A technique for peeling an element manufactured through a process at relatively low temperature (lower than 500° C.) from a substrate and transferring the element to a flexible substrate (typically, a plastic film). With the use of an existing manufacturing device for a large glass substrate, a molybdenum film (Mo film) is formed over a glass substrate, an oxide film is formed over the molybdenum film, and an element is formed over the oxide film through a process at relatively low temperature (lower than 500° C.). Then, the element is peeled from the glass substrate and transferred to a flexible substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device which has a circuit including a thin film transistor (hereinafter referred to as a TFT) and a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device. For example, the present invention relates to an electronic device which has as a component an electro-optical device typified by a liquid crystal display panel or a light emitting display device including an organic light emitting element.
Note that the term "semiconductor device" in this specification refers to a device in general that can operate by utilizing semiconductor characteristics, and an electro-optical device, a semiconductor circuit, and an electronic device are all included in the semiconductor device.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, attention has been focused on a technique for forming a thin film transistor (TFT) with the use of a semiconductor thin film (with a thickness of approximately several to several hundred nanometers) which is formed over a substrate having an insulating surface. The thin film transistor is widely applied to an electronic device such as an IC or an electro-optical device, and its development especially as a switching element of an image display device is rushed.
Various applications using such an image display device have been devised. In particular, application to a portable device has attracted attention. Currently, a glass substrate or a quartz substrate is often used; however, these substrates have the disadvantages of being fragile and heavy. Moreover, it is difficult to increase the size of a glass substrate or a quartz substrate, so that these substrates are unsuitable for mass production. Consequently, a TFT element is attempted to be formed over a substrate having flexibility, typically, a flexible plastic film.
Thus, several techniques have been proposed to peel an element formed over a glass substrate from the substrate and transfer the peeled element to another base material such as a plastic film.
The assignee of this application has proposed peeling and transferring techniques disclosed in References 1 and 2. Reference 1 discloses a peeling technique in which a silicon oxide film serving as a peeling layer is removed by wet etching. Reference 2 discloses a peeling technique in which a silicon film serving as a peeling layer is removed by dry etching.
In addition, the assignee of this application has proposed a peeling and transferring technique disclosed in Reference 3. Reference 3 discloses a peeling technique in which, when a metal layer (Ti, Al, Ta, W, Mo, Cu, Cr, Nd, Fe, Ni, Co, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir) is formed over a substrate and an oxide layer is stacked thereover, a metal oxide layer of the metal layer is formed at the interface between the metal layer and the oxide layer and this metal oxide layer is used for peeling in a later step.
[Reference 1] Japanese Published Patent Application No. H08-288522
[Reference 2] Japanese Published Patent Application No. H08-250745
[Reference 3] Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2003-174153

Method for manufacturing a semiconductor device using a flexible substrate

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


The present invention provides a composite membrane comprising a porous base membrane and a polyamide coating disposed on said porous base membrane, said polyamide coating comprising a C3-C8 cyclic carbonyl compound and a C1-C8 amide compound, said amide compound comprising at least one N—H moiety. In addition the present invention provides a method of preparing a composite membrane comprising contacting under interfacial polymerization conditions an organic solution comprising a polyacid halide with an aqueous solution comprising a polyamine, said contacting being carried out on a surface of a porous base membrane, said organic solution further comprising a C3-C8 cyclic carbonyl compound, said aqueous solution comprising a C1-C8 amide compound, said amide compound comprising at least one N—H moiety.

The present invention relates to composite membranes and methods of making composite membranes. The membranes provided by the present invention display performance enhancements relative to conventional composite membranes.
A wide variety of thin film composite membranes are known and have been found useful in the purification of fluids comprising solutes, for example the removal of salt from sea water to provide potable water. Typically, such thin film composite membranes are prepared by performing an interfacial polymerization of a polyacid chloride in a water immiscible organic solvent with a polyamine in an aqueous solution on a surface of a porous base membrane. The resultant polyamide is deposited as a thin film on one surface of the porous base membrane. Such membranes are often referred to as composite membranes because of the presence of at least two layers in the membrane structure, which are the porous base membrane and the interfacially prepared polyamide film layer. Composite membrane performance characteristics have been shown to vary depending on the structure of the polyamide layer and the presence of or absence of additives in the interfacial polymerization reaction mixture. In addition, such thin film composite membranes are sensitive to the effects of water under pressure experienced as water is forced through the membrane. For example, pressure induced compaction of the polyamide film at the surface of the porous base membrane can lead to lower porosity over time and loss of membrane performance.
Despite the technical excellence of many recent advances in composite membrane technology, improvements are still being sought in light of the growing demands on the world's water supplies. There is a need for improved membranes that have a combination of high selectivity, flux and chemical tolerance in addition to being efficient and economical. Further there is a need for new membrane compositions and methods that can provide membranes having such superior performance characteristics.


The present invention provides a glycol dispersion consisting of calcium carbonate and glycol prepared by wet grinding a glycol slurry composed of glycol and calcium carbonate surface-treated with at least one of surface treating agents selected from the group consisting of copolymers (A) of at least one of .alpha., .beta.-monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids and their salts with .alpha., .beta.-monoethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid esters and salts (B) of copolymers of .alpha., .beta.-monoethylencially unsaturated carboxylic acids with .alpha., .beta.-monoethylencially unsaturated carboxylic acid esters as material for wet grinding. The glycol dispersion of the present invention is good in dispersion stability in glycol as well as affinity with polyester and contributes to improvement of the surface properties of polyester. Furthermore, proper selection of a specific grade of calcium carbonate and specific grinding conditions enable provision of highly functional polyester products.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a glycol dispersion of calcium carbonate. More particularly it relates to a dispersion in glycol such as ethylene glycol of calcium carbonate which is used as a material in the manufacture of polyester which is used as material of especially films or fibers, for the purpose of improving polyester's friction coefficient, wherein the glycol dispersion of calcium carbonate comprises a grade of calcium carbonate having a good dispersion stability in glycol and a good affinity with polyester and glycol such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol and butylene glycol.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Polyester manufactured today commercially, polyethylene terephthalate (hereinafter called "PET") in particular, has excellent physical and chemical properties, and is being widely used for manufacture of fibers, films and other moldings.
Meanwhile, however, it is known that it has a shortcoming of lacking in sliding property in the process of molding, further processing and handling of manufactured articles, this interfering with the workability and resulting in lowering of the commercial values of the products. And, these troubles are mostly attributable to the high friction coefficient of polyester itself. To overcome such troubles, there have been proposed to date many methods which essentially consist in incorporating fine particles in polyester and imparting a proper degree of roughness to the surface of a molded article to thereby improve the surface sliding property thereof. The affinity between such fine particles and polyester is, however, insufficient, hence there was invariably something to be desired about the transparency and wear resistance of films, fibers et cetera manufactured by such methods.
As means of improving the surface properties of polyester have been hitherto known, among others, the following:
(1) a method of separating out a part or whole of the catalyst et cetera used for synthesis of polyester in the reaction process (internal particle separating-out method)
(2) a method of adding fine particles of calcium carbonate, silicon dioxide et cetera in the course of or after polymerization (external particle adding method)
The internal particle separating-out method (1) has a drawback of having difficulty in controlling the amount and size of particles and in preventing the formation of coarse particles because in this method particles are to be formed during reaction, although the affinity between polyester and particles is somewhat good, for such particles consist of a metallic salt of a polyester component.
The external particle adding method (2), which consists in adding fine particles of an inorganic compound insoluble in and inert to polyester such as titanium dioxide, silica, talc, kaolin and calcium carbonate during or after polymerization, is superior to the method (1) described above with regard to improvement of sliding property, if the particle size and the amount of addition of the inorganic compound are properly selected and coarse particles are removed by classification or the like in advance. However, the affinity between inorganic particles and polyester as an organic substance is insufficient hence separation occurs in the interface boundary between particles and polyester in the course of stretching et cetera, this causing problems about transparency and wear resistance which are still to be solved. For improvement of this affinity between the inorganic compound and polyester, there has been proposed a method of surface treatment by coupling reaction between a silane compound and a titanate compound, but this method, too, has various problems such as the complicated process involved and the fact that the effect attainable is not so good as expected.
Also, for improvement of dispersibility in polyester of such inorganic compound there is proposed a method of preparing glycol slurry of fine particles of the inorganic compound and adding it in the process of polyester manufacture, but there is something to be desired about the dispersibility as well as long-term dispersion stability of such inorganic compound in glycol, hence, when the glycol with such inorganic compound in fine powder form suspended therein is stored for a long period, there are problems of such inorganic compound precipitated to form deposits or hard cakes which are difficult to redisperse or fine particles of such inorganic compound agglomerating in glycol or in the course of manufacture of polyester. The presence of agglomerated coarse particles in polyester can cause yarn breakage in the spinning process, formation of the so-called "fish eye" et cetera and, in particular, drop-out or lowering of S/N ratio when it is used for manufacture of film for magnetic tape, and there has been a strong need for development of fine particles free from formation of coarse particles.


A modular printhead mounting for a digital printer wherein the modules (2) may be mechanically aligned using specifically designed frame (3) supporting the modules (2). The frame (3) has a plurality of mounting sites (19) for mounting respective printhead modules (2) to the frame (3). At least one of the mounting sites (19) includes a mechanical adjustment mechanism (15, 16, 17 and 18) for reducing input movements to effect minute adjustments of the position of the printhead module (2) with respect to the frame (3).

The present invention relates to inkjet printers and in particular to pagewidth inkjet printers.
The printheads used by inkjet printers traditionally traverse back and forth within the printer as a page is fed past the printhead. To increase printing speed, pagewidth printheads have been developed so that the printhead does not need to traverse across the page.
For a number of reasons, it is relatively expensive to produce pagewidth printheads in a unitary form. Therefore, to minimize costs it is preferable to produce a modular pagewidth printhead made up of a series of printhead modules.
It is necessary to align each module so that the printing from one module precisely abuts the printing from the adjacent modules. For most types of printing, it is sufficient to electronically align the modules. This is done by configuring the modules such that they slightly overlap with each other, and then digitally adjusting the printing from each module for a smooth transition of the print data.
Unfortunately, this requires complex manipulation of the print data allocated to the respective modules. The digital controller for the printer needs to be relatively powerful to accommodate this and the associated costs can be prohibitive for the SOHO (small office/home office) market.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a modular printhead for a digital printer, the modular printhead including:
a support frame and a plurality of printhead modules, the frame having a plurality of mounting sites for mounting respective printhead modules to the frame; wherein,
at least one of the mounting sites has an adjustment mechanism for reducing input movements to effect minute adjustments of the position of the printhead module with respect to the frame.
A modular printhead mounting for a digital printer including:
a support frame;
a plurality of mounting sites, each mounting a print head module;
at least one of the mounting sites including:
a module engagement plate upon which the printhead module is mounted, the module engagement plate being connected to the support frame by flexible arms, said flexible arms constraining said plate to substantially linear movement relative to the frame; and
an adjustment mechanism, the adjustment mechanism including:
a lever arm pivotally attached to the frame and also attached to said plate remote from an effective fulcrum wherein pivotal movement of the lever arm causes movement of said plate; and
a movable member in engagement with the lever arm causing said pivotal movement of the lever arm.
Preferably, the adjustment mechanism uses a system of levers and pivots for geared reduction of the input movements to minute adjustments of the printhead module relative to the frame. In a further preferred form, the ratio of input movement to the resultant adjustment is at least 500 to 1.
In a particularly preferred form, the movement of the printhead module relative to the frame is less than 100 xcexcm.
In some embodiments, the adjustment mechanism includes an input lever fulcrumed against the support frame for acting on a module engagement plate, the module engagement plate being connected to the support frame by hinged link arms such that the resultant movement of the plate is substantially linear. Preferably, the movement of the input lever is substantially normal to the resultant movement of the engagement plate. In a further preferred form, the input lever for each of the adjustment mechanisms is actuated by a respective grub screw threadedly engaged with the support frame. Conveniently, the ratio of axial movement of the grub screw to the movement of the plate is about 1000 to 1.
Conveniently, the adjustment mechanism is integrally formed with the frame wherein the fulcrum and hinged connections are formed by localized necks in the frame material.


An apparatus for displaying a travel path of a running body, such as a vehicle in which a constantly changing location of the running body is successively computed and the current location of said running body is displayed successively, in accordance with the data thus computed, on a display screen having a map previously displayed thereon, which comprises means for dividing patterns of roads on said map and the path of travel of the running body into line segments to effect pattern recognition according to the polygonal approximation and means for producing a display of the travel path in accordance with the line segments of the road to which the matching of the pattern recognition has been attained.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a travel path displaying apparatus in which a current location and a path of travel of a running body, such as an automobile, (hereinafter referred to as a vehicle) are displayed on a display screen which has a map previously displayed thereon.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In an attempt to prevent a driver of a vehicle from losing his way in driving, for example in a strange place, off his desired travel path, there has been developed a travel path displaying apparatus including a distance detector for detecting a distance of travel depending upon a running speed of the vehicle and a direction detector for detecting a running direction and an amount of change of direction, from time to time, wherein the current location of the vehicle on X-Y coordinates is successively computed from the respective results of the above-mentioned detections and the location thus computed is memorized and displayed in the form of a constantly changing pattern of continuous point informations on a display screen having a map including roads or the like previously displayed thereon, so that the driver may confirm the current location of his vehicle.
In such a travel path displaying apparatus it is inevitable that some error in displayed position may occur as the vehicle travels, owing to such factors as accuracies of detections when the distance and/or direction detections are effected and such error in displayed position may increase cumulatively as the vehicle advances, so that the current location and the path of travel displayed may come off the correct road on the map. Then the driver cannot judge the location of the road on the map where he is driving.
Heretofore, a method for correcting such error in position on the basis of interrelation between a pattern of roads on the map and a pattern of the path of travel has been proposed. According to this method, in order to find out a road pattern which corresponds to a pattern of path of travel where the vehicle has passed, a few routes which are considered to correspond to the path through which the vehicle has passed are firstly selected from the complicated road pattern in any manner, and then the respective ones of said routes are separately examined as to adaptability to the path of travel. Thus a road having a pattern most resembling the path of travel is assumed to be the one through which the vehicle has passed and the route of travel is displayed on the corresponding portion of road on the map.
Such method of correction has a drawback in the case where a route which is considered to correspond to the path of travel is to be found out on a map including complicatedly connected roads. In such case, a lot of road patterns may be selected in the first stage and, accordingly, the processing for matching the respective ones of the selected road patterns and the pattern of the path of travel of the vehicle requires considerable time. Furthermore, in the case where the vehicle has passed through a road which is not displayed on the map, it is impossible to effect the matching process between the road patterns and the travel path pattern, so that the correction cannot be made. Particularly in a case where the vehicle has passed through a road which is not indicated on the map or the map includes some mistake or deformation of road, it is impossible to effect the matching of patterns, so that the correction of path of travel becomes interrupted.


Described examples include a process that includes forming a diffusion barrier layer on a backside of a semiconductor wafer. The process also includes forming a seed copper layer on the diffusion barrier layer. The process also includes forming a copper layer on the seed copper layer. The process also includes immersion plating a silver layer on the copper layer.

In electronic packaging, thermal management is an important aspect of packaging design and it considers the issues associated with degradation of a device at high temperatures. Thermal management is becoming more important with the continuous trends for compact and more highly integrated systems having smaller features and higher currents. Conduction is one of the methods of heat transfer from a package or device in which the heat is transferred through a solid medium. The selection of materials used for the device and the substrate influence the ability of the device to conduct the generated heat away.
To rapidly transfer heat, heat-sinks such as copper, aluminum, or copper and aluminum alloys can be used. Copper is a better electrical and thermal conductor than aluminum. However, copper oxidizes. The formation of oxide on copper reduces its thermal conductivity. In addition, long term storage of the device after backside electroplating with copper can reduce the plated copper thickness due to corrosion. Copper oxide also has weak adhesion to copper. If the copper oxide separates, it can expose the copper underneath the oxide to air and form an additional oxide layer. Applying a thin layer of tin on copper protects the copper surface from corrosion and allows long storage of the device prior to installation. However, there are disadvantages related to the use of tin. Immersion tin chemistry contains a thiourea which is carcinogenic. Tin plating can create whiskers that present contamination and shorting problems. Tin does not work well with multiple reflow/assembly processes. Tin can aggressively attack solder masks. Tin forms an intermetallic with copper over time that results in the loss of pure tin, which results in degradation of solder performance. The first reflow exposure will dramatically reduce the pure tin thickness and the resulting deposit stress could result in tin whiskers. This is a naturally occurring characteristic of tin in direct contact with copper.


The present invention relates to a method of producing 2-(isopropylamino)ethanol, including subjecting acetone, 2-aminoethanol, and hydrogen to a vapor-phase catalytic reaction in the presence of a noble metal-containing catalyst. According to the present invention, 2-(isopropylamino)ethanol can be industrially obtained in a large amount and with high efficiency through the vapor-phase catalytic reaction of acetone, 2-aminoethanol, and hydrogen. 2-(Isopropylamino)ethanol is a compound useful as a raw material for a drug, an agricultural chemical, or the like.

Known methods of producing 2-(isopropylamino) ethanol are as follows:
(1) a method involving allowing acetone to react with 2-aminoethanol and hydrogen at from 1 to 2 atm in the presence of a platinum oxide catalyst in ethanol to produce 2-(isopropylamino) ethanol (Non Patent Literature 1); and
(2) a method involving allowing acetone to react with a mixture of 2-aminoethanol and hydrogen at 4.5 MPa in the presence of a palladium-carbon catalyst in methanol to produce 2-(isopropylamino)ethanol (Patent Literature 1).

Method for producing 2-(isopropylamino)ethanol


A method and a system for verifying properties of a computer program is provided, pertaining to the validity of properties at program points by means of at least one forward analyser and one backward analyser. For each property, in an issuing phase an analyser issues to a centralizer module an assumption on the validity of the property at a point of the program, the centralizer module storing the assumption in a database with an attribute indicating the original analyser and a status indicating that the assumption needs to be verified; in a phase of verifying the assumption, stored in the database, a test analyser is selected to analyse the assumption in cooperation with the other analysers, the centralizer module determining analysers able to cooperate. The verification phase is iterated until all assumptions stored in the base have been analysed by at least one test analyser, a verified assumption being marked as valid.

The present invention relates to a method and a system for verifying properties of a computer program.
It applies notably to all computer programs in the form of source codes whose properties, notably dependability, security and proper operation, one wishes to verify. It applies in particular in respect of critical computer programs.
There exist critical computer programs embedded for example in aerial and terrestrial transports and nuclear facilities. It is necessary, indeed obligatory, to ensure that these programs comply notably with properties of dependability, security and proper operation. Other properties can be verified. These properties are expressed on the source code of the program investigated.
Several procedures can be used to provide elements of confidence in critical programs by verifying properties about their source code. Two types of procedures are particularly known, test procedures and static analysis procedures.
Test procedures involve executing the program on a large number of inputs. As there are too many different inputs, some of them are selected, hoping that these are representative of all the behaviours of the program. These procedures may therefore afford only partial confidence in the program.
Static analysis procedures involve investigating the source code without executing it. Various static analysis procedures exist and provide guarantees about the behaviour of the program for all its inputs. In general this problem has no solution: it forms part of the class of undecidable problems. The existing procedures must therefore proceed by approximations. These approximations can be of two kinds: either they make it possible to give a subset comprising only definite errors, or they make it possible to give a super-set of potential errors. In the first case, the effect of the approximation is that certain errors may be omitted. In the second case, the analysis may indicate errors that the source code does not actually exhibit. Within the framework of the analysis of a critical code, consideration is generally given to the second family of approximations so as to have the possibility of being certain that no error remains in the source program investigated. Moreover, static analysis relies on formal modelling of the language used in the source program investigated. This modelling may not take into account certain aspects of the language for technical reasons. Because of these choices in the modelling, a given static analysis procedure may be incapable of processing certain parts of the source program to be investigated.

Method and system for verifying properties of a computer program


The present invention relates to crystal forms of an oxypyridine amide derivative and a preparation method therefor. In particular, the present invention relates to crystal forms A, B, C, D, E and F of a compound represented by formula (I) and a preparation method therefor. The crystal forms of the compound represented by formula (I) as described in the present invention have good crystal form stability and may be better for clinical use.

12 million people around the world die each year from cerebrovascular disease, cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis and other cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and account for nearly a quarter of the world's total death. Each year over 2.6 million people die from cardiovascular diseases in China, and 75% of surviving patients are disabled, of which more than 40% are severely disabled. Currently, thrombosis caused by cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and diabetes and complications thereof has become an urgent problem to be solved.
According to data from the independent market analysis agency Datamonitor in 2011, it is predicted that with the production of generic drugs, the share of the drugs for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in seven major markets will reach a peak in 2011 and then gradually decrease, and the sales amount thereof will fall from $109 billion in 2010 to $101 billion in 2019. The market of the drugs for thrombus remains basically stable, with the sales amount falling from $19.5 billion in 2010 to $18.9 billion in 2019 (Datamonitor: HC00034-001, HC00139-001). It is also shown in the investigation report from Guangzhou Biaodian Medical Information Co., Ltd. in 2011 that the market size of antithrombotic drugs in China in 2011 will reach 8.135 billion yuan, with an increase of 20.52% year-on-year, and has huge market potential (Market Research Report on Antithrombotic Drugs: Guangzhou Biaodian Medical Information Co., Ltd. (2011)).
The process of human blood coagulation which consists of an intrinsic pathway, an extrinsic pathway, and a common pathway (Annu. Rev. Med. 2011. 62:41-57), is a chain reaction in which multiple zymogens are sequentially activated and the process is continuously strengthened and amplified. The coagulation cascade reaction is initiated by the intrinsic pathway (also known as the contact activation pathway) and the extrinsic pathway (also known as the tissue factor pathway) to generate FXa, and then thrombin (FIIa) is generated by the common pathway, which finally leads to fibrin formation.
The intrinsic pathway refers to a process in which factor XII is activated to form a XIa-VIIIa-Ca2±P L complex which then activates factor X, and the extrinsic pathway for coagulation refers to a process from the release of tissue factors (TF) to the formation of a TF-VIIaCa2+ complex and activation of factor X. The common pathway refers to a process in which the two pathways, after the formation of factor Xa, are combined to activate prothrombin and finally to generate fibrin, wherein FXI is necessary to maintain the intrinsic pathway and plays a key role in the amplification process of a coagulation cascade reaction. In the coagulation cascade reaction, thrombin can lead to a feedback activation of FXI, and the activated FXI (FXIa) promotes the production of thrombin in large quantities, thereby amplifying the coagulation cascade reaction. Therefore, the antagonists for FXI have been widely developed for the treatment of various thrombosis.
Traditional anticoagulant drugs, such as warfarin, heparin, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), and new drugs marketed in recent years such as FXa inhibitors (rivaroxaban, apixaban, etc.) and thrombin inhibitors (dabigatran etexilate, hirudin, etc.), have relatively good effects on reducing thrombosis and due to the significant efficacy thereof, occupy the vast majority of market share in drugs for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, the side effects of traditional anticoagulant drugs are becoming more and more significant, wherein the "bleeding risk" is one of the most serious problems (N Engl J Med 1991; 325:153-8, Blood. 2003; 101:4783-4788).
Human FXI deficiency (FXI activity <15 U/dL), also called hemophilia C, is manifested by mild bleeding phenotype, and spontaneous bleeding only occurs in a minority of patients. The hemostatic function of the patients suffering from this disease is not affected even upon injury or surgery, and hemophilia C patients can get pregnant and give birth normally (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010; 30:388-392). It can be seen therefrom that the safety of FXIa is significantly better than that of FXa. Therefore, the target FXIa has become a hot topic for major companies and research institutions. Studies have shown that in a thrombosis model, inhibiting FXIa factors can effectively inhibit the formation of thrombus, but in more severe cases of thrombosis, FXIa has little effect (Blood. 2010; 116(19):3981-3989). It is shown in clinical statistics that increasing the amount of FXIa will increase the prevalence rate of VTE (Blood 2009; 114:2878-2883), and people with severe FXIa deficiency have a reduced risk of suffering from DVT (Thromb Haemost 2011; 105:269-273).
FXIa is used as an emerging target, and patent applications which disclose compounds having a FXIa inhibitory activity include WO 9630396, WO 9941276, WO 2013093484, WO 2004002405, WO 2013056060, WO 2017005725, US 20050171148, WO 2017023992 and WO 2018039094, wherein only the antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) BAY-2306001 from Bayer entered a phase II clinical trial and achieved good results. In the phase I clinical trial of this drug, the FXI activity in subjects showed a sustained, dose-dependent decrease, accompanied with a prolonged aPTT, and no drug-related bleeding symptoms occurred even the FXI in the body reduced to an undetectable level, showing a potential of FXIa as an emerging target (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol, 2013, 33(7)1670-1678). However, FXI ASO must be administered by injection and has a slower onset, which takes several weeks to exert an antithrombotic effect and may be limited when used as a drug for prevention and treatment. In terms of small molecule inhibitors, only FXIa inhibitor BMS-962212 from BMS is currently in a phase II clinical trial. Therefore, the research on new FXIa inhibitors is of great significance.
WO 2018041122 discloses a series of oxopyridine amides FXIa inhibitors, which have been structurally characterized therein and comprise a compound of formula (I). Furthermore, this application also comprises a biological evaluation on the compound of formula (I), which shows that the compound has a significant inhibitory effect on FXIa and a significant anticoagulant effect on human blood, and in addition, it is found that the compound has a good pharmacokinetic absorption, leading to an obvious pharmacokinetic absorption effect,

A crystal form acting as a pharmaceutical active ingredient often affects the chemical stability of a drug. Different crystallization conditions and storage conditions may lead to changes in the crystal structure of a compound, sometimes accompanied with the production of other forms of crystal forms. In general, an amorphous drug product has an irregular crystal structure, which often leads to other defects, such as poor product stability, finer crystallization, difficulty in filtration, easy to agglomerate, and poor fluidity. Polymorphism of drugs have different requirements for product storage, production and scale up. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth study on crystal forms of the compound of formula (I) to improve various properties thereof.
Content of the Present Invention
In order to explore the relationship between specific pharmaceutically acceptable forms and physical and chemical properties of a FXIa inhibitor compound, and to develop a specific pharmaceutically acceptable form that is more suitable as a drug, the present disclosure provides crystal forms of a FXIa inhibitor, (S)-4-(4-(tert-butoxy)-2-(4-(5-chloro-2-propionylphenyl)-5-methoxy-2-oxopyridin-1(2H)-yl)butanamido)benzoic acid (a compound of formula (I)), a preparation method therefor and uses thereof.
The present disclosure provides a crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), wherein the crystal form A has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 7.420, 8.000, 8.642, 12.900 and 22.400, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form A has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 7.420, 8.000, 8.642, 12.900, 16.281, 18.280, 20.018, 21.119 and 22.400, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form A has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 7.420, 8.000, 8.642, 12.900, 16.281, 18.280, 20.018, 21.119, 22.400 and 24.458, 26.100, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
The present disclosure provides a crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), wherein the crystal form B has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 7.620, 8.680, 11.042, 11.638, 12.339, 16.320 and 19.381, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form B has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 7.620, 8.680, 11.042, 11.638, 12.339, 14.461, 16.320, 18.123, 18.381 and 19.381, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form B has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 7.620, 8.680, 11.042, 11.638, 12.339, 14.461, 16.320, 18.123, 18.381, 19.381, 22.020, 25.038 and 26.460, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
The present disclosure provides crystal form C of the compound of formula (I), wherein the crystal form C has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 7.283, 8.780, 10.664, 11.264, 14.744, 15.456, 16.587 and 17.598, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form C has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 7.283, 8.780, 10.664, 11.264, 14.744, 15.456, 16.587, 17.598, 18.165, 18.915, 20.158, 21.025 and 22.363, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form Chas an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 5.312, 6.704, 7.283, 8.780, 9.544, 10.664, 11.264, 12.335, 14.124, 14.744, 15.456, 16.587, 17.598, 18.165, 18.915, 20.158, 21.025, 22.363, 23.211, 24.504, 24.713, 26.042 and 27.534, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
The present disclosure provides a crystal form D of the compound of formula (I), wherein the crystal form D has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 7.021, 7.901, 8.259, 9.200, 10.639, 12.320, 13.821, 14.180, 14.580, 15.519, 16.120, 16.661, 18.500, 19.919 and 20.600, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form D has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 7.021, 7.901, 8.259, 9.200, 10.639, 12.320, 13.821, 14.180, 14.580, 15.519, 16.120, 16.661, 18.500, 19.919, 20.600, 21.320, 21.700, 22.358, 22.820, 23.221, 23.538, 24.241 and 25.060, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form D has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 7.021, 7.901, 8.259, 9.200, 10.639, 12.320, 13.821, 14.180, 14.580, 15.519, 16.120, 16.661, 18.500, 19.919, 20.600, 21.320, 21.700, 22.358, 22.820, 23.221, 23.538, 24.241, 25.060, 25.520, 26.920, 27.420, 27.940, 28.720, 29.020, 29.420, 30.560, 31.402, 32.460, 35.380, 35.919 and 37.261, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
The present disclosure provides a crystal form E of the compound of formula (I), wherein the crystal form E has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 6.460, 7.480, 7.977, 16.220, 19.360 and 21.720, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form E has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 6.460, 7.480, 7.977, 8.662, 11.299, 12.140, 14.038, 16.220, 17.440, 18.560, 19.360 and 21.720, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form E has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 6.460, 7.480, 7.977, 8.662, 11.299, 12.140, 14.038, 16.220, 17.440, 18.560, 19.360, 21.720, 22.664, 24.922, 25.940, 26.840 and 29.620, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
The present disclosure provides a crystal form F of the compound of formula (I), wherein the crystal form F has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 5.761, 9.800, 10.640, 11.621, 14.021, 16.180, 16.460, 17.520, 21.460 and 24.580, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form F has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 5.761, 9.800, 10.640, 11.621, 14.021, 16.180, 16.460, 16.740, 17.520, 21.460, 22.820, 23.939, 24.580 and 26.280, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
Further, the crystal form F has an X-ray powder diffraction pattern comprising characteristic peaks at 2θ values of 5.761, 9.800, 10.640, 11.621, 14.021, 16.180, 16.460, 16.740, 17.520, 18.560, 19.142, 19.820, 21.460, 22.820, 23.939, 24.580, 25.981, 26.280, 26.861, 27.700, 28.580, 28.921, 29.480, 30.840, 31.340, 32.801, 33.300, 33.921, 35.321, 36.843, 38.660, 40.101, 41.121 and 41.600, and the error range may be ±0.3, ±0.2 or ±0.1.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A, crystal form B, crystal form C, crystal form D, crystal form E and crystal form F of the compound of formula (I) wherein the method comprises taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of a solvent for crystallization, filtering and drying to obtain crystal form A, crystal form B, crystal form C, crystal form D, crystal form E or crystal form F of the compound of formula (I).
The solvent used for crystallization of crystal form A, crystal form B, crystal form C, crystal form D, crystal form E, and crystal form F of the compound of formula (I) is selected from one or more of a hydrocarbon solvent, an ether solvent, an alcohol solvent, an ester solvent, a ketone solvent, a nitrile solvent, a halogenated hydrocarbon solvent, a nitrogen-containing solvent, water and dimethyl sulfoxide. The hydrocarbon solvent includes, but is not limited to, cyclohexane, n-hexane, n-heptane, toluene, o-xylene or p-xylene; the ether solvent includes, but is not limited to, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, isopropyl ether or 1,4-dioxane; the alcohol solvent includes, but is not limited to, methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, isopentanol or trifluoroethanol; the ester solvent includes, but is not limited to, ethyl acetate, ethyl formate, tert-butyl acetate, ethyl propionate, isopropyl acetate or butyl acetate; the ketone solvent includes, but is not limited to, acetone, acetophenone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-butanone or methyl isobutyl ketone; the nitrile solvent includes, but is not limited to, acetonitrile or propionitrile; the halogenated hydrocarbon solvent includes, but is not limited to, chloromethane, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, chloroform or tetrachloromethane; and the nitrogen-containing solvent includes, but is not limited to, nitromethane, N,N-dimethylformamide or N,N-dimethylacetamide.
The crystallization method of crystal form A, crystal form B, crystal form C, crystal form D, crystal form E, and crystal form F of the compound of formula (I) is selected from a room temperature crystallization method, a cooling crystallization method, a solvent-evaporation crystallization method or a crystal seed-induced crystallization method.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of ethyl acetate for dissolution, heating same until the solution is clear, adding n-hexane until a turbid solution appears, slowly cooling the solution to room temperature and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of dichloromethane for dissolution, heating same until the solution is clear, adding an appropriate amount of isopropyl ether, slowly cooling the solution to room temperature and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of acetone for dissolution, heating same until the solution is clear, adding an appropriate amount of n-heptane, slowly cooling the solution to room temperature and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of ethyl acetate for dissolution, heating same until the solution is clear, adding an appropriate amount of n-heptane, slowly cooling the solution to room temperature and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of toluene for dissolution, heating same until the solution is clear, adding an appropriate amount of n-heptane, slowly cooling the solution to room temperature and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of ethyl formate for dissolution, heating same until the solution is clear, adding an appropriate amount of n-hexane with a small amount of solid being precipitated, slowly cooling the solution to room temperature and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of ethyl acetate for dissolution, heating same until the solution is clear, adding an appropriate amount of n-hexane until solid is precipitated, further stirring the solution under a heating state for a period of time, slowly cooling the solution to room temperature and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form A.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of toluene and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of a mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran/methyl tert-butyl ether and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate/n-hexane and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of a mixed solvent of ethyl acetate/n-heptane and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal forms A and B of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of a mixed solvent of dioxane/water and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal forms A and B of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of acetonitrile and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form A. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of water and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form A.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of ethyl acetate for dissolution, heating same until the solution is clear, adding n-heptane until a turbid solution appears, further stirring the solution under a heating state for a period of time, slowly cooling the temperature to 50° C. with solid being precipitated, further adding an appropriate amount of n-heptane, slowly cooling the temperature to 10° C., and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form B. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of tetrahydrofuran, adding dropwise the solution to an isopropyl ether solution containing an amount of crystal seeds of crystal form A under room temperature, and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form B.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of amorphous crystal forms of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of a mixed solvent of tert-butyl acetate/methyl tert-butyl ether/n-hexane and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form B. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of amorphous crystal forms of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of a mixed solvent of trifluoroethanol/isopropyl ether and slurrying the mixture at elevated temperature to obtain crystal form B. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of amorphous crystal forms of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of n-heptane and slurrying the mixture at elevated temperature to obtain crystal form B. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of an amorphous crystal form of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of a mixed solvent of chloroform/methyl tert-butyl ether and slurrying the mixture at elevated temperature to obtain crystal form B. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of an amorphous crystal form of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of methyl tert-butyl ether and slurrying the mixture at room temperature until same is insoluble at elevated temperature to obtain crystal form B. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of an amorphous crystal form of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of cyclohexane and slurrying the mixture at room temperature until same is insoluble at elevated temperature to obtain crystal form B. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal forms A and B of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of the ethyl acetate/n-heptane mixed solvent and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form B. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal forms A and B of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of the acetone/methyl tert-butyl ether/n-hexane mixed solvent and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form B. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form B of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal forms A and B of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of the butyl acetate/methyl tert-butyl ether/n-hexane mixed solvent and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form B.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form C of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of p-xylene and slurrying the mixture at room temperature for crystallization to obtain crystal form C.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form D of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of ethyl acetate for dissolution, heating same until the solution is clear, cooling the solution and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form D. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form D of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of ethyl acetate for dissolution, heating same until the solution is clear, adding dropwise an appropriate amount of n-hexane, slowly cooling the solution and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form D. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form D of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of acetone for dissolution, heating same until the solution is clear, adding dropwise an appropriate amount of n-heptane, slowly cooling the solution and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form D. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form D of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of ethyl acetate for dissolution, adding dropwise an appropriate amount of n-hexane containing about 4 mg of crystal form A, and stirring for crystallization, to obtain crystal form D. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form D of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of acetone for dissolution, adding dropwise an appropriate amount of isopropyl ether containing about 4 mg of crystal form A, and stirring for crystallization, to obtain crystal form D. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form D of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of the acetone/isopropyl ether mixed solvent and then slowly volatilizing at room temperature for crystallization to obtain crystal form D.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form D of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of amorphous crystal forms of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of acetonitrile and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form D.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form E of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of the acetone/cyclohexane mixed solvent and then slowly volatilizing at room temperature for crystallization to obtain crystal form E.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form F of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of ethyl acetate, heating same until the solution is clear, further stirring the solution with solid being precipitated, adding dropwise an appropriate amount of n-hexane, slowly cooling the solution and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form F. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form F of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of the compound of formula (I), adding an appropriate amount of ethyl formate and heating to reflux until the solution is clear, adding dropwise an appropriate amount of n-hexane, adding crystal seeds of crystal form F and heating to reflux until the solution is clear, slowly cooling the solution and stirring for crystallization to obtain crystal form F.
The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form F of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of amorphous crystal forms of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of the 1,4-dioxane/water mixed solvent and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form F. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form F of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of the acetonitrile/water mixed solvent and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form F. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form F of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of the tetrahydrofuran/water mixed solvent and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form F. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form F of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of the acetone/water mixed solvent and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form F. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form F of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of crystal form A of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of the isopropanol/water mixed solvent and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form F. The present disclosure also relates to a method for preparing crystal form F of the compound of formula (I), which comprises: taking an amount of amorphous crystal forms of the compound of formula (I), adding same to an appropriate amount of the ethyl propionate/n-heptane mixed solvent and slurrying the mixture at room temperature to obtain crystal form F.
The present disclosure also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising crystal form A, crystal form B, crystal form C, crystal form D, crystal form E or crystal form F of the compound of formula (I) and optionally one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and/or diluents. The pharmaceutical composition can be prepared into any one of the pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms. For example, the pharmaceutical formulation comprising crystal form A, crystal form B, crystal form C, crystal form D, crystal form E or crystal form F of the compound of formula (I) of the present disclosure can be prepared into a tablet, a capsule, a pill, a granule, a solution, a suspension, a syrup, an injection (including an injectable solution, sterile powders for injection and a concentrated solution for injection), a suppository, an inhalant or a spray.
In addition, the pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure can also be administered to patients or subjects in need of such treatment by any suitable administration route, such as oral, parenteral, rectal, pulmonary or topical administration route. When used for oral administration, the pharmaceutical composition can be prepared into an oral formulation, for example, an oral solid formulation such as a tablet, a capsule, a pill and a granule; or an oral liquid formulation such as an oral solution, an oral suspension and a syrup. When prepared into an oral formulation, the pharmaceutical formulation may also comprise suitable fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, etc. When used for parenteral administration, the pharmaceutical formulation can be prepared into an injection, including an injectable solution, sterile powders for injection, and a concentrated solution for injection. When prepared into an injection, the pharmaceutical composition can be produced using conventional methods in the existing pharmaceutical field. When the pharmaceutical formulation is prepared into an injection, additives may not be added, or suitable additives can be added according to the properties of the drug. When used for rectal administration, the pharmaceutical formulation can be prepared into a suppository, etc. When used for pulmonary administration, the pharmaceutical formulation can be prepared into an inhalant, a spray, etc. In certain embodiments, crystal form A, crystal form B, crystal form C, crystal form D, crystal form E or crystal form F of the compound of formula (I) of the present disclosure is present in the pharmaceutical composition or drug in a therapeutically and/or prophylactically effective dose. In certain embodiments, crystal form A, crystal form B, crystal form C, crystal form D, crystal form E or crystal form F of the compound of formula (I) of the present disclosure is present in the pharmaceutical composition or drug in unit dosage form.
The present disclosure further relates to a method for preparing the pharmaceutical composition, which comprises: mixing one or more of crystal forms selected from crystal form A, crystal form B, crystal form C, crystal form D, crystal form E or crystal form F of the compound of formula (I) of the present disclosure with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient.
The present disclosure further relates to an use of crystal form A, crystal form B, crystal form C, crystal form D, crystal form E or crystal form F of the compound of formula (I) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating and/or preventing factor XIa-mediated diseases.
The present disclosure further relates to an use of crystal form A, crystal form B, crystal form C, crystal form D, crystal form E or crystal form F of the compound of formula (I) in the manufacture of a medicament for treating and/or preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, wherein the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases are selected from thromboembolic diseases, preferably myocardial infarction, angina, reocclusion and restenosis after angioplasty or aortic coronary artery bypass, disseminated intravascular coagulation, stroke, transient ischemia attack, peripheral arterial occlusive diseases, pulmonary embolism or deep vein thrombosis.

Crystal forms of oxypyridine amide derivative and preparation method therefor

SHANGHAI HENGRUI PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.


A wax filter manipulator, wax filter, holder for a number of wax filter manipulators, and system comprising a wax filter manipulator and a holder for a wax filter manipulator, the system comprising a wax filter manipulator and a holder for a wax filter manipulator, whereby the manipulator has a first tool part for initially holding and subsequently releasing a new wax filter in the sound outlet tube or vent opening of a hearing aid and a second tool part adapted to receive and hold a used wax filter, where the manipulator further comprises a gripping part to be gripped and held by a person and where the first and second tool parts are arranged side by side and extend essentially in the same direction from an edge portion of the gripping part, whereby the holder for the manipulator comprises at least one pocket for accommodating at least that edge part of a manipulator, which holds the two tool parts.

A prior art wax filter manipulator and wax filter is known from PCT publication No. WO 0003561 by Tøpholm & Westermann. The wax filter according to this document comprises an essentially tubular element adapted to the mouth diameter of the acoustic outlet passage or the vent and has a through-going cavity, which in one end is partially closed by an ear wax retaining guard. The element in the opposite end is connected to a surrounding abutment collar for sealing abutment against the hearing aid housing around the acoustic outlet port or vent. The element is made of an elastically yielding material and the through-going cavity at its mouth in the abutment collar is adapted for introduction of a means to be used when the ear wax guard is inserted in and removed from the acoustic outlet port or the vent. Typically silicone rubber or a thermoplastic elastomer is used for this known ear wax filter.
From the above document a manipulator for insertion and extraction of the described wax filter is known. The manipulator according to the document comprises an essentially rod-shaped applicator. In the one end the rod is provided with a smooth pin fitting the mouth of the through-going cavity of the wax filter for use at the insertion of the ear wax filter. In the opposite end the rod-shaped manipulator is provided with a catch member for use at removal of the wax filter and engaging the wall inner side of the through-going cavity when pressed into it. The catch member has a harpoon-shaped pressing-in peak projecting from the end surface thereof and further has catch edges for providing an engagement with the mouth of the through-going cavity in the wax filter.
The soft material of the prior art wax filter and the harpoon-shape of the pressing-in peak has the drawback that the user cannot determine when the pressing-in peak has reached a sufficient depth to draw out an old wax filter. The user is at risk of exerting a force which is too high, and thereby forcing the used filter further into the hearing aid. This may damage the hearing aid and also it is difficult to extract the filter from within the hearing aid. It is further a problem with the soft material that new filters some times fall out of the sound outlet orifice. Also, the process of extracting an old filter and inserting a new one demands that the user turn the rod shaped manipulator around in order to bring the new filter, which is positioned at the other end of the rod shaped applicator in position for insertion. This action is easily performed by most people, but as many hearing aid users are elderly, this operation could prove cumbersome and the applicator may be dropped or fall out of the hand during the turn around motion. Should the rod shaped applicator be dropped it might, due to its round shape roll along the floor and end under furniture or other objects, wherefrom it is only retrieved with difficulty.
Also a system comprising a number of applicators and filters of the above-described kind in a holder is known and sold by Widex®. The holder comprise a single array of holes wherein each hole accommodates one of the rod shaped applicators, such that a first end of the applicator is inserted into the hole and the other end is sticking out in order to be gripped by the user. It requires good eyesight and good dexterity to extract one single manipulator from the array of manipulators, as these are placed with parallel length axes adjacent each other in the array of holes. Not all hearing aid users have these skills. Further, if the user should inadvertently re-insert one of the applicators after use, there is nothing to prevent this insertion, and the user might at a later time erroneously try to insert the old wax filter from this used re-inserted applicator in his hearing aid.
It is the object of the invention to provide a filter, a filter manipulator and system comprising a number of applicators in a holder, which does not have the above draw backs. Such a filter, filter manipulator and system would be usable both for handling wax filter and for handling acoustic filters or microphone inlet filters.

Filter manipulator, filter, holder for a number of filter manipulators, and system comprising a filter manipulator and a holder for a filter manipulator


An armature of a three-phase magneto for generating three-phase AC output has a core having a plurality of magnetic poles arranged in an annular array on the periphery thereof. The armature has three series winding circuits corresponding to the respective phases, each series winding circuit including series-connected windings wound on every three magnetic poles. The winding direction of the windings of one of the three series winding circuits is opposite to the winding direction of the windings of the other two series winding circuits. The armature also has three connection conductors for connecting ends of the three series winding circuits into a delta connection and providing output terminals of the three-phase AC output.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a three-phase magneto armature having delta connection windings and, more particularly, to the construction of an armature of such a three-phase magneto.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIGS. 1 is a plan view of an armature of a known delta-connection three-phase magneto, while FIG. 2 is a connection diagram showing the connection of windings on the stator. The armature which is constructed as a stator has a core 1 which is composed of a core body 10 and a plurality of magnetic poles 11 provided on the outer periphery of the core body 10. A coil or winding 2 is wound on each magnetic pole 11 in the illustrated direction. There are six windings for each of three phases A,B and C. More specifically, the phase A includes six windings A1 to A6 which are connected in series so as to form a series winding circuit 20a. Similarly, the phases B and C respectively have six windings B1 to B6 and C1 to C6 which are respectively connected in series so as to form series winding circuits 20b and 20c, respectively. A starting end Als of the winding Al is connected to a terminal end C6e of the winding C6 through a connection conductor Xl (FIG. 2). Similarly, a starting end Bls of the winding B1 and a terminal end A6e of the winding A6, and a starting end Cls of the winding Cl a terminal end B6e of the winding B6, are respectively connected through connection conductors Y1 and Z1 (FIG. 2). Output terminals X, Y and Z are led from the respective connection conductors X1, Y1 and Z1.
The magneto further has a ring-shaped magnet surrounding the magnetic poles 11 and adapted to be rotatingly driven by, for example, an internal combustion engine. The magnet, however, is omitted from the drawings for the purpose of clarification of the illustration of critical portion of the invention.
In operation, as the magnet (not shown) rotates, a voltage is induced in each winding 2 so that a three-phase AC voltage is output from the output terminals X, Y and Z and is supplied to a load (not shown).
In the conventional three-phase magneto having the described construction, the windings 2 on all the magnetic poles 11 are wound in the same direction. Therefore, as is clear from FIG. 1, the distance between the starting end Bls of the winding B1 and the terminal end A6e of the winding A6, as well as the distance between the starting end Cls of the winding Cl and the terminal end B6e of the winding B6, is spaced by a large physical distance from each other, although the starting end Als of the winding Al is positioned close to the terminal end C6e of the winding C6. In consequence, long conductors Y1 and Z1 are required for the connection between these ends of the winding, with the results that difficulty is encountered in finding space for such conductors, as well as in providing good electrical insulation.


A loading effect control device includes a detecting line, a detector, a load controller, and a gamma reference voltage generator. The detecting line is coupled to a first power supply line in a display panel, and the first power supply line provides a first power voltage. The detector measures the first power voltage in the display panel through the detecting line, detects an amount of load of the display panel, and outputs a first voltage corresponding to the detected amount of the load. The load controller determines a control amount of the load based on the detected load amount and a loading effect setting. The gamma reference voltage generator controls a gamma reference voltage based on the control amount of the load.

1. Field
One or more embodiments described herein relate to a loading effect control device and an organic light emitting display device with a loading effect control device.
2. Description of the Related Art
A variety of flat panel displays have been developed. Examples include liquid crystal displays, field emission displays, plasma display panels, and organic light emitting displays. These displays are lighter and thinner than cathode-ray tube displays.
OLED displays have recently been the subject of particular attention. These displays are thin, low power consumption devices that have a wide viewing angle and rapid response speed. However, in operation, an OLED display may experience a voltage drop that is based on resistance associated with one or more power supply lines and a loading effect. For example, the voltage drop may change based on changes in the loading effect. This may have an adverse influence on gamma voltages that are used to generate images. As a result, display quality may be significantly degraded.

Loading effect control device and organic light emitting display device having the same


The invention relates to a process and an apparatus for superimposing at least two flexible sheets, in particular a back panel and a front panel of an article such as a slip. The process comprises forming a stack of each type of sheets and arranging said stacks on a plate (1), then for each of these stacks: gripping at least one sheet by means of a gripping assembly (12, 14) arranged above the plate (1) and relatively displacing said plate and said gripping assembly between a rest position and a sheet gripping position, displacing the gripping assembly (12, 14) so as to bring it above a deposit member (15) and actuating the assembly so as to release the sheet and spread it on the deposit member, returning the gripping assembly (12, 14) above the plate (1) and causing the plate to rotate a portion of a revolution to position a second stack directly below the gripping assembly.

At the present time, the conventional manufacture of slips requires three preliminary work stations for the preparation of the slips. The first station comprises bringing the edge seams of the two layers of fabric, front to back. The second station comprises sewing the gusset along its median axis on the front panel. The third station comprises finally spreading out the gusset on the front panel, from one side to the other of the median seam, and fixing it at two points in order to keep it in this position for the following operations.
The present invention has as its primary object to substitute for the assembly of these preparatory stations a production in a single pass at a unique work station.

Process and apparatus for superimposing at least two flexible layers in particular the front and rear panels of an article such as a slip in the textile and knitted goods industry


A system for the detecting and alarming of unauthorized access to an enclosure is herein disclosed. Sensors mounted within the door and/or motion sensors provide a wireless signal to a centralized control panel that activates an alarm when armed. The alarm provides visual and aural indication of an intrusion within the enclosure and transmits a signal to a remote base unit via telemetry, and a Global Positioning System (GPS) may provide the location of the alarm to the base unit for subsequent dispatch of security personnel if the enclosure is in transport.

Security alarms are almost common items on homes, businesses, and motor vehicles in today's society. Their use has not only stopped many attempted thefts in progress, but the knowledge that security systems are there, has stopped many more before they are even started. However, many targets still remain that are favorites with thieves and vandals. Such targets include construction or tool trailers found at construction sites. It is common knowledge that most of these units do not even have a power source to operate an alarm, much less a phone line that connects to a central office. These facts, coupled with their often remote location, unoccupied status, and valuable tools and materials contained within, typically lead to a high percentage of thefts. In fact, many of these factors make other mobile targets such as semi-trailers, rental containers, rental trucks, campers, delivery vehicles, and the like frequent targets as well. The development of the invention fulfills this need.
As its name implies, the invention concept is a system and method by which large, mobile, unoccupied, containers or vehicles are protected against theft and vandalism. While generally following the same operating sequence as conventional burglar alarms found in homes and businesses, the invention has several special properties, which make it specifically useful for mobile protection of large containers or vehicles. First, the invention is controlled by a control panel mounted on the interior of the enclosure. Secondly, it is powered by a large replaceable battery system that will provide months of operation without external power. Thirdly, the control panel communicates wirelessly with door sensors and motion sensors that are also battery operated. Finally, an external alarm horn and alarm light provide immediate indication of a possible theft in order to frighten the intruder away. It is also envisioned that upper-scale models could utilize a cellular phone interface to contact central offices. Additionally, it is also envisioned that with the addition of a GPS (Global Positioning System) interface, the invention would provide immediate two-way contact and notification of authorities with location information so law enforcement officers could be dispatched to the immediate location of the intrusion. The invention could be used on any trailer or container, but is envisioned to be specifically beneficial to contractor trailers, contractor tool trailers, semi-trailers, rental containers, rental trucks, campers, delivery vehicles, or the like. The use of this innovative system allows for increased security of unmanned portable containers in a manner which is quick, easy and effective.
Several attempts have been made in the past to protect mobile properties, such as constriction trailers and recreational vehicles, with a security system for detecting unauthorized access with a monitoring and tracking system. U.S. Pat. No. 6,737,962, in the name of Mayor, discloses an alarm system and kit with event recording for vehicles, including a housing enclosing an alarm module, battery, anti-tamper devices, a transmitter, a receiver, an unauthorized connect sensor, a reefer fault sensor, and a keypad. The Mayor device unfortunately does not disclose the use of a GPS tracking system as in the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,803,854, issued in the name of Adams et al., teaches a system and method for especially graphically monitoring and/or remote controlling stationary and/or mobile devices, which does into fall under the scope of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,166,627, issued in the name of Reeley, discloses a mobile detection and alert system wherein the already existing vehicle security system is linked to a central monitoring facility by a transceiver in the control unit. The Reeley device does not provide for a motion detection sensor for alerting and alarming and merely relies on the existing vehicle's unauthorized entry alarm system to activate the guardian and tracking system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,686,892, issued in the name of Smith, teaches a stolen property tracking system. The Smith patent describes the use of a stationary alarm transmitter as well as a hidden remote alarm transmitter for the stolen property that can be monitored via radio direction finders. Unfortunately, the Smith device does not teach the use of a GPS system to locate or track stolen property after detection of an alarm system as in the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,900,815, issued in the name of Story, describes a gate alarm system with an electric switch, switch activating device, an alarm, and a battery for warning of unauthorized entrance to parking lots of commercial establishments, personal residence driveways, and the like. The Story device does not involve the use of motion sensors to detect unauthorized entry across a door opening as well as transmitting an alarm signal to a control unit to activate a GPS tracking system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,884,221, issued in the name of Wortham discloses a vehicle locating and communicating method and apparatus including a mobile cellular unit communicating with a microprocessor for divulging location information and displaying said information, for installation within a vehicle. The Wortham device also teaches the microprocessor for transmitting said information to a host controller for subsequent display. The Wortham device does not have unauthorized entry detection systems for activating a GPS tracker as in the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,741,167, issued in the name of Mulkey, teaches a trailer theft alarm, activated when a removable activator pin in an electrical circuit is withdrawn as a consequence of initial rotation of a wheel. The Mulkey device unfortunately does not provide a method for transmitting the alarm to a control unit for subsequent tracking via GPS signal and therefore does not fall under the scope of the present invention.
None of the prior art particularly describes a monitoring system utilizing GPS to track stolen mobile property such as a construction trailer including a motion detection device with audible and visual alarms. Accordingly, there is a need for a means by which the above types of vehicles, trailers and containers can be protected against theft and vandalism in much the same manner as their stationary counterparts.

Alarm and tracking system for mobile units


A stitch-bonded tape or other directionally stabilized product wherein stitch-bonding is carried out by overstitching yarns stitched through a sheeting or other surface substrate in conjunction with the introduction of high tenacity lay-in yarn elements disposed longitudinally in the machine direction of formation to provide strength in the length direction. The overstitching yarns secure the lay-in yarns in place relative to the surface substrate. An adhesive or other coating is disposed in covering relation to the lay-in yarn elements.

High tenacity tapes and conveyor belting products are well known. Such products often include a thin surface sheeting layer adhesively joined in overlying relation to a textile under layer to form a layered composite. In such a construction, the textile under layer provides stability to the relatively weak surface sheeting layer. In forming tape, an adhesive is applied across the underside of the layered composite to define a familiar tape structure. In forming conveyor belting, coatings such as rubber, and other non-adhesive polymers such as silicone and the like may be applied to define a desired surface. While such a layered arrangements using an intermediate pre-formed textile may produce excellent results, the use of a separate textile layer may increase complexity.
Stitch-bonding is a known process in which yarns are stitched through a substrate to form a coordinated web structure. By way of example only, and not limitation, exemplary stitch-bonding processes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,855,392; 6,869,660; and 7,294,387 all of which are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein. In the past, stitch-bonding has been used in the manufacture of textile under layers for use in tape structures. However, as best known, such stitch-bonding has not been directly incorporated within a sheeting or other surface layer to provide high directional tenacity.

Directionally reinforced products and related method


A cleaning cassette capable of accomplishing a safe and positive cleaning operation while ensuring smooth and stable running of a cleaning tape. The cleaning cassette includes a tape passing mechanism arranged at a front portion of a casing for ensuring satisfactory traveling of the cleaning tape while reducing contact between the cleaning tape and a head cylinder of a cassette tape deck. The mechanism includes a pair of rollers through which the cleaning tape is passed, a support member for supporting each of the rollers at each of its respective ends such that each roller can rotate and a pair of partitions provided between insertion recesses of the casing. The support member on which the rollers are supported in a manner to be laterally spaced from each other is loosely fitted between the partitions so as to reciprocatively movable in a longitudinal direction of the casing or protrude from the casing and retract into the casing when loading and unloading of the cassette with respect to the cassette tape deck is carried out, respectively.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a cleaning cassette for a tape operatin device such as a video cassette tape deck, and more particularly to a wet-type cleaning cassette which cassette tape deck such as that of the VHS type.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Recently, use of a tape operating device such as a video cassette tape deck has been extensively increased in both the number of times and the amount of time of use of video cassette tapes. With such an increase in use of a video cassette tape deck, concomitantly an increase has occurred in the problem wherein magnetic powder produced by operation of a video cassette tape adheres to a head of the deck and its traveling system, resulting in inconveniences such as turbulence, drop-out, irregular color and color fade-out of an image, upward shifting of a tape due to pollution of a pinch roller, and the like. In view of the foregoing, a cleaning cassette for decontaminating the head and traveling system of the deck has been developed and is commercially available. Such a conventional cleaning cassette is generally classified into a dry-type cleaning cassette which includes a cleaning tape comprising a tape base or body made of polyester and abrasive powder such as silicon coated on or contained in the tape body and a wettype cleaning cassette developed for improving performance of the dry-type cleaning cassette.
The conventional wet-type cleaning cassette is generally constructed in such a manner as shown in FIGS. 1 to 4B. More particularly, the wet-type cleaning cassette includes a cleaning tape 100 comprising a tape body formed by knitting of a suitable fiber material such as polyester or the like and a cleaning liquid such as freon-ethyl alcohol, isopropanol or the like adhered to or impregnated in the tape body and is used for cleaning a revolving head cylinder 102 of a cassette tape deck as shown in FIG. 2. However, in the conventional wet-type cleaning cassette, excessive application of the cleaning liquid to the cleaning tape 100 causes tacky contact between the head cylinder 102 and the cleaning tape 100 to lead to a so-called "sticking phenomenon" which highly increases friction between the head cylinder 102 and the cleaning tape 100, resulting in a failure in a cleaning operation of the cleaning cassette and drawing of the cassette from the deck.
In order to solve such a problem, it is proposed to decrease the contact length or area between the cleaning tape 100 and the head cylinder 102. For this purpose, as shown in FIG. 3, the cleaning cassette is provided with a drawing pin 104 for reducing contact between the tape 100 and the head cylinder 102, so that introduction of the tape into the deck is varied in such a manner that it is passed in the form of a substantially V-shape with respect to the head cylinder 102 when the cassette is loaded in the deck, resulting in decreasing a contact area or length between the head cylinder 102 and the cleaning tape 100 to reduce the sticking phenomenon.
Unfortunately, such an approach causes both sides of the head cylinder 102 to be pressedly contacted with the cleaning tape 100 irrespective of decreasing the contact area therebetween, as shown in FIG. 3, resulting in an increase in friction therebetween This is enhanced depending on the cleaning liquid used. Also, the approach has another disadvantage of leading to an increase in load to the head cylinder to a degree sufficient to render use of the cleaning cassette for a cassette deck which exhibits driving force of a low level substantially impossible.
In addition, use of the drawing pin 104 causes the cassette to fail in accommodating to pushing of the cleaning tape by the deck, resulting in an increase in frictional resistance occurring during traveling or running of the cleaning tape during a cleaning operation. Thus, the cleaning tape fails to uniformly carry out a cleaning operation. Also, this causes overloading in a tape deck of which driving force is low, thereby leading to damage of the deck, so that reliability of the cleaning cassette in the operation deteriorates. Further, this causes a further disadvantage of not only rendering assembling of the cleaning cassette very difficult because mounting of a tape-contact reducing device including the drawing pin 104 on a casing 108 of the cleaning cassette is highly troublesome but complicating the structure of the cassette.
Furthermore, in general, the video cassette tape deck is adapted to carry out recording and/or reproducing according to a helical scan system using a revolving head, so that it is required to obliquely arrange the head cylinder 102 as shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. Accordingly, in the conventional cleaning cassette in which the cleaning tape 100 is passed in the form of a V-shape in the deck, it is required to obliquely arrange the drawing pin 104 together with tilting pins 106. However, such an approach is not necessarily applied to all kinds of video cassette tape decks because the angle of inclination of the head cylinder 102 is varied depending on a type of the video tape deck. More particularly, this causes damage of an edge of the cleaning tape 100 represented by fraying of the edge depending on the video tape deck. It was found that the damage mainly results from non-uniform application of tension to the cleaning tape 100 due to a difference between the inclination angle of the head cylinder 102 and the angle of arrangement of the drawing pin 104. An increase in a difference between both angles leads to upward shifting of the cleaning tape, resulting in the tape being often entangled.
Reference numerals 110 and 112 designate a feed reel and a take-up reel, respectively.
Accordingly, it would be highly desirable to develop a cleaning cassette which is capable of accomplishing a stable and smooth cleaning operation while preventing damage of a cleaning tape.

Cleaning cassette for a video cassette tape deck


A radiation shield 40 is mounted to an uncooled portion, such as an outer case 14, of an IR detector assembly 10 such that it surrounds a thermoelectric cooler 16 and a radiation detector 18. The shield 40 has a curved reflective upper surface 42 having the shape of a toric segment and cylindrical or rectangular reflective sidewalls 44 for imaging the detector 18 and the upper cooler stage upon the tops and sides of lower and slightly warmer cooler stages, which absorb and eliminate radiative energy. This beneficially reduces the heat load upon the coldest stage by excluding hotter surfaces from its view, and by inhibiting reflective couplings of unwanted energy admitted by aperture 46. An aperture 46 defines the effective coldstop for the detector 18.

High performance infrared detector packages generally employ some form of coldshielding to limit radiation on the detector element in order to maintain an optimum performance available within the given characteristics of the optical system, object and detector. Typically such coldshields are mounted upon the cold focal plane to establish an efficient definition of the desired ray cone. However, this technique increases both the physical and the thermal mass at the cryogenic focal plane.
Warmshielding, employing an uncooled reflector, has also been employed in cryogenic infrared detector packages in order to reduce the physical size of the coldshield. Warmshields block radiation from outside the detector's field of view, but may still increase heatload and thermal mass on the cooler due to a requirement that they image the detector upon a cold target, typically the focal plane surrounding the detector and/or the coldshield.
A particular problem associated with cryogenic packages that employ thermoelectrically cooled detectors is that a small increase in heatload at the coldest stage or stages significantly increases the cold-end temperature and/or significantly increases the power dissipated by the cooler. For example, one known type of thermoelectric cooler, operated with a heatsink temperature of 50.degree. C. that attains a detector stage temperature of -88.degree. C. (185 K) experiences a temperature increase under heatload of approximately 0.3.degree. C/mW Thus, an additional cold end heatload of 10 mW increases the detector temperature from 185 K to approximately 188 K.
It is therefore one object of the invention to provide a radiation shield for a cryogenically cooled radiation detector that does not increase either the physical or the thermal mass at the detector plane.
It is another object of the invention to provide a radiation shield for a cryogenically cooled radiation detector that significantly reduces radiative transfer into the coldest stages of a thermoelectric cooler, thereby lowering the temperature of the detector and/or reducing cooler power consumption.
It is another object of the invention to provide a radiation shield for a cryogenically cooled radiation detector that improves the overall detector assembly ruggedness and producibility by mounting the shield to structure other than a thermoelectric cooler.
It is still another object of the invention to provide a radiation shield for a cryogenically cooled radiation detector that provides a physically large shield cantilevered forward of the detector and that permits an optimum positioning of the cold aperture stop relative to the detector.
It is a further object of the invention to place energy absorbing materials within the radiation shield at locations where temperatures are sufficiently low that unwanted radiative self-emission is not introduced, and where optical reflections are intercepted, so that extraneous energy is eliminated and not coupled through an integrating-sphere effect into the coldest, or detector, stage. The energy so inhibited from this unwanted transfer includes energy that enters the coldstop obliquely and is not directly incident upon the coldest stage, as well as energy that has been reflected by the coldest stage.

Radiation shield for thermoelectrically cooled infrared detectors


A semiconductor device and electronic device with reduced power consumption are provided. The semiconductor device includes an encoder, a decoder, and a source driver circuit. An output terminal of the encoder is electrically connected to an input terminal of the source driver circuit, and an output terminal of the source driver circuit is electrically connected to an input terminal of the decoder. The encoder converts input image data into feature-extracted image data, and the decoder restores the feature-extracted image data to the original image data. In addition, provision of a circuit that performs convolution processing using a weight filter for the encoder enables calculation using a convolutional neural network.

A television (TV) has been desired to be able to display high-definition images along with an increase in the size of a screen. For this reason, ultra-high definition TV (UHDTV) broadcasting has been increasingly put into practical use. In Japan, where UHDTV broadcasting has been promoted, 4K broadcast services by a communication satellite (CS) and an optical line started in 2015. The practical broadcasting of UHDTV (4K and 8K) by a broadcast satellite (BS) is planned to start in the future. Therefore, a variety of electronic devices compatible with 8K broadcasting have been developed (Non-Patent Document 1).
Furthermore, development of not only televisions but also a variety of electronic devices to which artificial intelligence utilizing artificial neural networks or the like is added has been proceeding. It is expected that computers with higher performance than conventional Neumann computers can be provided by utilizing artificial neural networks, and in recent years, a variety of researches on formation of artificial neural networks on electronic circuits have been carried out. Non-Patent Document 2 discloses a technique relating to a chip having a self-learning function with artificial neural networks.
Furthermore, Patent Document 1 discloses an invention in which weight data necessary for calculation with an artificial neural network is retained by a memory device including a transistor that includes an oxide semiconductor in a channel formation region.

Semiconductor device, and electronic device

SEMICONDUCTOR ENERGY LABORATORY CO., LTD.