Stress cracking in poly(alkylene terephthalate) articles of manufacture is prevented by applying to the article a hydrophilic-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon having either an alkyl or aryl side chain, such as, sodium xylene sulfonate. Preferably, the stress crack inhibitor is applied to the article in the form of an aqueous fatty acid-based lubricant.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to compositions for inhibiting stress cracking in poly(alkylene terephthalate) articles of manufacture. More particularly, the present invention concerns aqueous-based fatty acid lubricant compositions containing such stress crack inhibitors. Even more particularly, the present invention concerns aqueous fatty acid-based lubricant concentrates and use solutions therefor which contain such stress crack inhibitors.
2. Prior Art
As is known to those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains there has been an ever increasing usage of synthetic resinous containers for fluids and solids. Likewise, as is known to those skilled in the art, such containers are normally filled or washed by passing them through filling and capping stations or through a washing system along manually, mechanically or electronically-operated conveyor systems.
In order to ensure efficient operation of the filling or washing systems it is essential that the conveyor systems, per se, be continuously lubricated. Otherwise, the containers may stack up along the conveyor system and their movement could be impeded.
Thus, the conveyors are, ordinarily, continuously lubricated by applying to the conveyor a lubricant, such as by spraying or the like. Typically, conventional lubricants contain amines, alcohols and other constituents which have a deleterious effect on the poly(alkylene terephthalate) article disposed along the conveyor system.
Indeed, it has long been known that exposure by such articles to these lubricants leads to a phenomenon which has been identified as "stress cracking" and is especially prevalent in poly(alkylene terephthalate) containers and other such articles of manufacture. This is true with respect to both poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) containers.
As noted, conventional aqueous-based lubricants containing alcohols and/or amines do not inhibit or prevent stress cracking in such containers, but rather, promote stress cracking.
In the copending application referred to above, there is disclosed a highly dilutable aqueous lubricant concentrate which appears to inhibit stress cracking by combining a tertiary alkyl amine as a saponifying agent, and an alkyl aryl sulfonate, as a solubilizing agent for a long chain fatty acid. While the compositions of the copending application are efficacious for preparing highly dilutable lubricants, it has now been found that the tertiary amine, per se, is not essential to the prevention of stress cracking, in poly(alkylene terephthalate) articles. Rather, it has now been found that a certain class of alkyl aryl sulfonates and other hydrophile-terminated aromatic compounds, when combined with free-base amines, will inhibit stress cracking when formulated into fatty acid lubricants. This finding enables the production of dilutable, cost efficient, fatty acid-based aqueous lubricant compositions without any dilatory effects caused by the presence of the amine. Likewise, this finding enables implementation of other means and methods for inhibiting stress cracking in poly(alkylene terephthalate) articles.
Heretofore, the only proposed method of inhibiting stress cracking in plastic bottles known to the applicants, has been the incorporation of an alkali metal salt of a hydrophilic substituted aromatic hydrocarbon and other hydrotropes into a liquid bleach, such as disclosed in EPA, EP No. 302705 AZ, filed Feb. 8, 1989. This application discloses the use of the hydrotropes as an adjustment to the bleach to inhibit stress cracking in high density polyethylene containers. Yet, the art has not directed itself to lubricants and other media for inhibiting stress cracking in polyethylene or polybutylene terephthalate bottles or other articles of manufacture.

Compositions for preventing stress cracks in poly(alkylene terephthalate) articles and methods of use therefor


A new cultivar of Hydrangea plant named ‘ZORRO’ that is characterized by prominent dark purple-brown stems, dark green foliage and bright pink flowers. In combination these traits set ‘ZORRO’ apart from all other existing varieties of Hydrangea known to the inventor.

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of hydrangea that is grown as an ornamental shrub for its prominent dark purple-brown stems, compact habit, dark green foliage and bright pink flowers. The new cultivar is known botanically as Hydrangea macrophylla and will be referred to hereinafter by the cultivar name 'ZORRO'.
'ZORRO' was discovered by the inventor at the inventor's nursery in Reeuwijk, The Netherlands in October 2000 as a whole plant which had developed from a naturally occurring branch mutation of the variety Hydrangea macrophylla 'Blaumeise' (unpatented). The unique characteristics of 'ZORRO' became apparent to the inventor when the original branch mutation matured into a whole plant.
'ZORRO' differs from the parent 'Blaumeise' in respect of plant habit and stem color. Whereas 'Blaumeise' achieves a height of 1.5 m after one year of production, 'ZORRO' only achieves a height of approximately 42.5 cm in one year. Whereas the stems of 'Blaumeise' are typically dark green as for the genus, the stems of 'ZORRO' are darker purple brown.
The closest comparison variety to 'ZORRO' known to the inventor is the dark stemmed variety Hydrangea macrophylla 'Nigra'. Whereas but Hydrangea macrophylla 'Nigra' is a mophead type of Hydrangea, 'ZORRO' is a lacecap type.
The distinguishing characteristic of 'ZORRO' is the very dark purple-brown coloration of the stems which are prominent in contrasting with the dark green foliage and bright pink flowers.
The first asexual reproduction of 'ZORRO' was conducted by the inventor in August 2001 in a cultivated area of Boskoop, The Netherlands. The method used for asexual propagation was softwood cuttings. The inventor has determined that the characteristics of the 'ZORRO' are fixed and are reproduced true to type in successive generations of asexual propagation.
An application for a grant of European Community Plant Breeders Rights was filed on Dec. 3, 2001, Serial number 2001/1943. This application has matured into a grant of European Community Plant Breeders Rights, issued on Jun. 21. 2004, grant number 13,555.
All plants of 'ZORRO' remained at the breeder's premises and under the breeder's control until the breeder made the first sale and delivery in March 2005.


Provided is a method for assigning register tags to instructions at issue time. The method comprises receiving an instruction for execution by a microprocessor. The method further comprises dispatching the instruction to an issue queue without assigning a register tag to the instruction. The method further comprises determining that the instruction is ready to issue. In response to determining that the instruction is ready to issue, the method comprises assigning an available register tag to the instruction. The method further comprises issuing the instruction.

The present disclosure relates generally to the field of computing, and more particularly to assigning register tags to instructions being executed by a microprocessor at issue time.
A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit on one or more integrated circuits (ICs). Processors execute instructions (e.g., store instructions) based on a clock cycle. A clock cycle, or simply "cycle," is a single electronic pulse of the processor.

Assignment of microprocessor register tags at issue time

International Busines Machines Corporation


The machine is designed to form pallets by assembling cardboard longitudinal beams (1) and transverse beams (2) comprising means for storage, feed and dosing of longitudinal beams (1) and with means for storage, feed and dosing of transverse beams (2), means provided at corresponding areas (4, 5) for placing the longitudinal beams (1) longitudinally edgewise and coupling transversally thereto the corresponding transverse beams (2), both being provided with complementary notches for assembling the same. The longitudinal beams (1) from the area (4) are displaced on rails (16) and are situated in the area (5) where the transverse beams (2) fall and are pushed vertically by a pusher (22) to assemble the transverse beams (2) onto the longitudinal beams (1) previously and appropriately placed in the area.

Currently, there are machines to assemble the traditional wooden pallets made by transverse beams and battens that are nailed to each other. The Spanish patent P-9001274 relates to an automatic one way advance pallet nailing machine that includes the means to feed the wooden transverse beams and the wooden lath or batten strips to be nailed over the transverse elements, and also includes nail guns to effect the nailing action. This machine is also equipped with the means to switch the position or turn about the formed structures before feeding a new series of wooden strips over the opposite face of the structure and nail them to form a pallet.
This machine, besides being complex, since it requires the means to feed, nail, position, turning the structure around, etc, has the added inconvenient that has been designed for the assembly of wooden pallets, and therefore its structure cannot be used to assemble pallets made of cardboard longitudinal and transversal elements.


By coating a dip-formed article with a coating agent comprising a polymer latex dispersion-stabilized with a water-soluble high-molecular-weight compound containing an alcoholic hydroxyl group, a coated article having excellent donning and putting off properties and anti-blocking property, and exhibiting greatly reduced fine particles-releasability is obtained.

This invention relates to a coating agent and a coated article. More particularly, it relates to a coating agent giving a coated article by coating a dip-formed article such as a glove with the coating agent, which coated article can be easily donned and put off, from which fine particles are not easily released and which has an enhanced anti-blocking property; and to a coated article made by coating a dip-formed article with the coating agent.
Dip-formed articles made from natural rubber latex or synthetic rubber latex are used, for example, as rubber gloves and finger cots. In general the skin-contacting inner surface of a rubber glove is sticky and not slippery, and the rubber glove cannot be easily donned and put off. To facilitate donning and putting off of the rubber glove, various methods have been proposed. For example, to enhance the anti-sticking property, a method of applying a dusting powder such as talc powder onto the inner surface of a glove, and a method of subjecting the inner surface of a glove to a chlorinating treatment to form protrusions on the inner surface. However, in the former method, the applied dusting powder is easily released upon donning and putting off the glove, and, when the glove is used in a medical field including surgery, the released dusting powder may contaminate an operated part and cause postoperative complications. In the latter method, the treating cost is high, the facilitation of donning and putting off cannot be enhanced to the desired extent, and the use of chlorine may cause environmental pollution.
Further, proposals of enhancing donning and putting-off properties of a glove have been made wherein an elastomer layer or a resin layer, which contains fine particles incorporated therein, is formed on the inner surface of a glove. For example, a medical rubber glove has been proposed in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. S60-6655 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,070,713), which has an inner lubricating layer formed from a latex of carboxylated styrene-butadiene rubber having starch dispersed therein. A rubber glove has been proposed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (hereinafter abbreviated to xe2x80x9cJP-Axe2x80x9d) No. H11-61527, which has an inner lubricating resin layer formed from an aqueous dispersion comprising a synthetic rubber latex and an organic filler, which rubber latex is incapable of being coagulated with a coagulant contained in a main rubber layer of the rubber glove. These proposals provide an improvement in the donning and putting-off properties to some extent, but, the surfaces of fine particles as lubricant are partly covered with a rubber latex. Thus, the improvement in donning and putting-off properties achieved is still not to the desired extent, and the inner lubricating layer tends to stick to each other and the sticking parts are difficult to separate.
A rubber glove has been proposed in JP-A H8-294930 which is made by forming on a glove form a covering resin layer from a rubber latex formulation comprising, as the principal ingredients, fine thermoplastic resin particles, a rubber latex, and a blocked isocyanate. By the use of a blocked isocyanate, adhesion of the thermoplastic resin particles to an elastomer layer formed from the rubber latex is enhanced, but, the improvement in the donning and putting-off properties is still not to the desired extent. Further, adhesion of the covering resin layer to a main rubber layer is poor, and thus, the covering resin layer tends to be separated from the main rubber layer, and pliability of the glove is liable to deteriorate due to the elastomer crosslinked with the blocked isocyanate.
In view of the foregoing prior art, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a dip-formed article such as, for example, a rubber glove, which can easily be donned and put off, and wherein fine particles and an elastomer ingredient not released, or are released only to a very slight extent, when the glove is donned or put off, or during wearing, and the inner elastomer coating layer exhibits an enhanced anti-blocking property; and to provide a coating agent used for the dip-formed article.
The present inventors made extensive research to achieve the above-mentioned object, and found that the aimed coated article is obtained by coating a dip-formed article with a coating agent comprising a polymer latex having incorporated there in a special dispersion stabilizer. Based on this finding, the present invention has been completed.
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a coating agent comprising a polymer latex dispersion-stabilized with a water-soluble high-molecular weight compound having an alcoholic hydroxyl group. Preferably the coating agent further comprises fine particles.
In accordance with the present invention, there is further provided a coated article made by coating a dip-formed article with the above-mentioned coating agent.
The polymer latex which can be used in the coating agent of the present invention is a polymer latex dispersion-stabilized with a water-soluble high-molecular weight compound having an alcoholic hydroxyl group (which compound is hereinafter referred to as xe2x80x9chydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymerxe2x80x9d when appropriate).
As specific examples of the hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer, there can be mentioned vinyl alcohol polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol and various modified products thereof; alkali-soluble polymers having an alcoholic hydroxyl group; cellulose derivatives such as alkyl celluloses, hydroxyalkyl celluloses, alkylhydroxyalkyl celluloses and carboxymethyl cellulose; starch derivatives such as alkyl starches, carboxymethyl starch and oxidized starch; arabian gum and tragacanth gum; and polyalkylene glycols. Of these, vinyl alcohol polymers and alkali-soluble polymers having an alcoholic hydroxyl group are preferable because industrially quality-stabilized products thereof are easily available. Vinyl alcohol polymers are especially preferable because their coating layers have excellent water-resistance.
The hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer preferably has a molecular weight (weight average molecular weight) of at least 2,000. When the molecular weight is smaller than 2,000, the dispersion-stabilizing effect is reduced.
The vinyl alcohol polymers are those which have vinyl alcohol units, are substantially soluble in water and, when they are used in polymerization, are capable of forming a stable polymer latex. Such vinyl alcohol polymers can easily be made by, for example, a process wherein a vinyl ester polymer is prepared by polymerizing a vinyl monomer composition comprising a vinyl ester monomer or monomers as principal ingredient by a publicly known procedure (namely, a homopolymer of a vinyl ester monomer, a copolymer of at least two kinds of vinyl ester monomers or a copolymer of a vinyl ester monomer with other ethylenically unsaturated monomer is prepared), and then, the vinyl ester polymer is saponified by an ordinary procedure. Vinyl alcohol polymers having a modifying group such as a mercapto group having introduced to their side chains or at terminals can also be used.
The vinyl ester monomers can be used provided that they are capable of being radically polymerized, and, as specific examples thereof, there can be mentioned vinyl formate, vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, isopropenyl acetate, vinyl valerate, vinyl caprate, vinyl laurate, vinyl stearate, vinyl benzoate, vinyl versatate and vinyl pivalate. Of these, vinyl acetate is preferable because it is industrially less costly produced.
As specific examples of the monomer copolymerizable with the vinyl ester monomer, there can be mentioned olefins such as ethylene, propylene, 1-butene and isobutene; unsaturated carboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, maleic anhydride, phthalic anhydride, trimellitic anhydride and itaconic anhydride; acrylic acid esters such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, t-butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate and octadecyl acrylate; methacrylic acid esters such as methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, t-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate and octadecyl methacrylate; unsaturated carboxylic acid esters such as dimethyl phthalate, diethyl maleate and diisopropyl itaconate; vinyl ethers such as methyl vinyl ether, n-propyl vinyl ether, isopropyl vinyl ether, n-butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether, t-butyl vinyl ether, dodecyl vinyl ether and stearyl vinyl ether; nitriles such as acrylonitrile and methacrylonitrile; vinyl halides such as vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl fluoride and vinylidene fluoride; allyl compounds such as allyl acetate and allyl chloride; sulfonic acid group-containing compounds such as ethylenesulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid, methallylsulfonic acid and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid; vinylsilane compounds such as vinyltrimethoxysilane; and monomers having a quaternary ammonium group such as 3-acrylamidepropyl-trimethylammonium chloride and 3-methacrylamidepropyl-trimethylammonium chloride.
The degree of saponification of the vinyl ester polymers varies depending upon the presence of a modifying group, and the kind and amount thereof, but, in view of solubility in water, the degree of saponification is preferably in the range of 40 to 99.99% by mole, more preferably 50 to 99.99% by mole, especially preferably 60 to 99.5% by mole and most preferably 80 to 95% by mole. If the degree of saponification is too small, the dispersion stability of polymer particles is reduced. The hydroxyl value of this vinyl alcohol polymer is in a range of about 350 to 1,270 KOHmg/g, preferably about 550 to 1,200 KOHmg/g.
The vinyl ester polymer preferably has a viscosity average degree of polymerization in the range of 50 to 8,000, more preferably 100 to 6,000 and especially preferably 500 to 3,000. When the degree of polymerization is too low, the stability of polymerization is poor. In contrast, when the degree of polymerization is too high, the polymer latex has a very high viscosity and the removal of heat upon polymerization for producing the latex becomes difficult.
The above-mentioned alkali-soluble polymer having an alcoholic hydroxyl group (hereinafter referred to as xe2x80x9chydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymerxe2x80x9d when appropriate) is prepared by neutralizing with a base a polymer preferably having a hydroxyl value in the range of 200 to 450 KOHmg/g, more preferably 300 to 440 KOHmg/g and especially preferably 400 to 430 KOHmg/g, and preferably having an acid value in the range of 50 to 300 KOHmg/g, more preferably 60 to 200 KOHmg/g and especially preferably 70 to 150 KOHmg/g. When the hydroxyl value and the acid value are too small, the stability of monomers at polymerization is reduced. In contrast, when the hydroxyl value and the acid value are too large, the coating layer is poor in practical characteristics such as water resistance and drying property.
The hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer preferably has a weight average molecular weight in the range of 2,000 to 100,000, more preferably 2,000 to 50,000 and especially preferably 2,000 to 20,000. With a decrease of the weight average molecular weight, the stability of monomers at polymerization is decreased. In contrast, with an increase of the weight average molecular weight, the polymer latex becomes very viscous and the removal of heat upon polymerization for producing the latex becomes difficult.
The hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer is prepared by, for example, copolymerizing an alcoholic hydroxyl group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer with an ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer and then neutralizing the obtained copolymer with a base.
The alcoholic hydroxyl group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer is a monomer having at least one alcoholic hydroxyl group in one molecule, and includes, for example, ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid ester monomers, ethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acid ester monomers, ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid amide monomers, vinyl ether monomers, vinyl ketone monomers and aromatic vinyl monomers. As specific examples of the alcoholic hydroxyl group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer, there can be mentioned ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid ester monomers such as hydroxymethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 3-phenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, glycerol monoacrylate, hydroxybutyl acrylate, hydroxyhexyl acrylate, hydroxyoctyl acrylate, hydroxymethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, 3-phenoxy-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate, glycerol monomethacrylate, hydroxybutyl methacrylate, hydroxyhexyl methacrylate and hydroxyoctyl methacrylate; ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid amide monomers such as N-methylolacrylamide, N,Nxe2x80x2-dimethylolacryamide, N-2-hydroxyethylacrylamide, N-2-hydroxypropylacrylamide, N-3-hydroxypropylacrylamide, N-methylolmethacrylamide, N,Nxe2x80x2-dimethylolmethacryamide, N-2-hydroxyethylmethacrylamide, N-2-hydroxypropylmethacrylamide and N-3-hydroxypropylmethacrylamide; ethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acid ester monomers such as di-(ethylene glycol) itaconate, di(propylene glycol) itaconate, bis(2-hydroxypropyl) itaconate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) itaconate, bis(2-hydroxyethyl) fumarate and bis(2-hydroxyethyl) maleate; vinyl ether monomers such as 2-hydroxyethyl vinyl ether; vinyl ketone monomers such as hydroxymethyl vinyl ketone; aromatic vinyl monomers such as hydroxymethylstyrene; and allyl alcohol. Of these, ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid ester monomers and ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid amide monomers are preferable. More specifically ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid ester monomers such as 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate are preferable.
The alcoholic hydroxyl group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer may be used either alone or as a combination of at least two thereof. The amount of the alcoholic hydroxyl group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer is such that a hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer having a desired hydroxyl value is obtained.
The ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer is not particularly limited provided that it is an ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer having an acid group such as, for example, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group or a phosphoric acid group. The ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer includes, for example, an ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, an ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acid monomer and a phosphorus-containing ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer.
As specific examples of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, there can be mentioned ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and crotonic acid; ethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acids such as fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid and butenetricarboxylic acid; and partially esterified products of ethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acids such as monoethyl maleate and monomethyl itaconate.
As specific examples of the ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acids, there can be mentioned ethylenically unsaturated sulfonic acids such as vinylsulfonic acid, styrenesulfonic acid, allylsulfonic acid and methallylsulfonic acid; and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid, 2-acrylamide-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, 3-sulfopropyl acrylate, 3-sulfopropyl methacrylate, and bis(3-sulfopropyl) itaconate.
As specific examples of the phosphorus-containing ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer, there can be mentioned vinylphosphonic acid, vinyl phosphate, bis(methacryloyloxy-ethyl) phosphate, diphenyl-2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate, dibutyl-2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate and dioctyl-2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphate.
These ethylenically unsaturated acid monomers may be used in the form of an alkali metal salt or an ammonium salt.
The ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer may be used either alone or as a combination of at least two thereof. Of the ethylenically unsaturated acid monomers, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers are preferable.
Ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids such as acrylic acid and methacrylic acid are especially preferable. Acrylic acid is most preferable. The amount of ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer may be chosen so as to obtain a hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer having a desired acid value.
The alcoholic hydroxyl group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer and the ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer may be copolymerized with other monomer copolymerizable therewith, provided that the effect of the present invention is not injured. As specific examples of such copolymerizable monomers, there can be mentioned aromatic vinyl monomers such as styrene, xcex1-methylstyrene, vinyltoluene and chlorostyrene; ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid ester monomers such as methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, trifluoroethyl acrylate, tetrafluoropropyl acrylate, methoxymethyl acrylate, ethoxyethyl acrylate, cyanomethyl acrylate, 2-cyanoethyl acrylate, glycidyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, trifluoroethyl methacrylate, tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate, methoxymethyl methacrylate, ethoxyethyl methacrylate, cyanomethyl methacrylate, 2-cyanoethyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate; ethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acid ester monomers such as dibutyl maleate, dibutyl fumarate and diethyl maleate; ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid amide monomers such as acrylamide, N-methoxymethylacrylamide, methacrylamide and N-methoxymethylmethacrylamide; and ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomers such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, fumaronitrile, xcex1-chloroacrylonitrile and xcex1-cyanoethylacrylonitrile.
The process for producing a hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer used in the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, said polymer is obtained by a process wherein a mixture comprising an alcoholic hydroxyl group-containing ethylenically unsaturated monomer, an ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer and an optional other copolymerizable monomer is copolymerized by a conventional procedure in an aqueous medium, namely, water or a mixture comprising water and an optional water-soluble organic solvent such as an alcohol, and then the acid groups contained in the resulting copolymer are partially or completely neutralized with a base.
A polymerization initiator used for the production of the hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer includes, for example, inorganic peroxides such as sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, ammonium persulfate, potassium perphosphate and hydrogen peroxide; organic peroxides such as diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl hydroperoxide, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, di-t-butyl peroxide, di- xcex1-cumyl peroxide, acetyl peroxide, isobutyryl peroxide and benzoyl peroxide; and azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile, azobis-2,4-dimethylvarelonitrile and methyl azobisisobutyrate. These polymerization initiators may be used either alone or as a combination of at least two thereof. The amount of polymerization initiator varies depending upon the kind thereof, but is usually in the range of 0.1 to 20 parts by weight, preferably 0.2 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the monomers. The polymerization initiator may be added either at once at the commencement of polymerization or in lots.
The polymerization initiator may be used as a redox catalyst, namely, a combination thereof with a reducing agent. The reducing agent used in the redox catalyst includes, for example, a compound containing a metal ton in a reduced state, such as ferrous sulfate and cuprous naphthenate; a sulfonic acid compound such as sodium methanesulfonate; and an amine compound such as dimethylaniline. These reducing agents may be used either alone or as a combination of at least two thereof. The amount of reducing agent varies depending upon the kind thereof, but is preferably in the range of 0.03 to 10 parts by weight per part by weight of the polymerization initiator.
An emulsifier may be used at polymerization for producing a hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer, although it is not indispensable. The emulsifier used includes conventional emulsifiers such as a polymerizable emulsifier which is a surface active agent having at least one polymerizable carbon-carbon double bond in the molecule, and nonionic, anionic, cationic and amphoteric surface active agents. Of these, a polymerizable emulsifier is preferable.
As specific examples of the polymerizable emulsifier, there can be mentioned anionic polymerizable emulsifiers such as propenyl-2-ethylhexylbenzenesulfosuccinic acid ester sodium salt, acrylic acid polyoxyethylene sulfate ester, methacrylic acid polyoxyethylene sulfate ester, polyoxyethylene-alkyl-propenyl-ether ammonium sulfate ester salts, acrylic acid polyoxyethylene phosphate ester and methacrylic acid polyoxyethylene phosphate ester; and nonionic polymerizable emulsifiers such as polyoxyethylene-alkylbenzene-ether acrylate esters, polyoxyethylene-alkylbenzene-ether methacrylate esters, polyoxyethylene-alkyl-ether acrylate esters and polyoxyethylene-alkyl-ether methacrylate esters.
As specific examples of the anionic surface active agent, there can be mentioned higher alcohol sulfate esters, alkylbenzenesulfonic acid salts, aliphatic sulfonic acid salts, polyoxyethylene-alkyl-arylsulfonic acid salts and polyphosphoric acid salt. As specific examples of the nonionic surface active agent, there can be mentioned polyethylene glycol alkyl esters, polyethylene glycol alkylphenyl ethers and polyethylene glycol alkyl ethers. As specific examples of the cationic surface active agent, there can be mentioned aliphatic amine salts and their quaternary ammonium salts, aromatic quaternary ammonium salts and heterocyclic quaternary ammonium salts. As specific examples of the amphoteric surface active agent, there can be mentioned carboxybetain, sulfobetaine, amino carboxylic acid salts and imidazoline derivatives.
These emulsifiers may be used either alone or as a combination of at least two thereof. The amount of emulsifier used is usually in the range of 0.01 to 2 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the monomers.
A chain transfer agent may be used at polymerization for producing a hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer. As specific examples of the chain transfer agent, there can be mentioned mercapto group-containing compounds such as mercaptans (such as n-hexylmercaptan, n-octyl-mercaptan, t-octylmercaptan, n-dodecylmercaptan, t-dodecyl-mercaptan and n-stearylmercaptan), thioglycolic acid, thiomalic acid and 2-ethylhexyl thioglycolate; xanthogen compounds such as dimethylxanthogen disulfide and diisopropylxanthogen disulfide; xcex1-methylstyrene dimer and its derivatives such as 2,4-diphenyl-4-methyl-1-pentene, 2,4-diphenyl-4-methyl-2-pentene and 1,1,3-trimethyl-3-phenylindane; terpinolene; thiuram compounds such as tetramethylthiuram disulfide, tetraethylthiuram disulfide and tetramethylthiuram monosulfide; phenolic compounds such as 2,6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol and styrenated phenol, allyl compounds such as allyl alcohol, acrolein and methacrolein; halogenated hydrocarbon compounds such as dichloromethane, dibromomethane, carbon tetrachloride and carbon tetrabromide; vinyl ethers such as xcex1-benzyloxystyrene, xcex1-benzyloxyacrylonitrile and xcex1-benzyloxyacrylamide; and triphenylethane and pentaphenylethane.
Of these, mercapto group-containing compounds are preferable because of high efficiency for chain transfer. As the mercapto group-containing compounds, those which have not larger than 50 carbon atoms, especially not larger than 20 carbon atoms, are preferable. As specific examples of the preferable mercapto group-containing compounds, there can be mentioned alkylmercaptans such as n-octylmercapan, n-dodecylmercaptan and t-dodecylmercaptan; and 2-mercatoethanol and 3-mercaptopropionic acid.
The amount of chain transfer agent is usually in the range of 0.01 to 10 parts by weight based on 100 parts by weight of the monomers. The kind and amount of chain transfer agent may be appropriately chosen so as to obtain a hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer having a desired molecular weight. The procedure for adding the chain transfer agent is not particularly limited, and it may be added at once, or intermittently or continuously to a polymerization system.
As for polymerization conditions, the polymerization temperature is usually in the range of 0 to 100xc2x0 C., preferably 30 to 90xc2x0 C., and the polymerization time is usually in the range of about 10 minutes to 5 hours.
The base used for neutralization includes alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide; alkaline earth metal hydroxides such as calcium hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide; ammonia; amines such as methylamine, ethylamine, isopropylamine, dimethylamine, N,N-dimethylethanolamine, diisopropylamine, trimethylamine and triethanolamine. Of these, amines and ammonia are preferable. Ammonia is especially preferable. Of these, water-soluble bases may be used as an aqueous solution. When the acid groups contained in the copolymer are partially neutralized, neutralization is carried out to an extent such that the degree of neutralization is preferably at least 70% by mole, more preferably at least 90% by mole.
The composition of a polymer constituting the polymer latex used in the present invention is not particularly limited, and the polymer includes, for example, a styrene-butadiene copolymer, an acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer, polymers of acrylic acid derivatives and polymers of methacrylic acid derivatives. However, when a coating layer having a high light resistance is required, a polymer having no conjugated diene units is preferably used.
The monomers used for making the polymer latex include, for example, conjugated diene monomers, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomers, aromatic vinyl monomers, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester monomers, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid amide monomers and ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomers. Of these, ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester monomers are preferably used as a principal ingredient.
As specific examples of the conjugated diene monomer, there can be mentioned 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 1,3-pentadiene and chloroprene. Of these, 1,3-butadiene is preferable. The conjugated diene monomer is used usually in an amount of 0 to 90% by weight, preferably 0 to 80% by weight, based on the total monomers. When the amount of conjugated diene monomers is too large, the resulting coated article cannot easily be donned and put off, and has poor anti-blocking property.
As specific examples of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, there can be mentioned ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acids such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid and crotonic acid; ethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acids such as fumaric acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid and butenetricarboxylic acid; and partially esterified products of ethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acids such as monoethyl maleate and monomethyl itaconate. The ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is used usually in an amount of 0 to 20% by weight, preferably 0 to 10% by weight, based on the total monomers. When the amount of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer is too large, fine particles contained in an inner coating layer of the resulting coated article tends to be easily released, and the coated article has poor water resistance.
As specific examples of the aromatic vinyl monomer, there can be mentioned styrene, xcex1-methylstyrene, vinyltoluene, chlorbstyrene and hydroxymethylstyrene. The aromatic vinyl monomer is used usually in an amount of 0 to 80% by weight, preferably 0 to 75% by weight, based on the total monomers. When the amount of aromatic vinyl monomer is too large, fine particles contained in an inner coating layer of the resulting coated article tends to be easily released (which tendency is hereinafter referred to as xe2x80x9cfine particles-releasabilityxe2x80x9d when appropriate).
The ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester monomer is an ester of an ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid or an ethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acid with an alcohol which may have a substituent such as halogen. As specific examples of the ethylenically unsaturated monocarboxylic acid ester monomer, there can be mentioned methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, trifluoroethyl acrylate, tetrafluoropropyl acrylate, methoxymethyl acrylate, ethoxyethyl acrylate, cyanomethyl acrylate, 2-cyanoethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, glycidyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, trifluoroethyl methacrylate, tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate, methoxymethyl methacrylate, ethoxyethyl methacrylate, cyanomethyl methacrylate, 2-cyanoethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and glycidyl methacrylate. As specific examples of the ethylenically unsaturated polycarboxylic acid ester monomer, there can be mentioned dibutyl maleate, dibutyl fumarate and diethyl maleate. The amount of these ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester monomers is not particularly limited. A preferable copolymer can be made only from a combination of these ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid ester monomers.
As specific examples of the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid amide monomer, there can be mentioned acrylamide, N-methylolacrylamide, N,N-dimethylolacryamide, N-methoxynfethylacrylamide, methacrylamide, N-methylolmethacrylamide, N,N-dimethylolmethacryamide and N-methoxymethylmethacrylamide. The ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid amide monomer is used usually in an amount of 0 to 10% by weight, preferably 0 to 5% by weight, based on the total monomers. When the amount of ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid amide monomer is too large, fine particles-releasability becomes large.
As specific examples of the ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer, there can be mentioned acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, fumaronitrile, xcex1-chloroacrylonitrile and xcex1-cyanoethylacrylonitrile. The ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer is used usually in an amount of 0 to 50% by weight, preferably 0 to 40% by weight, based on the total monomers. When the amount of ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer is too large, the resulting coated article is undesirably colored, and fine particles-releasability becomes large.
The polymer latex used in the present invention preferably has an average particle diameter in the range of 10 to 5,000 nm, more preferably 30 to 2,000 nm and especially preferably 50 to 1,000 nm. With a decrease of the average particle diameter, the polymerization liquid is liable to become viscous and the handling thereof tends to become difficult. In contrast, with an increase of the average particle diameter, a uniform coating layer becomes difficult to form.
The polymer constituting the polymer latex usually has a glass transition temperature of xe2x88x9250 to 100xc2x0 C. If the glass transition temperature is too low, an inner coating layer of the coated article becomes sticky, and the coated article cannot easily be donned and put off, and has poor anti-blocking property. In contrast, if the glass transition temperature is too high, when a coated article is drawn, fine cracks are liable to occur in an inner coating layer and the inner coating layer tends to be separated from a dip-formed article.
In a process for producing the polymer latex, a polymerization initiator can be used, which includes those recited above as examples of the polymerization initiator used for the production of a hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer. Among the above-recited polymerization initiators, water-soluble peroxides are preferable. A persulfuric acid salt is especially preferable. The amount of polymerization initiator is usually in the range of 0.05 to 3 parts by weight, preferably 0.1 to 2 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the monomers.
The procedure of adding the polymerization initiator is not particularly limited. For example, there can be employed a procedure wherein the total amount of polymerization initiator is put at once in a polymerization vessel before commencement of polymerization; a procedure wherein a part of the polymerization initiator is put in a polymerization vessel before commencement of polymerization, and, when a predetermined time elapses from the commencement of polymerization, the residual part of polymerization initiator is added; and a procedure wherein a part of the polymerization initiator is put in a polymerization vessel before commencement of polymerization, and, the residual part of polymerization initiator is intermittently or continuously added during polymerization.
If desired, a chain transfer agent can be used. As the chain transfer agent, those which are recited above as examples of the chain transfer agent used for the production of a hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer can be used in a desired amount.
An emulsifier may be used provided that the effect of the present invention is substantially obtained, although the emulsifier is not indispensable especially when a hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer is used as a dispersion stabilizer. As the emulsifier, those which are recited above as examples used for the production of a hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer can be used in a desired amount.
The amount of monomers used in polymerization for the polymer latex is preferably in the range of 10 to 80 parts by weight, more preferably 20 to 70 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the aqueous medium used for polymerization. The polymerization temperature is usually in the range of 0 to 100xc2x0 C., preferably 30 to 90xc2x0 C. The polymerization time is usually in the range of 1 to 20 hours.
After commencement of polymerization, when it reaches a desired polymerization conversion, polymerization is stopped. The stopping of polymerization is conducted by adding a polymerization stopper or merely cooling the polymerization system. After termination of polymerization, unreacted monomers can be removed, if desired.
The polymerization conditions and procedures, other than those mentioned above, are not particularly limited, and can be the same as those which are employed in conventional emulsion polymerization procedures.
To the polymer latex used in the present invention, if desired, auxiliaries such as a chelating agent, a dispersant, a pH adjuster, an antiseptic agent, a plasticizer and an antifoaming agent can be added during polymerization or after polymerization.
The procedure by which the polymer latex is dispersion-stabilized with a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer includes, for example, a procedure wherein the polymerization for producing the polymer latex is carried out in the presence of a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer; a procedure wherein a polymer latex is prepared by an emulsion polymerization process using a surface active agent or by emulsifying, after polymerization, a polymer made by a polymerization process other than an emulsion polymerization process, and then, a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer is added to the resulting polymer latex; and a procedure wherein a polymer, made by a polymerization process other than an emulsion polymerization process, is emulsified in an aqueous medium by using a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer as an emulsifier. Of these, the procedure wherein the polymerization for producing the polymer latex is carried out in the presence of a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer is preferable. Especially preferably, the polymerization in this procedure is carried out in an aqueous medium.
The amount of the hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer contained in the polymer latex is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 100 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 60 parts by weight and especially preferably 2 to 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of polymer.
In the case when a monomer or monomers for the polymer latex are polymerized in the presence of a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer, the amount of the hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer used is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 100 parts by weight, more preferably 1 to 60 parts by weight, especially preferably 2 to 20 parts by weight, and most preferably 3 to 10 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the monomers. When the amount of a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer is too small, the stability of polymerization system becomes poor, and aggromerates are produced in a large amount, and the mechanical and chemical stabilities of polymer latex are reduced. In contrast, when the amount of a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer is too large, the removal of polymerization heat becomes difficult due to undesirable increase of the viscosity of polymerization system, the resulting polymer latex has too high viscosity and is difficult to handle, and an inner coating layer has poor water resistance.
As for the procedure of adding an hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer, there can be employed a procedure wherein the whole amount thereof is added at once at polymerization, and a procedure wherein a part thereof is added at polymerization and the residual part is added after completion of polymerization. As examples of the procedure of adding monomers, there can be mentioned (i) a procedure wherein the entire amount of monomers are added in a lot into a polymerization vessel and then a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer is added to initiate polymerization, (ii) a procedure wherein monomers and a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer are previously mixed together in an aqueous medium to prepare an emulsion, and then, the emulsion is added in lots or continuously into a polymerization vessel to conduct polymerization, and (iii) a procedure wherein a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer is added into a polymerization vessel, and then, monomers are added in lots or continuously into the polymerization vessel to conduct polymerization.
In the case when a vinyl alcohol polymer is used as the hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer, a procedure is preferably employed wherein monomers and the hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer are previously mixed together in an aqueous medium to prepare an emulsion, and then, the emulsion is continuously added into a polymerization vessel to conduct polymerization. In the case when a hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer is used, a procedure is preferably employed wherein the hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer is added into a polymerization vessel, and then, polymerization is conducted while a monomer or monomers are continuously added into the polymerization vessel. It is especially preferable in view of enhanced productivity that the hydroxyl group-containing alkali-soluble polymer is produced and then successively this polymerization procedure is carried out.
When the polymerization is conducted while a monomer or monomers are continuously added, the rate of addition of a monomer or monomers is preferably controlled so that the polymerization conversion is kept at a value in the range of 10 to 95% by weight, preferably 20 to 93% by weight and more preferably 30 to 90% by weight, based on the weight of the monomers which have been added into a polymerization vessel. If the polymerization conversion is too small, coarse polymer particles are liable to be produced. In contrast, if the polymerization conversion is too large, the viscosity of polymerization system tends to be undesirably increased.
When a monomer or monomers are polymerized in the presence of a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer, a part of the hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer is grafted with a polymer produced. In the polymer latex of the present invention, the graft ratio is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 80% by weight, more preferably 1 to 70% by weight, and especially preferably 2 to 60% by weight. The graft ratio as used herein means a ratio in % of the amount of a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer having been grafted with a polymer produced, to the amount of the monomers consumed for polymerization, namely, the amount of the polymer produced. When the graft ratio is too small, it is possible that the resulting coated article cannot easily be donned and put off, and has poor anti-blocking property. In contrast, the graft ratio is too large, the concentration of polymerization mixture must be reduced to avoid an undesirable increase of the viscosity of polymer latex.
A hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer which is free, i.e., have not been grafted with a polymer produced, can be separated, for example, by centrifugal separation. That is, when a polymerization mixture is subjected to centrifugal separation, a free hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer remains in the state of being dispersed in an aqueous layer and the other polymeric ingredients precipitate. By measuring the amount of the free hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer, the above-mentioned graft ratio can be calculated from the measured amount of free hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer, the amount of the hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer charged, the amount of the monomers charged, and the polymerization conversion.
When a vinyl alcohol polymer is used as a hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer, the polymerization reaction is carried out preferably in the presence of an alcohol to avoid agglomeration of polymer particles. An alcohol can be made present in a polymerization system before or at the commencement of polymerization, for example, by incorporating an alcohol before addition of a polymerization initiator in a polymerization vessel, or adding an alcohol to the polymerization system as a liquid medium or a part thereof, in which a polymerization initiator is dissolved. The alcohol used may be either monohydric or polyhydric, and is preferably soluble in water. As specific examples of the alcohol, there can be mentioned methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and glycerol. Of these, ethanol is preferable. The amount of alcohol is preferably in the range of 1 to 50 parts by weight, more preferably 3 to 20 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the monomers.
The coating agent of the present invention preferably comprises fine inorganic or organic particles in addition to the polymer latex dispersion-stabilized with the hydroxyl group-containing water-soluble polymer.
In the case a coating agent contains no fine inorganic or organic particles, it is preferable to use a polymer having a glass transition temperature in the range of 50 to 90xc2x0 C., more preferably 60 to 80xc2x0 C. as the polymer constituting the polymer latex to give a coated article having good donning and putting-off properties and good anti-blocking property and exhibiting reduced fine particles-releasability.
As specific examples of the fine inorganic particles, there can be mentioned fine particles of silica, magnesium oxide and titanium dioxide. As specific examples of the fine organic particles, there can be mentioned fine particles of acrylic resins, urethane resins, polyamide resins, olefin resins, formaldehyde resins, vinyl chloride resins, vinylidene chloride resins, nylon resins, cellulosic resins, starch, and crosslinked products thereof. These fine particles may be used either alone or as a combination of at least two kinds thereof. Of these, fine organic particles are preferable in view of enhanced adhesion to the polymer latex. Acrylic resins and acryl-styrene resins are especially preferable. Preferable fine organic particles have a glass transition temperature such that the particles are capable of being semi-molten by heat generated at a step of producing a dip-formed article. Such glass transition temperature is preferably in the range of 40 to 110xc2x0 C., more preferably 50 to 90xc2x0 C.
The fine particles preferably have a volume average particle diameter in the range of 1 to 50 xcexcm, more preferably 3 to 30 xcexcm so as to give a coated article having good donning and putting-off properties. When the volume average particle diameter is smaller than 1 xcexcm, the surface roughness of coating layer becomes undesirably small, and the coated article is liable to have poor donning and putting-off properties. In contrast, when the volume average particle diameter is larger than 50 xcexcm, the surface roughness of an inner coating layer becomes too large and the touch of a coated article during wearing is injured. The shape of fine particles is not particularly limited, but, true sphere is preferable because of good donning and putting-off properties.
The amount of fine particles is preferably in the range of 10 to 250 parts by weight, more preferably 30 to 200 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the solid content of polymer latex. When the amount of fine particles is smaller than 10 parts by weight, a coated article with good donning and putting-off properties cannot be obtained. In contrast, when the amount of fine particles is larger than 250 parts, the anti-blocking property is enhanced, but, the inner coating layer tends to have a too low elongation to follow the elongation of coated article and the fine particles-releasability becomes large. In the case the amount of fine particles exceeds 70 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the solid content of polymer latex, if the glass transition temperature of polymer latex is controlled to a value preferably in the range of xe2x88x9240 to 20xc2x0 C., more preferably xe2x88x9230 to 10xc2x0 C., and especially preferably xe2x88x9220 to 0xc2x0 C., a resulting coated article has excellent donning and putting-off properties and anti-blocking property, and the fine particles-releasability is reduced to a great extent. In this case, the amount of fine particles is preferably in the range of 80 to 200 parts by weight and more preferably 80 to 180 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the solid content of polymer latex.
The coating agent of the present invention is obtained by mixing together the above-mentioned polymer latex and, if desired, optional fine powdery particles or an aqueous dispersion thereof. The solid content of the coating agent is not particularly limited, but, is preferably in the range of 1 to 15% by weight, more preferably 5 to 10% by weight. The coating agent may further comprise additives such as a thickener, a wetting agent, an anti-foaming agent, a pH adjuster and an antioxidant, according to the need. Further, in order to improve drying property, film-forming property or other properties, hydrophilic solvents such as alcohols, Cellosolves, glycols and glycerin may be added.
The coated article of the present invention is made by coating a dip-formed article with the above-mentioned coating agent. The amount of coating agent is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 2 g/m2, more preferably 0.15 to 1.5 g/m2.
As specific examples of the dip-formed article, there can be mentioned gloves, finger cots and observation balloons. These dip-formed articles are made usually by conventional direct dip-forming, cohesion dip-forming and heat-sensitive dip-forming methods. The material of dip-formed article is not particularly limited, and the dip-formed article can be made from natural rubber latex or synthetic rubber latex. As specific examples of the synthetic rubber latex, there can be mentioned styrene-butadiene copolymer latex, acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer latex and carboxyl-modified acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer latex.
The method of coating a dip-formed article with the coating agent usually includes, for example, a method of dipping a dip-formed article in a bath of the coating agent, and a method of applying the coating agent to a dip-formed article.
The coating of dip-formed article can be conducted at a step following a dip-forming in the course of making a coated article from raw material, or conducted on a finished and stored dip-formed article. In either case, an as-coated dip-formed article is dried to give a coated article. The coating of dip-formed article may be conducted either on one surface or both surfaces thereof, and either on the whole surface or a part of the surface thereof.
The thus-made coated article of the present invention has excellent donning and putting-off properties and anti-blocking property, and greatly reduced fine particles-releasability. Therefore, the coated article is useful as a nipple of nursing bottle, medical articles such as a dropper, a duct and a water-pillow; toys such as a balloon, dolls, and a ball, and sporting goods; industrial articles such as a pressure bag and a gas storage bag; surgical gloves, household gloves, agricultural gloves and industrial gloves; and a finger cot. Especially preferably the coated article is used as a thin glove, especially a medical glove, having a thickness of 0.1 to 0.3 mm.
The invention will now be described specifically by the following working examples that by no means limit the scope of the invention. In the working examples, % and parts are % by weight and parts by weight, respectively, unless otherwise specified.


A hose plow attachment is provided. The device includes a frame removably securable to a vehicle bumper via a mounting bracket, wherein the frame includes an upper cross bar and a lower cross bar. In some embodiments, a platform is disposed between a lower surface of the upper cross bar and an upper surface of the lower cross bar, wherein an exterior surface of the platform comprises a material having a coefficient of friction less than one. In other embodiments, a plurality of rollers is rotatably affixed to a lower surface of the upper cross bar and an upper surface of the lower cross bar, wherein each roller of the plurality of rollers rotates about a longitudinal axis of the plurality of rollers.

The present invention relates to hose plows. More particularly, the present invention pertains to a hose plow attachment for securement under a vehicle bumper.
During typical firefighting activities, a large amount of equipment is utilized to combat the fire. Typically, one or more fire hoses are actively being used to direct water onto the fire. These fire hoses are typically a large diameter to ensure large volumes of water are transported, however, this also causes the fire hoses to be unwieldy and difficult to move from one location to another. Oftentimes, these fire hoses stretch across a street between a fire hydrant or other water source to the location of the fire. In such situations, it can be difficult to maneuver additional emergency or rescue vehicles within the area.
In order to clear a pathway for emergency responders during an active fire, a large amount of manpower is typically required. Additional firefighters or emergency responders must lift or maneuver the large and heavy fire hoses to create a space in the vicinity for the emergency vehicle. This can divert manpower and effort away from combatting the fire, which could in turn increase the amount time before the fire is fully under control. Failure to properly control a fire in a timely manner can increase damage to the building or to surrounding structures. Alternatively, failure to move fire hoses posing a barrier to vehicles can force additional responders to walk to the area, often carrying additional equipment. This can further delay emergency response. Therefore, a device that can easily move heavy fire hoses across a given roadway to allow vehicles to reach the location of an emergency is desired.
In light of the devices disclosed in the known art, it is submitted that the present invention substantially diverges in design elements from the known art and consequently it is clear that there is a need in the art for an improvement to existing methods of moving fire hoses. In this regard, the instant invention substantially fulfills these needs.


A method for operating a fuel injection system with pressure reduction, and a fuel injection system that includes a fuel injection valve with a servo valve are provided. The method for operating a fuel injection system includes performing a desired pressure reduction in the pressure accumulator using at least one fuel injection valve of the fuel injection system. This is achieved by opening a servo valve in the fuel injection valve, which is opened, during a pressure reduction phase, just wide enough that the actual closing element remains closed and as a result no fuel injection process takes place.

Fuel injection systems with which fuel injection into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine is performed have long been known. Injection systems of this kind comprise at least one injection valve (injector) and at least one feedforward and feedback control unit, connected to the injection valve, for controlling the injection process. Here, the injection valve has a space from which fuel can be injected into the combustion chamber through an injection opening. The opening and closing of the injection opening is performed by means of a closure element (nozzle needle), which can be actuated (moved) by an actuator. The space is supplied with fuel via a high-pressure reservoir and a fuel line.
The actuator is an element for moving the closure element. Thus, an injection process is controlled with the aid of the actuator. At the same time, the actuator is not in direct drive connection with the closure element but actuates a servo valve in order to discharge fuel under high pressure from a servo valve space and, in this way, to bring about actuation of the closure element and to open the associated injection opening.
The actuator is a piezoelectric actuator which expands (increases in length) by virtue of the piezoelectric effect when supplied with electrical energy and in this way raises the servo valve from its seat in order thereby to actuate the closure element.
In order to carry out a pressure reduction in the pressure reservoir (rail pressure reduction) in such fuel injection systems with piezoelectric servo injection valves, special pressure control valves (PLV, PCV, PDV) are used in prior art systems. These additional valves increase the costs of the overall system. In another procedure, a pilot-controlled servo valve is used in reducing the pressure in the pressure reservoir. With a pilot-controlled servo valve of this kind, however, it is not always possible to reduce the pressure in the pressure reservoir in the desired manner, and therefore it is nevertheless necessary to provide additional valves for pressure reduction, depending on customer requirements and the injection valve design.

Method for operating a fuel injection system with pressure reduction, and a fuel injection system comprising a fuel injection valve with a servo valve


A power transmitting device transmits power to a power receiving device having a power receiving coil in water. The power transmitting device includes a power transmitting coil configured to transmit the power to the power receiving coil via a magnetic field. The power transmitting device also includes a support member that supports the power transmitting coil, and one or more spacers that hold the transmitting coil and the support member.

In the related art, a technique is known in which an underwater base station serving as a power transmitting device transmits power to an underwater vehicle serving as a power receiving device in a contactless manner by using a magnetic resonance method (for example, refer to Patent Literature 1). The power transmitting device includes a power transmitting resonance coil, a balloon, and a balloon control mechanism. The power transmitting resonance coil transmits the power to a power receiving resonance coil of the power receiving device in a contactless manner by using a magnetic field resonance method. The balloon is internally provided with the power transmitting resonance coil. The balloon control mechanism removes water between the power transmitting resonance coil and the power receiving resonance coil by inflating the balloon when the power is transmitted.
In addition, an antenna device is known which transmits the power and data to an IC-installed medium by using an electromagnetic induction method using a frequency of 13.56 MHz band (for example, refer to Patent Literature 2). The antenna device is disclosed as follows. The antenna device has at least one fed loop antenna to which a signal current is fed and at least one parasitic loop antenna to which the signal current is not fed. The signal current is also generated in the parasitic loop antenna by using a magnetic field generated by the fed loop antenna. In this manner, a communication range of the fed loop antenna is widened.

Power transmitting device that transmits power to power receiving device having power receiving coil in water


A ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) circuit breaker test circuit for use with panelboards uses a selector switch, normally open switch, and a resistor to simulate a fault condition at the load output node of any one of several GFCI circuit breakers. This arrangement allows for testing of the circuit breakers while eliminating the need to use an external test actuator to operate the manual test button of each circuit breaker. Thus, shaft penetrations through the panelboard enclosure are minimized, resulting in reduced hazards, increased reliability, easier testing, and greater economy.

This invention relates to the testing of circuit breakers used in connection with ground fault circuit interrupters. More particularly, the invention allows the testing of multiple ground fault circuit interrupter circuit breakers in a panelboard assembly without opening the panelboard enclosure while using a minimal number of external actuators.
In a three wire system, a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) circuit breaker constantly monitors electricity flowing into a load to sense an imbalance between the line current flowing into the load and the neutral current flowing out of the load. Any difference in these values, beyond a certain threshold, is assumed to be caused by an improper (i.e., unwanted or dangerous) connection between the line and ground wires. The GFCI unit actuates the circuit breaker to remove power from the load when the threshold value is exceeded. A trip lever is included on the circuit breaker, allowing the breaker to be turned on or off, or to indicate that the GFCI has tripped (actuated) the breaker. A manual test switch is included on the GFCI circuit breaker to verify its proper operation.
Two standard threshold current values are used in circuit breakers, 5 milliamps and 30 milliamps. Typically, a circuit breaker which trips for fault current values of 5 milliamps or greater is called a "ground fault circuit interrupter circuit breaker". A circuit breaker which trips for fault current values of 30 milliamps or greater is sometimes called an "Equipment Protection Device". In the interest of brevity, the present disclosure refers to both devices as GFCI circuit breakers.
In current panelboard constructions, the correct operation of a GFCI circuit breaker is verified by depressing the test button on the circuit breaker. This often requires opening the panelboard cover to access the circuit breaker. Alternatively, external test actuators can be added to eliminate the need to open the panelboard cover. Depressing the external test actuator will in turn actuate the test button on the circuit breaker.
GFCI circuit breaker test procedures are further complicated in panelboards used in hazardous Class I (gaseous) and Class II (dust) locations. Testing procedures in these hazardous locations are governed by National Electrical Code (N.E.C.) classifications for areas where the use of electrical equipment can cause ambient gas or dust to explode. In these areas, circuit breakers must be enclosed in an explosion-proof panelboard. The National Electrical Manufacturers Association also provides standard ratings regarding the capability of a panelboard enclosure to withstand potentially hazardous environmental conditions, such as water and corrosion.
The purpose of an explosion-proof panelboard enclosure is to minimize the hazards of electrical arcing in environments where such arcs can cause an explosion. Common plant safety procedures require areas to be classified safe before opening any explosion-proof panelboard enclosure. Consequently, opening the enclosure to perform routine circuit tests on GFCI circuit breakers is not practical.
To avoid the problem of opening the panelboard enclosure, external test actuators can be used to actuate the GFCI test button. However, this design requires that each individual external actuator meet the construction requirements for hazardous location equipment. For each test actuator, a shaft has to penetrate the panelboard enclosure. Each shaft penetration through the enclosure must meet the flamepath length and tolerances of applicable national safety standards. Complying with these standards can be cost prohibitive. Furthermore, each additional shaft reduces the overall reliability of the explosion-proof panelboards by increasing the number of openings in the enclosure that can corrode. In wet areas, each shaft increases the possibility of water leaking into the enclosure.
Two types of shafts may be used to meet flamepath requirements, smooth-sided cylindrical shafts and threaded shafts. Smooth-sided cylindrical shafts are capable of either rotational or transnational motion. Threaded shafts are rotated during operation.
Explosion-proof construction means that each shaft has to prevent flamepath propagation through its entry. For smooth-sided cylindrical shafts, this is accomplished by providing a close tolerance fit between the shaft and its mating bushing and specifying a minimum length of shaft-bushing contact. For threaded shafts, this is accomplished by specifying a minimum number of engaged threads between the shaft and bearing. If the panelboard is to be used outdoors, additional weathersealing preferably would be added. Typically, close tolerance shafts, bearings, and bushings are made of stainless steel to minimize corrosion buildup in the shaft-bushing or shaft-bearing interface. Each shaft assembly requires precision machining, which also adds to the cost of the test circuit.
The present invention substantially reduces the problems and costs associated with testing GFCI circuit breakers installed in panelboards. This is accomplished by minimizing the number of shafts required to test the GFCI circuit breaker. In the present invention, only two shafts are necessary to actuate a selector switch and one push-to-test button. In the alternative, one skilled in the art will recognize that only one shaft penetration is necessary if a combination push button/selector switch device is used. The selector switch eliminates the need for individual push-to-test buttons and shafts for each branch circuit incorporating a GFCI circuit breaker. This feature minimizes machining and parts, thus reducing cost for explosion-proof panelboards. One skilled in the art will immediately realize that this structure is not restricted to explosion-proof designs, but also can be incorporated into ordinary circuit breaker panels.
Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following description.

Ground fault circuit breaker test circuit for panelboards having minimum penetrations and testing circuit breakers without opening panelboard enclosure


A power generating wind turbine includes parts and components installed in or on a nacelle which are made smaller and lighter, thus facilitating maintenance. A main shaft 11, a gear-box for speeding up rotation of the main shaft 11 and a generator 13 driven by an output of the gear-box 11 are provided on a nacelle bed plate 6. The main shaft 11 is connected to an input shaft 12a end of the gear-box 12 via a double-row tapered roller bearing 16. The main shaft 11 is supported to a wall portion W1 of the nacelle bed plate 6 with the double-row tapered roller bearing 16 being interposed therebetween. The main shaft 11 is formed in an annular shape having its outer diameter D1 larger than its axial directional length L1.

A power generating wind turbine comprises a nacelle installed on a tower, a wind turbine rotating blade, a gear-box inputted with a wind force received by the wind turbine rotating blade via a main shaft and a generator driven by an output of the gear-box. Such power generating wind turbine is known, for example, by Patent Documents 1 to 3 as mentioned below.
In the Patent Document 1, for example, a power generating wind turbine is disclosed having a structure in which a rotor provided with a wind turbine rotating blade is directly installed on a planetary carrier of a gear-box to be supported to the gear-box.
Also, in the Patent Document 2, a power generating wind turbine is disclosed having a structure in which a rotor hub is directly installed on a planetary holder to be supported to a gear-box.
Further, in the Patent Document 3, a power generating wind turbine is disclosed having a structure in which a rotor is assembled into a gear-box to be supported to the gear-box. An annular gear carrier and an annular gear of the gear-box are directly fitted to this rotor so that the rotor itself constitutes a portion of the gear-box.                Patent Document 1: European laid-open patent application No. 0811764 (3rd Column and FIG. 1)        Patent Document 2: World laid-open patent application No. 02/079644 (4th Column and FIG. 2)        Patent Document 3: US laid-open patent application No. 2002/0049108 (Abstract and Figures)
In the prior art power generating wind turbines, however, there are shortcomings as follows: That is, the construction is made such that the wind turbine rotating blade and the rotor are supported to the gear-box and hence the gear-box and the gear-box supporting members are required to have a sufficient strength to withstand a load added to the rotor, such as a radial load, thrust load and bending load.
The size of the gear-box is decided depending not only on its speed-up ratio but also on its required strength. That is, even if a speed-up ratio is the same, a gear-box for which a higher strength is required is inevitably made larger to that extent. For this reason, the power generating wind turbines disclosed in the Patent Documents 1 to 3 need to be provided with a large size gear-box.
Such a large size gear-box has a heavy weight and hence the load adding to the gear-box, nacelle and tower supporting the nacelle also becomes large. Thus, these parts and components are required to have a higher strength, and this results in these parts and components having a large size and heavy weight.
In the prior art power generating wind turbine, therefore, there are problems not only in the manufacturing cost but also in the transportation and installation work of each of the constructional parts and components, such as the gear-box, nacelle, tower or the like.
Moreover, by using such a large size gear-box, a space in the nacelle becomes narrower and the freedom of structure of the nacelle and the freedom of arrangement of the parts and components installed in the nacelle become smaller so that the design becomes difficult.
Also, in such construction of the rotor being supported to the gear-box, if the gear-box is to be overhauled for maintenance, the rotor must be once taken out of the gear-box and placed on the ground. Thus, the maintenance work becomes very troublesome.


Systems, methods, and software are described for authorizing transactions undertaken with a negotiable instrument which is pre-allocated a specific amount of funds. A host computer system may receive a request to allocate funds to a negotiable instrument. The host may verify the availability of funds, and allocate the funds to the negotiable instrument. The host may then receive a request to authorize the transaction in which the negotiable instrument is used. The host may verify that the particular instrument has been allocated the specific amount indicated, and thereby authorize the transaction.

Some estimates indicate that fifty-six million (56,000,000) workers in the U.S. do not have a traditional banking relationship. This fact is driving increasing numbers of employers to assist their "unbanked" employees to establish financial partnerships through stored-value cards and other means. Additional benefits for employers may include the reduction of time and expense in distributing and administering paper checks for employees.
Certain financial institutions providing such stored-value accounts may allow customers to access funds with ATM cards. However, some States may require that employees be "paid to the penny" and, thus, ATM only options may impede an employer's ability to mandate such a payroll solution. Some financial institutions allow customers to write checks or create other negotiable instruments to access or otherwise draw funds from their stored-value accounts. This zero-cost approach may allow employers to mandate such payroll solutions.
However, existing check solutions are not widely accepted at merchants using point-of-sale devices to connect to check authorization services. This is due, in part, to the nontraditional nature of the instruments. In addition, existing solutions may require merchants to call a toll-free number and input information onto the check, and many merchants are, thus, resistant. Therefore, there exists a need in the art to enhance the negotiability and ease of use of checks and other financial instruments directly funded from stored value accounts.

Enhanced pre-allocated check negotiability systems and methods