An organic light-emitting display apparatus and a method for forming the same, the apparatus including a transparent protection layer on a substrate; a via insulation layer on the transparent protection layer; a pixel electrode on the via insulation layer; an opposite electrode on the pixel electrode; and an intermediate layer between the pixel electrode and the opposite electrode, the intermediate layer including an organic emission layer.

1. Field
Embodiments relate to an organic light-emitting display apparatus and a method for manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Organic light-emitting display apparatuses are self-emitting display apparatuses that include an organic light-emitting device including a hole injection electrode, an electron injection electrode, and an organic emission layer between the hole injection electrode and the electron injection electrode. For example, holes injected from the hole injection electrode and electrons injected from the electron injection electrode may be recombined with each other within the organic emission layer to generate an exciton. Then, the exciton may drop from an excited state to a ground state to emit light.
The organic light-emitting display apparatuses that are the self-emitting display apparatuses may not require a separate light source, and the organic light-emitting display apparatuses may be operable at a low voltage and manufactured to be lightweight and compact. In addition, the organic light-emitting display apparatuses may have superior properties such as wide viewing angle, high contrast ratio, fast response time and the like, and the organic light-emitting display apparatuses are being expanded for a wide range of application from personal portable devices such as MP3 players or mobile phones to televisions.

Organic light-emitting display apparatus and method for manufacturing the same


A method and apparatus for an image canceling digital-to-analog converter is disclosed. Up-sampling and noise shaping is used to produce a stream of digital sample values at a relatively higher sampling rate than the sampling rate of the digitized input samples, each higher sampling rate sample having fewer bits than the original samples. The higher sampling rate stream is then distributed for sequential conversion by multiple digital-to-analog converters each operating at a lower sampling rate. The outputs of the converters are then combined to form a combined output signal. Most spectral images normally observed in a standard or conventional DAC are attenuated in the combined output signal of an embodiment in accordance with the present invention. Any spectral images that remain are further from the signal of interest, permitting the use of lower cost filtering.

Images are a common problem when digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are employed to reproduce analog waveforms. In general, DACs have a zero-order hold output. If samples representing a signal having a frequency, F, are applied to a zero-order hold DAC clocked at a sample frequency, Fs, the output will have spectral images at (F+/−kFs), for every integer k. FIG. 1A illustrates some of the problems associated with spectral images for a DAC of conventional design. Referring to FIG. 1A, digitized samples of a signal having a frequency F=1 MHz are applied to a zero-order hold DAC clocked at a sampling frequency (150) of Fs=8 MHz. The resulting spectral images are illustrated at (8−1) MHz (141) and (8+1) MHz (142), as well as (16−1) MHz (143) and (16+1) MHz (144). The amplitudes of the spectral images have a slow sinc roll-off (not shown). For the example of FIG. 1A, the 1 MHz sinusoidal signal sampled at an 8 MHz sampling frequency (150) has spectral images at 7 MHz (141), 9 MHz (142), 15 MHz (143), 17 MHz (144), and so on. One conventional method of removing the spectral images involves filtering the output of the DAC using a low-pass filter, as shown in FIG. 1B.
FIG. 1B illustrates suppression of the spectral images shown in FIG. 1A, by employing passband filtering of the output of a DAC of conventional design. Referring to FIG. 1B, during passband filtering, the desired 1 MHz signal (110) falls within the passband of a filter having the illustrated response curve (120), while the spectral images (141)-(148) fall within the stopband of the filter. High-quality filters with sharp cutoff frequencies are difficult to build, and are often expensive. A common way to reduce the cost of the filter is to use a higher sample clock frequency, Fs (150), in order to move the spectral images further from the signal of interest.
FIG. 1C is a diagram that illustrates filtering in a DAC of conventional design utilizing a higher clock or sampling frequency, Fs (150). Referring to FIG. 1C, filtering using the higher sample clock frequency (150) permits the use of a filter having a slower cutoff as shown by the response curve (120) illustrated in FIG. 1C. Such a response curve reduces the cost of the filter, when compared to filters having a sharper response. However, DACs that operate at the higher sampling frequency (150) are difficult to design, and are typically more expensive than those operating at lower frequencies. First-order as well as higher-order holds are possible, and are sometimes mentioned in research, but implementation is usually not practical.
Many conventional DACs are built from a number of switched current sources. There are several different arrangements for such switched current sources. A simple 10-bit DAC, for example, may have 10 binary-weighted current sources, or 1024 uniformly-weighted current sources. Switching the current sources on or off changes the output current proportional to the 10-bit digital input. Each digital value at the input is thereby converted into an analog current strength at the output. FIG. 1D is a block diagram of a conventional DAC.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art through comparison of such systems with the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method and apparatus for an image canceling digital-to-analog converter (DAC)


An improved single-faced corrugated cardboard sheet making machine is provided, in which at the time of sticking a core paper web and a liner to each other in a single-facer equipped corrugating machine, impacts and vibrations are not generated, and hence troubles such as breaking of paper webs do not occur. The improvement resides in that the known single-faced corrugated cardboard sheet making machine having a pair of corrugating rolls for corrugating a core paper web into a wave shape and a pasting member for applying paste to corrugation crest portions of the corrugated core paper web, is further provided with an endless belt for pressing and sticking a liner to the core paper web applied with paste. The pressing condition of the endless belt can be adjusted, and a device for cleaning the surface of the endless belt is also provided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a single-facer in a corrugating machine, and more particularly to a pasting mechanism between a core paper sheet and a liner therein.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A common corrugated cardboard sheet making machine (a single-facer) in the prior art is shown in FIGS. 12, 13 and 14, and a corrugated cardboard sheet making machine provided with a pressure member in the prior art is shown in FIGS. 15 and 16. A corrugated cardboard sheet making machine employing a belt pressing system is shown in FIG. 17.
A common single-facer in the prior art corrugating machine is composed of an upper roll 1, a lower roll 2 meshed with the upper roll 1 for shaping and a core paper web 4 into a corrugated shape (for corrugating a core paper web 4) as shown in FIGS. 12, 13 and 14, a pressure roll 3 for making a pasted core paper web 4 a liner 5 pass between the lower roll 2 and the pressure roll 3 while pressing them to stick them together and thereby making a single-faced corrugated cardboard sheet 6. A pasting roll 8 is provided; and for transferring and feeding paste 7 to crest portions of corrugations of the core paper web 4 that is shaped by being pinched between the upper and lower rolls 1 and 2, and the like.
Now, in the case of sticking the core paper web 4 to the liner 5 via the paste 7 transferred to the crest portions of the corrugations, essentially an appropriate pressing force and heating of the paste 7 are necessary. Thus in a single-faced corrugated cardboard sheet making machine are assembled an initial contact pressure adjusting device between the respective engaging rolls as well as a device capable of setting the rolls 1, 2 and 3 at a high temperature by introducing steam or oil into these rolls.
Next, brief description will be made on the structure of the upper roll 1 and the lower roll 2. In FIGS. 12, 13 and 14, a lower roll 2 is pivotably supported at a fixed position via bearings not shown, which are held as pinched by a frame 9 and a bracket 10. On the other hand, an upper roll 1 is pivotably supported by an arm 12 which can swing about fulcrum pins 11 via a bearing, and the other end of the same arm 12 is connected to a pressing cylinder 14 which is swingably mounted to the bracket 10 via a pin 13. Accordingly, if the pressing cylinder 14 is operated so as to extend and contract, it is possible to engage and disengage the upper and lower rolls 1 and 2 with and from each other, and also, provision is made such that a contact pressure between the respective rolls 1 and 2 can be arbitrarily adjusted by changing a hydraulic pressure in the cylinder 14. A method for supporting the pressing roll 3 from the frame 9 is similar to the method for supporting the upper roll 1, and provision is made such that a contact pressure between the lower roll 2 and the pressing roll 3 can be arbitrarily adjusted.
However, the above-described type of machine had the following disadvantages in connection to engagement between the lower roll 2 and the pressing roll 3. That is, as shown in FIG. 13, the teeth of the upper and lower corrugating rolls 1 and 2 in the prior art are straight teeth cut on the circumferential surface of the rolls in parallel to the roll axes, and under a meshed condition the teeth would be held in line contact with each other in parallel to the roll axes. Since the pressing roll 3 is a roll having a perfectly circular cross-section, at the engaging point with the lower corrugating roll 2, the engaging portions of the respective rolls 2 and 3 would take the states shown in FIG. 14. In this figure, solid lines depict the state where the pressing roll 3 is engaged with two teeth of the corrugating roll 2, while dash-dot lines depict the state where the pressing roll 3 is engaged with a crest portion of a single tooth of the corrugating roll 2. As described above, the engaged state of the respective rolls 2 and 3 would alternately repeat the engaged states depicted by solid lines and dash-dot lines according to a relative rotation between the rolls 2 and 3, respectively, and hence the center distance between these rolls 2 and 3 would always vary within the range of the maximum distance S shown in FIG. 14. From the above-mentioned reasons, vibrations and noises caused by the vibrations would be generated at the rolls 1, 2 and 3, and in an extreme case, for instance, in the case where raw paper web of poor quality is used, cutting (breaking) of the paper web would occur as a result of impacts and vibrations between the rolls. As a result of such bad working, degradation of quality such as mechanical strength of the produced corrugated cardboard sheet 6 was inevitable. In view of the aforementioned disadvantages, in recent years, machines of the types shown in FIGS. 15, 16 and 17 have been proposed.
The machine of the type shown in FIGS. 15 and 16 is a machine disclosed in the Official Gazette of Laid-Open Japanese Patent Specification No. 53-29893 (1978), in which in lieu of the pressing roll 3 in FIG. 12, there is provided a pressing member 20 positioned on the side opposed to the lower corrugating roll 2 via the raw paper webs (core paper web and liner web) and having a curved surface with a radius of curvature equal to or larger than the radius of the lower corrugating roll 2. In this structure, the gap clearance between the pressing member 20 and the lower corrugating roll 2 does not vary from an engaging point A up to an engaging point B shown in FIG. 16, and generation of vibrations and noises can be prevented. However, because of the fact that this pressing member 20 has a curved surface of a length longer than an intertooth distance l of the lower corrugating roll 2 and has its position fixed, in the course of traveling from the engaging point A up to the point B, a frictional force generated between the liner 5 and the pressing member 20 acts upon the liner 5. Accordingly, there is a shortcoming that a velocity difference is produced between the core paper web 4 forced to travel and the liner 5 subjected to a braking force, and hence peeling or poor sticking would occur.
Next, the machine of the type shown in FIG. 17 is a machine disclosed in the Official Gazette of Laid-Open Japanese Utility Model Specification No. 52-168769 (1977), in which the pressing member 20 in FIGS. 15 and 16 is omitted, and instead there are provided an endless belt 15 and an electromagnetic wave transmitter 21 disposed in the proximity of the inside or the outside of the endless belt 15 and capable of being set at a predetermined frequency. The electromagnetic wave transmitter 21 functions to apply an electric field to the lower corrugating roll 2 to enhance an adhesive force by gelling starch paste and also to dry the single-faced corrugated cardboard sheet 6 in the course of traveling. In other words, the corrugated cardboard sheet making machine of the belt-pressing type shown in FIG. 17 cannot apply a pressing force necessitated upon sticking the core paper web 4 and the liner 5 to each other in view of a property (a rupture resistance) of the belt 15, but it can provide the function of a single-facer only when it was assisted by the auxiliary function of the electromagnetic wave transmitter 21. Accordingly, although vibrations and noises which were shortcomings of the pressing-roll type could be eliminated, in the manufacture of a single-faced corrugated cardboard making machine, increased cost was inevitable.
In summary, the prior art described above involved the following problems to be resolved:
(1) The common corrugated cardboard sheet making machine in the prior art illustrated in FIGS. 12, 13 and 14 is of such type that at the time of sticking a core paper web formed in a wave-shape by means of upper and lower corrugating rolls to a liner via paste, a necessary pressing force is applied by a pressing roll held in contact with the corrugating roll via the core paper web and the liner, in which vibrations and noises would be generated by variations of a center distance between the corrugating roll and the pressing roll caused by changes of the relative phase between the respective rolls, that is, by the fact that the pressing roll alternately engages with the crest portion of the tooth of the corrugating roll and the middle portion (valley portion) between the teeth thereof. In addition, due to these vibrations, in the event that a core paper web of poor quality is used, there is a fear of breaking of the paper web, and so, degradation of quality of the product is inevitable. PA0 (2) In the machine of the type shown in FIGS. 15 and 16, a difference in a traveling velocity is produced between the core paper web and the liner due to a slide resistance of the pressing member, hence there is a fear that peeling and imperfect sticking condition may be created, and it results in degradation of quality of the product (formation of unacceptable products). PA0 (3) In addition, the machine of the type shown in FIG. 17 raises a manufacturing cost of a single-faced corrugated cardboard sheet making machine, jointly with a control apparatus, because it necessitates a special device such as an electromagnetic wave transmitter and the like.

Single-faced corrugated cardboard sheet making machine having an adjustable pressing means


Techniques for switching facilities in cross-connect systems are provided. Redundant line cards can determine line card path status and insert the path status into the associated data stream. A switch matrix can analyze the path status of the redundant line cards in hardware and switch the selected line card based on which line is providing the best performance. Additionally, consecutive path status information can be analyzed before switching line cards.

The present invention relates to switching facilities in network devices. More specifically, the invention relates to hardware switching of facilities in Synchronous Optical Network (SONET) cross-connect switches.
Redundant systems are a common mechanism for increasing the reliability of computer systems, network devices and networks. For example, in SONET cross-connect switches, 1-for-1 protection is often provided for incoming network facilities (or line cards). The redundant facilities are referred to as "working" and "protect" pairs. When a failure of performance degradation occurs on the working facility, the SONET specification states that the system should restore downstream traffic by switching to the protect facility within 50 msec of fault detection.
Current SONET implementations exist where software detects facility failures and restores the path by switching the output to the protect facility. Typically, there are software routines that monitor the facility path status, decide when to switch and perform the switch.
However, the software that monitors facility path status and effects a switch are executing on different system modules. Therefore, several inter-processor exchanges may be required before restoration of down-stream traffic occurs. This can place a difficult real-time burden on the software to meet the 50 msec constraint. Also, additional burdens may be present if the system is large and/or there are many simultaneous faults arriving at the system.
It would be beneficial to have new technologies that allow facility switching to occur rapidly (e.g., in 50 msec) even in the presence of many simultaneous network failures. Additionally, it would be beneficial if system software for facility switching is simplified and the bandwidth of inter-processor communications is reduced.

Hardware facility switching in cross-connect systems


An aircraft landing gear assembly having a main strut and an axle on which wheel and brake assemblies are mounted. An adaptor member is mounted on a mounting pin and arranged to define a brake rod anchor point. The adaptor member is coupled to a part of the landing gear assembly so as to react brake torque and can be formed from a different material than a portion of the main strut.

An aircraft landing gear can include an axle for supporting wheel and brake assemblies. It is common for a main landing gear to include two or more axles on a bogie beam. Wheel and brake assemblies are mounted on each axle, each brake assembly being arranged to apply a braking force to a wheel assembly in order to slow the aircraft while it is on the ground.
As will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art, a brake torque is generated as a brake assembly transmits a braking force to the wheel assembly. It is common for a brake assembly to be mounted so as to be free to rotate relative to the axle on which it is mounted. It is therefore necessary to provide means by which the brake torque can be reacted, to inhibit the brake assembly from rotating with the wheel assembly during application of the braking force.
In this regard, it is known to provide a brake rod to react brake torque generated as a brake assembly applies a braking force to a wheel assembly. A brake rod connects a brake assembly to an anchor point on the landing gear such that the brake rod reacts brake torque either in tension or in compression.
In the case of multi axle landing gear, it is common for brake rods to be provided below and parallel with respect to the bogie beam. As such, a lower region of the main strut sliding tube or "slider" is provided with attachment lugs which define an anchor point to which the brake rods can be coupled. Brake assemblies are generally designed to be mounted on an axle in a particular orientation corresponding to this arrangement.
However, the present inventors have identified that known landing gear assemblies can result in a lack of flexibility in terms of selection of an anchor point.


A belt tensioner for a belt drive of a motor vehicle engine, comprising: a fixed part configured to be fixed with respect to the engine and provided with a pivot defining a rotation axis; an arm having a connection portion hinged to the pivot and rotatable about the rotation axis and an opposite portion rotatably supporting a pulley configured to cooperate with a belt of the drive; a main spring interposed between the fixed part and the arm to exert thrust on the arm such as to rotate said arm towards the belt; and at least one rolling bearing interposed between the arm and the pivot to support the arm and ensure the alignment thereof.

As is known, tensioners for accessory drives comprise a fixed part configured to be fastened to the engine and defining a rotational pivot, an arm rotatably supported on the rotational pivot and carrying, at one end, a pulley suitable for cooperating with a drive belt and a spring acting on the arm to tension the belt.
Known tensioners of the above-stated type must meet certain functional requirements aimed at optimizing the life of the tensioner and of the belt. In particular, it is necessary that the arm is kept in perfect alignment, i.e. it rotates on a plane orthogonal to the axis of the pivot and is not subjected to oscillations outside the plane that might result in noise, premature wear and, eventually, belt slippage.
The alignment function is normally delegated to one or more bushings, made of a plastic or composite material, having the function of a sliding bearing for the radial and axial support of the arm on the pivot.
These bushings are subject to wear; in consequence, the tensioner has a limited life, in any case shorter than that of the vehicle.
Hydraulic tensioners have been developed to solve this problem, wherein the force acting on the arm is generated by a hydraulic piston. Since the piston can be oriented to minimize the resultant of the forces acting on the pivot, hydraulic tensioners are normally components not subject to replacement during the life of the vehicle. However, hydraulic tensioners are more complex and expensive than conventional mechanical tensioners.


Disclosed are apparatus and methods for seismic exploration using pressure changes caused by sea-surface variations as a low-frequency seismic energy source. One embodiment relates to a method which obtains dual wave-fields measured below a sea surface. The measured dual wave-fields are decomposed into a down-going wave-field and an up-going wave-field at a selected observation level. Seismic images are then generated using the down-going and up-going wave-fields. Other embodiments, aspects, and features are also disclosed.

In the oil and gas industry, geophysical prospecting is commonly used to aid in the search for and evaluation of subterranean formations. Geophysical prospecting techniques yield knowledge of the subsurface structure of the earth, which is useful for finding and extracting valuable mineral resources, particularly hydrocarbon deposits such as oil and natural gas. One technique of geophysical prospecting is a seismic survey. In a marine seismic survey, the seismic signal will first travel downwardly through a body of water overlying the subsurface of the earth.
Seismic energy sources (active seismic sources) are generally used to generate the seismic signal. Conventional energy sources for marine seismic surveys include air guns, water guns, marine vibrators, and other devices for generating acoustic wave-forms. After the seismic signal propagates into the earth, it is at least partially reflected by subsurface seismic reflectors. Such seismic reflectors are typically interfaces between subterranean formations having different elastic properties, specifically wave velocity and rock density, which lead to differences in acoustic impedance at the interfaces.
The reflections may be detected by marine seismic sensors (also called receivers) in an overlying body of water or alternatively on the sea floor. Conventional types of marine seismic sensors include particle-velocity sensors (geophones), water-pressure sensors (hydrophones), and other types of sensors. The resulting seismic data may be recorded and processed to yield information relating to the geologic structure and properties of the subterranean formations and their potential hydrocarbon content.
Note that the figures provided herewith are not necessarily to scale. They are provided for purposes of illustration to ease in the understanding of the presently-disclosed invention.

Methods and apparatus for seismic exploration using pressure changes caused by sea-surface variations


A drive roller assembly for a conveyor system includes a drive roller having a longitudinal axis, the drive roller having a roller body and a shaft. A support structure rotatably supports a second axial end portion of the shaft and a drive for rotatably driving the drive roller. A first axial end portion of the shaft and the drive are rotatably coupled in an axially engaged condition in which the drive roller is in rotatable engagement with the drive and in which the drive is axially releasable. The support is configured and adapted to be detachably attached to an attachment portion of the support structure to maintain the drive roller rotatably supported when attached and to allow the drive roller to be removed from the support structure when detached.

Conveyor systems are used in various industries to move objects from one location to another one. These systems can include different types of rollers, for example infeed or outfeed rollers, tension rollers, tracking rollers and drive rollers. On occasion it might be necessary to remove one or several of the rollers for cleaning, maintenance or replacement.
In the case that the conveyor system is a belt conveyor system, a conveyor belt is wound around a drive roller. The drive roller engages with the belt. Thereby, a rotational movement of the drive roller leads to a movement of the belt in the conveying direction. After some use, the conveyor belt must be removed from the conveyor system for cleaning, maintenance or replacement. The removal of the belt requires at least the removal of the drive roller. However, this removal is complicated since the belt is wound around the drive roller, as explained.
In view thereof, several ideas have been implemented to facilitate the removal of a specific roller from a conveyor system.
An example is given in CN 20 37 941 46 U, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, and which discloses a conveyor belt system wherein a brush roller that is used for cleaning a conveyor belt of the system is provided with a quick release mechanism. In the case of the drive roller, it is, however, difficult to implement a quick release mechanism as the drive roller is normally connected to the drive means, for example a motor.
In U.S. Pat. No. 6,509,533 B1, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, a system is disclosed wherein a rotary coupling between a motor and a drive roller can be released by moving the motor away from the drive roller. Then, a carry unit of the conveyor belt system having the drive roller can be detached by moving it in the upper direction. However, the movement of the motor away from the drive roller requires a complicated configuration.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,131,420, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, discloses a two-piece quick connect-disconnect coupling which connects a conveyor roller to a drive train, wherein a coupling section of the drive train is detachably connected to the conveyor roller by a retaining screw. However, both the configuration of the system and its handling are complicated.

Drive roller assembly for a conveyor system and conveyor system comprising the same


Thermal field controlled electrical conductivity change devices and applications therefore are provided. In some embodiments, a thermal switch, comprises: a metal-insulator-transition (MIT) material; first and second terminals electrically coupled to the MIT material; and a heater disposed near the MIT material.

Some materials exhibit two electrically-conductive states. In one state the material has the electrically-conductive properties of a metal, while in the other state the material has the electrically-conductive properties of an insulator. Accordingly, this class of materials is referred to as metal-insulator-transition (MIT) materials. These MIT materials are the subject of intense research and development to discover practical applications.


A rotary veneer-cutting machine for cutting sheets of veneer from tree trunks comprises a bladeholder unit (19) moving on a pair of support elements (21, 23) along guides (23) for drawing a blade (16) toward the axis of the trunk (14). Said support elements (21, 23) in addition to moving along guides (23) also move independently in a direction virtually perpendicular to the guides (23) to incline and displace the blade (16) in relation to the diametrical plane of the trunk (14). Support element (21) is located virtually in a plane perpendicular to the guides (23) that passes through the edge of the blade (16) and the other support (22) in a position which is remote from said plane.

This invention relates to a veneer cutting machine for tree trunks with variable rake.
As is well known to those skilled in the art, in cutting veneer from trunks a very important parameter for obtaining a good result is the cutting rake of the veneer cutting machine blade, i.e. the angle formed by the plane of the blade in contact with the trunk with the plane tangent to the cylinder constituted by the trunk along the generating line coinciding with the blade edge.
Said angle, hereinafter indicated for simplicity by .alpha., must be established on the basis of the characteristics of the tree species to be veneercut, the heat treatment and the degree of seasoning undergone thereby, and the various other parameters such as trunk diameter which affect the veneer cutting operation.
Dependence on trunk diameter is very important because it is a parameter which varies continuously during veneer cutting. The reason for such dependence is the fact that, to remove from the trunk a continuous strip or even detached sheets of veneer with predetermined, constant thickness, the veneer must be compressed between the point of the blade which performs the cutting and an edge of a special prismatic bar (termeed `torsion bar`) which is positioned near the blade and has the function of stabilizing the penetration of the blade into the wood at the point of separation from the body of the trunk. But the forces generated by compression of the veneer tend to deflect the point of the blade toward the trunk, which must find support in contact therewith, to prevent vibrations which would have a negative effect on the thickness and surface quality of the veneer.
Said support function is obtained by contact on the surface of the trunk of a portion, as long as the trunk and a few millimeters wide, of the side of the blade near the edge thereof.
The need for uniform quality and thickness of the veneer requires that the part of the blade in contact with the trunk remain as much as possible of uniform dimensions and close to those which give minimal vibrations. Contrarywise, if the blade should hold inclination angle .alpha. constant, as the veneer cutting proceeded and consequently the curvature of the trunk increased there would be a decrease in the area of contact between the blade and the trunk.
To avoid this the angle .alpha. must therefore vary with the trunk diameter. Assuming that the veneer cut trunk maintains its cylindrical shape even near the blade contact point, the mathematical relation between radius R of the trunk, angle .alpha. and the width "a" of the contact area will be: EQU .alpha.=-arcosin (a/2R)
But in practice the elasticity of the wood causes distortion thereof in the blade contact area, a distortion which causes an increase of the contact area proportionate to the trunk diameter.
To correct this deviation from the theoretical value given by the above formula, the angle .alpha., always negative therein, must be made positive for a large R and a negative values below a certain value Ro at which .alpha.=0 so as to obtain an effective virtual uniformity of the value of "a" according to R. This requires that the law of change of .alpha. be in practice: EQU .alpha.=.alpha..sub.0 -arcosin (a/2R)
where .alpha..sub.0 =arcosin (a/2R.sub.0).
Thus, mechanisms which in accordance with said law continually and automatically adjust the rake according to the diameter of the trunk being processed have been developed in the known art.
One solution in the known art provides that the blade and pressure bar be mounted on a support moving along appropriately shaped guides so that according to the decrease in the diameter of the trunk the support rotates around the axis passing through the blade edge and causing .alpha. to change in accordance with the formula last written above. In addition, a second group of adjustable guides makes it possible to set the minimum and maximum values of .alpha. for the minimum and maximum values of the radius R so as to be able to adapt the machine for processing woods with different characteristics.
But such a system requires a group of guides with relatively complex operation and is therefore costly and also is not always simple to regulate.

Veneer cutting machine for tree trunks with variable rake


Hydantoin derivatives and salts thereof, intermediates therefor, process for the preparation thereof, and medicines containing the derivative, wherein said derivatives have the formula ##STR1## wherein one of V and W is hydrogen and the other is a halogenomethyl group, 1H-tetrazol-5-yl radical, --COOR group, in which R is hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, --(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O)nCH.sub.3 group (n is an integer of 1 to 113) or substituted phenyl, ##STR2## in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are same or different independently, each is hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, substituted phenyl or --(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 O)nCH.sub.3 group (n has the meaning as referred to) or R.sub.1 may form a heterocyclic ring together with R.sub.2 and nitrogen or oxygen atom, ##STR3## in which R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 are same or different independently and each is hydrogen atom or an alkyl group,. X is oxygen or sulfur atom, and Y and Z are same or different independently and each is hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, alkyl group, alkoxy group, alkylmercapto group, nitro radical or --NHR.sub.5 group, in which R.sub.5 is hydrogen atom or an acyl group.. The derivatives and salts thereof are useful for the treatment of complications of diabetes.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to nobel hydantoin derivatives, salts thereof, intermediates therefor and having an optical activity, a process for the prepartation of same, and medicines containing the derivative or salt as an effective ingredient to treat complications of diabetes.
The hydantoin derivative and intermediates are shown by following formula.

Hydantoin derivatives for treating complications of diabetes


An electro-optical device includes: a substrate; a plurality of pixels provided in a pixel region on the substrate; peripheral circuits that are provided in a peripheral region surrounding the pixel region, the peripheral circuits being for controlling the plurality of pixels; a plurality of signal lines that supply signals for controlling the peripheral circuits, that at least partially overlap each other in the peripheral region, and that are formed in a plurality of different conductive layers with interlayer insulating layers interposed therebetween; and a shielding layer that is provided between layers where the plurality of signal lines overlap each other, so as to overlap the plurality of signal lines.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an electro-optical device, such as a liquid crystal device, and an electronic apparatus having the electro-optical device, such as a liquid crystal projector.
2. Related Art
In an electro-optical device, a plurality of external circuit connection terminals are disposed along one edge of a substrate on which display electrodes, such as pixel electrodes, and a circuit unit, such as a data line driving circuit and a scanning line driving circuit for driving the display electrodes, are provided. On the substrate, a plurality of signal lines through which a plurality of different kinds of signal are supplied from the plurality of external circuit connection terminals to the circuit unit, such as the data line driving circuit and the scanning line driving circuit, are further provided.
For the signal lines, for example, JP-A-2002-229061 discloses a redundant wiring structure, in which additional wiring lines are formed in addition to original wiring lines by using the same layer as a conductive layer within pixels, thereby reducing the resistances of wiring lines without increasing the number of manufacturing processes.
However, since signal lines on which different kinds of signal run are patterned so that they do not overlap one another on a substrate in plan view, there is a limit to how much these signal lines are finely patterned on a single plane to narrow each gap between adjacent lines. For this reason, there is an intrinsic limitation in reducing area required for signal line layout, which makes it hard to miniaturize electro-optical devices. Further, as the electro-optical device becomes smaller, the gap between the signal lines becomes narrower. As a result, a problem occurs where interference between different kinds of signal supplied to the adjacent wiring lines increases. In particular, noises are generated in image signals due to, for example, a clock signal having a high frequency so as to operate the data line driving circuit or the like.
An advantage of some aspects of the invention is that it provides an electro-optical device, in which the size of a substrate can be reduced and high-quality images can be displayed by suppressing an effect of noises with respect to image signals, and an electronic apparatus having the electro-optical device.
According to a first aspect of the invention, an electro-optical device includes: a substrate; a plurality of pixels provided in a pixel region on the substrate; peripheral circuits that are provided in a peripheral region surrounding the pixel region, the peripheral circuits being for controlling the plurality of pixels; a plurality of signal lines that supply signals for controlling the peripheral circuits, that at least partially overlap each other in the peripheral region, and that are formed in a plurality of different conductive layers with interlayer insulating layers interposed therebetween; and a shielding layer that is provided between layers where the plurality of signal lines overlap each other, so as to overlap the plurality of signal lines.
In the electro-optical device described above, while the electro-optical device operates, for example, image signals, clock signals, various control signals, or power signals are supplied from an external circuit to the plurality of signal lines and the peripheral circuits through external circuit connection terminals. The plurality of signal lines and the peripheral circuits are provided in the peripheral region surrounding the pixel region on the substrate. Here, the 'peripheral circuits' according to the invention mean various circuits, which are provided or attached on the substrate, such as a scanning line driving circuit or a data line driving circuit for controlling or driving scanning lines or data lines electrically connected to pixels. For example, the data line driving circuit causes the image signals to be supplied to corresponding pixels through the data lines. At the same time, the scanning line driving circuit causes scanning signals to be supplied to corresponding pixels through the scanning lines. For example, a pixel-switching thin film transistor (hereinafter, referred to as 'pixel-switching TFT') provided for each pixel has a gate connected to a scanning line and serves to selectively supply an image signal to a pixel electrode according to the scanning signal. Thus, active-matrix driving becomes possible by driving electro-optical materials, such as liquid crystal, interposed between pixel electrodes and counter electrodes for each pixel. Further, a method of driving the electro-optical device is not limited to the active-matrix driving method. For example, various driving methods, such as a passive-matrix driving method or a segment driving method, can be used.
In the invention, the plurality of signal lines is formed on the plurality of different conductive layers with the interlayer insulating layers interposed therebetween, respectively. In addition, the plurality of signal lines at least partially overlap each other in the peripheral region, in plan view above the substrate. Accordingly, it is possible to dispose a large number of signal lines within a predetermined region of the substrate, as viewed from the normal direction of the substrate, such that the signal lines are not short-circuited by each other. In other words, it is possible to dispose a larger number of signal lines while making the width of each wiring line large. Thus, a pixel region can be made large, and at the same time, it is possible to reduce the size of the substrate by reducing the peripheral region. As a result, the entire liquid crystal device can be made small.
Further, in the invention, the plurality of signal lines is formed on different conductive layers among the plurality of conductive layers, respectively, according to the signal type, for example. Here, the 'signal type' means properties of a signal, such as a frequency of a signal or a level of a potential. For example, among the plurality of signal lines, signal lines through which signals having frequencies higher than a predetermined frequency are supplied are formed by using one conductive layer for high-frequency signal lines, and signal lines through which signals having frequencies lower than the predetermined frequency are supplied are formed by using one conductive layer for low-frequency signal lines different from that for the high-frequency signal lines.
Furthermore, in the invention, the shielding layer is provided between layers where the plurality of signal lines overlaps each other, so as to overlap the plurality of signal lines. That is, for the electrical shield between one signal line and another signal line among the plurality of signal lines, a shielding layer located between wiring portions, which overlap each other in plan view above the substrate on which the plurality of signal lines is formed, is included. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce electrical noises, which are generated on the one signal line and another signal line due to opposite signals, by means of the shielding layer. Here, the 'shielding layer' according to the invention means a layer having an electrical shielding function, such as conductivity. In addition, the 'shielding layer' may be an additional signal line located between one signal line and another signal line among the plurality of signal lines. That is, the invention includes a case, in which one of the plurality of conductive layers and the shielding layer are commonly used, and a case in which the shielding layer and one of the plurality of signal lines are commonly used. As a result, electrical noises, which are generated due to, for example, a clock signal for a data line driving circuit having high frequency as compared to image signals and affect the image signals, are reduced, which makes it possible to display high-quality images.
As described above, according to the electro-optical device of the invention, the size of the substrate can be reduced, which makes it possible to reduce the size of the electro-optical device. Further, since the electrical interference between different kinds of signal can be reduced, high-quality images can be displayed.
Further, in the above-mentioned aspect, the electro-optical device may further include a plurality of data lines and a plurality of scanning lines that are provided in the pixel region on the substrate so as to cross each other. In addition, preferably, the pixels are provided to correspond to intersections between the data lines and the scanning lines and each of the pixels includes a storage capacitor formed by sequentially stacking a lower electrode, a dielectric layer, and an upper electrode on the substrate, and each of the plurality of conductive layers and the shielding layer are the same layer as any one of the conductive layers forming the data lines, the lower electrodes, and the upper electrodes, respectively.
In the invention, each of the plurality of conductive layers and the shielding layer are the same layer as any one of the conductive layers forming the data lines, the lower electrodes, and the upper electrodes, respectively. Here, the 'same layer' means layers simultaneously formed during a manufacturing process, that is, the same kinds of layer. Basically, the 'same layer' does not necessarily extend as one layer, but includes separated parts of the one layer. Accordingly, the plurality of signal lines and the shielding layer can be formed at the same time as the data lines, the lower electrodes, or the upper electrodes are formed. That is, the plurality of signal lines and the shielding layer can be formed by using a plurality of conductive layers without causing the manufacturing process to be complicated.
In addition, due to the storage capacitor, the potential holding characteristic in a pixel electrode included in a pixel is improved and high-contrast display can be performed.
Furthermore, in the electro-optical device according to the abovementioned aspect, preferably, the plurality of signal lines is formed by using the conductive layers having different predetermined frequencies from each other.
In the invention, among the plurality of signal lines, for example, signal lines through which signals having frequencies higher than a predetermined frequency are supplied are formed by using one conductive layer for high-frequency signal lines, and signal lines through which signals having frequencies lower than the predetermined frequency are supplied are formed by using one conductive layer for low-frequency signal lines different from that for the high-frequency signal lines. For example, signal lines through which enable signals, clock signals, or the like for driving a data line driving circuit are supplied are formed as the high-frequency signal lines. On the other hand, for example, signal lines through which clock signals for driving a scanning line driving circuit are supplied, signal lines through which various control signals for controlling operations of peripheral circuits, such as the data line driving circuit or the scanning line driving circuit, are supplied, or signal lines for supplying image signals therethrough, that is, image signal lines are formed as the low-frequency signal lines. In addition, signal lines through which constant-potential or fixed-potential signals are supplied may be formed as the low-frequency signal lines. Accordingly, in the present embodiment, the shielding layer is located between layers in which the high-frequency signal lines and the low-frequency signal lines overlap each other, in plan view above the substrate. As a result, electrical effects of high-frequency signals, such as clock signals for driving the data line driving circuit, with respect to low-frequency signals, such as image signals, can be reduced. In other words, electrical interference between the low-frequency and high-frequency signals can be reduced. Thus, high-quality images can be displayed.
Furthermore, in the electro-optical device in which the plurality of signal lines is formed by using the conductive layers having different predetermined frequency ranges from each other, the plurality of signal lines includes first-frequency signal lines through which signals having a first frequency are supplied and second-frequency signal lines through which signals having a second frequency lower than the first frequency are supplied, and the first-frequency signal lines, the shielding layer, and the second-frequency signal lines are sequentially stacked in this order on the substrate with interlayer insulating layers interposed therebetween.
In this case, the first-frequency signal lines, the shielding layer, and the second-frequency signal lines are stacked in this order on the substrate with the interlayer insulating layers interposed therebetween. That is, for example, image signal lines for supplying image signals therethrough are formed as the second-frequency signal lines so as to be close to a surface of the stacked structure. Accordingly, it is possible to provide less contact holes required to electrically connect the second-frequency signal lines with the external circuit connection terminals formed in the vicinity of the surface of the stacked structure. As a result, the resistances of the second-frequency signal lines can be reduced. On the other hand, signal lines through which, for example, clock signals for driving peripheral circuits are supplied, are formed as the first-frequency signal lines so as to be close to the substrate in the stacked structure. In general, TFTs or the like, which are included in the peripheral circuits, are also formed to be close to the substrate. Accordingly, it is possible to reduce the number of contact holes between the first-frequency signal lines and the peripheral circuits. As a result, the first-frequency signal lines and the peripheral circuits can be easily connected to each other.
Furthermore, in the electro-optical device in which the plurality of signal lines is formed by using the conductive layers having different predetermined frequency ranges from each other, the plurality of signal lines includes first-frequency signal lines through which signals having a first frequency are supplied and second-frequency signal lines through which signals having a second frequency lower than the first frequency are supplied, and the second-frequency signal lines, the shielding layer, and the first-frequency signal lines are sequentially stacked in this order on the substrate with interlayer insulating layers interposed therebetween.
In this case, the second-frequency signal lines, the shielding layer, and the first-frequency signal lines are stacked on the substrate in this order with the interlayer insulating layers interposed therebetween. That is, signal lines through which, for example, clock signals for driving peripheral circuits are supplied, are formed as the first-frequency signal lines so as to be close to the surface of the stacked structure. Thus, it is possible to dissipate or eliminate heat, which is generated from the first-frequency signal lines because the frequencies of the first-frequency signal lines are high, through the surface of the stacked structure. That is, it is possible to easily prevent the first-frequency signal lines from being overheated.
Furthermore, in the electro-optical device including the first-frequency signal lines and the second-frequency signal lines, preferably, the shielding layer serves as a constant-potential wiring line through which a predetermined electric potential is supplied.
In this case, since the constant-potential wiring line serves as a shielding layer, it is possible to reduce the electrical interference between the different kinds of signal without causing the manufacturing process to be complicated, thereby displaying high-quality images. Further, the shielding layer may serve as a wiring line having a predetermined potential, through which a predetermined-potential signal whose electric potential changes to a predetermined electric potential every predetermined period, for example, the electric potential is inverted every predetermined period is supplied. Even in this case, since the electric potential of the signal is constant at each predetermined time, it is possible to reliably reduce the electrical interference in the same manner as described above.
Furthermore, in the electro-optical device in which the constant-potential wiring line serves as the shielding layer, preferably, the width of the constant-potential wiring line is at least partially larger than that of at least one of the first-frequency signal line and the second-frequency signal line, in plan view above the substrate.
In this case, since the width of the constant-potential wiring line is at least Partially larger than that of at least one of the first-frequency signal line and the second-frequency signal line, in plan view above the substrate, the constant-potential wiring line can reliably serve as the shielding layer so that the electrical interference between the first-frequency signal line and the second-frequency signal line can be reduced. In addition, since the width of the constant-potential wiring line is large, the resistance of the constant-potential wiring line can be reduced. Accordingly, due to the constant-potential wiring line, it is possible to supply stable constant-potential signals or stable constant-potential power to the peripheral circuits.
Furthermore, in the electro-optical device in which the constant-potential wiring line serves as the shielding layer, preferably, the width of the constant-potential wiring line is at least partially smaller than that of at least one of the first-frequency signal line and the second-frequency signal line, in plan view above the substrate.
In this case, it is possible to reduce a capacitance formed by the constant-potential wiring line, the interlayer insulating layer, and the first-frequency signal line or the second-frequency signal line, that is, it is possible to reduce wiring capacitance. Thus, it is possible to prevent the electric potential of the constant-potential signal from fluctuating due to effects of the first-frequency signal line and the second-frequency signal line. That is, it is possible to prevent electrical noises, which are generated due to the first-frequency signal line or the second-frequency signal line, from affecting image signals through constant-potential signals, such as constant-potential power.
Furthermore, in the electro-optical device in which the width of the constant-potential wiring line is smaller than that of at least one of the first-frequency signal line and the second-frequency signal line, preferably, the predetermined electric potential is a power supply potential having a first electric potential and a second electric potential lower than the first potential, the constant-potential wiring line includes a first-potential power line through which the first electric potential is supplied and a second-potential power line through which the second electric potential is supplied, the width of the constant-potential wiring line is at least partially smaller than any one of the first-frequency signal line and the second-frequency signal line, and the first-potential power line and the second-potential power line are disposed to be at least partially parallel to each other and to overlap the first-frequency signal line and the second-frequency signal line, respectively, in plan view above the substrate.
In this case, the first-potential power line and the second-potential power line are disposed to be at least partially parallel to each other and to overlap the first-frequency signal line and the second-frequency signal line, respectively, in plan view above the substrate. Accordingly, electrical noises between the first-frequency signal line and the second-frequency signal line are reduced by the first-potential power line and the second-potential power line.
In addition, in the case when the first-potential power line is provided between one first-frequency signal line and one second-frequency signal line and the second-potential power line is provided between another first-frequency signal line and another second-frequency signal line, an electrical effect between one first-frequency signal line and one second-frequency signal line is different from that between another first-frequency signal line and another second-frequency signal line. However, in the invention since the first-potential power line and the second-potential power line overlap the first-frequency signal mine and the second-frequency signal line, respectively, it is possible to obtain almost uniform shielding effects.
Furthermore, in the above-mentioned aspect, the electro-optical device may further include a relay layer that is formed by using the same layer as the shielding layer so as to electrically relay-connect upper signal lines of the plurality of signal lines with lower peripheral circuits of the peripheral circuits, the upper signal lines being formed above the shielding layer and the lower peripheral circuits being formed below the shielding layer.
In the invention, the upper signal lines are electrically connected to the lower peripheral circuits through the relay layer. That is, the upper signal lines and the relay layer are electrically connected to each other through contact holes provided in an interlayer insulating layer located between the upper signal lines and the relay layer, and the relay layer and the lower peripheral circuits are electrically connected to each other through contact holes provided in an interlayer insulating layer located between the relay layer and the lower peripheral circuits. Thus, it can be prevented from becoming difficult to connect each of the upper signal lines with each of the lower peripheral circuits through one contact hole, due to the large distance between layers forming the upper signal lines and the lower peripheral circuits. Further, since the relay line is formed by using the same layer as the shielding layer, the stacked structure and the manufacturing process do not become complicated.
Furthermore, in the above-mentioned aspect, the electro-optical device may further include a plurality of external circuit connection terminals that are electrically connected to the plurality of signal lines and the shielding layer, respectively, and are disposed in the peripheral region on the substrate. In addition, preferably, the shielding layer at least partially overlaps the signal lines electrically connected to the external circuit connection terminals adjacent to the corresponding external circuit connection terminals electrically connected to the shielding layer.
In the invention, the shielding layer at least partially overlaps the signal lines electrically connected to the external circuit connection terminals adjacent to the corresponding external circuit connection terminals electrically connected to the shielding layer. Accordingly, the shielding layer can exist even in a region where the plurality of signal lines are electrically connected to the external circuit connection terminals. As a result, it is further possible to reliably reduce the electrical interference between the plurality of signal lines that is formed on different conductive layers with interlayer insulating layers interposed therebetween.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided an electronic apparatus including the electro-optical device described above.
Since the electronic apparatus of the invention is configured to have the above-described electro-optical device of the invention, various electronic apparatuses, such as a projection type display device, a mobile phone, an electronic note, a word processor, a view finder type or monitor direct view type video tape recorder, a workstation, a video phone, a POS terminal, or a touch panel, which are capable of displaying high-quality images, can be implemented. Further, an electrophoresis device, such as an electronic paper, can be implemented by using the electronic apparatus of the invention.
Such effects and other advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following embodiments to be described.

Electro-optical device and electronic apparatus having the same


In accordance with the exemplary embodiments of the invention there is at least a method and an apparatus to generate a message including mobile device-specific information related to operation of a state transition timer for the mobile device, and send the generated message towards an access point associated with a wireless communication network. Further, in accordance with the exemplary embodiments of the invention there is at least a method an apparatus to receive a message from a wireless communication network, the message including mobile device-specific information related to operation of a state transition timer for the mobile device; based on the mobile device-specific information, setting optimal connection parameters for the mobile device; and sending an indication of the optimal connection parameters towards the mobile device.

This section is intended to provide a background or context to the invention that is recited in the claims. The description herein may include concepts that could be pursued, but are not necessarily ones that have been previously conceived, implemented or described. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, what is described in this section is not prior art to the description and claims in this application and is not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
The following abbreviations are utilized herein:    3GPP third generation partnership project    BS base station    BW bandwidth    CGI cell global identity    DCH dedicated channel    DL downlink (eNB towards UE)    DRX discontinuous reception    eNB E-UTRAN Node B (evolved Node B)    EPC evolved packet core    E-UTRAN evolved UTRAN (LTE)    FACH forward access transport channel    FDMA frequency division multiple access    GSM global system for mobile communication    HO handover or handoff    HSPA high speed packet access    IMEI international mobile equipment identity    IMT-A international mobile telephony-advanced    ITU international telecommunication union    ITU-R ITU radiocommunication sector    LTE long term evolution of UTRAN (E-UTRAN)    LTE-A LTE advanced    MAC medium access control (layer 2, L2)    MM/MME mobility management/mobility management entity    NAS non-access stratum    Node B base station    NW network    OFDMA orthogonal frequency division multiple access    O&M operations and maintenance    PCH paging channel    PCI physical cell identity    PDCP packet data convergence protocol    PHY physical (layer 1, L1)    QoS quality of service    Rel release    RLC radio link control    RNC radio network controller    RRC radio resource control    RRM radio resource management    S-GW serving gateway    SC-FDMA single carrier, frequency division multiple access    UE user equipment, such as a mobile station, mobile node or mobile terminal    UL uplink (UE towards eNB)    UMTS universal mobile telecommunications system    URA UTRAN registration area    UTRAN universal terrestrial radio access network    WI working item
The specification of a communication system known as evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN, also referred to as UTRAN-LTE or as E-UTRA) is currently nearing completion within the 3GPP. As specified the DL access technique is OFDMA, and the UL access technique is SC-FDMA.
One specification of interest is 3GPP TS 36.300, V8.12.0 (2010-April), "3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Access Network (E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 (Release 8)," incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. This system may be referred to for convenience as LTE Rel-8 (which also contains 3G HSPA and its improvements). In general, the set of specifications given generally as 3GPP TS 36.xyz (e.g., 36.211, 36.311, 36.312, etc.) may be seen as describing the Release 8 LTE system. Release 9 versions of these specifications have been published, including 3GPP TS 36.300, V9.7.0 (2011-March), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Release 10 versions of these specifications have been published, including 3GPP TS 36.300, V10.4.0 (2011-June), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
FIG. 1 reproduces FIG. 4-1 of 3GPP TS 36.300 V8.12.0, and shows the overall architecture of the E-UTRAN system 2 (Rel-8). The E-UTRAN system 2 includes eNBs 3, providing the E-UTRAN user plane (PDCP/RLC/MAC/PHY) and control plane (RRC) protocol terminations towards the UE (not shown). The eNBs 3 are interconnected with each other by means of an X2 interface. The eNBs 3 are also connected by means of an S1 interface to an EPC, more specifically to a MME by means of a S1 MME interface and to a S-GW by means of a S1 interface (MME/S-GW 4). The S1 interface supports a many-to-many relationship between MMEs/S-GWs and eNBs.
The eNB hosts the following functions:                functions for RRM: RRC, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both UL and DL (scheduling);        IP header compression and encryption of the user data stream;        selection of a MME at UE attachment;        routing of User Plane data towards the EPC (MME/S-GW);        scheduling and transmission of paging messages (originated from the MME);        scheduling and transmission of broadcast information (originated from the MME or O&M); and        a measurement and measurement reporting configuration for mobility and scheduling.
Of particular interest herein are the further releases of 3GPP LTE (e.g., LTE Rel-10) targeted towards future IMT-A systems, referred to herein for convenience simply as LTE-Advanced (LTE-A). Reference in this regard may be made to 3GPP TR 36.913, V8.0.1 (2009-March), 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network; Requirements for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced) (Release 8), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. A goal of LTE-A is to provide significantly enhanced services by means of higher data rates and lower latency with reduced cost. LTE-A is directed toward extending and optimizing the 3GPP LTE Rel-8 radio access technologies to provide higher data rates at very low cost. LTE-A is part of LTE Rel-10. LTE-A is a more optimized radio system fulfilling the ITU-R requirements for IMT-A while maintaining backward compatibility with LTE Rel-8. Reference is further made to a Release 9 version of 3GPP TR 36.913, V9.0.0 (2009-December), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Reference is also made to a Release 10 version of 3GPP TR 36.913, V10.0.0 (2011-June), incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
As is specified in 3GPP TR 36.913, LTE-A should operate in spectrum allocations of different sizes, including wider spectrum allocations than those of Rel-8 LTE (e.g., up to 100 MHz) to achieve the peak data rate of 100 Mbit/s for high mobility and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility. It has been agreed that carrier aggregation is to be considered for LTE-A in order to support bandwidths larger than 20 MHz. Carrier aggregation, where two or more component carriers (CCs) are aggregated, is considered for LTE-A in order to support transmission bandwidths larger than 20 MHz. The carrier aggregation could be contiguous or non-contiguous. This technique, as a bandwidth extension, can provide significant gains in terms of peak data rate and cell throughput as compared to non-aggregated operation as in LTE Rel-8.
A terminal may simultaneously receive one or multiple component carriers depending on its capabilities. A LTE-A terminal with reception capability beyond 20 MHz can simultaneously receive transmissions on multiple component carriers. A LTE Rel-8 terminal can receive transmissions on a single component carrier only, provided that the structure of the component carrier follows the Rel-8 specifications. Moreover, it is required that LTE-A should be backwards compatible with Rel-8 LTE in the sense that a Rel-8 LTE terminal should be operable in the LTE-A system, and that a LTE-A terminal should be operable in a Rel-8 LTE system.
FIG. 1B shows an example of the carrier aggregation, where M Rel-8 component carriers are combined together to form M×Rel-8 BW (e.g., 5×20 MHz=100 MHz given M=5). Rel-8 terminals receive/transmit on one component carrier, whereas LTE-A terminals may receive/transmit on multiple component carriers simultaneously to achieve higher (wider) bandwidths.
UE battery saving has been a big topic in the last few years in UMTS as battery consumption is increasing compared to GSM UEs due to the difference in the supported bands, more complicated functionalities in the UE, and smarter application activities, as non-limiting examples. In the case of UMTS, a UE can be in one of many different states (e.g., Cell-DCH, Cell-FACH, URA/Cell-PCH and IDLE) and the battery consumption is dependent on the state (e.g., different battery consumptions for different states).
In LTE, the network can configure the DRX for RRC CONNECTED UE battery saving so that the UE wakes up only in a limited time. As with UMTS, if the UE does not have activity for a certain time period, the network will release the RRC Connection at some point. From a UE power consumption point of view, a longer DRX and RRC_IDLE may be rather similar. However, the network implication will be quite different. In the case of long DRX, as the UE is in the RRC CONNECTED mode, in case the UE is moving and crosses the border of the cell, a handover should be performed. Thus, handover-related measurement signaling and handover signaling will increase. Alternatively, if the UE is in IDLE, RRC Connection Setup signaling will increase but no handover is required. Thus, for fast moving UEs not having constant data activity, the IDLE state is more preferable than long DRX from a network point of view.


A refrigerator includes a vacuum adiabatic body having a storage space to store a product and a door to open or close the storage space. The main body includes a first plate and perforation plate. A cool air supply gap through which cool air flows is formed between the first plate and the perforation plate. At least two holes through which cool air is discharged to the storage space are formed in the perforation plate. The first plate may be a wall of the main body.

A vacuum adiabatic body may suppress heat transfer by vacuuming an interior of a body. The vacuum adiabatic body may reduce heat transfer by convection and conduction, and may be applied to heating apparatuses and refrigerating apparatuses. In a typical adiabatic method applied to a refrigerator, although applied differently in refrigeration and freezing, a foam urethane adiabatic wall having a thickness of about 30 cm or more is generally provided. However, the internal volume of the refrigerator may be reduced.
In order to increase the internal volume of a refrigerator, a vacuum adiabatic body may be applied. Korean Patent No. 10-0343719 discloses a method in which a vacuum adiabatic panel is prepared and then built in the walls of a refrigerator. The exterior of the vacuum adiabatic panel may be finished with a separate molding such as Styrofoam (polystyrene). According to the method, additional foaming is not required, and the adiabatic performance of the refrigerator is improved. However, fabrication cost is increased, and a fabrication method is complicated.
As another example, a technique of providing walls using a vacuum adiabatic material and additionally providing adiabatic walls using a foam filling material is disclosed in Korean Patent Publication No. 10-2015-0012712. However, fabrication cost is increased, and a fabrication method is complicated.
As another example, all walls of a refrigerator may be fabricated using a vacuum adiabatic body that is a single product. For example, a technique of providing an adiabatic structure of a refrigerator configured to be in a vacuum state is disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2004/0226956 A1. However, it is difficult to obtain an adiabatic effect of a practical level, as it may be difficult to provide refrigerator walls of in a sufficient vacuum state. It may be difficult to prevent heat transfer at a contact portion between external and internal cases having different temperature, to maintain a stable vacuum state, and to prevent deformation of the cases due to a sound pressure in the vacuum state. Due to these problems, the technique disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. US 2004/0226956 A1 is limited to cryogenic refrigerating apparatuses, and is not applied to refrigerating apparatuses used in general households.
As a further alternative, the applicant of the present invention has filed Korean Patent Application Publication No. 10-2017-0016187, which discloses a refrigerator in which both a main body and a door are provided as vacuum adiabatic bodies. The vacuum adiabatic body itself may perform an adiabatic function, regardless of a type of other installed components.
As a further alternative, the applicant of the present invention has proposed a configuration of a cool air flow path in a case of a refrigerator to which a vacuum adiabatic body is applied in Korean Patent Application No. 10-2017-0171666.
However, a space inside the refrigerator is divided into a strongly cooled region and a weakly cooled region by applying a method using a forced flow of air while supplying cool air to the space inside the refrigerator. In the strongly cooled region, the stored product freezes, and in the weakly cooled region, food goes bad. When the stored product blocks the cool air discharge port, this problem becomes worse. In addition, in when excess product is stored and loaded inside the refrigerator, cool air cannot reach the product stored on the side having the door.


A testing apparatus measures cooling power of an electrically-powered Microclimate Cooling Unit (MCU) at the point of use of the MCU. The tester includes fluid supply and return ports for fluidly connecting to the MCU. A fluid heater provides a heat load to fluid in the tester. Fluid temperatures upstream and downstream of the heater are measured. The fluid flow rate is adjustable and measurable. A digital processor extracts the temperature and fluid flow rate data and computes cooling watts. The computed cooling watts are compared to the manufacturer's specifications to determine if the MCU is operating properly.

The invention relates in general to cooling systems and in particular to apparatus and methods for evaluating the performance of cooling systems.
Cooling systems help prevent heat stress in humans exposed to extreme climates or work environments. A personal cooling system enables chilled fluid to circulate through tubing placed in garments worn by a person. In some personal cooling systems, the tubing on the person is tethered or connected to heavier components (for example, heat exchangers) that cool the fluid in the tubing. Thus, the heavier components, including power supplies and compressors, are not carried by the person being cooled. Vehicle-mounted personal cooling systems may be mounted in a vehicle, such as an air or ground vehicle, and connected to a person or persons in the vehicle via the fluid tubing. A Microclimate Cooling Unit (MCU) mounted in a vehicle may be used to chill fluid that provides cooling to a vehicle's crew via tubing in garments worn by the crew.
The performance of an MCU can degrade because of normal wear and tear, physical damage, or excessive use. A performance-degraded MCU uses more power and cools less than an MCU that is operating at standard or normal efficiency. In some environments, loss of cooling results causes only personal discomfort. However, in very high temperature environments, such as compartments of armored vehicles deployed in a desert and containing many heat-producing electronic devices, the loss of cooling in the compartment can result in severe heat sickness. Heat sickness adversely affects humans' decision-making abilities, which are critical to survival when engaged with hostile parties or when operating an air or land vehicle.
There exists no simple way to accurately test the performance of an MCU at its point of use. MCUs may be as small as about 6 inches by 6 inches by 14 inches with little space in the interior to access any of the refrigeration components for testing purposes. Also, the MCU housings are not easily opened at the point of use.
An MCU can be shipped from its point of use to another location, such as the manufacturer's facility, for testing with a laboratory testing system. The heat load used to test an MCU in a laboratory test system is generally a multi-gallon capacity heated water reservoir. The manufacturer's testing system is accurate, although it is not portable. The size and weight of the water reservoir and the power need to heat the water in the reservoir preclude ease of portability. So, the MCU must be shipped from its point of use to the laboratory testing system. This process is expensive and time-consuming because all MCUs, whether performance-degraded or not, must be sent to the manufacturer for testing.
An onsite temperature differential test can be used to provide some indication of MCU performance. The temperature differential test includes measuring surface temperature at two locations on a bottom surface of the MCU, using a hand-held infrared temperature sensor. If the difference in temperature between the two locations is greater than 10 degrees F., then the MCU is considered to be performing adequately. While better than no test at all, the temperature differential test does not provide a very accurate indication of the actual cooling performance of an MCU. No heat load is applied to the MCU using the temperature differential test. Thus, properly-performing MCUs may be misdiagnosed as performance-degraded and shipped away for further testing, and performance-degraded MCUs may be misdiagnosed as properly-performing and not shipped for further testing.
In the case of the U.S. Army, over 7,000 MCUs have been deployed in Army aviation and ground vehicles. It is costly and time-consuming to ship this large number of MCUs from their respective points of use to suitable locations for performance testing. A need exists for a more accurate performance testing apparatus that can be used at the point of use of an MCU.

Performance testing apparatus for microclimate cooling unit

The United States of America as Represented by the Secretary of the Army


In general, techniques are described for advertising end user content delivery reachability by content delivery networks (CDNs) to upstream content serving entities. In one example, a CDN interconnection (CDNI) device of a content serving entity receives a prefix advertisement that specifies a downstream entity and indicates the downstream entity provides content delivery reachability to the network address prefix. A request router of the CDNI device receives a content request that includes a request for content and specifies a network address of an end user device to receive the content, wherein the network address is within a range defined by the network address prefix. The request router selects the downstream entity to serve the content request based at least on the content delivery reachability indication and redirects the content request to the downstream entity.

Content providers increasingly rely on content delivery networks (CDNs) to distribute content requested by a geographically diverse clientele. Content delivery networks reduce delivery costs, improve performance and robustness, and enhance a quality of experience for end users by caching copies of content in numerous locations to reduce the distance between end users and a given copy of the content.
In general, a CDN includes a distribution system made up of content serving nodes, or "surrogates," that cache copies of content and deliver the content in response to requests from end user devices. The distribution system also distributes content within the CDN, with content typically originating at an origin server and being distributed among the surrogates that are closer, both topologically and geographically, to a service provider edge and therefore to the end users. A request router of the CDN functions as a request reference point for the CDN to end user devices. An end user device sends a content request to the request router, which selects a capable surrogate to handle the content request and then redirects the end user device to the selected surrogate. The end user device reissues the content request directly to the selected surrogate, which delivers the requested content to the end user device.

Advertising end-user reachability for content delivery across multiple autonomous systems


Various methods and devices are provided for providing surgical access to a body cavity using a surgical access device that can include an elongate flexible member having proximal and distal ends and a sidewall extending therebetween. The elongate flexible member can be movable between a first position in which the elongate flexible member has at least one longitudinal fold formed in the sidewall such that a width of a longitudinal opening extending through the elongate flexible member is reduced, and a second position in which the fold in the sidewall is unfolded such that a width of the longitudinal opening is increased. In some embodiments, an obturator having expansion members can be used to unfold the elongate flexible member.

Access ports are widely used in medical procedures to gain access to anatomical cavities ranging in size from the abdomen to small blood vessels, such as veins and arteries, epidural, pleural and subarachnoid spaces, heart ventricles, and spinal and synovial cavities. The use of access ports has become more common as they provide minimally invasive techniques for establishing a portal for a number of procedures, such as those involving the abdominal cavity. Reduced postoperative recovery time, markedly decreased post-operative pain and wound infection, and improved cosmetic outcome are well established benefits of minimally invasive surgery, derived mainly from the ability of surgeons to perform an operation utilizing smaller incisions of the body cavity wall.
In many surgical procedures, it is desirable to provide one or more working channels into a body cavity through which various instruments can be passed to view, engage, and/or treat tissue to achieve a diagnostic or therapeutic effect. In laparoscopic abdominal procedures for example, the abdominal cavity is generally insufflated with CO2 gas to a pressure of around 15 mm Hg. The abdominal wall is pierced and one or more tubular cannulas, each defining a working channel, are inserted into the abdominal cavity. A laparoscopic telescope connected to an operating room monitor can be used to visualize the operative field and can be placed through one of the working channels. Other laparoscopic instruments such as graspers, dissectors, scissors, retractors, etc. can also be placed through one or more of the working channels to facilitate various manipulations by the surgeon and/or surgical assistant(s).
One problem with existing methods and devices is that existing surgical access devices that are configured to receive multiple instruments simultaneously have a very large size, and thus either require large incisions in tissue in order to place the surgical access device, or they cause damage to a smaller incision when the surgical access device is wedged into place. It can thus be difficult to position a large surgical access device in the incision, particularly in minimally invasive surgical procedures where the incision preferably relatively small.
Accordingly, there remains a need for methods and devices for positioning surgical access devices in tissue to form a pathway through the tissue and into a body cavity.

Multi-planar obturator with foldable retractor


A tire and a method for forming a tire tread are disclosed. The tire includes a tread defining an inferior tread profile and a superior tread profile, the superior tread profile having a generally continuous curvature between an edge of contact and a top center point. The superior tread profile includes a plurality of control points and a plurality of splines. Each of the plurality of splines extends between at least two of the plurality of control points. Curvatures of adjacent splines are generally equal at each of the plurality of control points.

The design of the tread profile for a tire is an important factor in the performance of the tire. For example, when a tire rolls across a surface, the tire is subject to cyclical compressive forces. The design of the tread profile for the tire may have a significant impact on the pressure distributions that are developed in the tire tread due to these compressive forces. Portions of the tread that are subjected to relatively higher contact pressures may fatigue faster than other portions of the tread, thereby resulting in unacceptable performance.
One portion of the tread that may be of concern is the shoulder rib. In many tires, the shoulder rib may have a tendency to wear during typical use. Further, the shoulder rib may be subjected to increased forces when, for example, the tire is turned during use. Specifically, when a vehicle utilizing the tire turns during use, the tread, and specifically one of the shoulder ribs of the tread, may be subjected to suddenly increased forces. Thus, the potential for fatigue and failure of the tire at the shoulder ribs may be one area of concern in the design of tread profiles.
Conventional tread profile designs utilize arcs to define and model the tread profile. For example, a variety of arcs may be formed between the shoulder of the tire or the edge of contact of the tread and the top center point of the tread. The tread profile may be modeled based on these arcs. However, the use of arcs to define and model a tread profile has disadvantages. For example, the curvature of the arcs at the intersections of adjacent arcs may have different curvatures. These varying curvatures may cause difficulties in controlling the pressure distributions at the arc intersections.
In particular, the pressure distributions across the shoulder ribs may be difficult to control when arcs are utilized to define and model a tread profile. For example, FIG. 3 provides a data plot illustrating one example of the pressures across a tire tread formed utilizing arcs. The tire tread formed and tested according to FIG. 3 was designed using five arcs between the top center point of the tread and the intersection between the tread and the sidewall. As illustrated by FIG. 3, the relative pressure distribution along this tread is undesirably high in important areas of the tread. For example, the pressure distribution on the exterior portions of the shoulders ribs may be undesirably high. Specifically, with reference to the X-axis in FIG. 3, the pressures in the region between an axial position of approximately −90 and an axial position of approximately −75, and in the region between an axial position of approximately 75 and an axial position of approximately 90, may be undesirably high.
Therefore, a tread profile and a method for forming the tread profile that helps to control pressure distributions in a tire tread would be useful. Further, a tread profile having a continuous curvature throughout the profile and a method for forming the tread profile would be useful. These and other advantages will be apparent from the description of the present invention that follows below.

Tire with tread profile having continuous curvature and method for forming tire

Compagnie Generale des Etablissements Michelin


An image processing device includes: a horizontal parallax detecting unit that compares a standard pixel constituting a standard image with a first reference pixel located at the same height position as the standard pixel and a second reference pixel located at a height position different from the first reference pixel out of pixels constituting the reference image in the standard image and the reference image in which the same subject is drawn at horizontal positions different from each other and that detects a horizontal parallax of the standard pixel on the basis of the comparison result.

Autostereoscopic displays have been known which can stereoscopically display an image without the use of glasses dedicated to a stereoscopic view. An autostereoscopic display acquires plural images in which the same subject is drawn at different horizontal positions. The autostereoscopic display compares subject images which are parts having the subject drawn therein with each other out of the plural images and detects a disparity in horizontal position between the subject images, that is, a horizontal parallax. The autostereoscopic display creates plural multi-view images on the basis of the detected horizontal parallax and the acquired images and stereoscopically displays the multi-view images. A local matching method disclosed in JP-A-2006-164297 and a global matching method disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4410007 are known as the method of allowing the autostereoscopic display to detect the horizontal parallax.

Image processing device, image processing method, and program