noise at the instant kT.sub.s ; PA1 .DELTA.w.sub.i =2.pi..DELTA.f.sub.i corresponding to the frequency difference between the transmission and reception oscillators. PA1 Putting h.sub.k =g exp(j(k.delta.w+.phi..sub.k)) we get the condensed notation: EQU r.sub.k =h.sub.k s.sub.k +n.sub.k. PA1 a phase estimation stage based on a sequence of reference symbols transmitted at the start of each block of data: PA1 then a second order phase-locked loop stage. PA1 a circuit for phase estimation based on the reference symbols; PA1 a second order phase-locked loop. PA1 a delay circuit: PA1 a first multiplier circuit receiving at its second input the input signal of the delay circuit passed through a multiplier circuit, an adder-accumulator circuit and a conversion circuit: PA1 a synchronizing circuit for the reference sequence, connected to:
If .delta.w=.DELTA.w.sub.i T.sub.s we have: EQU r.sub.k =g exp(j(k.delta.w+.phi..sub.k))s.sub.k +n.sub.k
In demodulation based on channel estimation, the essential condition for good operation is the insertion of R reference symbols (known a priori to the receiver) every I information symbols, so as to form blocks of R+I symbols. The R reference symbols may be identical for each block or equally be constructed on the basis of one (for PSK2) or two (for PSK4) pseudorandom sequences of period N=2.sup.m -1, such that m>>R. The order of magnitude of R may be around ten and that of I of some tens.
If the channel is slowly varying it can be assumed that .phi..sub.k =.phi. and .delta.w.apprxeq.0, so that in fixing the origin of time for the start of each block we take: EQU h.sub.k =h.sub.R/2 =h for k.epsilon.{0, . . . R-1}
Thanks to the knowledge of the signal received in the interval [0, . . . R-1] and from the Gaussian nature of the additive noise n.sub.k, the variable h can be estimated from the maximum likelihood. This means minimizing a function L defined as follows: ##EQU2##
We can then calculate the gradient of L relative to h.sub.r and h.sub.i, with the notation h=h.sub.r +jh.sub.i : ##EQU3##
Setting G.sub.hr (L)+jG.sub.hi (L) to zero we obtain: ##EQU4##
To effect the coherent demodulation we then perform: ##EQU5## The demodulation should preserve the power of the received signal; hence the normalization by .vertline.h.vertline..
The advantage of this method of demodulation is the removal of the phase ambiguity, as well as its good resistance to Gaussian noise. It can also be noted that, once the symbol synchronization is acquired, the convergence of the phase estimator is less than the duration of a block, namely (R+I)T.sub.s iterations. The low frequency of the phase estimation makes the method inapplicable when: ##EQU6##
This means a major constraint on the drift of the oscillators.
In loop demodulation, the gradient algorithm is used to minimize an estimation function as described in the article entitled "Simultaneous adaptive estimation and decision algorithm for carrier modulation data transmission systems" by H. Kobayashi, (IEEE Transaction and communication technology; vol COM-19, June 1971, pages 268-280). This estimation function is worked out in order to obtain a decision criterion according to the maximum likelihood. EQU .psi..sub.k arg(h.sub.k)=k.delta.w+.phi..sub.k mod2.pi..
In deriving this estimation function an estimate of the phase error is obtained: EQU e.sub.k =Im(sign(z.sub.k)z.sub.k.sup.*)
with EQU z.sub.k =r.sub.k exp(-j.psi..sub.k)
and EQU .psi..sub.k+1 =.psi..sub.K +ow.sub.k -.beta.e.sub.k mod2.pi.ow.sub.k =ow.sub.k-1 -.alpha.e.sub.k mod2.pi.
where .beta. is the step of the gradient and corresponds to a loop gain. .alpha. is also a loop parameter. It may be so chosen that .alpha.=.beta..sup.2 /2.
This decision-based system does not resolve the problem of phase ambiguity. Its convergence is relatively slow when noise is significant.

Method of coherent demodulation for phase shift keying and a device for implementing the method


This invention relates to a film laminated material wherein a first film layer comprising a thin film of a thermoplastic material and a second fibrous layer comprising a plurality of staple fibers or continuous filaments of two or more thermoplastic or other materials are bonded together in a spaced apart bonding pattern having apertures formed therein to form a film laminate having improved liquid distribution and management properties as well as enhanced comfort and softness when placed in contact with human skin. Also disclosed are a method and apparatus for making such a film laminate.

This invention generally relates to film laminated materials suitable for use in articles used to absorb, distribute and retain body liquids, such as sanitary napkins, catamenial pads, pantiliners, incontinence garments, disposable diapers and the like, and to a method and apparatus for making such articles. More specifically, this invention relates to a plastic film laminated material having improved liquid distribution and management and air circulation properties as well as enhanced comfort and softness when placed in contact with human skin. Various nonwoven and film materials have been used as bodyside liners or covers in disposable absorbent articles. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,945,386, 3,965,906, 3,967,623, 3,994,299, 4,014,341, 4,323,069 and 4,324,246 disclose a combination of one or more nonwoven fibrous layers and a film layer containing apertures. Other patents, such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,888,254 and 4,675,013, disclose the use of a cover layer that is laminated to other fibrous layers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,762,520 discloses forming a bodyside liner from a carded fiber fabric containing melt fibers subdivided into parallel streaks. Other patents, such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,710,186, 4,755,413, 4,798,604 and 4,806,411 disclose forming apertures in the liner. U.S. Pat. No. 4,333,465 discloses a liner comprising a liquid-impermeable composite material having a liquid-permeable zone. Finally, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,676,242, 4,690,679, 4,725,473 and 4,878,974 disclose various methods of making film and fiber composite liner materials by coextrusion, lamination and the like.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,137,600, and U.S. Ser. No. 07/633,594, filed on Dec. 21, 1990 by inventors C. Everhart et al., entitled "High Pulp Content Nonwoven Composite Fabric", both of which are assigned to Kimberly-Clark Corporation, relate to nonwoven webs that can be used in absorbent articles.
Published Japanese Utility Model No. Hei 1[1989]-122727 discloses a sanitary napkin that has a liner constructed of two different hydrophobic materials, both of which contain apertures. U.S. Pat. No. 4,285,342 is somewhat similar, except instead of using two different materials, a large opening is formed in the liner of a diaper to enhance fluid flow into the absorbent core. U.K. patent 2,124,907 teaches a fabric bonded to a water-impermeable material, with both materials located on the bodyside surface of the absorbent article.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,908,026 discloses the use of a flow zone control layer located beneath the cover for facilitating dispersion of body liquids along the length of the absorbent article, before allowing the liquid to pass into the absorbent core. Other patents that disclose the use of a liquid transfer or a liquid distribution layer beneath the liner include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,397,644, 4,480,000, 4,519,799 and 4,798,603. These patents disclose various materials and compositions for the transfer or distribution layer, which assist in directing the body exudates downward into the absorbent core.
Notwithstanding the development of the above-described materials, the need remains for a film laminate material that can provide improved liquid intake and distribution as well as air circulation when used as a body contacting layer in a disposable absorbent article, resulting in greater surface dryness and comfort for the wearer's skin.

Apparatus for making film laminated material


A projection copying apparatus for reproducing microfilmed originals on a light-tightly disposable projection screen and for producing copies of microfilmed originals comprises means for copying of dot originals operating for complete or sectional copying of the originals, and a projection screen including a diffusing disc, an LCD dics arranged on the diffusing disc, the LCD disc being switchable between two conditions so that in one of the conditions it is transparent for observation of the originals and in the other of the conditions it is opaque for copying or searching.

The present invention relates to a projection copying apparatus for reproducing microfilmed originals on a light-tightly coverable projection screen, and also for producing
More particularly, it relates to such a projection copying apparatus which is used for the above specified purposes and in which the original is copied completely or partially by means of an arrangement suitable for copying of dotted originals.
The German document DE-OS 3,309,578 described a projection copying apparatus in which the penetration of exterior light through the projection screen during the copying process is prevented by means of a shade which covers the projection screen in a light-tight manner. Indication and selection of portions to be copied from the enlargement of the microfilmed originals are performed in this apparatus by electromechanical elements, for example by two potentiometers with axes each coupled with a pointer.
The utilization of mechanical or electromechanical structural elements has the disadvantage that the frequency of maintenance which depends on the wear of the structural parts is relatively high. In addition, due to the mechanical inertia of the shade during its pulling, the time of the copying cycle is increased.

Projection copying apparatus and projection screen therefor


A retractable landing gear assembly for an aircraft includes a leg mounted to airframe structure for rotation about a pivot axis. A stay assembly is provided for maintaining the landing gear assembly in a deployed, for example down and unlocked, configuration. The stay assembly has a linkage mechanism including a first stay and a second stay movable between a folded state and an unfolded state. Room that would otherwise be occupied within a landing gear bay may be freed up above the landing gear leg when in a stowed configuration by the stay assembly being unfolded but generally aligned with the length of the landing gear leg, with the stay assembly being mostly positioned beneath the leg.

A nose landing gear of an aircraft is generally stored within a volume within the forward section of the aircraft fuselage so as to reduce aerodynamic effects that might penalize the performance of the aircraft. The area around the nose landing gear is typically referred to as the nose landing gear bay. It is also often the case that the available volume within the forward section of the aircraft contains various electronic assemblies, including avionics, radar equipment, and the flight deck. The shape of the nose fuselage influences the performance of the aircraft. If the volume of equipment required to be stored within the nose fuselage is minimized then there is more flexibility to produce a more efficient shape for that fuselage and improve aircraft performance. Also, the walls of the nose landing gear bay are subject to pressurisation and need to be reinforced to contain that pressure. If the pressurised surface area and nose landing gear bay is reduced, then so is the reinforcement needed and hence the mass of the nose landing gear bay.
Typically, nose landing gear assemblies will have a leg, which is arranged to rotate about a pivot between a deployed configuration for supporting the aircraft on the ground and a stowed configuration in the nose landing gear bay. To restrain the leg and prevent the nose landing gear assembly from collapsing when the aircraft is on the ground or being pushed back when the aircraft is in the air by aerodynamic forces, conventional nose landing gear commonly have a stay assembly, for example, a drag stay assembly. The stay assembly is normally attached at one end to the aircraft at a point substantially forward and above the nose landing gear assembly and at the other to a point on the nose landing gear leg. Stay assemblies are typically provided with a locking arrangement which allows the stay to be locked in position, when the leg is deployed, thus preventing the landing gear from being rotated up.
In certain aircraft (for example, the Airbus A310) the drag stay for the nose LG assembly is a telescopic component. Telescopic drag stays have an advantage of being lightweight and compact and allowing for simple kinematics, but have potential disadvantages. For example, much of the mechanism of the drag stay is internal and hidden from view, which complicates inspection and maintenance of the landing gear assembly.
In other aircraft of the prior art, the stay assembly comprises an upper and lower stay member which are arranged to rotate relative to each other about a central hinge. In a conventional arrangement using a hinged stay assembly, when the nose landing gear is rotated up inside the LG bay, the stay assembly is folded and positioned above the LG leg. This increases the nose landing gear bay volume required due to the additional height required within the nose landing gear bay to enclose the folded stay assembly. U.S. Pat. No. 8,523,106 proposes an arrangement in which the stay assembly can be folded either side (laterally) of the landing gear leg when stowed.
Other prior art of background interest is disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,070,094 and 9,555,877.
The disclosure herein seeks to mitigate one or more of the above-mentioned problems. Alternatively or additionally, the disclosure herein seeks to provide an improved landing gear arrangement.


Provided is a wireless communication system in which a plurality of basic service sets (BSSs) performing wireless transmission from a transmitting station to a destination station by performing access control based on CSMA/CA exist adjacent to each other, and in which wireless communication is performed by controlling a CCA threshold considering an interference power value between each BSS that uses the same channel, in which the transmitting station includes a control block determining the CCA threshold value according to the interference power value of the BSS considered as an interference source, calculating a SINR in the destination station according to the interference power value, determining a MCS which is a combination of a modulation scheme and a code rate according to the SINR, and performing the access control based on the CSMA/CA.

In recent years, with the spread of high-performance portable wireless station, such as a notebook computer and a smart phone, wireless LANs in compliance with IEEE 802.11 standard have come into wide use not only in companies and public spaces, but also in ordinary houses. As the wireless LANs in compliance with IEEE 802.11 standard, there are a wireless LAN in compliance with IEEE 802.11b/g/n that uses a 2.4 GHz frequency band and a wireless LAN in compliance with IEEE 802.11a/n/ac that uses a 5 GHz frequency band.
At this point, in a wireless LAN high density environment where the number of basic service sets (BBSs) is greater than the number of channels that are available at the same time in the same place, a plurality of BSSs use the same channel. In that case, due to interference among the BSSs that use the same channel, throughput of the BSS and throughput of an entire system are decreased. For this reason, in the wireless LAN, autonomous distributed access control called CSMA/CA protocol that performs transmission only when the channel is available is employed.
However, although the CSMA/CA protocol is performed, in the wireless LAN high density environment that many BSSs uses the same channel, because the frequency with which the channel is busy is increased, and a transmission opportunity to obtain the channel access right for each wireless LAN device is reduced, therefore throughput of a wireless LAN device and hence overall wireless LAN network is reduced.
iIn performing the carrier sense in the wireless station, a clear channel assessment (CCA) threshold, based on which it is determined whether a situation for the use of channel is idle or busy, is set using a received signal strength indication (RSSI). A technique called dynamic sensitivity control (DSC) that dynamically controls the CCA threshold and reduces more than necessary access deferral time which eventually increases the transmission opportunity has been studied (Non-Patent Documents 1, 2, and 3). This example will be described with reference to FIG. 8. It is noted that an example of downlink communication from an AP to a STA in which the wireless base station and the wireless station are defined as the AP and the STA, respectively, will be described.
(a) of FIG. 8 illustrates a state where two APs exist within a carrier sense range in accordance with CCA thresholds of the AP1 and the AP2. On the other hand, because a STA1 of a BSS1 and a STA2 of a BSS2 are both out of the carrier sense range on the other side, transmission from the AP1 of the BSS1 to the STA1 is possible during transmission from the AP2 of the BSS2 to the STA2. However, because a signal of the AP2 is detected by the carrier sense of the AP1 of the BSS1, the AP1 determines that a channel state is busy and waits for transmission to the STA1. This is a so called exposed station problem. Accordingly, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 8, when the AP1 controls the CCA threshold value using the DSC and thus narrows the corresponding carrier sense range, although the AP2 is performing communication, the transmission by the AP1 is possible and system throughput is improved.
Furthermore, even if, the dynamic CCA threshold control, the transmission by the AP1 is possible, if a wireless LAN frame from another station within the BSS to which the AP1 itself belongs is being received, it is desirable to defer transmission. For example, BSS identification is performed with a preamble portion of the wireless LAN frame and a wireless LAN frame of the BSS to which the AP1 itself belongs is distinguished from other wireless signals. As illustrated in (a) of FIG. 9), if a wireless LAN frame that is transmitted from the STA1-2 of the BSS1 to which the AP1 itself belongs is detected in the AP1, the AP1 is set to defer transmission while receiving the corresponding LAN frame. On the other hand, if the wireless LAN frame of the BSS1 to which the AP1 itself belongs is not detected in the AP1, and if a wireless signal other than the BSS1 to which the AP1 itself belongs, or a wireless LAN frame, based on which a BBSID/BBS identifier of the BSS to which the AP1 itself belongs cannot be checked, is detected, as illustrated in (b) of FIG. 9, the AP1 controls the CCA threshold value using the DSC, and thus the transmission from the AP1 to the STA1-1 is set to be possible.
Non-Patent Document 1: "Proposed Specification Framework for TGax," Robert Stacey et al., doc.: IEEE 802.11-14/1453r2, 5 Nov. 2014
Non-Patent Document 2: The LAN/MAN Standards Committee,"IEEE Std 802.11TM 2012 IEEE standard for Information Technology Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements Part11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer PHY Specifications
Non-Patent Document 3: Graham Smith, "Dynamic Sensitivity Control Practical Usage," doc.: IEEE 802.11-14/0779r2.

Wireless communication system and wireless communication method

NIPPON TELEGRAPH AND TELEPHONE CORPORATION


The fluorine content of an acyclic saturated compound of the formula CnFaXbHc (wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br, and wherein n is 1 to 6, a is 1 to 13, b is 0 to 12, c is 1 to 9, and a+b+c equals 2n+2) is reduced by reacting the acyclic saturated compound with HCl in the vapor phase at an elevated temperature in the presence of a catalyst, the mole ratio of HCl to the acyclic saturated compound being at least about 1:1.

This invention relates to halogen-substituted hydrocarbons containing fluorine, and more particularly, to a process for reducing the fluorine content of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrohalofluorocarbons.
Hydrofluorocarbons (i.e., compounds containing only the elements carbon, fluorine, and hydrogen) and hydrohalofluorocarbons (i.e., compounds containing only the elements carbon, fluorine, hydrogen and chlorine and/or bromine) are widely used as refrigerants, aerosol propellants, blowing agents, cleaning agents, fire extinguishants and chemical intermediates. Commercially, many of such compounds are prepared by the reactions of hydrogen fluoride with olefins or saturated compounds containing chlorine. Some compounds (e.g., various hydrofluorocarbons) can be prepared by the hydrogenolysis of an appropriate chlorine and/or bromine-containing precursor. These processes can also produce halogenated hydrocarbons having a lesser commercial value and/or not having the desired properties. Furthermore, the supply/demand situation for any particular product can vary and there may be an oversupply of a particular hydrofluorocarbon or hydrohalofluorocarbon. For environment al reasons, it may not be advantageous to dispose of surplus or by-products by such methods as incineration, but rather to further react these materials to increase the yields of useful products. A reduction of the fluorine content of various hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons can improve their value as commercial products and/or as precursors for producing other useful products.
This invention provides a method for reducing the fluorine content of an acyclic saturated compound of the formula CnFaXbHc wherein each X is independently selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br, and wherein n is 1 to 6, a is 1 to 13, b is 0 to 12, c is 1 to 9, and a+b+c equals 2n+2. The method comprises the step of reacting the acyclic saturated compound with HCl in the vapor phase at an elevated temperature in the presence of a catalyst, the mole ratio of HCl to the acyclic saturated compound being at least about 1:1.
The present invention provides a process for reducing the fluorine content of an acyclic saturated compound of the formula CnFaXbHc wherein each X is independently selected from Cl and Br, and wherein n is 1 to 6, a is 1 to 13, b is 0 to 12, c is 1 to 9, and a+b+c equals 2n+2, by reacting the acyclic saturated compound with HCl in the vapor phase in the presence of a catalyst. Of particular note are embodiments of the invention where n is 1, embodiments of the invention where n is 2, and embodiments of the invention where n is 3. Where n is 2 or more, the reaction products having reduced fluorine content may include saturated and/or olefinic compounds. For example, CH3CF3 may be reacted to produce saturated compounds (e.g., CH3CClF2 and CH3CCl2F) and unsaturated compounds (e.g., CH2xe2x95x90CF2, CH2xe2x95x90CClF and CH2xe2x95x90CCl2).
Included in this invention is the reaction of an acyclic saturated compound of the formula CnFaXbHc wherein n is at least 2, c is at least 2 and the mole ratio of HCl to the compound is at least about 5:1 to produce a hydrogen-containing olefinic product. Also included is the reaction of an acyclic saturated compound of the formula CnFaXbHc wherein n is 2, c is 1 and the mole ratio of HCl to the compound is at least about 5:1 to produce a perhalogenated olefinic product. For example, CF3CF2H may be reacted with HCl (preferably in a molar ratio of HCl:CF3CF2H of at least about 6:1) in the presence of a catalyst (e.g., an aluminum fluoride catalyst) to produce CCl2xe2x95x90CCl2 as the major halogenated hydrocarbon reaction product. Also included is the reaction of an acyclic saturated compound of the formula CnFaXbHc where n is at least 2 (e.g., n is 2 or n is 3) and the mole ratio of HCl to the compound is about 5:1 or less (e.g., from 2:1 to 5:1) at an elevated temperature less than about 350xc2x0 C. (e.g., 250xc2x0 C. to 325xc2x0 C.) to produce compounds of reduced fluorine content which are primarily (i.e., more than 50 mole percent) saturated compounds. Other embodiments involve the reaction of an acyclic saturated compound of the formula CFaXbHc wherein b is 0 to 2.
The invention includes reactions of HCl with mixtures of compounds of the formula CnFaXbHc with each other and/or with other organic compounds such as ethers (e.g., dimethylether), alcohols (e.g., methanol) and hydrocarbons (e.g., propane and/or cyclohexane). In some embodiments, the mixtures are azeotropic. Examples of acyclic saturated compounds which may be reacted with HCl in accordance with this invention include CH2FCF3, CHF3, CHF2CF3, CH3CF3, CH3CHF2, CHCl2F, CHClF2, CHCl2CF3, CHClFCF3, CH2ClCF3, CH3CF2Cl, CHBrF2 and CF3CHBrF.
Chlorine may be present in some process embodiments, either as an initial reactant or as an in-situ formed product. Of note are reactions wherein Cl2 is present during the reaction and a perhalogenated product is produced.
Suitable catalysts which can be used for reducing the fluorine content of the starting materials by reaction with HCl include vapor phase fluorination catalysts. Catalysts which may be used in accordance with this invention include metals (including elemental metals, metal oxides and/or other metal salts); alumina; fluorided alumina; aluminum fluoride; metals on alumina; metals on aluminum fluoride; magnesium fluoride on aluminum fluoride; metals on fluorided alumina; alumina on carbon; aluminum fluoride on carbon; fluorided alumina on carbon; metals on carbon; chromium catalysts (e.g., Cr2O3 by itself or with other metals such as Mg and/or Zn); mixtures of metals, aluminum fluoride, and graphite; and chromium-magnesium optionally on graphite. Suitable metals for use as catalysts (optionally on alumina, aluminum fluoride, fluorided alumina or carbon) include chromium, Group VIII metals (iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum), Group VIIB metals (manganese, rhenium), Group IIIB metals (scandium, yttrium, lanthanum), Group IB metals (copper, silver, gold), zinc and/or metals having an atomic number of 58 through 71 (cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, promethium, samarium, europium, gadolonium, terbium, dysprosium, holmiun, eribum, thulium, ytterbium or lutetium). Preferably, when used with a support, the total metal content of the catalyst will be from about 0.1 to 20 percent by weight; typically, from about 0.1 to 10 percent by weight.
Fluorided alumina and aluminum fluoride can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,902,838. Metals on aluminum fluoride and metals on fluorided alumina can be prepared by procedures described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,766,260. Catalysts comprising chromium are well known in the art (see e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,036,036). Chromium supported on alumina can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,541,165. Chromium supported on carbon can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,632,834. Catalysts comprising chromium and magnesium may be prepared as described in Canadian Patent No. 2,025,145. Other metals and magnesium optionally on graphite can be prepared in a similar manner to the latter patent. Preferred catalysts include catalysts comprising aluminum fluoride and catalysts comprising chromium oxide.
Weak catalysts for this reaction such as silicon carbide may also be used.
The reaction of the acyclic saturated compound of the formula CnFaXbHc with HCl in the presence of the catalysts of the instant invention is suitably conducted at a temperature within the range of from about 250xc2x0 C. to 450xc2x0 C., preferably from about 300xc2x0 C. to 400xc2x0 C., and most preferably from about 325xc2x0 C. to about 375xc2x0 C. The contact time is typically from about 1 to about 120 seconds, preferably from about 5 to about 60 seconds.
The amount of HCl should be at least a stoichiometric amount. Generally, the molar ratio of HCl to the acyclic saturated compound can range from about 1:1 to about 100:1, preferably about 3:1 to 50:1, and more preferably about 5:1 to 20:1.
In general, with a given catalyst composition, the higher the temperature and the longer the contact time, the greater is the conversion of fluorinated products and the greater is the production of polychlorinated products. The above variables can be balanced, one against the other, so that the formation of lower fluorine substituted products is maximized.
The reaction products may normally be separated by conventional techniques, such as distillation. Some of the reaction products will have desired properties for commercial use by themselves, or as intermediates for making other commercial products. Others, such as CHClxe2x95x90CCl2, CCl2xe2x95x90CCl2, CHCl3, etc. can be recycled back to reactors which are being used for the synthesis of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrohalofluorocarbons. For example, vapor-phase processes for manufacturing CF3CHCl2 and/or CF3CHFCl by hydrofluorination of CCl2xe2x95x90CCl2 often produce substantial amounts of CF3CF2H by-product; and the process of this invention may be used to obtain CCl2xe2x95x90CCl2 (and HF) for use as starting materials for the hydrofluorination. The process of this invention provides a method of utilizing substantially all of a halogenated hydrocarbon plant""s products. This utility has the benefit of providing a manufacturing facility with minimum waste, and therefore, minimum environmental impact.
The reaction of the acyclic saturated compound with HCl may be conducted in any suitable reactor, including fixed and fluidized bed reactors. The reaction vessel should be constructed from materials which are resistant to the corrosive effects of hydrogen fluoride such as Inconel(trademark) nickel alloy and Hastelloy(trademark) nickel alloy.
Pressure is not critical. Atmospheric and superatmospheric pressures are the most convenient and are therefore preferred.
Practice of the invention will become further apparent from the following non-limiting examples.

Process for reducing the fluorine content of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrohalofluorocarbons


Embodiments of the disclosure relate to active cooling devices for cooling an electronic assembly positioned downstream in a computing system. In one embodiment, an electronic assembly positioned downstream of the computing system is disclosed. The electronic assembly includes a printed circuit board electrically connected to the computing system; an air duct disposed over the printed circuit board; and an active cooling device thermally coupled to the printed circuit board. The printed circuit board includes a transceiver socket configured to receive at least one optical transceiver and one or more heat-generating components disposed thereon. The at least one optical transceiver is configured to mate with an active optical cable.

Computing systems, such as servers, include electronic components that are connected to a power supply unit. The electronic components typically include controllers, processors, LAN cards, hard disk drives, and solid state disk drives. Servers generate an enormous amount of heat due to the operation of the electronic components. Overheating from inefficient removal of heat can potentially shut down or impede the operation of the electronic components.
As an example, an Open Compute Project 3.0 module (hereinafter 'OCP module') in a server can consume substantial power and generate significant heat. When the OCP module is positioned downstream of the power supply unit, it is heated by the electronic components positioned nearby. The airflow through the OCP module is reduced as well. This results in a performance reduction even with the use of traditional passive cooling solutions such as air ducts and baffles. Accordingly, it is desirable to incorporate better cooling solutions to ensure dissipation of the generated heat such that the performance of the server remains unaffected.

Active cooling devices for cooling an electronic assembly downstream of a computing system


A roundabout for vehicular traffic is provided from a plurality of modular blocks arranged in a generally circular roundabout pattern and affixed to a roadway or ground surface at an intersection of vehicle roadways. Roundabouts can be formed in any desired diameter. In some embodiments, the modular blocks can have a trapezoidal plan shape laid out in concentric rings. The trapezoidal shaped blocks can be cut from a length of board having a constant width and thickness. The modular blocks can be provided as a kit of parts delivered to worksite at an intersection of vehicle roadways where a roundabout is desired. Splitter islands, sidewalks, and curbing of blocks having appropriate shapes can also be provided.

A traffic roundabout (also termed traffic circle or rotary) is a central island located at the intersection of several vehicle roadways around which vehicles entering from the roadways flow in a circular pattern. Roundabouts offer several benefits to traffic flow. Traffic congestion can be reduced compared to all-way-stop-sign and traffic light-controlled intersections. The speed of approaching vehicles can be reduced at stop-controlled intersections, providing gaps for entry of minor-road traffic.
Miniature roundabouts (mini-roundabouts) are characterized by a small diameter central circle with traversable central and splitter islands. Mini-roundabouts can double traffic-handling capacity compared to 4-way stop sign control. They can cost less than larger roundabouts by eliminating land purchase or utility/drainage relocation. Mini-roundabouts can result in greater safety for drivers, pedestrians, and bicyclists. They offer most of the benefits of larger diameter, non-traversable roundabouts with the added advantages of smaller footprint and lower cost, making them attractive improvements for many two-and three-lane intersections.


An information feed is provided that surfaces information items that are determined to be interesting or relevant to a user. The information feed may be updated with new information items each time the feed is accessed by the user. Information not surfaced to the user in the feed may be accessed by the user via one or more other means, but only those items having a sufficient importance to the user are surfaced in the feed. Items in the feed are sorted by order of importance or relevance to the user. When new items are added to the feed, they are sorted relative to each other, but are displayed separately from previous groupings of items added to the feed. Items may be reposted to different positions in the feed, and items may be manually removed from the feed if desired.

Information workers/users have become accustomed to generating, editing and receiving large numbers of electronic documents and other information (e.g., electronic communications, images, data, etc.). In a given enterprise situation, for example, a company, school, social network, etc., a given information worker/user may encounter hundreds (or more) of documents or other content items, each with varying degrees of relevance or importance to the information worker. For example, the information worker may generate a document for a rush work project that may be of the highest relevance at the time of the project. For another example, the information worker may receive a document generated by his/her manager that similarly is of very high relevance to the information worker. On the other hand, he/she may receive a document or may have access to a document or other information via his/her enterprise dealing with a project he/she is no longer involved with, and thus, the document may be of low relevance or importance to the information worker. The typical information worker/user needs to know about those documents or other content or information items that are relevant, important or interesting to him/her, but he/she does not necessarily need to have all documents and/or other content items surfaced to him/her regardless of their relevance. Thus, a need exists for methods, systems, and articles of manufacture for surfacing documents and other information to a given user that might be important to the user without surfacing to the user documents or other information that are not particularly interesting or relevant to the user. It is with respect to these and other considerations that the present invention has been made.


Systems and methods related to the configuration of data communication links between electrical devices are described. The methods described may consider power efficiency of the data communication link along with bit error rate, latency, data rate, and other specifications. Methods discussed may lead to changes in the data communication link protocol, use of error correction coding scheme, the power consumption and the selection of features employed by the data communication link. Electronic systems capable of implementing the discussed methods may be incorporated in the circuitry of the electrical devices. Methods discussed may change the configuration the data communication link features during the operation of the electrical devices and/or the data communication link.

The present disclosure relates to high-speed data communication systems within or between electronic devices such as printed circuit boards, integrated circuits, and programmable logic devices. More specifically, the disclosure relates to systems and methods for data communication systems using a communication interface and programmable logic circuitry.
This section is intended to introduce the reader to various aspects of art that may be related to various aspects of the present disclosure, which are described and/or claimed below. This discussion is believed to be helpful in providing the reader with background information to facilitate a better understanding of the various aspects of the present disclosure. Accordingly, it may be understood that these statements are to be read in this light, and not as admissions of prior art.
Many electronic devices, such as mobile phones, computers, automotive electronic, communication systems, and industrial machinery among others, may employ complex electrical circuitry to implement certain functions. Data communication links may exchange data or command signals between this circuitry. Examples of data communication links include optical links, wire links, printed circuit board traces, and radiofrequency (RF) links. With the increase in the speeds and data processing power in electronic devices, performance specifications for the data communication links may also become more stringent, requiring higher data rates and lower latency times.
The performance of a data communication link may be measured by any number of criteria such as response time (e.g. latency), data rate, error level, or power consumption, among others. Usually, tradeoffs may appear between the different performance metrics. For example, the response time of a data communication link may be improved with an increase of power consumption of the link. In another example, an increased in data rate may be achieved, but accompanied by an increase in error level. Furthermore, the performance of the data communication link may be affected by factors such as the type of channel (optical, electrical, wireless, etc.), channel noise level, communication coding, use of error schemes, signal strength, or power employed by transmitter and/or receiver, which may also affect the relationship between the performance criteria.
In some use cases, the power consumption of the communication link plays a less important role as its impact on link performance and cost efficiency may be negligible. In these use cases, the specifications of concern in communication link design may be limited to response time and error rate. For example, mechanisms such as amplitude control, equalization, error detection, correction coding, and the use of optical links may be employed to decrease the response time over a noisy channel. However, these mechanisms may consume significant power, which may be a waste of energy for some use cases that may have less stringent specifications.

Communication link control using communication interface and programmable logic circuitry


A server that holds context-free grammar and is connectable to a client that holds an automaton. The server compares an edge pair with an encrypted string value such that the encrypted string value is hidden from the client. The edge pair represents a string for an encrypted value in which a nonfinal character is made to correspond to a state before and the state after held by the client and an encrypted string value represents a string for an encrypted value in which each of a plurality of nonfinal characters contained in a substituted symbol string for a production rule for the context-free grammar is given correspondence with an assigned state before and state after. The encrypted value in which in which the encrypted string value matches the edge pair has been encrypted is sent to the client along with the state before and state after that has been assigned.

The present invention relates to a server, client, method, and program for determining whether or not an automaton satisfies context-free grammar.
The invention describes a system for authenticating whether or not a string held by a client is accepted by an automaton held by a server are known. For example, see Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2009-151757

System for determining whether or not automaton satisfies context-free grammar

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


To provide a process for producing glass raw material granules which are less likely to be formed into fine powders which cause a change of the glass composition at a time of forming a glass melt or defects of glass, and which can be preferably used for producing glass.

A glass product is usually produced by melting glass raw materials by means of a glass melting furnace to form a glass melt and then forming the glass melt into a prescribed shape, followed by solidification. However, in order to obtain a homogeneous glass melt by means of a glass melting furnace, it was required to maintain the melting state over a very long period of time, whereby a large energy consumption was unavoidable.
In order to solve such a problem, a process for producing a glass product employing a technique so-called an in-flight melting method, has been proposed in which particles (granules) made of a mixture of glass raw materials are heated and melted in a gas phase atmosphere to form molten glass particles, and then, the molten glass particles are collected to form a liquid phase (glass melt) (e.g. Patent Document 1 and Non-Patent Document 1).
In a case where a glass product is produced by means of an in-flight melting method, usually, by a method of pneumatically conveying granules made of a mixture of glass raw materials, granules are supplied to an in-flight heating apparatus to melt the granules.
Further, it is known that granules to be used in the in-flight melting method can be produced by means of e.g. a spray drying granulation method (a spray drying method) (e.g. Patent Document 1).
Further, as a method for forming a mixed granulation glass raw material to be used for producing a glass product, a granulation method such as an agitation granulation method, a fluidized-bed granulation method, a tumbling granulation method, an extrusion granulation method or a dry granulation method is known (e.g. Patent Document 2).
Further, in a case where alkali-free glass is produced by a conventional melting method, not an in-flight melting method, a method is known wherein boric acid is incorporated in a glass material (material batch), water or a polyhydric alcohol is added, and granulation is carried out to improve the strength of granules (e.g. Patent Document 3).

Process for producing glass material granules and process for producing glass product

Abstract: A process for producing glass raw material granules, which comprises a granulation step of adding boric acid to either one of or both of a glass raw material powder and an alkaline solution having a pH of at least 9 and mixing the glass raw material powder together with the alkaline solution. The glass raw material powder preferably contains at least 10 mass % of boric acid.


Methods, media gateways, and computer program products are described associated with call redundancy for a packet-based network. The described call redundancy involves a receiver module in communication with the packet-based network adapted to receive or transmit data associated with a plurality of calls from one or more signaling links. The data includes signaling information based on a publicly-switched telephone network (“PSTN”) standard. A first processor module is in communication with the receiver module and is adapted to process the data associated with the plurality of calls. A second processor module is in communication with the receiver module and the first processor module. The second processor module is adapted to receive at least a portion of the data associated with the plurality of calls. At least a portion of data maintained on the second processor module is synchronized with the corresponding data processed by the first processor module.

In general, traditional telephone networks, such as the publicly-switched telephone network ("PSTN"), employ circuitry and switches to connect telephone users across the PSTN to facilitate communication. The PSTN employs the International Telecommunication Union standard Common Channel Signaling System # 7 (SS7) for call setup, call routing, and control of other PSTN components for calls worldwide. Networks that employ SS7 signaling protocols are referred to herein as SS7 networks.
An emerging alternative to traditional phone networks uses packetized data to transmit content of telephone communications (e.g., voice or videoconferencing data) through data networks, such as packet-based networks and/or broadband networks. Data networks employ data transfer protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP) to support voice, data, and multimedia (e.g., video) content. Transmitting telephone communications over the Internet is commonly referred to as a Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP). Transmitting telephone communications over other broadband networks can be referred to as Voice Over Broadband (VOBB). A packet-based telephone network employs packet-switches (also referred to herein as gateways, media gateways, media gateway controllers, switching components, softswitches, data sources, or call processors). A packet assembler can convert a signal received from a traditional telephone network call into a set of data packets for transmission through the IP network.
Routing telephone calls over a data network involves interfacing the PSTN to the data network. FIG. 1 is a known architecture developed by Sonus Networks, Inc. for interfacing the PSTN to a data network. FIG. 1 depicts a system 100 that includes a signaling network 105 that provides PSTN signaling, for example, SS7 signaling, that is associated with a particular telephone call. The SS7 signaling includes out-of-band messages and instructions for routing the content of the phone call that is received from a first PSTN (not shown). The first PSTN is associated with the signaling network 105 and can include the signaling network 105. The signaling network 105 communicates with a signaling gateway 110 over a communication path 115. The communication path 115 can be, for example, a time-division multiplexed path for providing signaling information and/or the call content to the signaling gateway 110. One example of a signaling gateway is a SGX, sold by Sonus Networks Inc.
The signaling gateway 110 determines where to transmit the call content based on the signaling information. The signaling gateway 110 is in communication with a media gateway 120 over a communication link 125 through a packet-based network 130. One example of a media gateway is a GSX9000, sold by Sonus Networks Inc. The call content is provided to the media gateway 120 by the first PSTN. The signaling gateway 110 transmits packet-based signaling with the call content to the media gateway 120. The packet-based signaling is used to route the call content through the packet-based network 130 to the media gateway 120 and allows the media gateway 120 to transmit the call content to the PSTN 135. The media gateway 120 also provides PSTN signaling to the PSTN 135 to allow the PSTN 135 to deliver the call content to the appropriate telephone 140.
The system 100 also includes a controller 145 in communication with the media gateway 120 and other media gateways (e.g., the media gateway 150). One example of a controller is a PSX, sold by Sonus Networks Inc. The controller 145 provides routing and policy information to the media gateway 120 for processing the call content and packet-based signaling information. Congestion or a high-volume of call traffic that occurs on either the SS7 network 105 or on the packet-based network 130 can affect call quality (e.g., the number or rate of dropped calls or echo effects).
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a known configuration for providing redundancy in telephone networks. The system 200 includes a signaling network 205 that communicates with a first server 210 over a first communication path 215 (e.g., a TDM signaling link). The signaling network 205 also communicates with a second server 220 over a second communication path 225. The first server 210 communicates with a second server 220 over an inter-server communication path 230.
The first server 210 and the second server 220 are logically associated with a switch 240. The inter-server communication path 230 facilitates load-sharing between the first server 210 and the second server 220. The first server 210 and the second server 220 each handle about one-half of all calls that are handled by the switch 240. In some embodiments, the first server 210 represents a first computing element CE0 to a packet-based network (not shown), and the second server 220 represents a second computing element CE1 to the packet-based network.
If the first server 210 fails, the capacity of the switch 240 to process calls is reduced by about one-half. Similarly, if the second server 220 fails, the capacity of the switch 240 to process is reduced by about one-half. Moreover, upgrading the software of either the first server 210 or the second server 220 involves taking the particular server out of service. As a result, the number of calls processed by the switch 240 is reduced by about one-half.

Call redundancy for a packet-based network


[PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED] To provide a radiation phase contrast imaging device having a small device configuration

Conventionally, various devices have been conceived as a radiation imaging device for imaging an internal structure of an object by making radiation transmit through the object. A commonly-used radiation imaging device is configured to image a radiation projection image by irradiating radiation to an object to make the radiation transmit through the object. In such a projection image, contrasting density appears depending on the ease of permeation of radiation, which represents the internal structure of the object.
With such a radiation imaging device, only objects having a property capable of absorbing radiation to some extent can be imaged. For example, soft biological tissues hardly absorb radiation. Even if it is tried to image such a tissue with a general device, nothing is reflected on the projection image. When trying to image the internal structure of an object that does not absorb radiation as described above, there is a theoretical limit in a general radiation imaging device.
Under the circumstances, a radiation phase contrast imaging device configured to image an internal structure of an object by utilizing a phase contrast of transmitted radiation has been proposed. Such a device is configured to image an internal structure of an object by using Talbot interference.
Talbot interference will be described. From the radiation source 53 shown in FIG. 9, phase-aligned radiation is irradiated. When making the radiation transmit through a phase grating 55 which is in a streak form, the image of the phase grating 55 appears on the projection plane which is apart from the phase grating 55 by a predetermined distance (Talbot distance). This image is called a self-image. Note that this self-image is not just a projection image of the phase grating 55. The self-image is generated only at the position where the projection plane is separated from the phase grating 55 by the Talbot distance. The self-image is configured by the interference fringes caused by interference of light. The reason that the self-image of the phase grating 55 appears at the Talbot distance is that the phase of radiation generated from the radiation source 53 is aligned. When the phase of radiation is disturbed, the self-image appearing at the Talbot distance is also disturbed.
The radiation phase contrast imaging device is configured to image an internal structure of an object by utilizing the self-image disturbance. It is assumed that the object is placed between the radiation source and the phase grating 55. Since this object hardly absorbs radiation, most of the radiation incident on the object exits to the phase grating 55 side.
The radiation has not passed through the object completely as it is. The reason is that the phase of the radiation changes while passing through the object. The radiation exited the object passes through the phase grating 55 with the phase changed. The observation of the radiation on the projection plane arranged at the Talbot distance shows disturbances in the self-image of the phase grating 55. The degree of disturbance of the self-image represents the radiation phase change.
The specific magnitude of the phase change of the radiation that passed through the object changes depends on where the radiation passed through the object. If the object has a homogeneous configuration, the change of the radiation phase remains the same no matter where the radiation passed through the object. In general, however, an object has some internal structure. When radiation is made to pass through such an object, the phase change does not remain the same.
Therefore, when the phase change is known, the internal structure of the object can be grasped. The phase change can be known by observing the self-image of the phase grating 55 at the Talbot distance. The detection of such a self-image is performed by a radiation detector. The radiation detector has a detection surface that detects radiation. By projecting a self-image on this detection surface, the radiation detector can perform imaging of the self-image (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
The multi-slit shown in FIG. 9 is provided for the purpose of increasing the coherency of the X-ray beam. In the radiation phase contrast imaging device, it can be considered that X-rays are irradiated from this multi-slit. This is because highly coherent X-rays emitted from the multi-slit are sources used for the phase contrast imaging. The position of the phase grating 55 and the position of the radiation detector are determined on the basis of the multi-slit.
The phase grating 55 is a grating with an extremely fine pattern. Therefore, the self-image also becomes fine. The radiation emitted from the radiation source 53 spreads radially. Therefore, as the distance between the phase grating 55 and the radiation detector is increased, the self-image is magnified and becomes easy to detect. This is because that the spatial resolution of the radiation detector has a limit.
That is, in a conventional configuration, the device configuration is that the radiation source 53, the phase grating 55, and the radiation detector are placed in predetermined positions. The positional relationship of these parts is determined as follows. First, it is necessary that the distance between the phase grating 55 and the radiation detector is a predetermined Talbot distance. Otherwise the self-image does not appear on the detection surface of the radiation detector. In addition, it is necessary that the self-image is an image magnified to a certain extent with respect to the phase grating 55. Otherwise, the self-image is too fine to be detected with the radiation detector.

Abstract: [SOLVING MEANS] The present invention focused on the findings that the distance between the phase grating 5 and the FPD 4 does not need to be the Talbot distance. The distance between the phase grating 5 and the FPD 4 can be more freely set. However, a self-image cannot be detected unless the self-image is sufficiently magnified with respect to the phase grating 5. The degree on how much the self-image is magnified on the FPD 4 with respect to the original phase grating 5 is determined by a magnification ratio X2/X1. Therefore, in the present invention, the magnification ratio is set to be the same as the magnification ratio in a conventional configuration. With this, even if the distance X2 between the radiation source 3 and the FPD 4 is reduced, a situation in which the self-image cannot be detected by the FPD 4 due to the excessively small size thereof does not occur.

Nishinokyo-Kuwabaracho, Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto


Disclosed herein is a foam material upwardly adjacent and in air sealing contact with a roof deck, an insulation layer upwardly adjacent the foam material, and additional foam material upwardly adjacent the insulation layer.

Roof structures have been made for millennia ranging from simple lean-to thatched arrangements to more modern buildings having multiple layers of roofing materials, fire barriers, vapor barriers, air retarders, rigid roof insulations, cover boards, slipsheets and waterproofing membranes all designed to work together to keep the elements away from occupants of the building. Roof structures continue to be improved because each of the systems currently available has drawbacks and improvements are therefore desirable. Typical problems with roof structures center around wind uplift resistance and energy efficiency with insulations for heat and cold resistance to maintain internal building temperature as well as time and effort required to install the roof system.

Roof structure and method for making the same

Abstract: Further disclosed herein is a method for creating a roof system including air sealing a roof deck with a foam material, adhering insulation material to the foam material, and applying additional foam material upwardly adjacent the insulation layer.


The present invention provides a content complex providing server capable of providing a content complex containing a plurality of different constituent content used to deliver one subject by using a plurality of terminals such that the content complex can be played efficiently only by a minimum operation when a receiver of the content can watch or listen to the plurality of terminals simultaneously.

1. Technical Field
The present inventive concept relates to a content complex providing server for a plurality of terminals, and more particularly to a content complex providing server capable of providing a content complex containing a plurality of different constituent content such that the content complex can be played effectively by using a plurality of terminals.
2. Description of the Related Art
Since a smart mobile terminal such as a smart phone and a tablet PC has a computing power as good as a desktop computer, it is widely used to play content such as video. As one person can own a tablet PC as well as a smart phone, an environment of 1 person and N terminals gas been established. In this environment, a so-called N-screen technology has been used.
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a concept of the N-screen technology according to the prior art. As shown in FIG. 1, a content providing server 13 for supporting an N-screen function stores information on a plurality of terminals 10, 11 and 12 owned by an N-screen service user, and transmits the content such that the terminal receiving the content to be played is changed sequentially as subscriber A moves. For example, if the service user is a student and moves in the order of home, school and bus, a video lecture can be played through a PC monitor or TV 10 at home. Also, while the service user is outside the home, it can be played continuously through a tablet PC 11 and a smart phone 12 owned by the user. Simply speaking, it creates an environment in which the content follows the subscriber.
However, in an N-screen service as illustrated in FIG. 1, one content can be played in connection between a plurality of terminals owned by a specific subscriber, and there is no effectiveness in a situation where the terminals can be operated at the same time. If there is one content complex constituted by a plurality of constituent contents, it will be useful for the user when using the content complex to allow a plurality of terminals to separately play the constituent contents of the content complex rather than allowing one terminal to play the content complex. Therefore, there is a need to provide technology for efficiently playing the content complex by using a plurality of terminals.

Content complex providing server for a group of terminals

Industry-Academic Cooperation of Yonsei University


Embodiments of controlled atmosphere systems, apparatus, and methods for the same can include systems and/or methods that can include provisions for adaptive control of compressor discharge pressure. In one embodiment, variable membrane temperature can regulate compressor discharge pressure.

A particular difficulty of transporting perishable items is that such items must be maintained within a temperature range to reduce or prevent, depending on the items, spoilage, or conversely damage from freezing. A transport refrigeration unit is used to maintain proper temperatures within a transport cargo space. The transport refrigeration unit can be under the direction of a controller to generate and/or maintain a selected environment (e.g., thermal environment) within the transport cargo space. A controlled atmosphere system for a transport refrigeration system can control atmospheric composition; for example, within the transport cargo space.

Controlled atmosphere systems and methods


A substrate patterning method including the steps of spraying ink on a surface of a substrate, the spraying of the ink resulting in an overspray of excess ink past an edge of the substrate; changing a temperature of the excess ink to cause a change in a viscosity of the excess ink; and removing the excess ink having the changed viscosity.

In general, inkjet heads are designed to deposit small droplets of ink in a defined, repeatable pattern. A wide variety of inkjet technologies are currently used in the fabrication of electronics. For example, inkjet heads deposit a wide variety of materials (e.g., semiconductor materials, dielectrics, and metal inks) on a wide variety of substrate types to create "printed" electronics.
When printing materials on a substrate, ink ejected by an inkjet head can build up or accumulate outside of the substrate. For example, the inkjet head can spray a small amount of ink past an edge of a substrate. If the ink is non-flowing at room temperature, it can accumulate and form a buildup over time. Such a buildup of ink can cause contamination of the substrate and can also cause uneven distribution of the ink. Such contamination and uneven distribution can cause defects in the electronics and mechanical yield loss in electronics fabrication.

Apparatuses and methods for removal of ink buildup


A chain transmission device includes chain guides capable of guiding a chain. The chain guides include a plurality of spaced apart rollers for guiding the chain, and a distance L (m) between contact points of a trained portion of the chain is set to satisfy the following inequality:

In an automobile engine, the rotation of a crankshaft is transmitted to camshafts by means of a timing chain made of iron (hereinafter, simply referred to as a "chain") so as to rotate the camshafts, thereby opening and closing valves of combustion chambers.
Chain transmission devices are used to drive such camshafts. Many of such chain transmission devices include a crank sprocket attached to a crankshaft of an engine, cam sprockets attached to respective camshafts of the engine, a chain trained around the crank sprocket and the cam sprockets, a loose side chain guide arranged so as to guide the portion of the chain configured to move from the crank sprocket toward one of the cam sprockets, and a tension side chain guide arranged so as to guide the portion of the chain configured to move from the other of the cam sprockets toward the crank sprocket.
As the loose side and tension side chain guides used in such chain transmission devices, sliding-type chain guides are known each having a guiding surface extending along the direction in which the chain moves, and coming into sliding contact with the chain. However, since such sliding-type chain guides are in sliding contact with the chain, there is the problem that the resistance to the movement of the chain is large so that the transmission loss of torque is large.
In order to overcome this problem, the inventors of the present application have proposed a chain guide including a plurality of rollers arranged along the direction in which the chain moves while being spaced apart from each other, and configured to guide a chain (see PCT International Publication No. 2010/090139 and Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2013-032826).
Since this chain guide is in rolling contact with the chain, there is the advantage that the resistance of the movement of the chain is small so that the transmission loss of torque is small.

Abstract: L          <                                    1                              2                                                  ω                  MAX                                                                                T                ρ                                                    ,                                        where ωMAX is a maximum excitation frequency (Hz) from a crankshaft, ρ is a mass of the chain per unit length (kg/m), and T is a time-average tension of the chain (N).


The fuel cell system includes a storage portion, a fuel cell, a fuel supply portion, a hydrogen circulation system and a boil-off gas supply portion. The storage portion stores liquid hydrogen. The fuel cell uses hydrogen gas as fuel gas. The fuel supply portion provides hydrogen gas to an anode of the fuel cell. The hydrogen gas is generated caused by a vaporization of liquid hydrogen stored in the storage portion. The hydrogen circulation system includes the anode of the fuel cell. The boil-off gas supply portion provides boil-off gas generated in the storage portion to the hydrogen circulation system.

In general, a fuel cell is a device that obtains electrical power from fuel, hydrogen and oxygen. Fuel cells are being widely developed as an energy supply device because fuel cells are environmentally superior and can achieve high energy efficiency.
There are examined methods of providing hydrogen to the fuel cell, such as a method of providing hydrogen stored in a storage portion such as a high-pressure hydrogen tank, a hydrogen storing alloy tank or a liquid hydrogen tank. Liquid hydrogen is examined as a hydrogen supply for the fuel cell, because liquid hydrogen has high energy storing density and high hydrogen-charging efficiency to a storage portion.
However, boil-off gas is possibly generated because of vaporization of the liquid hydrogen, when the liquid hydrogen tank is heated from outside. The pressure in the liquid hydrogen tank increases when the boil-off gas is generated. It is, therefore, necessary to exhaust the boil-off gas, when necessary.
Patent Document 1 discloses a method of storing boil-off gas in a pressure container and providing the boil-off gas stored in the pressure container to the fuel cell at startup of the fuel cell. It is possible to use the boil-off gas for a fuel of the fuel cell.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-56799


A computer-implemented method for applying data loss prevention policies to closed-storage portable devices may include (1) injecting a data loss prevention component into at least one application process that is running on a computing device, (2) intercepting, via the data loss prevention component, an attempt by the application process to transfer a file to a closed-storage portable device that is connected to the computing device, (3) identifying a data loss prevention policy that applies to the attempt by the application process to transfer the file, (4) determining that the attempt by the application process to transfer the file violates the data loss prevention policy, and (5) performing a security action in response to determining that the attempt by the application process to transfer the file violates the data loss prevention policy. Various other methods, systems, and computer-readable media are also disclosed.

Organizations are increasingly allowing employees to bring and use their own devices (such as smartphones, portable storage devices, etc.) in the workplace. While the use of such devices may empower employees, organizations must work to ensure that proper data loss prevention systems are in place to prevent sensitive data from leaking, either inadvertently or maliciously, via these devices.
Smart devices and other portable storage devices typically connect to and transfer data to/from endpoint computing systems using either mass-storage or closed-storage protocols. When a portable device connects to an endpoint computing system using a mass-storage protocol (such as the Mass Storage Class (MSC) protocol), the endpoint generally assumes absolute control over storage on the portable device as a block-level device. In this scenario, data loss prevention software installed on the endpoint may effectively monitor and apply data loss prevention policies to data that is copied from the endpoint to the portable device by intercepting file system activity involving the same.
However, when a portable storage device connects to an endpoint computing system using a closed-storage protocol, such as Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) or Picture Transfer Protocol (PTP), the actual file system and storage are implemented by the portable device itself, not the endpoint. Unfortunately, because the file system and storage on such portable devices are not managed by the endpoint, conventional data loss prevention software on the endpoint may be unable to effectively monitor and apply data loss prevention policies to data copied to these portable devices.
Some data loss prevention systems attempt to address this problem by prohibiting the use of such devices and/or by allowing the use of such devices on a per-user basis. While denying user access to smartphones and other portable devices may effectively prevent data leaks via such devices, this may also hamper the legitimate or harmless use of such devices, potentially frustrating employees and organizations.
As such, the instant disclosure identifies and addresses a need for a more efficient and effective mechanism for applying data loss prevention policies to closed-storage portable devices.

Systems and methods for applying data loss prevention policies to closed-storage portable devices


Wireless communication device includes a first device section. The first device section has a first edge. The wireless communication device also includes a second device section that has a second edge. The wireless communication device also includes a floating hinge that joins the first and second edges and permits the first and second device sections to move between a closed state and an operating state. The floating hinge and the first device section are rotatable about a first axis of rotation that extends through the floating hinge. The floating hinge and the second device section are rotatable about a second axis of rotation that extends through the floating hinge. The floating hinge includes a slot antenna that is communicatively coupled to a processor and is configured to at least one of transmit wireless signals or receive wireless signals.

The subject matter relates generally to wireless communication devices and to antenna assemblies that may be used by wireless communication devices.
Wireless communication devices are increasingly used by consumers and have an expanding number of applications within a variety of industries. Examples of such wireless devices include mobile phones, tablet computers, notebook computers, laptop computers, and handsets. These devices often include one or more integrated antennas that allow for wireless communication within a communication network. Recently, there have been two conflicting market demands for wireless devices. Users generally demand wireless devices that are smaller or weigh less, but the users also desire better performances and/or a greater number of capabilities. For example, wireless devices now operate within multiple frequency bands and are capable of selecting such bands for different networks. Features that have improved recently include data storage, battery life, and camera performance, among other things.
To provide smaller devices with improved performances and more capabilities, manufacturers have attempted to optimize the available space within the wireless device by resizing components of the wireless device or by moving the components to different locations. For example, the size and shape of the antenna may be reconfigured and/or the antenna may be moved to a different location. The number of available locations for an antenna, however, is limited by government regulations (e.g., restrictions on specific absorption rate (SAR)) and the requirements of other components in the wireless device.
With respect to portable computers, such as laptops and notebooks, antennas are positioned either within the movable section of the computer that includes a display or the base section that includes the keyboard. For example, an antenna may be located between the display and an edge or side of the movable section. Although these locations are suitable and allow for antennas that perform sufficiently, other possible locations for antennas are desired to provide more options in designing the wireless device. Alternative antenna configurations are also desired to provide a greater number of design choices.

Wireless communication device and antenna assembly


A clamp for use both with sheet metal and softer structural members of a building such as plasterboard or wood to support a pipe or conduit in different size openings through the members, including an exterior tapered surface having helical threads to facilitate screwing of the tapered surface into such different size openings, and a central passage for the conduit. The clamp has a gap through one side along its entire length to permit the clamp to be opened to fit over a pipe or conduit. Diametrically opposite the gap is an internal slot which reduces the cross-section of the clamp to form a hinge. The clamp may also include an oppositely extending exterior smooth tapered surface positioned base-to-base with the threaded tapered surface and resiliently mounted barbs protruding radially outward beyond the smooth tapered surface. A flange extends radially outward from the clamp between the two tapered surfaces, the flange and the resiliently mounted barbs engaging opposite surfaces of the member to secure the clamp in place when the smooth tapered surface is inserted into a hole in the member.

In the construction industry it is frequently necessary to pass a conduit or pipe through an opening in a stud or wallboard or other framing member. It is desirable to use a clamp to support the conduit or pipe within such opening, and in the case of water pipes, to reduce water line noise. Previous clamps were quite limited in the size of the opening in which they could be installed. Also such clamps had to be driven into the opening with a hammer or similar such tool, which made them difficult to install especially when the installer had to work in tight quarters.


In a cable latch system for a vehicle door, the inside door handle is connected by a single push/pull control cable to a bellcrank lever mounted on the latch housing. The bellcrank lever is itself connected to the locking and release levers of the latch by a vertically disposed spring-loaded push/pull element.

In European Patent Application No. 0169644 there is described a vehicle door latch system comprising a latch mechanism mounted on a vehicle door and having a release lever operable to release the latch mechanism, and a locking lever having a locked position in which release of the latch mechanism is prevented and an unlocked position in which release of the latch mechanism is enabled: and a handle mounted on the door remote from the latch mechanism and manually operable for releasing, locking and unlocking the latch mechanism, the handle being connected to the latch mechanism by a single push/pull control cable.
In the particular arrangements shown in the drawings of said application, the portion of the cable connected to the latch mechanism is arranged vertically so as to pass through the locking lever for connection to the release lever. However, the portion of the cable connected to the inside door handle extends horizontally, across the door. It is accordingly necessary, at some position within the interior of the door, to bend the cable through approximately 90.degree..
With the small packaging space available within a vehicle side door, the required bending of the cable may be difficult to achieve. High operating loads may accordingly be required to effect latch locking or release. Functioning of the latch system may thus be somewhat uncertain and, in extreme cases, the available packaging space may be insufficient to accommodate the cable.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a door latch system which enables the problems referred to above to be overcome.

Bomoro, Bocklenberg & Motte GmbH & Co. KG


A method of isolating 1,3-propanediol from a solution containing 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, glycerol, and glucose is provided. The method includes: obtaining a concentrate by concentrating the solution via reduced pressure evaporation; dissolving the concentrate in a solvent selected from the group consisting of ethyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone, and a mixture thereof and leaving the solution alone to fractionate the compounds in a solvent layer and a water layer; and loading the solvent layer in a silica-filled column under a low pressure liquid chromatography condition and eluting the solvent layer with a mixed solvent of methanol and at least one solvent which is miscible with methanol and has a polarity lower than methanol.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of isolating 1,3-propanediol or 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-propanediol from a solution containing 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, glycerol, and glucose.
2. Description of the Related Art
1,3-propanediol is also called trimethylene glycol, 1,3-dihydroxypropane or 1,3-propylene glycol and has a molecular weight of 76, a freezing point of −27° C., a boiling point of 210° C. and a viscosity of 1.053 cP. 1,3-propanediol is a light yellow, very sticky, weak acidic, water-miscible liquid. 1,3-propanediol is a primary monomer of polytrimethylene terephthalate (3GT) that is high performance polyester having various applications in clothes, carpet, etc. 1,3-propanediol is a very important intermediate in the production of polyester, polyether and polyurethane.
Many studies on isolation and purification of 1,3-propanediol have been conducted, which revealed several problems due to water-miscibility and similar properties of 1,2-propanediol and 1,3-propanediol. U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,473 discloses a method of purifying 1,3-propanediol produced by hydrolysis of acrolein by extracting the diol with cyclohexane. However, since cyclohexane has properties different from a solution containing glucose, glycerol and 1,2-propanediol, it is difficult to apply said method to isolation of 1,3-propanedipl from a fermented medium or other solutions containing glucose, glycerol and 1,2-propanediol.
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2002/0133049 discloses a method of recovering 1,3-propanediol from a liquid composition using a cation exchange resin. However, since 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, glucose and glycerol do not have an ion exchange property, these cannot be isolated from one another. Thus, said method does not provide sufficiently high purity and yield of 1,3-propanediol.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,428,992 discloses a method of isolating 1,3-propanediol using a cation exchange resin whose cation is selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, lead, iron, zinc and aluminum. However, cations are materials harmful or dangerous to the human body.
Korean Patent Publication No. 2002-0037064 discloses a method of isolating 1,3-propanediol from a biological mixture using zeolite. However, there is no description regarding a specific purity of 1,3-propanediol. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,527,973 and 6,361,983 disclose a method of isolating 1,3-propanediol using distillation. However, distillation requires high energy and is inefficient in the removal of 1,2-propandiol having a boiling point of 187.6° C.
Therefore, there is a still demand for a method of efficiently isolating 1,3-propandiol with a high purity from a biological culture medium or other solutions containing glucose, glycerol and 1,2-propanediol.

Method of isolating 1,3-propanediol or 1,3-propanediol and 1,2-propanediol from solution containing 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-propanediol, glycerol, and glucose


The composite article of the present invention comprises a resin binder impregnated fiberglass matte having adjacent to one or more of said matte's edges a strip of semi-rigid foam. On one or more surface of the core is bonded one or more reinforcing or decorative layers. Further disclosed is the method for making these composite articles.

Composite trim panels of fiberglass, foam or other materials are used in the manufacture of automobiles to enhance the aesthetics of the interior of the car. Such trim products are headliners, door panels and the like. In addition to decoratively covering the interior sheet metal, these components reduce the noise levels inside the automobile cab by acting as noise absorbers. The objective of manufacturers of these products has been and still is to produce a product which is simple, inexpensive and safe to manufacture, but which is lightweight and self-supporting.
In the past, these components have been manufactured from resin bonded fiberglass or foam materials. These compositions would be used as the core of the article upon which reinforcing materials and decorative layers would be bonded to produce the unitary composite structure. However, the processes used for the manufacture of these products does not result in a product having the required actual dimensions required to meet the automotive manufacturers specification (net shape). This means that post formation cutting is required This is not a problem where fiberglass is not a principal constituent. However, when fiberglass is a primary material, the exposed edges of the article after being cut to the net shape result in exposed fiberglass material. This presents handling and environmental problems for the manufacturers as well as the ultimate user of the product.
Therefore, what is needed in this art is a composite article which meets all of the industries needs regarding the physical properties of the resulting composite article but which uses fiberglass material in such a way that the method of manufacture results in a composite article having no exposed fiberglass.

Composite article and method of making same