The system for automatic signal measurement includes a device under test, a control circuit, a data processing circuit, and a display device. The device under test includes a test pad area, which has multiple exposed test pads coupled to multiple circuit nodes in the device under test. The control circuit is coupled to the exposed test pads through a clamping fixture. The control circuit receives multiple test signals from the exposed test pads, stores multiple test signals in the memory, and controls a power on/off operation applied to the device under test through the exposed test pads. The data processing circuit is configured to receive the test signals stored in the memory, and determine whether the test signals meet a set of predetermined criteria to generate a verification result. The display device displays a signal waveform of the test signals and the verification result.

In general, the motherboard used by a computer needs to be verified by a power sequence in order to determine whether the motherboard can be used normally. The power sequence testing generally relates to whether the voltage level of a test signal on the motherboard is correct when the motherboard is powered on/off and whether the voltage transition time of each concerned test signal is correct. Conventionally a test engineer uses an oscilloscope to check whether there is abnormality in the test signals one by one. However, since the number of signals to be tested on the motherboard is large, measuring signals one by one will take a lot of time, resulting in a decrease in test efficiency. Moreover, the test engineer has to manually record the measured voltage and timing information to check whether a number of timing requirements are met, making the test process even more difficult.

System and device for automatic signal measurement


The present invention relates to a solid fosfomycin pharmaceutical composition stable in front the coloration, suitable for diabetics and not entailing gastrointestinal problems.

Fosfomycin trometamol, which chemical name is mono(2-ammonium-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol) (2R,cis)-(3-methyloxiranyl)phosphonate, is an antibiotic indicated in the prophylaxis and treatment of uncomplicated acute infections of the lower urinary tract.
There are some fosfomycin trometamol pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration disclosed in the state of the art.
The Spanish patent application ES495870 (Zambon, S.p.a.) describes a composition for oral administration in form of sachets containing fosfomycin trometamol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, lactose, titanium dioxide, orange flavour and sucrose. The sucrose content in this composition, depending on the active substance dosage, changes between 56 and 76% as weight of the total composition.
Another Spanish patent application, ES 2020790 (Zambon Group, S.p.a.), discloses a granulated containing fosfomycin trometamol, saccharine, flavour and sucrose. The sucrose content in this composition comprises 28% as weight of the total composition.
The Spanish patent application ES2224869 (Zambon Group, S.p.a.) discloses the use of certain basic compounds to stabilize a fosfomycin trometamol pharmaceutical composition. Some compositions described in the examples also mention the use of between 16% and 22% of sucrose as weight of the total composition.
The Spanish patent application ES2244333 (Simbec Ibérica, S. L.) discloses a pharmaceutical preparation comprising fosfomycin trometamol, mannitol and/or xylitol and an artificial sweetening agent selected from the group including acesulfame, aspartame, saccharin, alitame and/or cyclamate. The mannitol and/or xylitol content comprises between 20-40% as weight of the total composition.
The presence of certain sugars such as sucrose, fructose or glucose in a fosfomycin trometamol pharmaceutical composition can arise in an undesirable colouration due to the reaction between the aldehyde groups of such sugars with the trometamol amine or any other primary amino group present in the composition. Furthermore, the presence of these sugars makes the obtained pharmaceutical composition not suitable for the administration to diabetic patients.
On the other hand, it is well known in the state of the art that pharmaceutical compositions comprising a sugar derivative such as a sugar alcohol, in particular xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol or mixtures thereof, can cause intestinal problems such as an undesirable laxative effect or abdominals gases.

Abstract: The pharmaceutical composition of this invention comprises fosfomycin trometamol, glycine, and optionally other excipients as sucralose, silice dioxide, polyvinylpyrrolidone and flavor; and is substantially free from sugars and sugar alcohols as sucrose, fructose, glucose, xylitol, mannitol, sorbitol or mixtures thereof.


A fuel feed method and apparatus for a turboramjet engine having a combustion chamber operable as a turbine engine afterburner and as ramjet engine combustion chamber is disclosed which features the concurrent injection of kerosene and hydrogen. At low Mach numbers, kerosene is the predominant fuel injected, while at growing speeds, hydrogen is injected in increasing proportions. This provides for a short combustion chamber length while minimizing the on-board fuel load and benefits especially small-size hypersonic aircraft.

This invention relates to a fuel feed method for a turboramjet engine for a hypersonic aircraft, having a combined combustion chamber operable as a turbine engine afterburner and a ramjet engine combustion chamber, where before injection, liquid hydrogen is used for cooling a combustion chamber wall. The invention also relates to apparatus for accommodating the fuel feed method in a turboramjet engine which operates in a tubine mode at a lower Mach number range and in a ramjet made in an upper Mach number range.
Current development efforts involve hypersonic aircraft capable of takeoff and landing on normal airfields and developing cruise speeds of several Mach. Hypersonic aircraft of this description can find use either as fast long-haul transports or normal takeoff capability space shuttles. Attainable Mach numbers range from 4 to 8 at altitudes around 30 km.
As a fuel for engines to power these hypersonic aircraft, hydrogen is considered the most favorable, because it affords a number of advantages over other known fuels. The on-board fuel mass needed to meet the energy requirement of a certain mission is lower than for other fuels, and this benefits the takeoff weight. The cooling capacity of liquid hydrogen, for the same amount of energy, by far exceeds that of, i.e., kerosene, which considerably benefits the engine and aircraft cooling effort. The use of hydrogen, when compared with other fuels, finally makes for a substantially shorter afterburner/ ramjet combustion chamber, and so for shorter engines, this resulting in-correspondingly lower weight plus reduced surface areas in need of cooling. Also, the faster chemical rate of hydrogen makes for greater stability of the combustion process in the combustion chamber.
The disadvantages associated with the use of hydrogen are that at a given mission energy requirement, liquid hydrogen needs much more storage space than other liquid fuels, which is aggravated again by weight and space penalties incurred by the hydrogen tanks with their insulation and possible cooling requirements. The larger the aircraft, however, the more said disadvantages are cancelled by the benefits until a point is reached where liquid hydrogen based combustion become the most desirable.
These disadvantages nevertheless make the propulsion system of the above description problematic when the takeoff weight is relatively low, or the hypersonic aircraft small A disadvantage is provided also by the fact that at low airspeeds the cooling capacity of the liquid hydrogen cannot be exploited effectively, whereas on the other hand the hydrogen is to be vaporized and heated Prior to combustion.
A broad object of the present invention is to provide fuel feed method to effectively propel also small-size hypersonic aircraft and achieve highly stable combustion at a minimum of on-board fuel. It is also an object to minimize the combustion chamber dimensions, especially the length.
These and other objects are achieved according to preferred embodiments of the invention by providing a fuel feed method wherein kerosene and hydrogen are simultaneously injected into the combustion chamber such that combustion in the combustion chamber is sustained essentially by means of keorsene in a lower Mach number range wherein over the entire Mach number range, hydrogen is added at least sufficiently to adequately cool the combustion chamber wall on the one hand and to achieve an adequately high combustion chamber temperature to support economical combustion of kerosene on the other, and wherein at growing Mach number the kerosene/hydrogen feed ratio is increasingly growing richer in hydrogen
The method of the present invention involves the concurrent supply of kerosene and hydrogen to sustain combustion chamber operation. The combustion chamber on the one hand operates as an afterburner in the turbojet mode of the engine, and on the other it operates as a ramjet combustion chamber in the ramjet mode. In this manner the kerosene/hydrogen ratio can be made an optimum to suit the Mach number. At low Mach numbers under 4 the inlet temperatures of the combustion chamber run in the 500.degree. to 900.degree.-K range, so that the requirement for hydrogen-based cooling of the combustion chamber wall is still moderate In this Mach number range, the fuel injected is mostly kerosene, and this keeps the mass of on-board liquid hydrogen low. Accordingly the normally elaborate provisions made to store the liquid hydrogen can be reduced, especially on small aircraft Another advantage afforded is that combustion chamber wall cooling is adequate at any operating point while no resort must be made to additional high-energy cooling efforts. Also, the hydrogen supplied raises the combustion temperature to a point where the burning of kerosene becomes economical.
In the Mach number range under 4, i.e., in the post-takeoff phase and during climb, the combustion of kerosene is thus improved and the mass of necessary on-board hydrogen is minimized. Also, the cooling capacity of the liquid hydrogen used is fully utilized as a heat sink at any operating point.
An important advantage provided by the present invention is that the turboramjet using it operates with the combustion chamber active throughout the entire flight range from takeoff to the upper limit Mach number. In the turbine mode the combustion chamber operates as an afterburner, while after changeover to the ramjet mode, it operates as a ram combustion chamber.
In a further advantageous aspect of the present invention, hydrogen is the only fuel used for combustion once a certain upper limit airspeed is reached. Depending on the engine design this speed is around several Mach. At higher Mach numbers the amount of liquid hydrogen needed to cool the combustion chamber wall is equal to the amount of gaseous preheated hydrogen needed to operate the ramjet engine. This makes for optimum utilization of the thermal capacity of the liquid hydrogen.
The upper limit Mach number, at which hydrogen begins to be the only fuel injected, is selected such that the inlet temperature of the air entering the combustion chamber is still below the spontaneous ignition temperature of kerosene. At higher Mach numbers, with their higher inlet temperatures, this prevents the kerosene from igniting prematurely and so damaging the engine.
The cooling of the combustion chamber wall is achieved by utilizing the thermal capacity of the liquid hydrogen, a Practice known from rocket nozzle work. The hydrogen routed to the rear injection ports is vaporized by the heat absorbed in the cross-counterflow at the combustion chamber wall and is heated to a favorable temperature level. The cooling of the combustion chamber wall may here be strictly by convection in a fashion similar to that used for cooling the nozzles of rocket engines.
Further significant advantages afforded by the present invention are that hydrogen combustion raises the temperature of the air in the combustion chamber to substantiallY accelerate kerosene combustion. Despite the use of kerosene, therefore, the length of the combustion chamber can be held about as short as that of a combustion chamber using hydrogen only. It simultaneously improves the stability of kerosene combustion and so alleviates the risk of combustor vibrations (buzz, whine) associated with the burning of straight kerosene
The front kerosene injection ports are preferably integrated into the trailing edges of streamlined radial struts. These struts serve to support the core engine, and they are therefore needed for design reasons. Since they require cooling, anyway, the injection lines are included into the strut cooling system. When kerosene injection is halted at higher Mach numbers, the lines leading to the injection ports need draining to prevent residual kerosene from cracking.
In a further advantageous aspect of the present invention the rear hydrogen injection ports are provided in V-section flameholders. Flameholders of this geometry generate reverse-flow regions causing the fuel to be thoroughly swirled and burned effectively.
In this arrangement the injection ports may be located either in the trailing edges of the flameholders and/or upstream of the trailing edges. In the latter position of the Ports the hydrogen provides film cooling for the flameholders. The position also makes for a more uniform distribution of the hydrogen.
In a still further aspect of the present invention the flameholders are radially oriented and equally spaced around the circumference of the combustion chamber. This provides a simple design solution for the hydrogen feed arrangement. In an alternative arrangement the flameholders extend circumferentially to form a continuous band of flameholders These generally known variants uniformly distribute the fuel, especially the kerosene in the combustion chamber, to keep the mixing length short.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a partial schematic elevation view illustrating a turboramjet engine constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, and
FIG. 2 is a partial schematic longitudinal sectional view taken along line II--II of FIG. 1.

Fuel feed method and apparatus for a turboramjet engine

MTU Motoren- Und Turbinen-Union Munchen GmbH


The present invention provides multi-hop wireless communication systems that easily realize a highly-efficient and highly reliable bi-directional wireless relay transmission by using MIMO network coding.

Expectation about a ubiquitous network society that it is possible to obtain all sorts of information about social life without being restricted by when and where, swells out. In order to realize the ubiquitous network society, it is necessary to construct both public wireless networks provided by communication common carriers and wireless networks (private wireless networks) that are set up in private space such as families and offices and operated by users, and complements each other. As one of schemes that realize networks in environments where various wireless nodes (hereinafter simply referred as to "nodes") are ubiquitous, multi-hop wireless communication systems (multi-hop wireless networks) that perform not only direct communications between nodes but also information transmission (data transmission) via other nodes attract attention.
Multi-hop wireless networks are characterized in that it is possible to flexibly configure the network topology, and the transmission of broad-based information is allowed without depending on infrastructure such as base station and backbone line.
By the way, relay methods of relay nodes in multi-hop wireless network, can be classified broadly into two kinds, that is, the Amplify-and-forward scheme and the Decode-and-forward scheme. In addition, the Decode-and-forward scheme is a method that the relay node decodes the received signal, and then relays (retransmits) after performing coding again on the received signal that is already decoded.
In multi-hop wireless networks, the data transmitted from the source node is relayed by the adjacent node and transmitted to the destination node, wireless links for transmission and reception are constructed between nodes, broadcast traffic, multicast traffic and unicast traffic occur based on traffic and the network configuration (see Non-Patent Document 1). Therefore, by simultaneously using all the wireless links, the transmission characteristic (the throughput characteristic) is improved (see Non-Patent Document 2).
However, in multi-hop wireless networks, since it is different to construct wireless links between nodes that simultaneously uses the same channel for transmission, both one problem that the rate of wireless link building and the occupancy rate of wireless link are low and another problem that the interferences from adjacent nodes occur by simultaneously using the wireless link of the same channel, happen, it is impossible to realize a highly-efficient multi-hop wireless network.
In order to solve the above-described problems, the inventors of the present invention proposed a MIMO multi-hop/mesh network that performs a bi-directional transmission as a wireless network that not only improves the rate of wireless link building and the occupancy rate of wireless link but also realizes the transmitting-interference avoidance and the receiving-interference avoidance of adjacent nodes (see Non-Patent Document 6).
The MIMO multi-hop/mesh network disclosed in Non-Patent Document 6 is a network that the transmitting node and the receiving node exist alternately, each node has a relay function, and the transmission/reception of the forward link and the backward link are simultaneously performed. The MIMO multi-hop/mesh network disclosed in Non-Patent Document 6 realizes the interference avoidance of adjacent nodes by spatially multiplexing signals of the forward link and the backward link and the transmitting/receiving weights of antennas.
It is clear from the analysis based on the numerical simulation by computer that the MIMO multi-hop/mesh network disclosed in Non-Patent Document 6 can improve the transmission capacity than multi-hop wireless networks employing conventional MIMO algorithm.
Here, the MIMO multi-hop/mesh network disclosed in Non-Patent Document 6 will be described briefly.
FIG. 1 conceptually shows a model of the MIMO multi-hop/mesh network disclosed in Non-Patent Document 6. The lower part within FIG. 1, shows a signal model of the network that focuses attention on adjacent links.
In the model of the MIMO multi-hop/mesh network shown in FIG. 1, a 3-element MIMO antenna is used, the multiplexing of one stream for the forward link and one stream for the backward link is performed, and the number of the total streams (K) which a certain node transmits/receives, becomes two streams (K=2). Therefore, with respect to one desired signal, there are three interference signals.
Here, in the case of setting KF as the number of streams in the forward link and setting KB as the number of streams in the backward link, in the MIMO multi-hop/mesh network shown in FIG. 1, when a condition represented by the following Expression 1 is satisfied, it is possible to apply the linear algorithm and the nonlinear algorithm to a general topology.M≧K+max(KF,KB)  [Expression 1]
In other words, in the MIMO multi-hop/mesh network shown in FIG. 1, a 3-element MIMO antenna (M=3, i.e., at least three antennas) will be needed for a bi-directional transmission that perform the multiplexing of one stream for the forward link and one stream for the backward link.
By the way, in recent years, the network coding is studied. The network coding has an advantage that it becomes possible to save resources of the network by performing the coding of transmission data (see Non-Patent Document 3 and Non-Patent Document 4). For example, the transmitting node codes transmitting signals for the forward link and the backward link as one transmitting signal by using the network coding, and it becomes possible to simultaneously transmit as the same data (the same transmission data), thus it is possible to realize the transmitting-interference avoidance from the same transmitting node.
As described above, according to the MIMO multi-hop/mesh network disclosed in Non-Patent Document 6, it is possible to realize the link multiplexing and the interference avoidance of adjacent nodes.
However, the MIMO multi-hop/mesh network disclosed in Non-Patent Document 6 has the following problems.
Problem (A)
In order to realize the link multiplexing and the interference avoidance of adjacent nodes, the necessary number of antennas per node is at least three, thus there is a problem that the number of antennas is more than the number of the multiplexing links.
Problem (B)
In order to decide the transmitting/receiving weights of antennas of each node, both the transmitting node and the receiving node need channel information, thus there is a problem that the processing becomes complex.

Abstract: A multi-hop wireless communication system with multiple node devices having a relay function in which each node device is equipped with multiple MIMO antennas and a wireless communication system is constructed by setting up wireless links between the node devices, the multi-hop wireless communication system characterized in that a multiple input multiple output (MIMO) scheme is applied to a transmission/reception scheme of network coding and a space time block coding (STBC) scheme is further applied, concretely, by combining STBC broadcast and MIMO multiple access into network coding, a bi-directional wireless relay transmission that multiplexes a forward link and a backward link in all wireless links is easily realized, each node device performs transmission/reception processing and the relay transmission of data.


An energy converter according to the present invention includes a heat source (radiator 1), which receives externally applied energy and raises its temperature, thereby emitting electromagnetic radiations, and a radiation cut portion (mesh 2) for cutting down infrared radiations, of which the wavelengths are longer than a predetermined wavelength. The mesh 2 is a woven or knitted mesh of metal wires. The openings of the woven or knitted mesh have an aperture size that is smaller than the predetermined wavelength.

One of major obstacles that prevent an artificial light source from achieving high luminous efficacy is that the light source cannot convert energy into visible radiation without radiating a lot of infrared rays, of which the wavelengths are too long to sense with human eyes, at the expense of the visible radiation.
An incandescent lamp needs no ballasts, has a small size and a light weight, and shows a higher color rendering index than any other artificial light source. Due to these advantageous features, the incandescent lamp is a light source that is used most broadly worldwide. To increase the radiation efficiency of incandescent lamps, people tried to raise the operating temperature of the radiator or to find a radiator that has a small radiation in the infrared range. History teaches us that a carbon filament as a radiator material for an incandescent lamp was replaced by the currently used tungsten filament as a result of those efforts. By using the radiator of tungsten, the radiator could operate at a higher temperature than the radiator of any other material and therefore could reduce the percentage of radiations in the infrared range.
However, in spite of their efforts, the radiation produced by current incandescent lamps, using the tungsten filament, in the visible wavelength range is just 10% of the overall radiations thereof. The majority of the other radiations are infrared radiations, which account for as much as 70% of the overall radiations. Also, the current incandescent lamps cause a heat conduction due to an enclosed gap or a heat loss of 20% due to convection and have a luminous efficacy of about 15 lm/W, which is among the lowest ones in various artificial light sources. This performance of the incandescent lamps has not been improved significantly since 1930's.
Meanwhile, Patent Document No. 1 and other documents disclose a technique of drastically reducing the infrared radiations produced by a radiator and increasing the luminous efficacy of the lamp significantly. According to this technique, an array of very small cavities functioning as waveguides (which are termed "micro-cavities") is provided on the surface of the radiator, thereby cutting down radiations of which the wavelengths exceed a predetermined value (e.g., infrared radiations) and selectively emitting only electromagnetic radiations with the predetermined wavelength. This patent document describes that cavities with a width of about 350 nm and a depth of about 7 μm are arranged at an interval of about 150 nm, thereby cutting down infrared radiations of which the wavelengths exceed about 700 nm. This patent document also describes that the luminous efficacy increases as much as six-fold at an operating temperature of 2,000 K to 2,100 K.
On the other hand, Patent Document No. 2 discloses a technique of cutting down the infrared radiations by winding a single metal fine wire around the filament.
Patent Document No. 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 03-102701
Patent Document No. 2: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 04-349338

Energy converter and method of making the same


An electric lamp assembly includes an electrodeless lamp, including an electrodeless lamp envelope, a transformer core disposed in proximity to the lamp envelope and an input winding disposed on the transformer core. The lamp envelope preferably comprises a closed-loop, tubular lamp envelope, and the transformer is preferably disposed around the lamp envelope. The electrodeless lamp envelope encloses a fill material for supporting a low pressure discharge. The electrodeless lamp further includes an amalgam located within the lamp envelope. The input winding receives radio frequency energy which produces a low pressure discharge in the lamp envelope. The electrodeless lamp includes a thermal bridge between the transformer core and the amalgam, so that the amalgam is heated by the transformer core during operation.

Electrodeless fluorescent lamps are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,500,118 issued Mar. 10, 1970 to Anderson; U.S. Pat. No. 3,987,334 issued Oct. 19, 1976 to Anderson; and Anderson, Illuminating Engineering, April 1969, pages 236-244. An electrodeless, inductively-coupled lamp, as disclosed in these references, includes a low pressure mercury/buffer gas discharge in a discharge tube which forms a continuous, closed electrical path. The path of the discharge tube goes through the center of one or more toroidal ferrite cores such that the discharge tube becomes the secondary of a transformer. Power is coupled to the discharge by applying a sinusoidal voltage to a few turns of wire wound around the toroidal core that encircles the discharge tube. A current through the primary winding creates a time-varying magnetic flux which induces along the discharge tube a voltage that maintains the discharge. The inner surface of the discharge tube is coated with a phosphor which emits visible light when irradiated by photons emitted by the excited mercury atoms. The lamp parameters described by Anderson produce a lamp which has a high core loss and is therefore extremely inefficient. In addition, the Anderson lamp is impractically heavy because of the ferrite material used in the transformer core.
An electrodeless lamp assembly having high efficiency is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/624,043, filed Mar. 27, 1996 (now U.S. Pat. No. 5,834,905). The disclosed lamp assembly comprises an electrodeless lamp including a closed-loop, tubular lamp envelope enclosing mercury vapor and a buffer gas at a pressure less than about 0.5 torr, a transformer core disposed around the lamp envelope, an input winding disposed on the transformer core and a radio frequency power source coupled to the input winding. The radio frequency power source typically has a frequency in a range of about 100 kHz to about 400 kHz. The radio frequency source supplies sufficient radio frequency energy to the mercury vapor and the buffer gas to produce in the lamp envelope a discharge having a discharge current equal to or greater than about 2 amperes. The disclosed lamp assembly achieves relatively high lumen output, high efficacy and high axial lumen density simultaneously, thus making it an attractive alternative to conventional VHO fluorescent lamps and high intensity, high pressure discharge lamps.
Another type of electrodeless lamp is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,828 issued Nov. 3, 1981 to Justice et al. A globe-shaped lamp, wherein the discharge path is irregular in shape and is confined to an approximately spherical lamp envelope, is disclosed. A transformer core is located within the lamp envelope.
Yet another type of electrodeless lamp is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,239,238 issued Aug. 24, 1993 to Bergervoet et al. A transformer core is positioned in a reentrant cavity of a generally globe-shaped electrodeless lamp envelope.
The high wall temperatures of the lamp envelopes in the aboved-scribed lamps necessitates the use of mercury amalgams to ensure near optimum mercury vapor pressure during typical operation. Amalgams also have the advantage of substantially increasing the useful temperature range of the lamps. However, under some conditions, the amalgam temperature can drop below the optimum temperature range. In this case, output lumens and efficacy drop, and lamp color can shift due to the drop in mercury vapor pressure. These undesirable changes can occur in globe-shaped lamps, which do not have an integral ballast to provide amalgam heating, and also in tubular lamps. Temperatures below optimum can occur when lamp power is reduced during dimming and in low ambient temperatures, and also when the lamp is operated outside a fixture.
In tubular electrodeless lamps, the most practical location for the amalgam is in the exhaust or dummy tubulation. With lamps of typical loading operating in an indoor enclosed fixture, the amalgam temperature reaches about 85.degree. C. to 95.degree. C., well within the temperature range which gives lumens greater than 90% of peak. However for outdoor use, it is desirable to maintain high lumen output down to minus 20.degree. C. or lower. Under these conditions, lumen output can drop far below peak. Also, in open air at normal room temperature of 25.degree. C., the amalgam drops to below the temperature range that gives a lumen output greater than 90% of peak for common amalgam systems based on bismuth, tin and lead or bismuth and indium.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide electrodeless lamp configurations and methods of operating electrodeless lamps which provide high lumen output over a wide range of operating temperatures.

Electrodeless lamp having thermal bridge between transformer core and amalgam


A grating-interference type displacement meter apparatus is disclosed wherein a convex lens or a concave mirror is disposed such that a focal point thereof is placed on a refraction plane or a diffraction plane of a diffraction grating, or wherein zeroth-order beams transmitted through the diffraction grating are reflected back in the same direction by a rectangular prism or a triangular prism for reentrance thereof onto the diffraction grating. Hereby, a plurality of optical beams produced by the diffraction grating are directed to propagate parallely to directions of propagation thereof defined in its design.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a grating-interference type displacement meter, and more specifically to that capable of assuring stable interference even when a scale has a uneven surface.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A photoelectric encoder is well known heretofore, which includes a scale on which optical graduations are formed with a given pitch to generate a periodic detection signal. The photoelectric encoder has its resolution defined by the width of a groove of an optical grating and a pitch which is a distance between adjacent grooves of the grating, and defined by characteristics of an electronic-circuit for processing a signal after photoelectric conversion. Such an optical grating is generally formed by etching and hence has the atmost resolution of approximately 4 micro meter in view of final measurement accuracy, and finally practical resolution of approximately 1 micro meter if the electronic circuit is assumed to be used without costing up severely. It is therefore difficult to provide a further accurate optical grating.
In contrast, with the spread of a photoelectric type encoder, it is increasingly required to generate a detection signal at high resolution and with high accuracy.
To further improve the resolution of such a photoelectric type encoder, a grating interference type displacement meter has been proposed, in which fine pitch (typically about 1 micro meter) graduations are formed on a scale by holography and used as a diffraction grating to positively produce diffraction thereon for obtaining a detection signal.
Referring to FIG. 10, a conventional grating interference type displacement meter as disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 47-10034 is illustrated. The grating-interference type displacement meter includes a scale, on which a diffraction grating 10A of a pitch d has been formed, a He - Ne laser light source 12 for emitting a laser beam 14 of a wavelength .lambda. as an optical flux to irradiate the diffraction grating 10A therewith, mirrors 16, 18 for reflecting zeroth-and first-order diffracted optical beams produced by the diffraction grating 10A, respectively, a beam splitter (coarse diffraction grating) 20 for splitting into three equal optical beams a combined beam of a zeroth-order beam of the first order optical beam reflected by the first order side mirror 18 and a first-order beam of the zeroth order optical beam reflected by the zeroth-order side mirror 16, and optical detector elements 22A, 22B and 22C for photoelectrically converting the combined beam splitted by the beam splitter 20, respectively. Herein, the respective elements described above except for the scale constitute an optical detector.
In FIG. 10, polarizers 24, 26 which are inserted into optical paths of the zeroth and first-order optical beams, respectively, have directions of polarizations thereof intersecting perpendicularly to each other, and hence no interference fringe is formed on and around the optical detector 22A which is to receive the central one among the aforementioned three optical beams which are yielded as described above by splitting the combined optical beam into the aforementioned three optical beams. Therefore, a simple additive sum signal, not an interference fringe, is incident upon the optical detector element 22A. The signal is here used as a reference signal Vr.
Additionally, an analyzer 28B, which serves to produce an interference fringe, is disposed just before the optical detector element 22B, which then generates a phase A detection signal .phi.A which would be produced owing the interference fringe.
Further, a quarter wave plate 30 and an analyzer 28C are disposed just before the optical detector element 22C, which then generates a phase B detection signal .phi.B different in its phase by 90.degree. from the phase A detection signal .phi.A.
An incident angle .theta. of the laser beam 14 and a diffraction angle .phi. of the first order beam satisfy a relationship: EQU d(sin .theta.+sin .phi.)=.lambda. (1)
In such a grating interference type displacement meter, an optical grating of an 1 micro meter pitch or less can be achieved by manufacturing the diffraction grating 10A by holography for example, thereby assuring resolution of 0.01 micro meter.
However, when the glass surface of the scale 10 including the diffraction grating 10A formed thereon has bad flatness, in the transmission type grating interference type displacement meter as shown in FIG. 10, for example, angles of refraction of the zeroth-and first-order beams are changed and hence those optical beams are deflected as indicated by the arrow A in FIG. 11 (when the flatness of the lower surface of the scale is bad). As a result, directions of propagation of the two optical beams incident upon the optical detector elements 22B, 22C and inclined each other, and wave surfaces of the beams intersecting perpendicularly to these directions exhibit a pattern synthesized into a fringe shape, preventing a uniform interference pattern from being produced between the beams over the whole surface across a cross section on which the beams are superimposed. Accordingly, in such a transmission type grating interference type displacement meter, the flatness of the scale must be kept 5 micro meter/100 mm or less, and further no signal might be detected if the directions of optical axes would be inclined owing to any other factor.
On the contrary, in a reflection type grating interference type displacement meter in which a light source and a detector system are disposed together on one side of a reflection type scale, the light source and the detector system may be disposed on the one side of the scale, so that the reflection type one is suitable for a built-in type scale such as a separate type one. In such a reflection type grating interference type displacement meter, however, diffraction of a reflected light is used, so that displacement of an optical path originating from any inclination of the scale and insufficient flatness of the same is severer than the aforementioned transmission type is, requiring more accurate mounting and adjusting operations, which are difficult in execution.

Grating-interference type displacement meter apparatus


An adjustable work chair such as an office chair has a height-adjustable seat comprising a front seat part (2) and a rear seat part (3) connected by a hinge (4) that extends transversely of the seat. A first arm (15) is coupled between the front part of the seat and the head of a fixed part (13) of a seat lift (14), and a second arm (16) is coupled between an extendable piston of the lift (14) and the underside of the rear part (13) of the seat.

This invention relates to a chair, for example an office chair, having a height-adjustable seat.
DE 43 03 021 A1 discloses an adjustable work chair of this type in which the seat comprises a front part and a back part connected by a transverse hinge and including a first arm connected to the front part of the seat near its front edge and a second arm connected to the back part of the seat. The seat is height-adjustable by means of a lift and can be progressively tilted forwardly from a normal position to an angle of about 15xc2x0. The tilt is such that the entire thigh part of a user""s leg rests on the seat when the lower part of the leg is extends vertically. A standing work position cannot be achieved with this chair.
Ergonomists and occupational health workers have repeatedly commented on the benefits to health of frequent changes from a seated position to a standing position. New work desks offer an adjustment range from seated to standing work positions. Therefore, there is a need for work chairs with an adjustment range between seated and standing work positions. This does not merely involve enlargement of the adjustment range, which would lead to sitting at standing height, as with bar chairs or chairs with a foot ring for stand-up counters. Rather, the standing work position should allow for leaning or short-term crouching to relieve the feet.
EP 0 293 136 B1 and 0 371 729 B1 disclose chairs with seats that are saddle-shaped and that swivel to allow leaning or short-term crouching in the standing position of the seat. A disadvantage here is that a sit/stand position or a seated position on a tilted seat are not possible because of the saddle shape of the seat.
An object of the present invention is to provide an improved adjustable work chair providing sit/stand positions.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a chair having a height-adjustable seat comprising a front seat part and a rear seat part connected by a hinge that extends transversely of the seat. The chair has a lift for raising and lowering the seat and the lift includes a fixed part and a movable part that can be extended upwardly with respect to the fixed part. A first arm is connected between the front part of the seat and the fixed part of the lift, and a second arm is connected between the movable part of the lift and the rear part of the seat.
A work chair of this form is adjustable in the sense of the invention in that it is possible to lift the seat from the normal seated position in such a manner that the front part of the seat is turned through an angle of at least 60xc2x0 from the horizontal. Simultaneously, the back moves up parallel to its original position and a sit/stand or a stand/lean position may be assumed.
A user of the chair may relieve his or her feet by crouching into the rear part of the seat, to which a back rest may be fitted.
Preferably, the seat is divided so that the hinge lies towards the rear of the seat, with the front part forming between a half and two thirds of the overall depth of the seat. A mechanical arrangement allows the front part of the seat to tip downwardly in the upper position. As a result, a shorter seat is presented in the standing or leaning position, as with a high stool. In the sit position, the seat returns to its normal, office chair position and an additional resting position can be attained by tipping the rear part of the seat backwards.
In a first embodiment of the invention, the first arm of the chair is movable both at the front part of the seat and where it joins the movable part of the lift (e.g. the head of an extendable piston). In the second embodiment, the first arm is joined to the front part of the seat so that it is movable but is firmly attached to the fixed part of the lift (e.g. a cylinder receiving the piston). In these two embodiments, the lift may be a gas spring having two individually adjustable lift heights of 190 mm.
The first lift height regulates the seat height between about 400 mm and 590 mm. The second setting regulates the lift from the sit position to the sit/lean position through about 780 mm. Both lifts can be regulated individually so that the second setting is fully expanded in the stand position and the height can be adjusted individually for a small person by means of the first setting. Furthermore, the forward angle of the seat can be regulated individually with the second setting.
In a third embodiment of the invention, the second arm is connected to the back part of the seat at a joint that includes toothed segments. The two arms are coupled together about a common axis defined by an axial spring element such as torsion bar and/or a spring bar at the head of the centre column of the seat support, for the purpose of adjusting the arms with respect to each other. In this embodiment, no lift is necessary. Rather, adjustment of the seat from the seat to the stand position is carried out by simply moving the second arm (attached to the rear part of the seat) upwards, during which the vertical position of the rear part of the seat is maintained by the toothed segments of the joint. At the same time, the front part of the seat can be turned into an almost vertical position about the hinge between the two parts of the seat.
In a further, fourth embodiment, the torsion or spiral spring connects to the top of the centre column by a rack and pinion arrangement which accommodates shifting of weight relative to the centre column of the work chair.
The third and fourth embodiments comprise mechanisms that include a torsion bar and/or spring bar and a static front (first) arm. The third embodiment has a movable rear (second) arm and a centre of gravity that can be adjusted in relation to the torsion bar. The adjustment range of the lift in the seated position is about 260 mm and the lift range in the sit/stand position is about 120 mm. In the fourth embodiment, the torsion bar and/or spiral spring bar is shifted towards the front and up in comparison to the third embodiment, and drives a movable arm that lifts the back part of the seat into the stand/lean position or height. Another spring element (gas-spring or spiral spring) controls synchronized movement of the seat back position in connection with the front torsion bar and/or spiral spring bar and optionally guides the lift mechanism to the stand/lean position. The required adjustment range of the lift in the seated position is about 140 mm to about 160 mm. Lift to the stand/sit position is about 200 mm to 220 mm.


A donor substrate includes a base substrate; a light reflection layer on the base substrate and partially overlapping the base substrate; a light-to-heat conversion layer on the base substrate, and including a combination layer including an insulating material and a first metal material; and a transfer layer on the light-to-heat conversion layer. A ratio of the first metal material in the combination layer to the insulating material in the combination layer increases as a distance from the base substrate increases along a thickness direction of the light-to-heat conversion layer.

1. Field
The invention relates to a donor substrate and a method of forming a transfer pattern using the donor substrate. More particularly, the invention relates to a donor substrate having a light-to-heat conversion layer which includes a combination layer, and a method of forming a transfer pattern using the donor substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
As a method of forming an organic/inorganic pattern (hereinafter, referred to as a transfer pattern) on a transfer-target substrate, a laser thermal transfer imaging method has been used. For instance, the laser thermal transfer imaging method is used to form a pattern of an organic light emitting device.
The laser thermal transfer imaging method is performed using a donor substrate. The donor substrate includes a light-to-heat conversion layer to convert light emitted from a light source to heat. As a light absorption rate of the light-to-heat conversion layer increases, i.e., as a light reflectivity decreases, the transfer pattern is easily transferred.

Donor substrate and method of forming transfer pattern using the same


The present invention relates to an assembled annular light supplement lamp, including a first splicer and a second splicer that are spliced to form a ring, where both ends of the first splicer and the second splicer are provided with a first end face and a second end face respectively, and the first end face is in plug-in connection with the adjacent second end face. By arranging the first splicer and the second splicer, where one or a plurality of second splicers may be provided, splicing or disengagement is realized by the matching between a first guide pin and a first slot, so that the assembled annular light supplement lamp is easy to install and use, and reduces the storage space and transportation costs after disassembly.

With the rise of the field of live broadcast, light supplement lamps are often used for auxiliary light supplement and lighting to improve the effects of photography, video recording or live broadcast.
Most of commercially available annular light supplement lamps have an integrated annular structure, and products in such form have the disadvantages of large size, large occupied space, high transportation costs and inconvenience to carry.


In a method f or synchronizing a receiver with a signal modulated with a spreading code the frequency shift of the transmitted signal and the symbol acquisition of the data transmission are determined. In the method, a guessed data is generated, and the received signal is multiplied with at least two different values of said guessed data, to form spectrum results. The spectrum results formed with said different guessed data are used to determine the frequency shift.

In positioning methods based on satellites, the positioning receiver attempts to receive a signal transmitted by the satellites. The signal contains phase-modulated information, such as the orbit parameters of the satellites. In practical situations, however, the signal strength in the positioning receiver may be so weak, particularly indoors, that acquisition of the signal is difficult. In particular, acquisition of a carrier wave modulated with a spreading code is complicated by 50 bps data transmission when operating at such signal levels on which data reception is impossible (and when the data must be obtained e.g. via a mobile communication network).
One known positioning system is the GPS system (Global Positioning System) comprising more than 30 satellites, of which normally a maximum of 12 are simultaneously within the sight of a receiver. These satellites transmit e.g. satellite orbit data (Ephemeris data) as well as data on the time of the satellite. A receiver to be used in positioning normally determines its position by computing the propagation time of a signal transmitted substantially simultaneously from several satellites belonging to the positioning system to the receiver. For positioning, the receiver must typically receive the signals of at least four satellites within sight, to be able to compute the position.
Each satellite operating in the GPS system transmits a ranging signal at a carrier frequency of 1575.42 MHz called L1. This frequency is also indicated with 154f0, where f0=10.23 MHz. Furthermore, the satellites transmit another ranging signal at a carrier frequency of 1227.6 MHz called L2, i.e. 120f0. In the satellite, the modulation of these signals is performed with at least one pseudo sequence. This pseudo sequence is different for each satellite. As a result of modulation, a code-modulated wideband signal is generated. The modulation technique used in the receiver makes it possible to distinguish between the signals transmitted by different satellites, although the carrier frequencies used in the transmission are substantially the same. This modulation technique is called code division multiple access (CDMA). In each satellite, for modulating the L1 signal, the pseudo sequence used is e.g. a so-called C/A code (Coarse/Acquisition code), which is a code from the family of the Gold codes. Each GPS satellite transmits a signal by using an individual C/A code. The codes are formed as a modulo-2 sum of two 1023-bit binary sequences. The first binary sequence G1 is formed with a polynome X10+X3+1, and the second binary sequence G2 is formed by delaying the polynome X10+X9+X8+X6+X3+X2+1 in such a way that the delay is different for each satellite. This arrangement makes it possible to generate different C/A codes by using identical code generators. The C/A codes are thus binary codes whose chipping rate in the GPS system is 1.023 MHz. The C/A code comprises 1023 chips, wherein the repetition interval (epoch) of the code is 1 ms. The carrier of the L1 signal is further modulated by navigation information at a bit rate of 50 bit/s. The navigation information comprises information about the "health" and orbit of the satellite, parameters related to the local clock of the satellite, etc. In satellites of the GPS system, e.g. so-called atomic clocks are used as the local clock.
During their operation, the satellites monitor the condition of their equipment. The satellites may use for example so-called watch-dog operations to detect and report possible faults in the equipment. The errors and malfunctions can be instantaneous or longer lasting. On the basis of the health data, some of the faults can possibly be compensated for, or the information transmitted by a malfunctioning satellite can be totally disregarded. Furthermore, in a situation in which signals of more than four satellites can be received, the information received from different satellites can be weighted differently on the basis of the health data. Thus, it is possible to minimize the effect of errors on measurements, possibly caused by satellites which seem unreliable.
To detect the signals of the satellites and to identify the satellites, the receiver must perform acquisition, whereby the receiver searches for the signal of each satellite at the time and attempts to acquire this signal so that the signal propagation times can be measured and the data transmitted with the signal can be received and demodulated.
In receivers of prior art, the time taken for this acquisition depends, for example, on the strength of the received signal. Typically, the weaker the received signal is, the longer an integration must be carried out in each element of the space to be searched (correlation/frequency), to detect a possible signal. Typically, in prior art GPS receivers designed for outdoor use, the acquisition of satellite signals takes some tens of seconds or a few minutes, if the received signal strength is relatively high, in the order of −120 to −130 dBm. However, in a situation of positioning indoors or in such a place where the received signal is attenuated, for example, by the effect of buildings or other obstacles in the terrain, the acquisition time is considerably prolonged.
In the GPS system, the satellites transmit a spread spectrum modulated signal which is generated with an individual spreading code in each satellite. Thus, the receiver attempts to be synchronized with the transmitted signal, i.e., the receiver attempts to determine the code phase and Doppler shift of the signal. In practice, the Doppler shift can be in the order of ±6 kHz. In a corresponding manner, the length of the code used in the modulation is 1023 chips, wherein 1023 different alternatives must be scanned to find out the correct code phase. Thus, scanning through the whole two-dimensional search space takes a long time. Furthermore, the determination of the correlation maximum is complicated by the fact that the spread spectrum modulated signal is still modulated with a data signal of 50 baud. Due to the effect of the unknown data modulation, the inaccuracy of the frequency estimate is several tens of hertzes, and the measurement result is thus not directly suitable to be used as an initialization for the carrier wave tracking phase locked loop.
Consequently, in this description, the spreading code refers to a code with which the carrier wave is modulated.
The positioning receiver must perform the acquisition e.g. when the receiver is turned on and also in a situation in which the receiver has not been capable of receiving the signal of any satellite for a long time. Such a situation can easily occur e.g. in portable devices, because the device is moving and the antenna of the device is not always in an optimal position in relation to the satellites, which impairs the strength of the signal coming in the receiver. Also in urban areas, buildings have an effect on the signal to be received.
The positioning arrangement has two primary functions:    1. to calculate the pseudo range between the receiver and the different GPS satellites, and    2. to determine the position of the receiver by utilizing the calculated pseudo ranges and the position data of the satellites. The position data of the satellites at each time can be calculated on the basis of the Ephemeris and time correction data received from the satellites or via the mobile communication network.
Distances to the satellites are called pseudo ranges, because the time is not accurately known in the receiver from the beginning. Thus, the determinations of position and time are iterated until a sufficient accuracy is achieved with respect to time and position. Because the time is not known with absolute precision, the position and the time must be determined by iteratively solving a linearized set of equations having x,y,z and time as unknowns.
The pseudo range can be computed by measuring the pseudo transmission time delays between the signals of the different satellites.
Almost all known GPS receivers utilize correlation methods for computing the distances. In a positioning receiver, pseudo sequences of different satellites are stored or generated locally. A received signal is subjected to conversion to an intermediate frequency (down conversion), whereafter the receiver multiplies the received signal with the stored pseudo sequence. The signal obtained as a result of the multiplication is integrated or low-pass filtered. The presence of the satellite signal can be determined on the basis of this filtered or integrated signal.
The above-mentioned acquisition and frequency control process must be iterated for each signal of a satellite received in the receiver. Consequently, this process takes a lot of time, particularly in a situation, in which the signals to be received are weak. To speed up this process, some prior art receivers use several correlators, wherein it is possible to search for several correlation peaks simultaneously. In practical solutions, the process of acquisition and frequency control cannot be accelerated very much solely by increasing the number of correlators, because the number of correlators cannot be increased infinitely.
In some prior art GPS receivers, thee FFT technique has been used in connection with conventional correlators to determine the Doppler shift of the received GPS signal. These receivers use the correlation to restrict the bandwidth of the received signal to 10 to 30 kHz. This narrow-band signal is analysed with FFT algorithms to determine the carrier frequency.
International patent application WO 97/14057 presents a GPS receiver and a method for processing GPS signals. The receiver presented in this reference comprises primarily two separate receivers, of which the first receiver is intended for use in a situation in which the received signal strength is sufficiently high, and the second receiver is intended for use in a situation in which the received signal strength is not sufficient for sufficiently accurate positioning by using the first receiver. In this second receiver, the received signal is digitized and stored in memory means, wherein these stored signals are later used in a digital signal processor. The digital signal processor performs convolution operations on the received digitized signal. The aim of these convolution operations is to calculate the pseudo distances. Typically, 100 to 100 epochs (PM frames) are stored in the memory means, corresponding to a signal with the length of 100 ms to 1 s. After this, the stored code corresponding to the code of the satellite under examination is retrieved from the memory of the receiver for use in the analysis of the received signal.
Also the Doppler shift is removed in the receiver. The extent of this Doppler shift is determined either in the first receiver or on the basis of data received from a base station belonging to the GPS system. This is followed by coherent summing of sequential frames. This data obtained as a result of the summing is subjected to fast Fourier transform. The Fourier transform result is multiplied by the complex conjugate of the Fourier transform of the reference signal stored in the memory means. This product of the multiplication is further subjected to inverse Fourier transform, producing a set of correlation results. Consequently, in this reference, the correlation is replaced by the Fourier transform, thereby reducing the number of arithmetical operations. According to the reference, the method accelerates the positioning 10 to 100 times compared with the solutions known at the time of filing of said publication.

Method in the synchronization of a receiver, and a receiver


Disclosed are benztropine analogs having the formula (I) in which Ar is a C6-C20 monocyclic aryl group or a C10-C20 bicyclic aryl group or a heteroaryl, heterocyclic, or arylheterocyclic group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of N, O, S, P, and any combination thereof; m=1 to 5; n=1 to 3; and R1 to R4 are as described in the specification; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof; pharmaceutical compositions and use thereof, e.g., in treating mental disorders.

The present invention relates generally to a family of benztropine compounds or tropane analogs, pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, and their use to treat various diseases or conditions including mental disorders.
The significant public health and social problems resulting from cocaine abuse have stimulated research efforts directed toward elucidating the central mechanisms by which cocaine exerts its behavioral effects. The data from these studies suggest that the primary mechanism of the behavioral effects of cocaine appears to be related to the inhibition of dopamine uptake (see, Ritz, M. C., et al., Science, 237, 1219-1223 (1987); and Kuhar, M. J., et al., Trends Neurosci., 14, 299-301 (1991)) which results in an elevated concentration of dopamine in the synapse. As a consequence, considerable emphasis has been directed toward the dopamine transporter as a target for research and potential therapeutics for the treatment of cocaine abuse.
There have been several approaches to finding tropane analogs as potential medications for psychostimulant abuse and other mental disorders; see, for example, Singh, S., Chem. Rev., 100, 925-1024 (2000); Newman A. H. and Kulkarni S. S., Med. Res. Rev., 22, 429-464 (2002); Newman, A. H., Med. Chem. Res., 8, 1-11 (1998); Carroll, F. I., J. Med. Chem., 46, 1775-1794 (2003), Agoston et al., J. Med. Chem., 40, 4329-39 (1997); Desai et al., J. Neurosci., 25, 1889-93 (Feb. 23, 2005); Kulkami et al., J. Med. Chem., 47, 3388-98 (2004); Xu et al., J. Med. Chem., 45, 1203-10 (2002); Zou et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 12, 1249-52 (2002); Zou et al., J. Med. Chem., 46, 2908-16 (2003); and U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,775. Although some of the reported analogs have demonstrated some cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects, there remains a need for tropane or benztropine analogs which have affinity for the dopamine transporter but without a significant behavioral profile of cocaine. The present invention provides such analogs. This and other objects and advantages of the invention, as well as additional inventive features will be apparent from the description of the invention provided herein.

The United States of America, as represented by the Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services


Embodiments of this application provide a message digest generation method and apparatus, and a storage medium. The generation method is performed by an electronic device, and includes: obtaining a plurality of associated messages from a to-be-processed message set; generating a function label distribution model, a sentiment label distribution model, a word category label distribution model, and a word sentiment polarity label distribution model corresponding to each of the plurality of associated messages; determining, based on the function label distribution model, the sentiment label distribution model, the word category label distribution model, and the word sentiment polarity label distribution model, a distribution probability that a category of a word included in the plurality of associated messages is a subject content word; and generating a digest of the plurality of associated messages according to the distribution probability of the subject content word.

Currently, when digests of messages in social media are extracted, each message is usually used as an article (for example, each status in WeChat Moments is regarded as an article), and then a digest of the message is extracted using a content-based multi-article summarization method. However, due to characteristics such as short text, loud noise, and informal language of the messages in the social media, ideal effects cannot be achieved by directly using the content-based multi-article summarization method.
The information disclosed in the background is merely used to enhance understanding of the background of this application, and therefore may include information of the related art not known by a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Method and apparatus for generating digest for message, and storage medium thereof

TENCENT TECHNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) COMPANY LIMITED


An R-T-B based permanent magnet, in which R is a rare earth element, T is Fe or a combination of Fe and Co, and B is boron, includes main phase grains made of an R2T14B crystal phase and grain boundaries formed between the main phase grains. The grain boundaries include an R—O—C—N concentrated part having higher concentrations of R, O, C, and N than that of the main phase grains. The R—O—C—N concentrated part includes a heavy rare earth element. The R—O—C—N concentrated part has a core part and a shell part covering at least part of the core part. A concentration of the heavy rare earth element in the shell part is higher than a concentration of the heavy element in the core part. A covering ratio of the shell part with respect to the core part of the R—O—C—N concentrated part is 45% or more in average.

An R-T-B based sintered magnet has excellent magnetic properties, but a corrosion resistance tends to be low because a rare earth element which is easily oxidized is included as a main component.
In order to improve the corrosion resistance of the R-T-B based sintered magnet, for example, Patent Document 1 proposes an R-T-B based sintered magnet having an R—O—C concentrated part in a grain boundary wherein concentrations of R, O, and C are higher than in R2T14B crystal grains, and a ratio of O atom is regulated with respect to R atom in the R—O—C concentrated part within an appropriate range.
Also, Patent Document 2 proposes an R-T-B sintered magnet having an R—O—C concentrated part in a grain boundary wherein concentrations of R, O, and C are higher than in R2T14B crystal grains, and an area ratio of the R—O—C concentrated part occupying a cross section of the R-T-B based sintered magnet is regulated within an appropriate range.    [Patent Document 1] WO 2013/122255    [Patent Document 2] WO 2013/122256


The present invention provides a semiconductor structure, which comprises: a substrate, a semiconductor base, a semiconductor auxiliary base layer, a cavity, a gate stack, a sidewall spacer, and a source/drain region, wherein the gate stack is located on the semiconductor base; the sidewall spacer is located on the sidewalls of the gate stack; the source/drain region is embedded in the semiconductor base and is located on both sides of the gate stack; the cavity is embedded in the substrate; the semiconductor base is suspended above the cavity, the thickness of the middle portion of the semiconductor base is greater than the thickness of the two end portions of the semiconductor base in the direction of the length of the gate, and the two end portions of the semiconductor base are connected to the substrate in the direction of the width of the gate; and the semiconductor auxiliary base layer is located on the sidewall of the semiconductor base and has an opposite doping type to that of the source/drain region, and the doping concentration of the semiconductor auxiliary base layer is higher than that of the semiconductor base. Correspondingly, the present invention also provides a method for manufacturing a semiconductor structure. According to the present invention, the short channel effect can be suppressed, and the device performance can be improved, thereby reducing the cost and simplifying the process.

In order to increase the performance and integration level of integrated circuit chips, the feature size of devices are continuously reducing according to the Moore's Law, and has now been reduced to a nanometer scale. With the reduction in the device volume, the power consumption and leak current has become the biggest concern, and a series of effects that could be ignored in the MOSFET long channel model become more and more notable and even become dominant factors affecting the performance. Such phenomena are collectively called the short channel effect. The short channel effect may cause the degradation of the electrical properties of the device, for example, a drop in the gate threshold voltage, an increase in power consumption and a reduction in signal-to-noise ratio, etc.
In order to alleviate the short channel effect, a Super Steep Retrograde Well (SSRW) is introduced into the semiconductor field effect device. The Super Steep Retrograde Well has a low-high-low (or low-high) doping profile of the channel, the surface area of the channel maintains a low doping concentration, while a highly-doped area is formed in the area under the channel surface by an appropriate method, such as ion implantation, thus reducing the width of the depletion layer of the source/drain region and avoiding the short channel effects, such as an increased leak current caused due to source-drain punch-through, an increase in the threshold voltage and the like.
As for the MOS transistor structure, the Silicon on Insulator (SOI) structure has become a preferred structure for MOS devices of a deep sub-micron and nanometer level because it can well suppress the short channel effect and can enhance the capability of scaling down of the devices.
With the continuous development of the SOI technique, in a prior art document titled "Silicon-on-Nothing—an Innovative Process for Advanced CMOS" (IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, Vol. 147, No. 11, 2000), Malgorzata Jurcazak, Thomas Skotnicki, M. Paoli, et. al. proposes a novel SOI device-SON (Silicon on Nothing) device structure in which a channel region is formed on a cavity.
SON (Silicon on Nothing) is an advanced technique developed by CEA-Leti in France and STMicroelectronics for the processing procedure of CMOS of a technical node of 90 nm and smaller, in which SON forms a local area Silicon on Insulator under the channel by means of a "cavity" structure, and the cavity may be an air gap or an oxide filling. Compared to the SOI device, the dielectric constant of the cavity structure is significantly reduced, thereby greatly reducing the influence from the two-dimensional electric field effect of a buried oxide layer and thus the DIBL effect. Moreover, good short channel properties and a more steep sub-threshold slope can be obtained by controlling the silicon film thickness and the cavity height, meanwhile, the self-heating effect of the SOI device can be alleviated. Bulk silicon may be used to replace the more expensive SOI wafer as the original wafer, so SON is considered as a preferred structure for replacing the SOI technique.
The most critical issue in the preparation of a SON device is how to prepare a cavity layer. At the time when the SON structure was first proposed, an epitaxial SiGe sacrifice layer technique was used. Afterwards, there are documents that provide methods for preparing the SON device by helium (He) ion implantation together with additional annealing or joint implantation of hydrogen-helium (H—He) ions together with additional annealing. The epitaxial SiGe sacrifice layer technique increases the process steps for manufacturing the device and increases the process complexity at the same time. With the reduction in the feature size of the device, requirements on the depth of the super-shallow junction of the device also makes ion implantation a difficult problem, so there are still many challenges to be overcome before actually applying the existing technique to the current manufacturing process for the very large scale integrated circuits.
Moreover, there are also many difficult technical problems concerning how to use the super steep retrograde well in the SON device to further suppress the short channel effect and improve the device performance.

Semiconductor structure and method for manufacturing the same

The Institute of Microelectronics Chinese Academy of Science


A user interface method and apparatus for a mobile terminal having a touchscreen are provided. The apparatus and method improve interactivity using a toolbar menu mode screen which allows a user to execute functions and commands with drag and drop behaviors on the touchscreen to graphical objects such as toolbar, icons, and other active objects. An interface apparatus includes a touchscreen unit that displays a screen including a second region for presenting a toolbar having at least one User Interface (UI) element representing a specific function and a first region for activating, when the UI element is dragged from the toolbar and dropped in the first region on the touchscreen, the function represented by the UI element. The interface apparatus also includes a control unit which detects a drag and drop action of the UI element and activates, when the drag and drop action is detected, the function associated with the UI element in the form of an active function object. The interface apparatus of the present invention registers the frequently used functions with the toolbar in the form of icons such that, when an icon is dragged from the toolbar to the main window, the function represented by the icon is activated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the control of a mobile terminal. More particularly, the present invention relates to a user interface method and apparatus for a mobile terminal having a touchscreen.
2. Description of the Related Art
With the recent tendency toward functional convergence, mobile terminals are becoming versatile multimedia devices including various integrated supplementary functions such as an electronic dictionary, games, scheduler functions and the like. As the capability and functions of the mobile terminal is diversified, a convenient user interface is becoming an influential factor for improving the utilization of the mobile terminal. For this reason, various user interface mechanisms have been developed and proposed for facilitating manipulation of the mobile terminal. One promising user interface mechanism is a touchscreen.
A touchscreen is a display device that can detect the presence and location of a touch within the display area, whereby a user can execute a command or place a cursor by contacting a specific position on the display area with a finger or a device such as a stylus. There are three types of touchscreen mechanisms that are distinguished by the manner in which they recognize a touch: Resistive, Capacitive, and Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW). A resistive touchscreen mechanism senses a touch on the screen by detecting a change in resistance at a position between two spaced layers of the touchscreen panel, caused by a touch event. A capacitive touchscreen mechanism senses a touch on the screen by detecting a position at which the electric charge on a capacitive layer decreases. Finally, the SAW touchscreen mechanism senses a touch on the screen by detecting a position at which ultrasonic waves, such as infrared waves, passing over the panel are absorbed.
However, most of the conventional touchscreen-based user interface technologies have been developed for use with relatively large interactive display panels and it is difficult to adopt the conventional touchscreen user interfaces to a mobile terminal because of its limited display size. Accordingly, there is a need to develop a touchscreen-based user interface method and apparatus that is capable of facilitating interaction with a mobile terminal having a smaller display size.

User interface method and apparatus for mobile terminal having touchscreen


The invention concerns a circuit for charging a battery by means of a photovoltaic module, including: input and output terminals intended to be respectively coupled to the module and to the battery; a converter including input and output terminals respectively coupled to the input and output terminals of the charging circuit; a control circuit including power supply terminals coupled to the output terminals of the charging circuit; a switch coupling one of the output terminals of the converter to one of the output terminals of the charging circuit; and a detection circuit configured, when the voltage between output terminals of the charging circuit exceeds a threshold, to send an order to turn off the switch and stop the converter for a predetermined period.

There exist many applications, for example, individual lighting systems, where a rechargeable electric battery is charged by means of a photovoltaic module.
Conventionally, a circuit for charging an electric battery by means of a photovoltaic module comprises:
a DC/DC switched-mode power converter having input terminals coupled to the terminals of the photovoltaic module and output terminals coupled to the terminals of the battery; and
a control circuit capable of controlling the switched-mode power converter to transfer electric power from its input terminals to its output terminals, that is, from the photovoltaic module to the battery, to charge the battery.
Generally, the control circuit is coupled across the battery for its power supply.
A problem which is posed is that when the battery is untimely disconnected, that is, while the photovoltaic module is still connected to the input of the charging circuit and the control circuit is active, that is, it controls the switched-mode power converter to transfer electric power from its input terminal to its output terminals, there exists a high risk of destruction of the charging circuit, and in particular of the switched-mode power converter control circuit.
To limit this risk, manufacturers of this type of charging circuits advocate never disconnecting the electric battery from the charging circuit without having previously disconnected the photovoltaic module.
There however always remains a risk for such a recommendation not to be followed by the user.
It would thus be desirable to have a circuit for charging an electric battery by means of a photovoltaic module, the circuit being intrinsically protected against an untimely disconnection of the battery.

Circuit for charging an electric battery by means of a photovoltaic module

COMMISSARIAT À  L'ENERGIE ATOMIQUE ET AUX ENERGIES ALTERNATIVES


A torsion bar rear suspension has many advantages over standard motorcycle suspensions. They include lowering the center of gravity, lowering total weight, and many others. The torsion bar rear suspension is located underneath the motorcycle's swing arm (9). A linkage system consisting of a linkage strut (8) and torque arm (7) transmits the torque from the swing arm to the torsion spring. The torsion spring is a combination of a torsion bar (5) and a thin walled torsion tube (6). The torsion spring exerts a force depending on the position of the swing arm (9). A damper (12) is mounted on the swing arm (9). The damper is compressed as the swing arm rotates about the swing arm pivot (15). The damper (12) exerts a force according to the speed the damper is compressed.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to motorcycles, specifically to an improved suspension system for motorcycles.
2. Description of Prior Art
Rear wheel suspension is a crucial component for motorcycles. The actual suspension performance is adjusted according to rider preference. The overall suspension system can be improved.
Common suspension designs utilize a vertical helical spring damper system. It is located in the middle of the motorcycle. This design is inefficient. It has a high total weight, and a high center of gravity. It also lacks good manufacturability and maintenance qualities. Several other suspensions have been invented, trying to improve the standard design. Most suspension systems are inefficient for the following reasons:
a. The center of gravity of the suspension is too high. This makes the bike less maneuverable, and more susceptible to collisions. PA1 b. The total weight of the suspension system is too high. This slows down the bike, and causes it to be less effective. PA1 c. The adjustability of the system is inadequate. It is difficult to adjust spring preload. Preload is the force on the spring with zero deflection of the rear wheel. PA1 d. The engine performance is inefficient. The air intake to the carburetor can be greatly enlarged if the standard suspension system is moved. The standard system restricts air to the carburetor. Removing the standard suspension system will improve engine performance. PA1 e. The maintenance of the suspension system is inefficient. The number of parts that need maintenance can be decreased. Consequently, the suspension can be maintained easier. PA1 f. The manufacturing costs are too high. Minimizing the number of parts in the suspension reduces manufacturing costs. PA1 a. to lower the center of gravity of the system, PA1 b. to lower the total weight of the system, PA1 c. to improve the adjustability of the system, PA1 d. to increase the engine performance, and PA1 e. to lower the manufacturing and maintenance costs of the system.


An armrest assembly includes a tube secured to a chair seat and an adjusting seat mounted in the tube. The adjusting seat includes an adjusting section having a first vertical slide passage. A peripheral side defining the first vertical slide passage includes a number of vertically spaced positioning notches. The adjusting section further includes a second vertical slide passage, the first vertical side passage and the second vertical slide passage together defining a loop passage. An armrest is mounted above the adjusting seat. An actuating member includes an upper end secured to the armrest to move therewith. The actuating member further includes a lower end slidably received in the adjusting seat. A positioning member is attached to the actuating member and includes an end slidable along the loop passage so as to be selectively and releasably engaged in one of the positioning notches for supporting the armrest at a desired level.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an armrest assembly that is adjustable in level and swivelable to provide the user with comfortable sitting.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate a conventional level-adjusting device for an armrest of a chair. The level-adjusting device includes a fixing seat 1' and an adjusting seat 2'. A retainer 3' is secured between the fixing seat 1' and the adjusting seat 2' by a screw 7' for retaining the fixing seat 1' in place. A side of the retainer 3' is born against by a spring 6' and an upper side of the retainer 3' is biased by an elastic plate 4'. A positioning plate 5' is mounted on top of the retainer 3' and the elastic plate 4'. The retainer 3' may slide along a vertical slide passage 13' in the fixing seat 1' and be selectively engaged with one of a number of positioning notches 12' in the fixing seat 1'. The retainer 3' is retained in a selected positioning notch 12' upon changing angular position of the elastic plate 4' for positioning the retainer 3' and the screw 7'. Although the device may provide the required height-adjusting function, the assembly procedure for the retainer 3' and the spring 6' as well as other elements is relatively difficult and thus has a high cost. The overall structure is weak and the adjusting movement is not reliable, as there are too many elements.

Level-adjustable and swivelable armrest assembly


A telecommunications server (12) includes a timed recall request unit (202) coupled to a timer (200). The timed recall request unit (202) interfaces to the call park service (100) and/or the call hold service (101). When a request for a call park or call hold is made, the user is given the option of electing timed recall or no recall. If a timed recall is desired, the timed recall request unit (202) is accessed to permit the user to either accept a default length of time or to input a desired length of time. If the user manually retrieves the held or parked call prior to expiration of the timer, the timer (200) is reset.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to telecommunications systems, and in particular, to supplemental services provided within a telecommunications system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Supplemental services to enhance calling convenience within telecommunications systems are well known. For example, call hold and call parking are services often used. Known call parking services provide the ability to park, i.e., place on hold, a call at a particular park destination. This is accomplished, generally, by the party who is parking the call dialing an access code or depressing a park key, followed by the local number of the park destination. The parked call may then be retrieved locally by the answering party by dialing an access code or depressing a park answer key followed by the local number of the park destination at which the call is parked. Call hold is similar, although the call is placed on hold at the local extension.
Both call park and call hold services are normally provided with individual pre-set timers to allow timed recall of the call to the party that placed the call on hold or to another extension. Often, however, the user does not wish for an automatic timed recall of the parked or held calls. Similarly, the user may wish for a timed recall of parked or held calls, but at a later time than that set for either the park or hold timers. In current telecommunications systems that provide the timed recall function, neither is an option.
These and other drawbacks in the prior art are overcome in large part by a user specified hold recall treatment according to the present invention. A user specified hold recall system replaces the dual timers of the prior art. The user is able to specify whether to allow timed recall of call hold and call park services, and to specify the duration of the call park or call hold. In addition, the user may elect not to allow timed recall at all.
A telecommunications server according to an embodiment of the invention includes a timed recall request unit coupled to a timer. The timed recall request unit interfaces to the call park service and/or the call hold service. When a request for a call park or call hold is made, the user is given the option of electing timed recall. If a timed recall is desired, the timed recall request unit is accessed to permit the user to either accept a default length of time or to input a desired length of time. If the user manually retrieves the held or parked call prior to expiration of the timer, the timer is reset.

Siemens Information and Communication Networks, Inc.