Disclosed herein is an orbiting vane compressor incorporating an orbiting vane with oil supply function that is capable of performing more smooth orbiting movement. The orbiting vane has a compression unit comprising an orbiting vane having a boss formed in the center thereof such that the upper end of a crankshaft having an oil supplying channel formed therethrough is fixedly fitted in the boss, the orbiting vane being disposed between an annular space defined between the inner wall of a cylinder and an inner ring, and an Oldham's ring disposed at the lower surface of the orbiting vane for preventing rotation of the orbiting vane. An oil supplying hole is formed on a vane plate of the orbiting vane outside the boss for allowing oil to be supplied to the upper surface of the vane plate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an orbiting vane compressor incorporating an orbiting vane with oil supply function, and, more particularly, to an orbiting vane compressor incorporating an orbiting vane with oil supply function that is capable of performing more smooth orbiting movement while minimizing friction generated when the orbiting vane performs the orbiting movement according to a compressing operation of the orbiting vane compressor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Referring to FIG. 1, there is illustrated a conventional orbiting vane compressor. As shown in FIG. 1, a drive unit D and a compression unit P are mounted in a shell 1 while the drive unit D and the compression unit P are hermetically sealed. The drive unit D and the compression unit P are connected to each other via a vertical crankshaft 8 rotatably supported by a main frame 6 and a subsidiary frame 7, which are disposed at the upper and lower parts of the vertical crankshaft 8, respectively, such that power from the drive unit D is transmitted to the compression unit P through the crankshaft 8.
The drive unit D comprises: a stator 2 fixedly disposed between the main frame 6 and the subsidiary frame 7; and a rotor 3 disposed in the stator 2 for rotating the crankshaft 8, which vertically extends through the rotor 3, when electric current is supplied to the rotor 3. The rotor 3 is provided at the top and bottom parts thereof with balance weights 3a, which are disposed symmetrically to each other for preventing the crankshaft 8 from being rotated in an unbalanced state due to a crank pin 81.
The compression unit P comprises an orbiting vane 5 having a boss 5b formed in the center of a vane plate 5a of the orbiting vane 5. The crank pin 81 of the crankshaft 8 is fixedly fitted in the boss 5b of the orbiting vane 5. As the orbiting vane 5 performs an orbiting movement in a cylinder 4, refrigerant gas introduced into the cylinder 4 is compressed while the orbiting vane 5 is prevented from being inclined to one side due to overturning moment generated when the refrigerant gas is compressed. The cylinder 4 comprises an inner ring 41 integrally formed at the upper part thereof while being protruded downward. The orbiting vane 5 comprises a circular vane 51 formed at the upper part thereof while being protruded upward. The circular vane 51 performs an orbiting movement in an annular space 42 defined between the inner ring 41 and the inner wall of the cylinder 4.
Through the orbiting movement of the circular vane 51, inner and outer compression chambers are formed at the inside and the outside of the circular vane 51, respectively. Refrigerant gases compressed in the inner and outer compression chambers are discharged out of the cylinder 4 through inner and outer outlet ports 44 and 44a formed at the upper part of the cylinder 4, respectively.
Between the main frame 6 and the orbiting vane 5 is disposed an Oldham's ring 9 for preventing rotation of the orbiting vane 5. Through the crankshaft 8 is longitudinally formed an oil supplying channel 82 for allowing oil to be supplied to the compression unit P therethrough when an oil pump 83 mounted at the lower end of the crankshaft 8 is operated.
Unexplained reference numeral 11 indicates an inlet tube, 12 a high-pressure chamber, and 13 an outlet tube.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view illustrating the structure of the compression unit P shown in FIG. 1.
In the compression unit P of the orbiting vane compressor, as shown in FIG. 2, the orbiting vane 5, which is connected to the crankshaft 8, is disposed on the upper end of the main frame 6, which rotatably supports the upper part of the crankshaft 8. The cylinder 4, which is attached to the main frame 6, is disposed above the orbiting vane 5. The cylinder 4 is provided at a predetermined position of the circumferential part thereof with an inlet port 43. The inner and outer outlet ports 44 and 44a are formed at predetermined positions of the upper end of the cylinder 4.
The crank pin 81 of the crankshaft 8 is fixedly fitted in the boss 5b of the orbiting vane 5, which extends upward from the vane plate 5a of the orbiting vane 5. At a predetermined position of the circumferential part of the circular vane 51 of the orbiting vane 5 is formed a through-hole 52 for allowing refrigerant gas introduced through the inlet port 43 of the cylinder 4 to be guided into the circular vane 51 therethrough. At another predetermined position of the circumferential part of the circular vane 51 of the orbiting vane 5, which is adjacent to the position where the through-hole 52 is disposed, is formed an opening 53. A slider 54 is slidably disposed in the opening 53.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view illustrating the compressing operation of the compression unit P shown in FIG. 2.
When the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P is driven by power transmitted to the compression unit P from the drive unit D through the crankshaft 8 (see FIG. 1), the circular vane 51 of the orbiting vane 5 disposed in the annular space 42 of the cylinder 4 performs an orbiting movement in the annular space 42 defined between the inner wall of the cylinder 4 and the inner ring 41, as indicated by arrows, to compress refrigerant gas introduced into the annular space 42 through the inlet port 43.
At the initial orbiting position of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P (i.e., the 0-degree orbiting position), refrigerant gas is introduced into an inner suction chamber A1 through the inlet port 43 and the through-hole 52 of the circular vane 51, and compression is performed in an outer compression chamber B2 of the circular vane 51 while the outer compression chamber B2 does not communicate with the inlet port 43 and the outer outlet port 44a. Refrigerant gas is compressed in an inner compression chamber A2, and at the same time, the compressed refrigerant gas is discharged out of the inner compression chamber A2 through the inner outlet port 44.
At the 90-degree orbiting position of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P, the compression is still performed in the outer compression chamber B2 of the circular vane 51, and almost all the compressed refrigerant gas is discharged out of the inner compression chamber A2 through the inner outlet port 44. At this stage, an outer suction chamber B1 appears so that refrigerant gas is introduced into the outer suction chamber B1 through the inlet port 43.
At the 180-degree orbiting position of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P, the inner suction chamber A1 disappears. Specifically, the inner suction chamber A1 is changed into the inner compression chamber A2, and therefore, compression is performed in the inner compression chamber A2. At this stage, the outer compression chamber B2 communicates with the outer outlet port 44a. Consequently, compressed refrigerant gas is discharged out of the outer compression chamber B2 through the outer outlet port 44a.
At the 270-degree orbiting position of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P, almost all the compressed refrigerant gas is discharged out of the outer compression chamber B2 of the circular vane 51 through the outer outlet port 44a, and the compression is still performed in the inner compression chamber A2 of the circular vane 51. Also, compression is newly performed in the outer suction chamber B1. When the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P further performs the orbiting movement by 90 degrees, the outer suction chamber B1 disappears. Specifically, the outer suction chamber B1 is changed into the outer compression chamber B2, and therefore, the compression is continuously performed in the outer compression chamber B2. As a result, the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P is returned to the position where the orbiting movement of the orbiting vane 5 is initiated. In this way, a 360-degree-per-cycle orbiting movement of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P is accomplished. The orbiting movement of the orbiting vane 5 of the compression unit P is repeatedly performed in succession.
The slider 54 is slidably disposed in the opening 53 for maintaining the seal between the inner and outer compression chambers A2 and B2 of the circular vane 51.
When the compressing operation is carried out in the compression unit as described above, the orbiting vane performs the orbiting movement while the crank pin of the crankshaft is fixedly fitted in the boss formed on the vane plate of the orbiting vane. Consequently, the compressing operation is smoothly carried out while the orbiting vane is not inclined to one side, and therefore, compression in the compression unit is accomplished without compression efficiency of the orbiting vane compressor being lowered.
While the orbiting vane performs the orbiting movement according to the compressing operation in the compression unit, however, the lower end of the inner ring of the cylinder contacts the upper surface of the vane plate of the orbiting vane, and therefore, perpetual friction exists between the lower end of the inner ring of the cylinder and the upper surface of the vane plate of the orbiting vane. As a result, frictional noise is generated when the orbiting vane performs the orbiting movement. Furthermore, the orbiting movement of the orbiting vane is not smoothly carried out. Consequently, compression efficiency of the orbiting vane compressor is lowered.
In addition, perpetual friction is generated between the main frame and the Oldham's ring, which is disposed between the main frame and the lower surface of the orbiting vane for preventing rotation of the orbiting vane. As a result, the orbiting movement of the orbiting vane is not smoothly carried out.

Orbiting vane compressor incorporating orbiting vane with oil supply function


A back-stop for a team sport includes a generally flat, rectangular shaped base having a positioning element on an upper surface for receiving a goal pin, and a backboard. The backboard is attached to a rear edge of the base and is movable between a stored position, lying flat on the base, and an operative position, extending upwardly at approximately a 90° angle. A free-standing elongated goal pin is positionable on the positioning element and has an upper end extending approximately the height of the backstop. The goal pin has a weighted element at a bottom end for biasing the goal pin in an upstanding position.

Team sports are extremely popular and there are a great number of them throughout the world. Some well known team sports include baseball, softball, cricket, basketball, hockey, soccer, etc. Each prior art team sport has specific and well established rules and specific equipment to be used. Generally, the well known team sports presently being played are so completely regulated that it is difficult for unrecognized individuals to get together and to form teams or play the sports to simply have fun.
It would be highly advantageous, therefore, to define a new team sport and to define new equipment for playing the new team sport.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved team sport.
Another object of the invention is to provide a new and improved team sport and new and improved equipment for playing the new team sport.


A spray dispensing package comprising: an outer shell; and a refill cartridge that fits within the outer shell. The refill cartridge includes a spray container which has a body and a spray valve which includes a valve stem. The refill cartridge has a base, and a spray nozzle, and the spray nozzle is fitted over the spray container in fluid communication with the valve stem. The spray nozzle is also attached to the can body with a sufficient range of motion to allow the spray valve to be actuated when pressure is applied to the top surface of the shell. The shell has a top surface and an opening in the top surface to receive the spray nozzle such that a spray can exit the spray nozzle to the atmosphere and such that the shell is supported by the refill cartridge. The shell also has guide surfaces which cooperate with the refill cartridge to allow the shell to slide smoothly relative to the refill cartridge when pressure is applied to the top surface of the shell.

In the past air freshening devices have been characterized either as instant action aerosol sprays or continuous action products such as various gels which contain perfume and which last for 20-60 days. While those instant action sprays and continuous action gels are effective, there are times when both an instant action and continuous action are needed at similar times. Prior devices and compositions have been unable to provide an instant action air freshener with a long lasting effect.
PCT published Application No. W092/04419 discloses aerosol compositions packaged within a metering valve aerosol having a high level of perfume. Formulations as described in this patent can be used in the device of the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,606 describes an electric warming unit into which the cartridges containing a gel air freshener are inserted, the gel having a film coating through which the perfume permeates to freshen the air.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,272,391 and 3,272,392 disclose aerosol container dispensers which are activated by side finger pressure.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,347,423 discloses an aerosol container that is completely enclosed within a shroud U.S. Pat. No. 3,128,916 discloses an aerosol spray which can incorporate refills.
None of the above patents disclose a dispensing container of the type described in this application.


A lighting device includes a plurality of semiconductor light sources, the semiconductor light sources being configured to generate different light radiations; and an optical element arranged downstream of the semiconductor light sources, the optical element including on a side facing away from the semiconductor light sources a structure constituted of truncated pyramids.

Mobile devices such as, for example, cell phones may comprise flashlights based on LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes). Such lighting devices may be configured to allow the color temperature of the white light that can be generated to be set. This can be realized by fitting emitters that emit different white light radiations, which are individually activated during operation.
Conventionally, each emitter comprises an optical unit of its own. This means that there is a great distance between the emitters and, as a consequence, a large outer size of a lighting device. On account of the great distance between the LED light sources provided with individual optical units, furthermore, color shadows can occur in the far field. The individual optical units may also impair the appearance and, consequently, the design of the associated mobile device.
There is thus a need to provide an improved lighting device and a mobile device with such a lighting device.


In order to reduce power consumption, an arithmetic circuit having a function of performing a logic operation processing based on an input signal, storing a potential set in accordance with the result of the logic operation processing as stored data, and outputting a signal with a value corresponding to the stored data as an output signal. The arithmetic circuit includes an arithmetic portion performing the logic operation processing, a first field-effect transistor controlling whether a first potential, which is the potential corresponding to the result of the logic operation processing is set, and a second field-effect transistor controlling whether the potential of the output signal data is set at a second potential which is a reference potential.

1. Field of the Invention
An embodiment of the present invention relates to an arithmetic circuit.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, for higher performance of an electronic appliance, an arithmetic processing unit in which one chip includes a circuit having a plurality of functions, such as a system LSI, has been developed.
In the above arithmetic processing unit, for example, functional circuits including a CMOS circuit, such as an arithmetic circuit and a storage circuit, are provided separately over one substrate, and data is transferred between the arithmetic circuit and the storage circuit through a wiring serving as a data bus (for example, see Patent Document 1).
Further, an arithmetic circuit which includes a storage means so as to have a function of performing a logic operation processing and storing data has been proposed. In the arithmetic circuit, data on the result of the logic operation processing can be stored without transferring the data through the data bus, so that the power consumption can be reduced.

Arithmetic circuit and method of driving the same

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


A chambered sparkplug carrier and a natural gas engine management system are provided for reducing NOx emissions of pre-chambered combustion natural gas engines. A method for retro-fitting a pre-chambered combustion natural gas engine with a chambered sparkplug is also described.

To reduce the emissions of NOx (NO and NO2) and to use the natural gas fuel with high efficiency, engine manufacturers developed spark ignited reciprocating internal combustion engines (SI-RICE) that operated with very lean air to fuel ratios. In a lean mixture of air and fuel, there is more air present than necessary to fully combust the natural gas fuel. The presence of the excess air reduces the maximum temperature during the combustion period, which reduces the formation rate for nitrogen oxides (NOx). Nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere, under many conditions, cause the formation of ozone, which is harmful to plant and animal health. As a consequence, NOx emissions, or emission rates, are limited by regulation in many jurisdictions. As air-fuel mixtures become leaner (more excess air) NOx emissions are reduced. However, as the mixtures become leaner, the standard sparkplug is unable to reliably ignite the air-fuel mixtures.
To overcome this limitation a small pre-combustion chamber (PCC) is placed in or adjacent to the combustion zone in the engine. The air-fuel mixture in the PCC is controlled separately from the main combustion chamber, such that the mixture is made richer than the main combustion zone mixture. This enables a standard sparkplug to reliably ignite the mixture inside the PCC. As the mixture in the PCC expands, the hot, burning gases enter the main combustion chamber through several holes in the PCC. These burning gases are then able to more readily ignite the lean mixture in the main chamber than the standard sparkplug by itself. These gases expelled from the PCC have a relatively higher NOx concentration compared to the combustion products from the main chamber. The resulting NOx concentration in the exhaust gases comes from the sum of those produced in the PCC and the main combustion chamber. Since the PCC volume is only a few percent of the volume of the main chamber, the resulting NOx concentration is lower than can be achieved without a PCC.
Additional apparatus, including a gas admission valve and a separate fuel delivery apparatus such as the check valve and fuel regulator for the PCC as shown in FIG. 1, is required to ensure a richer air-fuel mixture in the PCC. The gas admission valve can fail to operate correctly and the PCC fuel delivery control can go out of adjustment, which requires engine adjustment or shutdown and gas admission valve replacement. To eliminate the need for a separate fuel system, PCCs using a standard sparkplug were designed to operate with the main chamber air-fuel mixture.
Some manufacturers have increased the compression ratio of engines with PCCs, as the very lean mixtures enable a more-efficient higher compression ratio to be used, compared with engines operated with a richer air-fuel mixture.
There are a number of natural gas engines currently in service having PCCs with the separate gas admission valves. In these engines, the additional apparatus required for the PCC design makes the engine more complex to optimize and more subject to malfunction than the open chamber engine with a standard spark plug. Hence, there is a need for a trouble-free implementation for engines with PCCs. For existing engines with PCCs and the associated apparatus, the innovations described in the following description can provide benefits to the users and owners of such engines.
Accordingly, systems and methods that enable emission reduction in natural gas engines remain highly desirable.
It will be noted that throughout the appended drawings, like features are identified by like reference numerals.

System and method for reducing NOx emissions for natural gas engines


An economizer apparatus for a fossil fuel fired vapor generation apparatus which includes a housing having an inlet and an outlet and a wall extending generally between the inlet and the outlet to define first and second flow paths in the housing. The inlet may include means for connection to an associated vapor generation apparatus and means for connection to an associated stack. Heat exchange tubing is disposed in the first flow path having the interior thereof coupled to associated working fluid of the vapor generation apparatus. The apparatus also includes apparatus in the second flow path to control flow in the second flow path. In most embodiments of the invention the apparatus also includes a bypass conduit for selectively directing fluid flow around the heat exchange tubing. Ordinarily this will be desirable when the damper is obstructing fluid flow in the second flow channel.

The invention relates generally to the art of vapor generation and is particularly concerned with an improvement in an economizer system for cooperation with vapor generation apparatus such as a steam generator. An economizer is a heat exchanger located somewhere in the flue gas passage between the boiler and the stack. The economizer is designed to recover some of the waste heat from the products of combustion. Typically an economizer has a series of tubes through which water or other working fluid flows on its way to the boiler. The tubes typically are arranged in a chamber having an inlet connected to a boiler and an outlet connected to a stack. Such devices are intended to recover heat that would otherwise be wasted. It is a design consideration in economizers systems to limit the minimum temperature of the flue gases exiting the economizer. This may be desirable to prevent corrosion or to insure proper operation of the stack.
Existing technology to control the minimum temperature of flue gases leaving the economizer includes a flue gas bypass duct that is external to the main body of the economizer. A damper is provided in the external flue gas bypass duct to control the flow in the bypass duct. Flue gases flowing through the bypass duct are mixed with gases that flow directly through the economizer at a point downstream of the main body of the economizer. This bypass duct system is very costly and presents design problems because of thermal expansion as very hot flue gas pass through the duct and because there may be fatigue life concerns since the duct may rapidly change from relatively low temperatures to relatively high temperatures a large number of times during the life of the duct.
It is an object of the invention to provide an economizer system for vapor generation equipment that is more simple and less expensive to the manufacture.
Another object of the invention is to provide apparatus which eliminates design problems inherent in a bypass duct with respect to thermal expansion and fatigue life.
Still another object of the invention is to provide apparatus which will maximize the mixing of flue gases exiting the economizer.

Economizer system for vapor generation apparatus


Motion vectors are determined in each frame of the input image data, and optimum motion vectors characterizing the motion are extracted from the determined motion vectors, a three-dimensional block is composed in space and in time along the extracted optimum motion vectors, and the composed three-dimensional block is block-coded by orthogonal transform or the like, according to the disclosed picture coding method.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a picture coding method for coding picture signals at high efficiency.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The transmission speed of digitized picture signals has exceeded 100 Mbps, and it is difficult to transmit such signals directly by using the existing communication lines from the viewpoints of the transmission capacity and transmission cost. The picture coding is a technique for removing the redundancy of picture signals and reducing the transmission speed, and various methods and apparatuses had been proposed in the past. A representative example of orthogonal transform coding is described below.
FIG. 6(a) is an example of a conventional block coding method, showing a block diagram of a three-dimensional orthogonal transform coding apparatus, in which numeral 61 is a three-dimensional blocking circuit, 62 is a orthogonal transform circuit, and 63 is a quantizer.
FIGS. 6(b), (c) are explanatory diagrams of conventional three-dimensional block construction. In FIG. 6(b), numeral 1 denotes image data of a first frame, 2 is image data of a second frame, 3 is image data of a third frame, 11 is a two-dimensional block in the first frame, 12 is a two-dimensional block in the second frame, and 13 is a two-deminsional block in the third frame. In FIG. 6(c), the image data of each frame is drawn as two-dimensional plan view in the horizontal and time directions, and the frame in the time direction is illustrated as an example of up to three frames. In FIG. 6(c), numeral 71 denotes part of image data of the first frame, 72 is part of image data of the second frame, and 73 is part of image data of the third frame.
In thus composed three-dimensional orthogonal transform coding apparatus, the operation is described below.
In FIG. 6, the image input data s(h,v,t) (here h: picture element index in the horizontal direction, 1.ltoreq.h.ltoreq.M, v: picture element index in the vertical direction, 1.ltoreq.v.ltoreq.N, t: picture element index in the time direction, 1.ltoreq.t.ltoreq.T) entering the three-dimensional blocking circuit 61 is first divided into mXn two-dimensional blocks 71-1 in the first frame, and into 72-1 in the second frame 72, and so forth, and thus at the same two-dimensional position with frame, the two-dimensional blocks up to T-th frame are summed up thereafter in the time direction to be composed into mXnXT three-dimensional blocks.
The three-dimensional blocks are orthogonally transformed in the orthogonal transform circuit 62. The transform coefficient which is the output of the orthogonal transform circuit 62 is quantized in the quantizer 63 so that the quantizing bit allotment may be more in the coefficient of low sequence and be less in the coefficient of high sequence, and the quantized transform coefficient is later delivered as coding output. Generally, a natural picture is high in the correlation among the picture elements in the horizontal, vertical and time directions, and orthogonal transform coefficient is large in energy in low sequency and small in high sequency. Therefore, when quantizing, if small bits are assigned to the coefficient of high sequency, degradation is not obvious visually, and it is possible to compress while suppressing the picture quality degradation (for example, see chapter 12 of "Digital coding of waveform" by Jayant et al., published by Academic Press/Prentice-Hall).
In such conventional structure including three dimensions of the horizontal, vertical and time direction, in the case of a widely moving picture, the correction in the time direction is lowered and the efficiency is poor.

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


Disclosed subject matter is related to project reusability including method and system for identifying reusable project components for building a new project. The method comprises extracting current requirement of the new project from one or more data sources, using NLP and detect pre-existing requirements associated with pre-existing projects, similar to the current requirement by performing semantic analysis of the current requirement and the pre-existing requirements using a predefined machine learning technique such as Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) technique. Further, a similarity score is determined for each of the one or more pre-existing requirements based on degree of similarity between the current requirement and the pre-existing requirements. Finally, the reusability detecting system retrieves project components associated with one of the pre-existing requirements based on the similarity score that are the reusable project components for building the new project, thereby reducing time, cost and resources required for developing the new project.

Generally, building a new project involves going through the entire Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), when requirement for the new project is provided by a customer. This involves enormous amount of man power, time, money and resources. Following this method for every new project would not be feasible for an organization, as it would reduce productivity and efficiency of the organization and also increases cost.
In recent times, new projects are being designed by reusing existing project components that were used for previous projects. Reusing has been recognized to achieve better projects more quickly and at a lower cost. Therefore, design process based on project component reuse is widely adapted. However, the biggest problem to be addressed in the reusing concept would be how to determine which project components to be reused.
Some of the existing techniques provide a method where originally a software taxonomy is generated and software profiles in-line with the taxonomy may be consequently generated. The existing techniques provide a method where originally a software taxonomy is generated and software profiles in-line with the software taxonomy may be consequently generated. However, complexity level of this technique is high in view of generating the software taxonomy and creating a software profile based on the software taxonomy for comparison, which may not be user friendly. Also, this technique involves manual effort to generate the software taxonomy and the software profile that makes the technique time consuming. Few other techniques analyze existing dependencies in existing software components and match it with a new software to identify reusable components. However, this technique deals with first identifying dependencies between components by generating intermediary components such as surrogates, thereby increasing complexity of the process.
Therefore, though reusing project components is highly beneficial, the existing techniques fail to provide an efficient and user-friendly techniques to determine reusable project components.

Method for identifying project component, and reusability detection system therefor


An on-demand manager provides an improved distributed data processing system for facilitating dynamic allocation of computing resources among multiple domains based on a current workload and service level agreements. Based on a service level agreement, the on-demand manager monitors and predicts the load on the system. If the current or predicted load cannot be handled with the current system configuration, the on-demand manager determines additional resources needed to handle the workload. If the service level agreement violations cannot be handled by reconfiguring resources at a domain, the on-demand manager sends a resource request to other domains. These other domains analyze their own commitments and may accept the resource request, reject the request, or counter-propose with an offer of resources and a corresponding service level agreement. Once the requesting domain has acquired resources, workload load balancers are reconfigured to allocate some of the workload from the requesting site to the acquired remote resources.

Server-clustered server systems are used to provide scalable Web servers for clients operating transaction applications such as, for example, Web-based stock trading. Conventional server-clustered server systems use a Network Dispatcher/TCP router placed operationally in front of a server cluster of Web server nodes. Server-clustered server systems are also used to support parallel-processing tasks such as numerically intensive computing applications or data mining.
An emerging requirement for server-clustered server systems is concurrent support of transaction and parallel types of applications on server clusters, multiple server clusters, or in grid environments. Web based trading and other applications have highly variable loads; the ratio of peak to average traffic can be very high. Server-clustered server systems are typically configured to handle the peak workload. Consequently, conventional server-clustered server systems are relatively idle much of the time. The conventional server-clustered server system is a very inefficient use of computing resources.
One conventional attempt to more efficiently use computing resources in a server-clustered server system optimizes the assignment of work to a single server-cluster of servers. However, this optimization does not consider the service level agreement for each client. Consequently, this approach may optimize the use of the servers in the server cluster but not meet the service level agreements for one or more clients.
Another conventional attempt to more efficiently using computing resources in a server-clustered server system uses priorities to schedule individual requests to a given set of servers. This approach focuses on scheduling individual requests rather than allocating resources for classes of applications. In addition, this approach does not consider the service level agreements of the clients in allocating resources.
Yet another proposed approach utilizes a mechanism for describing service level agreements. This particular approach describes a method for gathering and sharing the data related to a service level agreement to determine whether the service level agreement is being met. However, this approach does not address actions that may be used to compensate current performance so that service level agreements may be met. In addition, this approach does not provide a means whereby different server clusters may accept workloads from one another.
All of the foregoing conventional approaches are formulated to use computing resources in a server-clustered server system focus on a single server cluster based domain, and do not address the issues involving multiple domains. These conventional methods are based either on reserving resources for specific jobs or ad hoc routing of applications to remote nodes.
What is therefore needed is a method that distributes the available capacity of the server cluster, or more generally a grid, among transaction and parallel applications. Transaction applications are comprised of tasks that are small discrete events such as, for example, stock trading transactions. Parallel tasks are numerically intensive tasks such as, for example, a stock portfolio optimization. This method should provide dynamic sharing of resources across a server cluster such that service level agreements may be met when resources are available. The need for such a solution has heretofore remained unsatisfied.
Numerous organizations utilize multiple independently operated domains that typically reside at geographically distributed sites. Sharing resources across domains can result in better overall utilization of computing and personnel resources. Specifically, when resources within a domain have been exhausted and service level agreements can no longer be met using resources within the domain, resources at other domains may be used to satisfy the service level agreements. However, no method currently exists for sharing resources among multiple, potentially remote domains.
What is also needed is a method that distributes the available capacity of the resources across multiple domains, or more generally a grid, among transaction and parallel applications. This method should provide dynamic sharing of resources across multiple domains such that service level agreements may be met when resources are available. The need for such a solution has heretofore remained unsatisfied.

Method for supporting transaction and parallel application workloads across multiple domains based on service level agreements

International Business Machines Corporation


A GMK-reactor includes —a housing, —a hollow base attached to the housing; an inverse taper narrowing downward and attached to the top of housing, —a supporting tube passing through the base including an upper portion situated inside the housing and a bottom discharge opening, —a number of washers of predetermined shapes mounted on an outer surface of the upper portion of the supporting tube such that outer edges of the washer and the inner sidewalls of the housing form predetermined gaps therebetween, and —a number of inlets tangentially attached to the base for introducing a substance and a liquid thereinto forming a circulating suspension therein. The suspension flow, under external pressure, takes a vortex, laminar or turbulent form, rises along inner sidewalls of the housing, enters the gaps, changing its direction at the inverse taper, thus forming a cavitation zone, providing for grinding, or/and mixing of the suspension.

Nowadays, about 20% of electrical energy produced in the world is consumed during the process of grinding of different substances. Development of nanotechnologies stimulates growth of such tendency and, at the same time, requires more energy-saving solutions. Use of GMK-reactor (named after the instant inventors: Galaka—Matvienko—Kozlovskyi) allows receiving nano-sized particles from different types of materials by means of simple method of grinding with substantial energy saving (from 7 to 60%) per one produced unit.
There are known various machines used for the above mentioned purposes. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,614,069 teaches "Method and apparatus for obtaining a state of cavitation, emulsification and mixing wherein materials are subjected to a band of ultrasonic frequencies which are gradually shifted downwardly to cause bubbles in the material to grow and then applying a second set of ultrasonic frequencies but of a much lower frequency and of a higher intensity than the first ultrasonic frequencies for causing the bubbles to expand to a size such that catastrophic collapse takes place. The low-frequency ultrasound is also varied in frequency so as to cause the bubbles to collapse and implode. In this case, the lower frequency is caused to increase in frequency by periodically sweeping the lower frequency upward. The method and apparatus provide improved cavitation, emulsification and mixing of substances as, for example, water-in-oil."

Multifunctional hydrodynamic vortex reactor


A device for collecting and separating particles and microorganisms present in ambient air, the device comprising suction means for sucking air into a removable centrifuging chamber (10) having an air inlet and outlet and forming a receptacle for transporting a liquid sample containing the collected particles and microorganisms, said enclosure (10) being selected from a set of enclosures having different diameters and suitable for enabling the same suction means to take samples at suction rates lying in the range about 100 liters per minute to about 2000 liters per minute.

The invention relates to a device for collecting and separating particles and microorganisms present in ambient air, for the purposes of identifying and counting such particles and microorganisms.
It is important to perform such identification and counting in numerous fields such as the pharmaceutical industry, the food industry, medical settings, hygiene services, veterinary services, site monitoring, etc., with the dimensions of the particles and microorganisms for collection lying in the range 0.5 micrometers (μm) to several tens of micrometers.
Document FR-A-2 855 831 discloses a device of this type that includes a removable centrifuging enclosure associated with air suction means, the enclosure having an air inlet and an air outlet and forming a container for transporting a liquid sample containing the collected particles and microorganisms.
It is desirable to be able to vary the sample-taking characteristics applied to particles and microorganisms as a function of the conditions in which such samples are taken, and for example:                indoors or outdoors;        for monitoring purposes that are continuous, or over a long duration, or in the event of an alarm;        as a function of the characteristics of the microorganisms being collected.
In the event of an alarm, it is desirable in particular to take samples at a high rate of suction in order to obtain a result as quickly as possible. Conversely, when taking samples for monitoring purposes it is possible to use a lower rate over a longer period of time.
Similarly, relatively low suction rates are more suitable for preserving certain microorganisms.
At present there are no apparatuses in existence for collecting and separating particles and microorganisms present in ambient air and in which it is possible to cause the suction flow rate to vary over a large range under conditions that maintain the quality and the reliability of the samples taken.

Device for collecting and separating particles and microorganisms present in ambient air


An aqueous solution is provided for forming a thermally releasable coating on paint spray booth surfaces and equipment located in paint spray booths such that the coating is easily removable with heated water. The solution comprises water, filler, film former, an alkaline source and a blowing agent. In one embodiment of the invention the solution also comprises buffer, corrosion inhibitor, dispersant, detackifier, thickener, and flow modifier. In another embodiment of the invention the solution also comprises corrosion inhibitor and detackifier. There is also disclosed a method for removing paint from a surface using the barrier coating of this invention.

Paint spray booths are enclosures in which industrial production painting operations are performed. They are used by the automotive industry and by other manufacturers to spray automotive bodies and other products. Paint spray booths provide a clean environment for paint application, and separate the solvents from the solids in the paint.
In the process of spraying such articles, overspray tends to coat the interior surfaces of the booth with multiple layers of paint. Depending on the type of paint, this overspray could be tacky or relatively dry. In fact, in commercial paint spraying operations, frequently as much as 50% of the paint used is not deposited on the object to be painted.
The present practice is to remove accumulated overspray paint from the interior walls and surfaces of these booths through the use of solvent based strippers, either alone or coupled with scrubbing, or through the use of high pressured water blasting. In water blasting, a stream of water of up to 12,000 psi is sprayed at the paint, by a machine similar to the one disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,218,155 issued to Goerss. The high pressure facilitates the removal of the paint. Under either the stripper or water blasting method, the paint is then deposited into water wash systems used to scrub the overspray particles from the exhaust air. For example, in the relatively newer type of paint spray booths, known as down draft booths, the air from the paint spray booths passes through steel grates in the floor into the wash water below, where the paint particles are detackified.
As a consequence of use, the interior surfaces of the paint spray booth including the steel grates, become covered with paint. This paint buildup can restrict the air flow from the booth, which in turn can cause air flow imbalances within the booth. Additionally, as the paint build ups, it creates a fire hazard due to its low flash point. Further, the buildup creates an occupational safety hazard as the floor becomes slippery and sticky.
Typically paint spray booths are cleaned daily. Under existing technology, it is not uncommon to find 6-10 men assigned to clean a 200 foot long permanently installed booth. Additionally, some facilities utilize small modular booths. Especially in the modular type of facility, due to space limitations, cleaning the grates is often accompanied by their being manually removed from the booth and manually cleaned elsewhere, although some permanently installed booths have their grates cleaned the same way. Since not all of these grates are the same size, a problem can arise at the time the grates are to be reinstalled in that one or more grates may be returned to an incorrect booth. Since some manufacturing facilities incorporate up to 20 or more booths, it can be appreciated that a large investment in man-hours and money is involved in the cleaning of paint spray booths.
An additional problem has been created in that many of the current paint products incorporate oligomers instead of the polymers commonly found in older paints, such that attempted removal of these paints is made more difficult, since they have a tendency towards tacky elasticity. For example, newer solvent borne paints will not cure at room temperature. These paints will remain sticky or tacky for long periods of time. Additional problems are created in that if the paint removed is flushed into the water wash, globs of non-detackified paint can clog the scrubber sections and transfer lines of the paint booth, sometimes resulting in the need to manually clean the system, which translates into downtime and additional labor costs for the entire system.
At one time a number of paint spray booths cleaners included methylene chloride strippers. However, this type of product suffers serious drawbacks in that the chemical methylene chloride is extremely undesirable, in that it is a possible carcinogen.
In the past, inert water-based-material or vinyl coatings have been used to precoat paint spray booths. An example of this is U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,967 issued to Brown, et al for a water soluble paint spray booth precoat comprising water, sugar, a plasticizer and polyvinyl pyrollidone. Another similar compound is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,748,049 issued to Charles, et al for a paint booth coating comprising an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol, a foam depressor and a wetting agent. The above two organic paint spray booth coatings permit the paint overspray to be physically taken off by peeling or by a manual scraper. However, the polyvinyl pyrollidone and polyvinyl alcohol are extremely water sensitive, such that the performance of either of the above coatings is impaired at high relative humidity.
A further drawback of all of the aforementioned systems is that they are only capable of removing the paint associated with the upper portion of the grates, and as discussed above, the leftover paint can constitute a hazard. Additionally, the Brown et al and Charles et al coatings do not include specific teachings of their use on grates. A further problem encountered by the use of high pressure spraying is that if the wash water is too close to the grate, a back spray can be produced, thereby re-introducing tacky paint and undesirable chemicals back into the paint spray booth and back into the presence of the individuals assigned the task of cleaning the booth.
Recently a new organic based barrier coating has been developed which features the use of an organic blowing agent. The only known method for utilization of this coating has been via dipping, and it must be remembered that the formulation for a dippable barrier coating may not necessarily work in spray application form. This organic barrier coating releases a large amount of nitrogen when its temperature is raised to 195.degree. F.
The use of a blowing agent in a barrier coating represents a radical departure from the prior art, since blowing agents are conventionally used in plastic molding operations. Their typical decomposition temperatures, at which temperatures they generate gases, are greater than 250.degree. F., a temperature too high for use in paint spray booths given the low flash points of some solvents. Furthermore, the components of an organic based barrier coating with an organic blowing agent are relatively expensive and many water based organic coatings encounter drying time problems in booths with relatively high humidity.
With the exception of the single dippable organic based barrier coating discussed above, the approach of industry has been to improve the barrier coatings already in use and/or to utilize improved solvents as paint strippers. This is especially true with respect to sprayable barrier coatings. Unfortunately, the use of strippers poses an environmental, as well as a health-related, potential for danger.
It is thus apparent that the need exists for an improved barrier coating which provides for the safe and effective removal of paint overspray.


A computer-implemented method to identify new words from a meta tag is described. A Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML) page is analyzed to identify a meta tag associated with the HTML page. At least one separator included in content of the meta tag is identified. The content of the meta tag is divided using the identified separator. A portion of the divided content is compared to content stored in a database. Upon determining that the portion of the divided content does not exist in the database, the portion of the divided content is added to the database.

The use of computer systems and computer-related technologies continues to increase at a rapid pace. This increased use of computer systems has influenced the advances made to computer-related technologies. Indeed, computer systems have increasingly become an integral part of the business world and the activities of individual consumers. Computer systems may be used to carry out several business, industry, and academic endeavors. The wide-spread use of computers has been accelerated by the increased use of computer networks, including the Internet.
Many businesses use one or more computer networks to communicate and share data between the various computers connected to the networks. The productivity and efficiency of employees often requires human and computer interaction. Users of computer technologies continue to demand an increase in the efficiency of these technologies. Improving the efficiency of computer technologies is always desirable to anyone who uses and relies on computers.
Computer networks, such as the Internet, continue to provide a vast amount of information to users of computers. Information on the Internet may be available in almost any language. Words in these various languages may be stored in a database for future reference. As languages evolve, new words may appear for a particular language. The format of some languages, however, may increase the difficulty to identify individual words. As a result, new words for these languages may not be readily identifiable. As such, benefits may be realized by providing improved systems and methods for identifying new words in various languages. In particular, benefits may be realized by identifying new words by using a meta tag linked to the information on the Internet.

Systems and methods for identifying new words from a meta tag


An active rangefinder for use in a camera. The rangefinder has a light-emitting device, a spot light position detector disposed at a given distance from the light-emitting device, head amplifiers, filters having amplification function, synchronous detectors, integrators, an adder, a subtracter, a microcomputer, and an automatic gain control (AGC). The filters are connected to their respective head amplifiers each having an operational amplifier. The gains of the filters are controlled by the AGC according to the output signals from the synchronous detectors.

Cameras have used active rangefinders to measure the distance to a remote object. Specifically, a light-emitting device and a light-receiving device are disposed at a given interval. The light-emitting device projects light onto the subject. The reflected light falls on the light-receiving device as a light spot. The distance to the subject is calculated on the principle of triangulation.
In this kind of active rangefinder, the light reflected by the subject falls on the spot light position detector. The displacement of the position of the spot light from a reference point is transformed into two electric currents, which are then converted into corresponding voltage signals by current-to-voltage converter circuits. Subsequently, the ratio of the sum of these two voltage signals to the difference between them is calculated to find the distance.
The level of the output from the spot light position detector is in proportion to the distance of the spot light from the reference point. Also, the output level is proportional to the intensity of the incident extraneous light, i.e., the intensity of light coming from the whole subject. Therefore, if the brightness of the subject is high, head amplifiers acting also as current-to-voltage converters are saturated. This makes it impossible to measure the distance.
Accordingly, the gains of the head amplifiers are lowered to such extent that even if the brightness of the subject is high, the amplifiers are not saturated. Thus, the distance measurement can be made over a wide range of brightness. However, when an object of low brightness is photographed, the decrease in the gain is coupled with a reduction in the depth of focus of the camera lens. This results in a reduction in the focusing accuracy.


A method and an apparatus for operating a displayed area of an electronic map and a recording medium are provided. In the method, a displayed area of an electronic map is displayed first. Then, an indicating object of a point of interest (POI) located outside the displayed area is displayed on an edge of the displayed area towards a direction of the POI with respect to the displayed area. When the indicating object of the POI is selected, the displayed area of the electronic map is changed to the displayed area comprising the POI. Accordingly, users are able to quickly change the displayed area and check a location and related information of each POI in a simple operation manner.

Recently, with the continuous progress and development of electronic technology and communication technology, portable electronic devices occupying little space, for example, a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) have been proposed. Almost all the portable electronic devices available on the market are integrated with various functions to improve the competitiveness thereof. In addition to the common photographing, calling, and internet browsing functions, a global positioning system (GPS) or other positioning systems, an electronic map, and a navigation system are further integrated in a current handheld communication apparatus. Accordingly, a user may obtain the self location through the positioning system at any time and any place, and finds out an optimal route through the planning and guiding of the navigation system to arrive at the destination.
The electronic map may be combined with the GPS or other positioning systems, such that the user can know a relative relation between the current location and the location of the destination. Specifically, the user First loads the electronic map into the electronic device, and then selects or inputs desired destinations or point of interests (POIs) through a touch screen, a keyboard, or other input devices of the electronic device, such that the electronic device displays the locations of the destinations or POIs on the electronic map.
However, since the size of the screen of the electronic device is limited, the electronic device usually can only display the electronic map on a suitable scale. Therefore, the electronic device can display only a certain area of the electronic map on the screen, for example, an area currently browsed by the user or an area around a certain POI. Under such a situation, if the user intends to check POIs dispersed outside the displayed area, many times of operations of zooming in, zooming out, map panning, map changing, and/or complicated menu selecting operations must be performed to show the POIs on the map, which is rather time-consuming and inconvenient. In addition, if the user intends to check the relative location among the POIs on the electronic map, the scale or the area of the electronic map must be adjusted to a suitable scale for displaying all the POIs on the same displayed area. The complicated operations are not only time-consuming, but also inconvenient for the user.

Method and apparatus for operating displayed area of electronic map and recording medium


A liquid crystal display (LCD) panel is fabricated with a reduced number of mask processes and includes a thin film transistor (TFT) array substrate and a color filter array substrate. The TFT array substrate includes gate and data lines insulatively crossing each other to define a pixel area, a TFT provided at the crossing of the gate and data lines, a passivation film protecting the TFT, a pixel electrode partially overlapped by the TFT, a gate pad connected to the gate line, and a data pad connected to the data line. The gate line, the gate and data pads, and the pixel electrode include a transparent conductive material. A gate metal material is on the transparent conductive material where the TFT partially overlaps the pixel electrode. The passivation film over the gate and data pads is removed to expose the transparent conductive material included within the gate and data pads.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to liquid crystal display (LCD) devices. More particularly, the present invention relates to a thin film transistor (TFT) array substrate for an LCD device and a simplified method of fabricating the same.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Liquid crystal display (LCD) devices express pictures by selectively altering light transmittance characteristics of liquid crystal material within an LCD panel having a plurality of pixels arranged in a matrix. Light transmittance characteristics of the liquid crystal material can be selectively altered by generating an electric field through the liquid crystal material (i.e., driving the liquid crystal material) between a pixel electrode and a common electrode formed on opposing substrates.
Accordingly, a typical LCD panel includes a lower array substrate (i.e., a thin film transistor (TFT) array substrate) joined to, and spaced apart from, an upper array substrate (i.e., a color filter array substrate) to form a cell gap between the lower and upper substrates. Spacers are distributed within the cell gap to uniformly maintain the distance between the TFT array and color filter array substrates and liquid crystal material is arranged within the cell gap containing the spacers.
The TFT array substrate typically includes a plurality of signal wirings, a plurality of TFTs, and an alignment film coated thereon to impart an alignment to molecules of the liquid crystal material. The color filter array substrate includes a color filter for selectively transmitting light having predetermined ranges of wavelengths, a black matrix for preventing a light from being transmitted in regions outside the pixels, and an alignment film coated thereon to impart an alignment to molecules of the liquid crystal material.
The process used to fabricate the TFT array substrate described above is complicated and relatively expensive because it involves a number of semiconductor processing techniques that require a plurality of mask processes. It is generally known that a single mask process requires many sub-processes such as thin film deposition, cleaning, photolithography, etching, photo-resist stripping, inspection, etc. To reduce the complexity and cost associated with fabricating TFT array substrates, procedures have been developed to minimize the number masking process required. Accordingly, a four-mask process has been developed that removes the necessity of a mask process from a standard five-mask process.
FIG. 1 illustrates a plan view of a TFT array substrate of an LCD device, fabricated using a related art four-mask process. FIG. 2 illustrates a sectional view of the TFT array substrate taken along the II-II′ line shown in FIG. 1.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the TFT array substrate includes gate lines 2 and data lines 4 formed so as to cross each other on a lower substrate 1 to define a plurality of pixel areas 5, a gate insulating film 12 between the gate and data lines 2 and 4, a TFT 30 provided each crossing of the gate and data lines 2 and 4, and a pixel electrode 22 provided at each pixel area. The TFT array substrate further includes a storage capacitor 40 provided at a region where a storage electrode 28 and the gate line 2 overlap, a gate pad 50 connected to each gate line 2, and a data pad 60 connected to each data line 4.
Each gate line 2 applies a gate signal to a gate electrode 6 of a corresponding TFT 30. Each data line 4 applies a pixel signal to a corresponding pixel electrode 22 via a drain electrode 10 of a corresponding TFT 30.
In response to a gate signal applied from a gate line 2, a TFT 30 charges and maintains a pixel signal, applied to a corresponding data line 4, in the pixel electrode 22. Accordingly, each TFT 30 includes a gate electrode 6 connected to a corresponding gate line 2, a source electrode 8 connected to a corresponding data line 4, and a drain electrode 10 connected to a corresponding pixel electrode 22.
Further, each TFT 30 includes an active layer 14 overlapping the gate electrode 6 and insulated therefrom by a gate insulating pattern 12. Accordingly, a channel is formed in a portion of the active layer 14 between the source and drain electrodes 8 and 10. An ohmic contact layer 16 is formed on the active layer 14 and ohmically contacts the data line 4, the source electrode 8, and the drain electrode 10 in addition to an overlaying lower data pad electrode 62 and storage electrode 28.
During operation, an electric field may be generated between the pixel electrode 22 and a common electrode supported by a color filter substrate (not shown). The liquid crystal material has a particular dielectric anisotropy. Therefore, in the presence of the electric field, molecules within the liquid crystal material rotate to align themselves vertically between the TFT and color filter array substrates. The magnitude of the applied electric field determines the extent of rotation of the liquid crystal molecules. Accordingly, various gray scale levels of light emitted by a light source (not shown) may be transmitted by a pixel area by varying the magnitude of the applied electric field.
Each storage capacitor 40 consists of the gate line 2 and the storage electrode 28 overlapping the gate line 2, wherein the two conductors are separated by the gate insulating film 12, the active layer 14, and the ohmic contact layer 16. The pixel electrode 22 is connected to the storage electrode 28 via a second contact hole 42 formed through a protective film 18 and is connected to the drain electrode 10 via a first contact hole 20. Constructed as described above, the storage capacitor 40 allows pixel signals charged at the pixel electrode 22 to be uniformly maintained until a next pixel signal is charged at the pixel electrode 22.
Each gate line 2 is connected to a gate driver (not shown) via a corresponding gate pad 50. Accordingly, the gate pad 50 consists of a lower gate pad electrode 52 and an upper gate pad electrode 54. The lower gate pad electrode 52 is an extension of gate line 2 and is connected to the upper gate pad electrode 54 via a third contact hole 56 formed through the gate insulating film 12 and the protective film 18.
Each data line 4 is connected to a data driver (not shown) via a corresponding data pad 60. Accordingly, the data pad 60 consists of a lower data pad electrode 62 and an upper data pad electrode 64. The lower data pad electrode 62 is an extension of the data line 4 and is connected to the upper data pad electrode 64 via a fourth contact hole 66 formed through the protective film 18.
Having described the TFT array substrate above, a method of fabricating the TFT array substrate according to the related art four-mask process will now be described in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 3A to 3D.
Referring to FIG. 3A, a gate metal pattern, including the gate line 2, the gate electrode 6, the lower gate pad electrode 52, is formed on the lower substrate 1 in a first mask process.
Specifically, a gate metal layer is formed over the entire surface of the lower substrate 1 in a deposition technique such as sputtering. The gate metal layer consists of a an aluminum group metal, etc. The gate metal layer is then patterned using photolithography and etching techniques in conjunction with an overlaying first mask pattern to provide the aforementioned gate metal pattern.
Referring next to FIG. 3B, a gate insulating film 12 is coated over the entire surface of the lower substrate 1 and on the gate metal pattern. In a second mask process, a semiconductor pattern and a data metal pattern are provided on the gate insulating film 12. The semiconductor pattern consists of the active layer 14 and the ohmic contact layer 16. The data metal pattern consists of the data line 4, the source electrode 8, the drain electrode 10, the lower data pad electrode 62, and the storage electrode 28.
Specifically, the gate insulating film 12, a first and a second semiconductor layer, and a data metal layer are sequentially formed over the surface of the lower substrate 1 and on the gate metal pattern by deposition techniques such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and sputtering. The gate insulating film 12 typically includes an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride (SiNx) or silicon oxide (SiOx). The active layer 14 is formed from the first semiconductor layer and typically includes undoped amorphous silicon. The ohmic contact layer 16 is formed from the second semiconductor layer and typically includes an n+ amorphous silicon layer. The data metal layer typically includes molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta).
A photo-resist film is then formed over the data metal layer and is photolithographically patterned using a second mask pattern. Specifically, the second mask pattern is provided as a diffractive exposure mask having a diffractive exposure region corresponding to a channel region of a subsequently formed TFT. Upon exposure through the second mask pattern and development, a photo-resist pattern is created wherein a portion of the photo-resist film remaining in a region corresponding to the channel region has a lower height relative to portions of the photo-resist film remaining in regions outside the channel region.
Subsequently, the photo-resist pattern is used as a mask to pattern the data metal layer in a wet etching process and to form the aforementioned data metal pattern (i.e., the data line 4, the source electrode 8, the drain electrode 10, and the storage electrode 28), wherein the source and drain electrodes 8 and 10 are connected to each other in a region corresponding to the channel region. Next, the photo-resist pattern is used as a mask to sequentially pattern the first and second semiconductor layers in a dry etching process and form the active layer 14 and the ohmic contact layer 16.
After the active and ohmic contact layers 14 and 16 are formed, the portion of the photo-resist having the relatively lower height is removed from the region corresponding to the channel region in an ashing process. Upon performing the ashing process, the relatively thicker portions of the photo-resist in regions outside the channel region are thinned but, nevertheless, remain. Using the photo-resist pattern as a mask, the portion of the data metal layer and the ohmic contact layer 16 arranged in the channel region are then etched in a dry etching process. As a result, the active layer 14 within the channel region is exposed, the source electrode 10 is disconnected from the drain electrode 12, and the remaining photo-resist pattern is removed in a stripping process.
Referring next to FIG. 3C, the protective film 18 is coated over the entire surface of the lower substrate 1, on the gate insulting film 12, on the data metal pattern, and on the active layer 14. In a third mask process, the first to fourth contact holes 20, 42, 56, and 66, respectively, are formed through the protective film 18 and gate insulting film 12.
Specifically, the protective film 18 is formed over the surface of the lower substrate 1, and on the gate insulting film 12, the data metal pattern, and the active layer 14 by a deposition technique such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The protective film 18 typically includes an inorganic insulating material such as silicon nitride (SiNx) or silicon oxide (SiOx), or an organic material having a small dielectric constant such as an acrylic organic compound, BCB (benzocyclobutene) or PFCB (perfluorocyclobutane). The protective film 18 is then patterned via an overlaying third mask pattern using photolithography and etching processes to thereby define the first to fourth contact holes 20, 42, 56 and 66.
The first contact hole 20 is formed through the protective film 18 to expose the drain electrode 10, the second contact hole 24 is formed through the protective film 18 to expose the storage electrode 28, the third contact hole 56 is formed through the protective film 18 and the gate insulating film 12 to expose the lower gate pad electrode 52, and the fourth contact hole 66 is formed through the protective film 18 to expose the lower data pad electrode 62.
Referring next to FIG. 3D, a transparent conductive pattern including the pixel electrode 22, the upper gate pad electrode 54, and the upper data pad electrode 64 are formed on the protective film 18 in a fourth mask process.
Specifically, a transparent conductive material is coated over the entire surface of the protective film 18 and in the first to fourth contact holes 20, 42, 56, and 66 by a deposition technique such as sputtering. The transparent conductive material typically includes indium-tin-oxide (ITO), tin-oxide (TO), or indium-zinc-oxide (IZO). In a fourth mask process, the transparent conductive material is patterned using photolithographic and etching techniques to thereby form the aforementioned transparent conductive pattern (i.e., the pixel electrode 22, the upper gate pad electrode 54, and the upper data pad electrode 64).
Accordingly, the pixel electrode 22 is electrically connected to the drain electrode 10 via the first contact hole 20 while also being electrically connected to the storage electrode 28, via the second contact hole 42. The upper gate pad electrode 54 is electrically connected to the lower gate pad electrode 52 via the third contact hole 56 and the upper data pad electrode 64 is electrically connected to the lower data pad electrode 62 via the fourth contact hole 66.
While the TFT array substrate described above may be formed using a four-mask process that is advantageous over previously known five-mask processes, the four-mask process can still be undesirably complicated and, therefore, costly. Accordingly, it would be beneficial to fabricate a TFT array substrate according to a less complex, and therefore less costly, process.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Liquid crystal display panel and fabricating method thereof


A system and process for continuously determining the strength of paper sheet material during manufacture includes a plurality of sensors for detecting proxies related to properties such as the strength of individual fibers, length distribution of fibers, quantity of fibers, distribution of fibers, orientation of fibers, number of bonds between fibers, and bond strength of fibers. For a given papermaking machine and paper type, multiple regression analysis is used to determine correlations between the measured proxies and laboratory tests of paper strength. Then, during operation of a papermaking machine, changes in the proxy measures are used to indicate paper strength and to adjust operation of the papermaking machine based upon changes in the strength of sheet material being produced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the art of papermaking and, more particularly, to the continuous determination of paper strength during manufacture of paper sheet materials.
2. State of the Art
In the papermaking industry, strength specifications are commercially important for numerous paper products including bag paper, liner board, corrugating medium, newsprint, and tissue paper. As a result of custom and developments over the years, strength specifications are usually based upon standardized laboratory procedures for determining properties such as burst strength, tensile strength, elongation, internal tearing resistance, edge tearing resistance, crush strength and so forth. A specific example of a widely accepted laboratory test is the Mullen burst test. A Mullen test is usually conducted by clamping a sample of paper across a ring and then providing a diaphragm to increase pressure against one side of the clamped paper until it bursts. The pressure at which the sample bursts is called the Mullen burst strength test. (Standard specifications for this test include TAPPI 403os-76 and ASTM D774.) Another example of a customary laboratory test procedure is the "STFI" compression test for heavy papers established by the Swedish Technical Forest Institute. In the STFI test, a sample strip is held between a pair of clamps that are moved towards each other while compressive force is monitored; the maximum compressive force is called the STFI compressive strength of the paper. (Standard specifications for this test include TAPPI 7818os-76 and ASTM D1164.)
Still another example of a widely accepted laboratory test is the standardized tensile strength test wherein a sample strip of paper is pulled in opposite directions with progressively increasing force until the sample fails; the tension at the failure point is called the tensile strength of the paper. (Standard specifications for this test include TAPPI Standard T404os-76 and ASTM Standard-D828.)
Laboratory test procedures in the papermaking art, however, have certain inherent limitations. One critical limitation is that substantial periods of time are required for sample acquisition and analysis. During these periods, production conditions may change sufficiently that the laboratory tests results, when available, are no longer representative of current manufacturing or product conditions. Another limitation is that almost all laboratory tests detect physical failure of paper materials and, thus, are necessarily destructive tests. Yet another limitation is that laboratory tests inherently involve sampling, and the relatively small samples obtained for testing may not completely or accurately represent sheet material that has been produced. Because of the above-mentioned limitations and the fact that paper quality laboratories can test only a small fraction of the paper produced by papermaking machines, it often happens that enormous quantities of substandard paper are produced before a quality laboratory discovers production problems.
In an apparent effort to automate laboratory test procedures, U.S. Pat. No. 4,550,613 suggests an apparatus for automatic determination of the tensile strength properties of a sheet of paper. The apparatus includes a cutter to cut a sample of paper of standard width and a device for measuring the tensile strength properties of the sample.
In light of the limitations of standardized laboratory procedures, whether automated or not, workers in the papermaking art have sought to make continuous measurements of paper strength on-line, i.e., while a sheet-making machine is operating. On-line measurements, if made rapidly and accurately, have the potential to enable nearly immediate control of papermaking processes and, thus, to substantially reduce the quantity of substandard paper that is produced before process conditions are corrected. In other words, on-line measurements have the potential to substantially reduce time delays between the occurrence and correction of "upset" conditions in papermaking processes. In practice, however, on-line measurements of papermaking processes are difficult to make accurately and often cannot be well correlated with standardized laboratory tests.
One of the difficulties in making accurate measurements of sheet material on papermaking machines arises from the fact that modern papermaking machines are large and operate at high speeds; for example, many papermaking machines can produce sheets up to four hundred inches wide at rates, called "wire speed," of about 20 to 100 feet per second. Another complication affecting on-line measurements is that physical properties of paper sheet material can vary across the width of a sheet and may be different in the machine direction than in the cross sheet direction. (Thus, in laboratory tests, paper strength typically has different values depending on whether test strips are cut in the machine direction or the cross direction.)
Because laboratory tests of paper sheet characteristics are normally destructive in nature, such test procedures cannot be readily adapted for obtaining on-line measurements. On the other hand, because commercial custom is such that laboratory tests of sheet properties are the yardstick for acceptability of on-line measurements, only on-line sensors whose outputs correlate well with laboratory tests of sheet properties are likely to have maximum acceptance in the papermaking industry.
One specific example of a suggestion to provide on-line measurement of mechanical properties of paper sheet materials appears in U.S. Pat. No. 4,291,577, assigned to the Institute of Paper Chemistry and entitled "On Line Ultrasonic Velocity Gauge." This patent describes a system for measuring velocities of ultrasound waves through traveling paper webs using a device having spaced-apart wheels that roll along a traveling paper web; the wheels have transducers on their peripheries to impart ultrasound signals to the web. According to the patent, output signals from the transducers can be utilized to measure the velocity of sonic waves through the web. Also the patentee suggests that the sonic velocity measurements can be correlated with Young's elastic modulus which, in turn, can be used to estimate paper strength. (See also Baum, G. A., "Paper Testing and End-Use Performance" printed in "Compressive Strength Development on the Paper Machine", Institute of Paper Chemistry, 5-8, 1984.)
Other workers in the art have also suggested that correlations exist between tensile strength, burst strength and sonic velocity through a paper web. See, "On-line Measurement of Strength Characteristics of a Moving Sheet: Ming T. Lu, TAPPI, 58(6):80 (June 1975). Also see Seth, R. S., and Page, D. H., "The Stress Strain Curve of Paper" in "The Role of Fundamental Research in Paper Making", PIRA Symposium Proceeding, Cambridge, 1981, wherein it is reported that the elastic modulus of a sheet relates to the elastic modulus of the fibers, the mean length and width of the fibers and the relative bonding area. Also see U.S. Pat. No. 4,574,634 that disclosed a device employing sonic transducers to detect the machine direction and cross-direction Young's moduli for paper samples. Further, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,603, assigned to Beloit Corporation, it has been suggested that tension in a moving paper web can be detected by measuring the time of travel of a sonic wave through the web.
By definition, Young's modulus indicates the rate of change of a stress-strain relationship. In the relationship as applied to paper materials, stress refers to loading force applied to a paper specimen and strain refers to elongation of the specimen in response to the applied force. It has been observed that, when Young's modulus is determined for a given specimen of paper, the failure point of other paper of the same kind can sometimes be predicted. In practice, however, Young's modulus has not been rigorously related to papermaking process conditions that affect paper strength and it is known that some processing steps may increase the strength of paper of a certain kind with little substantial change in Young's modulus and that other processing steps, such as wet straining, may substantially affect Young's modulus for certain kinds of paper with substantially less effect upon paper strength measures. See, for example, the article by Seth and Page, supra.
As further background to the present invention, it is useful to generally describe a typical papermaking process. Broadly speaking, a papermaking process begins when a slurry of fibers and water, called raw stock, is spread from a reservoir called a "head box" onto a wire mesh that supports the web while allowing substantial drainage. After the wet web of fibers is formed, the web is passed through a press section where water is squeezed from the web and then through a dryer section where water is evaporated from the web. After the dryer section, the web passes through calendar rollers to provide surface finish and then, usually, through a scanner and onto a reel. The portion of a papermaking process prior to a dryer is often referred to as the "wet end" of the process. It can be appreciated that on-line measurements at the wet end are desirable because such measurements, if acted upon promptly, can provide control early enough during paper production to allow process changes before substantial quantities of substandard paper are produced. On the other hand, wet end measurements are difficult to make because of the high water content of paper webs at this stage and because of frequently severe environmental conditions.
Still further as background to the present invention, it should be understood that papermaking machines have been instrumented to include sensors to detect parameters such as wire speed, basis weight, moisture content, and caliper of the paper during production. Many of the on-line sensors are designed to periodically traverse or "scan" traveling webs of sheet material to provide successive measurements across the webs. (In the sheet-making art, a succession of measurements at adjacent locations that, in total, spans a traveling web in the cross direction is called a "profile.") Scanning systems are advantageous because, as mentioned previously, various properties of paper may vary across a sheet as well as along the sheet; particularly, cross-direction strength properties may be different than machine direction strength properties.
Examples of scanning systems are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,641,349; 3,681,595; 3,757,122; and 3,886,036 assigned to Measurex Corporation. Other specific examples of scanning gauges proposed by workers in the art include ones that detect the composition of sheet material by measuring the radiation absorbed from beams of infrared light or other radiation of known wavelength directed against a given area of the sheet material. Devices of the latter type operate in accordance with the general principal that the amount of radiation absorbed by sheet material at a particular wavelength is a function of the composition of the material. Also, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,453,404 assigned to Mead Corporation, there is described a scanning system for determining statistical characteristics of sheet material; the patent states that the system can monitor the weight basis of sheet material, such as paper, as the material is being produced. Still further, in U.S. Pat. No. 2,806,373 there is disclosed an apparatus for testing sheet paper comprising at least two detectors that are continuously responsive to thickness and opacity variations. The patent states that, for paper produced in a given paper mill from given raw material, relationships exist between various characteristics of the paper and that a knowledge of some of the characteristics permits conclusions to be drawn regarding other characteristics; particularly, the patent states that variations in porosity and moisture can be obtained as algebraic functions of variations of thickness and substance.
Still further as to prior art, it may be noted that U.S. Pat. No. 3,687,802 describes a method and system for controlling the moisture content, mullen, and basis weight of paper by measuring each and developing appropriate control signals for adjusting a papermaking machine so that the desired measurements are approximated. Also, U.S. Pat. No. 3,936,665 discloses a sheet material monitoring apparatus including sensing gauges and a computer for determining a data profile across the sheet material. According to the patent, the monitored data may be used to provide information to control a sheet-making process to obtain a desired characteristic of the sheet material. Further, the patent teaches the data profile of a characteristic of a sheet is to be obtained without using scanning gauges.

Process for continuous determination of paper strength


A four-stroke spark ignited internal combustion engine has a variable volume working chamber and an auxiliary chamber having a fixed volume which is smaller than the maximum volume of the working chamber, with the working chamber and the fixed chamber being communicated by a series of passages in the cylinder wall. The passages in the cylinder wall are situated such that when the piston is near the top of its exhaust stroke, the end gases stored in the auxiliary chamber are discharged into the crankcase.

When the cyclic variation of the hydrocarbon content of exhaust gases is studied in detail, it is noted that there are peaks of high hydrocarbon concentration immediately when an exhaust valve opens and just before the exhaust valve closes. In a well tuned engine, the hydrocarbon concentration between these two peaks is significantly lower and within the range expected from complete combustion. The two peaks are not therefore caused by an incorrect fueling map and other reasons must be the cause of the presence of unburnt fuel in the exhaust.
The present invention is concerned with the cause of the second peak which occurs at the end of the exhaust event rather than the first peak. It is generally believed that a major cause of this problem is the presence in the combustion chamber of small crevices into which fuel can be compressed but into which the combustion flame cannot penetrate. One such crevice is that surrounding the piston top land that is to say the small space between the piston and the cylinder above the top piston ring. During the compression stroke, fuel and air are compressed into this space. During combustion, the expanding flame front pushes mixture ahead of it into this crevice tending to increase the amount of fuel stored even further. However, the flame cannot enter this crevice because it is bound by two cold walls and the flame is quenched during its attempt to penetrate into this gap. Consequently, a quantity of fuel remains trapped in the crevice throughout the power stroke until the pressure in the combustion chamber during the exhaust stroke drops to allow the unburnt charge to escape from the crevice. The unburnt charge will then reside near the top of the piston and will be discharged towards the end of the exhaust stroke.
Attempts have been made in the prior art to reduce the crevice volume by reducing the distance between the piston crown and the top ring but this causes problems because the top ring then runs hotter and reduces engine life.


A method for manufacturing an anode for a cable-type secondary battery, includes forming a lithium-containing electrode layer on the outer surface of a wire-type current collector; and surrounding the outer surface of the lithium-containing electrode layer with a substrate for forming a polymer layer spirally, and pressing the outside of the substrate for forming a polymer layer to form a polymer layer on the lithium-containing electrode layer, wherein the polymer layer includes a hydrophobic polymer, an ion conductive polymer, and a binder for binding the hydrophobic polymer and the ion conductive polymer with each other. An anode obtained from the method and a cable-type secondary battery including the anode are also provided.

As technological development and a demand for mobile instruments have been increased, rechargeable secondary batteries which can be downsized and can be provided with high capacity have been increasingly in demand. In addition, among such secondary batteries, lithium secondary batteries having high energy density and voltage have been commercialized and used widely.
Lithium secondary batteries are provided largely in the form of cylindrical batteries, prismatic batteries or pouch-type batteries. In general, a secondary battery is obtained by installing an electrode assembly including an anode, a cathode and a separator inside of a cylindrical or prismatic metallic can or a pouch-type casing made of an aluminum laminate sheet, and injecting an electrolyte to the electrode assembly. Therefore, a predetermined space for installing the secondary battery is required essentially, and such cylindrical, prismatic or pouch-like shapes of secondary batteries undesirably function as a limitation in developing portable systems having various shapes. Thus, there has been a need for developing a novel type of secondary battery which allows easy deformation. To meet such a need, there has been suggested a cable-type secondary battery having a significantly high ratio of length to sectional diameter.
A cable-type secondary battery has a linear structure which has a predetermined shape of horizontal section and is elongated along the longitudinal direction based on the horizontal section, and allows free deformation by virtue of its flexibility. Such a cable-type secondary battery includes an electrode having an electrode active material layer around the circumference of a wire-type current collector.
In general, when using lithium metal as an electrode active material, lithium metal rapidly reacts with moisture to form LiOH, thereby causing degradation of processability. Particularly, it is required to expose a lithium-containing electrode layer for 30 minutes or more in a dry room in order to apply the lithium-containing electrode layer to a cable-type secondary battery. For this, it is preferred to form a polymer protective layer in order to interrupt moisture. However, such a polymer protective layer can interrupt moisture but cannot transport lithium ions, thereby making it to drive a battery.
Therefore, it is required to develop a method for improving transport of lithium ions while protecting lithium metal from moisture, when applying a lithium-containing electrode layer to a cable-type secondary battery.

Method for manufacturing anode for cable-type secondary battery, anode manufactured thereby, and cable-type secondary battery including same anode


A drilling-head-grinding positioning device comprises a clamper for clamping a drilling head having a rectangular sliding rod and a sleeve clamping seat installed at a front end of the sliding rod, a cylindrical clamping device received in the sleeve clamping seat and a nut screwed at a front end of the sleeve clamping seat; and an adjustable seat; and a top of the adjustable seat having a V shape sliding recess corresponding to the periphery of the sliding rod; a bottom of the sliding recess being formed with a receiving trench for receiving a threaded rod; one side of the sliding recess being formed with a communicating groove communicated to the receiving trench; a hook rod being slidably installed in the receiving trench; and a front end of the hook rod being extended upwards with a plate corresponding to a front end of the sliding rod.

In the prior art driller, the drilling head is installed at a clamper and then the clamper is installed to a grinding seat. A grinding wheel serves to grind the drilling head. The clamper is rotatable so that the front end of the drilling head is grounded to have a sharp surface.
However in the prior art the clamper cannot move along the grinding seat so that the length of the drilling head along the grinding seat must be calibrated by a calibration device. Thereby the calibration work is performed repeatedly. The operation is inconvenient and time consumed.


Disclosed are a processing method, device, apparatus for a mesh network, and a storage medium. The method is implemented by a node in the mesh network, including acquiring root node information of at least two root nodes in conflict if any root node conflict is detected in the mesh network; and according to the root node information of the at least two root nodes in conflict, selecting a new root node from the at least two root nodes in conflict as a root node to be used in the mesh network. In the embodiments of the present invention, according to the root node information of the two root nodes, a new root node is selected as the root node to be used in the mesh network, so as to realize direct communication between nodes in the entire wireless mesh network, and to reduce the traffic throughput of the root node.

A wireless mesh network is referred to as wireless mesh network for short, and is also referred to as a "multi-hop" network, which is a new wireless network technology that is completely different from traditional wireless networks.
The wireless mesh network may consist of root node(s), intermediate node(s) and leaf node(s). A root node is the only sink for a wireless mesh network to communicate with the outside. The root node supports the entire wireless mesh network and forwards the data inside the wireless mesh network to the outside. An intermediate node is a node having a forwarding function throughout the wireless mesh network, which receives the data sent by the root node and forwards it to the leaf node(s), and also receives the data from the leaf node(s) and forwards it to the root node. A leaf node has no forwarding function, and can only receive the data sent by the intermediate node or send the data generated by itself to the intermediate node.
During the networking process of the wireless mesh network, as long as the apparatus is turned on and connected to a power supply, the apparatus automatically configures itself to determine the optimal transmission paths. In this way, there may be multiple root nodes present in the networking process of the wireless mesh network. FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a wireless mesh network having a plurality of root nodes in the prior art. As shown in FIG. 1, the wireless mesh network has three root nodes 110, a plurality of intermediate nodes 120 and a plurality of leaf nodes 130 to form three wireless mesh sub-networks, namely, a wireless mesh sub-network 10, a wireless mesh sub-network 20 and a wireless mesh sub-network 30. This networking mode may result in no direct communication between the intermediate nodes 120 and the leaf nodes 130 in different wireless mesh sub-networks, and communication can only be carried out by forwarding through the root node of the corresponding wireless mesh sub-network. However, this data transmission mode may increase the traffic throughput of the root node.

Processing method, device and apparatus for mesh network, and storage medium