A mobile device may include a first antenna and a second antenna. A first radio frequency (RF) transceiver may be coupled to the first antenna, and a second RF transceiver may be coupled to the second antenna. A baseband chipset may be coupled to the first RF transceiver and the second RF transceiver. One or more switches may be connected within a first transmit path, a second transmit path, a first receive path, and a second receive path, wherein one or more of the first transmit path, the second transmit path, the first receive path, and the second receive path associated with the coupling of one or more of the first antenna, the second antenna, the first RF transceiver, the second RF transceiver, and the baseband chipset.

Mobile devices receiving cellular communication services continue to spread geographically and rise in popularity. There is a continued drive to make the handsets both more compact and more reliable. Good radio reception continues to be a concern with carriers and their customers. Dropped calls and poor signals frustrate customers, and may deprive carriers of potential billing opportunities. Continued improvement in signal quality is the focus of research and innovation.

Simultaneous voice-long term evolution dual antenna system


An active matrix substrate in which signals are inputted by a drive IC to a plurality of gate wirings made of aluminum or the like so as to drive a plurality of pixel electrodes such that an image is formed, said active matrix substrate comprising: a drive IC mounting portion which is formed together with the pixel electrodes on a principal face of a substrate by an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) film identical with that forming the pixel electrodes; wherein the gate wirings are disposed on the ITO film of the drive IC mounting portion so as to be directly connected to the ITO film.

The present invention relates to a thin film transistor (TFT) array substrate which constitutes a display unit in combination with, for example, liquid crystal.
In recent years, as a display unit for a work station, there is strong demand for a liquid crystal display employing the TFT array substrate, which is larger in size and has larger capacity. Thus, the TFT array substrate is also required to have larger area and larger capacity. In case a gate wiring made of Cr or Ta employed in the known small TFT array substrate is used in a TFT array substrate having a large area, resistance of the gate wiring becomes extremely large, so that a gate pulse signal inputted from a drive IC is attenuated at a terminal of the gate wiring and thus, uniform display performance cannot be obtained in the liquid crystal display. Therefore, in the TFT array substrate having a large area and a large capacity, aluminum (Al) having a low resistance has been generally used as material for the gate wiring.
Meanwhile, much attention is recently focused on a gate insulating film obtained by anodic oxidation of metals such as Al, Ta, Ta-Mo alloy, etc. forming the gate wiring. The insulating film formed by anodic oxidation has such a feature that an insulating film having less defects can be produced more easily than those produced by conventional chemical vapor deposition (CVD), sputtering, etc.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show a known TFT array substrate employing the gate insulating film formed by anodic oxidation and acting as an active matrix substrate. In the known TFT array substrate, FIGS. 1(a), 1(b) and 2(a) show a TFT, a pixel electrode 6 and an auxiliary capacity portion 7 for holding a signal supplied to the pixel electrode 6, while FIGS. 1(c) and 2(b) show a drive IC mounting portion 8 provided at an end of a gate wiring 1. In order to produce the known TFT array substrate of FIGS. 1 and 2, the gate wiring 1 is initially formed on a substrate by anodic oxidation using one of metals such as Al, Ta, Ta-Mo alloy, etc. Subsequently, a pattern of an organic film such as a resist is formed at an area which is not subjected to anodic oxidation. In this state, the substrate is dipped in electrolyte such as oxalic acid such that the short-circuited pixel electrode 6 and an electrode of Pt are connected to an anode and a cathode, respectively. Thereafter, electrolysis is performed by applying a voltage of about 100 V to the substrate so as to generate oxygen such that the wiring metal is oxidized. As a result, an anodic oxidation film 2 is formed on the gate wiring 1 except for the resist pattern. Subsequently, the resist pattern is removed and a silicon nitride film 3 is formed by CVD. Thereafter, an i-type semiconductor film 4 constituting the TFT is formed at proper locations on the silicon nitride film 3 which is formed on the gate electrode 1 and the anodic oxidation film 2.
Then, the auxiliary capacity portion 7 is formed between the pixel electrode 6 and the gate wiring 1 by an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) film 5 which is a transparent and electrically conductive film. At this time, the drive IC mounting portion 8 for supplying a gate pulse signal from the drive IC to the gate wiring 1 is also formed by the ITO film 5 simultaneously. The drive IC mounting portion 8 is formed by the ITO film 5 on the ground that since the ITO film 5 has more stable surface state than other electrically conductive films, excellent connection between the drive IC mounting portion 8 and and the drive IC can be obtained. Furthermore, a source drain electrode 9 is formed in a shape of matrix relative to the gate wiring 1 and is connected to the pixel electrode 6 through the TFT 4 and a pattern 9a.
Meanwhile, the drive IC mounting portion 8 is disposed at the end of the gate wiring 1. In the drive IC mounting portion 8, if the ITO film 5 is connected to the gate wiring 1 via a contact hole 3a formed in the silicon nitride film 3, material of the gate wiring 1 is oxidized at the time of formation of the ITO film 5. As a result, resistance of contact between the ITO film 5 and the gate wiring 1 is increased and thus, such a problem arises that a high-frequency signal inputted from the drive IC is distorted. In order to solve this problem, such a countermeasure has been employed in which a Cr pattern 11 is formed under the gate wiring 1 so as to be partially connected to the gate wiring 1 and the ITO film 5 is connected to the silicon nitride film 3 on the Cr pattern 11 through the contact hole 3a. In this countermeasure, since the gate wiring 1 is connected to the ITO film 5 by way of the Cr pattern 11, excellent connection therebetween is obtained.
The known TFT array substrate of the above described arrangement has the following drawbacks. Firstly, in order to obtain excellent contact between the gate wiring 1 and the ITO film 5, a pattern of another metal such as Cr is required to be provided. Hence, additional processes of forming and patterning the Cr film should be performed, so that production processes for the TFT array substrate are increased in number, thereby resulting in rise of its production cost. Secondly, in the case where the gate wiring is made of aluminum (Al), so-called "hillock", i.e. local projective crystal growth occurs in the Al pattern during a heat treatment process in photolithography. If this hillock becomes so large as not to be covered by the silicon nitride film 3, etchant such as aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride or aqueous solution of ferric chloride and hydrogen chloride penetrates into the gate wiring 1 through the hillock so as to dissolve Al, thereby resulting in disconnection of the gate wiring 1.

Thin film transistor array substrate acting as an active matrix substrate

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


In order to properly perform vibration damping control in a vehicle 1 in which vibration occurs due to driving characteristics, a vibration damping control device 10 performs sprung vibration damping control of suppressing sprung vibration generated in the vehicle 1, by control of the torque that is generated in wheels 5 of the vehicle 1, with this vibration damping control device 10 performing vibration damping control suppression control of stopping sprung vibration damping control, or reducing a control amount of sprung vibration damping control, on the basis of engine speed and engine torque of an engine 14 that is a power source of the vehicle 1 during travel. As a result, it becomes possible to prevent vibration damping control from being brought to an inappropriate state, due to a travel state of substantial vibration, during vibration damping control.

During travel of a vehicle, the attitude of the latter changes on account of so-called sprung vibration, which denotes vibration that occurs closer to the vehicle body than the suspension of the vehicle, and that arises on account of the driving operation by the driver or on account of disturbances during travel of the vehicle. Therefore, some conventional vehicles aim at reducing such sprung vibration. In a vibration damping control device disclosed in Patent Document 1, for instance, a control instruction at the time of executing of vibration damping control of suppressing sprung vibration is outputted in response to a plurality of types of control instructions, and an anomaly in vibration damping control is determined to have occurred or not on the basis of the plurality of control instructions, such that vibration damping control is forbidden in the case where an anomaly in vibration damping control is determined to have occurred. As a result, this allows performing vibration damping control only when sprung vibration can be suppressed effectively.


A method including placing around the shoulder of the lid a ring-shaped gasket formed by a metal strip maintained on the vertical wall of the shoulder by self-maintaining members firmly attached to the strip, placing the lid bearing the ring-shaped gasket above the vessel by positioning it at a determined height, carrying out a cleanliness inspection of the gasket plane, lowering and laying the lid on the vessel so that the end side edges of the strip will come into contact with a horizontal wall of the lid and of the vessel flange respectively and attaching this lid on the vessel.

Pressurized water nuclear reactors include inside the building of the reactor, a vessel containing the core of the nuclear reactor formed by combustible assemblies, generally of prismatic form, arranged vertically and in a juxtaposed way.
Inside the vessel of the reactor, are arranged internal pieces of equipment in particular ensuring support and maintaining the combustible assemblies of the core of the nuclear reactor.
The vessel of a general cylindrical shape, is formed at its lower portion with a convex bottom and includes an upper end which is closed during the operation of the nuclear reactor by a convex lid. This lid of the vessel is crossed by tubes having a vertical arrangement, called adaptors used for ensuring the passage of extenders allowing displacement of control clusters in certain assemblies of the core.
When the lid is laid on the vessel, it determines a gasket plane formed by a ring-shaped recess made on a flange of the vessel and by a ring-shaped shoulder with a shape matching said recess and made on the vessel lid.
The recess and the shoulder of the vessel flange and of the lid respectively, determine two substantially horizontal planar surfaces facing each other and between which two O-ring gaskets are slightly crushed when the lid is clamped on the vessel.
The lid is attached on the vessel of the reactor by pins which are screwed into the flange of the vessel and which pass through in smooth holes provided in a flange ring of the lid.
These pins are generally in a relatively large number and relatively close to each other, disassembling and reassembling the lid therefore requires unscrewing and screwing of all these pins.
Moreover, during the screwing and unscrewing operations, by means of a tension device, traction is exerted on the pins in order to put them into a pre-stressed condition.
The seal during operation of the reactor between the vessel and the lid is therefore achieved by both of the O-rings, most often in "Inconel" (registered trade mark) or in stainless steel plated with silver. These gaskets are placed in two concentric grooves provided on the planar surface of the shoulder of the lid.
These gaskets bear on the planar surface facing the vessel flange and the spans of these gaskets are machined to as to obtain a perfect surface which does not accept any mark, any flaw.
Tightening the lid with the pins slightly crushes the gaskets, the supporting surface of which is about 1 mm wide and generally of the order of 3 mm.
The recess and the shoulder of the vessel flange and of the lid, respectively, each include a vertical wall delimiting between them a gap after the laying of the lid on the vessel flange.
During operations for reloading a portion of the nuclear reactor, cold shut-down of the reactor is performed and the lid closing the upper end portion of the vessel is disassembled.
After removing this lid, a temporary lid is placed on the vessel by placing a temporary inflatable gasket on the edge of the recess of the flange of the vessel in order to ensure a temporary seal.
During the laying of the lid on the flange of the vessel after reloading the core of the nuclear reactor, the temporary inflatable gasket is removed after performing decontamination of the pool by means of a pressure cleaner.
At the beginning of the operation for tightening the pins, the lid is slightly lifted relatively to the vessel flange due to the force produced by the springs of the combustible assemblies and the clamping ring. So there is a play from about 2 mm to 3 mm between the gaskets positioned below the lid and the gasket span over the vessel flange.
It is found that after maintenance operations a leak was noticed upon closing a vessel of a nuclear reactor and this leak was justified by the probable presence of metal microchips or other particles over the span of the seal gaskets of the vessel flange when clamping pins of the lid on said vessel flange are tensioned by a machine for tightening and loosening the pins.
The formation of these microchips probably results from the friction of the tops of the threads of the pins on the wall of the smooth holes of the lid during the mounting of said pins on the vessel flange with the tightening and loosening machine.
Because of the withdrawal of the temporary inflatable gasket before the operations for screwing the pins, these microchips might have made their way right under the gasket span by passing through the gap made between the shoulder of the lid and the recess of the vessel and reached the span of said gaskets during the phase for screwing the pin.
Upon restarting the unit at a primary pressure of the order of 25 bars and at a temperature of the order of 30° C., a leak may thus occur at the gasket span.
In GB 877,277, an annular C-shaped gasket is known which is placed at the gasket plane formed by the ring-shaped recess made on the flange of the vessel and by the ring-shaped shoulder with a shape mating said recess made in the vessel lid. Each end side edge of the annular gasket is welded on a horizontal wall, of the lid and of the vessel flange respectively.
The annular gasket is welded after laying the lid on the vessel so that during the welding operation, microparticles or foreign bodies may make their way right under the gasket span by passing through the gap.
Further, during a new operation for loading a portion of the nuclear reactor, before removing the lid, at least one of the welding beads has to be removed in situ which considerably complicates the operations, increases the shut-down time of the reactor and generates potentially bothersome chips.

Method for securing and confining the gasket plane of a vessel of a nuclear reactor and a gasket for applying this method


A piezoelectric transducer for an ultrasonic scan is provided. The transducer includes a plurality of piezoelectric members arrayed. The plurality of piezoelectric members have different compositions parts in a slice direction so that an ultrasonic beam is focused in the slice direction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a piezoelectric transducer, an ultrasonic transducer which includes the piezoelectric transducer and is used in an ultrasonic scan, an ultrasonic probe including the ultrasonic transducer, and an ultrasound imaging apparatus including such an ultrasonic probe. The present invention further relates to a method of making a plurality of the piezoelectric transducers.
2. Discussion of the Background
An ultrasound imaging apparatus is well known to be used for medical purposes as an ultrasound diagnosis apparatus. The ultrasound diagnosis apparatus scans a patient's body by transmitting ultrasound pulses from an ultrasonic transducer and prepares ultrasound images of the inside of the patient's body based on echo signals caused by acoustic impedance mismatching inside the patient's body.
An ultrasonic transducer typically includes a plurality of transducer elements which are arrayed along a scan direction of the above scan. The transducer elements vibrate and generate the ultrasound pulses which are transmitted to the patient's body. The transducer elements also receive the echo signals from the body. The transducer elements have a flat strength along a direction perpendicular to the scan direction. Such a direction perpendicular to the scan direction is hereinafter referred to as a slice direction whether the scan is conducted at a fixed position or at various positions along the slice direction. The transducer elements also form a focal point at a certain depth inside the patient's body by that a delay difference is given to the generated ultrasound pulses by an acoustic lens provided in the ultrasonic transducer.
However, there is a limit to improve a behavior of an ultrasonic pulse beam convergence provided by the acoustic lens. Therefore, ultrasound acoustic pressure is weighted along the slice direction so as to improve the convergence behavior.
For example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. PH11-146492 discloses an ultrasonic transducer in which an acoustic matching material attached to a piezoelectric transducer is provided with a plurality of gutters along a scan direction so as to give weightings along the slice direction.
Also for example, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. PH05-23331 discloses an ultrasonic transducer in which a piezoelectric transducer and one of electrode plates are divided into plural portions in the slice direction. Voltages to be applied to the electrode plate are weighted differently among the divided plural portions of the electrode plate.
In the above first example, there is a problem that the piezoelectric transducer cannot transmit ultrasound pulses and receive echo signals in some parts, which results in high side lobes. In addition, an ultrasonic transducer and an ultrasonic probe become complicated in their structures. Such structures lead to an increase in manufacturing processes and accordingly to increased manufacturing cost.
In the above second example, there is a problem that an electric circuitry scale becomes large because it is necessary to apply different voltages to divided electrode portions. As a result, manufacturing cost of the ultrasonic transducer increases. In addition, manufacturing processes of the ultrasonic transducer increase for the above reason.

Piezoelectric transducer including a plurality of piezoelectric members


Foamed products based on an aqueous composition comprising an oxidised ferulyated polymer are stable both during storage and after freezing and subsequent storage. A process for preparing these products is provided.

The object of providing a freeze-thaw stable foam which is also storage stable has been addressed in the art.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,145 relates to a whipped topping based on an aqueous solution of whey protein isolate or concentrate which has a low fat content of from 8% to 15% and has an overrun in excess of 250%, which is freeze-thaw stable and refrigerator stable for 21 days and shows good whippability.
However these compositions are not stable if oil is not included in their composition. Furthermore the gas phase in these products is believed to be stabilised by non-covalent, physical bonding of whey protein on the gas/liquid interphase which is mainly due to protein denaturation. These interactions are non covalent and hence do not provide desired long term stability of the foam.
Furthermore foamed products based on egg white are widely known. However, egg white based foam is not freeze-thaw stable and not very firm.
WO-A-00/40098 discloses crosslinked pectin which is dried and as such added to an ice cream formulation. The obtained products were found to have a sol-like character meaning that it is like a dispersion of gelled particles in a liquid, and did not maintain their shape upon storage at room temperature for 30 minutes or more. Under these storage conditions the products collapsed.
Hence it is an object of the invention to provide a foamed product which is freeze-thaw stable, and shows a creamy, tasteless and soft mouthfeel. Preferably these products are firm and they preferably retain their shape during storage.

Process for the preparation of a foamed product and products obtainable by this process


Methods and systems are provided for diagnosing a positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) system. In one example, a diagnostic method for a PCV system is provided that includes, when an intake manifold air pressure is above a threshold boost value, determining a PCV system breach based on a pressure determined using a pressure sensor positioned on a clean side of an oil separator coupled to a crankcase and receiving crankcase gas from the crankcase. In the PCV system a ventilation line provides fluidic communication between the oil separator and an intake conduit upstream of a compressor.

Engines may include crankcase ventilation systems to vent gases out of the crankcase and into an engine intake manifold to evacuate gases from inside the crankcase in order to reduce degradation of various engine components in the crankcase. The crankcase ventilation systems may include a positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve for enabling one-way flow of crankcase gases from inside the crankcase to the intake manifold.
Crankcase ventilation systems are intermittently diagnosed for PCV valve degradation. One example approach for PCV valve diagnostics is shown by Rollinger in US 2014/0081549. Therein, PCV system diagnostics are implemented using a pressure sensor coupled to a hose extending between an intake conduit upstream of a compressor and an oil separator in the crankcase. A pressure drop indicated by the pressure sensor during unboosted conditions is used to ascertain a PCV system breach. It will also be understood that traditional PCV systems are disabled during boosted conditions in engines with turbochargers, superchargers, etc., due to the positive pressure present in the intake manifold.
The inventors herein have recognized potential issues with such approaches. As one example, no diagnostic method is provided during boosted conditions in Rollinger's system. As such, the PCV system may only be diagnosed during a limited window of engine operation. This problem is exacerbated in boosted engines with a low power to weight ratio, where boosting occurs over a wide range of engine operating conditions. Furthermore, in Rollinger the PCV system is not designed to vent crankcase gasses during boosted conditions. As such, the crankcase may experience elevated pressures and degradation due to oil dilution, seal leaks, and other problems associated with crankcase gas contamination caused by blow-by gasses. More generally, some PCV systems have suffered from unreliable diagnostic routines which may lead to false positives.
In one approach, to at least partially address these issues, a PCV system diagnostic method is provided. The method includes while intake manifold air pressure is above a threshold boost value, a determination of a PCV system breach is made and is based on a pressure measured by a pressure sensor positioned in the PCV system. The sensor is positioned on a clean side of an oil separator coupled to the crankcase. The PCV fresh air ventilation line provides fluidic communication between the oil separator and the intake conduit upstream of a compressor. In this way, a diagnostic method may be implemented while the PCV system vents crankcase gas during boosted engine operation. As a result, the PCV system may be diagnosed over a wider range of engine operating conditions, making the engine's overall PCV diagnostic routine more robust. Furthermore, the likelihood of crankcase degradation caused by gas contamination from blow-by gasses, elevated crankcase pressures, etc., is driven down.
In one example, the PCV breach may indicate the ventilation line is leaking and/or disconnected from the oil separator and/or the intake conduit. In this way, specific regions of the PCV system can be accurately diagnosed, allowing mitigating actions tailored for selected areas of the PCV system to be taken, if desired.
In another example, responsive to determining the PCV system breach, boost provided to the engine via the compressor is adjusted based on the pressure sensor pressure, for example, to moderate the impacts of a breached ventilation line.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.

Crankcase ventilation system and diagnostic method


This side shield retention clamp for locking an eyeglass side shield having a side hole to a temple of an eyeglass frame has a temple clamp with an arm extending therefrom having a hole rather than a hook at its end. A screw extends through the hole, but is not tapped into the hole. Instead, a threaded shield clamping nut extends into the hole in the side shield from the inside of the shield. This screw is threaded through this shield clamping nut and contacts the temple. In contrast to this, the screw tightening the temple clamp engages the clamp directly rather than pressing against the temple. In the preferred embodiment, the shield clamping nut has a projection with a flat face that fits against the outside of the temple, extends into the clamp slot, and is clamped against the temple when the clamp is tightened (via a clamp screw).

This invention deals with a side shield retention clamp for eyeglasses.
Side shields can be mounted to the temples of safety eyeglass frames to help shield the wearer from dangerous materials that could enter the eye in a particular work environment. In fact, employers often provide employees working in such environments with their own personal prescription eyeglasses having side shields at no cost in order to safeguard their workers"" health and productivity. Unfortunately, many workers are tempted to remove the side shields when not in the workplace in order to make their eyeglasses appear more stylish or appealing. This leads to the loss of the side shields provided and often leads to the worker attempting jobs where safety requires the presence of such side shields without the shields being present.
In order to prevent the removal and loss of side shields, employers and manufacturing facilities have sought means for permanently affixing side shields to the temples of the eyeglasses provided to their employees. Mechanical locking means (such as rivets, screws, and lock nuts) as well as adhesives have been used for this purpose. Representative examples of prior art attempts to solve this problem using mechanical locking means can be seen in the following U.S. patents:
U.S. Pat. No. 5,548,351 issued to Hirschman et al. in 1996 for a xe2x80x9cMethod and Kit for Attaching Side Shields to Eyeglass Temples.xe2x80x9d
U.S. Pat. No. 5,748,278 issued to Simmons, Sr. in 1998 for a xe2x80x9cEyeglass Shield for Removable Attachment to Eyeglass Lens Frames.xe2x80x9d
U.S. Pat. No. 5,798,815 issued to Hirschman et al. in 1998 for a xe2x80x9cMethod and Kit for Attaching Side Shields to Eyeglass Temples.xe2x80x9d
U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,196 issued to Saba et al. in 1999 for a xe2x80x9cRetainer for Eyeglass Frames having Sideshields.xe2x80x9d
Most of the foregoing patents deal with systems that require a specialized eyeglass shield for their use. Saba et al. describe an eyeglass shield attachment mechanism that is intended for use with a common slide-on shield. Such shields are placed in position by sliding them into place on the temple adjacent the lens frame. They can be removed by reversing this process and sliding them back from their position. They can also be removed by separating the temple from the eyeglass frame and sliding the shield forward. Thus, some mechanism must be provided to block them from sliding forward or back from the end of the temple adjacent the lens frame. Saba et al. provide a hook with a lip that fastens into an appropriately shaped side opening in the eyeglass shield. This hook is at one end of an arm with the other end attached to a clamp that can be tightened onto the temple behind the shield after the shield is in position. While this method can provide some benefits, it is far from perfect. For example, the apparatus of Saba et al. is subject to easy removal by rotating the side shield around the axis formed by the temple of the glassesxe2x80x94i.e.xe2x80x94it remains easy to remove by twisting. Thus, there remains a need for efficient and effective mechanical means for securely affixing common slide-on side shields to the temples of eyeglasses.
Overall, my invention can be summarized as a temple clamp having an arm extending therefrom with a hole rather than a hook at the end of this arm. A screw extends through the hole, but is not tapped into the hole. Instead, in my preferred embodiments, I use a sliding fastener comprised of a shield clamping nut arranged on a projection that extends along an outside face of the temple. The nut extends into a hole in the side shield from the inside of the shield and has interior threads. The screw is threaded through these to be jammed against the temple. The projection has a flat face that fits against the outside of the temple, extends into the clamp slot, and is clamped against the temple when the clamp is tightened (via a clamp screw). Only the screw projecting through the shield clamping nut against the temple engages the temple, as the clamp screw passes under the temple and engages the opposing side of the clamp directly. Thus, my invention uses an arm attached to a clamp to hold a screw that receives a nut to hold a side shield in position. In the preferred embodiment, both the screw and the nut extend through the side shield. The nut and its projection are on the inside of the shield and the arm from the clamp is on the outside of the shield so that these parts straddle the shield, with at least a portion of the nut extending into the hole in the side shield.
This arrangement provides a strong and non-twistable clamp firmly engaging both sides of the temple and also a strong engagement with the shield by disposing a nut and screw that extend directly through a hole in the shield and are also clamped to the temple. The result is generally more complex than prior art devices since two screws are involved, but it is also much more secure than these devices.


A method for displaying events in a plurality of calendar systems. The Custom Calendar System Program (CCSP) herein allows a user to create a custom calendar system by changing the length and names of the year, month, week, or day of any calendar system. The Event Conversion Program (ECP) herein translates the date for an event into a generic date and stores the event with the generic date. When the user changes the displayed time period or calendar system, the Display Program (DP) herein displays the new calendar system and/or time period and determines which events occur on the displayed time period. The DP translates only the events which occur in the displayed time period into the displayed calendar system dates and displays those events on the displayed calendar. A date caching file allows the invention to minimize the number of translation calculations.

Several different calendar systems exist in the world today. While the majority of the Western world uses the Gregorian calendar system, other calendar systems are used in the Middle East and the Far East. For example, the Chinese calendar is used in many East Asian and Southeast Asian countries. The Jewish calendar is the official calendar of Israel. The Islamic calendar is the official calendar of Saudi Arabia and many other Islamic countries. The Indian calendar is the official calendar of India. Several other types of calendars are used by various religious, financial, and industrial organizations to suit specific purposes. Each calendar system is unique in the naming and organization of days, weeks, months, and years. A summary of the organization of some of the calendar systems is illustrated in table 1 below:
TABLE 1CalendarNumber of daysNumber of monthsNumber ofSystemper yearper yeardays per monthBahai365-366* 19**19Chinese353-355, 383*-385*12-13*29-30Gregorian365-366*1228-31Indian365-366*1230-31Islamic354-355*1229-30Jewish353-355, 383*-385*12-13*29-30*Denotes leap year;**The Bahai calendar system year has four intercalendary days between the eighteenth and nineteenth months (five intercalendary days in a leap year)
Modern conveniences such as air travel have enabled people to move to different regions of the world. In many instances, the country that a person has moved to does not use the same calendar system as the person's home country. In such cases, it is necessary to translate the local calendar system to the person's home country calendar system. Calendar system translations are also needed by organizations that do business through the world. Therefore, a need exists in the art for a method for translating from one calendar system to another.
The prior art has previously addressed the problem of translating one calendar system into another. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,793,716 (the '716 patent) entitled "Date Conversions with 360-Day-Year-Calendar" discloses a method for translating between a Gregorian calendar and a calendar system containing three hundred sixty days per year. The '716 patent does not disclose a method for translating between any other calendar systems. Therefore, a need still exists for a method for translating between a plurality of calendar systems other than a Gregorian calendar system and a 360-day-year calendar system.
Because of the various subtleties in many of the calendar systems, it is preferable to create a translation system in which the number of calculations required to translate one calendar system into another calendar system is minimized. The minimization of the number of translation calculations can be accomplished by using a generic calendar system and translating between the generic calendar system and the plurality of other calendar systems. The prior art has previously addressed the issue of creating a generic calendaring system. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,116,656 (the '656 patent) entitled "Perpetual Coded Calendar" discloses a calendar system in which the entire year is depicted on a seven by thirty-one matrix. The matrix contains colored dots that indicate the day of the week and the month of the year. The '656 patent only applies to a Gregorian calendar. The '656 patent does not disclose a method for translating the colored dot matrix into any other calendar systems.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,926,814 (the '814 patent) entitled "System and Method for Processing a New Calendar System" discloses a method for creating a Consist calendar system. The Consist calendar system is identical to the Gregorian calendar system with the exception that the Consist year is a three digit number equal to the Gregorian year minus 1,800. However, the '814 patent fails to address the issue of translating from the Consist calendar system to any non-Gregorian calendar systems (i.e. calendar systems that do not contain a 365-day-year). The '814 patent also fails to disclose a method for translating dates in one non-Gregorian calendar system to dates in another non-Gregorian calendar system.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,719,826 (the '826 patent) entitled "Calendaring System" discloses a calendar system which counts the number of days since Jan. 1, 0001. The '826 patent discloses an algorithm which predicts the occurrence of leap years and thus can predict the day of the week upon which a specific date occurs. The '826 patent also discloses a method for translating a date in an absolute calendar system into a Gregorian format. However, the '826 patent fails to address the issue of translating from the absolute calendar system to any non-Gregorian calendar systems (i.e. calendar systems that do not contain a 365 day year). The '826 patent also fails to disclose a method for translating dates in one non-Gregorian calendar system to dates in another non-Gregorian calendar system.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,108,640 (the '640 patent) entitled "System for Calculating Occasion Dates and Translating Between Different Calendar Systems, and Intelligent Agent for Using Same" discloses a translation system between Gregorian and non-Gregorian calendars. The '640 patent discloses a formula for translating a specific date in one calendar system to another. The '640 patent stores all events in the Gregorian calendar system and translates the dates to the required calendar system. Although the '640 patent discloses a useful method for translating a date in one calendar system to a date in another calendar system, the '640 patent fails to disclose a method for displaying a calendar system with a plurality of user-defined events. In other words, a user cannot use the '640 patent's disclosure to discern the number of days per year, number and names of the months of the year, number of days per month, and number and name of the days of the week in the foreign calendar system. The user also cannot view his event entries in the new calendar system. Therefore, a need still exists for a method of storing events which are entered in a plurality of different date formats and in which the events can be included in a displayed calendar systems.
Businesses also have needs for customizable calendar systems. Customized calendar systems are used by the petrochemical processing industry, the financial industry, and various other industries. Businesses that create customized calendar systems typically do so because they desire more uniformity in the weeks, months, or years than is offered with the Gregorian calendar system. However, the prior art has not disclosed a method for creating a customizable calendar system in which the calendar system can be automatically translated into another calendar system. Therefore, a need exists for a method for creating a custom calendar system and translating the custom calendar system into a plurality of other calendar systems.
Another important aspect of calendar systems is the ability to easily integrate with organizational software. Organizational software is well known in the art as evidenced by computer programs such as OUTLOOK®, LOTUS NOTES™, and PALM® OS. Because at least one of these programs operates on a majority of the world's computers, a calendar system translation tool which is integratable with these software programs would be especially beneficial. One of the objectives of these programs is to limit the number of calculations made by the processors executing the software program. The need to limit the number of calculations is especially high in computers with limited battery power such as laptops and Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). Therefore, a need exists in the art to reduce the total number of required calculations to translate one calendar system into another.
While the prior art solutions address many of the translation problems between calendar systems, no prior art solution addresses all of the needs identified above. Consequently, a need exists in the art for a method for storing a plurality of events in a generic calendar system, displaying a non-Gregorian calendar system, and displaying the stored events on the displayed calendar system. A need also exists for a method for creating customizable calendar systems in which the user can designate the number of days per year, the number of months per year, the number of days per month, the number of days per week, and the names of the years, months, and days. Finally, a need exists for a method of reducing the required number of translation algorithms and the overall number of calculations required to translate one calendar system into another.

Apparatus and method for handling calendar dates in a non-calendar system specific manner

International Business Machines Corporation


A display panel is disclosed. The display panel includes a first substrate, a display layer, a first conductive layer, a first insulation layer, a first protective layer, and a second insulation layer. The first substrate includes an active area and a peripheral area located adjacent to the active area. The display layer is disposed over the first substrate. The first conductive layer is disposed over the first substrate and located in the peripheral area. The first insulation layer is disposed between the first substrate and the first conductive layer. The first protective layer covers the first conductive layer. The second insulation layer is disposed over the first protective layer. The display panel according to the disclosure has better corrosion resistance to improve its reliability.

Field of Invention
The disclosure relates to a display panel and, in particular, to a display panel with high reliability.
Related Art
With the advance of technology, flat display devices are widely applied to various fields. Because flat display devices have advantages of compact volume, low power consumption, and non-radiation, they gradually replace traditional cathode ray tube (CRT) display devices and are applied to various electronic products, for example, mobile phones, portable multimedia devices, notebook computers, televisions, monitors, and so on.
For example, a conventional LCD device includes a thin film transistor (TFT) substrate, a color filter substrate, and a liquid crystal layer. The TFT substrate is disposed opposite the color filter substrate, and the liquid crystal layer is sandwiched between the two substrates so as to form a plurality of pixels. When scan signals are inputted from scan lines to the gates of TFTs in the corresponding pixels, the data voltages from data lines are inputted to pixel electrodes through the TFTs by controlling the TFTs so as to control the twist of liquid crystal molecules and display images.
Products with flat display panel, especially small and medium sized display panel (e.g. mobile phones and tablet computers), are often used under harsh conditions so corrosion resistance is very important. However, in the non-active area (i.e. the peripheral area) of the current small and medium sized display panel, due to the poor protection in a trace region or terminal portion (also known as bonding pad) in the peripheral area for example, water and ions easily enter the product and result in corrosion of its conductive layer. As a result, the reliability of the display panel is reduced.
Therefore, it is important to provide a display panel which has better corrosion resistance (anti-corrosion ability) to improve its reliability.


A concrete structure kit comprising a dry powdered concrete mixture contained within a shaped container or packaging is provided. In use, the packaged dry concrete mixture is placed in a desired location, water is added to the dry mixture in an appropriate amount, and the concrete is allowed to set in the shape of the container. After the concrete has hardened, the container may be removed from the outside of the concrete structure and discarded. In a second embodiment, a modular concrete mold system is provided, which includes a series of interlocking pieces having various shapes, such as straight sides, curved sides, corners, acute and obtuse angles, and the like. This arrangement allows a user to form a concrete mold into a variety of different shapes, as desired.

The present invention relates generally to methods and systems utilized for forming shaped concrete structures. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method and system whereby a dry concrete powder mixture is packaged in a form having a desired shape, which is then placed in a desired location, and water is added to the mixture, ultimately resulting in a hardened concrete structure. Additionally, a modular concrete form may be used to form desired shapes for the concrete structures.
Concrete (which may be used interchangeably herein with the term cement) is used for creating concrete structures such as paved surfaces, patio slabs, sidewalks, curbs, bases for fence posts and mailboxes, and the like. Concrete slurry is poured into the void or inner cavity created by concrete forms, which may be either permanent or temporary. Permanent forms remain attached to the solidified concrete with the exterior surface of the permanent form creating an edge surface. Temporary forms, in contrast, are removed after the concrete solidifies to reveal a concrete edge. For most home or do-it-yourself jobs, temporary forms are used. For instance, if a person wishes to install a concrete patio at their home, the person would first construct a concrete form, usually out of wood, which is shaped as desired and used to hold the wet concrete in place temporarily until the concrete hardens. Then, the concrete form is removed and discarded. The preparation of the form is a time consuming and expensive process.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a system where a dry concrete mixture is packaged in a container having a desired shape, such as a square or rectangular slab, and where the packaging itself serves as the concrete form. In this way, the consumer purchases the dry concrete mixture in the pre-formed packaging, places the item in the desired location, and simply adds water to the concrete mixture. Then, after the concrete is allowed to dry, the packaging may be cut or peeled away from the concrete structure, thereby obviating the steps of building the form and then removing it after drying.
It would also be desirable to provide an alternate embodiment, whereby a modular concrete form is provided so that a user could assemble various components of a form assembly into a desired shape.


A planar multi-band antenna includes a substrate and a metal pattern. The metal pattern includes a first metal wire, a second metal wire, a third metal wire and a fourth metal wire. The second metal wire is disposed opposite to the first metal wire and has a grounding point. Two ends of the third metal wire are connected to the first metal wire and second metal wire, respectively, and the first metal wire is divided into a first radiation portion and a second radiation portion. The fourth metal wire is partially located between the second radiation portion and the second metal wire and forms multiple bends, and has a first impedance matching portion and a feed point, and part of the fourth metal wire coincides with the second radiation portion in a projection direction. By the activation of the feeding point and the grounding point associates with the impedance matching portion, the antenna has plural bands.

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to an antenna and, more particularly, to a planar multi-band antenna.
2. Related Art
Wireless transmission is widely used in electronic products. To satisfy the demand of the users, most electronic devices nowadays have wireless transmission functions. In the wireless transmission system, antenna is one of important elements for transmitting and receiving signals. Without antennas, the wireless transmission system cannot transmit and receive data. Therefore, the antenna is necessary in wireless transmission systems.
Planar Inverter-F antenna (PIFA) is a common antenna architecture nowadays. Such structure can be used to design a single-band antenna, a dual-band antenna and a multi-band antenna. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a conventional PIFA. Three antennas 11, 12 and 13 are PIFA, and they may have the same or different frequencies. An antenna for notebook computer applications shall be long and narrow, taking the antenna 11 as an example, in the long and narrow space, segments A1B1D1 and A1B1C1 are operated in a λ/4 mode. Since other high modes operate at higher frequencies (such as a 3λ/4 mode), or they are hard to be excited (such as a λ/2 and a λ mode), the PIFA architecture is hard to achieve a dual broadband antenna or a broadband antenna.


An exerciser has a handlebar pivoted to a frame and a drive axle and a shaft supported between two plates. A drive gear is fixed on the drive axle. Two rings are rotatably provided on the shaft and are engagable with each other. A driven gear is provided on one of the rings. When the drive gear and the driven gear are engaged with each other, the lower end of the handlebar is driven to swing by a rotation of a cam which is fixed to the other ring so that the handlebar can optionally be caused to swing.

The present invention relates to an exercising mechanism, and more particularly to an exercising mechanism having a selective coupling assembly for selectively coupling the handle portion thereof.
Ordinary cycle exercisers are in the nature of a stationary, one-wheel cycle, with a pedal-driven apparatus applying work to a resistance wheel of some kind. In recent years, the cycle exercisers include elongated levers with handgrips. The elongated levers can pivot about the wheel axle and are connected to a crank ring which causes rotation of the energy absorbing wheel.
Several examples of such a cycle exerciser are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,188,030 to Hooper, U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,244 to Ross, U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,789 to Brilando, U.S. Pat. No. 4,712,790 to Szymski, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,838,544 to Sasakawa. All the lever arms of the above-mentioned patents are directly coupled to the crank ring or the like so that the lever arms should be rotated in concert with the wheel axle. This is not optional when the users would like to have the exercise for only the muscles of the legs and the lower torso.
The present invention has arisen to mitigate and/or obviate the afore-described disadvantages of the conventional cycle exerciser.

Exercising mechanism having a selective coupling assembly

No. 36, Alley 23, Lane 493, Sec., 3, Chung Shan Rd.


A lower extremity exoskeleton includes: at least one power unit; two leg supports designed to rest on the ground; two knee joints configured to allow flexion and extension between respective shank and thigh links of the leg supports; an exoskeleton trunk rotatably connectable to the leg supports; and two hip actuators configured to create torques between the exoskeleton trunk and the leg supports. In use, the hip actuators create a torque to move the leg supports backward relative to the exoskeleton trunk during a stance phase, which pushes the exoskeleton trunk forward. A second torque may be used to move the leg supports forward relative to the exoskeleton trunk into a swing phase. Additionally, a swing torque may be generated during the swing phase to move the leg support forward relative to the exoskeleton trunk. This results in decreased oxygen consumption and heart rate of a user wearing the exoskeleton.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of lower extremity exoskeletons and, more specifically, to the field of lower extremity exoskeletons that decrease their wearer's oxygen consumption and heart rate.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
In a wide variety of situations, people of ordinary ability often consume a great deal of oxygen when walking or carrying a load. Certainly, the oxygen consumption and heart rate of a person will vary depending on the amount of physical exertion. In a paper entitled "A QUASI-PASSIVE LEG EXOSKELETON FOR LOAD-CARRYING AUGMENTATION", International Journal of Humanoid Robotics, 2007, the authors claim to have developed a quasi-passive exoskeleton that increases the walking metabolic cost of transport (COT), as compared to a standard loaded backpack by 10%, while further stating that a similar exoskeleton without joint springs or damping control (zero-impedance exoskeleton) was found to increase the COT by 23%, compared to the standard loaded backpack.
The provision of a quasi-passive exoskeleton, as disclosed in the prior art, is considered to negatively affect certain cardio and other physiological parameters of a user. Therefore, opportunities still exist to provide a compact, easy-to-operate, fast, and general purpose exoskeleton device, particularly such an exoskeleton device that will significantly decrease a person's oxygen consumption and heart rate while the device is being worn.

Device and method for decreasing oxygen consumption of a person during steady walking by use of a load-carrying exoskeleton


Aspects relate to managing tie-breaking in a multi-node cluster. Methods and systems include detecting, by a first node of the multi-node cluster, that a private network connected to a second node of the multi-node cluster has failed, the first node configured to provide service to a client and access a quorum disk of the multi-node cluster. The first node then communicates with an external point and determines whether the external point is successfully communicated with. The first node determines if a time delay should be imposed, waits for any determined time delay, and attempts to reserve the quorum disk. The first node then verifies it has reserved the quorum disk and obtains operational quorum when the quorum disk is reserved by the first node.

The present disclosure relates generally to high availability clusters and, more specifically, to tie-breaking processes in high availability clusters.
In high availability clusters, one of the most important things to prevent is data corruption on shared storage. In such clusters, multiple nodes may able to access a single shared storage but it is not intended for multiple nodes to access the storage at the same time. If multiple nodes access the storage at the same time, data on the storage may become corrupted. Thus, tie-breaking logic is applied to prevent multiple nodes from accessing the storage at the same time.
Tie-breaking is used when a cluster of multiple nodes loses operational quorum because of loss of networking between the nodes of the cluster. For example, in a non-limiting example, tie-breaking is a process of determining which of a multiple of nodes will access a shared storage when multiple nodes attempt to access the storage at the same time. For example, tie-breaking may be needed when a constant networking heart-beating between the nodes of a cluster is lost. This may happen when one of the nodes has died or when networking has been lost between the nodes. When this occurs, the nodes may not know which node currently is accessing the storage, and thus each node could attempt to access the storage. Tie-breaking is configured in cluster management software to ensure no data corruption happens and that only one of the nodes in this "split-brain" can access the shared storage, e.g., write to the storage. The two primary ways to implement tie-breaking for even-node clusters are (i) a network tie-breaker and (ii) a quorum disk tie-break.
The network tie-break works by each node pinging or communicating with a common external node or destination point, thus allowing the node that can reach that external point to keep operational quorum and the one that cannot reach the external point to lose operational quorum. Having operational quorum is the state of a node having ability to remain active, including the ability to read and write to the shared disk. A disadvantage to this approach may arise in complex networks because it may be possible for the nodes to lose network heart-beating between themselves but the nodes are able to continue verify networking access to the external point, thus resulting in multiple nodes achieving operational quorum, which can easily lead to data corruption when shared storage is used in the cluster. However, the benefit of network tie-break is that it gives a better probability of having the node that has the best opportunity to be able to be reached by networking clients to obtain operational quorum, thus keeping availability live for the cluster.
The second type of tie-break strategy is a quorum disk tie-break. In this case, reservation commands are used against a shared storage disk during a network "split-brain" to ensure only one node, or sub-cluster, can obtain operational quorum. A disadvantage of this approach is that it becomes a race for which node will attempt to reserve the quorum disk first and thus keeping operational quorum, without taking into account which node might be more available to the client. Thus, improved tie-breaking processes are desirable to provide the best node to have access to a shared storage disk in the event of a break in network heart-beating between the nodes.

Tie-breaking for high availability clusters

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


A CRT driving circuit includes a cathode control circuit for controlling a cathode voltage of a CRT on the basis of a video signal created by a video circuit, a power supply circuit for creating a power supply voltage for each of the cathode control circuit and the video circuit, a switch circuit provided between the power supply circuit and the cathode control circuit, and a monitor control circuit for on/off controlling the switch circuit and the power supply circuit on the basis of a power-on/off externally inputted signal. In response to the power-on/off signal, when the monitor control circuit switches the switch circuit and the power supply circuit into an off-state, it turns off the power supply circuit later than the switch circuit. Even after a power-switch is turned off, the video signal is supplied to the cathode control circuit so that the cathode control circuit continues its on-state. Thus, the charges left in the CRT while the power-switch is turned off are discharged through the cathode control circuit in the on-state.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a CRT driving circuit used in a display device using a CRT in a television set or a television set equipped with a video cassette recorder, and more particularly to a CRT driving circuit used to drive the cathode of the CRT.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is well known that with respect to the CRT of a television set or a television set equipped with a video cassette recorder, a monitor screen still illuminates in white spots even after a power switch is turned off. It is said that such a phenomenon, called "remaining spot" or "stray emission", is attributable to a remaining high voltage because electrons are left in the CRT after the power switch is turned off.
This remaining spot impairs the display as a commodity product. In order to obviate such an inconvenience, conventionally, when the power switch is turned off, a so-called "full white" video signal is been applied to a cathode control circuit of the CRT so that the entire screen illuminates in white, and thereafter a power supply circuit is turned off.
However, such a countermeasure does not discharge the high voltage left in the CRT after the power switch is turned off so that it is only a temporary means for making the remaining spot unattractive, not a substantial solution of the inconvenience. In addition, such a countermeasure places the CRT in an excessively loaded state due to the full white image and hence is not preferred to the CRT.


The present invention relates to techniques for a sensor network, machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, machine-type communication (MTC) and internet of things (IoT). The present invention may be applied to said technique-based intelligent services (such as smart home, smart building, smart city, smart or connected car, health care, digital education, retail business, and services associated with security and safety). A transmission apparatus of a wireless communication system according to an embodiment of the present invention comprises: a transmission unit for transmitting a compressed beacon frame by means of a plurality of transmission beams; a receiving unit for receiving information for the optimal transmission beam from among the plurality of transmission beams; and a control unit for controlling beamforming by means of a beam received from a terminal, wherein the data and header are compressed into a single frame in the compressed beacon frame.

The Internet is evolving from a human-oriented connection network, in which humans generate and consume information, to the Internet of Things (IoT) network in which distributed elements, such as objects and the like, exchange and process information. Internet of Everything (IoE) technology, in which big-data processing technology is combined with the IoT technology through connection with a cloud server or the like, has emerged. In order to implement the IoT, technical factors such as a sensing technique, wired/wireless communication, network infrastructure, service interface technology, and security technology are required, and thus technologies such as a sensor network, Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication, Machine-Type Communication (MTC), and the like for connection between objects are being researched these days.
In an IoT environment, through collection and analysis of data generated in connected objects, an intelligent Internet Technology (IT) service that creates new value in people's lives may be provided. The IoT may be applied to fields such as those of a smart home, smart building, smart city, smart car, connected car, smart grid, health care, smart home appliance, or high-tech medical service, through convergence of conventional Information Technology (IT) with various industries.
Recently, discussion has been actively conducted on wireless communication technology that operates in an ultra-high-frequency band. For example, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11ad standard is a multi-gigabit-speed wireless communication technology that operates at a frequency band of 60 gigahertz (GHz). This wireless communication technology uses beamforming technology for transmitting or receiving a signal more efficiently.

Method and apparatus for controlling beamforming


A data encoder is set to an initial condition by encoding preliminary symbols. The encoder is then used to encode the data to generate ECC symbols. The data and the generated ECC symbols are then recorded on a disk as code words. Thereafter, when a data code word is read it is again encoded in the initialized encoder to generate new ECC symbols. If the data read from the disk is one or more symbols out of synchronization, errors due to the initial condition will be found. The locations of the errors due to missynchronization will be in symbols corresponding to the initial condition, that is, in the preliminary symbols and beyond the boundary of the code word data, indicating the synchronization error. Alternatively, the locations of errors due to defects in the disk or misinterpretation of the data signal are within the code word data. Thus a missynchronization ofoneof more full symbols can be readily detected.

Digital data processing systems typically include data storage devices, for example, multi-disk disk drives. Data is recorded on the disks in concentric tracks. The tracks are divided into sectors, and each sector is further divided into several sections including, for example, a header section and a data section. Data is recorded in (written) or retrieved from (read) the data portions of the sectors while synchronization information and address information, that is, disk surface number, track number and sector number, are stored in the header sections.
Data is read from or written to the disks using read/write heads. Each head is associated with a particular disk surface or portion of a disk surface. As the disks rotate under the heads, data is, for example, read from a particular sector when the associated head is over the data portion of that sector.
To begin a read or write operation the appropriate head is moved to the track containing the selected sector. Unless the head was used in the immediately preceding read or write operation, the head, or more specifically the timer and clocks associated with the read/write operation, must then be synchronized to the disk so that the sector addresses rotating under the head can be read. Once it is synchronized to the header synchronization information, it locates the selected sector by reading the sector addresses. When the sector is located the head locates the start of the data section of the sector and it performs the read or write operation. If, for example, during a read operation the start of the data section is not exactly located, inappropriate information read from the disk may be interpreted as data.
The data read from the disk is typically in encoded form. Prior to recording the data is encoded using error correction codes (ECC's). Encoding the data avoids losing it if it becomes corrupted due to a defect in the disk or noise signals in the read or write channels, either of which may cause the data signal to be misinterpreted. The result of misinterpreting the data signal is erroneous data. The error correction codes ("ECC's") are employed to, as the name implies, correct the erroneous data.
Before a string of data symbols is written to a disk, it is mathematically encoded to form ECC symbols. The ECC symbols are then appended to the data string to form code words--data symbols plus ECC symbols--and the code words are written to or stored on the disks. When data is to be read from the disks, the code words containing the data symbols are retrieved from the disks and mathematically decoded. During decoding any errors in the data are detected and, if possible, corrected through manipulation of the ECC symbols [For a detailed description of decoding see Peterson and Weldon, Error Correction Codes, 2d Edition, MIT Press, 1972].
Stored digital data can contain multiple independent errors. One of the most effective types of ECC used for the correction of multiple errors is a Reed-Solomon code [For a detailed description of Reed-Solomon codes, see Peterson and Weldon, Error Correction Codes]. To correct multiple errors in strings of data symbols, Reed-Solomon codes efficiently and effectively utilize the various mathematical properties of sets of symbols known as Galois Fields, represented "GF(P.sup.q)", where "P" is a prime number and "q" can be thought of as the number of digits, base P, in each element or symbol in the field. "P" usually has the value 2 in digital computer applications and, therefore, "q" is the number of bits in each symbol.
The size of a Galois Field is P.sup.q symbols, that is, the field has P.sup.q elements. Thus if GF(2.sup.8) is the selected field, there are 2.sup.8 or 256 elements and each element of the field is an eight-bit symbol. The non-zero elements are of the form .alpha..sup.i, where ".alpha." is a primitive element of the field and 0.ltoreq.i.ltoreq.P.sup.q -1. Thus each element is a multiple of .alpha.. Galois Fields are finite fields, that is, they have a finite number of elements. Thus for each .alpha..sup.k, k>p.sup.q, there is an .alpha..sup.j, j.ltoreq.P.sup.q -1, where .alpha..sup.k 32 .alpha..sup.j.
Error detection and correction techniques for Reed-Solomon ECC's are well known. Id. One such technique begins with again encoding the code word data to generate ECC symbols and then comparing these ECC symbols with the ECC symbols in the code word, i.e. the ECC symbols generated by the pre-storage encoding of the data, to detect any errors in the retrieved data. [For a detailed discussion of this error detection technique, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,339 issued to Riggle and Weng].
The comparison of the two sets of ECC symbols is made by exclusive OR'ing ("XOR'ing") them. If there are no errors in the retrieved data, the XOR'ing will produce a string of symbols containing only zeros. If there are errors in the retrieved data, the result of the XOR'ing will be non-zero and error correction will be performed, if possible. If the number of non-zero symbols which result from the XOR'ing is less than the number of errors the code is designed to correct, all the errors are in the ECC symbols and no error correction is required. If the number of non-zero resulting symbols is equal to or greater than the number of errors the code is designed to correct, the data contains one or more errors and error correction is then performed.
In order to correct the data errors, the locations and the magnitudes or "values" of the errors must be determined. The first step in determining the error locations and the error values is to form error syndrome equations from the results of the XOR'ing of the ECC symbols. [For a detailed discussion of the generation of the error syndromes refer to U.S. Pat. No. 4,413,339 issued to Riggle and Weng]. The error syndromes are then used to generate polynomials which, when evaluated, will identify the location and the value of each of the errors.
Alternatively the error syndromes may be formed using the entire retrieved code word. This avoids the steps of re-encoding the retrieved data and comparing the ECC symbols with the retrieved ECC symbols. However, error syndromes will be generated for every code word, even those without errors, although in the latter case the syndromes will be identically zero. Where there are errors, i.e. the error syndromes are not zero, the syndromes are then used to locate and correct any errors in exactly the same manner as the syndromes formed from the results of the XOR'ing of the ECC symbols. The choice between these two arrangements may, for example, depend on whether the syndromes are generated in software or hardware.
The calculation of the values of the errors is necessarily dependent on their locations. Typically, the error locations are calculated first by using the error syndromes to generate an error locator polynomial .delta.(x). The solutions or roots of the equation, .delta.(x)=0, designate the locations of the errors. The roots, x.sub.r, are then substituted into an error evaluator polynomial .PHI.(x) and the polynomial is evaluated. The results are then divided by the corresponding values of the first derivative, .delta.'(x.sub.r), of the error locator polynomial to provide the values of the errors. Once both the error locations and the corresponding error values are known, the data can then be corrected.
Reed-Solomon codes are cyclic codes, that is, if v=c.sub.1 c.sub.2 c.sub.3. . . c.sub.z-i c.sub.z is a code word, where c.sub.a is an element of the Galois Field used to encode the data and z=P.sup.q -1, then v'=c.sub.z c.sub.1 c.sub.2 c.sub.3. . . c.sub.z-1 is also a code word. If a shortened code is used, it is likely that the code words will appear cyclic, that is, if z=00000z.sub.1 z.sub.2 z.sub.3. . . z.sub.q 0 is a code word, then z'=000000z.sub.1 z.sub.2 z.sub.3. . . z.sub.q is a code word. However, z"=z.sub.q 000000z.sub.1 z.sub.2 z.sub.3. . . z.sub.q-1 is not a code word in the shortened code because the first term of z" is non-zero.
Thus if the boundaries of a code word are misinterpreted, for example, during a read operation, and the operation starts one or two complete symbols beyond the beginning of the code word and then appends one or two symbols from the beginning of the next code word to the end, the result is likely to be another code word. This means that if the head is not precisely synchronized, for example, to the start of the data section of a sector the code word read from the disk may contain only a portion of the data recorded in the sector and thus the data may be inaccurately interpreted by the data processing system. If, however, the synchronization is off by less than a complete symbol, the code will indicate the mis-synchronization by detecting a number of errors, typically more errors than the code is designed to correct. Thus it is desirable to encode the data such that a one or more full symbol mis-synchronization is indicated by the code.

Sector mis-synchronization detection method


A method of disconnecting a slat from a wheel assembly that is used with a positive displacement sorter having a plurality of parallel laterally extending slats and a pair of wheel assemblies, each interconnecting common end portions of the slats thereby defining an endless web that travels in a longitudinal direction. An upper surface of the web defines an article-conveying surface. The sorter has a plurality of pusher shoes travelling along the slats in order to laterally displace articles on said conveying surface. The sorter further has a plurality of attachment mechanisms, each attaching an end portion of one of the slats to one of the wheel assemblies. Each of the attachment mechanisms includes at least one locking member. The locking member includes a pin on the slat engaging an opening in one of the wheel assemblies. A retraction tool is positioned against one of the wheel assemblies adjacent to the slat to be disconnected. The retraction tool is pivoted about the wheel assembly to retract the pin from the opening. The slat is disconnected from the wheel assembly with the pin being retracted from the opening.

The present invention is directed to a positive displacement shoe and slat sorter and in particular to a technique for easily removing and attaching slats to wheel assemblies.
Positive displacement sorters include a large number of generally parallel slats and wheel assemblies connected to opposite ends of the slats to hold the slats together in a web and to allow the web to travel under a motive force. The wheel assemblies may include covers, known as cap angles, in order to allow articles to be diverted off of the sorter without contacting the wheel assemblies. Some installations also include guards to restrict articles from falling off of the sorter in the case of a jamb condition.
The presence of cap angles, guards, and the like, make it cumbersome to remove a slat, such as to replace a pusher shoe, access the interior of the sorter, or the like. Therefore, proposals have been made to provide a slat-mounting arrangement that allows removal and reattachment of the slats with respect to the wheel assemblies without the need to remove the cap angle and/or the guards.


Provided is a thermal compound composition having heat dissipation and electrical insulation properties, where the thermal compound composition includes a Cu—CuO composite filler having a Cu core and a shell composed of CuO having a whisker crystal structure. The CuO having the whisker crystal structure is prepared by reacting Cu particles in a basic solution so that an outer shell thereof is grown into whisker-shaped CuO.

The present invention relates to a thermal compound composition having not only high thermal conductivity but also an electrical insulation property. The thermal compound has to possess high thermal conductivity so as to ensure a heat dissipation function, but electrical conductivity is typically increased therewith due to the component used to increase thermal conductivity, and thus the use thereof is difficult in devices requiring an electrical insulation property. The present invention relates to a technique for a thermal compound composition having high thermal conductivity and a good electrical insulation property.
Due to the high integration of electronic parts, a large amount of heat is generated upon operating the parts, thus applying an excessive load to products and also having a negative influence on the performance and lifetime of the products. With the goal of solving the problem of heat generation in electronic parts, many attempts are made to synthesize and apply a heat-dissipating material so as to enhance the performance of products. Such a heat-dissipating material is exemplified by a thermal compound (or thermal grease).
A thermal compound is adhesive and contains silicone oil as a main resin thereof, and maintaining stable adhesion even under severe conditions is regarded as important. A thermal compound is typically prepared by mixing a silicone base with inorganic particles having high thermal conductivity as a heat-dissipating filler. Examples of the heat-dissipating filler used therefor may include alumina, boron nitride, aluminum nitride, zinc oxide, and magnesium oxide, all of which have high thermal conductivity so as to dissipate heat effectively.
The related technical documents for existing thermal compounds or thermal grease are as follows.
Korean Patent No. 10-0603490 discloses a silicone grease composition for heat radiation, which is thermal silicone grease that may exhibit stable thermal conductivity for a long period of time and is highly reliable, whereby oil pollutants are not generated and contact defects do not occur, the composition comprising (A) 100 parts by weight of organopolysiloxane having thixotropy α of 1.03 to 1.50 and a viscosity of 100 to 1,000,000 mm2/s at 25° C., and (B) 100 to 2,000 parts by weight of a thermal conductive inorganic filler having an average particle size of 0.1 to 100 μm.
Also, Korean Patent No. 10-0786747 discloses a greasy silicone composition containing a large amount of a thickener and having high heat resistance, comprising (A) liquid organopolysiloxane composed of 80 to 96.5 mol % of a siloxane unit represented by the formula of R2SiO2/2, 1.0 to 10.0 mol % of a siloxane unit represented by the formula of RSiO3/2, and 0.25 to 10.0 mol % of a siloxane unit represented by the formula of R3SiO1/2 (wherein individual Rs, which are the same as or different from each other, are a monovalent hydrocarbon group) and (B) a thermal conductive powder.
Also, Korean Patent No. 10-1073164 discloses a heat-dissipating silicone grease composition having high thermal conductivity and high coatability, comprising (A) 3 to 30 mass % of organopolysiloxane having a kinematic viscosity of 50 to 500000 mm2/s at 25° C., (B) 60 to 96.9 mass % of a thermal conductive filler having a thermal conductivity of 10 W/(m·K) or more, and (C) 0.1 to 10 mass % of a solvent for dispersing or dissolving the (A) component.
Furthermore, Korean Patent Nos. 10-1155940 and 10-1336517, Korean Patent Application Publication No. 10-2010-0059684, Korean Patent No. 10-1498516, and Korean Patent Application Publication No. 10-2012-0035878 have also been disclosed.
These conventional related documents are mainly focused on improving the thermal conductivity of the thermal compound. However, electrical conductivity is also increased due to the component of the filler used for increasing thermal conductivity, and the use of such a thermal compound is limited to devices requiring electrical insulation properties due to problems related to short-circuits. Hence, the present invention has been devised to respond to the need for the development of a thermal compound having high thermal conductivity and a good electrical insulation property.

Thermal compound composition containing Cu—CuO composite filler


Emails or other communications are labeled with a category label such as “spam” or “good” without using confidential or Personally Identifiable Information (PII). The category label is based on features of the emails such as metadata that do not contain PII. Graphs of inferred relationships between email features and category labels are used to assign labels to emails and to features of the emails. The labeled emails are used as a training dataset for training a machine learning model (“MLM”). The MLM model identifies unwanted emails such as spam, bulk email, phishing email, and emails that contain malware.

Unwanted emails and other electronic communications are a persistent issue for users of electronic communication systems. The problems caused by unwanted email can range from annoyance caused by spam and bulk email to serious harm due to phishing attacks and malware. One step in addressing the problems caused by unwanted communications is distinguishing unwanted communications from desirable communications. Many technologies have been used to identify spam, bulk email, phishing email, email containing malware, etc. However, due to the relentless adaptation of bad actors creating unwanted communications, most technologies are useful for only a limited time and in limited scenarios.
As one example, on enterprise email systems it is challenging to effectively identify and control unwanted communications while maintaining the confidentiality of the email contents and protecting Personally Identifiable Information ("PII"). Blocking spam without being able to "look inside" an email is difficult. Without access to the content of the messages it is challenging to create a system that effectively distinguishes between desired and undesired communications.
It is with respect to these and other considerations the disclosure made herein is presented.

Privacy-preserving labeling and classification of email


The superconducting winding comprises a rotor which may rotate about a rotation axis with a superconducting winding in a thermally conducting winding support. The winding support comprises a central coolant cavity, with a lateral cavity leading out of the winding support connected thereto. A cold head of a refrigeration unit is connected to a condenser unit for condensing refrigerant and is arranged outside the rotor. A fixed heat tube, supplying the refrigerant, is coupled to the condenser unit, extending axially into the rotating lateral cavity and is sealed relative to the cavity. The refrigerant is a mixture of several components having different condensation temperatures.

The subject matter of the Patent Application in accordance with WO 02/43224 A1 with the priority date Nov. 21, 2000 and entitled "Supraleitungseinrichtung mit einem thermisch an eine rotierende, supraleitende Wicklung angekoppelten Kaltkopf einer Kälteeinheit" [Superconducting device having a cold head, which is thermally coupled to a rotating, superconducting winding, of a refrigeration unit], which was not published prior to this, is a special superconducting device with a rotor which is mounted such that it can rotate about a rotation axis and has at least one superconducting winding with conductors (which are arranged in a thermally conductive winding mount) as well as a refrigeration unit, in which at least one cold head is thermally coupled via thermally conductive parts to the winding, making use of a thermosyphon effect.
In addition to metallic superconductor materials such as NbTi or Nb3Sn which have been known for a long time and have very low critical temperatures Tc and which are therefore also referred to as low Tc superconductor materials or LTS materials, metal-oxide superconductor materials with critical temperatures above 77 K have been known since 1987. The latter materials are referred to as high-Tc superconductor materials, or HTS materials, and in principle allow a refrigeration technique using liquid nitrogen (LN2).
Attempts have also been made to create superconducting windings with conductors using such HTS materials. However, it has been found that already known conductors can carry only a comparatively small amount of current in magnetic fields with inductions in the Tesla range. This often means that it is necessary to keep the conductors of windings such as these at a temperature level below 77 K, for example between 10 and 50 K, despite the intrinsically high critical temperatures of the materials being used in order in this way to make it possible to carry significant currents at field strengths of several Tesla. A temperature level such as this is admittedly on the one hand considerably higher than 4.2 K, the boiling temperature of liquid helium (LHe) with which known metallic superconductor elements such as Nb3Sn are cooled. On the other hand, however, cooling with LN2 is uneconomic due to the high conductor losses. Other liquefied gases such as hydrogen with a boiling temperature of 20.4 K or neon with a boiling temperature of 27.1 K cannot be used owing to their danger or their lack of availability.
Refrigeration units in the form of cryogenic coolers with closed helium compressed gas circuits are therefore preferably used for cooling windings with HTS conductors in the temperature range. Cryogenic coolers such as these are, in particular, in the form of the Gifford-McMahon or Stirling type, or are in the form of so-called pulse tube coolers. Refrigeration units such as these also have the advantage that the refrigeration performance is available virtually at the push of a button, and there is no need for the user to handle cryogenic liquids. When refrigeration units such as these are used, a superconducting device such as a magnet coil or a transformer winding is cooled only indirectly by heat conduction to a cold head of a refrigerator (see, for example, "Proc. 16th Int. Cryog. Engng. Conf. (ICEC 16)", Kitakyushu, JP, May 20-24 1996, Verlag Elsevier Science, 1997, pages 1109 to 1129).
A corresponding cooling technique is also provided for a superconducting rotor of an electrical machine which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,919 A. The rotor contains a rotating winding composed of HTS conductors, which can be kept at a desired operating temperature of between 30 and 40 K by a refrigeration unit which is in the form of a Stirling, Gifford-McMahon or pulse tube cooler. In a specific embodiment for this purpose, the refrigeration unit contains a cold head which also rotates, is not described in any more detail in the document, and whose colder side is thermally coupled to the winding indirectly, via elements which conduct heat. Furthermore, the refrigeration unit of the known machine contains a compressor unit which is located outside its rotor and supplies the cold head with the necessary working gas via a rotating coupling, which is not described in any more detail, of a corresponding transfer unit. The coupling also supplies the necessary electrical power via two sliprings to a valve drive, which is integrated in the cold head, of the refrigeration unit. This concept makes it necessary for at least two gas connections to be routed coaxially in the transfer unit and means that it is necessary to provide at least two electrical sliprings. Furthermore, the accessibility to the rotating parts of the refrigeration unit and, in particular, to the valve drive in the rotor of the machine is impeded, since the rotor housing must be open when servicing is necessary. Furthermore, the operation of a known valve drive with fast rotation, as in the case of synchronous motors or generators, is not assured.
In order to ensure reliable and economic operation of a refrigeration unit both when the rotor is at rest and when it is rotating, in a temperature range below 77 K and with less hardware complexity, the subsequently published patent application according to WO 02/43224 A1 proposes the following features for the superconducting device of the type mentioned initially:                the winding mount should be equipped with a central, cylindrical cavity which extends in the axial direction and to which a lateral cavity is connected which leads out of the winding mount,        the cold head should be located in a fixed manner outside the rotor and thermally connected to a condenser unit for condensation of a refrigerant,        a stationary heat pipe should be coupled to the condenser unit, which pipe projects axially into the corotating lateral cavity and seals off this area radially, and        the heat pipe, the lateral cavity and the central cavity should be filled with coolant, with condensed refrigerant being passed, when making use of the thermosyphon effect, via the heat pipe into the lateral cavity and from there into the central cavity, and refrigerant which is vaporized there being passed back via the lateral cavity and the heat pipe to the condenser unit.
In consequence, in this refinement of the proposed superconducting device, the entire refrigeration unit is arranged with any moving parts outside the rotor, and is thus easily accessible at any time. The refrigeration power and the heat transfer are provided by a stationary cold head in the rotor via the heat pipe, which ensures that the refrigerant is transported without any mechanically moving parts. In this case, the refrigerant is condensed, with heat being emitted, in a circulating process in a condenser unit, which is connected in a highly thermally conductive manner to the cold head. The liquid condensate then runs through the heat pipe into the lateral cavity and from there into the central cavity in the rotor. The condensate is transported through the heat pipe under the influence of the force of gravity on the basis of a so-called thermosyphon effect, and/or by the capillary force of the inner wall of the heat pipe. In this context, this pipe acts in a manner which is known per se as a "wick". This function can also be optimized by appropriate refinement or cladding of the inner wall. The condensate drips into the lateral cavity at the end of the heat pipe. This condensate, which is passed from this lateral cavity into the central cavity, which is located in the region of the winding, is at least partially vaporized there. The refrigerant, which is vaporized in this way with heat being absorbed, then flows through the interior of the heat pipe back into the condenser device. The return flow is in this case driven by a slight overpressure in the central cavity, which acts as an evaporator part, relative to the parts of the condenser unit which act as a condenser. This reduced pressure, which is produced by the creation of gas in the evaporator and by the liquefaction in the condenser, leads to the desired refrigerant return flow. Corresponding refrigerant flows are known from so-called heat pipes.
The advantages of this refinement are, inter alia, that there is no need for any moving parts, such as fans or pumps, to circulate the refrigerant. Furthermore, only a single thermally insulating heat (transport) pipe, which can be designed to be relatively thin, is required to circulate the refrigerant. This reduces the complexity, particularly of the rotating seal, which seals the gas area of the refrigerant from the external area of the rotor. A seal, which is thus only comparatively small, is more reliable and requires less servicing since its circumferential speed is lower. In this case, gas losses of the refrigerant from the internal area to the external area have no significant influence on the operation of the heat pipe, since the amount of liquid in the system is effected only to a minor extent. In consequence, long lives can be achieved with an adequate reservoir size. Furthermore, the refrigeration unit can easily be matched to the different requirements of machine installation. In particular, depending on the configuration, a heat pipe with a length of many meters can be provided so that, for example, a refrigeration machine can be installed at an accessible point in order to simplify its servicing, while the actual motor or generator is installed in a location where access is difficult. The heat transfer and the provision of the refrigeration power are thus particularly simple and economic with the refinement, in particular since only a comparatively simple seal is required.
When cooling a superconducting rotor down from room temperature to the operating temperature by a cold head which is connected via only one thermosyphon, as is envisaged in the proposed superconducting device, the power of the cold head is relatively low at the low operating temperature of the thermosyphon, which is typically about 30 K. This results in correspondingly long cooling-down times. This is because, in a cooling system with only one thermosyphon, it is either necessary to tolerate a cooling-down time on the scale of roughly one or more weeks—depending on the cold mass and the refrigeration power—or the thermosyphon must be temporarily filled with a different working gas for initial cooling of the rotor, thus allowing a higher operating temperature. The latter procedure would necessitate several hours of maintenance work during a cooling-down process. However, this should be avoided, for logistics and cost reasons.

Superconducting device with a cold head of a refrigeration unit with a thermosyphon effect thermally coupled to a rotating superconducting winding


A switching circuit is provided. The switching circuit includes at least one Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filter, a Single-Pole n Throw (SPnT) switch connected to an input port of each of the at least one SAW filter, and a Dual-Pole n Throw (DPnT) switch connected to an output port of each of the at least one SAW filter.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for selecting a frequency band.
2. Description of the Related Art
A radio communication system may provide various high-speed large-capacity services to Mobile Stations (MSs), and may be a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) mobile communication system, a Long-Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) mobile communication system, an Evolved Packet System (EPS), an Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16m communication system and any other suitable and/or similar radio communication system. As described above, radio communication systems have evolved, along with MSs that have evolved to receive high-speed large-capacity services, and more specially to receive services through various frequency bands.
FIG. 1 illustrates an internal structure of an MS in a radio communication system according to the related art.
Referring to FIG. 1, an MS includes an antenna (ANT) and a Front End Module (FEM) 100. The FEM 100 includes a switch, such as a Single-Pole 7 Throw (SP7T) switch 111 and a plurality of filters, such as Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) filters which are shown as first through seventh SAW filters 113, 115, 117, 119, 121, 123 and 125. Each of the SAW filters 113 to 125 may be used for a Transmission (TX) jammer rejection, and may perform a filtering operation corresponding to a preset frequency band. The SAW filters 113 to 125 have paths connected to a Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit (RFIC) (not shown) per a related frequency band.
Signals output from the SAW filters 113 to 125 may be integrated so that an MS facilitates receiving services through various frequency bands. Further, a case of integrating the signals output from the SAW filters 113 to 125 may occur in order to decrease the unit cost of production of the MS and to minimize a hardware space or size of the MS. If the signals output from the SAW filters 113 to 125 are integrated, then the unit cost of production of the MS may be decreased and the hardware space of the MS may be minimized since the paths on which the SAW filters 113 to 125 and the RFIC are connected one to one. However, FEMs of the related art may not integrate signals output from SAW filters.
Therefore, a need exists for a system and method for integrating the signals output from the SAW filters.
The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present invention.

Apparatus and method for selecting frequency band