A communications bus for a digital device includes a credit-based flow control mechanism, in which a sending component maintains a local record of its credits. Credits are returned to the sender by pulsing a single-bit credit return line. A separate mechanism provides a count of available credits from the receiver, the separate mechanism not necessarily being current. The local record is compared to the count of credits from the separate mechanism over a pre-determined time interval, failure of the two values to agree at any time during the interval indicating a probable credit discrepancy. A credit discrepancy is confirmed, preferably by suspending certain bus activity for a sufficiently long period to account for any delay in propagating credit value changes, and re-comparing the values. Preferably, the bus communicates between internal components of an integrated circuit chip.

In the latter half of the twentieth century, there began a phenomenon known as the information revolution. While the information revolution is a historical development broader in scope than any one event or machine, no single device has come to represent the information revolution more than the digital electronic computer. The development of computer systems has surely been a revolution. Each year, computer systems grow faster, store more data, and provide more applications to their users.
A modem computer system is an enormously complex machine, usually having many sub-parts or subsystems, each of which may be concurrently performing different functions in a cooperative, although partially autonomous, manner. Typically, the system comprises one or more central processing units (CPUs) which form the heart of the system, and which execute instructions contained in computer programs. Instructions and other data required by the programs executed by the CPUs are stored in memory, which often contains many heterogenous components and is hierarchical in design, containing a base memory or main memory and various caches at one or more levels. At another level, data is also stored in mass storage devices such as rotating disk drives, tape drives, and the like, from which it may be retrieved and loaded into memory. The system also includes hardware necessary to communicate with the outside world, such as input/output controllers; I/O devices attached thereto such as keyboards, monitors, printers, and so forth; and external communication devices for communicating with other digital systems.
Each component of a digital computer system is itself a very complex instrument, having a design hierarchy which can mimic that of the system. For example, a disk drive storage device typically contains one or more spinning disks on which data is recorded, an actuator and transducers for accessing data on the disk, a central controller which executes a control program for controlling the operation of the device, motors for driving the spinning disk and the mechanical actuator, various drivers for the motor, actuator and transducer, sense amplification electronics for reading the transducer, internal communications interfaces among the various components, and an external communications interface for communicating data with the outside world. Within any such component, further design hierarchies may exist.
Although a general-purpose computer can be programmed to perform a variety of different tasks, the range of applications and environments in which computer systems and other digital devices will be used creates a demand for devices of differing sizes and configurations. Some computer systems are used primarily as servers, in which multiple users (who may be geographically isolated, using a heterogeneous mixture of computer systems and application software) access a centralized set of applications and common database. Other computer systems are used primarily as single-user devices, in which a single user performs a set of applications of interest to the user, locally stores data of interest to the user, and may optionally communicate with other computers as required to access external data. Still other computer systems may perform specialized functions, such as monitoring and controlling physical sensors, switches, motors, valves, and other controls. A special-purpose digital device may or may not even be considered a computer system, but contains many of the design attributes of a general-purpose computer system.
Many digital system components are implemented on integrated circuit chips. Improvements in the manufacture and design of integrated circuitry have made it possible to place a very large number of active devices, such as transistors, on a single integrated circuit chip. This in turn makes it possible for a single chip to perform complex functions of a digital device. For some years now, it has been possible to implement a complete CPU on a single integrated circuit chip, and more recent CPUs contain on-chip caches and other components. Other integrated circuit chips are used to perform custom functions, such as memory device controllers, I/O device controllers, bus controllers, adapters and repeaters, and so forth
In any computer system or other digital device, there is a need to provide communications paths, generally called buses, for interconnecting various components of the system. Buses can be used to provide communications among different integrated circuit chips, or among different internal components of a single integrated circuit chip. The characteristics of these buses vary depending on the uses to which they will be put. For example, the volume of data traversing a bus, the physical length of the bus, the types of devices attached to the bus, and so forth will affect bus design.
Because many different types of devices may be attached to a bus, each operating at a different speed, performing a different function and located in a different location, a bus generally provides a flow control mechanism which prevents data from being sent by a first device when a second device is not ready. For example, a flow control mechanism may be a "not ready" signal that indicates the receiving device is not ready to receive data, or a "retry" signal that rejects data transactions the receiver can not accept.
One known form of flow control mechanism is a credit-based control mechanism, whereby a sending device receives an allocation of credits to transmit data on the bus. Credits may represent buffer capacity in the receiver, or some other form of capability of the receiver to receive data. When the sender transmits data on the bus, it decrements its allocation of credits. When the receiver restores the capacity to receive additional data, it returns the credit to the sender. The sender is thus allowed to transmit data immediately on the bus, without asking permission of the receiver, so long as it has credits available. If the sender ever runs out of credits, it is temporarily prevented from sending additional data to the receiver.
The purpose of a credit-based mechanism would be defeated if the sender had to ask the receiver for the number of available credits each time it wished to transmit. Therefore, when using a credit-based flow control mechanism, the sender maintains a local record of the number of credits available. This record is continually being updated as the sender sends data on the bus (decrementing the number of credits) and the receiver returns credits to the sender (incrementing the number of credits).
Conventionally, credits are returned by the receiver as a single bit credit pulse on a credit return line of the bus. Credits may also be returned by periodic messages from the receiver. For any of various reasons, a discrepancy may arise between the sender's local record of credits available and actual credits available at the receiver, i.e., actual capacity of the receiver to receive additional data. For brevity, such a discrepancy is herein referred to as a credit "loss", it being understood that a discrepancy could also arise as a result of the sender having extra credit in its local record.
In order to correct credit loss, it is known to periodically reset the sender's local record of credits available. For example, a receiver may periodically send a transmission to the sender containing the receiver's credit count. Such a transmission may be sent as an ordinary bus communication having its own command code or type, most buses supporting bi-directional communications. This technique creates a small additional overhead. But more importantly, it is not designed to detect a credit loss—it only sets or resets the credit count to a value obtained from the receiver, whether the sender's local value was incorrect or not.
In some circumstances, it may be desirable to know that a credit loss has occurred. In the case of a chip internal bus, any credit loss is probably indicative of a hardware or design malfunction, which should be recorded and reported. In the case of an external bus, where noise or other factors may be expected to cause occasional credit losses, excessive credit loss may indicate unreliable connections, weak drivers, etc., any of which should be recorded and reported. It would be desirable to provide a means for not only resetting credit values, but for detecting and reporting credit losses in a communications bus, which does not impose an undue overhead on the operation of the bus.

Data communication method and apparatus utilizing credit-based data transfer protocol and credit loss detection mechanism


A computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer usable program code for creating normalized data from markup language data. User defined parameters are received for retrieving event data, wherein the parameters define a type of event and a subset of attributes for the type of event. In response to receiving the parameters, a process is configured using the type of event and the subset of attributes for the type of event to form a configured process. A set of records is processed using the configured process, wherein the configured process places data corresponding to each attribute in the subset of attributes for the type of event from the set of records into a table to form the normalized data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an improved data processing system and in particular to a method and apparatus for processing data. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a computer implemented method, apparatus, and computer useable program code for moving data from an extensible markup language format to a normalized format to generate reports.
2. Description of the Related Art
A database is a collection of information. This information is typically stored as records in which the records are organized using a structural description of the type of information in the database through a schema. One type of database is an extensible markup language (XML) database. An extensible markup language database may provide a logical model to group documents, which are called collections. These collections may be created and managed one at a time. In some implementations, collections may be organized in a hierarchical fashion in much the same way as an operating system directory. An extensible markup language database may be queried using a language, such as extensible markup language path language, (XPath). This language is an expression language for addressing portions of an extensible markup language document or for computing values based on the content of an extensible markup language document. The data may be received in extensible markup language format or converted to an extensible markup language format for storage. The events may be, for example, orders or financial transactions.
In generating reports, queries are run or made against the data in a database. Running queries against a database in which data is also being stored, may cause performance issues with writing and reading of data occurring at the same time. For example, a reporting tool may desire to run selection criteria against data in an extensible markup language database. This type of direct querying is not possible because of the format of the data and a potential problem locking an entire table that will affect insertion of new events being received at the extensible markup language database. Further, the data for an event may be stored in a compressed format, which must be uncompressed before being processed by a reporting tool. Not all reporting tools may handle compressed data.
Currently, DB2 9 allows a user to store data as an extensible markup language column type and allows users to query the data using a structured query language (SQL). DB2 9 is a product available from International Business Machines Corporation. This type of solution allows users to query data in the extensible markup language database, but events are required to be stored in an uncompressed format. Other solutions allow a user to stage data to a normalized format. Staging data to a normalized format means placing the data into a format, such as a flat format, rather than in extensible markup language, for use.

Method and apparatus for moving data from an extensible markup language format to normalized format


A sealed motor compressor in which a motor running efficiency is largely enhanced with a single-phase bipolar constitution, an electromotive element is fixed to a sealed container, and formed of a stator provided with a stator winding, and a rotor which rotates in the stator, and the rotor is formed of a squirrel-cage secondary conductor disposed in a peripheral portion of a rotor yoke, and a permanent magnet is embedded in the rotor yoke.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sealed motor compressor containing a compressing element and an electromotive element for driving the compressing element in a sealed container.
2. Description of the Related Art
As a conventional electromotive element for driving a sealed motor compressor forming a freezing cycle of a refrigerator (freezer), or an air conditioner, an induction motor driven by a single-phase commercial power source, DC brushless motor, and the like have been employed. An electromotive element of the motor is fixed in a sealed container, and the electromotive element is formed of a stator comprising a stator winding, and a rotor rotating in the stator. Moreover, the electromotive element supplies a commercial alternating current supply to the stator winding to induce/rotate the rotor.
However, the DC brushless motor requires a drive control equipment, and disadvantageously results in a cost increase. Moreover, because a secondary copper loss is theoretically present in the induction motor, running efficiency is limited. Therefore, there has been a desire for further improvement of the running efficiency of the sealed motor compressor driven by the commercial single phase power source without using any control equipment.
Moreover, there has been a desire for development of the sealed motor compressor in which he electromotive element using a three-phase power source can be driven with a high efficiency without requiring any drive control equipment.
The present invention has been developed to solve such related art problem, and an object thereof is to provide a sealed motor compressor whose single-phase bipolar construction largely enhances a motor running efficiency.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a sealed motor compressor in which an electromotive element with a three-phase bipolar construction can be driven with a high efficiency without requiring any drive control equipment.
That is to say, according to the present invention, there is provided a sealed motor compressor containing a compressing element and an electromotive element for driving the compressing element in a sealed container. The electromotive element is fixed to the sealed container, and formed of a stator provided with a stator winding and a rotor which rotates in the stator. The rotor comprises a squirrel-cage secondary conductor disposed in a peripheral portion of a rotor yoke, and a permanent magnet embedded in the rotor yoke.
Moreover, for the sealed motor compressor of the present invention, in the above, the electromotive element comprises a single-phase bipolar construction.
Furthermore, for the sealed motor compressor of the present invention, in the above, the electromotive element is started by a system using a startup capacitor.
Additionally, for the sealed motor compressor of the present invention, in addition to the above, the stator winding comprises a main winding and an auxiliary winding, and a winding ratio of the respective windings by effective winding number calculation is set to be in a range of 1.0xc2x10.5.
Moreover, in the sealed motor compressor of the present invention, the squirrel-cage secondary conductor of the rotor comprises a skewed structure.
Furthermore, for the sealed motor compressor of the present invention, the permanent magnet is a rare earth magnet.
Additionally, for the sealed motor compressor of the present invention, the number of permanent magnets embedded in the rotor yoke is any number selected from the group consisting of two, four, six and eight.
Moreover, the sealed motor compressor of the present invention further comprises current-sensitive protection means for detecting a line current.
Furthermore, according to the present invention, there is provided a sealed motor compressor containing a compressing element and an electromotive element for driving the compressing element in a sealed container. The electromotive element is driven by a three-phase power source, fixed to the sealed container, and constituted of a stator provided with a stator winding and a permanent magnet embedded type rotor which rotates in the stator. The rotor comprises a squirrel-cage secondary conductor disposed in a peripheral portion of a rotor yoke, and a permanent magnet embedded in the rotor yoke.
Moreover, for the sealed motor compressor of the present invention, in the above, the electromotive element comprises a three-phase bipolar constitution.
Furthermore, in the sealed motor compressor of the present invention, the squirrel-cage secondary conductor of the rotor comprises a skewed structure, and a skew pitch is more than 0, and is 1.5 slot pitches or less.
Additionally, for the sealed motor compressor of the present invention, the permanent magnet is a rare earth magnet.
Moreover, for the sealed motor compressor of the present invention, the number of permanent magnets embedded in the rotor yoke is an even number.
Furthermore, the sealed motor compressor of the present invention further comprises current-sensitive protection means for detecting a line current.
Additionally, for the sealed motor compressor of the present invention capability control is enabled.


A self-updating frameset having a target document in one frame and a Table-of-Contents (TOC) document in another frame hyperlinked to the target document. A reference document (RD) field is inserted into the TOC document to identify the target document as the target of the TOC. A TOC field in the TOC document scans the target document to identify selected headings as entries in the TOC document. When the selected headings are identified, the TOC field creates hyperlink entries in the TOC document, each hyperlink entry having a corresponding anchor at a selected heading in the target document. The hyperlink entries in the TOC document can be automatically updated each time the fields in the TOC document are recalculated.

The present invention generally relates to HTML frameset creation programs. More particularly, the present invention relates to updating a table-of-contents in a first frame of a frameset, the table-of-contents hyperlinked to a target document in a second frame of the frameset.
When viewing a document online, such as in a word processor or Internet browser, it is often difficult to navigate through sections of the document if the document is lengthy. Finding a particular passage of text or section by simply scrolling through the long document can be difficult and time consuming. It can be helpful to have a table-of-contents in a window beside the document to help navigate the document. The table-of-contents can be hyperlinked to selected sections of the document such that triggering a particular link in the table-of-contents moves the focus of the word processor or Internet browser to the desired section of the document. For this discussion, the term xe2x80x9chyperlinkedxe2x80x9d means an association between a xe2x80x9clinkxe2x80x9d in a first (xe2x80x9csourcexe2x80x9d) document and an xe2x80x9canchorxe2x80x9d in a second (xe2x80x9ctargetxe2x80x9d) document. Triggering the link in the source document brings the screen of the target document containing the anchor into focus. For this discussion, the term xe2x80x9cfocusxe2x80x9d relates to the active screen display available to the user for viewing.
From a typical user""s perspective, existing mechanisms for creating a table-of-contents hyperlinked to a target document are flawed. For instance, word processors can create a table-of-contents hyperlinked to selected portions of the target document. However, existing word processors merely create a table-of-contents within the same document. Unfortunately, to view the table-of-contents and the target document side-by-side in a HyperText Markup Language (xe2x80x9cHTMLxe2x80x9d) frameset, the two should be in separate documents. For this discussion, the term xe2x80x9cframesetxe2x80x9d means a group of windows owned by a single software program module, where each window displays the contents of a different document. Existing word processors do not provide the ability to view the table-of-contents and the target document side-by-side in an HTML frameset, such as with an Internet browser. For that reason, the table-of-contents and target document cannot be easily opened by an Internet browser for online viewing.
Certain HTML editors can create an HTML frameset containing a target document in one frame and a table-of-contents document in a second frame, with the table-of-contents document hyperlinked to selected sections of the target document. This solution allows the table-of-contents and the target document to be viewed online over the Internet. However, maintaining the validity of the hyperlinks in the table-of-contents is a tedious and time-consuming process for an evolving document. For HTML editors, a change made to the target document cannot be reflected in the table-of-contents document without manually editing the table-of-contents document.
Accordingly, a need exists for a mechanism to create an HTML frameset having a target document in one frame and a separate table-of-contents document in another frame, with the table-of-contents document hyperlinked to selected sections of the target document. Moreover, the mechanism should be self-updating such that a change in a selected section of the target document will be reflected in the table-of-contents document without the need to manually edit the hyperlinks in the table-of-contents document.
The present invention meets the above-described needs by providing the ability to create a self-updating frameset having a table-of-contents (xe2x80x9cTOCxe2x80x9d) document in one frame hyperlinked to a target document in another frame. The term xe2x80x9cframesetxe2x80x9d refers to the creation of two or more independent windows with each window simultaneously displaying a different document. The target document can be displayed in one frame beside the TOC document in another frame. In this way, a user has access to a portion of both documents simultaneously.
The TOC document can be xe2x80x9chyperlinkedxe2x80x9d to selected parts of the target document to aid in the navigation of the target document. Hyperlink entries associated with selected parts of the target document can be created in the TOC document. The selected parts of the target document can be headings distributed throughout the target document which introduce various sections of the target document. Triggering a hyperlink entry in the TOC document in one frame results in the target document scrolling until a heading associated with the hyperlink entry is visible in the other frame. Accordingly, the user can quickly scroll the target document forward or backward to a desired section by triggering a link in the TOC document corresponding to a heading at the desired section.
The TOC document is separate from the target document and may be formatted in a manner similar to any other self-contained document. The TOC document is configured such that changes in the target document are reflected without the user having to manually edit the TOC document. For example, in response to an update event, such as the opening of the TOC document, the hyperlink entries in the TOC document are recreated. Therefore, changes made to the selected parts of the target document are reflected in the TOC document without the need to manually edit the hyperlink entries in the TOC document.
In one aspect of the present invention, a self-updating frameset includes a TOC document hyperlinked to a target document. The frameset contains two frames, a first frame including the TOC document and a second frame including the target document. Both the TOC document and the target document are visible in the frameset. This allows a user to simultaneously view both the TOC document and the target document.
The TOC document typically includes a set of entries referencing subject matter in the target document. For example, the entry may be a hyperlink entry having a link to an anchor in the target document. For this discussion, the term xe2x80x9clinkxe2x80x9d refers to a specially activated word, phrase or image in a source document that, when triggered, transfers the focus to the anchor in the target document or in another part of the source document. The term xe2x80x9canchorxe2x80x9d refers to a special code or label embedded within a document that identifies the point to which focus will be transferred if the corresponding link is triggered.
The link portion of an entry in the TOC document is receptive to a triggering event, such as a mouse click, and the corresponding anchor is maintained in the target document. Once a link is triggered, the computer system responds by scrolling the target document in the frameset to the anchor. The anchor is typically embedded within the target document near a preselected heading in the target document. Accordingly, triggering the link in the TOC document in one frame causes the target document in another frame to scroll until the preselected heading of the target document is in view.
The hyperlink entry can be automatically updated to reflect a change to the target document. At identified times, the entry in the TOC document is recreated to correspond to the preselected heading. If the preselected heading has changed between the time the entry was first created and the time the entry is recreated, then the change is automatically reflected in the TOC document in response to an update task conducted at an identified time.
In another aspect of the present invention, a created frameset includes a TOC document in a first frame and a target document in a second frame. The target document contains one or more preselected headings indicating a beginning of corresponding sections in the target document. The target document can be scanned to identify each preselected heading. A hyperlink entry is created in the TOC document in response to identifying a preselected heading in the target document. As part of creating the hyperlink entry, an anchor is inserted into the target document at a location proximate to the preselected heading. Triggering the link portion of a hyperlink entry in the TOC document results in scrolling the target document until the corresponding anchor is visible.
The TOC document may be configured to recreate itself in response to a predetermined event, for instance, each time the TOC document is opened. These events are termed xe2x80x9cupdatexe2x80x9d events. In response to an update event, the target document is scanned to identify each preselected heading. In response to locating a preselected heading, a corresponding hyperlink entry is created in the TOC document. In this manner, a change made to the preselected heading will be reflected in the TOC document each time an update event occurs.
The present invention overcomes the disadvantages in the prior art by providing the ability to create an HTML frameset with the TOC document in one frame hyperlinked to the target document in another frame. In this way, the frameset created by the present invention is readable by both word processing programs and Internet browsers. This aspect overcomes the current limitation with creating a TOC within the target document, which cannot be easily transformed to an HTML frameset readable by an Internet browser. Moreover, the frameset is self-updating, thereby eliminating the need to manually maintain the hyperlinks in the TOC document based on a change in the target document.
Other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description of exemplary embodiments, taken in conjunction with the drawings and the claims.

System and method for updating a table of contents in a frameset


A cache and memory coherent system includes multiple processing chips each hosting a different subset of a shared memory space and one or more routing tables defining access routes between logical addresses of the shared memory space and endpoints that each correspond to a select one of the multiple processing chips. The system further includes a coherent mesh fabric that physically couples together each pair of the multiple processing chips, the coherent mesh fabric being configured to execute routing logic for updating the one or more routing tables responsive to identification of a first processing chip of the multiple processing chips hosting a defective hardware component, the update to the routing tables being effective to remove all access routes having endpoints corresponding to the first processing chip.

As the demand for cloud-based storage and computing services increases rapidly, so too does the demand for technology that may rapidly scale hardware at existing data centers. Traditionally, hardware scaling is achieved by added resources to "scale up," such as by adding more power or capacity to a data center. More recent solutions, however, target ways to "scale out" or "scale horizontally" to support higher levels of performance, throughput, and redundancy for advanced fault tolerance without increasing cost and/or the total amount of hardware (e.g., without increasing a number of servers, drives, etc.). Architectures that enable this horizontal scaling are sometimes referred to as "hyperscale."

Selective endpoint isolation for self-healing in a cache and memory coherent system


A snowmobile includes a vehicle frame, a track belt to which driving force is transferred from an engine mounted on the vehicle frame, a guide rail guiding the track belt, a frontal connecting member rotatably connected to the vehicle frame and the guide rail in a front portion of the snowmobile, a rear connecting member rotatably connected to the vehicle frame and the guide rail in a rear portion of the snowmobile, a first link member rotatably connected to the frontal connecting member, and a second link member rotatably connected to the first link member and the guide rail, and a shock absorber rotatably connected to the first link member or the second link member via a first connecting member. The first connecting member is provided above a second connecting member connecting the guide rail and the second link member.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to snowmobiles, and more particularly to mono-shock suspensions applicable to snowmobiles.
2. Description of the Related Art
In snowmobiles, mono-shock suspensions are generally known as a technology utilized for absorbing shocks generated from impacts with the snow surface. For example, according to FIG. 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,904,216, suspension link 72 and levers 83 are connected to tube 73, and an end portion of shock absorber 77 is connected to levers 83. In addition, links 88 and bracket arms 92 are connected to tubular member 89, and another end portion of shock absorber 77 is connected to bracket arms 92. Tube 73 and tubular member 89 are respectively fixed to frame assembly 53, and suspension link 72 and bracket arms 92 are each indirectly connected to guide rails 63. Therefore, shock absorber 77 is capable of absorbing and transferring shocks from guide rails 63 to frame assembly 53.
In the above-described mono-shock suspension, levers 83 are always positioned below tube 73, and shock absorber 77 is fixed to the lower end of levers 83. Therefore, when guide rails 63 and frame assembly 77 approach each other due to an impact on guide rails 63, the height of the lower end of shock absorber 77 and that of guide rails 63 become substantially equal, as shown in FIG. 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,904,216.
On the other hand, when the impact on guide rails 63 is small, the height between the lower end of shock absorber 77 and guide rails 63 differs significantly, as shown in FIG. 3 of U.S. Pat. No. 5,904,216. Therefore, in the above-described mono-shock suspension, the movable range of the lower end of shock absorber 77 is large, and a large stroke can be maintained in shock absorber 77.
However, it is difficult to maintain the rigidity of the vehicle in the case where the movable range of shock absorber 77 is large. Specifically, guide rails 63 are respectively provided on the left and right of the vehicle, and the rigidity of the vehicle should be maintained by connecting each guide rail 63 by a connecting member. However, according to the above-described technology, the lower end of shock absorber 77 is capable of approaching the region between the left and right guide rails 63, and hence the connecting member connecting each guide rail 63 cannot be arranged in a desirable position.


A method and apparatus directed to detecting and preventing excessive heating in power connectors is disclosed. In one embodiment, a system includes a power connector having an array of pins. A circuit board, such as a midplane of a blade server chassis, has an array of electrical vias passing through the circuit board that are arranged to receive the array of pins and at least one heat flux sensor positioned on one of the vias at the back of the midplane. The heat flux sensor is configured for generating an electrical signal in relation to an applied heat flux. A controller in communication with the heat flux sensor is configured for powering off the electrical power supply in response to the electrical signal reaching a setpoint corresponding to a selected heat flux threshold.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to detecting and preventing overheating in electronic systems, and particularly in the vicinity of power connectors on circuit boards.
2. Background of the Related Art
Electrical connectors are used to transfer data and/or power signals between components in computer systems. Power connectors, specifically, are used to make power connections to components in computer systems. A power connector commonly includes a plurality of compliant pins on the back of the connector for assembling the power connector to a printed circuit board (PCB), such as a motherboard in a PC or server, or a midplane or backplane in the chassis of a blade server system. The power connector may be assembled to the PCB by inserting compliant pins on the power connector into plated through-holes (vias) on the PCB. The power connector also typically includes exposed pins or receptacles that are used to connect with a mating power connector on a component to be connected. Electrical power is transferred along electrical pathways on the PCB from a power source to the compliant pins, from the compliant pins to the exposed pins or receptacles, and from the exposed pins or receptacles to the mating connector on the connected component, for supplying power to the connected component.
A blade server system is one example of a computer system that uses numerous power connectors to supply power from a power module to multiple servers in a high-density arrangement. A relatively large amount of power is distributed from the power supply to the servers. Overcurrent protection is commonly provided in a blade server system. However, although uncommon, a defective connection between the power connector and the PCB could cause a sudden and unexpected temperature increase that could damage the power connector and surrounding components before typical overcurrent protection would respond. For example, a bent, buckled, or otherwise damaged pin in the vicinity of the corresponding plated-through hole of a PCB could cause high contact stresses or high contact resistance in the vicinity of the plated through-hole. A fracture in the laminate around the plated-through hole is another example of a defect, which could lead to a short-circuit.

Detecting and preventing overheating in power connectors


The present application relates to a fuel tank, which has a vent line from a fresh air filter to a hydrocarbon filter element. It is proposed that a diagnostic valve be permanently arranged between the fresh air filter and the hydrocarbon filter element, the diagnostic valve comprising an operating port, which in an operating position forms a passage for operating gases, and a diagnostic port, which in a diagnostic position can be connected to an external pressure-generating device, and which in the diagnostic position forms a diagnostic passage to the hydrocarbon filter element.

The disclosure relates to a fuel tank, which has a vent line from a hydrocarbon filter element to a fresh air filter.
Fuel tanks usually have a plurality of lines, for example, a filling line, a vapor purge line and the vent line from the hydrocarbon filter element to the fresh air filter. Such fuel tanks with the associated line system are sufficiently known, for which reason they will not be examined in any further detail here.
The hydrocarbon filter element is embodied as an activated charcoal filter, for example, and is intended, for example, to filter hydrocarbons out of fuel gases, so that these cannot get into the surroundings. For this purpose the hydrocarbon filter element is arranged between the fuel tank and the fresh air filter of the internal combustion engine, for example.
An example fuel tank with associated line system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,481,101 B1. A vacuum-generating pump module, which comprises a control valve and a bypass, is arranged between an activated charcoal filter and the atmosphere. Bores are made in the control valve. In a state which is termed the "OFF state", the surroundings communicate via one of the bores with the inlet side of the activated charcoal filter. In an "On State", on the other hand, the activated charcoal filter communicates via the other bore with a pump side. A closed system is thus disclosed, irrespective of whether the control valve is in its OFF or in its On state.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,651,349 also relates to a fuel tank with associated line system, U.S. Pat. No. 5,651,349 relating in particular to a method for monitoring a venting system and to the venting system itself. An activated charcoal filter is connected to the fuel tank on the one hand and to the internal combustion engine on the other. A valve is arranged on the activated charcoal filter in order to be able to admit air into the activated charcoal filter.
The fuel tank or the corresponding system is subjected to a leak test, especially on completion of the finished motor vehicle. This test is included in the so-called "end of line test", that is to say as an integral part of the final acceptance of the motor vehicle by the manufacturer. In the inspection of the fuel tank with the connected line system, the vent line is separated from the hydrocarbon filter element. An external pressure-generating device is connected to the hydrocarbon filter element, so that a corresponding pressure test can be carried out, which indicates whether the fuel tank or the corresponding line system has any leaks. Such a pressure test is commonly known. If no leaks are detected, the vent line should be connected to the hydrocarbon filter element again, so that filtered fresh air can get into the fuel tank.
Despite the quality assurance systems introduced and practiced in the motor vehicle industry, however, it can happen, due to human oversight, that the vent line is not reconnected to the hydrocarbon filter element after successfully carrying out the pressure test. In such a case, in normal operation of the motor vehicle and of the internal combustion engine, unfiltered fresh air could pass through the hydrocarbon filter element into the fuel tank. Thus, for example, liquids or solids could get into the fuel tank, since there is no connection to the fresh air filter. Such contamination is obviously regarded as particularly harmful.


A light source cooling system having a double exhaust fan for a projector comprising: a light source formed with an interior region and an exterior region; a first exhaust fan; and a second exhaust fan, wherein the first exhaust fan and the second exhaust fan form two airstreams in the interior region and the exterior region respectively for cooperatively cooling the light source.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a projector, and more particularly to a light source cooling system having a double exhaust fan for a projectores.
2. Description of the Related Art
As the technology of projectors progresses, the power of the light sources of projectors appeared on the market is getting higher so that brighter images can be displayed on larger screens for bigger audiences. A prior art projector has a light source of 270 W that involves a problem in heat dissipation. A single exhaust fan of high rotation speed is used for cooling the light source in the prior art projector and results in an entire projector of a high noise level of 39 dB that can make users feel uncomfortable. Moreover, the high rotation speed of the exhaust fan implies a short life of the exhaust fan.
To resolve the above mentioned problem and disadvantage of the prior art projector, the inventor of the present invention got an inventive idea of providing a double fan of low rotation speed in a projector and proved by experiment that the noise level of the entire projector can be reduced to 32 dB by implementation of the inventive idea, in other words, compared with the noise level of the prior art projector, a reduction of 7 dB can be achieved. It can be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that for every reduction of 3 dB, the noise energy consumed is half reduced and a reduction of 7 db means the noise energy consumed is reduced to less than one fourth. Obviously, an outstanding improvement can be achieved by use of the invention.
An object of the invention is to provide a light source cooling system having a double exhaust fan for a projector, wherein the operational rotation speed of the double exhaust fan, which has the rated highest speed of 4,800 r.p.m., is only about 2,400 r.p.m., i.e., only about a half of its rated highest speed and thereby the noise level of the projector is relatively low.
Another object of the invention is to provide a light source cooling system having a double exhaust fan for a projector, wherein the operational rotation speed of the double exhaust fan, which has the rated highest speed of 4,800 r.p.m., is only about 2,400 r.p.m., i.e., only about a half of its rated highest speed and thereby the life the double exhaust fan can be relatively long.
To achieve the above and other objects, the present invention provides a light source cooling system having a double exhaust fan for a projector comprising: a light source formed with an interior region and an exterior region; a first exhaust fan; and a second exhaust fan, wherein the first exhaust fan and the second exhaust fan form two airstreams in the interior region and the exterior region respectively for cooperatively cooling the light source.

Light source cooling system having a double exhaust fan for a projector


A compact, retrievable and inexpensive marker buoy has a primary housing in the shape of an hourglass having a throat in the center, and a base. The primary housing has a waterproof chamber situated closer to one end than the other and a non-waterproof chamber at the opposite end. A lid at one end provides access to the waterproof chamber, which chamber contains an unattached battery, a signal receiving device, and an electrical device which are linked to a releasably attachable hook. The base has a corresponding device attached to the hook. A tether is connected from the base to the primary housing unit. A transmitter transmits the necessary command signal to the receiver from above the water.

This invention relates to submersible retrievable marker buoys for use in marking underwater Locations for relatively short periods of time and in relatively short depths of water.
It is often desired, for both recreational, scientific and other purposes, to mark a location in a pond, lake or ocean, for ease of relocating the position at a later time. It is also often desirable in such cases, instead of placing the marker buoy in a position so as to float on the water tethered to an anchor, to instead sink a marker buoy assembly to the floor or the body water and at a subsequent Lime, upon a remote command, release the buoy portion of the: assembly to the top, tethered to the base below.
However, the prior art is mostly directed to deep sea marking buoys or other buoys that are often large or cumbersome, often as large as a 55 gallon drum, which are both expensive and in some cases, particularly those using explosive releasing mechanisms, dangerous and potentially environmentally harmful. Moreover, many of the marker buoys are directed to being underwater for longer periods of time, thus requiring special batteries or circuits, anti-corrosive precautions, and the like. However, there is a need for a transportable, compact, inexpensive and reliable marker buoy for use in relatively shallow body of water, i.e., a pond, lake or shallow parts of the ocean, as opposed to deep sea ocean, and for relatively short periods of time, for purposes of fishing and other recreation, as well as for scientific or educational purposes. In these instances, it is usually only necessary to mark the location for anywhere from a matter of minutes to a matter of days. Long-term marking is not necessary.
It is thus an object of this invention to provide an inexpensive, compact, relatively small, convenient, transportable and reliable submersible marker buoy for relatively short term submersion in lakes, ponds and shallow ocean. It is further an object of this invention to provide an economical, easy to use submersible marker buoy assembly with a tethered buoy released upon remote command such that the tethered buoy reliably unwinds.
Other objects and features of tile invention and objectives and the manner in which the invention achieves its purpose will be appreciated from the foregoing and the following description and the accompanying drawings which exemplify the invention, in being understood that changes may be made in the specific invention disclosed herein without departing from the essentials of the invention set forth in the appended claims.


One aspect relates to an ablation electrode for high-frequency ablation in medical technology, whereby the ablation electrode includes a gold alloy. One aspect relates to a catheter tip for use with a catheter device, including an ablation electrode, as well as a catheter device for high-frequency ablation, including a catheter tip, as well as the use of an ablation electrode, a catheter tip or a catheter device for high-frequency ablation; as well as a process for production of an ablation electrode.

One aspect relates to an ablation electrode for high-frequency ablation in medical technology, whereby the ablation electrode includes a gold alloy. One aspect relates to a catheter tip for use with a catheter device, including an ablation electrode, as well as a catheter device for high-frequency ablation, including a catheter tip, as well as the use of an ablation electrode, a catheter tip or a catheter device for high-frequency ablation; as well as a process for production of an ablation electrode.
In catheter ablations, tissue emitting incorrect electrical pulses is specifically eliminated or scars are caused in tissue areas to interrupt the conduction of the incorrect pulses. In high frequency ablation, a catheter is introduced into the tissue and locally limited destruction by heat is caused by the heat developed by an applied high-frequency current. The destruction originates from an ablation electrode that is situated at the tip of the distal end of a catheter device. The heat is usually generated in the electrode by high-frequency waves with a frequency above 1 kHz. To assure sufficient heat dissipation during the treatment of the patient, catheter components often need to be optimised, through extensive design efforts, for sufficient heat dissipation, for example by means of cooling channels. U.S. Pat. No. 5,348,554 describes an ablation electrode designed to have an internal cooling for improved heat dissipation, because the component itself does not provide for sufficient heat dissipation.
Platinum-iridium alloys that are in general use in medical technology, in some cases palladium alloys as well, are used as electrode materials. With regard to catheter devices without cooling or catheter devices with passive cooling, it would be desirable to have alloys with a higher thermal conductivity than the aforementioned alloys.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,099,524 describes mapping and ablation catheter systems with electrodes based on gold, gold alloys, platinum, titanium, tungsten, stainless steel, and cobalt-based biocompatible materials. A gold-nickel alloy is specified therein, for example a gold-nickel alloy including 88% by weight gold and 12% by weight nickel. The alloy is said to comprise a higher thermal conductivity than platinum alloys and is therefore used as a heat-dissipating material at the catheter tip of an ablation catheter.
Alloys, such as AuNi12 or other gold-nickel alloys, attain their strength only by the process of solid solution strengthening. As a result, the alloys comprise heat conductivities that do not reach, or only minimally exceed, the thermal conductivity of pure platinum of 74 W/m*K. Other effective solidification mechanisms, such as precipitation hardening, are not known for the AuNi alloy system. As a result, it is not feasible to attain high mechanical strengths based on AuNi alloy systems.
Pure gold has a specific thermal conductivity of 320 W/m*K, but is difficult to process by means of cutting processes, such as turning, milling, and grinding, because its hardness is low. Ablative or erosive procedures, such as laser processing, usually require a holding device, which also is associated with problems related to the attachment to said holding devices in the case of soft materials like gold. As a result, it is not feasible to produce large quantities of ablation electrodes with thin walls on the basis of pure gold by means of these and similar processes in an economically reasonable manner.
But materials with a thermal conductivity as high as that of gold are desirable for application in ablation devices, for example, those with electrodes of low wall thickness, because the high thermal conductivity allows for effective heat dissipation even in the absence of active cooling. In addition, ablation electrodes with thin walls are desirable considering the ongoing trend towards miniaturisation in medical technology.
In general, embodiments overcome the aforementioned disadvantages, at least in part. Specifically, embodiments provide an ablation electrode that includes a high specific thermal conductivity and contains a material that can be produced and processed by means of cutting or erosive processes to have thin walls.

Gold-based ablation electrode and method


An electrical device includes at least one graphene quantum capacitance varactor. In some examples, the graphene quantum capacitance varactor includes an insulator layer, a graphene layer disposed on the insulator layer, a dielectric layer disposed on the graphene layer, a gate electrode formed on the dielectric layer, and at least one contact electrode disposed on the graphene layer and making electrical contact with the graphene layer. In other examples, the graphene quantum capacitance varactor includes an insulator layer, a gate electrode recessed in the insulator layer, a dielectric layer formed on the gate electrode, a graphene layer formed on the dielectric layer, wherein the graphene layer comprises an exposed surface opposite the dielectric layer, and at least one contact electrode formed on the graphene layer and making electrical contact with the graphene layer.

Graphene is a recently isolated two-dimensional form of carbon that has attracted attention in the scientific community due to its unique physical properties. For instance, two-dimensional graphene has zero band gap and a linear dispersion relation near the Dirac point, where the electrons behave like massless Dirac fermions. Graphene has extraordinary transport properties: the Fermi velocity is about 108 centimeters per second (cm/s) and room temperature carrier mobilities over 10,000 centimeters squared per volt-second (cm2/Vs) at a sheet density of 1012 cm−2 have been reported. Carrier mobilities over 200,000 cm2/Vs have also been measured in suspended graphene samples at low temperatures. Graphene also has tremendous mechanical strength and high thermal conductivity. Despite these attractive physical properties, the absence of a band gap has made it difficult to utilize graphene for conventional applications, such as scaled field-effect transistors (FETs) for digital logic. Furthermore, common methods of inducing a band gap in graphene, such as through the formation of nanoribbons or by placing a field across bi-layer graphene, have been shown to degrade the transport properties.

Ultra-compact, passive, varactor-based wireless sensor using quantum capacitance effect in graphene


The present invention relates inter alia to improvements in the production of chimaeric antibodies in non-human transgenic vertebrates such as mice and rats bearing one or more chimaeric antibody transgenes. In particular, the invention provides for improved non-human vertebrates and cells in which VpreB has been species-matched with the variable region of the chimaeric antibodies. Also, embodiments also provide for species-matching of the entire surrogate light chain for efficient pairing with chimaeric heavy chains during B-cell development in vivo in a non-human transgenic vertebrate setting.

Advancements in the construction of transgenic mice bearing human antibody gene loci have led researchers to move away from the provision of entirely human transgenic antibody loci (bearing human variable and constant region gene segments) to chimaeric transgenic antibody loci. The transgenic loci comprise human V(D)J segments operably connected upstream of non-human constant regions. The use of constant regions that are endogenous to the transgenic non-human vertebrate (eg, endogenous mouse or rat constant regions) are desirable to harness the endogenous control of antibody generation and maturation following immunisation of the vertebrate with antigen.
B-cell development is characterized by the ordered rearrangement of immunoglobulin variable region genes. After the VDJ rearrangement of the H chain gene segments, a precursor (pre)-B-cell is generated. After the functional rearrangement of a light chain gene, the cells develop into surface IgM-bearing mature B-cells. Fully assembled IgH and L chains are transported onto the surface of B-cells, while free H chains are retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in association with BiP.
A critical step in B-cell differentiation is the selective expansion of cells with a functional μ heavy chain resulting from productive IgH rearrangement. This is achieved by the association of the μ heavy chain with the surrogate light chain (SLC) proteins λ5 and VpreB and the signal transducing heterodimer Igα and β to form the pre-B-cell receptor (pre-BCR). The expression and formation of a pre-BCR dramatically improves the efficiency of pre-B and B-cell production, by signalling proliferative expansion of pre-B-cells. The major function of the pre-BCR is the selection and expansion of cells that have undergone a productive VDJ rearrangement. The expression of membrane-bound μ chains is essential for the clonal expansion, and initiation of L chain gene rearrangement.
The association of SLC with μ chain works as a checkpoint to determine whether the cell has successfully completed VDJ combination and expresses a functional μH chain. More than half of all μ chains cannot assemble with the SLC, accounting for most of the changes in the V heavy repertoire during B-cell development.
VpreB is homologous to variable regions, λ 5 is homologous to light chain constant region. The protein encoded by the two genes can form a tightly, but noncovalently bound heterodimer with the general structure of an L chain. λ 5 protein can be covalently disulphide-bonded to μ H chains in pre-B-cells. Whereas VpreB alone can associate with Igμ, λ 5 alone cannot. Only when it is non-covalently associated with VpreB does λ 5 form a disulphide bridge with the first constant region (CH1) of an Igμ chain to form the pre-BCR.
The λ5 and VpreB, which together form the SLC, are early markers of B-cell commitment. They are expressed at the pro- and pre-B-cell stages and silenced in immature and mature B-cells. In pre-B-cells, following rearrangement of the heavy chain locus, the surrogate light chain (SLC) acts as a chaperone, mediating transport of the newly synthesised heavy chain mu to the cell surface and together with C mu forms part of the pre-BCR (Immuno) Today. 1993 February; 14(2):60-8; The surrogate light chain in B-cell development; Melchers F, Karasuyama H, Haasner D, Bauer S, Kudo A, Sakaguchi N, Jameson B, Rolink A). The pre-BCR mediates signalling, leading to proliferation of pre-B-cells that have a productive heavy chain rearrangement. Mice that lack a functional λ5 show a drastic reduction in the number of B-cells. Using VpreB knock-out mice, it has been shown that VpreB is also required for efficient B-cell development, particularly for the transition to pre-BCR bearing cells (pre-BII stage) (see, Int Immunol. 1999 March; 11(3):453-60; Partial block in B lymphocyte development at the transition into the pre-B cell receptor stage in Vpre-B1-deficient mice; M{dot over (a)}rtensson A, Argon Y, Melchers F, Dul J L, M{dot over (a)}rtensson I L; and Sabbattini & Dillon 2005 infra). As the degree of proliferation has been proposed to be dependent upon the stability of the association of the mu heavy chain with the components of the SLC, the pre-BCR is thought to influence the choice, and thus the extent and diversity of, the heavy chain variable region repertoire.
Besides its role in signalling proliferation, the pre-BCR is also thought to mediate down regulation of the RAG genes, thereby preventing the rearrangement of other IgH loci (allelic exclusion) and the occurrence of double-strand breaks in dividing pre-B-cells. The pre-BCR has also been proposed to exert a negative feedback on λ5 and VpreB expression so that, after a phase of clonal expansion, the large pre-BII cells become depleted of pre-BCR, exit the cell cycle and differentiate into resting small pre-BII cells. At this stage, the SLC is repressed while the IgL loci start to be rearranged. The product of a successfully rearranged IgL gene will then pair with the mu heavy chain to form a BCR with antigen-binding capability on the surface of immature B-cells. These cells migrate to the peripheral blood and secondary lymphoid organs, and develop into mature B-cells ready for subsequent encounter with antigen (Sabbattini & Dillon 2005 infra).

Chimaeric surrogate light chains (SLC) comprising human VpreB


An electrical connector assembly that comprises a first connector member including a first connector body supporting a first contact. The first connector body is formed of a substantially rigid material and has a first interface end. The first interface end has a substantially conical shape that defines a first tapered surface. A second connector member includes a second connector body supporting a second contact configured to mate with the first contact. The second connector body is formed of a substantially rigid material and has a second interface end that mates with the first interface end. The second interface end of the second connector member has a second tapered surface. The first and second tapered surfaces have substantially the same angle of taper and taper in opposite directions to engage one another in a friction fit wherein the angle of taper is between about 3.5° to 6.5°. A coupling member is mounted near one of the first and second interface ends and has an internal engagement member that is configured to engage a corresponding external engagement member of the other of the first and second connector bodies.

The interconnection between components of an electrical connector assembly, such as a plug and receptacle, is critical to maintaining the proper electrical connection therebetween. Often conventional electrical connector assemblies loosen, particularly when subjected to vibration. Such loosening compromises the integrity of the electrical connection between the components.
Examples of conventional electrical connector assemblies are found in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,556,807 to Cane, 4,296,986 to Herrmann, Jr., and 4,405,196 to Fulton, the subject matter of each of which is herein incorporated by reference.

Coupling system for electrical connector assembly


A method is for conveying bitumen or heavy oil in a deposit is provided. The bitumen or very heavy oil is liquefied by way of an inductive conductor loop as a heater and is led away using an extraction pipe, wherein the conductor loop and the extraction pipe are disposed relative to one another such that the heating and thus extraction of bitumen or very heavy oil is maximized. To this end, one of the conductors of the conductor loop is disposed substantially vertically above the extraction pipe.

The German patent according to DE 10 2007 040 605 B4 with the title "Apparatus for "in-situ" conveying of bitumen or very heavy oil", grants protection to an apparatus with which thermal energy is applied to the oil sand deposit, referred to as reservoir, in order to reduce the viscosity of the bitumen or very heavy oil such that at least one electrical/electromagnetic heater is provided and an extraction pipe is present for leading away the liquefied bitumen or very heavy oil, wherein at least two linearly extended conductors are routed in parallel in the horizontal alignment at the predetermined depth of the reservoir, with the ends of the conductors being electrically conductively connected inside or outside of the reservoir and together forming a conductor loop, which realizes a predetermined complex resistance and are connected outside of the reservoir to an external alternating current generator for electrical power, with the inductivity of the conductor loop being compensated section by section. The reservoir can therefore be heated inductively.
The conveying method forming the basis of the above patent originates from the known SAGD (Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage) method. The SAGD method starts by both pipes typically being heated by steam for three months, in order to liquefy the bitumen in the space between the pipes at least as quickly as possible. Steam is subsequently introduced into the reservoir through the upper pipe and the conveying through the lower pipe can begin.
With older, non pre-published German patent applications from the applicant (DE 10 2007 008 192.6 with the title "Apparatus and method for "in-situ" extraction of a substance containing hydrocarbon by reducing its viscosity from a subterranean deposit" and DE 10 2007 036 832.3 with the title "Apparatus for "in-situ" extraction of a substance containing hydrocarbon"), electrical/electromagnetic heating methods are already proposed for an "in-situ" conveying of bitumen and/or very heavy oil, in which an inductive heating of the reservoir in particular takes place.
"In-situ" extraction methods of bitumen from oil sands using steam and horizontal bore holes (SAGD) are used commercially. To this end, large quantities of water vapor are needed in order to heat up the bitumen and large quantities of water to be cleaned accumulate. Reference has already made in such cases to the possibility of the steam-free subterranean heating of the bitumen. Purely electrically-resistive bitumen heating for conveying purposes is likewise known.

Method and device for in-situ conveying of bitumen or very heavy oil


The present disclosure provides systems and methods for generating smoothed images of an elongate medical device including a plurality of position sensors. The system includes a model construction system configured to be coupled to the medical device and acquire data points corresponding to positions of the position sensors. The computer-based model construction system is further configured to establish a coordinate system, calculate a coordinate for each position sensor, estimate a set of true parameters describing the medical device including a curvature term and a torsion term, calculate a measurement error for each position sensor based on a stiffness parameter, compute smoothed data points for the position sensors based on (i) a function of the estimated set of true parameters and the coordinates of the position sensors, and (ii) a weighting of the measurement error, generate an image of the medical device using the smoothed data points, and display the image.

Catheters are used to perform a variety of tasks within human bodies and other bodies including the delivery of medicine and fluids, the removal of bodily fluids, and the transport of surgical tools and instruments. In the diagnosis and treatment of atrial fibrillation, for example, catheters may be used to deliver electrodes to the heart for electrophysiological mapping of the surface of the heart and to deliver ablative energy to the surface, among other tasks. In order to properly administer treatment, the position and orientation of a catheter inside the body must be continuously monitored. One known technique for determining the position and orientation of a catheter within a body is by tracking a plurality of sensors on the catheter using a position sensing and navigation system (sometimes called a location mapping system). In one exemplary system offered for sale by St. Jude Medical, Inc., under the trademark "ENSITE NAVX", the sensors comprise electrodes. Excitation of pairs of electrodes on the outer surface of the body generates electrical fields within the body. Voltage measurements on the catheter electrodes can then be used to determine the position and orientation of the catheter electrodes within a coordinate system of the position sensing and navigation system. Other exemplary position sensing and navigation systems include magnetic systems.
In order to provide information to clinicians about the position and orientation of the catheter, the determined position and orientation of the catheter sensors is often used to render an image of the catheter relative to surrounding tissues, including heart tissues. One drawback to conventional systems, however, is that the determined position and orientation of the catheter sensors is subject to systematic errors due to subtle differences in, e.g., sensor impedances and amplifier channels. These errors can distort the rendered shape of the catheter from its true mechanical shape in the resulting image.
Moreover, certain smoothing algorithms may not be suitable for circular or otherwise curved catheters. For example, smoothing algorithms that apply basis functions to model measured electrode positions as deviations from a straight line may not appropriately model catheters having substantial curvature. Implementing such smoothing algorithms on catheters having substantial curvature may induce errors such as a reduction in a diameter in the imaged catheter.

Methods and systems for generating smoothed images of an elongate medical device

ST. JUDE MEDICAL, CARDIOLOGY DIVISION, INC.


The invention relates to a turbine center frame for an aircraft gas turbine, with a plurality of first components and a plurality of second components, which, in the peripheral direction, are arranged alternately next to one another and, in a radial direction, bound a flow duct conveying hot gas, wherein the first components each have two first overlapping segments and the second components each have two second overlapping segments with a respective region of the transitioning from a first component to a second component or vice versa, a first overlapping segment and a second overlapping segment are arranged overlapping, and with at least one centering element, at which the first components and the second components are supported along the peripheral direction and in a radial direction with the first components and the second components essentially centered with respect to a central axis of the turbine center frame.

The present invention relates to a turbine center frame for a gas turbine, in particular an aircraft gas turbine, with a plurality of first components and a plurality of second components, which, in the peripheral direction, are arranged alternately next to one another and, in the radial direction, bound a flow duct conveying hot gas, wherein the first components each have two first overlapping segments and the second components each have two second overlapping segments in such a way that, in a particular region of the transition from a first component to a second component or vice versa, the first overlapping segment and the second overlapping segment are arranged overlapping, and with at least one centering element, at which the first components and the second components are supported along the peripheral direction and in the radial direction in such a way that the first components and the second components are arranged essentially centered with respect to a central axis of the turbine center frame, wherein the first components are formed identically to the second components or the first components are different from the second components.
Directional statements, such as "axial" or "axially," "radial" or "radially," and "peripheral," are fundamentally to be understood as being in relation to the machine axis of the gas turbine, provided that something different does not ensue from the context explicitly or implicitly. The machine axis of the gas turbine may also be referred to as the central axis of the turbine center frame.
For turbine center frames, the components of the flow duct conveying hot gas are, as a rule, connected by of so-called ground-down overlaps. Therefore, at an axially front region of the turbine center frame, which may also be referred to as an inlet, it is necessary to connect these components via so-called centering strips in the peripheral direction. Centering strips of this kind prevent any outward tilting and, in particular, any radial outward tilting in the region of the ground-down overlap. The centering strip is thereby inserted axially into grooves that are formed on the components. Furthermore, the centering strip is secured by a securing ring.
In the field of gas turbines and, in particular, of the turbine center frame for gas turbines, the utilization of alternative materials, such as, for example, ceramic fiber composite materials, (ceramic matrix composites (CMC)), is being increasingly investigated in order to achieve weight savings and improvements in efficiency in comparison to conventional metal components. Accordingly, the above-described conventional arrangements for centering components made of alternative materials do not come into consideration. In particular, it is difficult to provide (radially) narrow grooves in components made of alternative materials, without thereby having to accept drawbacks in the strength of the components.

Turbine center frame with centering element and spacer element