A method for compensating fuel injection timing when a torque signal or throttle command indicates that a transient operation is about to transpire. The control adjusts the fuel injection timing in advance of the transient operation to prevent loss of torque due to change in combustion phase position. During engine operation in pre-mix mode of combustion, rapid changes in fueling quantity can affect the combustion angle as well as the temperature in the combustion chamber, causing late or early combustion phasing. The present invention anticipates a change in combustion phasing by sensing a change in demanded fueling rate. The Engine Control Module (ECM) then applies a nest of algorithms to advance fuel injection timing during acceleration or to shorten ignition delay for deceleration by retarding fuel injection timing. As the engine returns to steady state operation, the compensation in injection timing is progressively reduced to zero.

Diesel-type compression ignition (CI) internal combustion engines achieve combustion by compressing a charge of air in the firing cylinder and injecting one or more portions of fuel into the compressed air, creating a fuel/air mixture that is spontaneously combustible at a threshold combination of temperature and cylinder pressure. The apparatus, methods, and timing of the fuel injections to maximize fuel efficiency and engine performance and to minimize exhaust pollutants are the subjects of a highly-developed engineering prior art.
In early diesel art, fuel injection was carried out as a single injection at or near the top dead center (TDC) of the compression stroke of the engine piston. More recently, it has been recognized that improved fuel economy and engine efficiency, and reduced pollution, can be achieved by injecting fuel multiple times during the compression stroke to provide a more uniformly dispersed and evaporated fuel/air charge that ideally will detonate uniformly and simultaneously throughout the firing chamber, rather than simply combusting in a lower-energy progressive wave from an initial site.
It has further been found that timing of the onset of fuel injection is a critical factor in achieving these goals. Implementation of real-time combustion feedback for use in closed-loop combustion control is a technology that has potential to assist in the successful production implementation of advanced diesel combustion modes.
Low-temperature, pre-mixed diesel combustion is of interest because it offers the ability to lower the engine-out emissions of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) such as carbon soot. The need for lowering these two emissions is driven by tighter regulations enacted worldwide, especially concerning NOx limits. Reducing engine-out emissions eases the need for additional exhaust aftertreatment devices and their associated cost and mass.
Low-temperature, pre-mixed combustion in diesel engines consists of injecting the fuel such that it is allowed to vaporize and mix with the intake mixture before combustion occurs. A high level of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is often used to reduce the combustion temperature. Since all of the fuel typically is injected prior to the start of combustion, the crank angle when combustion starts is controlled by the chemical reaction kinetics of the mixture, which are directly influenced by the pressure and temperature of the mixture, among a number of other factors. This introduces new variability factors that are not present in traditional diffusion-burn diesel combustion wherein start of combustion occurs at a cetane-number-based time delay after the start of fuel injection.
While pre-mixed combustion is desirable for emissions reduction, a challenge is in maintaining the stability of combustion during transient events and transitions between combustion modes. Closed-loop feedback control of fuel injection timing offers the potential to improve controllability of pre-mix combustion, thus enabling a means of improving engine-out exhaust emissions.
A known approach for controlling fuel injection timing is disclosed in SAE Technical Paper No. 2007-01-0773, the relevant disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference, wherein in-cylinder combustion pressure is used for providing combustion feedback. When sampled real-time with the appropriate electronics, the resulting cylinder pressure waveform can be analyzed to determine combustion parameters such as the angle of start of combustion; indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP); angular location corresponding to when 50% of the total heat release has occurred; and the angular location of peak pressure (LPP). Such combustion feedback can then be used to adjust relevant engine control parameters, including timing of the start of fuel injection. By having a pressure sensor in each cylinder of a multi-cylinder engine, combustion feedback allows for combustion phasing on an individual cylinder basis and a resulting ability to correct for cylinder-to-cylinder variations as well as to follow a commanded target value.
A shortcoming of the disclosed system is that it requires substantial and sophisticated hardware, including electronic pressure sensing means in each cylinder, which is not readily available in either sufficiently-rugged form to permit widespread adoption or at a reasonable unit cost.
What is needed in the art is a simplified means for controlling fuel injection timing to improve engine performance, especially in mass-produced road-use vehicle engines, and especially during transient periods of engine operation.
It is a principal object of the present invention to improve CI engine performance and reduce NOx and PT emissions during transient periods of engine operation.

Method for compensating injection timing during transient response of pre-mixed combustion


A screw includes a screw head and a shank connected to the bottom of the screw head. The screw head has a cavity on the top to be wrenched by a screwdriver. The shank is formed in a cylindrical shape and has a point at a distal end, a triangular thread portion helically formed thereon and extended upwards from the point and a circular thread portion extended contiguously upwards from the triangular thread portion. The triangular thread portion has a plurality of thread cusps formed annularly at different angles. The triangular thread portion and circular thread portion have asymmetrical threads. The triangular thread portion has serrated cutting edges on the circumference. Thus the screw can be screwed into a work piece with less friction force and fastened faster and firmer with less effort.

Screws are widely used for fastening non-metal elements such as wood and plastics. A screw generally has a shank and circular threads formed helically on the shank. Through a point formed at a distal end of the shank to pierce against a work piece, the helical threads of the screw can be screwed into the work piece for fastening.
However, when the screw is screwed into the work piece, the point encounters resistance while it is cutting, and the circular threads are in contact with the work piece in line or surface and also generate a greater friction force during screwing. As a result, users have to exert greater effort and more time to fasten the screw to the work piece, thus construction efficiency suffers. There is still room for improvement.


A radio alarm clock with removable cassette player/recorder is powered by a rechargeable battery which is recharged when the removable cassette player/recorder is installed on the radio alarm clock. The radio and the cassette player/recorder may be played independent of the clock. Five wakeup modes are disclosed: tone only, radio only, cassette player/recorder only, tone then cassette player/recorder and radio then cassette player/recorder. The cassette player/recorder may be removed from the radio alarm clock so that it may be used as an electronic memo pad; the messages dictated to it during the course of a day may be replayed the following morning when the alarm clock activates the cassette player/recorder. When installed on the radio alarm clock the cassette player/recorder plays back through the larger radio alarm clock amplifier and speaker.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to alarm clocks and in particular to an alarm clock radio capable of activating a removable cassette tape recorder/player.
2. Background of the Invention
The manner in which we wake has a significant impact on the rest of the day. Much work and thought has been invested in designing ways to render the waking process as painless as possible. Alarm clocks have been devised which employ pleasant sounds to mark the passage of time or to wake people up. Other alarm clocks exist which will turn on a radio tuned to a predetermined station in order to wake a sleeping person. Still other radio alarm clocks incorporate a tape player wherein the tape player may be activated by the alarm clock in order to wake a sleeping individual.
A problem exists in that no currently available alarm clock radio tape player exists which will wake a sleeping individual and then deliver a prerecorded message to that individual. The prerecorded message might consist of the day's schedule, things to remember to do, etc.. Were an individual to receive such a message immediately after waking, that individual would then be in a much better position to mentally plan his day while executing his customary toilet, while eating breakfast, etc., thereby becoming better prepared to meet the challenges the day may bring.
Further, no currently available radio alarm clock tape player provides for a small, easily transported electronic memo pad (such as a small cassette tape recorder) into which an individual might dictate the messages he wishes to hear when he wakes the following morning. This electronic memo pad would benefit its user by being powered by an easily and conveniently rechargeable battery as well as being equipped with a user friendly and convenient interface with the radio alarm clock to enable the electronic memo pad to replay its messages on the command of the radio alarm clock. The system's utility would be increased by retaining the capability of waking functions wherein an individual could be waked using a prerecorded tape (music, motivational, etc.).

Radio alarm clock with removable cassette player/recorder


Spatio-temporal light field cameras that can be used to capture the light field within its spatio temporally extended angular extent. Such cameras can be used to record 3D images, 2D images that can be computationally focused, or wide angle panoramic 2D images with relatively high spatial and directional resolutions. The light field cameras can be also be used as 2D/3D switchable cameras with extended angular extent. The spatio-temporal aspects of the novel light field cameras allow them to capture and digitally record the intensity and color from multiple directional views within a wide angle. The inherent volumetric compactness of the light field cameras make it possible to embed in small mobile devices to capture either 3D images or computationally focusable 2D images. The inherent versatility of these light field cameras makes them suitable for multiple perspective light field capture for 3D movies and video recording applications.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of light field cameras, radiance cameras, directional light capture, 3D cameras and 2D/3D switchable cameras.
2. Prior Art
The advent of nano-scale semiconductors is making it possible to have sufficient computing resources within a typical mobile device, such as a cell phone or a tablet PC, for example, to process high resolution visual information received and/or transmitted through the high data rate mobile networks such devices can typically connect to. A typical mobile device now has a 1M pixel display and an 8M pixel camera allowing the mobile user to view and capture high resolution visual information. With such visual communication capabilities, mobile devices are on the verge of being capable of processing 3D visual information. Although the capture and recording of 2D visual information by ultra compact cameras that meet the stringent volumetric constraints of the mobile devices is now main stream, such is not the case for the capture and recording of 3D visual information. Even in the case of the capture and recording of 2D visual information, the stringent volumetric constraints of the mobile devices is still making it difficult to have cameras with advanced auto focusing capabilities embedded in such devices. The main reason being the bulkiness, poor performance and excessive added cost of incorporating advanced auto focusing features into cameras targeting the mobile devices. A promising prospect for possibly overcoming some of these constraints is a class of cameras known as light field cameras which are capable of capturing information about the directional distribution of the light rays that enter the camera. Besides providing the mobile user with the ability to capture 3D images, the ability to capture the directional information of the light would also enable computational (digital) focusing which would allow the mobile user to capture the entire light field without regard to focusing, then leverage the ample processing capabilities of the mobile device to computationally focus on any desired aspects of the captured light field. In that regard a light field mobile camera would in effect leverage the abundant processing resources now becoming typical in mobile devices to get rid of the expensive and bulky auto focusing. The problem in realizing such a prospect, however, is that the current state-of-the-art light field cameras are inherently bulky in themselves and not at all suited for being embedded in mobile devices. Before proceeding to describe the details of the current invention, the following discussion puts into perspective the current state-of-the-art of light field cameras approaches and their salient characteristics.
Conventional cameras do not record the directional information of the light it captures. A conventional camera captures only a two-dimensional (2D) image that represents a one to one correspondence in light originating from a point in the viewing scene to a corresponding spatial position (pixel) on its photo-detector (PD), as such spatial information is captured but all of the directional information is lost. In contrast to conventional 2D cameras, light field cameras capture both the spatial as well as the directional information of the light. Light field cameras are able to capture both spatial and directional information of the light because they are able to record the radiance of the light, which describes both spatial and directional (angular) information, and is defined as the radiant flux of the incident light per unit of area per unit of solid angle (measured in W. m−2·Sr−1). A light field camera, therefore, is able to sample the four-dimensional (4D) radiance, in so doing captures both the two dimensions of spatial and the two dimensions of directional distributions of the light it captures. Being able to record the radiance, a light field camera therefore captures all of the light field information needed to post-capture focusing, reduce the noise, or change the viewpoint; i.e., three-dimensional (3D) image capture.
FIG. 1A illustrates a prior art light field camera implemented using an array of conventional cameras whereby each of the cameras records an image of the light field from a different perspective. The captured images may then be combined to form the captured light field. The drawbacks of this approach are rather obvious; in order to capture a reasonable angular extent with each camera in the array, the array of objective lenses will span a much larger area than their photo-detectors and will each have a rather large optical track length, thus making the whole camera array of FIG. 1A be limited in terms of the number of views of the light field it can capture, and excessively bulky, thus not at all suitable for embedding in mobile devices.
FIG. 1B illustrates another prior art light field camera implemented using the principal of integral imaging. In this light field camera approach, which is also known as a plenoptic camera, only one objective lens is used and a lenslet or micro lens array is placed near the camera photo-detector to sample the aperture of the camera. The image captured by the plenoptic camera would be made up of an array of sub-aperture images of the light field each recorded by the group of pixels underneath each of the micro lens elements. Each of the sub-aperture images captured by the plenoptic camera would represent a parallax sample of the light field. Although the plenoptic camera of FIG. 1B would potentially provide a higher number of views of the light field and would also be volumetrically smaller than the camera array of FIG. 1A, the increase in the number of views would be at the expense of reduced spatial resolution. In addition, similar to the camera array, for the plenoptic camera to cover a reasonable angular extent, it must employ an as large as possible diameter objective lens which in turn requires a large optical track length, thus make the plenoptic camera also bulky and not at all suitable for embedding in mobile devices.
FIG. 1C illustrates yet another prior art light field camera implemented by using the principal of frequency domain analysis of the light field. In this type of prior art field camera, which although is conceptually equivalent to the plenoptic camera of FIG. 1B, for differentiation will be referred to as radiance camera, is implemented by placing a non-refractive two-dimensional array of pinholes, basically a mask, either in front of the objective lens or in between the main lens assembly and the photo-detector of an otherwise conventional camera. The image captured by such a camera is, therefore, a Fourier domain convolution of the incoming light field with the known non-refractive light field modulation weighting function of the mask. This camera actually captures the 4-D light field directly in the Fourier domain, thus the values recorded by each pixel of the 2-D photo-detector of the camera represents a coded linear combination in the Fourier domain of all the rays entering the camera from multiple directions. The known linear combination superimposed by the non-refractive mask light field can be decoded by software to obtain the 4-D light field. In general the performance of this radiance camera is similar in terms the spatial and directional resolution it can achieve using a given photo-detector size, in terms of number of pixels, except that the radiance analysis camera may offer increased spatial resolution per view, but the number of views that can be resolved is highly dependent on the computational throughput one is willing to allocate to the post-capture processing. In other words, the improvement in the spatial resolution per view that may be offered by the radiance camera would be at the expense of increased computational resources. Furthermore, the mask used in the radiance camera will cause light loss that would tend to reduce the capture image signal to noise ratio (SNR). In addition, similar to the camera array and the plenoptic camera, for the radiance camera to cover a reasonable angular extent, it must employ as large as possible diameter objective lens which in turn requires a large optical track length, thus making the radiance analysis camera also bulky and not at suitable for embedding in mobile devices.
In general, prior art light field cameras illustrated in FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C are limited in their functionality and applications because:
1. The depth of their light field is limited by the focus depth of their objective lens;
2. The field of view of their light field is limited by the angular extent of their objective lens;
3. Their objective lens and MLA (micro lens arrays) must have a matched F#, which results in complicated and costly lens system designs;
4. The large diameter of the objective lens needed to achieve a reasonable size field of view typically results in a rather large optical track length which in turn causes the volumetric size of the light field camera to become large, thus reducing the utility of the camera and preventing its use in mobile applications;
5. The objective lens system adds well known optical distortions and aberrations, such as barrel distortion, TV distortion, etc. . . . , which reduce the optical quality of the captured light field and in turn distort the depth and directional information captured by such cameras; and
6. The light field captured by such cameras usually suffers from under-sampling and resultant sampling artifacts because the limited resolution of the sensor, which typically has to be apportioned between the achievable spatial and angular resolution, limits the total number of directions these light field cameras can capture.
It is therefore an objective of this invention to introduce a spatio-temporal light field camera that overcomes the limitations and weaknesses of the prior art, thus making it feasible to create a light field camera that can be embedded in mobile devices and offer the users of such devices the capability of computational focusing of 2D images and the capture of 3D images over a wide angular extent. Additional objectives and advantages of this invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment thereof that proceeds with reference to the accompanying drawings.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A side knocking-type writing instrument has a barrel having a longitudinal axis, a front end, and a rear end. A sliding member is disposed in the barrel for undergoing forward and rearward sliding movement along the longitudinal axis of the barrel. The sliding member has a shoulder comprised of a generally L-shaped side wall having a first wall portion extending along the longitudinal axis and a second wall portion extending transversely to the longitudinal axis. A knocking member undergoes pivotal movement in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis of the barrel about a fulcrum point disposed at a rear portion of the knocking member. The knocking member has a pressing portion disposed at a front portion thereof. A linking pawl is disposed between the knocking member and the sliding member for undergoing pivotal movement therebetween and axial movement along the longitudinal axis. The linking pawl has an outward end disposed in contact with the pressing portion of the knocking member and an inward end disposed in contact with the shoulder of the sliding member.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to mechanical pencils and, more specifically, to a side knocking-type writing instrument in which a writing component can be protruded from a front end of a barrel only by pressing a knocking member disposed at a side face of the barrel.
(2) Background of the Invention
As a knocking-type mechanical pencil or a knocking-type ballpoint pen, a side knocking-type writing instrument in which protrusion and retraction operations of a writing component are made with a knocking member, such as a knocking button disposed on the side face of a barrel, has been known. In a conventional side knocking-type writing instrument, a sloped cam system has been used wherein, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,883,253, a sliding member is housed in a barrel in such a state that the sliding member is biased backwardly by a spring, a sloped cam is formed on the sliding member and a pressing portion of the knocking member is forced to abut on the sloped cam by which the sliding member is moved forward against the spring.
In the foregoing sloped cam system, the pressing force from the knocking member has a force component directed in the axial direction which contributes to the forward movement of the sliding member and a force component directed in the radial direction which presses the sliding member perpendicularly against the barrel. The force in the radial direction turns into a strong frictional resistance when the sliding member moves. However, when the sliding member moves forward, the spring is compressed, and the resilient power of the spring becomes large. Accordingly, the frictional resistance is even stronger and the knocking load increases, leading to a drawback that the conventional side knocking-type writing instrument cannot be operated with a small pressing force.
Japanese Utility Model Publication B-3-56387 discloses a side knocking-type mechanical pencil which is not operated by means of a sloped cam system. The knocking-type mechanical pencil disclosed in this publication has a mechanism wherein a push button is pressed so as to buckle each of intermediate hinge portions forwardly in an axial direction at a front linking position and a rear linking position of linking elements, thereby moving a lead chuck forwardly in the axial direction and feeding a lead. However, this mechanism has a complicated structure for buckling the intermediate hinge portions, whereby the number of parts is considerably increased, such being unfavorable from an economical standpoint. Further, it is also impossible to accommodate plural leads in the lead chuck.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,558,233 discloses a writing instrument wherein a cam is pivotably mounted on a barrel, and a sliding member is moved forward by rotating the cam by means of a knocking member. However, in this type of writing instrument, since the cam is fixed to the barrel with a rotating shaft and cannot be entirely transferred in an axial direction, the movement of the sliding member in the axial direction is restricted to the range of rotation of the cam and, therefore, it becomes difficult to increase the range of movement of the sliding member. Accordingly, in order to secure a desired predetermined movement of the sliding member in the conventional writing instrument, the movement of the knocking member is required to be large or the cam is required to be formed on a large scale, whereby the structure of the writing instrument becomes complicated.
The present invention overcomes many of the disadvantages inherent in conventional side knocking-type writing instruments.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a side knocking-type writing instrument which is simple in construction and in which the knocking operation of the knocking member can be effected with a small pressing force.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a side knocking-type writing instrument in which the sliding member can be slid within a large range of movement when the knocking member is knocked.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a side knocking-type writing instrument which is easy to be assembled, simple in construction and can be manufactured at a low cost.
In order to accomplish these objects, there is provided according to the present invention a novel and improved side knocking-type writing instrument having a barrel having a longitudinal axis, a front end, and a rear end. A sliding member has a writing component and is disposed in the barrel for undergoing forward and rearward sliding movement along the longitudinal axis. A knocking member is disposed on a side surface of the barrel for undergoing movement in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis of the barrel. A linking pawl is disposed between the knocking member and the sliding member for undergoing pivotal movement therebetween and axial movement along the longitudinal axis. The linking pawl has an outward end disposed in contact with a pressing portion of the knocking member and an inward end disposed in contact with a shoulder of the sliding member. When the pressing portion of the knocking member is pressed, the knocking member undergoes movement in the transverse direction so that the linking pawl is moved axially while being pivoted and the sliding member is slid forwardly to thereby protrude the writing component from the front end of the barrel.
In one embodiment, the linking pawl is bent in an approximately L-shaped form in side view, and the outward end of the linking pawl is disposed in a seat formed at the pressing portion of the knocking member. In another embodiment, the outward end of the linking pawl is connected to the pressing portion of the knocking member by means of a flexible hinge portion. The shoulder of the sliding member with which the inward end of the linking pawl is contacted is preferably generally L-shaped. The sliding member has a passageway hole in which plural writing components, such as pencil leads, can be accommodated.


A conductive metal layer is formed on a substrate by depositing copper or nickel particles on the substrate, contacting the metal particles with a specified developing agent, and heating the metal particles and the developing agent. The coated substrates have conductive surfaces and are useful for a variety of uses such as EMI shielding and printed circuit boards.

This invention relates to the formation of a conductive layer of metal on a substrate. In particular, this invention relates to such a process wherein the conductive layer is formed from discrete metal particles of copper or nickel, and a chemical developing agent is employed.
It is frequently desired to form a layer of conductive metal on a (generally) non-conductive substrate. Such composites are useful for printed circuit boards, electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding, and so forth.
Japanese publication JP 110704(84) (shin Gijutsu Kaihat) reports that a conductive layer may be formed on a substrate by spraying super fine (e.g.: 0.2 um) metal particles with the aid of a carrier gas (e.g.: nitrogen or argon) onto a substrate, followed by low temperature (e.g.: 80.degree. C.) sintering. One significant disadvantage of this process is the limited availability of such fine metal dust. Further, the use of metal dust in an air spray system requires extensive hygienic safeguards.
Japanese publication JP 66133(73) (Fujimori Kogyo) and DE 2,163,118 (Fujimori Kogyo (Sakai)) both describe a process where metal particles are mixed with a binder, applied to a substrate, dried, and treated with an agent which is an acid, a halogen, or a halogenide. Such processes are inconvenient and damaging to equipment in their requirement for a binder and a corrosive agent.
GB 2,085,340 teaches a paint containing copper particles and optionally a wetting agent (Preferably triethanolamine), which is useful for producing conductive coatings. It has not teaching of a conductive layer in the absence of a binder.
US 4,434,084 (Dupont (Hicks)) and DE 2,411,988 (Dupont (Beske)) both describe processes wherein a mixture of copper and tin particles are coated on a substrate with the air of chemical activators and heat sufficient to melt the tin. In the U.S. Pat. the chemical activators are an organic acid flux and an organic amine in an inert organic medium. In the German publication the chemical activator is a flux which may contain triethanolamine as an adjuvant. Both patents require the formation of an intermetallic compound (Cu.sub.3 Sn), and neither patent teaches the use of an amine in the absence of another agent.

Conductive metallization of substrates via developing agents


A method is presented for forming a wrap around contact. The method includes forming a p-type epitaxial region and an n-type epitaxial region over a substrate, forming a dielectric pillar between the p-type epitaxial region and the n-type epitaxial region, depositing sacrificial liners around both the p-type epitaxial region and the n-type epitaxial region, and depositing an inter-layer dielectric (ILD). The method further includes forming trenches in the ILD extending into the sacrificial liners, wherein the trenches are vertically aligned with the p-type epitaxial region and the n-type epitaxial region, removing the sacrificial liners to define irregular-shaped openings exposing the p-type epitaxial region and the n-type epitaxial region, and filling the irregular-shaped openings with a conductive material defining the wrap around contact.

The present invention relates generally to semiconductor devices, and more specifically, to a wrap-around-contact (WAC) process margin improvement with early trench contact (TS) cut.
While the planar field effect transistor (FET) appears to have reached the end of its scalable lifespan, the semiconductor industry has found an alternative approach with finFETs. FinFET technology is viewed as a suitable choice for next generation advanced processes due to its superior short channel control and area scaling benefits. To achieve better performance, contact optimization over the source/drain (S/D) epitaxy is needed, especially for FinFET technology and other technologies beyond FinFET, such as nanosheet, where the S/D epi can be tall, and a wrap around contact which contacts not only the top and also the sidewall surfaces of the S/D epi is needed to maximize the contact area and reduce the contact resistance. However, forming such contact could have very small process margin.

Wrap around contact process margin improvement with early contact cut

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A shielding cage assembly (10) for shielding a plurality of transceiver modules therein includes a conductive hanger (1), a conductive upper and lower shielding cages (21, 22) and a spacer (3). A plurality of dividing walls (23, 25), inside the upper and lower shielding cages cooperatively define a plurality of channels for receiving the transceiver modules therein. The spacer is sandwiched between the stacked upper and lower shielding cages.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a cage for shielding components from electromagnetic interference, and more particularly to a shielding cage assembly for arranging a plurality of transceiver modules therein.
2. Description of the Related Art
A transceiver module is a discrete unit used in interface communications equipment, and is normally singly received in a cage that provides shielding against electromagnetic interference (EMI). Prior art shielded transceiver modules are too difficult to assemble densely to a circuit board. Therefore, an inexpensive shielding cage assembly that will allow transceiver modules to be easily and densely mounted on a circuit board is required.
Referring to FIGS. 6, a prior art shielding cage assembly 100 for shielding a plurality of transceiver modules (not shown) therein includes a conductive body cage 1, a conductive cover cage 2 and a plurality of dividing walls 3, which cooperatively define a plurality of hollow spaces for receiving the transceiver modules therein. Retaining tabs 121, 311 are respectively formed on the body cage 1 and the dividing walls 3, and engage in a corresponding plurality of slots 24a, 24 defined in the cover cage 2 to hold the cover cage 2 to the body cage 1 and to fix the dividing walls 3 between the cover cage 2 and body cage 1.
However, this kind of structure cannot satisfy the requirement to stackably mount transceiver modules in interface communications equipment. Therefore, an improved shielding cage assembly that is adapted for receiving a plurality of transceiver modules therein is desired.
A main object of the present invention is to provide a shielding cage assembly for receiving a plurality of transceiver modules therein while allowing good air ventilation to the transceiver modules.
A shielding cage assembly according to the present invention for shielding a plurality of transceiver modules therein includes a conductive hanger, a conductive upper and lower shielding cages and a spacer. A plurality of dividing walls cooperatively defines a plurality of hollow spaces inside each of the upper and lower shielding cages for receiving the transceiver modules therein. The spacer is sandwiched between the stacked upper and lower shielding cages. The upper and lower shielding cages are electrically connected through the spacer.

2xc3x974 shielding cage assembly adapted for multiple transceiver modules


Methods and systems for establishing fantasy sports competitions. In one aspect, a method includes generating fantasy team rosters, each fantasy team roster including distinct individual athletes, where each fantasy team roster is balanced to the other fantasy team rosters based on historical data from a database of computed fantasy sports statistics and a database of predictive modeling of projected individual fantasy sports statistics; receiving selected teams within the at least two fantasy team rosters from users; obtaining real-time statistics of the athletes; creating a dynamic database including fantasy scoring of the athletes based on a fantasy scoring scheme; and displaying in real time the dynamic database comparing the fantasy sports statistics for each fantasy team roster to determine which fantasy team roster has amassed higher scoring fantasy sports statistics based on the fantasy scoring scheme.

This specification relates to the field of gaming. More specifically, the present technology is in the technical field of statistical compilation, analysis, and predictive modeling of sports gaming.
While physically participating in sports, attending sporting events, and wagering on the outcome of particular sporting events is a popular pastime for tens, hundreds, or millions of people per year, fantasy sports leagues have filled a much-needed void in the sports and gaming field. Originating somewhere in the mid-1900s, fantasy sporting is typically a game wherein participants may act as owners to build a sports team and then compete against other fantasy owners based on statistics generated from real-life players, teams, and sporting events. For many of these fantasy "leagues," teams remain static, or mostly static, for an entire sporting season.
In a more recent evolution of the fantasy sporting field, daily fantasy sports allow participants to compete in daily fantasy sports contents that last a short period of time (e.g., one day, one weekend, etc.). These contents may tend to be quicker and more numbers-driven, engaging users in fast-paced, exciting competition against fellow fantasy players.
However, both the traditional fantasy sports concept and the newer daily fantasy sports concept involve large learning curves and often include complex and dynamic calculations for scoring systems. Newer participants often may not understand how they are currently being ranked, for which teams/players they should be rooting against, and/or for which teams/players they should be rooting for.
Additionally, such competitions are difficult due in part to the fast-paced nature of daily fantasy sports competitions, and these skill-based competitions often require participants to select rosters from large datasets. Further, the time required to select and track fantasy sports picks is often greater than the time available to many individuals, presenting a great time requirement and culling a large potential user base for such games. These factors present major hurdles for newer participants in the fantasy and daily fantasy arenas, while not significantly modifying difficulty levels of actually being successful within a fantasy sports competition given equally skilled competitors.
The present novel technology addresses these needs.

Systems and methods for competitive skill-based fantasy sports


A method and receiver for determination of angle of arrival in one or two planes of a beam received at an antenna array comprising at least two pairs of antenna elements are provided. In some embodiments, a method includes computing a pair of difference signals, each difference signal being computed from signals from a different one of the at least two pairs of antenna elements. The method further includes determining a directional angle of arrival of the beam in one plane based on the pair of difference signals.

Angle of arrival (AoA) measurement is a method for determining the direction of propagation of a radio-frequency wave incident on an antenna array. AoA determines the direction of the transmitted signal and may be determined by measuring the difference in received phase at each element in an antenna array.
FIG. 1 depicts a two element array. Antenna A 10, and antenna B 11, are spaced apart by a distance D. An incoming RF wave 12 (shown as RF signals 12a and 12b) is received at antenna A 10, and at antenna B 11. The incoming RF wave 12 is arriving at an angle θ 14 incident to the plane of the two antennas 10 and 11. The RF signal 12b received at antenna B 11 has travelled further than the RF signal 12a received at antenna A 10 by a distance d 15.
The extra distance travelled by the RF signal, d, is related to the distance between the antennas, D, and the angle of the arrival of the RF signal, θ; using simple geometry:d=D cos θ  (1)                The phase difference φ between the RF signal received at antenna B 11 and the RF signal received at antenna A 10 is:φ=d/2πλ where λ is the wavelength of the RF signal.  (2)Hence, φ=D cos θ/2πλcos θ=φ·2πλ/D or θ=a cos(φ·2πλ/D)  (3)
The phase difference φ between the two RF signals received at each of the antennas is therefore related to the angle of arrival θ of the RF signal. For example, if the RF signal is coming from a direction directly in front of the two antennas then φ=0 and θ=90° or π/2 radians.
A common method to measure the phase difference φ is to add the signals from both antennas as depicted in FIG. 2. The output from each antenna 10 and 11 is connected to the inputs of an RF adder 21 which provides the sum of the two signals 22 at its output.
If the received signals at antennas 10 and 11 have amplitude A, then the output 22 of the RF adder 21, using simple trigonometry, is:Sum=A√{square root over (2+2 cos Ø)}  (4)
If the distance D between the antennas 10 and 11 is arranged to be half a wavelength, D=λ/2, then when the RF signal is coming from a direction from the side of the antennas, θ=0, the two RF signals from the two antennas will be in anti-phase and will cancel out and the result of the summation will be an RF signal of zero amplitude. When the RF signal is coming from the front of the two antennas, θ=π/2, then the two RF signals will add in phase and the result of the summation will be an RF signal at the maximum amplitude. FIG. 3 shows a graphical representation 30 of the amplitude of the RF signal 22 at the output of the RF adder 21 as the angle of arrival varies from 0 to 180 degrees.
FIG. 4 shows a graphical representation 40 of the amplitude of the RF sum signal 22 at the output of the RF sum block 21 plotted against angle of arrival as the angle of arrival varies from 0 to 180 degrees and when the distance D between the antennas 10 and 11 is set to one wavelength, D=λ. Note that the amplitude is at a maximum at angles of arrival 0, 90 and 180 degrees, and at a minimum at angles of arrival 60 and 120 degrees.
A common method to measure the angle of arrival is to rotate the two antennas around their axis such that the sum of the received signals is at a maximum and hence the direction of the incident wave is known. The accuracy of this approach can be increased by using two directional antennas or by increasing the distance between the two antennas which results in a narrower front beam width but also more than one maximum. A disadvantage of this approach is that the antenna assembly needs to be rotated, the accuracy is limited by the directionality of the individual antennas. Also, increasing the directionality of the antenna necessitates that the size of each antenna increases. For example, the beam width of an antenna is related to the gain of the antenna; the narrower the beam width, the higher the gain. For example a patch antenna consists of a flat rectangular sheer or "patch" of metal, mounted over a larger sheet of metal called a ground plane. An example of a patch antenna at 2.4 GHz has a gain of about 8 dBi, a 3 dB beam width of about 60 degrees and has side lengths of about 4 inches. An array of 4 patch antennas, side by side, would be in the order of 12 to 16 inches in length and would have a horizontal beam width of about 20 degrees. Achieving a narrow beam width in the order of approximately 5 degrees requires a linear array of 16 patch antennas. This antenna array could have a length of about 64 inches.

Antenna arrangements for measurement of angle of arrival


Disclosed are: labeled NSAIDs compounds which can be produced within a short time, can be used suitably for a PET method, and enable the imaging of cyclooxygenase-2; and a process for producing the labeled NSAIDs compounds. Specifically disclosed are isotope-labeled 2-arylpropionic acid compounds, each of which is a compound represented by general formula (1) (wherein Ar represents an aryl group which may have a substituent; R1 represents anyone selected from 11CH3, CH218F and CF218F; and R2 represents a hydrogen atom, or an alkyl group which may have a branch, wherein a compound wherein Ar is a benzene ring, R1 is 11CH3, and R2 is a hydrogen atom is excluded), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, hydrate, solvate or prodrug thereof.

Many of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that have been widely used as antipyretic, analgesic and agents for antiinflammatory (hereinafter referred to as "NSAIDs") show pharmacologic actions mainly by inhibiting an enzyme called cyclooxygenase. Cyclooxygenase is involved in enormous numbers of pathologic conditions such as pain, fever, chronic and acute inflammation, arthritis, colon cancer, new blood vessel growth, asthma, arterial sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, and Parkinson's disease. Therefore, it has been considered that examining behaviors of NSAIDs within a living body makes it possible to find out many pathologic conditions and diagnoses.
According to the above described reasons, examining behaviors of NSAIDs in the living body by a PET method has been actively tried in recent years. PET is a method that includes administering, into a living body, a tracer labeled with a short-term radionuclide which releases positrons such as 11C or 18F so that γ rays generated from the tracer is measured by a PET camera (detector comprising a gamma ray scintillator and a photoelectron multiplier tube), and imaging a body distribution of the γ ray by a computer. The PET method can non-invasively and quantitatively track down behaviors of medical agents in living bodies including from small animals to a human and a degree of reaching a target site. NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen inhibit functions of an enzyme called cyclooxygenase in a living body to show anti-inflammatory actions, and it was found that cyclooxygenase is involved in not only inflammation but also tumors, Alzheimer disease, and the like. Therefore, in order to apply NSAIDs to a PET method, numerous NSAIDs have been labeled with 11C and 18F (Non-Patent Documents 1 to 15). Analyzing PET images for NSAIDs enables non-invasive imaging of cyclooxygenase, and consequently, significantly useful information can be obtained in respective fields such as biology, development of pharmaceutical products, and medical services.

Isotope labeled 2-arylpropionic acid compounds and process for production of same, and molecular probe for positron emission tomography and method for imaging of cyclooxygenase and the like using same


An authentication technique involves receiving an authentication request which includes a set of authentication factors and performing, in response to the authentication request, an authentication operation based on a set of authentication factors. An authentication result of the authentication operation identifies a particular trust category among a set of trust categories. Each trust category of the set defines a unique set of user permissions. The technique further involves providing the authentication result for use by a web application. The particular trust category identified by the authentication result defines a particular set of user permissions to be imposed by the web application. For example, the trust categories may take the form of trust levels such as Low, Med, and High which control access to certain resources. Furthermore, the technique involves providing periodic and/or random authentication requests to the authentication server to detect hijacking of the user session after successful initial authentication.

Some web servers require a user of a client device to successfully authenticate before granting access to the user. For example, the user may be required to supply a one-time use passcode (OTP) from a hardware token that the user possesses in order to demonstrate that the user is legitimate (i.e., to show that the user is not an imposter due to possession of the hardware token). As another example, certain adaptive authentication factors about the user may be collected and assessed against previous behavior such as geo-location of the client device (or of the client device's ISP/network), time of day of the access attempt, and access frequency, to determine whether the user is legitimate. As yet another example, the user may be required to answer a knowledge-based authentication (KBA) question (i.e., correctly respond to a question that the real user should be able to answer).
During such authentication, an authentication server typically compares the current information obtained from the user's client device to expected information. If the information appropriately matches, authentication is successful. If the information does not appropriately match, authentication is considered unsuccessful.
When authentication is successful, the user is granted access on the web server. When authentication is unsuccessful, the user may be immediately provided with another opportunity to authenticate and, if authentication is still unsuccessful, the user is denied access on the web server.

Internet-accessible service for dynamic authentication and continuous assertion of trust level in identities


An aviation biofuel component including 90.0 vol % or more of isoparaffins of C10 to C12 and 30.0 vol % or more of isoparaffins which are at least C10 or C12.

At present, as awareness of the environment increases, introduction of fuels produced by using plants as raw materials, so-called biofuels, is required. These biofuels meet GHG (greenhouse effect gas) emissions standards, while there is concern that they will compete with food production if the raw materials are from edible parts of crops such as corn and sugar cane.
Research is therefore underway to produce biofuels that do not compete with food production. For example, Patent Literature 1 describes a gasoline composition including cellulose-derived materials, constituting non-eating parts such as stems and leaves that are normally discarded and satisfying the properties required for use in gasoline engines. The gasoline composition is mainly used in vehicles.

Aviation biofuel base material, aviation biofuel including same, and method for manufacturing aviation biofuel


PROBLEM To provide a high quality solid state image pickup device. SOLUTION Impurities are implanted into a semiconductor substrate to form vertical transfer channels for transferring electric charges in a first direction and to form a drain near each of the vertical transfer channels via a gate which forms a barrier. A first silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film and a second silicon oxide film are deposited in this order from the bottom, on the surfaces of the vertical transfer channels, gates and drains. A first layer vertical transfer electrode is formed on the second silicon oxide film above the vertical transfer channel, and an insulating film if formed on the surface of the first layer vertical transfer electrode. The second silicon oxide film and silicon nitride film are etched in such a manner that the silicon nitride film covers the vertical transfer channel and extends above the gate excepting a portion near the drain. A gate control electrode is formed on the insulating film and first silicon oxide film. A plurality of charge accumulation regions are formed in a matrix shape in an area defined on an upstream side of the first direction further than the drains, in such a manner that each column of the charge accumulation regions is formed near each of the vertical transfer channels.

FIG. 7A is a block diagram showing a main portion of a solid state image pickup apparatus assembling a solid state imaging pickup device, and FIGS. 7B and 7C are schematic plan views showing the structure of the solid state image pickup device. FIG. 7D is a schematic cross sectional view showing a portion of a pixel area of a solid state image pickup device.
Referring to FIG. 7A, the structure of a solid state image pickup apparatus will be described. A solid state imaging pickup device 51 generates signal charges corresponding to an amount of light incident upon each pixel and supplies an image signal corresponding to the generated signal charges. A drive signal generator 52 generates drive signals (transfer voltage, etc.) for driving the solid state image pickup device 51 and supplies them to the solid state image pickup device 51. An analog front end (AFE) 53 subjects an output signal from the solid state imaging unit 51 to correlation double sampling, amplifies the sampled signal at an externally set gain, converts it into a digital signal, and outputs the digital signal. A digital signal processor (DSP) 54 processes an image signal supplied from the analog front end 53, such as recognition process, data compression and network control, and outputs the processed image data. A timing generator (TG) 55 generates timing signals for the solid state image pickup device 51, drive signal generator 52 and analog front end 53, to control the operations thereof. The drive signal generator 52 includes, for example, a V driver for generating a vertical charge coupled device (CCD) drive signal. Signals supplied from the drive signal generator 52 to the solid state image pickup device 51 include a horizontal CCD drive signal, a vertical CCD drive signal, an output amplifier drive signal and a substrate bias signal.
As shown in FIG. 7B, the solid state image pickup device is constituted of: a plurality of photosensors 62 disposed, for example, in a matrix shape; a plurality of vertical CCDs 64 disposed near each column of the photosensors 62; a horizontal CCD 66 electrically connected to the vertical CCDs via a V drain area 68; and an amplifier circuit 67, connected to an output terminal of the horizontal CCD 66, for amplifying an output charge signal from the horizontal CCD 66. A pixel area 61 is constituted of the photosensors 62 and vertical CCDs 64.
The photosensor 62 is constituted of a photosensitive element, e.g., a photoelectric conversion element (photodiode) and a read gate. The photoelectric conversion element generates signal charges corresponding to an incidence light amount and accumulates them. Reading the accumulated signal charges to the vertical CCD (vertical transfer channel) 64 is controlled by a voltage applied to the read gate. The signal charges read to the vertical CCD 64 are transferred in the vertical CCDs (vertical transfer channel) 64 toward the horizontal CCD 66 (in a vertical or column direction).
Signal charges transferred from the bottom ends of the vertical CCDs 64 via a V drain area (vertical CCD drain area) 68 are transferred in the horizontal CCD (horizontal transfer channel) 66 in a horizontal direction (called also row direction), amplified by the amplifier circuit 67 and output to an external. The V drain area 68 has drains 95 and will be later described in detail.
The photosensors 62 are disposed in a square matrix layout at a constant pitch in the row and column directions as shown in FIG. 7B, or disposed in a honeycomb layout in the row and column directions by shifting every second photosensors, for example, by a half pitch.
FIG. 7C is a schematic plan view of a solid state image pickup device having the honeycomb layout. The honeycomb layout has photosensors 62 disposed in a first square matrix layout and photosensors 62 disposed in a second square matrix layout at positions between lattice points of the first square matrix layout. Vertical CCDs (vertical transfer channels) 64 are disposed in a zigzag way between photosensors 62. Although this layout is called a honeycomb layout, the photosensor 62 of most honeycomb layouts is octangular.
As shown in FIG. 7D, formed in a p-type well 82 formed in a semiconductor substrate 81, e.g., an n-type silicon substrate, are a charge accumulation region 71 made of an n-type impurity doped region, a p+-type buried region 71a formed on the photoelectric conversion element, and a vertical transfer channel 73 made of an n-type region disposed next to the photoelectric conversion element and buried region. The n-type charge accumulation region 71 and an underlying p-type region constitute a photoelectric conversion element. The photoelectric conversion element generates signal charges corresponding to an incidence light amount. The generated signal charges are accumulated in the charge accumulation region 71. A read gate 72 is defined between the charge accumulation region 71 and vertical transfer channel 73. A vertical transfer electrode 75 is formed above the vertical transfer channel 73, with an insulating film 74 being interposed therebetween. A p-type channel stop region 76 is formed between adjacent charge accumulation regions 71.
The channel stop region 76 is used for electrically isolating the charge accumulation regions 71, vertical transfer channels 73 and the like. The insulating film 74 is a silicon oxide film formed on the surface of the semiconductor substrate 81, for example, by thermal oxidation. The vertical transfer electrode 75 is constituted of first and second vertical transfer electrodes made of, for example, polysilicon. The first and second vertical transfer electrodes may be made of amorphous silicon. In accordance with voltages (drive signals) applied to the vertical transfer electrode 75, signal charges are transferred in the vertical transfer channel 73. The vertical transfer electrode 75 above the read gate 72 has also the function of reading signal charges accumulated in the charge accumulation region 71, from the read gate 72 to the vertical transfer channel 73 in accordance with an applied voltage (drive signal). An insulating silicon oxide film 77 is formed on the vertical transfer electrode 75, for example, by thermally oxidizing polysilicon. The vertical CCD 64 is constituted of the vertical transfer channel 73, upper insulating film 74 and vertical transfer electrode 75.
A light shielding film 79 of, e.g., tungsten, is formed above the vertical transfer electrode 75, with the insulating silicon oxide film 77 being interposed therebetween. Openings 79a are formed through the light shielding film 79 at positions above the charge accumulation regions 71. A silicon nitride film 78 is formed on the light shielding film 79; The silicon nitride film 78 is not necessarily required.
As described above, the light shielding film 79 has the openings 79a above the charge accumulation regions 71 and prevents light incident upon the pixel area 61 from entering the region other than the photoelectric conversion elements.
A planarized layer 83a made of, e.g., borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG) is formed above the light shielding film 79. On this planarized surface, a color filter layer 84 is formed which is of three primary colors: red (R), green (G) and blue (B). Another planarized layer 83b is formed on the color filter layer 84. On the planarized layer 83b having a planarized surface, micro lenses 85 are formed, for example, by melting and solidifying a photoresist pattern of micro lenses. Each micro lens 85 is a fine hemispherical convex lens disposed above each charge accumulation region 71. The micro lens 85 converges incidence light to the photoelectric conversion element. Light converged by one micro lens 85 passes through the color filter layer 84 of one of the red (R), green (G) and blue (B) and becomes incident upon one photoelectric conversion element. Therefore, the photoelectric conversion elements include three types of photoelectric conversion elements: photoelectric conversion elements upon which light passed through the red (R) color filter layer 84 becomes incident; photoelectric conversion elements upon which light passed through the green (G) color filter layer 84 becomes incident; and photoelectric conversion elements upon which light passed through the blue (B) color filter layer 84 becomes incident.
FIGS. 8A and 8B are schematic diagrams illustrating a manufacture method for a solid state image pickup device.
Referring to FIG. 8A, a semiconductor substrate 81, e.g., an n-type silicon substrate, is prepared and p-type impurities, e.g., boron ions, are implanted to form a p-type well 82.
In a surface layer of the well 82, n-type impurities, e.g., phosphorus or arsenic ions, are implanted to form a vertical transfer channel 73, and p-type impurities, e.g., boron ions, are implanted to form a channel stop region 76. An insulating film 74 is formed on the semiconductor substrate 81, the insulating film being an oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) film including a thermally oxidized silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film formed through chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and a silicon oxide film formed by thermally oxidizing the surface of the silicon nitride film. The silicon nitride film in the insulating film 74 has a function of an oxygen intercepting film.
A vertical transfer electrode 75 made of, for example, polysilicon, is formed covering the vertical transfer channel 73. The vertical transfer electrode 75 is made of, for example, first and second charge transfer electrodes. Signal charges generated in the photoelectric conversion elements are transferred in the vertical direction by controlling the potential of the vertical transfer channel 73. The vertical transfer electrode 75 is formed by depositing polysilicon on the insulating film 74, for example, by CVD and patterning it through photolithography and etching.
By using the vertical transfer electrode 75 as a mask or by using a resist pattern formed by coating resist on the surfaces of the vertical transfer electrode 75 and insulating film 74 and exposing and developing the resist, n-type impurities, e.g., phosphorus or arsenic ions, are implanted to form a charge accumulation region 71. A buried layer 71a is formed on the charge accumulation region 71 by implanting p-type impurities, e.g., boron ions. A p-type region defined between the charge accumulation region 71 and vertical transfer channel 73 is a read gate 72. The vertical transfer electrode 75 is thermally oxidized to form a silicon oxide film 77 on the surface thereof. Photoelectric conversion elements (charge accumulation regions 71) may be disposed in the square matrix layout or in the honeycomb layout.
Although not shown in the cross sectional view of FIG. 8A, a horizontal CCD 66 and a V drain area 68 are formed on the semiconductor substrate 81 by the processes partially including the above-described processes. For example, by using the same process as the process of forming the first layer vertical transfer electrode in the pixel area, a first layer vertical transfer electrode is formed in the V drain area, and by using the same process as the process of forming the second layer vertical transfer electrode in the pixel area, a gate control electrode in the V drain area is formed above the first vertical transfer electrode. An amplifier 67 and the like are also formed. The V drain area will be described later more in detail.
Referring to FIG. 8B, a light shielding film 79 of, for example, tungsten, is formed above the silicon oxide film 77. Resist is coated on the light shielding film 79, exposed and developed to leave the resist in predetermined areas. By using this resist as a mask, the light shielding film 79 is etched to form an opening 79a above each charge accumulation region 71.
A silicon nitride film 78 is formed covering the light shielding film 79, and then a planarized layer 83a of BPSG is formed, for example, by CVD. For example, a deposited BPSG film is reflowed at 850° C. to form the planarized layer 83a. In addition to reflow, planarization may be performed, for example, by chemical mechanical polishing (CMP). Instead of BPSG, silicon oxide doped with impurities to lower a melting point may also be used.
On the planarized surface of the planarized layer 83a, a color filter layer 84 of three primary colors of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) is formed. For example, the color film layer 84 is formed by coating photoresist liquid mixed with granular pigment (pigment dispersed resist liquid) on the surface of the planarized layer 83a, exposing and developing it and curing it at a curing temperature of 220° C. Filter layers of three colors of red (R), green (G) and blue (B) are sequentially formed.
A planarized layer 83b is formed on the color filter layer 84 because the surface of the color filter layer 84 is irregular. For example, the planarized layer 83b is formed by coating material having the similar composition as that of transparent resin and curing it at a curing temperature of 220° C. Next, micro lenses 85 are formed on the planarized layer 83b.
FIGS. 9A and 9B are a schematic plan view and a schematic cross sectional view illustrating the V drain area 68.
Referring to FIG. 9A, as described earlier, the V drain area 68 is disposed adjacent to the pixel area 61 on a downstream side of the signal charge vertical transfer direction of the pixel array (between the pixel area 61 and horizontal CCD).
The V drain area 68 has a V drain (vertical CCD drain) 68a having a function of sweeping out, at high speed, charges excessively generated in the photosensors 62, residual charges in the photosensors 62, vertical transfer channels 73 and the like, and unnecessary charges generated in the area other than the pixel area. The V drain 68a has a drain 95 of an n-type impurity doped region disposed, for example, at each column of the photosensors 62. The drain 95 is formed near at the vertical transfer channel 73 extending from the pixel area 61. In the V drain 68a, a gate control electrode 99 is formed covering the first layer vertical transfer electrode 75b.
FIG. 9B is a cross sectional view taken along line 9B-9B shown in FIG. 9A. Unnecessary charges are moved from the vertical transfer channel 73 to the drain 95 via the gate 94. The gate 94 is a barrier region defined between the vertical transfer channel 73 and drain 95. The potential of the gate 94 is controlled by a voltage (sweeping voltage) applied to the gate control electrode 99. Unnecessary charges are drained (swept) into the drain 95. The unnecessary charges swept (moved) into the drain 95 are ejected outside the V drain 68a via a metal wiring 96. The metal wiring 96 is electrically connected to a contact 100 of the drain 95.
In order to simplify the drawing, the structure between the gate control electrode 99 and metal wiring 96 is omitted. The structure includes, similar to the structure shown in FIG. 7D, the silicon oxide film 77 on the gate control electrode 99, upper light shielding film 79 with the openings 79a, upper silicon nitride film 78 and planarized layer 83a.
The voltages applied to constituent elements are approximately as in the following. A power source voltage of about 15 V is applied to the drain 95, metal wiring 96 and gate control voltage 99. A pulse voltage of about 0 V to −10 V is applied to the first layer vertical transfer electrode 75b for signal charge transfer.
A solid state image pickup device having a V drain 68a can perform an operation necessary for high speed signal charge drive, such as consecutive photographing.
An insulating film 74 of the V drain 68a is formed by the same process as the process of forming the insulating film 74 in the pixel area 61. Similar to the pixel area, the insulating film (formed on the surface of the semiconductor substrate 81 and under the first layer transfer electrode 75b) of the V drain 68a adopts the ONO structure of the silicon oxide film (bottom oxide film) 74a, silicon nitride film 74b and silicon oxide film (top oxide film) 74c.
Unnecessary charges, partially hot electrons, accelerated by a high electric field generated by a sweeping voltage are trapped at the interface between the silicon nitride film 74b and silicon oxide film 74a, which may induce a variation (temporal change) in the sweeping voltage. If a solid state image pickup device is used in a long term, there may arise the problem of lowering a sweeping performance, and hence lowering the performance and quality of the solid state image pickup device.
FIGS. 10A to 10C are schematic cross sectional views illustrating a manufacture method for the V drain 68a.
Referring to FIG. 10A, ion implantation same as the ion implantation into the pixel area 61 described with reference to FIG. 8A, is performed to form a p-type well 82 and an n-type vertical transfer channel 73. A drain 95 of an n-type impurity region is formed by implanting, for example, phosphorus or arsenic ions. A p-type region between the vertical transfer channel 73 and drain 95 is a gate 94. By using the same process as the process of forming the insulating film 74 in the pixel area 61, an ONO film is formed covering the vertical transfer channel 73, gate 94 and drain 95. The ONO film is constituted of a silicon oxide film (bottom oxide film) 74a, a silicon nitride film 74b and a silicon oxide film (top oxide film) 74c.
A polysilicon film heavily doped with phosphorus is deposited on the ONO film and patterned by anisotropic reactive ion etching using a resist pattern formed by photolithography to thereby form a firs layer vertical transfer electrode 75b.
Referring to FIG. 10B, after the resist pattern is removed, an insulating film 80 is formed by thermally oxidizing the surface of the first layer vertical transfer electrode 75b. The insulating film 80 electrically insulates the first layer vertical transfer electrode 75b from a gate control electrode to be formed next.
Referring to FIG. 10C, a polysilicon film heavily doped with phosphorus is deposited and patterned by anisotropic reactive ion etching and photolithography to thereby form a gate control electrode 99 above the first vertical transfer electrode 75b. The first layer vertical transfer electrode 75b and the insulating film 80 on the electrode 75b in the V drain are formed by the same process as the process of forming those in the pixel area 61, and the gate control electrode 99 is formed by the same process as the process of forming the second layer vertical transfer electrode 75c in the pixel area 61. The gate control electrode 99 in the V drain 68a is formed covering the gate 94.
Although not shown, as described earlier, a silicon oxide film 77 is formed on the gate control electrode 99. A light shielding film of tungsten is formed on the silicon oxide film, and openings are formed through the light shielding film by using a resist pattern. A silicon nitride film and a planarized layer are formed on the light shielding film.
For example, by using a resist pattern, a contact hole is formed by reactive ion etching, extending from the surface of the planarized layer to the drain 95. A contact 100 of a high concentration n-type impurity region is formed in the drain 95 by implanting n-type impurities, e.g., arsenic ions, via the contact hole. A metal wiring 96 is formed being electrically connected to the contact 100 in the drain 95 via the contact hole.
An invention aiming to provide a solid state image pickup device is disclosed which device is stable, highly reliable, thin, and high in breakdown voltage and can suppress a temporal change in the read voltage to be caused by hot electrons (e.g., refer to Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2003-332556).
The solid state image pickup device according to the invention described in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2003-332556, includes photoelectric conversion elements formed in a semiconductor substrate and an insulating film above a vertical transfer channel near the photoelectric conversion elements. The insulating film has a lamination structure of silicon oxide films and a silicon nitride film. At least the silicon nitride film of the insulating film does not extend near to the upper end portion of the photoelectric conversion element.

Solid state image pickup device and its manufacture method


A keyboard device has a key, a support for the key, the key being rotatably mounted on the key support, a hammer, a support for the hammer, the hammer being rotatably mounted on the hammer support, a resilient member for urging the key to swing in a direction which is the same as the direction of swinging of the key when the key is depressed and for urging the hammer to swing in a direction which is opposite to the direction of swinging of the hammer when the key is depressed. The resilient member has a first end coupled to the key and a second end coupled to the hammer.

A conventional keyboard device for an electronic musical instrument is shown in FIG. 9. That keyboard device comprises a key b supported at its rear end for swinging movement about a shaft a mounted on a keyboard chassis, a hammer c disposed for swinging movement about a shaft a' so that it may be operated in association with key b during depression of the key, and a resilient member d resiliently engaged with key b at one end and with hammer c at the other end thereof and arranged to urge key b and hammer c respectively against the corresponding shafts.
The resilient member d of the keyboard device biases key b and hammer c in a swinging direction opposite to a direction of swinging movement occurring during depression of the key, i.e., in a returning direction.
The conventional keyboard device of FIG. 9 is disadvantageous in that the load characteristic, particularly the initial load on the key b, may be influenced by a dispersion in characteristic of the resilient member d, and in that it is difficult to provide a desired performance.

Keyboard device for electronic musical instrument


A cutting assembly for milling includes at least two milling cutting tools with shanks that are arranged in a rotatable tool holder at a distance from the central axis of the tool holder, such that an operational region of a cutting portion of each cutting tool is primarily facing outwards, in a radial direction, from the tool holder central axis.

In the art of milling it is known to use milling tools having a plurality of indexable inserts arranged at the periphery of a milling tool body. An insert used in this kind of tool often has a through hole used for mounting the insert to the milling tool body, for example using a screw.
Document EP2818268 shows such a tool where a number of cutting inserts are mounted around the periphery of a holder and used as indexable inserts therein. The tool described in EP2818268 is adapted for slot milling and would not be suitable for other kinds of milling operations, in particular not for milling operations with high speeds and feeds and a large depth of cut.
In many milling operations, such as demanding operations using high feeds and speeds and a large depth of cut, the cutting tools according to the prior art do not provide satisfactory results.

Cutting assembly with multiple cutting tools for milling


A process for continuously and stably preparing an acrylic polymer of a high quality in a high conversion and a high productivity which comprises continuously feeding a synthetic resin film onto a moving support, continuously feeding a monomer or a monomer solution onto the synthetic resin film on the moving support in the form of a thin layer, irradiating a light energy to the thin layer, continuously feeding another synthetic resin film over the thin layer and bringing it into close contact with the thin layer when the thin layer has become substantially nonflowable state, and continuing the irradiation of light energy to produce the polymer.

The present invention relates to a process for the continuous preparation of an acrylic polymer, and more particularly to an improved process for continuously preparing an acrylic polymer by photopolymerization of a monomer on a moving support.
It is known to prepare acrylic polymers by irradiating light energy to acrylic monomers. It is also known to continuously conduct the polymerization by irradiation to monomers in the form of a thin layer on a moving support such as a belt. In this technique, water-soluble acrylic polymers have been prepared usually by continuously feeding an aqueous monomer solution in the form of a thin layer onto a moving support, irradiating a light energy to the thin layer and continuously taking the produced sheet-like polymer gel off the support.
In general, in the case of polymerizing acrylic monomers by irradiation of light energy using, for example, a ultraviolet lamp, polymers of a good quality cannot be prepared stably unless thorough attention is paid to the following points, namely:
(1) that light energy irradiation conditions are always maintained constant during the polymerization period;
(2) that when the polymerization is conducted in the form of a thin layer on a moving support, the concentration of monomer in a monomer solution does not noticeably change resulting from vaporization of the solvent from the monomer solution (e.g. water when the monomer solution is an aqueous solution) by heat of reaction;
(3) that incorporation of oxygen into the monomer solution which has an adverse influence on the polymerization is completely eliminated during the polymerization period; and
(4) that the thickness of the monomer solution and the produced polymer gel on a moving support are controlled constant in the polymerization stage.
In general, from the viewpoint of productivity, it is desirable that the concentration of monomer in a monomer solution is high or the layer of the monomer solution on a moving support is relatively thick. However, in those cases, the quantity of heat generated by the polymerization remarkably increases, and even if the layer is cooled, for example, by cooling the reverse side of the moving support with cold water, complete removal of the heat of polymerization reaction is difficult. Consequently, the upper part of an aqueous monomer solution, which turns to a gel in a short time after irradiation of light energy, becomes in a bumping state. Also, the solvent vaporizes and the monomer concentration remarkably increases at the surface region of the gel. As a result, the concentration of monomer in the gel becomes ununiform, resulting in variation in rate of polymerization and degree of polymerization. Thus, the products having a stable quality cannot be obtained.
Further, the bumping from the surface of the gel results in scattering of the monomer itself. For example, when the monomer solution is irradiated directly with a ultraviolet lamp, the monomer sticks to the surface of lamp, and when a transparent partition plate such as glass or synthetic resin plate is provided between the ultraviolet lamp and the layer of the monomer solution, the monomer sticks to the partition plate. The monomer which has stuck to the surfaces of the lamp or partition plate, converts to a polymer on their surfaces. Thus, the effective output of the ultraviolet lamp, namely illuminance (W/m.sup.2), remarkably decreases. Moreover, in the case of long term operation, this decrease progresses with the lapse of time and, therefore, it becomes impossible to carry out the polymerization at a constant illuminance. The change of illuminance with the lapse of time exerts an influence on the rate of polymerization and the degree of polymerization. Thus, it is very difficult to assure a stable quality over a long term. Accordingly, frequent cleaning and washing are required, thus the productivity is remarkably lowered. For such reasons, an improvement has been damanded in this respect.
It is desirable to completely remove oxygen in the polymerization step, namely dissolved oxygen included in a monomer solution and oxygen included in a gas atmosphere in a polymerization apparatus. Removal of oxygen has been usually conducted. In a conventional process where the polymerization is carried out in the form of a thin layer on a moving support, removal of oxygen in the gas atmosphere, in other words, prevention of incorporation of oxygen into the monomer solution or contact of oxygen with the surface of the monomer solution, is conducted, for instance, (1) by installing the moving support in an oxygen-free room, (2) by arranging a gas tight chamber over the moving support and introducing an inert gas such as nitrogen or carbon dioxide to keep an oxygen-free state, or (3) by covering the surface of the monomer with a light-permeable film immediately after feeding the monomer solution onto the moving support.
The above-mentioned method (1) is the most preferable, but requires a high equipment cost because the machine operation in an oxygen-free room must be done by remote control. Also, even if operable, the oxygen-free state in the room must be released once when machine troubles occur or when abnormality in polymerization occurs. Frequent occurrence of such troubles results in marked decrease of productivity and waste of inert gas.
The arrangement of gas tight chamber over a moving support according to the above method (2) has the disadvantage of accompanying a waste of inert gas, since the gas tight chamber itself is not movable and, therefore, a clearance must be provided between the chamber and the moving support and the inert gas inside the chamber leaks more or less through the clearance. A movable support such as belt used in an industrial production is for example as long as 50 m. If a gas tight chamber of 50 m in length, 1 m in width and 0.3 m in height is arranged over the movable belt, the volume of the chamber is 15 m.sup.3 and an appreciable amount of inert gas is required for replacement of air inside the chamber. Moreover, in order to keep the pressurized state, it is necessary to always supply the inert gas to the chamber, for example, in an amount of 10 to 20 m.sup.3 /hour. The use of inert gas does not contribute to the yield of products and accordingly should be minimized from the economical point of view.
The above-mentioned method (3) dissolves the problems encountered by the methods (1) and (2), but has the disadvantage that since the covering film is in contact with the layer of the monomer solution before initiation of the polymerization, variation in thickness of the polymer gel owing to wrinkle occuring at the supply of the film or wrinkle resulting from shrinkage of the film caused by the heat of reaction. Ununiform thickness of the layer results in variation in polymerization rate. Further, since an inert gas is not introduced, oxygen enters to hinder the polymerization when the film is damaged or broken, thus no homogeneous polymer gel is obtained. Also, the continuous operation is interrupted by breakage of the film.
Another problem encountered by the process wherein a monomer solution is polymerized in the form of a thin layer on an moving support is that the peelability between the produced polymer gel and the moving support is poor when the support is made of a metal and when the produced polymer gel is very sticky, thus continuous operation is difficult.
Also, Japanese Patent Publication Kokai No. 60-149613 and No. 60-149612 disclose a process for preparing a water-soluble vinyl polymer by photopolymerizing a thin layer of an aqueous solution of a water-soluble vinyl monomer on a moving support, wherein a water-insoluble material such as an alkylene oxide adduct, a solid paraffin or a polydimethylsiloxane silicone oil is applied to the surface of the thin layer in the form of gel for the purpose of preventing vaporization of water and contact with oxygen in the gas atmosphere. According to this process, the obtained sheet-like polymer gel is ununiform in thickness and the both surfaces of the sheet-like gel is uneven.
It is known to provide a coating of polytetrafluoroethylene, polyester resin or the like on the surface of a movable support in order to improve the peelability of the produced sheet-like polymer from the moving support. However, the coating wears away during repeated use and the its peeling effect decreases. Also, the coating scratches easily. The monomer solution enters into the scratches and polymerizes therein, and when the produced polymer is forced to peel off from the moving support, the polymer getting into the scratches like anchor remains in the scratches and thereafter the peeling becomes difficult at these portions. Like this, when the coating scratches or exfoliates, the repair is required and the stop of the operation is unavoidable. In an industrial production of polymers, repair or recoating of a long-sized support results in a large loss of time and cost.
It is an object of the present invention to eliminate the above-mentioned defects of conventional processes.
This and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the description hereinafter.

Process for continuously preparing acrylic polymer gel


A method and apparatus for training a receiver on a source are provided. The receiver is an antenna and the source is a broadcast satellite. A first signal sensor receives at least one signal from the source. The first signal sensor may be a first low noise block (LNB) downconverter of the antenna. At least one secondary signal sensor measures a strength of the received signal. The secondary signal sensor comprises four LNB downconverters, wherein each of the four LNB downconverters are located on each of four sides of the first signal sensor. The measured strength of the received signal is used to provide guidance information for training the receiver on the source. When the broadcast satellite moves relative to the antenna, the secondary LNB downconverters detect a variance in the measured strength of the at least one signal and provide guidance information based on the detected variance, thereby reducing the training time for the antenna.

Television broadcasting technology has improved tremendously since its inception. The current generation of broadcasting system technology comprises a number of types of direct satellite broadcasting systems. With these systems, a user, or viewer, receives television programming via a satellite broadcast to their satellite antenna and receiver. The typical satellite broadcasting system has increased in popularity because it provides the user with many viewing options, including hundreds of channels of programming, program directories that allow for channel surfing among program descriptions while watching a particular program on one channel, custom user-formatted menus, message receipt functions from a service provider, and on-demand selection of pay-per-view broadcasts. As the demand for the satellite television systems increases, so to does the demand for systems that can be quickly and easily installed by the user, typically a non-professional satellite system installer.
An area where improvement is desired in the installation of typical satellite television systems is the aiming, or training, of the user antenna to receive a signal from the broadcast satellite. Currently, a typical method for training the antenna comprises moving the antenna around while monitoring the flash frequency of a small light or light-emitting diode. Furthermore, the coarse training may involve moving the antenna around while monitoring a sequence of beeps. The frequency of the flashing light or the beeps serve as an indication of the relative signal strength of the received satellite signal. While providing some coarse guidance, these techniques are not very precise and may lead to a great deal of user frustration.

Method and apparatus for training a receiver on a source


A data transmission method in an enhanced CELL_FACH state, a network system, and a corresponding device are provided. The method includes the following steps. A radio transceiver receives information indicating a capability category of a UE. The radio transceiver acquires the capability category of the UE according to the information indicating the capability category of the UE. The radio transceiver performs data transmission to or from the UE according to the capability category of the UE. Since the information indicating the capability category of the UE is sent to the radio transceiver during the enhanced CELL_FACH data transmission, the radio transceiver performs the data transmission based on the capability category of a target UE, instead of the lowest capability category of the UE, thereby increasing the data transmission rate in the enhanced CELL_FACH state.

In a third generation (3G) radio network, a user equipment (UE) has two modes of operation, an idle mode and a connected mode. The connected mode is further classified into four states: (1) cell dedicated channel (CELL_DCH) state, (2) cell forward access channel (CELL_FACH) state, (3) cell paging channel (CELL_PCH) state, and (4) UTRAN registration area paging channel (URA_PCH) state (in which UTRAN stands for universal mobile telecommunications system terrestrial radio access network). A basic characteristic of the CELL_FACH state is that no dedicated physical channel connection is provided between the UE and the radio access network. The UE, in a downlink direction, continuously monitors transmission in a forward access channel (FACH) and, in an uplink direction, uses a common or shared transmission channel such as the random access channel (RACH). Thus, the UE can initiate an access process on an associated transmission channel at any time.
Enhanced CELL_FACH is a newly introduced technique in the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) R7 standards. It is based on the CELL_FACH technique.
In the enhanced CELL_FACH, the downlink data borne on an FACH transmission channel can be handed over to a high speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH), so as to increase the data transmission rate in the CELL_FACH state and reduce the delay in a state transition.
As can be seen from the technical features of the R7 standardized enhanced CELL_FACH, in the enhanced CELL_FACH state, downlink user data is allowed to be transmitted to a UE in the CELL_FACH state through the HS-DSCH, the UE thus shares the downlink resources with other UEs in the CELL_DCH state, so that the UE in the CELL_FACH state may also enjoy high speed downlink data transmission just like the other UEs in the CELL_DCH state.
In the non-enhanced CELL_FACH state, the data transmission rate is generally lower than 32 Kbps. Downlink high speed data transmission cannot be realized until the state of the UE is transited to the CELL_DCH state. In contrast, in the enhanced CELL_FACH state, the downlink high speed data transmission can be realized without transiting the state of the UE to the CELL_DCH state. Therefore, the time required for the state transition from the original CELL_FACH state to the CELL_DCH state for realizing the high speed data transmission is greatly reduced, and the data transmission rate is increased.
However, in the process of making the present invention, the inventor found that, in the current enhanced CELL_FACH state, a radio transceiver in the network, e.g. a radio base station (Node B) or an Evolution Node B (E-Node B), may not know the capability category of a UE in the current cell that implements the enhanced CELL_FACH reception. Thus, when the radio transceiver performs a transport format resource combination (TFRC) on enhanced CELL_FACH data queues using a scheduling algorithm, the operation has to be based on the lowest capability category of the UE, thereby resulting in limitations of the data transmission rate.

Data transmission method, network system and corresponding device


A method for manufacturing a heat transfer surface and the surface so manufactured. The porous surface is produced by flame spraying a metal substrate with a mixture of metallic and nonmetallic powder particles. The surface is then heated, causing the nonmetallic powder particles to oxidize into gases which diffuse from the surface, leaving voids where the nonmetallic powder particles were located. The voids provide nucleate boiling sites for a liquid being heated by the surface.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to heat transfer surfaces and the method by which such a surface may be manufactured. In particular, the invention relates to a porous surface for efficiently boiling a liquid such as a liquid refrigerant and to the method for flame spraying and processing a metal substrate to produce such a surface.
2. Description of the Prior Art
It is well known that one of the most effective mechanisms for transferring heat from a heated surface to a liquid in contact with the surface is nucleate boiling. In the nucleate boiling process, heat transferred from the heated surface vaporizes liquid in contact and bubbles are formed. Vapor trapped in a bubble is superheated by heat from the surface and the bubble grows in size. When the bubble size is sufficient, surface tension is overcome and the bubble breaks free of the surface. As the bubble leaves the surface, liquid enters the volume vacated by the bubble and vapor remaining in the volume has a source of additional liquid to vaporize to form another bubble. The continual forming of bubbles at the surface, the release of the bubbles from the surface and the rewetting of the surface together with the convective effect of the vapor bubbles rising through and mixing the liquid result in an improved heat transfer rate for the heat transfer surface.
It is also well known that the nucleate boiling process can be enhanced by configuring the heat transfer surface so that it has nucleation sites that provide locations for the entrapment of vapor and promote the formation of vapor bubbles. Simply roughening a heat transfer surface, for example, will provide nucleation sites that can improve the heat transfer characteristics of the surface over a similar smooth surface.
In boiling liquid refrigerants, for example in the evaporator of an air conditioning or refrigeration system, nucleation sites of the re-entrant type produce stable bubble columns and good surface heat transfer characteristics. A re-entrant type nucleation site is a surface cavity in which the opening of the cavity is smaller than the subsurface volume of the cavity. An excessive influx of the surrounding liquid can flood a re-entrant type nucleation site and deactivate it. By configuring the heat transfer surface so that it has relatively larger communicating subsurface channels with relatively smaller openings to the surface, flooding of the vapor entrapment or nucleation sites can be prevented and the heat transfer characteristics of the surface improved.
Over the years, in recognition of the above principles, many efforts have been made to produce heat transfer surfaces of improved efficiency having subsurface nucleation sites.
One method of manufacturing such a surface is by machining, rolling or milling. Several of such methods are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,696,861, U.S. Pat. No. 3,768,290, U.S. Pat. No. 4,159,739 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,438,807. These methods, however, do not lend themselves to the manufacture of a heat transfer surface on a substrate of a hard metal such as titanium.
Another method is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,129,181, in which a metal surface is prepared by first applying a reticulated organic foam layer then plating a thin metal coating on the foam substrate. The foam layer is then pyrolyzed at a temperature in the range of 575.degree.-980.degree. F. This heating can anneal the metal, resulting in degradation of its mechanical properties.
Flame spraying metallic particles on a metal substrate is another method of manufacture. Several variations of that technique have been developed and disclosed. In the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,990,862, the oxidizer-fuel gas balance is of prime importance. In the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,354,550, the surface must be preheated before being flame sprayed. In the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,753,849, issued to the inventor of the present invention, two dissimilar metals are flame sprayed on to a metal substrate. One of the metals is then etched out by an acid bath to form subsurface cavities in the substrate surface.
The method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,359,086 combines machining and flame spraying techniques by first rolling and milling a surface then flame spraying the machined surfaces to form a porous coating over the machined channels on the surface.
There is, therefore, a need for a high efficiency heat transfer surface for boiling liquids that can be manufactured simply, economically and safely.

Method for manufacturing a high efficiency heat transfer surface and the surface so manufactured