1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane is produced by reaction between 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane and hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a hydrofluorination catalyst. The 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane may advantageously be obtained by reaction between vinyl chloride and tetrachloromethane in the presence of a telomerization catalyst and of a nitrile.

The present invention relates to a process for the preparation of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC-245fa). It also relates more particularly to a process for the preparation of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane from 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane.
1,1,1,3,3-Pentafluoropropane is a possible substitute for wholly or partially halogenated chlorofluoro hydrocarbons (CFCs and HCFCs) suspected of having a detrimental effect on the ozone layer. In particular, it is found to be especially advantageous as a blowing agent for the preparation of expanded polymeric materials.
In application WO 95/05353 it has been proposed to prepare 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane by reaction between 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-tri-fluoroethane (HCFC-123) and dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), followed by hydrogenation of the 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoroprop-2-ene obtained. The yield of the first stage of this known process (synthesis of the 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoroprop-2-ene intermediate) is, however, very low.
In application WO 95/04022 it has been proposed to prepare 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane by a three-stage process consisting, in a first stage, in the preparation of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloropropane by reaction between tetrachloromethane and vinylidene chloride, in a second stage in the conversion of the hexachloropropane obtained to 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-3-chloropropane by reaction with hydrogen fluoride and, in a third stage, in the reduction of the pentafluorochloropropane obtained to 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane by reaction with hydrogen. This process has the disadvantage of giving rise to large quantities of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane during the second stage.
In application EP-A-611744 it has been proposed to prepare 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane by reaction between 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2,3-dichloropropane and hydrogen. The 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoro-2,3-dichloropropane employed as raw material in this known process is not, however, a common product and cannot be easily prepared.
The objective of the present invention is to provide a process for the preparation of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane which does not exhibit the disadvantages of the abovementioned known processes, which uses reactants that are commonly or easily accessible and which has a high yield, thus meeting industrial economic requirements.
The invention consequently relates to a process for the preparation of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, according to which 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane is reacted with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a hydrofluorination catalyst.
In the process according to the invention the hydrofluorination catalyst is advantageously chosen from the derivatives of metals of groups 3, 4, 5, 13, 14 and 15 of the Periodic Table of the elements (IUPAC 1988) and their mixtures (groups of the Periodic Table of the elements which were previously called IIIA, IVa, IVb, Va, Vb and VIb). The derivatives of the metals are intended to mean the hydroxides, oxides and the organic or inorganic salts of these metals, as well as their mixtures. Those particularly adopted are the titanium, tantalum, molybdenum, boron, tin and antimony derivatives. The catalyst is preferably chosen from the derivatives of metals of groups 14 (IVa) and 15 (Va) of the Periodic Table of the elements, and more particularly from tin and antimony derivatives. In the process according to the invention the preferred derivatives of the metals are the salts and these are preferably chosen from the halides and more particularly from chlorides, fluorides and chlorofluorides. Particularly preferred hydrofluorination catalysts according to the present invention are tin and antimony chlorides, fluorides and chlorofluorides, especially tin tetrachloride and antimony pentachloride. Antimony pentachloride is very particularly recommended.
In the case where the catalyst is selected from metal fluorides and chlorofluorides, these can be obtained from a chloride which is subjected to an at least partial fluorination. This fluorination may, for example, be carried out by means of hydrogen fluoride, before the catalyst is brought into contact with 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane. In an alternative form, it may be carried out in situ, during the reaction of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachlioropropane with hydrogen fluoride.
The quantity of catalyst used can vary within wide limits. It is generally at least 0.001 mole of catalyst per mole of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane. It is preferably at least 0.01 mole of catalyst per mole of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane. In principle there is no upper limit to the quantity of catalyst used. For example, in a process carried out continuously in liquid phase, the molar ratio of the catalyst to 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane may reach 1000. In practice, however, at most approximately 5 moles of catalyst are generally employed per mole of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane. Approximately 1 mole is preferably not exceeded. In a particularly preferred manner, approximately 0.5 moles of catalyst per mole of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane are generally not exceeded.
The molar ratio of hydrogen fluoride to the 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane used is generally at least 5. The work is preferably done with a molar ratio of at least 8. The molar ratio of hydrogen fluoride to the 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane used generally does not exceed 100. It preferably does not exceed 50.
The temperature at which the hydrofluorination is performed is generally at least 50xc2x0 C. It is preferably at least 80xc2x0 C. The temperature generally does not exceed 150xc2x0 C. It preferably does not exceed 130xc2x0 C. With antimony pentachloride as catalyst good results are obtained at a temperature of 100 to 120xc2x0 C.
The process according to the invention is preferably carried out in liquid phase. In this case the pressure is chosen so as to keep the reaction mixture in liquid form. The pressure used varies as a function of the temperature of the reaction mixture. It is generally from 2 bar to 40 bar. The work is preferably carried out at a temperature and pressure at which, furthermore, the 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane produced is at least partially in gaseous form, which enables it to be easily isolated from the reaction mixture.
The process according to the invention may be carried out continuously or noncontinuously. It is to be understood that, in a noncontinuous process, the quantity of catalyst used is expressed in relation to the initial quantity of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane used and, in a continuous process, in relation to the stationary quantity of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane present in the liquid phase.
The residence time of the reactants in the reactor must be sufficient for the reaction of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane with hydrogen fluoride to take place with an acceptable yield. It can easily be determined as a function of the operating conditions adopted.
The process according to the invention can be carried out in any reactor made of a material that is resistant to the temperature, the pressure and the reactants employed, especially to hydrogen fluoride. It is advantageous to separate the 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane and the hydrogen chloride from the reaction mixture as they are being formed and to keep in, or return to, the reactor the unconverted reactants, as well as the chlorofluoropropanes possibly formed by incomplete fluorination of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane. To this end the process according to the invention is advantageously carried out in a reactor equipped with a device for drawing off a gas stream, this device consisting, for example, of a distillation column and a reflux condenser mounted above the reactor. By means of suitable control, this device makes it possible to draw off in vapour phase the 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane and hydrogen chloride which are produced while keeping in the reactor, in the liquid state, the unconverted 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane and most of the hydrogen fluoride, as well as, where appropriate, most of the products of partial fluorination of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane.
The 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane used in the process according to the invention can advantageously be obtained by reaction of vinyl chloride with tetrachloromethane, as described, for example, by M. Kotora et al., Journal of Molecular Catalysis, (1992), vol. 77, p. 51-60. It is thus possible to obtain 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane in two stages from easily accessible materials.
In a preferred alternative form the process according to the invention for the preparation of 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane includes a telomerization stage in which vinyl chloride and tetrachloromethane are reacted in the presence of a telomerization catalyst, so as to obtain 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane, and the subsequent hydrofluorination stage in which the 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane obtained in the telomerization stage is reacted with hydrogen fluoride in the presence of a hydrofluorination catalyst.
The telomerization catalyst may be chosen from the compounds of metals from groups 8 to 11 of the Periodic Table of the elements (IUPAC 1988) and their mixtures. Compounds of metals of groups 8 and 11 are preferred. Iron and copper compounds are adopted in particular, those of copper being very particularly preferred. Compounds of metals of groups 8 to 11 are intended to mean the organic and inorganic derivatives of these metals and their mixtures. The preferred derivatives are the inorganic salts, the chlorides being particularly preferred. Telomerization catalysts which are particularly preferred according to the present invention are cuprous chloride, cupric chloride and their mixtures. Very good results have been obtained with copper(I) chloride(cuprous chloride).
The quantity of telomerization catalyst used can vary within wide limits. It is generally at least 0.001 mole of catalyst per mole of vinyl chloride. It is preferably at least 0.005 moles of catalyst per mole of vinyl chloride. In a process carried out continuously in liquid phase the molar ratio of the catalyst to vinyl chloride in the reaction mixture can reach 1000. In a process carried out noncontinuously at most approximately 0.5 moles of catalyst are preferably employed, preferably not more than 0.2 moles of catalyst and, in a particularly preferred manner 0.1 mole or less of catalyst per mole of vinyl chloride used.
A cocatalyst can be used in the telomerization stage. Amines can be employed as cocatalyst, preferably in a concentration of 0.1 to 20 moles per mole of telomerization catalyst. Amines which may be mentioned as being usable as cocatalyst in the telomerization stage of the process according to the invention are alkanolamines, alkylamines and aromatic amines, for example ethanolamine, n-butylamine, n-propylamine, isopropylamine, benzylamine and pyridine.
The molar ratio of tetrachloromethane to the vinyl chloride used in the telomerization stage is generally at least 1.5. The work is preferably done with a molar ratio of at least 2. In principle there is no upper limit to the molar ratio of tetrachloromethane to vinyl chloride. For example, in a process carried out continuously in liquid phase, the molar ratio of the stationary quantities of tetrachloromethane and vinyl chloride in the reaction mixture may reach 1000. In a process carried out noncontinuously at most approximately 50 moles, preferably at most 20 moles and, in a particularly preferred manner, at most 10 moles of tetrachloromethane are generally used per mole of vinyl chloride.
The temperature at which the telomerization of vinyl chloride with tetrachloromethane is performed is generally at least 25xc2x0 C. It is preferably at least 70xc2x0 C. In general the telomerization temperature does not exceed 200xc2x0 C. It preferably does not exceed 160xc2x0 C. With cuprous chloride as catalyst good results have been obtained at a temperature of 100 to 140xc2x0 C., in particular at a temperature of 110 to 130xc2x0 C.
The telomerization reaction is generally carried out in liquid phase, advantageously in the presence of a solvent. Solvents that can be employed in the telomerization stage are especially alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and tert-butanol, and nitriles, in particular acetonitrile and propionitrile. Nitriles are preferred. The molar ratio of the solvent to the telomerization catalyst generally does not exceed 1000. Good results have been obtained with a molar ratio of the solvent to the telomerization catalyst of 20 to 400.
In the process according to the invention the presence of a nitrile is particularly advantageous, especially when the telomerization catalyst is a chloride, most especially cuprous chloride. The invention consequently also relates to a process for the preparation of 1,1,1,3,3-pentachloropropane, in which vinyl chloride and tetrachloromethane are reacted in the presence of a chloride of a metal of groups 8 to 11 of the Periodic Table of the elements (IUPAC 1988) and of a nitrile, as defined and in the conditions described above.

Method for preparing 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane


A light emitting substrate has a plurality of first light emitting portions arranged in a main scanning direction and a second light emitting portion disposed in a direction intersecting the main scanning direction with respect to the array of the plurality of first light emitting portions. A lens array has a plurality of first lenses, each of which is disposed to face each of the plurality of first light emitting portions, and a second lens for the second light emitting portion. A direction of the emitted light from the second light emitting portion has a slope with respect to a straight line which extends perpendicularly from a light emitting face of the corresponding second light emitting portion.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates an optical head having a plurality of light emitting portions and an electronic device.
2. Related Art
Image forming apparatuses such as a printer have an optical head for exposing an image carrier (for example, a photoconductor drum) and for writing a latent image thereon. Such a kind of optical head has a light emitting element array in which many light emitting elements are arranged in the main scanning direction. Further, the light emitting element array is configured such that a plurality of light emitting element chips, in which a predetermined number of light emitting elements is arranged, are lined up in the main scanning direction.
However, when a plurality of light emitting element chips are lined up in a line in the main scanning direction, in order to keep the light emission pitch constant even at the boundary portion between the neighboring light emitting element chips, it is necessary to set the distance from the endmost light emitting element to the chip end portion to a half or less of the light emission pitch in each light emitting element. However, when the distance from the endmost light emitting element to the chip end portion is set to be equal to or less than a half of the light emission pitch, if the light emission pitch is set to be small in order to increase the resolution thereof, a problem arises in that the endmost light emitting element may be dropped out when the light emitting element chips are cut, or the like. Hence, there is provided a technique for arranging the plurality of light emitting element chips in a staggered manner in the main scanning direction (for example, refer to JP-A-2002-248803 and JP-A-2008-155458).
However, when the plurality of light emitting element chips are arranged in a staggered manner in the main scanning direction, the width of the optical head in the sub-scanning direction increases.


A device for transferring the drawn weight of a bowstring from a user's bowstring gripping hand to a user's bow gripping hand. The device includes a shaft and a means for releasably connecting the bowstring to the device, such as a trigger release. The device also includes a transfer grip which has a gripping portion configured to be grasped by the user's bow gripping hand together with the bow grip when the user draws the device and bowstring to the drawn position. In the preferred embodiment, a handle is used on one end of the shaft and the trigger release is attached to the handle so that the user can use their bowstring gripping hand to draw the device together with the bowstring to the drawn position and then actuate the release of the bowstring using the trigger of the trigger release. A receiver is also provided for receiving the shaft of the device when the device is drawn from the undrawn position to the drawn position.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to the field of archery. More specifically, the present invention comprises a device for transferring the drawn-weight of a bowstring to the bow-gripping hand of the archer.
2. Description of the Related Art
Target archery and hunting archery are popular sports enjoyed by many people. Many developments in the field of archery have dramatically improved accuracy and precision. Improvements in the aerodynamics of the arrow and the holding weight let-off of the bow are two examples of such developments.
"Holding weight" describes the force that an archer must provide to a bow's bowstring to hold the bowstring in the drawn position (ready to fire). "Drawing weight" describes the force that an archer must provide to draw the bowstring to the drawn position. In most modem bows, the holding weight and drawing weight for a bow are not the same. Eccentrics and cam systems are commonly used on compound bows to increase mechanical advantage and reduce the holding weight of a bow when the bowstring is pulled to the drawn position. This results in the peak of the drawing force curve to occur prior to reaching the drawn position. The difference between the drawing weight and the holding weight is known as the bow's "let-off."
The holding weight of a bow can greatly impact an archer's accuracy. It is generally desirable for archers to be able to relax their muscles when they are aiming at a target. For bows with large holding weights, holding the bow in the drawn position may cause the archer's arms to shake as the archer's muscles strain to hold the bow drawn. Even for bows with large let-off, holding the bow in the drawn position for long periods of time can cause discomfort and unsteadiness. In hunting archery applications, an archer may often need to draw the bow and hold the bow in the drawn position for significant lengths of times as the archer waits for the best opportunity to take a shot.
Several inventors have proposed mechanisms which can be used to lock a bow in the drawn position. These devices eliminate the holding weight of the bow as the bow bears the weight of the drawn bowstring itself. However, many jurisdictions have regulations which limit or completely prohibit the use of these devices in hunting applications. These regulations typically require the hunter to support the drawn weight of the bow-especially when the hunter is using the bow during a part of the hunting season where the use of other weapons—such as crossbows—are prohibited.
Accordingly it would be desirable to have a device which a hunter may use to reduce the strain associated with holding a bow in the drawn position while the hunter is holding the drawn weight of the bow.


The temperature of a dry etch process of a semiconductor substrate in a plasma etch chamber is controlled to maintain selectivity while also providing a high etch rate by introducing one or more cooling steps into the etch process. To maintain selectivity of the etch as well as a high rate of etch, the formation of plasma is terminated prior to exceeding a predetermined maximum temperature at at least one selected location in the chamber. The temperature at the selected location is reduced prior to the resumption of plasma flow and etching. The plasma etch is then continued, and may optionally be terminated again to permit cooling, as needed, until etching has been completed.

The present invention relates to temperature sensitive dry etch processes used in semiconductor fabrication and apparatuses for performing dry etches, and more particularly to controlling the temperature of such processes and such apparatuses to maintain selectivity while providing a high etch rate.
The manufacture of semiconductor devices, and particularly multilayer structures, involves, among other fabrication steps, the patterned etching of areas of the semiconductor surface which are not protected by a pattern of photoresist material. Such etching techniques use either liquid ("wet") etching compositions or gaseous "dry" etching compositions. For example, certain halogen-containing mineral acids such as HCl and HF are known to be active etchants for many of the materials found in semiconductors. When used as wet etchant compositions, these compositions will etch the semiconductor surface isotropically, i.e., in both vertical and lateral directions.
Etching of semiconductor layer materials may also be accomplished using, for example, halogen-containing compounds in the gas phase. Such techniques are broadly categorized as dry etching and include plasma etching, ion beam etching, and reactive ion etching. The use of gas plasma, in the form of gaseous ions, electrons, and neutrals formed from radio frequency discharge, as the etchant provides for substantially anisotropic etching (i.e., etching in the vertical direction only) of the semiconductor surface. Anisotropic etching techniques have become increasingly important as higher density (and thus smaller dimensions) multilayer semiconductors have been introduced.
Such small dimensions and tight tolerances in this industry have created problems which cannot be successfully addressed using photolithography techniques in combination with wet etching. Accordingly, anisotropic etching procedures, in which feature widths must be maintained within certain alignment tolerances, are used. One technique which has been developed along with anisotropic dry etching is the use of etch stop layers.
In an etch stop procedure, an etch stop layer of material is deposited atop an underlying structure. An outer layer, through which desired patterns will be formed, is then deposited over the etch stop layer. The etch stop layer is used to terminate the etching process through the outer layer once that layer has been completely removed in a desired pattern and to protect the underlying structure from the etchant.
Etch stop procedures are designed to have (1) a high outer layer etch rate which (2) etches anisotropically to produce substantially upright sidewalls through the outer layer, and (3) has a high selectivity so that the etchant preferentially etches the material of the outer layer, but not (or only very slowly) the etch stop layer. A preferred etch stop material in the art is silicon nitride because it has properties which are well known and is used widely in semiconductor fabrication. A typical outer layer to be etched comprises silicon dioxide.
One process for obtaining high selectivity in the etching procedure is taught in Blalock et al, U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,344, where a fluorinated etchant containing specific additives is used to form a gas plasma which etches silicon dioxide at a high selectivity with respect to an underlying silicon nitride layer. Other gas plasma etchants with high selectivity are also known.
One problem which has existed in the art for such selective oxide/nitride etches is that if the temperature of the substrate to be etched or the interior of the plasma etching apparatus is too high, the rate of oxide etch drops, and the etch may not be completed. That is, a portion of the insulating oxide layer may remain, preventing good electrical connections from being formed in later fabrication steps. Additionally, if the temperature in the plasma etching apparatus is too high, some of the etchant gas may polymerize and be deposited on the walls of the etched layer. The presence of polymer impedes the rate of etch and results in the formation of angled, not vertical, walls. The polymer may also interfere with completion of the etch through to the etch stop layer. Such overheating problems may occur where the outer layer to be etched is relatively thick, or where the etching process must be continued for a relatively long time period such as in a self-aligned contact etch, or where a high electrode temperature is used.
While some plasma etch apparatuses include a wafer cooling system to maintain the wafer at a constant temperature during the etching process, maintaining a constant wafer temperature does not address the overheating problems in the plasma generating apparatus. Accordingly, the need still exists in the art for a technique for improving the performance of a temperature-sensitive etch process.

Apparatus for improving the performance of a temperature-sensitive etch


A biomarker Hsp90 for predicting an efficacy of a c-Met inhibitor, selecting a subject for application of a c-Met inhibitor, or monitoring an efficacy of a c-Met inhibitor, and a relevant method of using Hsp90.

1. Field
Provided herein are methods of predicting an effect of a c-Met inhibitor or selecting a subject for application of a c-Met inhibitor. The methods comprise measuring Hsp90 protein levels and/or expression levels of an Hsp90 coding gene. Further provided are methods of monitoring an effect of a c-Met inhibitor comprising measuring Hsp90 protein levels and/or expression levels of an Hsp90 coding gene. Also provided are methods of decreasing a resistance to a c-Met inhibitor comprising administering an Hsp90 inhibitor to a subject and methods of treating and/or preventing cancer comprising co-administering an Hsp90 inhibitor and a c-Met inhibitor to a subject.
2. Description of the Related Art
The term "biomarker" generally refers to a measured characteristic which may be used as an indicator of some change caused in an organism by an external factor. Active studies have recently been made to apply biomarkers to the diagnosis of various diseases, such as cancer, stroke, dementia, etc., and to the prediction or monitoring of therapeutic effects of some agents. Among biomarkers relevant to drug development are pharmacodynamic markers (PD markers) for indicating whether drugs are functionally effective in vivo, and predictive markers for indicating the most likely response to particular drugs before administration. The use of such markers is helpful in establishing the clinical strategy of drugs. For example, a predictive marker, designed to indicate sensitivity or resistance to drug action, may be applied to the selection of patients to allow for more effective drug therapy while the action mode of a drug in individual patients can be monitored with a pharmacodynamic marker, which together can lead to the establishment of effective therapeutic strategies. Further, even in the absence of a predictive marker, a pharmacodynamic marker permits the early monitoring of responses to a drug, thus discriminating a drug-effective group from a drug-ineffective group in an early stage. Consequentially, more effective and successful drug therapies can be materialized. In addition, when applied to the monitoring of responses to a drug as a function of concentrations, a pharmacodynamic marker can be an index for calculating suitable doses of the drug.
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death. Although the development of medical techniques has brought about a remarkable progress in cancer therapy, the 5-year survival rate has only improved by 10% over the past two decades. This is because cancer characteristics, such as rapid growth, metastasis, etc., make it difficult to diagnose and treat within a suitable time. The introduction of suitable biomarkers to cancer therapy would identify the characteristics of cancer to increase the opportunity of applying a suitable therapeutic in an optimal time, whereby cancer treatment could reach high success rates. For example, patients with lung cancer may differ from each other in cancer classification, genotype, and protein secretion, and thus must be treated with different, proper therapeutics. For chemotherapy using a specific drug, a corresponding biomarker, if present, would reduce the number of erroneous trials and increase possibility of success. In this regard, it is very important to explore biomarkers for predicting or monitoring the effect of anti-cancer therapeutics. A proper biomarker, if successfully exploited, can make a great contribution to the utility and value of anti-cancer drugs and the success rate of treatment with them.
c-Met is a receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) that possesses tyrosine kinase activity. Hepatocyte growth factor acts as a multi-functional cytokine which binds to the extracellular domain of the c-Met receptor to regulate cell division, cell motility, and morphogenesis in various normal and tumor cells. c-Met is a proto-oncogene that takes part in a variety of mechanisms responsible for the development of cancer independent of HGF binding, such as oncogenesis, cancer metastasis, the migration and invasion of cancer cells, and angiogenesis. Thus, c-Met has attracted intensive attention as a target for anti-cancer therapy. For example, targeted therapies, such as antibodies against c-Met, have been developed.
c-Met-targeting drugs might be more effective at treating cancer if there is a biomarker that is useful in predicting and monitoring the therapeutic effect of the drug, or in selecting patients suitable for the drug therapy and thereafter monitoring patient responses to the drug.
There is a need for biomarkers useful for predicting the effect of the c-Met targeting drugs to select a subject who is suitable for application of the c-Met targeting drugs, and/or for monitoring the responsiveness of a patient who has been treated with the c-Met targeting drugs to establish more effective treatment strategies using the c-Met targeting drugs.

Biomarker Hsp90 for predicting effect of a c-Met inhibitor


In a filter device, a first filter and a second filter are connected to a common connection point by a filter connection conductor line including a first conductor line portion, and a parallel connection area with an electrical length shorter than that in a single conductor line is provided in the first conductor line portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to filter devices preferably for use in duplexers or the like, for example.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various filter devices including a plurality of filters including different pass bands have been proposed. WO2007/145049 A1 discloses a duplexer for a cellular phone. According to the duplexer disclosed in WO2007/145049 A1, a transmission filter chip and a reception filter chip are mounted on a substrate. The transmission filter and the reception filter are connected to an antenna terminal provided on the substrate by a conductor line. A surface acoustic wave resonator is connected to a portion of the conductor line for connecting the filters that is located between the antenna terminal and the reception filter. The surface acoustic wave resonator includes a single interdigital transducer electrode including a single input terminal and a single output terminal.
Conventional duplexers such as that disclosed in WO2007/145049 A1 have had a problem of insufficient isolation characteristics between the transmission filter and the reception filter. The isolation can be improved by disposing the transmission filter chip and the reception filter chip farther away from each other. However, doing so increases the length of wiring between the transmission filter and a common connection point connected to the antenna terminal, or between the reception filter and the common connection point, which in turn increases the electrical length produced by the wiring in a high-frequency electric circuit. Accordingly, the optimum impedance matching between the transmission filter and the reception filter is not achieved. Such impedance mismatching is problematic in that it causes an increase in insertion loss.
Increasing the impedance of a resonator in the transmission filter or the reception filter is conceivable for correcting the impedance mismatching. However, the insertion loss increases in such a case as well.

Filter device having a filter connection conductor line including parallel connected conductor lines


A soap holding and dispersing assembly includes a housing that has a bottom wall, a top wall and a peripheral wall that extends between and is attached to the top and bottom walls. The peripheral wall includes a front wall, a back wall, a first side wall and a second side wall. The front wall has an opening therein positioned adjacent to the bottom wall that extends between the first and second side walls. A coupler is attached to the housing. The coupler attaches the housing to a horizontally orientated upper edge of a door. A plurality of bars of soap is positioned in the housing and each is extendable outwardly through the opening in the front wall.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to soap holding devices and more particularly pertains to a new soap holding device for holding and dispending a plurality of bars of soap.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The use of soap holding devices is known in the prior art. U.S. Pat. No. 4,938,345 describes a dispensing and draining device for cleaning articles. A holding device is found U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,922 and is adapted for holding a plurality of articles in a stacked orientation so that the articles may be selectively dispensed. A design for a soap bar dispenser is found in U.S. Pat. Des. No. 475,873.
While these devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the need remains for a device that holds a plurality of bars of soap in a stacked orientation and is adapted for dispensing the bars of soap one at a time. The device should also be adapted for being mounted on a vertical surface, such as a door, so that the bars of soap are easily accessible and to prevent damage to the device. Additionally, by mounting the device on the door, the soap will be protected from getting wet and dissolving.


A work setting apparatus includes a lower table 15, an upper table 17, and a work holding unit 19 provided with a plurality of work holders 25 each having an adhesive to hold a work. A work setting method sets a second work W2 held by the work holders 25 onto a first work W1 set on the lower table 17. A work holder removing method removes the work holders 25 from the second work W2 set on the first work W1 by vibrating the first and second works W1 and W2 on the lower table 15.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a work setting apparatus, a work setting method, and a work holder removing method that removes a work from a work holder by, for example, vibrating the work.
2. Description of Related Art
There is a known work setting apparatus that employs a plurality of work holders to hold a work, sets the work held by the work holders onto another work, and removes the work holders from the works. This type of technique is disclosed in, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publications No. 2008-74015 and No. 2001-310834.

Work setting apparatus, work setting method, and work holder removing method


An illumination system has a light source and a wavelength conversion layer within a light-recycling envelope. The wavelength conversion layer is a solid phosphor layer. The light source is a light-emitting diode or a semiconductor laser. The light source will emit light of a first wavelength range that is transmitted through the wavelength conversion layer in order to convert a portion of the light of a first wavelength range into light of a second wavelength range. Light of both the first and second wavelength ranges will exit the light-recycling envelope through an aperture. The recycling of the light by the light-recycling envelope will enhance the output radiance and luminance of the light exiting the illumination system.

Illumination systems are used as either stand-alone light sources or as internal light sources for more complex optical systems. Examples of optical systems that utilize or incorporate illumination systems include projection displays, flat-panel displays, avionics displays, automotive lighting, residential lighting, commercial lighting and industrial lighting applications.
Many applications require illumination systems with high brightness and a small effective emitting area. An example of a conventional light source with high brightness and a small effective emitting area is an arc lamp source, such as a xenon arc lamp or a mercury arc lamp. Arc lamp sources may have emitting areas as small as a few square millimeters. An example of a complex optical system that can utilize an illumination system with high brightness and a small effective source area is a projection television display. Current projection television displays typically project the combined images of three small red, green and blue cathode-ray-tube (CRT) devices onto a viewing screen using projection lenses. More recent designs sometimes use a small-area arc lamp source to project images from a liquid crystal display (LCD), a liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCOS) device or a digital light processor (DLP) device onto a viewing screen. Light sources such as LEDs are currently not used for projection television displays because LED sources do not have sufficient output brightness.
The technical term brightness can be defined either in radiometric units or photometric units. In the radiometric system of units, the unit of light flux or radiant flux is expressed in watts and the unit for brightness is called radiance, which is defined as watts per square meter per steradian (where steradian is the unit of solid angle). The human eye, however, is more sensitive to some wavelengths of light (for example, green light) than it is to other wavelengths (for example, blue or red light). The photometric system is designed to take the human eye response into account and therefore brightness in the photometric system is brightness as observed by the human eye. In the photometric system, the unit of light flux as perceived by the human eye is called luminous flux and is expressed in units of lumens. The unit for brightness is called luminance, which is defined as lumens per square meter per steradian. The human eye is only sensitive to light in the wavelength range from approximately 400 nanometers to approximately 700 nanometers. Light having wavelengths less than about 400 nanometers or greater than about 700 nanometers has zero luminance, irrespective of the radiance values. In this application, illumination systems will be considered that incorporate a light source that emits light of a first wavelength range and a wavelength conversion layer that converts a portion of the light of the first wavelength range into light of a second wavelength range, different from the first wavelength range. When two wavelength ranges are present, sometimes it is appropriate to consider brightness in terms of radiance and sometimes it is appropriate to consider brightness in terms of luminance. In this application, either radiance or luminance or both will be used depending on the circumstances.
In a conventional optical system that transports light from an input source at one location to an output image at a second location, one cannot produce an optical output image whose radiance is higher than the radiance of the light source. A conventional optical system 10 of the prior art is illustrated in cross-section in FIG. 1A. In FIG. 1A, light rays 18 from an input light source 12 are focused by a convex lens 14 to an output image 16. The conventional optical system 10 in FIG. 1A can also be illustrated in a different manner as optical system 20 shown in cross-section in FIG. 1B. For simplicity, the input source 22, the lens 24 and the output image 26 are all assumed to be round. In FIG. 1B, the input source 22 has area, Areain. The light rays from input source 22 fill a truncated cone having edges 21 and 23. The cone, which is shown in cross-section in FIG. 1B, extends over solid angle 27. The magnitude of solid angle 27 is Ωin. Lens 24 focuses the light rays to image 26 having area, Areaout. The light rays forming the image 26 fill a truncated cone having edges 25 and 29. The cone, which is shown in cross-section, extends over solid angle 28. The magnitude of solid angle 28 is Ωout.
If the optical system 20 has no losses, the light input flux at the input source 22,Φin=(Radiancein)(Areain)(Ωin)  [Equation 1]equals the light output flux at the output image 26,Φout=(Radianceout)(Areaout)(Ωout)  [Equation 2]In these equations, "Radianceout" is the radiance at the input source 22, "Radianceout" is the radiance at the output image 26, "Areain" is the area of the input source 22 and "Areaout" is the area of the output image 26. The quantities Ωin and Ωout are, respectively, the projected solid angles subtended by the input source and output image light cones. In such a lossless system, it can be shown thatRadiancein=Radianceout  [Equation 3]and(Areain)(Ωin)=(Areaout)(Ωout)  [Equation 4]If the index of refraction of the optical transmission medium is different at the input source and output image positions, the equality in Equation 4 is modified to become(nin2)(Areain)(Ωin)=(nout2)(Areaout)(Ωout),  [Equation 5]where nin is the index of refraction at the input position and nout is the index of refraction at the output position. The quantity (n2)(Area)(Ω) is variously called the "etendue" or "optical extent" or "throughput" of the optical system. In a conventional lossless optical system, the quantity (n2)(Area)(Ω) is conserved.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,144,536, herein incorporated by reference, Zimmerman et al demonstrated that for the special case of a source that has a reflecting emitting surface, an optical system can be designed that recycles a portion of the light emitted by the source back to the source and transmits the remainder of the light to an output position. Under certain conditions utilizing such light recycling, the effective brightness of the source as well as the output brightness of the optical system can be higher than the intrinsic brightness of the source in the absence of recycling, a result that is not predicted by the standard etendue equations. In U.S. Pat. No. 6,144,536, the brightness term "luminance" is used for brightness instead of "radiance" but the concept is equivalent for both optical terms as long as the optical wavelength is between 400 and 700 nanometers and as long as wavelength conversion is not taking place between the input source and the output image of the optical system.
An example of a light source with a reflecting emitting surface is a conventional fluorescent lamp. A cross-section of a conventional fluorescent lamp 30 is shown in FIG. 2A. The fluorescent lamp 30 has a glass envelope 32 enclosing a hollow interior 36. The hollow interior 36 is filled with a gas that can emit ultraviolet light when a high voltage is applied. The ultraviolet light excites a phosphor coating 34 on the inside surface of the glass envelope, causing the phosphor to emit visible light through the phosphor coating 34. The phosphor coating 34 is a partially reflecting surface in addition to being a light emitter. Therefore, it is possible to design an optical system that recycles a portion of the visible light generated by the phosphor coating 34 back to the coating 34 and thereby cause an increase in the effective brightness of the conventional fluorescent lamp. The disclosures on light recycling in U.S. Pat. No. 6,144,536 relate to linear light sources that have long emitting apertures with aperture areas greater than 100 square millimeters (mm2). Such configurations are not suitable for many applications such as illumination systems for large projection displays.
Recently, highly reflective green, blue and ultraviolet LEDs and diode lasers based on gallium nitride (GaN), indium gallium nitride (InGaN) and aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) semiconductor materials have been developed. Some of these LED devices have high light output, high radiance and have a light-reflecting surface that can reflect at least 50% of the light incident upon the device. The reflective surface of the LED can be a specular reflector or a diffuse reflector. Typically, the reflective surface of the LED is a specular reflector. Radiance outputs close to 7000 watts per square meter per steradian and total outputs of approximately 0.18 watt from a single packaged device are possible. Light outputs per unit area can exceed 0.045 watt/mm2. As such, several new applications relating to illumination systems have become possible. Advantages such as spectral purity, reduced heat, and fast switching speed all provide motivation to use LEDs and semiconductor lasers to replace fluorescent, incandescent and arc lamp sources.
FIG. 2B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a recently developed type of LED 40 that has an emitting layer 46 located below both a transparent top electrode 43 and a second transparent layer 44. Emitting layer 46 emits light rays 45 when an electric current is passed through the device 40. Below the emitting layer 46 is a reflecting layer 47 that also serves as a portion of the bottom electrode. Electrical contacts 41 and 42 provide a pathway for electrical current to flow through the device 40. It is a recent new concept to have both electrical contacts 41 and 42 on the backside of the LED opposite the emitting surface. Typical prior LED designs placed one electrode on top of the device, which interfered with the light output from the top surface and resulted in devices with low reflectivity. The reflecting layer 47 allows the LED to be both a light emitter and a light reflector. Lumileds Lighting LLC, for example, produces highly reflective green, blue and ultraviolet LED devices of this type. It is expected that highly reflective red and infrared LEDs with high outputs and high radiance will also eventually be developed. However, even the new green, blue and ultraviolet gallium nitride, indium gallium nitride and aluminum gallium nitride LEDs do not have sufficient radiance for many applications.
LEDs that emit green, blue or ultraviolet light have been combined with luminescent materials to convert the green, blue or ultraviolet light into light of a different color or range of colors. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,576,930 a partially transparent, luminescent powder composed of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) doped with cerium (denoted by the chemical formula Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ or as YAG:Ce3+) is dispersed in an organic binder. This luminescent material covers the light output surfaces of a blue LED. A portion of the blue light (wavelength of 420-460 nm) emitted by the LED is converted to yellow light (at a wavelength of approximately 580 nm). The remainder of the blue light can pass through the partially transparent material. The combination of blue and yellow light, if mixed in the proper proportions, appears to the human eye to be white light. The material YAG:Ce3+ in powdered form is one of many types of luminescent materials commonly known as phosphors.
Schematic diagrams of prior art light-emitting devices that incorporate LEDs in combination with phosphor materials are illustrated in cross section in FIGS. 3A and 3B and in U.S. Pat. No. 6,417,019. In FIG. 3A, light-emitting device 60 includes an LED source 64 that is coated with a phosphor layer 66. The phosphor layer 66 converts a portion of the LED light into light of another wavelength. The light-emitting device 60 emits light both from the LED source and from the phosphor layer. A reflecting cup 68 restricts the light output distribution from the LED source and the phosphor layer so that the emitted light does not radiate in all directions. However, the reflecting cup does not recycle any of the emitted light back to the LED source and does not increase the effective brightness of the source.
FIG. 3B illustrates the cross section of another light-emitting device 80 containing an LED source 84 and phosphor layer 86. The phosphor layer 86 substantially fills a reflecting cup 88 and converts a portion of the LED light into light of another wavelength. The reflecting cup 88 restricts the light output distribution from the LED source and the phosphor. However, the reflecting cup 88 does not recycle any of the emitted light back to the LED source 84 and does not increase the effective brightness of the source.
LEDs, including inorganic light-emitting diodes and organic light-emitting diodes, and the combination of an LED and a luminescent material all emit incoherent light. Semiconductor laser light sources, such as edge-emitting laser diodes and vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, generally emit coherent light. However, semiconductor laser light sources can be combined with luminescent materials such as phosphors to produce a light source that emits incoherent light. Coherent semiconductor laser light sources typically have higher brightness than incoherent light sources, but semiconductor laser light sources are not suitable for many applications such as displays due to the formation of undesirable speckle light patterns that result from the coherent nature of the light.
It would be highly desirable to develop incoherent illumination systems based on LEDs or semiconductor lasers that utilize both wavelength conversion and light recycling to increase the illumination system brightness. Possible applications include projection displays, flat-panel displays, avionics displays, automotive lighting, residential lighting, commercial lighting and industrial lighting.

Light recycling illumination systems with wavelength conversion


A unitary pillow display appearing as different pillows of varying sizes, shapes, and textures. The single unitary pillow display appears formed of a number of individual and non-joined pillows, and mimics the contemporary decorating technique of stacking a plurality of different pillows on a furniture surface. Variations in the material of the pillow sham heighten the illusion by providing the possibility of radical differences in coverings of varying parts of the display. The sham may enclose the unitary display in a highly permanent manner, or it may have an opening, with optional closure means, to allow it to slip over the display. The display may have sleeping pillow recesses in the body of the display. The display may be provided with a wide variety of optional accessories, such as pockets and means for hanging storage of the display.

The present invention relates to the field of decorative pillows, in particular, to a unitary pillow display composed of multiple sub-units.
Contemporary home decorating often involves the use of multiple pillow displays on beds and other furniture articles. Generally, a selection of pillows of various shapes, sizes, and often with varied pillow covers or shams, are artfully arranged to produce a desired effect. By stacking pillows of different sizes and shapes in rows upon each other, three dimensional displays are created that display a pleasing variety of shapes and textures.
A shortcoming of the current art is that these displays must be painstakingly created and re-created over and over again when the bed or other furniture items are used. A typical display may be two or three pillows deep. To create the display, the pillows must, in the current state of the art, be stacked artfully upon each other in a side by side manner, whereby they are also generally overlapping. When the bed or furniture item is used, the pillows must be removed, one by one, and stored, and then the entire process must be repeated to re-create the display after use. Should anyone, particularly children or pets, sit on the pillow display, they are likely to disturb the arrangement of the individual pillows and destroy the aesthetic value of the display. The instant invention, due to its unitary nature, resists such disruption. Additionally, the instant invention has advantages in storage. The pillow display may be removed from the bed or furniture item as a unit without having to handle individual pillows, can be stored easily as a unit, and can be replaced as a unit. Significant time is saved in re-establishing the pillow display, and the pillows are not subject to scattering or loss.
Segmented pillows that lack this essential aesthetic preserving quality exist in the art. An example is U.S. Pat. No. 5,437,070 where a segmented pillow has a center section with radial cushioned extensions that creates surface cavities to promote pressure free areas for a user to sit or lie on, in contrast to the instant invention, which is designed to preserve an aesthetic effect and be a labor saving device in creating that aesthetic effect.
Pillows are also known to be joined by varying types of straps or other joining devices. This general class of pillows, which might be described as xe2x80x9ctetheredxe2x80x9d pillows, can be constructed to allow for two pillows to be separated by a space designed to accommodate a body part, as seen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,864,904. A tethered pillow is also seen in U.S. Pat. No. 830,970, where rigid hinges attached to blocks fixed at the edge of two opposing sides of a pair of pillows serves to anchor the pillow shams together. Such a design in unsuitable for the rows of stacked pillows common in contemporary decorating, and introduce hard elements into an otherwise soft fabric design. Similarly incapable of stacking in other than a side by side manner, U.S. Pat. No. 3,968,529 teaches a series of pillow sections interconnected in a chain of hexagonal shapes. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 6,427,268 teaches a side by side segmented pillow that lacks the extensive three dimensional relief of the display of the instant invention.
Accordingly, the art has needed a means for improving pillow displays. Prior art devices have failed to recognize the importance of presenting a unitary display composed of multiple sub-sections to form a fixed, pleasing, display having the appearance of multiple individual elements. With these capabilities taken into consideration, the instant invention addresses many of the shortcomings of the prior art and offers significant benefits heretofore unavailable. Further, none of the above inventions and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed.
In its most general configuration, the present invention advances the state of the art with a variety of new capabilities and overcomes many of the shortcomings of prior devices in new and novel ways. In its most general sense, the present invention overcomes the shortcomings and limitations of the prior art in any of a number of generally effective configurations. In variable configurations, the unitary pillow display incorporates a visual trick upon the eye of a viewer. A single unitary pillow display appears to be formed of a number of individual and non-joined pillows, as the unitary display cleverly mimics the contemporary decorating technique of stacking a plurality of individual pillows on a furniture surface.
The unitary pillow display mimics the possible appearance of different pillows of varying sizes, shapes, and textures. Variations in the material of the sham enclosing the unitary display heighten the illusion by providing the possibility of radical differences in coverings of varying parts of the display. The sham may enclose the unitary display in a highly permanent manner, or it may have an opening to allow it to slip over the display. The display may have sleeping pillow recesses sculpted into the body of the display, so that sleeping pillow may be left in place on a bed while the display is in its functional position. A wide variety of textures and materials may form the display surface of the unitary display, and the display may be provided with a wide variety of optional accessories, such as pockets and means for hanging storage of the display.
These variations, modifications, alternatives, and alterations of the various preferred embodiments, arrangements, and configurations may be used alone or in combination with one another as will become more readily apparent to those with skill in the art with reference to the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments and the accompanying figures and drawings.
An object of the invention is to provide a unitary pillow display such that the display can be easily and quickly removed from its display location, which is an improvement over the technique of using a plurality of separate and unjoined pillows to create such a display, each of which must be removed and replaced individually into a display configuration. As one example, in use the unitary pillow display can be placed over the sleeping pillows and generally untidy upper end of a bed. To ready the bed for use, one can easily remove all of the apparent plurality of pillows in a single motion, since they are, in fact, a unitary display, and then conveniently store the unitary display until the user decides to restore the display to the bed.
A further object of the invention is to provide a unitary pillow display that will be, storable in a fixed configuration, and will not be subject to scattering and possible loss of the elements of the display.
Another object of the invention is to provide a unitary pillow display that mimics the appearance of separate pillows, yet will not be vulnerable to shifting disarrangement, as can easily happen with a plurality of separate pillows.
A further object of the invention is to provide a novelty pillow display, cleverly mimicking the appearance of a plurality of pillows, while in fact being of unitary construction.


A suspension control system for a motor vehicle, includes a vertical accelerating detector for detecting a vertical acceleration of a vehicle body; a damping force changing device for switching suspension damping forces for the front and rear wheels of the vehicle body at least in three steps; a vertical acceleration differential value measuring device for measuring a differential value of an output signal of the vertical acceleration detector; and a damping force hold determining device for setting, according to an output of the vertical acceleration differential value measuring device, damping forces for the front and rear wheels to soft level simultaneously or setting damping forces for the rear wheels only to soft level and maintaining the damping forces.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a suspension control system which is effective in preventing a person in a motor vehicle from being made uncomfortable by shocks which, while the motor vehicle is traveling on a road, are given intermittently to it because of uneven road surfaces.
2. Prior Art
A vehicle suspension control system has been well known in the art which is so designed that the damping forces of shock absorbers are determined according to vehicle driving conditions or optionally thereby to improve the comfortableness which one may feel while driving the vehicle (hereinafter referred to as "vehicle driving comfortableness") or the operability of the vehicle. For instance Japanese Utility Patent Application (OPI) No. 114708/1980 has proposed a vehicle suspension control system in which a vehicle speed is detected from the output signal of a vehicle sensor, and when the vehicle speed thus detected is higher than a predetermined value, the damping forces of the shock absorbers are increased so that the vehicle traveling at high speed is improved in operating stability (hereinafter referred to as "vehicle driving stability").
With the above-described conventional suspension control system, when the vehicle is traveling on a road, it is determined from only the vehicle speed or from the vehicle speed and the number of times of posture controls made for a predetermined period of time whether or not the vehicle driving stability should take precedence over the vehicle driving comfortableness. In addition, only the output of a select switch is utilized to increase the fundamental damping force once or several times. Hence, in practice, even when the vehicle is abruptly shocked for instance while riding protrusions on the road, the suspension does not work.
Another suspension control system has been proposed which is based on the estimation that, once the damping force is increased, then even if the conditions requiring for increasing of the damping force are eliminated, the conditions requiring for the vehicle driving stability may last. Therefore, with the system, the damping force thus increased is held as it is for a predetermined period of time or until the conditions requiring for the vehicle driving stability are eliminated. However, even when the damping forces are held in this manner, the shocks may make the drive uncomfortable when the wheels ride over protrusions on the road. Thus, with the conventional system, it is difficult to make the vehicle driving stability and the vehicle driving comfortableness compatible with each other.

Damping force control system for vehicle suspension


Illumination systems with selectively adjustable illumination patterns which reduce the need for a utility or luminaire distributer to stock luminaires with different illumination patterns and reduce the need for pre-planning installations. Implementations may allow scheduled dimming of luminaires, dimming in defined physical directions and scheduled adjustment of light patterns. The efficiency and/or color contrast of a luminaire may be improved by using wavelength shifting material, such as a phosphor, to absorb less desired wavelengths and transmit more desired wavelengths. A transmissive filter may reflect desired wavelengths such as red and green, while passing less desired wavelengths (e.g., blue) toward the wavelength shifting material which emits such as light of more desirable wavelengths.

Field
This disclosure generally relates to luminaires that employ active light sources.
Description of the Related Art
Luminaires exist in a broad range of designs suitable for various uses. Some luminaires illuminate interior spaces, while others illuminate exterior spaces. Some luminaires are used to provide information, for example, forming part of or all of a display panel. Active lighting sources take a variety of forms, for example incandescent lamps, high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps (e.g., mercury vapor lamps, high-pressure sodium lamps, metal halide lamps), and solid-state light sources for instance light emitting diodes (LEDs).
Luminaires have a number of defining characteristics, including intensity (e.g., lumens), focus or dispersion, and temperature of the emitted light. For light sources that emit light by thermal radiation (e.g., incandescent filament), the color temperature (CT) of the light source is the temperature of an ideal black-body radiator that radiates light of comparable hue to that of the light source. Light sources that emit light by processes other than thermal radiation (e.g., solid state light sources) do not follow the form of a black-body spectrum. These light sources are assigned various correlated color temperatures (CCT) to indicate, to human color perception, the color temperature that most closely matches the light emitted.
Achieving desired lighting typically requires selecting suitable light sources, lenses, reflectors and/or housings based at least in part on the defining characteristics, the environment in which the luminaire will be used, and the desired level of performance.
LEDs are becoming increasingly popular due to their high energy efficiency, robustness, and long life performance. Typically, practical LEDs are capable of emitting light in a relatively narrow band. Since white light is often desirable, solid-state lighting systems typically employ "white" LEDs. These "white" LEDs may be manufactured by placing a phosphor layer either directly on a blue emitting LED die or onto a lens or window through which an LED will emit light. The phosphor layer is typically designed to convert radiation in the 440 nanometer to 480 nanometer wavelength range (mostly blue light) into a wider spectrum consisting of longer visible wavelengths that, when added to residual blue light, will appear as a pleasing white light. A variety of white LEDs are commercially available from a variety of manufacturers. Commercially available white LEDs range from "cool" white with a CCT of approximately 6000 Kelvin (K) to "warm" white with a CCT of approximately 3000 K.
In addition to the performance parameters described above, lighting of homes, offices and other areas often has aesthetic concerns that are as important as the amount of illumination produced by the lighting system. Unlike an ideal black body radiator or natural daylight, solid-state lighting systems do not produce light that has a smooth and continuous spectral power distribution, despite the appearance of "white" light.
It is known that phosphor-coated white LEDs permit some blue light to escape conversion by the phosphor. The blue light differs from natural light and also may appear harsh or otherwise unpleasing. In addition, other aesthetic concerns often favor an emission spectrum that has more red and green wavelengths than would come from a true black body radiator. This type of light enhances the colors and color contrasts of furnishings and décor.
Although red and green light can be added to white LEDs to provide a more pleasing spectrum, this method may result in significant added cost for the extra LEDs and drive electronics, while the blue wavelength spike in the output spectrum remains.
Absorption filtered lamps, such as the General Electric's REVEAL® light bulbs) typically incorporate a filter element, such as neodymium, into the glass bulb to filter out the dull yellow light produced by the incandescent filament, thereby enhancing the appearance of the more vibrant light such as red. The addition of such a filter, however, causes a significant loss of light output, leading to a very low efficiency. For example, a REVEAL® 60 W bulb has a Lumens/Watt rating of only 11. Although an LED lamp may have a rating of 65 L/W to 100 L/W, it can be expected that adding absorption filters would similarly reduce the efficiency as well as the light output, because the undesirable light is filtered and dissipated as heat. The heat added to the system from the absorptive filter may also contribute to lowering the life expectancy of the LED.
Adjusting the phosphor formulation of white LED lamps is also inadequate in providing the desired pleasing light in an LED, due to the wideband nature of the phosphor's emission spectrum. In other words, a narrow band of wavelengths typically cannot be removed from the white LED output spectrum by adjusting the phosphor formulation.
Lighting systems are designed to have specific illumination patterns, for example, outdoor luminaires may have National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Type 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 illumination patterns. Indoor applications may require unique illumination patterns to properly light complex interior spaces, for example retail stores. Other non-standardized light patterns are desirable in some installations, to provide higher light levels in certain locations and lower light levels in other locations. For example, a NEMA Type 5 outdoor luminaire is designed to provide light in a square or circular pattern on the ground, whereas a NEMA Type 3 pattern has an oblong light distribution more suitable for roadway lighting.
In some installations, none of the standard illumination patterns is acceptable. For example, a NEMA Type 5 luminaire mounted near a residence may properly illuminate a yard and driveway, but may also project an objectionable amount of light into the windows of the residence. In such a case the luminaire installer may receive a complaint from the resident and then return to the installation to install a light shield or mask, or paint the luminaire's refractor to reduce the objectionable light illuminating the residence. This is a very expensive alteration due to the time and cost of a "bucket truck" and service person.
Interior light distribution patterns may require more than one luminaire to achieve appropriate light levels in all areas. Most lighting stores, utilities, electric companies, rural electric cooperatives and other providers of luminaire installations stock several types of luminaires so that the proper illumination pattern luminaire will be available for installation in any situation. This is a significant expense in inventory and record keeping, and complicates the installation plan.

Luminaire with transmissive filter and adjustable illumination pattern


A method for producing a release film which is used for the manufacture of adhesive labels, double-sided tapes, etc., is disclosed. The release film provides improved adhesion between a substrate and a release layer, and excellent peel strength between the release layer and an adherent. The method includes the steps of : obtaining a silicone aqueous emulsion release liquid by dispersing a silicone aqueous release agent including a dispersion of a vinyl-modified colloidal silica, a dispersion of a platinum chelate catalyst and a polysiloxane water-dispersible silicone emulsion, in water, so as to achieve a solid content of the release liquid of 2.5xcx9c30% by weight; and applying and drying the obtained release liquid on a substrate to form a release layer.

Not applicable.
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The present invention relates to a method for producing a liquid film using a release agent and a release liquid which are used for the manufacture of adhesive labels, peel-off label stickers, double-sided tapes, etc. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for producing a liquid film comprising the steps of obtaining a release liquid by dispersing a mixture of an aqueous emulsion silicone release agent and a modified colloidal silica in water and using the release liquid as a release layer.
In general, as shown in FIG. 1, a release film is produced by applying a release liquid as a release layer 2 on a substrate 1 such as a plastic film, a sheet, a paper or a non-woven fabric at a predetermined thickness. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,672,428 and 5,728,339 disclose a release layer obtained by forming a plastic film or sheet as a substrate, followed by applying a release agent thereon.
However, conventional release films using the release layer have disadvantages of inadequate peel strength and adhesive strength. That is, a peel strength sufficient to release a release film from an adherent after the release film is contacted with the adherent results in weak adhesive strength between the substrate and the release agent. In addition, the release film causes problems such as peeling off of the release agent from the substrate and poor solvent resistance.
There have been known a number of methods for improving the adhesion between a substrate and a release agent. For example, when a plastic film is used as the substrate, the surface of the plastic film is chemically treated with chromic acid, ozone, corona, flame, radioactive ion beam, etc. In particular, when the plastic film is a polyester film, the surface of the plastic film is treated with a highly polar polymer such as modified polyester having a high affinity, a partially hydrolyzed ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinylbutyral, etc.
In addition, methods for improving the peel strength between a release layer and an adherent, and the adhesion between a substrate and the release layer have been known. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,298,325 suggests a method for forming a release layer by forming a primer layer on a substrate, followed by off-line coating on the primer layer. However, the patent has problems in terms of complex processes including the off-line coating, and increased manufacturing cost.
In common release films, increasing of the adhesive strength between a release layer and a substrate results in low peel strength, and increasing of peel strength to improve the releasability results in low adhesive strength between the release layer and the substrate.
According to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,672,428 and 5,728,339, a release film is produced by in-line coating a plastic substrate once with a silicone aqueous emulsion release agent. At this time, an adhesion promoter is added to the release agent to improve adhesion between the film and the release agent. Examples of the adhesion promoter used herein include water-dispersible polyester, water-dispersible acrylic resin, glycidoxyalkoxysilane, etc.
A stretching operation must be performed during the in-line coating of the plastic film with the release agent. At this time, the operation requires considerable care so as not to cause poor adhesion between the release agent and the substrate, and smoothness of the release layer. When in-line coating the plastic substrate with the release agent, poor smoothness of the release layer results from irregular contraction and expansion of the release layer during stretching or annealing operation following coating the release agent, or from partial crosslinking caused by different cross linking rates due to non-uniform heat transfer between the release layer and the substrate.
On the other hand, most conventional in-line coating processes are done at a certain step during the manufacture of the plastic film as a substrate. Accordingly, the release properties of a silicone release film largely depend on the manufacturing stage and properties of the film itself. As a result, when peeling a laminate of the release film and an adherent, the release properties do not always show isotropy according to a physical force to peel the release film and touch by a person. Since most biaxially stretched films are manufactured by a sequential stretching process, minimization of differences between physical properties in both machinery and transverse directions is difficult to accomplish. In particular, when the differences between the physical properties in both the directions of the film exceed a certain range, they affect release properties of the release layer applied on the film.
Therefore, the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a release film having an excellent adhesive strength between a substrate and a release agent, and having excellent peel strength between the release film and an adherent.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a simplified manufacturing process of the release film by using a silicone aqueous emulsion release agent containing a vinyl-modified colloidal silica, instead of a release agent containing an organic solvent, thereby causing no volatilization of organic solvent during producing the release film, and forming the release layer by in-line coating.
It is yet another object of the present invention to provide a release film having excellent isotropic release properties by improving the uniformity of the substrate (e.g., polyester film) so as to have uniform release properties regardless of peeling directions (see, FIG. 3), when the release film is released from the adherent (see, FIG. 2).
In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method for producing a release film comprising the steps of : obtaining a release liquid by dispersing a silicone aqueous emulsion release agent including 1xcx9c10% by weight of a dispersion of a vinyl-modified colloidal silica having a solid content of 10xcx9c40% by weight, 0.1xcx9c5% by weight of a dispersion of a platinum chelate catalyst having a solid content of 12xcx9c25% by weight and the remaining amount of a polysiloxane water-dispersible silicone emulsion having a solid content of 30xcx9c60% by weight, in water, so as to achieve a solid content of the release liquid of 2.5xcx9c30% by weight; and applying and drying the obtained release liquid on a substrate to form a release layer.

Method for producing release film using silicone aqueous emulsion release liquid


A method may include inflating a first balloon within an internal carotid artery so as to block antegrade flow of blood into an ophthalmic artery. Additionally, the method may include maintaining antegrade flow of blood in the internal carotid artery via a perfusion lumen in the first balloon. Further, the method may include inserting a device into the ophthalmic artery via a lumen extending through a portion of the first balloon to a side opening in the first balloon.

Vasculature of a subject (also referred to as patient) may occasionally become stenosed, occluded, partially occluded, blocked, narrowed, or otherwise compromised such that transfer of blood through the vasculature is impeded, lessened, and/or prevented. That is, the blood carrying capacity of such a compromised vessel is reduced or otherwise insufficient. The vasculature may become occluded, stenosed, or at least partially blocked due to the deposit of plaque, emboli, or other such material on the walls of the vasculature. To avoid serious and/or permanent injury, one or more medical procedures or interventions may be performed. Such procedures may include, for example, angioplasty, atherectomy, stenting, or the like in which a constricted, narrowed, occluded, or otherwise partially blocked region of the vasculature is opened, widened, or unblocked so as to allow or maintain blood flow therethrough. Often, however, such procedures may loosen and/or fragment plaque, emboli, or other such material. The fragmented plaque, emboli, or other material may travel downstream with a flow of blood passing through the vasculature and potentially result in a stroke or other embolic event.
The systems, devices, and methods of the current disclosure may rectify some of the deficiencies described above or address other aspects of the prior art.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Medical systems, devices, and related methods


A compressor incorporated with an oil separator having a separation chamber, which is placed adjacent to a discharge chamber, has a space formed in the entire inside of the separation chamber, separates oil-containing gas, being introduced, into gas and oil by centrifugal separation, allows the separated oil to drop downward, and upwardly extracts the separated gas, and also having a lower hole for introducing the separated oil into an oil storing chamber. The oil separator is formed as a joining structure of two compressor forming members, and a portion of the oil storing chamber, other than a portion where the lower hole is opened, is communicated with the separation chamber via a gas release passageway at least a part of which is formed between the two compressor forming members. Gas is efficiently discharged from the portion of the oil storing chamber where the lower hole of the oil separator is not opened, a sufficient amount of stored oil is secured in the oil storing chamber, and in addition, workability in production of the device is improved.

As a compressor assembled in, for example, a refrigeration system of an air conditioning system for vehicles, a compressor incorporated with an oil separator, in which a centrifugal separation system oil separator is incorporated into a compressor, has been known (for example, Patent document 1). In a conventional compressor incorporated with an oil separator, for example, as is shown in FIG. 29 an example of a case of a scroll-type compressor which has a compression mechanism 103 comprising a fixed scroll 101 and a movable scroll 102, a centrifugal separation system oil separator 107 is incorporated into a rear casing 106 forming a discharge chamber 105 into which the gas (for example, refrigerant gas) compressed in compression mechanism 103 is introduced through a discharge hole 104. In such an oil separator 107, a structure is employed wherein a cylindrical cylinder (oil separation chamber 108) is provided in casing 106 as an oil separation section, on the axis thereof a separation pipe 109 is inserted or press fitted, and the upper end side thereof is fixed by or engaged with a snap ring 110. Because the oil separation section is provided only in casing 106 and the oil separation section is formed by machining, a seal bolt 111 is required in order to keep the inside pressure. Further, a discharge port 112 connected to outside of the compressor (external tube) is communicated with a space formed between the upper end of separation pipe 109 and the lower end of seal bolt 111.
The gas compressed in compression mechanism 103 is discharged into discharge chamber 105 through discharge hole 104 of the fixed scroll, and the oil-containing gas in discharge chamber 105 is introduced into oil separation chamber 108 through communication holes 113. The introduced gas rotates around separation pipe 109, and is separated into gas and oil utilizing centrifugal force. The separated gas passes through the inside of separation pipe 109 and is discharged from discharge port 112, and the oil separated by centrifugal force is stored in a lower oil-storing chamber 115 through a lower hole 114. The oil stored in oil-storing chamber 115 is returned to a suction chamber 117 through an orifice 116.
By the way, in the above-described oil separation structure, gas is likely to stay in a space above oil surface 118 of the oil stored in oil storing chamber 115, and there is a fear that the oil level is lowered and the amount of oil in oil storing chamber 115 decreases. In order to solve such a problem, it is necessary to discharge the gas in oil storing chamber 115 to outside. For example, in the compressor shown in FIG. 30 (Patent document 2), a structure is employed wherein gas release passageway 119 is provided between the side of a part 115a of the oil storing chamber, which is opened with lower hole 114, and the side of another part 115b of the oil storing chamber, which is not opened with lower hole 114, the gas stayed in the part 115a side of the oil storing chamber is introduced into the other part 115b side of the oil storing chamber, and introduced again into oil separation chamber 108 through lower hole 114, so that the gas can be discharged to outside from the inside of separation pipe 109.
In the compressor disclosed in Patent document 2, however, because the gas stayed in the part 115a side of the oil storing chamber is introduced into the other part 115b side of the oil storing chamber via gas release passageway 119 and further introduced into separation pipe 109, there is a fear that an efficient gas release from oil storing chamber 115 cannot be achieved sufficiently. Further, because it is necessary to form a groove with a complicated shape, etc. for forming the gas release passageway, the workability in production may be deteriorated.    Patent document 1: JP-A-11-93880    Patent document 2: Japanese Patent 3,847,321

Compressor incorporated with oil separator


The present invention is directed to a polymerizable system. The polymerizable system comprises an organoborane, at least one polymerizable monomer, and a work-life extending agent.

This invention relates generally to systems capable of initiating the polymerization of (meth)acrylic monomers. Specifically, this invention relates to the addition of a work-life extending agent to polymerizable (meth)acrylic monomers, as well as polymerizable systems made therewith.
Systems for initiating the polymerization of (meth)acrylic monomers to make adhesive compositions are known in the art. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,106,928, 5,286,821, and 5,310,835, for example, disclose a two part initiator system that is reportedly useful in (meth)acrylic adhesive compositions. The first part of this two part system includes a stable organoborane amine complex and the second part includes an activator. The activator liberates the organoborane compound by removing the amine group, thereby allowing the organoborane compound to initiate the polymerization process.
The organoborane compound of the complex has the general formula:
where R1, R2 and R3 are either alkyl groups having 1 to 10 carbon atoms or phenyl groups. Useful amine compounds for the complex include n-octylamine, 1,6-diaminohexane, diethylamine, dibutylamine, diethylenetriamine, dipropylenediamine, ammonia, 1,3-propylenediamine, and 1,2-propylenediamine.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,821 reports that suitable activators for liberating the organoborane compound include aldehydes having the general structure:
Rxe2x80x94(CHO)x
wherein R is alkyl of 1 to 10 carbon atoms or aryl having 6 to 10 carbon atoms and x is 1 to 2. Examples include benzaldehyde, o-, m-, p-nitrobenzaldehyde, 2,4-dichlorobenzaldehyde, p-tolylaldehyde, and 3-methoxy-4 hydroxybenzaldehyde.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,310,835 reports that suitable activators also include organic acids having the structure:
Rxe2x80x94COOH
wherein R is H, alkyl, or alkenyl having 1 to 8 carbon atoms. Examples include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, benzoic acid, and p-methoxybenzoic acid.
Fujisawa, Imai, and Mashuhara also describe a system for initiating the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. See Reports of the Institute for Medical and Dental Engineering, 3, 64 (1969). The system comprises a trialkylborane amine complex and an activator such as the chloride of methacrylic or n-butane sulfonic acid, terephthalic acid chloride, benzoyl chloride, p-toluene sulfonic acid chloride, benzene sulfonic acid chloride, methane sulfonic acid chloride, toluene diisocyanate, adipic acid chloride, o-tolyl isocyanate, acetyl chloride, and anhydrous acetic acid. The initiator system is reportedly useful in providing fast curing resins for dental applications.
With increasingly demanding end-user requirements, adhesive composition formulators are constantly being challenged to improve both application performance (e.g. work-life, rate of strength increase and cure time) and physical property performance (e.g. T-peel strength) of adhesive compositions. It is often times the case that a formulation change enhances one property of an adhesive composition while diminishing a second property of the adhesive composition.
In many industrial and consumer applications for adhesive compositions a long work-life is highly desirable. Work-life refers to the maximum time period available for bringing the adhesive composition into contact with the substrate(s) to be bonded (i.e. closing the bond) after the initiation of the cure of the adhesive composition. If the substrates are brought into contact with the adhesive composition after the work-life has expired, the ultimate strength of the bond formed between the substrates may be compromised.
Several techniques have been reported for increasing the work-life of polymerizable systems. In one known technique, slowing the cure rate of the polymerizable system, for example by reducing the amount of polymerization initiator in the polymerizable system and/or the chemical reactivity of the initiator, increases work-life. This technique, however, may typically lengthen the overall cure time, but may slow the rate of strength increase of the polymerizable system.
The addition of certain polymerizable monomers to polymerizable systems has also been reported to increase work-life. U.S. Pat. No. 5,859,160 (Righettini et al.) reports a free radical curable composition, useful as a two part adhesive, that includes a free radical curable compound and a vinyl aromatic compound that is chemically different than the free radical curable compound. The vinyl aromatic compound is present in an amount that is reportedly sufficient to decelerate the cure rate of the free radical composition without adversely effecting completion of cure and the properties of the curable composition after it has cured.
A need therefore exists for an adhesive having an increased work-life while maintaining other properties, such as rate of strength increase, cure time and T-peel strength.
The present invention is directed to a polymerizable system comprising an organoborane, at least one polymerizable monomer, and a work-life extending agent. The work-life extending agent may be according to one of the general formula:
wherein R40 is CH2xe2x95x90 or alkenyl, Z1 and Z2 are independently O, Nxe2x80x94R41 or S, and R41, R42 and R43 are independently H, alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl, provided that when Z1 and Z2 are O, R42 and R43 are independently alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl.
The work-life extending agent may also be according to the general formula:
wherein R44 is CH2xe2x95x90 or alkenyl and X is S or Nxe2x80x94R50, where R50 is hydrogen, alkyl, aryl or cycloalkyl.
Additionally, the polymerizable system of the invention may also include a complexing agent comprising a material selected from amines, amidines, hydroxides, alkoxides, and combinations thereof. In such a case, the work-life extending agent may be according to the general formula:
wherein R44 CH2xe2x95x90 or alkenyl and X is O and the ratio of anhydride groups in the work-life extending agent to amine, amidine, hydroxide or alkoxide groups in the complexing agent(s) is over 3.0:1.0.
The work-life extending agent may also be of the general formula:
wherein R40 is CH2xe2x95x90 or alkenyl, R42 is H or alkyl, R43 is H, and Z1 and Z2 are O and the ratio of amine-, amidine-, hydroxide- or alkoxide-reactive groups in the work-life extending agent to amine, amidine, hydroxide or alkoxide groups in the complexing agent(s) is over 3.0:1.0.

Polymerizable system with a long work-life


A wafer processing method for dividing a wafer into individual devices along a plurality of crossing division lines, including a frame preparing step of preparing a frame having a plurality of crossing partitions corresponding to the division lines of the wafer, a resin covering step of spreading a resin powder on the wafer and positioning the partitions of the frame in alignment with the division lines, thereby covering with the resin powder the regions of the wafer other than the regions corresponding to the division lines, a masking step of melting and curing the resin powder supplied to the wafer processed by the resin covering step and next removing the frame, thereby masking the regions other than the regions corresponding to the division lines, and an etching step of plasma-etching the wafer processed by the masking step to thereby divide the wafer into the individual devices along the division lines.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a wafer processing method for dividing a wafer into individual devices along a plurality of crossing division lines formed on the front side of the wafer, the individual devices being formed in a plurality of separate regions defined by the division lines.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a semiconductor device fabrication process, a plurality of crossing division lines are formed on the front side of a substantially disk-shaped semiconductor wafer to thereby define a plurality of separate regions where a plurality of devices such as ICs and LSIs are formed. The semiconductor wafer is cut along the division lines to thereby divide the regions where the devices are formed from each other, thus obtaining the individual devices.
Cutting of the semiconductor wafer along the division lines is usually performed by using a cutting apparatus called a dicing saw. This cutting apparatus includes a chuck table for holding a workpiece, cutting means having a cutting blade for cutting the workpiece held on the chuck table, and feeding means for relatively moving the chuck table and the cutting means. By feeding the chuck table holding the workpiece as rotating the cutting blade, the wafer is cut along each division line.
However, when the wafer is cut by the cutting blade of the cutting apparatus mentioned above, chipping is apt to occur in the periphery of each device chip divided from the wafer, causing a reduction in die strength of each device chip. To solve such a problem, there has been proposed a method including the steps of forming a resist film on the back side of a wafer, exposing to light the region of the resist film corresponding to each division line of the wafer, thereby removing this region by development, and then etching the wafer from the resist film side along the division lines as by plasma etching, thereby dividing the wafer along the division lines (see Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2006-120834, for example).

Resin powder wafer processing utilizing a frame with a plurality of partitions