Recombinant antibodies, including chimeric antibodies, specific for hepatitis C (HCV) antigenic proteins are provided. The recombinant antibodies specifically bind to diagnostically relevant regions of HCV proteins and are thus suitable for use, for example, as diagnostic reagents for the detection of HCV, and/or as standardization reagents or positive control reagents in assays for the detection of HCV. The recombinant antibodies can also be used in the treatment or prevention of a HCV infection.

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is now recognized as being the primary cause of transfusion associated non A, non B (NANB) hepatitis. HCV is a single stranded, positive sense RNA virus with similarities to flaviviruses and pestiviruses (Miller R H and Purcell R H. Proc Natl Acad Sci. (1991) 87, 2057; Weiner A J, et al. Virology (1990) 180, 842) and is in global distribution. HCV contains a plus-strand RNA genome of approximately 10,000 nucleotides that encodes a polyprotein precursor of about 3000 amino acids. The polyprotein is co- and post-translationally processed by cellular and viral proteases into mature structural and non-structural proteins. The structural proteins include the core protein and the envelope glyco-proteins, E1 and E2. The non-structural proteins include the NS2-3 auto-protease, the NS3 serine protease, a NTPase/RNA helicase domain in the carboxy terminal two-thirds of NS3, the NS4A polypeptide, the NS4B and NS5A proteins, and the NS5B RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. The HCV genome is heterogeneous and has been classified into six major genotypes (1-6), whose nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences vary by about 30% over the entire genome (see, Neville, J. A. et al., J. Clin. Microbiol., 35:3062-3070 (1997)).
Infection with HCV is currently diagnosed by direct detection of viral RNA by PCR or by detection of anti-HCV antibodies (generally to the HCV structural core protein or non-structural NS3 protein). More recently HCV antigen assays have been developed which demonstrate that HCV core protein antigens can be detected in a sample sooner than antibodies can be detected. Studies have shown that the average time from the first viremic bleed to the first HCV antigen positive bleed is estimated at 2.0 days and that the average time to the first HCV antibody positive bleed at 50.8 days (Couroucé A M, et al. Transfusion, (2000) 40, 1198-1202).
Currently available HCV test kits that employ anti-HCV antibodies use monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been emerging over recent years as increasingly important commercial reagents (see, Smith, K. A., et al., J. Clin. Pathol., 57:912-917 (2004)), especially in the area of diagnostics and therapeutics where the exceptionally high degree of directional binding exhibited by mAbs has contributed to their success.
Recent developments in recombinant DNA technology have made it possible to clone the sequences encoding mAbs and to express the antibodies, or fragments of the antibodies, as recombinant proteins. Recombinant antibodies can often be produced more consistently and reliably from recombinant constructs than from the original hybridoma. Recombinant DNA technology has also allowed the creation of combinations of the heavy and light chain variable regions of a desired non-human mAb with human constant regions creating a chimeric antibody (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,816,567 and 6,331,415). The chimeric antibody retains the specificity and affinity of the original non-human monoclonal antibody but causes lower human anti-murine antibody (HAMA) responses when administered therapeutically and also is capable of reacting in existing diagnostic assay formats that measure human immunoglobulin.
Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies to HCV have been described. For example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,595,868 and 7,049,060, and U.S. Patent Application 2003/0148333 describe monoclonal antibodies to HCV core protein; U.S. Patent Application 2004/0208887 describes monoclonal antibodies to HCV E1 protein; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,308,750 and 7,091,324 describe monoclonal antibodies to HCV E2 protein; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,430 describes monoclonal antibodies to HCV core protein, NS3 protein and NS4 protein. Human recombinant antibodies, and specifically Fab fragments derived from human antibodies, specific for HCV NS3 protein are described in U.S. Patent Application 2004/0214994. Chimeric antibodies to the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of HCV have been described (Li, C. and Allain, J-P., J. Gen. Virol., 86:1709-1716 (2005)). HVR1 is a highly mutated region of 27 residues at the N-terminus of the E2 protein.
The use of "heterologous" chimeric antibodies as quality control reagents or calibrators of immunoassays has been described (Hamilton, R. G., Ann. Biol. Clin., 48:473-477 (1990); Hamilton, R. G., Ann. Biol. Clin., 49:242-248 (1991); Naess, L. M., et al., J. of Immunol. Methods, 196:41-49; Schuurman, J., et al., J. Allergy Clin. Immunol., 99:545-550 (1997)). Heterologous in this context indicates that the chimeric antibody binds to an antigen unrelated to the antigen used in the assay for antibody detection. The use of recombinant mouse-human chimeric antibodies, and specifically recombinant mouse-human chimeric antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii, that bind to same or "homologous" antigen as calibrators or positive controls in assays and kits that measure human antibodies has also been described (U.S. Pat. No. 6,015,662 and Hackett, J. Jr., et al., J. Clin. Microbiol., 36:1277-1284)).
Moreover, many HCV immunoassays use HCV infected patient blood samples to prepare a HCV sensitivity panel. Quality control reagents such as sensitivity panels are human plasma/serum screened for the presence of antibodies against specific epitopes. However, the use of human serum/plasma has several significant disadvantages, including increased regulatory concerns, difficulty in sourcing large volume with high-titer and specificity, lot-to-lot variability, limitations with respect to characterization, and cost.
This background information is provided for the purpose of making known information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance to the present invention. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of the preceding information constitutes prior art against the present invention.

Recombinant antibodies against hepatitis C virus and methods of obtaining and using same


The present disclosure provides methods and apparatuses for improved UE communication mode determination by a network entity, such as a radio network controller, where multi-cell and multi-carrier communication is available to the UE in a wireless network. For example, in an aspect, methods and apparatuses are provided for determining whether a user equipment (UE) is in a soft handover region and a softer handover region, and where the UE is in such a region, predicting a future multi-cell performance of the UE assuming the UE will be served by a plurality of cells on a single carrier, predicting a future multi-carrier performance of the UE assuming the UE will be served by a plurality of carriers of a single cell, comparing the future multi-cell performance to the future multi-carrier performance, and transmitting a mode command to the UE based at least on the comparing.

1. Field
Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communication systems, and more particularly, to improving congestion in communication links between NodeBs and radio network controllers.
2. Background
Wireless communication networks are widely deployed to provide various communication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, and so on. Such networks, which are usually multiple access networks, support communications for multiple users by sharing the available network resources. One example of such a network is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN). The UTRAN is the radio access network (RAN) defined as a part of the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), a third generation (3G) mobile phone technology supported by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). The UMTS, which is the successor to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) technologies, currently supports various air interface standards, such as Wideband-Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA), Time Division—Code Division Multiple Access (TD-CDMA), and Time Division—Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA). The UMTS also supports enhanced 3G data communications protocols, such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), which provide higher data transfer speeds and capacity to associated UMTS networks.
Furthermore, in some situations and in some systems, a UE may have the option of being served by (a) multiple carriers of a single cell (e.g. a serving cell) or (b) multiple cells utilizing a single carrier (e.g. a serving cell and a neighbor cell). Typically, the network determines the communication mode of the UEs under its control. In some examples, this determination will entail specifying which of communication modes (a) and (b), above, will be utilized by such a UE.
Both multi-cell and multi-carrier communication modes are currently utilized in modern wireless communication systems. For example, Dual-Carrier HSDPA (DC-HSDPA), which was standardized by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for UMTS Release 8, allows a UE to be served by two carriers. Additionally, some multiflow wireless systems (e.g. UMTS Release 11) allow for Single-Frequency Dual-Cell HSDPA (SF-DC HSDPA or SF-DC), wherein a subject UE may be served by two cells in the same carrier or frequency. These two cells may reside at the same network entity (e.g. NodeB) or may reside at separate network entities.
Where both multi-cell, single-carrier and multi-carrier, single-cell UE communication modes are configured on a particular UE and the network is configured to communicate in such modes, the network must decide which mode that the UE should utilize. Methods and apparatuses for making such a determination have not been sufficiently described or discussed in the prior art. As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, research and development continue to advance the UMTS technologies not only to meet the growing demand for mobile broadband access, but to advance and enhance the user experience with mobile communications. Thus, an improved method and apparatus for setting UE communication modes in multiflow wireless systems is needed.

Methods and apparatuses for network configuration of user equipment communication modes in multiflow systems


A bag and system for dispensing self-opening thermoplastic bags or the like from a stack of bags. The present system is configured such that it may be utilized with a variety of off-the-shelf rack configurations, and to provide optimal characteristics for dispensing bags one at a time, while further providing a system wherein the bag to be dispensed may be retained in an open position, to allow for the loading thereof with contents for carrying, such as purchased goods or the like. The system is further configured such that the loaded bag, when dispensed, draws the next bag in the stack forward into an open loading position such that it is ready to be loaded with goods without further manipulation by the attendant. The preferred embodiment of the present invention teaches the utilization of a star, X, or cross configured punch applied to the handle area of the bags as a pack, to hold said handles together for handling of the bag pack, and for facilitating opening of the next bag in the stack on the rack, when a loaded bag is removed.

Invention Field
The present invention relates to bag dispensing systems, and particularly to a bag and system for dispensing self-opening thermoplastic bags or the like from a stack of bags. The present system is configured such that it may be utilized with a variety of off-the-shelf rack configurations, and to provide optimal characteristics for dispensing bags one at a time, while further providing a system wherein the bag to be dispensed may be retained in an open position, to allow for the loading thereof with contents for carrying, such as purchased goods or the like. The system is further configured such that the loaded bag, when dispensed, draws the next bag in the stack forward into an open loading position such that it is ready to be loaded with goods without further manipulation by the attendant.
The preferred embodiment of the present invention teaches the utilization of a star, X, or cross configured punch applied to the handle area of the bags as a pack in such a manner as provide a punched region in the pack, to hold said handles together for handling of the bag pack, and for facilitating opening of the next bag in the stack on the rack, when a loaded bag is removed.


A scratch-off lottery game card that simulates the rules of the game of Bingo. On the card, there is a first set of game indicia of a first type arranged in a grid that has at least one row of cells having a indicia of a second type with a unique one of the indicia of the second type defining a particular column of the grid. There is a second set of game indicia on the card, each a grouping of one of the first and second type of game indicia such that each defines a potential one of the first type of indicia in a column of cells of the grid of first set of game indicia. A set of prize indicators is adjacent the grid of the first set of game indicia thereby defining a row of the grid and indicating the prize for matching a defined row.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates in general to lottery scratch-off ticket or instant win games. More particularly, the invention relates to a novel bingo-style lottery scratch-off ticket and game.
2. Background of the Invention
Lottery authorities and other gaming entities have used "scratch-off" instant win tickets for some time. These tickets typically have a latex or other removable coating placed over a set of game indicia on the ticket and removal of the latex, i.e. scratching it off, reveals the game indicia and whether or not the ticket is a winner. One problem that occurs is that the player of the instant win scratch off games become bored with the simple scratch and reveal approach to game play. To maintain player interest, there have been several variations of game simulated on instant-win scratch off lottery tickets.
There have been some scratch off tickets that have attempted to simulated the game of "bingo" in which known types of lottery bingo instant game cards or tickets use a prize legend to determine prizes to be won. In the game of Bingo, each player is given a card marked with a grid containing a unique combination of numbers, and sometimes includes blank spaces. The winning pattern to be formed on the card is announced, which typically is a straight line of full spaces across the card. On each turn, a non-player known as the "caller" randomly selects a number, most commonly via drawing a numbered ball from a container, and announces the number to all the players. The ball is then set aside so that it cannot be chosen again. Each player searches their card for the called number, and marks any matches. The caller continues to select and announce numbers until the first player forms the agreed pattern (one line, two lines, full house, etc.) on their card and shouts out the name of the pattern or "bingo."
One version of a previous lottery scratch-off lottery card simulating bingo simply had a scratch and reveal grid, with the prizes are determined by the type of "bingo" completed in the known fashion, for example a line across, 4 Corners, an "X" or other pattern on the game ticket. The determination of the winning ticket therefore required the player to determine if the winning pattern was present, which allowed significant error by the player.
Therefore, it is desirous to create a scratch-off lottery ticket that can simulate the game of bingo, yet be easy for the player to understand whether the ticket is a winner. It is thus to the provision of such a lottery scratch-off game card that the present invention is primarily directed.


Methods and apparatus are provided for information assurance in a multiple level security (MLS) combat system. A plurality of tasks are executed, where at least one of the tasks requiring a transition from a first security level to a second security level. At least one of the tasks are executed on a cloud computing system; and a kernel is employed to prevent a leakage of data between at least two of the tasks. The cloud computing system comprises a virtualization layer and provides one or more operating systems, as well as interface access control to data. The kernel provides a mechanism for the transition from the first security level to the second security level. The kernel optionally tags one or more data records with a security classification to allow one or more classification levels to be segregated for role-based data access.

Military systems must often supply decision makers with timely information while smoothly operating with data at multiple levels of security classification, in accordance with applicable Information Assurance (IA) policies and requirements. Current submarine combat systems, for example, operate at a "system high" level, with significant portions of the non-propulsion electronics system operating at the current highest classification level. Operating at "system high" is a brute force approach that achieves security goals but diminishes agility. In addition to the "system high" part of the combat system, there are other, mostly separate, networks operating at fixed lower and higher levels with limited and highly controlled connections.
To change the combat system's classification level requires a complex system-by-system, processor by processor, network switch-by-switch process that can now only be accomplished using a large team and taking longer than a watch. Due to time and risk to subsystem stability, security level transitions can only be accomplished dockside. The current system design limits interoperability with the fleet when operating at "system high" and requires that operators perform a posture transition at sea to return the system to full interoperability.
Increasingly, cloud computing techniques are being applied to many processing tasks. Cloud computing customers typically reduce costs by renting cloud usage from a third-party provider. Customers consume cloud resources as a service and pay only for resources that they use. The multi-tenancy offered by cloud computing enables the sharing of resources and costs across a large pool of users. Generally, cloud computing provides virtualized resources as a service over the Internet. Cloud computing services often provide applications online that are accessed by a user from a web browser, while the software and data are stored on remote servers.
A need exists for improved techniques for military system operation in a tactical environment that requires multiple security levels. A further need exists for a multiple level security (MLS) architecture for tactical environments. Yet another need exists for military systems that are capable of operating at multiple security levels that provides the real time, high performance and high availability and reliability levels of a tactical system. A further need exists for military systems that offer improved flexibility and development time.

Methods and apparatus for information assurance in a multiple level security (MLS) combat system


A method of manufacturing a molded optical channel waveguide, having a critical internal reflection angle and an exposed surface, and affixing a holographic layer, having gratings formed therein, in overlying relationship with the exposed surface of the optical waveguide. The gratings are positioned to form an angle with the surfaces of the holographic layer such that light rays incident on an upper surface of the holographic layer and substantially normal thereto are diffracted by the gratings into the optical waveguide. Also, light waves travelling within the waveguide emanate outwardly through the holographic layer. Light generators and detectors are mounted to supply light to and receive light from the holographic layer.

In the electronic art it is becoming increasingly difficult to provide interconnections for circuit boards containing large scale chips and the like. For example, in computers and other high speed equipment, a backplane is often utilized for the interconnect and all individual boards plug into the backplane. The problems that arise in this type of interconnect is that bandwidth and speed is very limited.
Optical channel waveguides are capable of carrying large numbers of signals and have very broad bandwidths. However, it is very difficult and expensive to form input/output (I/O) connecters for optical channel waveguides and to assemble light generating and detecting components therewith. Also, for all connectors, except those introducing light rays at an end of the optical waveguide, the connections are large and inefficient.

Method of manufacturing I/O node in an optical channel waveguide and apparatus for utilizing


Input images are partitioned into non-overlapping segments perpendicular to a disparity dimension of the input images. Each segment includes a contiguous region of pixels spanning from a first edge to a second edge of the image, with the two edges parallel to the disparity dimension. In some aspects, contiguous input image segments are assigned in a “round robin” manner to a set of sub-images. Each pair of input images generates a corresponding pair of sub-image sets. Semi-global matching processes are then performed on pairs of corresponding sub-images generated from each input image. The SGM processes may be run in parallel, reducing an elapsed time to generate respective disparity sub-maps. The disparity sub-maps are then combined to provide a single disparity map of equivalent size to the original two input images.

Stereo image processing is employed to obtain three-dimensional information (e.g. depth) from a pair of two-dimensional images captured by two separate cameras. A horizontal disparity of object pixel locations from left and right images corresponds to a distance of the cameras from the object. A higher disparity between the images indicates a relatively closer object, while lower disparity indicates greater distance.
Semi-global matching (SGM) has been proposed as an efficient way to produce a disparity map representing disparity information of pixels at respective pixel locations in a two-dimensional map. SGM performs regional matching-cost aggregation in contrast to the global cost aggregation employed in traditional approaches. However, SGM can be computationally intensive. Thus, improved methods of generating a disparity map are needed.


A reduced feature size MOS transistor and its method of manufacture is disclosed. The present invention reduces short channel effects but does not include an LDD structure In an illustrative embodiment, a MOS transistor has a gate length of 1.25 xcexcm or less. The exemplary MOS transistor includes a gate oxide that forms a planar and substantially stress free interface with a substrate. As a result of the planarity and substantially stress free nature of the oxide/substrate interface, the incidence of hot carriers, and thereby, deleterious hot carrier effects are reduced. By eliminating the use of the LDD structure, fabrication complexity is reduced and series source-drain resistance is reduced resulting in improved drive current and switching speed.

The present invention relates integrated circuits generally, and particularly to a MOS transistor and its method of manufacture.
As integrated circuit (IC) complexity increases, the size of devices within the IC must decrease. To decrease the size of a device, the various elements (features) of a device must be reduced proportionately. This is known as device scaling. One common device in integrated circuits is the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). In a MOSFET, device scaling requires a reduction gate and channel lengths. As gate and channel lengths are reduced, a number of effects can result in unacceptable reliability and performance in the MOSFET. These effects are commonly referred to as short-channel effects and are particularly problematic in devices having channel lengths of approximately 1.25 xcexcm or less.
One effect of the reduced channel length devices is increased horizontal and vertical electric field components, particularly in the drain region. This increase in the electric field can cause inversion-layer carriers to be accelerated (or become xe2x80x9chotxe2x80x9d) to an extent that they may cause a number of harmful device phenomena, commonly referred to as hot carrier effects. Ultimately, these phenomena can adversely impact device reliability and performance.
One way to overcome hot carrier effects is through the use of a lightly doped drain (LDD) structure. In an LDD structure, the source and drain have graded doping profiles. In the source and drain regions nearest the channel, the doping level is lower, relative to the more highly doped source and drain regions farther from the channel. The lightly doped source and drain regions serve to reduce the electric field strength in the regions of the channel near the source and drain. This reduced electric field strength has been somewhat successful in reducing hot carrier generation, and thereby hot carrier effects.
While the LDD structure has been useful in reducing short channel effects such as hot carrier effects, there are certain drawbacks to its use. One such drawback is an increase in series resistance between the source and the drain (referred to as series source-drain resistance (Rsd)). This is due to the reduced doping level at the lightly doped source and drain region. This increased resistance results in a reduction in the saturation current (also referred to as drive current Idsat or xe2x80x9conxe2x80x9d current Ion). A reduction in Ion may result in a reduction in device switching speed. A MOSFET being used as a switch may be thought of as a device for charging and discharging a capacitor. The time required to charge the capacitor is directly related to the current. As such, if the current is reduced, the switching speed is reduced. Accordingly, this increase in Rsd in conventional devices incorporating an LDD is undesireable.
Another drawback to the LDD structure is the complexity of its fabrication. In order to fabricate this structure, there are many additional processing steps that must be added to the process flow in MOSFET fabrication. These include additional photolithographic masking levels, LDD implantation and the formation of a dielectric spacer.
Accordingly, what is needed is a device that overcomes the above illustrated drawbacks of LDD MOSFET devices.
The present invention relates to a reduced feature size MOS transistor that has improved short channel effects but does not include an LDD structure. In an illustrative embodiment, a MOS transistor has a gate length of 1.25 xcexcm or less.
Moreover, by eliminating the use of the LDD structure, series source-drain resistance is reduced resulting in improved drive current and switching speed.
In another embodiment, a technique for fabricating a MOS transistor is disclosed. Illustratively, a gate structure having a length of 1.25 xcexcm or less is formed over a substrate. Thereafter, a source and a drain are formed without lightly doped regions.

Semiconductor device free of LLD regions


An intelligent laser tracking system and method for mobile and fixed position traffic monitoring and enforcement applications. The system disclosed herein can autonomously track multiple target vehicles with a highly accurate laser based speed measurement system or, under manual control via a touch screen, select a particular target vehicle of interest. In a mobile application the police vehicle speed is determined through the OBD II CAN port and updated for accuracy though an onboard GPS subsystem. The system and method of the present invention simultaneously provides both narrow and wide images of a target vehicle for enhanced evidentiary purposes. A novel, low inertia pan/tilt mechanism provides extremely fast and accurate target vehicle tracking and can compensate for geometrical errors and the cosine effect.

The present invention relates, in general, to the field of traffic monitoring and enforcement systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to an intelligent laser tracking system and method for mobile and fixed position traffic monitoring and enforcement applications.
Police have been using radar and laser speed measurement devices to determine vehicle speed in traffic enforcement operations for many years now. With respect to radar based devices, they generally function such that a microwave signal is emitted toward a moving vehicle and a reflection from the target returned to the device which then uses the determined Doppler shift in the return signal to determine the vehicle's speed. Radar based devices have an advantage over laser based speed guns in that they emit a very broad signal cone of energy and do not therefore, require precise aiming at the target vehicle. As such, they are well suited for fixed and mobile applications while requiring little, if any, manual operator aiming of the device.
On the other hand, laser based speed guns employ the emission of a series of short pulses comprising a very narrow beam of monochromatic laser energy and then measure the flight time of the pulses from the device to the target vehicle and back. These laser pulses travel at the speed of light which is on the order of 984,000,000 ft/sec. or approximately 30 cm/nsec. Laser based devices then very accurately determine the time from when a particular pulse was emitted until the reflection of that pulse is returned from the target vehicle and divide it by two to determine the distance to the vehicle. By emitting a series of pulses and determining the change in distance between samples, the speed of the vehicle can be determined very quickly and with great accuracy.
Because of the narrow beam width of laser based speed guns, they have heretofore been predominantly relegated to hand held units which must be manually aimed at a specific target vehicle. That being the case, they have not been able to be employed in autonomous applications wherein an operator is not manually aiming the device. Further, in mobile applications wherein the officer may be driving a vehicle himself, he is then unable to divert his attention from that function in order to track and aim a laser based speed measurement device at a suspected speeder let alone track multiple targets.
In fixed and semi-fixed uses of laser based speed detection devices, such as overpass mounted applications, it is important that the laser pulses be directed to a single point on an approaching target vehicle inasmuch as the frontal surface angles can vary between, for example, that of the grille (θ1) and the windshield (θ2) Where the distance to the target vehicle as measured by the laser based device is a distance M at an angle φ and the true distance to the target is D, D is then equal to M*(COS φ+SIN φ/TAN(θ1 or θ2)).
Thus, the true distance D can vary, and hence the calculated speed of the target vehicle. Normally, the angle φ is less than 10° and COS φ is then almost 1. This can reduce the calculated speed of the target vehicle, in effect giving a 1% to 2% detected speed advantage to the target vehicle as indicated below with respect to the "cosine effect". However, the cosine effect can be minimized if an accurate tracking trajectory is maintained. On the other hand, it should be noted that the value of SIN φ/TAN(θ1 or θ2) can be greater than a normally acceptable error margin (e.g., 0.025 (2.5%)) and an even larger error can be encountered if the laser pulses are not consistently aimed at a single point on the target vehicle. As used herein, the SIN φ/TAN(θ1 or θ2) portion of the equation is referred to as a geometric error.
Both radar and laser based speed measurement devices can be used to measure the relative speed of approaching and receding vehicles from both fixed and mobile platforms. If the target vehicle is traveling directly (i.e. on a collision course) toward the device, the relative speed detected is the actual speed of the target. However, as is most frequently the case, if the vehicle is not traveling directly toward (or away from) the device but at an angle (α), the relative speed of the target with respect to that determined by the device will be slightly lower than its actual speed. This phenomenon is known as the previously mentioned cosine effect because the measured speed is directly related to the cosine of the angle between the speed detection device and the vehicle direction of travel. The greater the angle, the greater the speed error and the lower the measured speed. On the other hand, the closer the angle (α) is to 0°, the closer the measured speed is to actual target vehicle speed.

Intelligent laser tracking system and method for mobile and fixed position traffic monitoring and enforcement applications


A computing system includes a plurality of computing apparatuses, a job allocation information storage unit, a position information storage unit, and a job allocation unit. The job allocation information storage stores job allocation information indicating job allocation status of each of the plurality of computing apparatuses. The job allocation status is one of in an active state and in an inactive state. The position information storage unit stores position information indicating relative positions of the plurality of computing apparatuses. The job allocation unit refers to the job allocation information and the position information, selects a candidate inactive computing apparatus on the basis of a distance between each pair of an inactive computing apparatus and an active computing apparatus, and allocates a job to the candidate inactive computing apparatus.

A large number of computing apparatuses connected with network communication cables are used in a high performance computing, and an analytical computation in a parallel distributed processing by a plurality of computing apparatuses and a simulation computation by a plurality of computing apparatuses may be executed. For a large scale computing, a large number of computing apparatuses are required, and also, high performance computing apparatuses are needed.
A job control program is used for a control on jobs carried out by a large number of computing apparatuses. In the job control, a job is stored in a job queue, a necessary number of computing apparatuses for performing the job are secured, and the job is input from the job queue to the secured computing apparatuses. For the above-mentioned job control program, for example, an LSF provided by Platform Computing Corporation, a Network Queuing System (NQS) developed by Sterling Software Inc, and the like are proposed.
Also, it is proposed that a maximum temperature in a processing system provided with a plurality of processors is predicted on the basis of a detected temperature and stored information, for a plurality of deployment patterns indicating task allocations with respect to the plurality of processors, and a preferable task allocation to the processors is carried out.
With regard to job allocations to a plurality of computers, it is proposed that a temperature prediction based on a predicted value of power consumption and a heating value for the job allocations is carried out, and computers to which the job is allocated are decided on the basis of the result of the temperature prediction. Also, it is proposed that a temperature information management table is provided, a reference is made to the temperature information management table, a computer having a lowest temperature is searched for, and a job is allocated to the computer.
With regard to job allocation to a plurality of computing nodes, it is proposed that a value for determination is calculated for each inactive computing node on the basis of a power saving mode transition rate thereof and an average value of distances from communication targets thereto, and the job is allocated to an inactive computing node having the largest value for determination.
Related techniques are disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2009-277022, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2008-242614, Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2004-126968, and Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2009-223637.

Computing system and job allocation method


A steel sheet has a predetermined chemical composition and a metal structure represented by, in area fraction, polygonal ferrite: 40% or less, martensite: 20% or less, bainitic ferrite: 50% to 95%, and retained austenite: 5% to 50%. In area fraction, 80% or more of the bainitic ferrite is composed of bainitic ferrite grains that have an aspect ratio of 0.1 to 1.0 and have a dislocation density of 8×102 (cm/cm3) or less in a region surrounded by a grain boundary with a misorientation angle of 15° or more. In area fraction, 80% or more of the retained austenite is composed of retained austenite grains that have an aspect ratio of 0.1 to 1.0, have a major axis length of 1.0 μm to 28.0 μm, and have a minor axis length of 0.1 μm to 2.8 μm.

In order to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide gas emissions from automobiles, the reduction in weight of automobile bodies using high-strength steel sheets has been in progress. For example, in order to secure the safety of a passenger, the high-strength steel sheet has come to be often used for framework system parts of a vehicle body. Examples of mechanical properties that have a significant impact on collision safety include a tensile strength, ductility, a ductile-brittle transition temperature, and a 0.2% proof stress. For example, a steel sheet used for a front side member is required to have excellent ductility.
On the other hand, the framework system part has a complex shape, and the high-strength steel sheet for framework system parts is required to have excellent hole expandability and bendability. For example, a steel sheet used for a side sill is required to have excellent hole expandability.
However, it is difficult to achieve both the improvement in collision safety and the improvement in formability. Conventionally, there have been proposed arts relating to the improvement in collision safety or the improvement in formability (Patent Literatures 1 and 2), but even these arts have difficulty in achieving both the improvement in collision safety and the improvement in formability.


There are provided a thermosetting resin composition for a semiconductor package and a prepreg and a metal clad laminate using the same. More particularly, there are provided a thermosetting resin composition for a semiconductor package capable of improving desmear characteristics by using a cyanate based ester resin and a benzoxazine resin in a thermosetting resin composition based on an epoxy resin and improving chemical resistance by using a slurry type filler to have high heat resistance and reliability, and a prepreg and a metal clad laminate using the same.

A copper clad laminate used in a printed circuit board according to the related art is manufactured by impregnating a glass fabric substrate with thermosetting resin varnish, semi-curing the substrate to form a prepreg, and then pressurizing and heating the prepreg together with copper foil. The prepreg is used again for configuring and building up a circuit pattern on this copper clad laminate.
However, drilling work is performed for electric signals during a manufacturing process of the printed circuit board, but during the drilling work, that resins are melted by heat, such that smear, which is a waste covering an inner layer and holes, is generated.
The smear may cause problems such as water absorption, electricity connection failure, or the like. Therefore, a process of removing the resin melted to a bottom using a strong alkaline aqueous solution, plasma, or the like, is performed. This process is referred to as a desmear process. However, since an existing resin composition is made of an epoxy resin, or the like, having weak chemical resistance, the existing resin composition may be weak against the desmear process.
Further, in accordance with thinness and lightness of electronic devices, a semiconductor package has also been thinned and highly densified. However, in accordance with thinness and high densification of the semiconductor package, a warpage phenomenon that the package is warped occurs. In order to minimize this warpage phenomenon, the copper clad laminate used in the package should have a low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). To this end, there is a method of using a large amount of an inorganic filler having a low CTE to allow the copper clad laminate to have a low CTE. However, the larger the amount of the inorganic filler, the poorer the drilling processability, such that the desmear process becomes important.
Therefore, a thermosetting resin composition capable of having a low CTE property and facilitating the desmear process to improve workability of a manufacturing process of a printed circuit board should be developed.

Thermosetting resin composition for semiconductor package and prepreg and metal clad laminate using the same


Disclosed and claimed herein are radiation curable compositions for coating an optical fiber containing an oligomer, a diluent, a photoinitiator, and optionally, additives. The oligomer includes a reactive urethane oligomer having at least three arms, each arm having a most distal termination point and bound together at a single junction point, wherein at least one arm comprises the reaction product of a polyol, a polyisocyanate, and an isocyanate-reactive (meth)acrylate. The reactive urethane oligomer possesses specified molecular weight and/or average functionality values, and it may possess specified chain length values between the oligomer junction point and the distal termination point along one or more arm(s). Also disclosed are methods of coating an optical fiber incorporating the compositions described herein, along with the coated optical fibers and cables produced therefrom.

Optical fibers are composed of glass fibers obtained by hot melt spinning of glass, and one or more coating layers disposed over the glass fibers for protective reinforcement. Optical fibers are produced, for example, by first forming a flexible primary coating layer on the surface of the glass fibers, and then forming a more rigid secondary covering layer called a secondary coating over the primary coating. Also known are tape-like optical fibers or optical fiber cables having a plurality of optical fibers with a coating layer that are bound with a binding material.
Because they are especially fast-curing and can impart the desired properties onto the optical fiber, radiation curable thermoset compositions have long been used to form the primary and secondary coating layers. Typically, radiation curable optical fiber coatings are the cured product of a composition containing a mixture of one or more components possessing one or more ethylenically unsaturated (C═C) bonds which, under the influence of irradiation, undergo crosslinking by free-radical polymerization. Such composition also typically includes a photoinitiator to assist in the radiation curing, particularly if the curing is effectuated by means of irradiation at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths.
The relatively soft inner primary coating provides resistance to microbending which results in added attenuation of the signal transmission (i.e. signal loss) of the coated optical fiber and is therefore undesirable. Microbends are microscopic curvatures in the optical fiber involving local axial displacements of a few micrometers and spatial wavelengths of a few millimeters. Microbends can be induced by thermal stresses and/or mechanical lateral forces. Coatings can provide lateral force protection that protect the optical fiber from microbending, but as coating thickness decreases the amount of protection provided decreases.
Primary coatings preferably possess a higher refractive index than the cladding of the associated optical fiber, in order to allow them to strip errant optical signals away from the core of the optical fiber. Primary coatings should maintain adequate adhesion to the glass fiber during thermal and hydrolytic aging, yet (if needed) is capable of being strippable therefrom for splicing purposes. The primary coating typically has a thickness in the range of 20 to 50 μm (e.g., about 25 or 32.5 μm), thinner thickness in the range of 15 to 25 μm for 200 μm fibers.
The harder secondary coating provides resistance to handling forces such as those encountered when the coated optical fiber is ribboned and/or cabled. Radiation curable optical fiber secondary coating compositions also generally comprise a mixture of ethylenically-unsaturated compounds, including one or more acrylate-functional oligomers dissolved or dispersed in liquid ethylenically-unsaturated diluents and photoinitiators. The coating composition is typically applied to the optical fiber in liquid form and then exposed to actinic radiation to effect cure.
The method commonly used to form the covering layer on the glass fibers is, for example, to coat the glass fibers with a liquid curable resin composition and cure it with heat or light, and especially ultraviolet radiation. Fiber optic coatings, including the primary and secondary layers, typically are applied using one of two processes: wet-on-wet (WOW) and wet-on-dry (WOD). In the WOD process, the fiber passes first through a primary coating application, which is cured via exposure to UV radiation. The fiber then passes through a secondary coating application, which is subsequently cured by similar means. In the WOW process, the fiber passes through both the primary and secondary coating applications, whereupon the fiber proceeds to the curing step. In a wet-on-wet process, the curing lamps between primary and secondary coating application are omitted.
Although radiation curable compositions for optical fibers are known, it would be desirable to provide a coating composition, especially a primary coating composition, which is formulated so that—upon application and curing on a glass optical fiber—an increased toughness and/or tear strength is thereby imparted. It would additionally or alternatively be desirable to provide such a coating composition that is able to contribute to the production of coated optical fibers having excellent microbend resistance as approximated by those possessing low modulus values.

Radiation curable compositions with multi-functional long-armed oligomers for coating optical fibers


A method of using an absorber of electromagnetic radiation, includes absorbing electromagnetic radiation with the absorber finely distributed or dissolved in a carrier material. The absorber is a crystal water-free iron(II) orthophosphate of the general formula Fe3(PO4)2 or crystal water-free iron(II) metal orthophosphate, iron(II) metal phosphonate, iron(II) metal pyrophosphate or iron(II) metal metaphosphate of the general formula FeaMetb(POc)d, where a is a number from 1 to 5, b is a number from >0 to 5, c is a number from 2.5 to 5, d is a number from 0.5 to 3 and Met represents one or more metals selected from the group consisting of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, the transition metals (d block), the metals and semimetals of the third, fourth and fifth main groups, and the lanthanoids or combinations of the above mentioned phosphates as absorbers of electromagnetic radiation.

A large number of different organic and inorganic absorbers of radiation in the near-infrared range (NIR) of the electromagnetic range, in other words in the wavelength range of around 780 nm to 1400 nm, and possible uses of absorbers of this type are known from the literature. Despite their prevalence, the use of organic NIR absorbers is associated with a number of disadvantages. For example, the use of what are known as leuco dyes requires the addition of thermal acid generators (TAGs). On exposure to heat or lasers, these compounds release protons, inducing a change in the colour of the leuco dye. Typical TAG compounds of this type include ammonium salts from organic silicon or boron compounds or benzyl hydroxybenzoate. Furthermore, organic NIR absorbers often demonstrate absorption in the region of visible light and therefore their own colour, which is undesirable in some applications. Organic NIR absorbers are also mostly complex, synthetic compounds which are difficult to access and complex to produce, and the use of which is linked to ecological and toxicological concerns. Even the comparatively low thermal stability of the organic compounds is a disadvantage of these NIR absorbers and severely limits the scope of their use.
For many years, there have therefore been attempts to replace organic compounds with simple and stable compounds. A very simple, strong absorber which is available in a cost-effective manner is for example soot. However, the use of soot is also associated with a number of disadvantages. The greatest disadvantage of soot is without doubt its non-specific absorption over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum, in particular the absorption in the visible range which leads to it being black in colour but also as a result to an undesirable grey or black colour of the carrier material in which the absorber is incorporated.
The use of various inorganic metal oxides, minerals and complex compounds as NIR absorbers is a possible alternative. These generally demonstrate good temperature resistance and are also simple and cost-effective to manufacture.
WO 2012/055742 A2 relates to a stretch blow process for thermoplastic materials comprising the use of compounds which absorb IR radiation. In this method, a preform is manufactured from a polyolefin composition by means of injection moulding, which preform contains phosphates, condensed phosphates or hydroxide phosphates of copper, calcium, tin or iron as IR absorbers. The preform is then heated using IR radiation and shaped in the stretch blow process. Copper hydroxide phosphate, Cu2(OH)PO4, is mentioned as the IR absorber in the examples. The use of this absorber is intended to ensure an improvement in wall thickness distribution of the products of the method.
WO 2005/052049 relates to thermoplastic polymers which contain IR absorbers of the general formula Mex(PO4)y(OH)z, where Me consists of one or more elements of the group Cu, Fe, Mn, Sb, Zn, Ti, Ni, Co, V, Mg, Bi, Be, Al, Ce, Ba, Sr, Na, K, Ge, Ga, Ca, Cr, In or Sn and x=1-18, y=1-12 and z=0.2-10. The only expressly mentioned and preferred absorbers, however, are monometallic and mixed metallic copper phosphate compounds, and like WO 2012/055742 A2 the embodiments relate exclusively to copper hydroxide phosphate, Cu2(OH)PO4.
DE 39 17 294 A1 discloses laser inscribable polymers which contain an aggregate as an absorber which should not have a colour itself or should only have very limited colour in the visible range from 400 nm to 750 nm and by means of the action of a laser beam in the IR range of the spectrum above 900 nm and/or in the UV range of the spectrum below 400 nm should generate marking with a significant colour contrast. DE 39 17 294 A1 discloses molybdenum(VI) oxide (MoO3) and copper hydroxide phosphate as absorbing aggregates, with the latter being particularly suitable. Titanium dioxide, titanium yellow and red iron oxide are mentioned as further aggregates, but with the aim of giving the polymer and therefore the writing on it a background colour corresponding to the colour of these substances: white, yellow or red.
Copper hydroxide phosphate is also known from many other documents in the prior art as an excellent IR radiation absorber with no significant colour of its own, which is why it has been used as a radiation absorber in many applications for many years. Examples of this are the above mentioned heating of a polymer in the stretch blow process, laser marking, but also the laser welding of thermoplastic materials and other applications in which a more or less transparent polymer absorbs IR radiation and/or UV radiation, and can achieve a higher or lower level of warming of the carrier material depending on the application. To date, almost no absorbers are known which reach the exceptional properties of copper hydroxide phosphate with regard to absorption ability with simultaneous high thermal and chemical stability and a lack of colour in the absorber itself. Copper hydroxide phosphate shows significant absorption in the wavelength range of around 800-1600 nm.
One disadvantage of copper hydroxide phosphate, which is known to be an excellent absorber, and other copper phosphate compounds lies in the comparatively high manufacturing costs. In addition to this, there is the fact that for reasons of water protection copper should ideally not get into waste water or has to be removed from the water at high cost, which is why the avoidance of copper compounds is striven for in many applications.

Use of crystal water-free Fe(II) compounds as radiation absorbers


A system for releasing and lifting an automobile hood includes a sensor located proximate a front location of an automobile that detects impact with an object. Also included is a hood having a striker pin operably connected to the hood for engaging a rotatable latch, wherein such engagement places the hood in the secured position. Further included is a releasing mechanism operably connected to one of the striker and the latch for lifting a front region of the hood in response to a signal from the sensor.

Certain automobile designs include lower hood heights for styling purposes, particularly in front locations of the hood. As a result, in a fully latched state, the front hood may not have enough clearance from underlying hard points, such as the engine or automobile body. In the event of a collision, such hard points may exacerbate injuries suffered by a pedestrian. Attempts have been made in the industry to modify packages under the hood to address these concerns; however, previous attempts require extensive styling and functional tradeoffs based on packaging requirements.
Accordingly, a system is desired having the aforementioned advantages and solving and/or making improvements on the aforementioned disadvantages.

Hood latch and striker system for pedestrian protection


The invention relates to a lighting arrangement (1) for illuminating an area under mesopic conditions. The lighting arrangement has one or more LEDs (6) emitting substantially monochromatic light in a first wavelength region. The lighting arrangement further has one or more LEDs emitting (8) substantially-monochromatic light in a second wavelength region. Aforementioned combination of LEDs is such that, in use, the light provided by the lighting arrangement has an S/P-ratio greater than 2.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a lighting arrangement for illuminating an area under mesopic conditions.
2. Description of the Related Art
Lighting for illumination of an area under mesopic conditions like utility lighting, e.g. street lighting, lighting used to illuminate parks, car parkings, gardens, and emergency lighting, as currently widely used, is designed to illuminate the relevant area in a way that provides an agreeable aura. Conventional light sources for utility lighting include incandescent, fluorescent and other discharge lamps.
Recently, alternative low-energy designs have been developed using LED source which are of considerably higher luminance, i.e. significantly more concentrated in terms of flux/mm2. This development has been focused on LEDs which generate white light. The white light is then formed by arranging interaction between light emitted by blue LEDs and a suitable phosphor.
Both conventional lamps and white LEDs based on blue LEDs combined with phosphors are not optimally designed with respect to the human eye at reduced light levels, i.e. under so-called mesopic light conditions.
The human eye has two types of photoreceptors. The first type of photoreceptors, called cones, is used for daytime vision. The second type of photoreceptors, called rods, is used for vision at reduced light levels together with the cones. The light level during daytime is generally such that cones suppress the rods. Hence, only the cones are used. However, the dominance of the cones diminishes if the light level is reduced. The rods become more dominant under the latter condition.
In international patent application WO2006/132533, a lighting arrangement is described which provides an improved visibility compared with conventional utility lighting. The lighting arrangement is designed to emit light in a first wavelength region and light in a second wavelength region. The lighting unit is further designed to generate light having a dominant wavelength from the first wavelength region in such a way that the eye sensitivity of the human eye is dominated by rods. Although, the lighting arrangement described in WO2006/132533, can improve vision at low intensity, further improvement is desired.


A motor vehicle with a hybrid drive system (1) comprising an internal combustion engine and an electric machine, one of an automatic or automated transmission (2) connected between the hybrid drive (1) and a drive output (3) and a driver-operated element (4). The driver-operated element (4) has several conditions that can be selected by a driver with which one of a number of driving ranges or one of several groups of gears are associated for operation of the transmission. The driver-operated element (4) has at least one condition that can be selected by the driver with which, alternatively or in addition to a driving range or group of gears, a hybrid function mode is associated.

Besides a hybrid drive system, a hybrid vehicle comprises a transmission connected between the hybrid drive and a drive output, the transmission preferably being an automatic or automated manual transmission. Co-operating with the transmission is a driver-operated element which can be made, for example, as a rotating drive switch, or a drive switch keyboard or a selector lever. Such a driver-operated element has several conditions that can be selected by a driver, each of which is associated with driving ranges or one of several gear groups for the operation of the transmission. Until now motor vehicles have been known from the prior art, whose driver-operated elements can assume conditions associated with the driving ranges D (Drive), R (Reverse) and N (Neutral). In addition driver-operated elements are known, which have further conditions with which driving ranges are associated, such as the driving ranges 1, 2 and 3, each of which comprises some part of the group of gears available in driving range D.
In hybrid vehicles intended to be operated with minimal fuel consumption and also harmful substance emissions, it can be provided that the hybrid function mode of the hybrid drive can be selected deliberately by a driver of the motor vehicle. Such hybrid function modes, for example, may be those of "combustion engine off", "zero-emission drive" or "zero-emission drive prepare", which can be activated by a driver for example for emission-free driving in a pedestrian zone.
Another hybrid function mode can be that of "combustion engine permanently on" which, for example, can be activated by a driver if the motor vehicle has to drive up a long slope. Other hybrid function modes that a driver can select may be those of "charge energy accumulator", "discharge energy accumulator" and "suppress engine start/stop", which the driver should be able to activate manually in certain conditions of the motor vehicle. For each hybrid function mode that can be activated by a driver an interface to the driver must be prepared, which enables the driver to activate or deactivate the respective hybrid function modes manually. This increases the number of operating elements that have to be integrated in an instrument panel of a motor vehicle as well as the vehicle's wiring complexity. This is disadvantageous from the standpoints of both clarity and costs.


A current sensor integrated circuit including a magnetic field sensing element, a current conductor, an insulation structure, and a power calculation circuit is configured to meet safety isolation requirements. Isolation resistors allow for voltage from a high voltage side to be sensed at a low voltage side of the circuit. The insulation structure, current sensor package, and isolation resistors can achieve at least 500 Vrms isolation.

Safety isolation is an important consideration in the design of any electrical product that can expose users to potentially hazardous voltage levels. Manufacturers of such products need to ensure that their products are designed to adequately safe-guard against electrical shock.
In any safety isolation scheme, there is a certain amount of insulation required to create a protective isolation barrier between primary and secondary circuits. A primary circuit is a circuit that is directly connected to a line voltage and therefore has the potential to reach hazardous voltage levels. A secondary circuit is not electrically connected to the primary circuit (that is, there is no conductive connection between the secondary circuit and primary circuit) but could experience hazardous voltage levels if the insulation fails.
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) has developed a safety standard called UL 60950-1 (second edition), which specifies a high level of safety isolation to protect against risk of injury due to electric shock. The UL 60950-1 standard is based on the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard, IEC 60950-1 (second edition). The UL 60950-1 standard defines five categories of insulation: functional insulation; basic insulation; supplemental insulation; double insulation; and reinforced insulation. Functional insulation does not protect against electrical shock. Basic insulation is a single level of insulation that provides basic protection against electric shock. Supplemental insulation is independent insulation that can be applied in addition to basic insulation to reduce the risk of electrical shock in the event of a failure of the basic insulation. Double insulation comprises both basic insulation and supplemental insulation. Thus, basic insulation provides a single layer of insulating barrier between primary and secondary circuits, whereas double insulation provides two layers of insulating barrier between primary and secondary circuits. Reinforced insulation is a single insulation system that provides electrical shock protection equivalent to double insulation.
If a secondary circuit is not user-accessible, a basic level of isolation protection, that is, basic insulation, may be acceptable. Safety needs for products that include user accessible secondary circuits, on the other hand, demand two levels of protection provided by double insulation or its equivalent in reinforced insulation.
Integrated current sensors are known in the art. Illustrative current sensors of this type are sold under part numbers ACS712 and ACS722 by Allegro MicroSystems, LLC of Manchester, N.H., the Assignee of the subject application. These types of current sensors use a magnetic field transducer in proximity to a current conductor. The magnetic field transducer generates a signal having a magnitude proportional to the magnetic field induced by a current that flows through the current conductor.
Some current sensors may have the ability to provide reinforced isolation, or double isolation, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 8,907,437 entitled "Reinforced Isolation For Current Sensor With Magnetic Field Transducer" which Patent issued on Dec. 9, 2014 and which is assigned to the Assignee of the present application, the contents and teachings of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.


A porous catalyst layer formed from discrete particles of unsupported metal, wherein at least 80%, suitably at least 90%, of the discrete particles have a mass of from 1 to 1000 zeptograms, and wherein the catalyst layer has a metal volume fraction of less than 30% and a metal loading of less than 0.09 mg/cm2 is disclosed. The catalyst layer is suitable for use in fuel cells and other electrochemical applications.

A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell comprising two electrodes separated by an electrolyte. A fuel, e.g. hydrogen, an alcohol (such as methanol or ethanol), a hydride or formic acid, is supplied to the anode and an oxidant, e.g. oxygen or air, or other oxidant such as hydrogen peroxide is supplied to the cathode. Electrochemical reactions occur at the electrodes, and the chemical energy of the fuel and the oxidant is converted to electrical energy and heat. Electro catalysts are used to promote the electrochemical oxidation of the fuel at the anode and the electrochemical reduction of the oxidant at the cathode.
Fuel cells are usually classified according to their electrolyte: proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells including hydrogen (including reformed hydrocarbon fuel) fuel cells, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFC), formic acid fuel cells and hydride fuel cells; alkaline electrolyte fuel cells; phosphoric acid fuel cells (including hydrogen or reformed hydrocarbon fuel); solid oxide fuel cells (reformed or unreformed hydrocarbon fuel); and molten carbonate fuel cells (hydrogen and reformed hydrocarbon fuel).
In proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, the electrolyte is a solid polymeric membrane. The membrane is electronically insulating but ionically conducting. Proton-conducting membranes are typically used, and protons, produced at the anode, are transported across the membrane to the cathode, where they combine with oxygen to create water.
The principle component of a PEM fuel cell is known as a membrane electrode assembly (MBA) and is essentially composed of five layers. The central layer is the polymeric membrane. On either side of the membrane there is an electrocatalyst layer, containing an electrocatalyst, which is tailored for the different requirements at the anode and the cathode. Finally, adjacent to each electrocatalyst layer there is a gas diffusion layer. The gas diffusion layer must allow the reactants to reach the electrocatalyst layer, must allow products to be removed from the electrocatalyst layer, and must conduct the electric current that is generated by the electrochemical reactions. Therefore the gas diffusion layer must be porous and electrically conducting.
The electrocatalyst layer is generally composed of a metal, (such as a platinum group metal (platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium and osmium), gold or silver, or a base metal) either unsupported in the form of a finely dispersed metal powder (a metal black) or supported on an electrically conducting support, such as high surface area carbon material. Suitable carbons typically include those from the carbon black family, such as oil furnace blacks, extra-conductive blacks, acetylene blacks and graphitized versions thereof. Exemplary carbons include Akzo Nobel Ketjen EC300J, Cabot Vulcan XC72R and Denka Acetylene Black. The electrocatalyst layers suitably comprise other components, such as ion-conducting polymer, which is included to improve the ionic conductivity within the layer. The electrocatalyst layers also comprise a certain volume fraction of porosity, which allows reactant ingress and product egress.
Platinum black may also be used as a catalyst in a fuel cell anode or cathode. Platinum black is black-colored finely divided form of unsupported metallic platinum. Platinum blacks may be formed by a variety of methods including by heating ammonium chloroplatinate in molten sodium nitrate at 500° C. for 30 minutes. The molten mass is poured into water, followed by boiling and washing to give a muddy brown precipitate (thought to be platinum dioxide) that can be concentrated by centrifugation (Platinum Metals Rev. 2007, 51 (1), 52). Reduction of the suspension in water with gaseous hydrogen gives a black suspension with a particle size from which layers are made in the range of 0.5 μm to 10 μm (see FIG. 1). Typically, catalyst layers prepared from platinum black have a platinum loading of at least 1 mg/cm2.


A golf swing training aid (10), to be fitted between a player's knees, has an elongate, telescopic body (11), with foam pads (16, 18) on respetive cross-heads (17, 19) at each end of the body (11). A flexible strap (20) releasably secures one cross-head (17) to one of the player's knees and the other cross-head (17) rests against the other knee. The knees are held stable on the backswing and first half of the downswing of the club, but the aid (10) releases the knees as the swing is completed.

(1) Field of the Invention
THIS INVENTION relates to a golf swing training aid.
The invention is particularly suitable for, but not limited to, a swing training aid for sports such as golf, baseball, softball, tennis and the like.
Throughout the specification, the term "golf" shall be used to include the other sports hereinbefore described.
(2) Prior Art
Most golf training aids, designed to aid or improve a player's swing, are directed to the movement of the upper body and/or the arms. However, little attention has been given to the stability of the lower body during the different phases of the swing.
Ideally, the lower body (ie., hips down) will remain substantially immobile during the back swing and on the forward swing until the club/bat moves to, or past, the centre line of the body.
It has been known to use a bucket tied between the knees as an aid to stabilise the lower body.
However, such an arrangement holds the knees apart during the final phase of the forward portion of the swing and results in an unnatural swing.
Examples which have been proposed to control the movement of the player's legs during the swing are disclosed in GB 2,284,556 (BUCKINGHAM); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,016,885 (QUIGLEY); 4,706,957 (JACKSON) and 4,088,326 (BIFULCO).
The latter three documents disclose aids where the player's knees (or lower legs) are bound together at a fixed spacing. In GB 2,284,556 (BUCKINGHAM), the golf training device is fitted between both knees below the knee joints, with side supports, secured by releasable straps, where a plastic swivel bar with a centre pivot interconnects the side supports and allows some controlled movement between the legs. While some movement between the knees can occur during the swing, both knees must be fastened to the device, generating an unnatural movement.


An improved method for production of phenol and acetone by decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide in the presence of an acidic catalyst to phenol and acetone, wherein the improvement comprises neutralization of the acidic catalyst after substantial completion of the decomposition by addition of a substituted amine.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improved method for production of phenol and acetone by decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide to phenol, acetone, and .alpha.-methylstyrene in the presence of an acidic catalyst. The improvement comprises neutralization of the acidic catalyst after substantial completion of the decomposition by addition of a substituted amine.
2. Related Background Art
One of the predominant commercial processes for manufacture of phenol is the cumene oxidation process, in which cumene is oxidized in air to produce cumene hydroperoxide (CHP). The CHP is then cleaved to phenol and acetone in the presence of an acidic catalyst. This process also produces .alpha.-methylstyrene (AMS), along with other byproducts, including acetophenone, dimethylphenylcarbinol, and cumylphenols. Typically, the acidic catalyst is a strong, and not heavily corrosive inorganic acid, such as sulfuric or phosphoric acid. The acidic catalyst must be removed or neutralized to prevent further, unwanted reactions in the downstream purification steps that produce the phenol and acetone products.
Typically, commercial processes for manufacture of phenol from CHP use inorganic bases, ion exchange resins, or a combination thereof to remove acidity from the crude product stream. Since ion exchange resins are temperature sensitive, the crude product stream must be cooled substantially prior to contact with the resin. The need to cool the product stream increases energy costs significantly because the crude product stream must then be re-heated prior to downstream purification operations. A further drawback of ion exchange resins is that they must be regenerated frequently, a labor-intensive and costly process which also results in formation of large amounts of aqueous waste. Moreover, ion exchange resins give a highly variable final pH in the crude product stream, adversely affecting final product yields, and can also release alkali salts which cause fouling of equipment.
The use of a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide to neutralize the acidic catalyst is not desirable because it is difficult to achieve accurate pH control in a neutralization reaction between a strong acid and a strong base. Moreover, metal hydroxides generate salts that have a propensity to deposit on heat exchange surfaces, causing fouling and decreasing efficiency.
The use of ammonia to neutralize the acidic catalyst is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,254,751 to Zakoshansky. In the process described in this reference, neutralization with ammonia is performed during the CHP decomposition, rather than after the decomposition. The disclosure states that the ammonium salts produced from addition of ammonia to the reaction mixture act as acidic catalysts for the remainder of the CHP decomposition reaction. This reference suggests that hydrazine and alkylamines having one to five carbon atoms are suitable for neutralization during CHP decomposition, but that ammonia is preferred, especially for neutralizing sulfuric acid. Zakoshansky also suggests a maximum operating temperature of 110.degree. C.

Method for production of phenol and acetone by decomposition of cumene hydroperoxide


A header containing a multi-toothed tab forming a series of ratchets formed therein cooperatively engages a lanced section extending across the web of the cross section and depressed toward the inside of the cross section a selected depth that is greater than the tab thickness. One edge of the lanced and formed surface is formed with an upturned lip that functions as a pawl for the ratchets on the tab. Insertion of the tab into the lanced section of the receiver, each ratchet will be forced over the paw of the lanced section. The lanced section acts as a spring to allow the ratchet to pass over the paw and then pop back to its previous location ready to be flexed again for the next ratchet.

Typically, a filter cartridge is fixed across the interior of a gas duct so that particulate materials are removed from the gas stream flowing through the interior of each of the filter pockets. When it becomes necessary to replace the filter media in the filter cartridge, the entire cartridge is removed and thrown away and a new cartridge installed in its place.
A common type of air filter referred to as a pocket filter cartridge generally includes a plurality of relatively flat wedge-shaped filter bags fastened to a common mounting frame so that the cartridge includes a series of filter pockets suspended from the frame in adjacent side-by-side relation and resembling a stack of books or an accordion.
Pocket filter assemblies having at least one and typically a plurality of filter bags having an open end attaching to a rectangular flat sub-frame fastened inside the open end of the bag. The sub-frames are fastened together, side by side, and then the sub-frame and bag assembly is supported by a filter frame header wherein the sub-frame is inserted into an inward facing channel of a corresponding sized and shaped main header frame. The header frame is made from a longitudinal channel having three miters spaced out along the channel and a fourth miter at one end. The three miters are bent at right angles with the U-channel facing inward.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,011 incorporated by reference herein in its entirety teaches a typical pocket filter assembly. A pocket filter cartridge for removing solid particulate from a dirty gas stream including a plurality of sheath-like filter bags suspended from a common header assembly in side-by-side relation. Each of the filter bags includes a plurality of alternating rows of filamentary stays or span stitching spaced across the width of the bag and extending generally parallel to one another along its length so that upon inflation of the bag by the dirty gas stream during use, the stays shape the bag into a plurality of adjacent tube-like sections opening into one another within the bag. The stays in each row are sized to be of a different length than the stays in the rows adjacent to it to alternately vary the thickness of the bag at the juncture of the tube-like sections formed in the bag.
Typically, one or more of the filter cartridges are secured across the interior of a gas duct so that particulate materials are separated from the gas stream as it flows through the filter media from the interior of each of the filter pockets. When it becomes necessary to replace the filter media in the filter cartridge, the entire cartridge is removed and thrown away and a new cartridge installed in its place.
In filter arrangements of this type, it is necessary to minimize contact between the adjacent filter bags to maintain a uniform flow of gases through the filters as well as to effectively utilize the entire area of the filter media in the filter bags. If this is not done, there can be a substantial pressure loss in the air stream as it flows through the filter cartridge with an attendant increase in the energy required to operate the system. One way of doing this has been to sew the opposing walls of each of the filter bags together so that the filter assumes the shape of a series of separate, adjacent tube-like sections upon its inflation by the gas stream during use. However, while that type of arrangement has proven to be very effective in maintaining separation between the adjacent filter bags, the filter media proximate each of the seams is unavailable for filtering and thus larger and bulkier filters have generally been required. Other arrangements have maintained separation between the adjacent filter bags by shaping them in a tapered or wedge-like configuration. This approach has also proven effective but similarly has required the use of larger filters as well as being relatively difficult to manufacture.
One preferred filter cartridge includes a plurality of relatively flat, sheath-like filter bags suspended from a generally rectangular header assembly in side-by-side relation. Each of the filter bags is assembled from a pair of generally rectangular panels or sheets of flexible filter media sewn together on three sides to form the closed downstream end of the bag and open on the remaining side to form the mouth of the bag which is secured to the header assembly. The filter bag includes a plurality of alternating rows of filamentary stays or span stitching spaced across the width of the bag and extending generally parallel to one another along its length so that upon inflation of the bag by the dirty gas stream during use, the stays shape the bag into a plurality of adjacent tube-like sections opening into one another within the bag. This relatively compact and easily fabricated arrangement effectively maximizes the surface area of the filter media available for filtration while at the same time maintaining sufficient separation between the bags to minimize pressure losses in the gas stream flowing through the filter cartridge.
In this type of filter arrangement, it is necessary to minimize contact between adjacent filter bags to maintain a uniform flow of gases through the filters as well as to effectively utilize the entire area of the filter media in the filter bags. Otherwise, there can be a substantial reduction of air speed through the filter cartridge and an increase in the amount of energy required to propel air through the system. One way of doing this has been to sew the opposing walls of each of the filter bags together to maintain the shape of the filter assembly to resemble tube-like sections when inflated by the gas stream during use. However, while that type of arrangement is very effective in maintaining separation between the adjacent filter bags, the filter media around each of the seams is unavailable for filtering thus reducing filter efficiency. Other arrangements have maintained separation between the adjacent filter bags by shaping them in a tapered or wedge-like configuration. This approach has also proven effective but similarly requires the use of larger filters which are relatively difficult to manufacture.
A conventional header assembly includes a generally rectangular frame and a plurality of elongated rectangular collars, each of which is aligned in the mouth of one of the filter bags and supported within the frame to secure the filter bags to the header assembly. After the collars are positioned in the filter bags, they are secured together by rivets so that the filter media forming the mouth of each of the filter bags is clamped between the adjacent collars as shown in prior art FIGS. 1 and 2. Thereafter, the four legs of the frame are secured about the outermost ends and sides of the collars so that the outermost portions of the filter bags are clamped between the legs of the frame and the collars to complete the assembly.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,011 teaches a multi-bag filter cartridge with a main frame holding the wedge shaped bags in a side-by-side arrangement. US Patent Publication No. 201300744636 teaches a filter element for filtering fluids wherein the filter element includes a plurality of wedge shaped sections in a side-by-side arrangement with an outer frame comprising an upper channel member and a lower channel member.

Abstract: The header includes a longitudinal channel having a base channel and upwardly extending channel sidewalls and a pair of spaced apart aligned longitudinal reinforcement ribs extending along said longitudinal channel base. The channel sidewalls including a pair of inwardly projecting longitudinal shoulders spaced apart from and aligned with the reinforcement ribs. The longitudinal channel member include a first male end including a tab with two lateral half tangs for cooperatively engaging an opposing channel receiver including two lateral lanced portions forming inwardly raised transverse flanges on either side of said channel base, each with an upwardly projecting lip for cooperative engagement with the two tangs disposed on the tab surface of the opposing distal end of the longitudinal channel member. The channel receiver has two inwardly extending dimples which cooperatively engage an inwardly canted end portion of the tab to maintain engagement of the tangs with said upwardly projecting lips.


The present invention relates to methods of co-administration of various vitamin and mineral compositions, and in a specific embodiment, said methods comprise co-administering one composition comprising vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, niacin, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and/or copper, and a second composition comprising omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA, to supplement the nutritional needs of individuals within physiologically stressful states; and kits provided for co-administration of various vitamin and mineral compositions, and in a specific embodiment, said kits comprise one composition comprising vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, niacin, calcium, iron, magnesium, zinc, and/or copper, and a second composition comprising omega-3 fatty acids such as DHA, to supplement the nutritional needs of individuals within physiologically stressful states.

Nutrition plays a critical role in maintaining good health. Proper nutrition prevents dietary deficiencies, and also protects against the development of disease. Proper nutrition plays an increasingly important role as the body faces physiological stress. For example, pregnancy and lactation are among the most nutritionally volatile and physiologically stressful periods and processes in the lifetimes of women. Specifically, vitamin and mineral needs are almost universally increased during these natural processes. These increased needs are almost always due to elevated metabolic demand, increased plasma volume, increased levels of blood cells, decreased concentrations of nutrients, and decreased concentrations of nutrient-binding proteins.
Thus, nutritional supplementation serves a vital role in protecting against poor nutrition and disease. More specifically, research has suggested that optimizing specific nutrients before, during, and after the physiological processes of pregnancy or lactation can have a profound, positive, and comprehensive impact upon the overall wellness of the developing and newborn child as well as the safety and health of the mother. The present inventions provide compositions and methods designed to supplement the nutritional needs of individuals within physiologically stressful states.
Supplementation with certain vitamins and minerals serves a role in protecting against disease and contributes to the overall health of the mother and developing child. Specifically, such compounds as vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, and omega-3 fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), play integral roles in physiological mechanisms that serve to prevent, treat and/or alleviate the occurrence or negative effects of some diseases. Supplementation with other vitamins and minerals, however, may inhibit the beneficial effects of these compounds. Thus, when choosing and administering a nutritional supplement, it is essential to understand the physiological needs and risks of individual patients and particular population groups, and the interactions between various vitamins and minerals.

Methods and kits for co-administration of nutritional supplements


A method for obtaining PWM values for an LED module having n LED chips from various color ranges, wherein n>1, wherein for each LED chip a PWM value for producing a target color value is obtained, is characterized in that a calibration measurement is performed in which the wave lengths (λcal1, λcal2, λcal3) and/or the standard color proportion values ((x,y)cal1, (x,y)cal2, (x,y)cal3) and possibly the luminous flux values of the individual LED chips are determined at a calibration temperature (Tcal), PWM control points are obtained, where each PWM control point contains a PWM value for each of the n color ranges of the LED module, during operation of the LED module a value that depends on the present temperature (Ta) of the LED module, in particular the present temperature (Ta) itself, is determined, and a first and a second PWM control point are assigned to this temperature-dependent value, and the PWM values for producing the target color value are obtained through interpolation between the assigned PWM control points. This makes it possible to realize a precise color mixture in the LED module in a cost-effective way, with little computing power, despite temperature fluctuations (and possible electric current fluctuations).

The invention relates to a method for obtaining PWM values for an LED module having n LED chips from various color ranges, wherein n>1, wherein a PWM (=pulse width modulation) value is obtained for each LED chip to generate a target color value.
In general, LEDs comprise a plurality of LED chips, and are distinguished by a long service life, great robustness, low energy consumption and a small constructive form, which result in a large number of possibilities for utilization, for example in entertainment electronics, medical technology, telecommunication and in the automotive field. The n LED chips may be applied directly to the circuit board (COB, chip on board), accommodated in a common LED housing (multicolor LED), or accommodated in separate housings (single color LED).
Through additive color mixing on the basis of RGB technology, using LED modules that comprise red, green and blue chips, nearly any mixed color (target color) can be realized. This is done through pulse width modulation, by obtaining a PWM value for a particular target color of each LED chip, which is a measure of the electric current flow through the respective LED chip. A PWM value is the duty cycle (pulse width per cycle duration). In this way the brightnesses of the LED chips, and thus the contribution of the individual LED chips to the mixed color, can be influenced.
An exact color mixture is difficult, however, since the sorting of the LED chips of a color according to a standard includes a large brightness and color range, and both the brightness and the color value are dependent on current and temperature. Different mixed colors therefore result at different temperatures.
While it is possible in principle to perform a corresponding correction of the PWM values, exact calculation of the appropriate PWM values would be extremely computation-intensive and could not be realized using an economical processor.
For economical products, the color changes due to temperature and current are therefore accepted, although this results in products of lower quality.

Method of determining PWM values for LED modules


A method of forming a photoresist mask on a light emitting device is disclosed. A portion of the light emitting device is coated with photoresist. A portion of the photoresist is exposed by light impinging on the interface of the light emitting device and the photoresist from inside the light emitting device. The photoresist is developed, removing either the exposed photoresist or the unexposed photoresist. In one embodiment, the photoresist mask may be used to form a phosphor coating. After the photoresist is developed to remove the exposed photoresist, a phosphor layer is deposited overlying the light emitting device. The unexposed portion of photoresist is stripped. In some embodiments, the light exposing the photoresist is produced by electrically biasing the light emitting device, or by shining light into the light emitting device through an aperture or by a focussed laser.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to light emitting devices, and more particularly, to producing a self-aligned, self-exposed photoresist pattern on a light emitting diode (LED).
2. Description of Related Art
Semiconductor light-emitting devices such as light emitting diodes are among the most efficient light sources currently available. Materials systems currently of interest in the manufacture of high-brightness LEDs capable of operation across the visible spectrum include Group III-V semiconductors, including binary, ternary, and quaternary alloys of gallium, aluminum, indium, and nitrogen, also referred to as III-nitride materials. Light emitting devices based on the III-nitride materials system provide for high brightness, solid-state light sources in the UV-to-yellow spectral regions. Typically, III-nitride devices are epitaxially grown on sapphire, silicon carbide, or III-nitride substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), or other epitaxial techniques. Some of these substrates are insulating or poorly conducting. Devices fabricated from semiconductor crystals grown on such substrates must have both the positive and the negative polarity electrical contacts to the epitaxially-grown semiconductor on the same side of the device. In contrast, semiconductor devices grown on conducting substrates can be fabricated such that one electrical contact is formed on the epitaxially grown material and the other electrical contact is formed on the substrate. However, devices fabricated on conducting substrates may also be designed to have both contacts on the same side of the device on which the epitaxial material is grown in a flip-chip geometry so as to improve light extraction from LED chip, to improve the current-carrying capacity of the chip, or to improve the heat-sinking of the LED die. Two types of light emitting devices have the contacts formed on the same side of the device. In the first, called a flip chip, light is extracted through the substrate. In the second, light is extracted through transparent or semi-transparent contacts formed on the epitaxial layers.
Fabrication of an LED requires the growth of an n-type layer or layers overlying a substrate, the growth of an active region overlying the n-type layers, and the growth of a p-type layer or layers overlying the active region. Light is generated by the recombination of electrons and holes within the active region. After fabrication, the LED is typically mounted on a submount. In order to create an LED-based light source that emits white light or some color other than the color of light produced in the active region of the LED, a phosphor is disposed in the path of all or a portion of the light generated in the active region. As used herein, xe2x80x9cphosphorxe2x80x9d refers to any luminescent material which absorbs light of one wavelength and emits light of a different wavelength. For example, in order to produce white light, a blue LED may be coated with a phosphor that produces yellow light. Blue light from the LED mixes with yellow light from the phosphor to produce white light.
One way to produce a phosphor-converted LED is to apply a conformal coating of phosphor over the LED after mounting on the submount. A conformally-coated phosphor-converted LED is described in more detail in application Ser. No. 09/879,547, titled xe2x80x9cPhosphor-Converted Light Emitting Device,xe2x80x9d and incorporated herein by reference. If the conformal coating of phosphor is not uniform, undesirable inconsistencies in the light generated by the phosphor-converted LED can result. Conventionally, an LED was conformally coated by using photo-masking techniques developed for planar semiconductors, where masks are used to define the size and shape of patterns to be printed in photoresist deposited on the LED and submount. The printed photoresist layer defines which areas are covered with phosphor.
The application of conventional masking techniques to three-dimensional structures such as an LED mounted on a submount is fraught with problems including stray reflected light and depth of field artifacts in the resulting image; and imperfect alignment, both of which can result in nonuniform coating of the LED. For example, light reflected from the surfaces of the three dimensional LED structure, including the surface of the photoresist layer used for masking, may introduce exposure artifacts. Also, depth-of-field problems may lead to distortions and loss of dimensional accuracy in the image produced by the mask. Additionally, not all LEDs will have a perfect shape or be perfectly aligned with other LEDs in an array of LEDs. Shape and alignment imperfections can result in nonuniform coating. Masks cannot fully compensate for the process and object variations normally seen in a manufacturing environment, leading to imperfections and yield losses.
In accordance with an embodiment of the invention, a method of forming a photoresist mask on a light emitting device is disclosed. A portion of the light emitting device is coated with photoresist. A portion of the photoresist is exposed by light impinging on the interface of the light emitting device and the photoresist from inside the light emitting device. The photoresist is developed, removing either the exposed photoresist or the unexposed photoresist. In one embodiment, the photoresist mask may be used to form a phosphor coating on the light emitting device. The light emitting device is attached to a submount, and the light emitting device and submount are coated with photoresist. A portion of the photoresist is exposed by light impinging on the interface of the light emitting device and the photoresist from inside the light emitting device. The photoresist is developed to remove the exposed photoresist. A phosphor layer is deposited overlying the light emitting device, then the unexposed portion of photoresist is stripped. In some embodiments, the light exposing the photoresist is produced by electrically biasing the light emitting device, by shining light into the light emitting device through an aperture, or by shining light into the light emitting device by a steered, focussed laser.

Producing self-aligned and self-exposed photoresist patterns on light emitting devices