An essentially invisible lace weft hair extension comprising a first layer of lace, extension hair knotted into the first layer to define a weft base, a knot sealant/bonding agent applied to the weft base, and a second layer of lace bonded to the first layer over the weft base. The weft base is double-bleached (both lace and knots), preferably before the knot sealant/bonding agent is applied. Methods for constructing the weft, and for applying the weft to a wearer's scalp using adhesive, are also disclosed.

Hair extensions comprise artificial or natural hair secured to a base adapted to be temporarily attached to a wearer's natural hair or scalp. Techniques include bonding, tracking, fusion, "NoBraids NoGlue", netting, tree braiding, clip-on extensions, micro braiding, and lace extensions.
Lace extensions are generally limited to full "units" (full wigs or hairpieces). Lace extension units are made from nylon mesh ("lace") formed into a cap, into whose openings single strands of hair are knotted. Lace extension units can be woven into the wearer's hair by inserting the wearer's own strands of hair through the mesh side-by-side with the extension's hair and knotting the natural hair into the lace next to the extension hair; by sewing into the wearer's hair; or, by gluing the lace edges to the hairline with special adhesives. Lace extension units are relatively flexible and natural-looking, the lace is relatively difficult to detect, and the extension units can be left in place for weeks at a time.
Many people, however, do not need a full extension unit, and often prefer to use directional "wefts", which are individual, narrow hair extension strips secured to a wearer's head anywhere the hair can be parted horizontally. Wefts are cut to length at the time of application, and are generally sewn or taped to the wearer's hair along the part.
While different types of weft are known, the higher quality ones are generally "skin wefts" using a polyurethane base with the extension hair injected into the base. Skin/poly wefts are relatively stiff, and, although easy to work with, tend to suffer with respect to looking natural. Their longevity also tends to be limited, and they generally must be sewn into the wearer's hair. It is also known to use "tape wefts" with bases taped to the wearer's hair along the part line, but these tend to be of lower quality and their longevity is less than that of the skin/poly wefts.
Lace extensions have generally not been used for wefts. One possible reason is that the knots in a lace extension tend to be more noticeable in a weft than in a full extension unit. The lace is delicate, and would be difficult to cut to length without unraveling and "humping". Because the openings in the lace tend to be filled by the knotted extension hair, there would be little room for weaving the wearer's hair through the weft, making weaving overly time-consuming and labor-intensive. And, although full lace extension units can be adhered around their edges to the wearer's scalp at the hair line, use of adhesive to secure the hair-supporting base of a lace weft would tend to bleed through the lace and cause the hair to tangle.


A system for controlling actuation of a capsule endoscope includes a receiving unit receiving an image transmitted from the capsule endoscope; a coil unit generating a magnetic field for actuating the capsule endoscope by using current applied thereto; a power supply unit supplying power to the coil unit; and an actuation controller control the current applied to the coil unit and a coil rotational motor for adjusting of a posture and the location of the capsule endoscope based on the identified lesion or location of the capsule endoscope, wherein the coil unit includes a pair of Helmholtz coils and a pair of Maxwell coils that are fixedly disposed on a main axis; and a pair of uniform saddle coils and a pair of gradient saddle coils that are located inside the pair of the Helmholtz coils and the pair of the Maxwell coils to rotate around the main axis.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an actuation control system of a capsule endoscope, and more particularly, to an actuation control system of a capsule endoscope, which is capable of precisely diagnosing not only a digestive system having a tubular shape such as an esophagus, a small intestine, or a large intestine but also a well of a wide organ such as a stomach and is capable of performing detailed examination of an organ at a desired location.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional flexible streamlined endoscope is inserted through a mouth or anus and controlled to perform an examination. To reduce difficulties in handling the endoscope and reduce a patient's suffering, a capsule endoscopic, which is swallowed through the mouth and passes through digestive systems for examination, is developed.
However, this capsule endoscope has a limited size so that various functions may not be performed. Also, because intestinal walls are slippery, the capsule endoscope is actuated in a passive manner such as peristalsis of the intestine.
To improve these disadvantages, a research on an actuation mechanism for actuating the capsule endoscope using an electromagnetic actuation system is conducted.
Meanwhile, in an electromagnetic actuation system for medical devices including the capsule endoscope, only a rotational motion and a straight line motion are enabled. Also, even if a translational motion is enabled, a coil system has a unsuitable coil structure in which a patient could not enter for treatment.
Meanwhile, numerous patent applications and patents, including U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0272873 (hereafter, "prior art document"), are related to a coil system for actuating the capsule endoscope.
As shown in FIG. 1, in the coil system for actuating the capsule endoscope disclosed in the prior art document, a total of 18 coils can be used to move the capsule endoscope in a certain direction.
However, the prior art coil system has a problem in that power consumption could be increased to move the capsule endoscope due to a high number of coils and each coil's role is not clearly defined.

Actuation control system of a capsule endoscope

Industry Foundation of Chonnam National University


A glass article which has a water-sheeting coating. In one embodiment, a glass sheet is provided bearing a sputtered water-sheeting coating comprising silica on an exterior surface and bearing a reflective coating on an interior surface. The interior surface of a sheet of glass can be coated with a reflective coating by sputtering, in sequence, at least one dielectric layer, at least one metal layer, and at least one dielectric layer. The exterior surface of the glass can be coated with a water-sheeting coating by sputtering silica directly onto the exterior surface of the sheet of glass. Both the reflective coating and the water-sheeting coating can optionally be applied during the same pass through the same sputter coating apparatus.

Keeping windows and other glass surfaces clean is a relatively expensive, time-consuming process. While cleaning any individual window is not terribly troublesome, keeping a larger number of windows clean can be a significant burden. For example, with modern glass office towers, it takes significant time and expense to have window washers regularly clean the exterior surfaces of the windows.
Windows and other glass surfaces can become "dirty" or "soiled" in a variety of ways. Two of the primary manners in which windows can collect dirt involve the action of water on the glass surface. First, the water itself can deposit or collect dirt, minerals or the like onto the surface of the glass. Obviously, dirty water landing on the glass will leave the entrained or dissolved dirt on the glass upon drying. Even if relatively clean water lands on the exterior surface of a window, each water droplet sitting on the window will tend to collect dust and other airborne particles as it dries. These particles and any other chemicals which become dissolved in the water will become more concentrated over time, leaving a characteristic spot or drying ring on the glass surface.
The second way in which water tends to give a window or other glass surface a soiled or less attractive appearance is tied to an attack on the glass surface itself. As a droplet of even relatively clean water sits on a glass surface, it will begin to leach alkaline components from the glass. For a typical soda lime glass, the soda and lime will be leached out of the glass, increasing the pH of the droplet. As the pH increases, the attack on the glass surface will become more aggressive. As a result, the glass which underlies a drying water droplet will become a little bit rougher by the time the water droplet completely dries. In addition, the alkaline components which were leached out of the glass will be redeposited on the glass surface as a drying ring. This dried alkaline material not only detracts from the appearance of the glass; it will also tend to go back into solution when the glass surface is whetted again, rapidly increasing the pH of the next water droplet to coalesce on the glass surface.
In storing and shipping plate glass, the presence of water on the surfaces between adjacent glass sheets is a chronic problem. One can take steps to shield the glass from direct contact with water. However, if the glass is stored in a humid environment, water can condense on the glass surface from the atmosphere.
This becomes more problematic when larger stacks of glass are collected. Large stacks of glass have a fairly large thermal mass and will take a long time to warm up. As a consequence, they will often be cooler than the ambient air when ambient temperature increases (e.g., in the morning), causing moisture in the air to condense on the surface of the glass. Due to limited air circulation, any moisture which does condense between the sheets of glass will take quite a while to dry. This gives the condensed moisture a chance to leach the alkaline components out of the glass and adversely affect the glass surface. The rate of attack can be slowed down somewhat by applying an acid to the surface of the glass. This is commonly done by including a mild acid, e.g., adipic acid, in the separating agent used to keep glass sheets from sticking to and scratching one another.
A number of attempts have been made to enable a glass sheet to keep a clean appearance longer. One avenue of current investigation is a "self-cleaning" surface for glass and other ceramics. Research in this area is founded on the ability of certain metal oxides to absorb ultraviolet light and photocatalytically break down biological materials such as oil, plant matter, fats and greases, etc. The most powerful of these photocatalytic metal oxides appears to be titanium dioxide, though other metal oxides which appear to have this photocatalytic effect include oxides of iron, silver, copper, tungsten, aluminum, zinc, strontium, palladium, gold, platinum, nickel and cobalt.
While such photocatalytic coatings may have some benefit in removing materials of biological origin, their direct impact on other materials is unclear and appears to vary with exposure to ultraviolet light. As a consequence, the above-noted problems associated with water on the surface of such coated glasses would not be directly addressed by such photocatalytic coatings.
A number of attempts have been made to minimize the effect of water on glass surfaces by causing the water to bead into small droplets. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,130 (Nakanishi, et al., the teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference) suggests coating a glass surface with a silica-based coating which incorporates fluoroalkyl groups. The reference teaches applying a silicone alkoxide paint onto the surface of the glass, drying the paint and then burning the dried paint in air. Nakanishi, et al. stress the importance of substituting part of the non-metalic atoms, i.e., oxygen in a layer of SiO2, with a fluoroalkyl group. Up to 1.5% of the oxygen atoms should be so substituted. Nakanishi, et al. state that if less than 0.1% of the oxygen atoms are substituted with a fluoroalkyl group, the glass won't repel water properly because the contact angle of water on the glass surface will be less than 80°.
Such "water repellent" coatings do tend to cause water on the surface of the glass to bead up. If the coating is applied to an automobile windshield or the like where a constant flow of high velocity air is blowing over the surface, this water beading effect can help remove water from the glass surface by allowing the droplets to blow off the surface. However, in more quiescent applications, these droplets will tend to sit on the surface of the glass and slowly evaporate. As a consequence, this supposed "water repellent" coating will not solve the water-related staining problems noted above. To the contrary, by causing the water to bead up more readily, it may actually exacerbate the problem.
Other silica coatings have been applied to the surface of glass in various fashions. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,394,269 (Takamatsu, et al.) proposes a "minutely rough" silica layer on the surface of glass to reduce reflection. This roughened surface is achieved by treating the surface with a supersaturated silica solution in hydrosilicofluoric acid to apply a porous layer of silica on the glass sheet. By using a multi-component of sol gel solution, they claim to achieve a surface which has small pits interspersed with small "islet-like land regions" which are said to range from about 50-200 nm in size. While this roughened surface may help reduce reflection at the air/glass interface, it appears unlikely to reduce the water-related staining problems discussed above. If anything, the porous nature of this coating appears more likely to retain water on the surface of the glass. In so doing, it seems probable that the problems associated with the long-term residence of water on the glass surface would be increased.

Soil-resistant coating for glass surfaces


A seating for an inertia ball (101) of a deceleration-sensitive brake power control is disclosed, featuring a substantially stepped feature (114) located above a bottom area (105) and which feature engages the inertia ball so as to not allow any horizontal free movement of the inertia ball (101). Advantageously, a positive restraint is provided engaging the inertia ball (101) in a backward direction with respect to the driving direction (v). The chamber (120) beneath the inertia ball (101) collects pressure fluid, so that the inertia ball (101) remains dry.

The invention is related to a seating for an inertia ball used in a deceleration sensitive brake control power.
A seating of this kind shown in German patent application published without examination, No. 3,709,991. There, the inertia ball lies in a funnel-shaped depression with different angles of inclination, which depression is formed by ribs which are directed radially inwardly toward a control valve. Due to the different angles of inclination, the inertia ball is given an oval seating and, consequently, a certain amount of horizontal play. The ball when centered on the ribs keeps a spring loaded control valve open, but is caused to roll out of the funnel upon being subjected to a predetermined rate of deceleration, permitting the valve to close. It has, however, been discovered that due to vibrations of the vehicle, the ball may start to dance or to turn round and, as a result, can be caused to roll out at various different rates of decelerations.
It is the object of the present invention to create a suitable seating for an inertia ball which ensures a virtually perfectly stable position of the inertia ball until a predetermined deceleration rate is reached and which eliminates any response to lower rates of deceleration.

Seating for an inertia ball of a deceleration-sensitive brake power control


An applicator device for a spreadable material in the form of a stick including a shaft-like gripping portion, and a screw portion connected to the gripping portion in axial alignment therewith and rotatable relative to the gripping portion. The screw portion encloses the stick of material, while secured to the screw portion within same is a screwthreaded sleeve mounted in screwthreaded engagement on a screwthreaded spindle which is mounted axially movably and non-rotatably in the gripping portion, so that the rotation of the screw portion and therewith the screwthreaded sleeve relative to the gripping portion causes axial movement of the spindle within the gripping portion. A pushing assembly engaging the stick is provided at the front end of the spindle and comprises a piston connected to the front end of the spindle and adapted to bear against the end face of the stick and a piston sleeve which surrounds the piston and embraces the end of the stick.

Various forms of applicator device for use in applying a material in the form of a stick from which the material can be applied by a spreading action are known. One such applicator device comprises a gripping portion and a screw portion which is connected to the gripping portion in axial alignment therewith and which can be rotated relative to the gripping portion. The screw portion has a central cavity for receiving the stick. Fixed to the screw portion is a sleeve having an internal screwthread mounted on a screwthreaded spindle. The spindle is mounted in the gripping portion in such a way that it cannot rotate therein but is capable of moving axially therein. By virtue of the screwthreaded engagement between the screwthreaded sleeve and the screwthreaded spindle, rotary movement as between the screw portion and the gripping portion causes the spindle to move axially within the gripping portion. The device further includes a pushing member for engaging the stick for pushing it out of and retracting it into the screw portion. The pushing member is disposed at the front end of the screwthreaded spindle so that the axial movement of the screwthreaded spindle by relative rotary movement between the gripping portion and the screw portion causes axial movement of the stick. Such a design is to be found in British patent specification No 956 651 and can be used in relation to a stick of a spreadable material, which is produced by an extrusion operation and which is thus suitably fixed to the pushing member at the front end of the screwthreaded spindle.
In that device, the gripping portion is connected to the screw portion in that, at its end towards the screw portion, the gripping portion has an inwardly turned edge with an opening therein, and the screw portion is enlarged in transverse dimension at its end part which is towards the gripping portion. The enlarged end of the screw portion thus is retained in the gripping portion by co-operating with the inwardly turned edge of the gripping portion. That design configuration means that it is not readily possible for the screw portion and the gripping portion to be disconnected from each other while in addition that device is really only intended for and suitable for use with extruded sticks.

Applicator device for a stick of spreadable material

Schwan-Stabilo Schwanhaeusser GmbH & Co.


A furnace for burning rubber tires. The furnace has a unique divided and apertured fire box to delay burning so that more complete combustion is complete. Forced air, and afterburner and a converter section also combine to provide for near smokeless discharge from the exhaust of the furnace.

This invention pertains to devices for the disposal of worn-out rubber tires, and more particularly to a furnace for incinerating the tires. This application is a continuation in part of a prior application by the same applicant, Ser. No. 07/978,479 filed Nov. 18, 1992.
Worn-out or otherwise discarded rubber tires are one of the principal problems in the field of waste disposal. When placed in a land fill, a tire frequently "floats" to the surface and requires reburial. Storage of such tires provide excellent breeding grounds for mosquitoes if any water whatsoever is caught in the tire. Open burning of tires causes dense, dark smoke full of unwanted particulates as well as undesirable combustion gasses such as oxides of sulfur which when combined with water in the air form undesirable acidic liquids.
In spite of the problems of burning the tires, incineration still seems the best disposal method. However, it is necessary to have some device to enhance a complete burning including the burning of much of the particulate material in the normal smoke.
This invention accomplishes such complete burning. The initial burning is done in a chamber having a relatively large air space and uses forced air for combustion. However, the rate of burning of the tires is limited by providing successive burning in two spaces in a single large chamber. Additionally, an afterburner is used and a converter similar to a catalytic converter for an automobile may be used for added enhancement of the combustion process. A more complete understanding of the invention may be had by a study of the following description and the figures in which:


This invention provides methods of diagnosing and treating any C. pneumoniae infection of the skin including C. pneumoniae-associated diseases such as cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL), mycosis fungoides, Sézary syndrome, lymphomatoid papillosis, Ki-1 lymphoma, exfoliative exematous rash, and digitate parapsoriasis. This invention provides kits that are useful in the methods of the invention as well as for identifying new anti-chlamydial agents in treating skin infections. This invention includes a pharmaceutical vaccine composition comprising an antigen, including a full length antigenic determinant, such as any SAF positive determinant or portion thereof, which produces a detectable immune, humoral and/or cellular response to C. pneumoniae. The invention also includes a method of treating an active CTCL in a living being comprising delivering a therapeutically effective amount of a vaccine, wherein the vaccine comprises an agent, such as an inactivated C. pneumoniae material that produces a detectable immune, humoral and/or cellular response.

The existence of a relationship between cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL) and chronic stimulation of the immune system has been postulated for many years (Tan et al., 1974, British J. Dermatol. 91:607–616). A report by Duvic and co-workers (Jackow et al., 1997, Blood 89:32–40) has suggested an association between Staphylococcus aureus infection and CTCL. The report proposes that S. aureus provides chronic stimulation of the immune cells in CTCL patients, and that such stimulation may exacerbate the CTCL disease process. It is well established that a bacterial infection in the epidermis (i.e., skin) can lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines, resulting initially in lymphocytic infiltration and release of IFN-γ, followed by IL-10 production, and clonal expansion of epidermotropic T cells (Sarris et al., 1995, Blood 86:651–658). The Duvic report has added to the understanding of CTCL by providing a rational mechanism by which a bacterium could stimulate lymphocytic infiltration and promote chronic stimulation in CTCL patients.
The relationship between CTCL and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection has not been investigated. C. pneumoniae is an obligate intracellular pathogen that replicates within the cytoplasm of the cells in that it infects. C. pneumoniae was originally described as a respiratory pathogen (Leinonen, 1993, Eur. Heart J. 14: Supplement K, 57–61). However, the organism has been implicated in several non-pulmonary diseases such as meningoencephalitis, atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease (Campbell et al., 1995, J. Infect. Dis. 172:585–588; Gran et al., 1993, Scand. J. Rheumatol. 22:43–44; Koskiniemi et al., 1996, Eur. Neurol. 36:160–163; Balin et al., 1998, Med. Micro. & Immunol. 187:23–42). Epidemiological studies indicate that infection of adults by C. pneumoniae is common in all populations examined (Grayston, 1992, Annu. Rev. Med. 43:317–23; Hyman et al., 1995, Clin. Infect. Dis. 20:1174–1178; Leinonen, 1993, Eur. Heart J. 14: Supplement K, 57–61). Detection of significant anti-C. pneumoniae antibody titers rises with increasing age, with antibody levels peaking in the 6th–7th decades in most populations (Leinonen, 1993, Eur. Heart J. 14 (Supplement K):57–61).
Immunopathology is a general feature of Chlamydia-induced disease. Because C. pneumoniae is an intracellular pathogen, the immune system has difficulty clearing the infection. Thus, persistent Chlamydial infections are common and result in chronic inflammation caused by the presence of Th1/Th2 CD4+ T cells, as well as CD8+ cytotoxic/suppressor T cells, macrophages, and in some cases, B cells (Whittum-Hudson et al., 1986, Curr. Eye Res. 5:973–979). An example of the result of persistent Chlamydial infection is observed in the synovia of C. trachomatis-induced reactive arthritis (Simon et al., 1993, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 94:122–126). Interestingly, persistent Chlamydial infection may be maintained in part by Chlamydial induction of the expression of host proteins such as interferons (Beatty et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3998–4002; Simon et al., 1993, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 94:122–126). Thus, a balance appears to develop between host tissue survival and Chlamydial replication. It has been suggested that such a state of semi-latency can last for decades (Beatty et al., 1989, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3998–4002; Koehler et al., 1997, Microbial Pathogenesis 22:133–142).
As it has been shown that C. pneumoniae can travel to numerous areas of the body (Balin et al., 1998, Med. Micro. & Immunol. 187:23–42; Campbell et al., 1995, J. Infect. Dis. 172:585–588; Gran et al., 1993, Scand. J. Rheumatol. 22:43–44; Koskiniemi et al., 1996, Eur. Neurol. 36:160–163; Leinonen, 1993, Eur. Heart J. 14 (Supplement K):57–61), the inventors have focused on whether C. pneumoniae antigens could be detected in cells within the epidermis in patients with mycosis fungoides, the primary form of CTCL, or in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with Sézary Syndrome, the leukemic variant of CTCL. Leukemic CTCL represents a malignant clonal amplification of mature immune cells, including memory (CD45R0+), epidermotropic (CTLA+), helper T cells (CD4+), and CD3+ T cells (Edelson, 1983, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 9:957–960; Fivenson et al., 1994, J. Amer. Acad. Dermatol. 31:717–723; Haynes et al., 1981, J. Clinic. Investig. 67:523–530; Hunt et al., 1992, J. Am Acad. of Dermatol. 26:5552–5558; Mielke et al., 1994, Dermatol. Clinics. 12:351–360; Sterry and Mielke, 1989, J. Investig. Dermatol. 93:413–416). These cell types predominantly produce a Th2 cytokine profile (Vowels et al., 1992, J. Investig. Dermatol. 99:90–94).
Previous investigations have also focused on identifying the growth requirements for malignant cells in CTCL. A stimulatory factor has been identified that is capable of inducing proliferation of malignant Sézary cells. This factor has been named Sézary T cell Activatin Factor, or SAF (Abrams et al., 1993, Can. Res. 53:5501–5506; DeFreitas and Abrams, U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,781). SAF was originally described as being produced by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of certain patients with Sézary Syndrome (Abrams et al., 1991, J. Immunol. 146:1455–1462), and was found to be a potent T cell mitogenic factor for malignant as well as non-malignant T cells (Abrams et al., 1993, Can. Res. 53:5501–5506; Abrams et al., 1991, J. Investig. Dermatol. 96:31–37; Abrams et al, 1991, J. Immunol. 146:1455–1462). Accordingly, SAF has been used to establish cell lines from patients with Sézary Syndrome, some of which contained the predominant malignant clone (Abrams et al., 1991, J. Immunol. 146:1455–1462). SAF has enabled establishment of T cell lines from CTCL patients more readily than other methods (Gazdar et al., 1979, Cancer Treatment Rep. 63:587–590; Golstein et al., 1986, Scand. J. Immunol. 23:53–64). However, the role played by SAF in the development of CTCL remains to be elucidated.
CTCL represents a group of diseases for that distinct etiology is unknown and for which few effective treatments exist. In addition to understanding the mechanisms of CTCL pathology, there is a need to identify methods that are useful in identifying and treating CTCL. The present invention satisfies this need.

Compositions, methods and kits for diagnosis and treatment of


An organic thin film transistor includes: a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an organic active layer. The organic active layer includes an organic semiconductor compound represented by the following formula (A) as defined in the specification.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a transistor, more particularly to an organic thin film transistor.
2. Description of the Related Art
An organic thin film transistor (OTFT) is flexible, easy to manufacture, and cost effective, and thus, many researches have focused on this field in recent years.
Referring to FIG. 1, an OTFT 1 generally includes a gate insulating film 11, a source electrode 12, a drain electrode 13, a gate electrode 14, and an organic active layer 16. The source and drain electrodes 12, 13 are respectively disposed on an upper surface of the gate insulating film 11. The organic active layer 16, which includes an organic semiconductor material, is disposed on a channel portion 15 cooperatively defined by the source and drain electrodes 12, 13 and the gate insulating film 11 and is in contact with the source and drain electrodes 12, 13.
For disposing the organic semiconductor material of the organic active layer 16 onto the OTFT 1 with a large area, an ink-jet printing method is commercially preferable in view of cost effectiveness and operation convenience. The ink-jet printing method is conducted by dissolving the organic semiconductor material in a solvent to form a solution, and printing the solution onto an element (i.e., onto the gate insulating film 11 in the channel portion 15) using an ink-jet printer, followed by drying. For the ink-jet printing method, the organic semiconductor material used in the formation of the organic active layer should have a relatively high solubility in the solvent and high stability in the atmosphere.
Examples of the conventional organic semiconductor material used in the ink-jet printing method include pentacene published in M.R.S Bulletin., 2003, vol. 771, p 169, rubrene published in Nature, 2006, vol. 444, p 913, polythiophene (P3HT) published in Chemistry of Materials, 1998, vol. 10, p 457, trimethylsilyl-substituted quarterthiophene (TMS-4T) published in Advanced materials, 2008, vol. 20, p 4044, and so on. The conventional organic semiconductor materials of P3HT and TMS-4T are expectedly suitable for used in the ink-jet printing method.
Since the above-mentioned organic semiconductor materials are all hydrophobic compounds, a hydrophobic layer 112 is preferably provided between the gate insulating film 11 and the organic active layer 16 in the channel portion 15, and each of the source and drain electrodes 12, 13 is designed to be made of a hydrophilic material. Accordingly, the hydrophobic organic semiconductor material can be stably positioned in the channel portion 15, and after the same is dried, the crystal thereof can exhibit a superior crystal quality. The hydrophobic layer 112, for example, can be made of hexamethyl disilazane (HMDS) or octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS).
However, there are several problems with respect to the above-mentioned hydrophobic organic semiconductor materials. First of all, a hydrophobic organic solvent has to be used in dissolving the aforesaid hydrophobic organic semiconductor materials. Certain hydrophobic organic solvents are likely to damage the environment and can cause health concerns to users, and thus, the equipment and space for operation of the hydrophobic organic solvents should be strictly controlled. Moreover, certain hydrophobic organic solvents are likely to damage the organic insulating films, such as PVP (poly-4-vinylphenol) in OTFTs and thus, the deposition of the organic active layer 16 using the ink-jet printing method is impeded.
In addition, the above-mentioned organic semiconductor materials are likely to be attacked by moisture or oxygen, and thus, cannot be stably stored in the atmosphere. For example, P3HT can be stored in the atmosphere for only one week, and pentacene is extremely unstable and cannot be used in the process for forming transistors under the atmosphere.


A gas turbine engine comprises a compressor section, a combustor, and a turbine section. The turbine section includes a high pressure turbine first stage blade having an outer tip, and a blade outer air seal positioned radially outwardly of the outer tip. A tap taps air having been compressed by the compressor, the tapped air being passed through a heat exchanger. A vane section has vanes downstream of the combustor, but upstream of the first stage blade, and the air downstream of the heat exchanger passes radially inwardly of the combustor, along an axial length of the combustor, and then radially outwardly through a hollow chamber in the vanes, and then across the blade outer air seal, to cool the blade outer air seal.

This application relates to the supply of high pressure cooling air to a blade outer air seal through a static vane.
Gas turbine engines are known and typically include a fan delivering air into a bypass duct for propulsion. The fan also delivers air into a compressor where air is compressed and delivered into a combustor. The air is mixed with fuel and ignited. Products of this combustion pass downstream over turbine rotors driving them to rotate. The turbine rotors, in turn, rotate compressor rotors and the fan rotor.
As can be appreciated, many components in the turbine section see very high temperatures. Two such components would be the turbine blades and blade outer air seals. Blade outer air seals typically sit radially outwardly of the blades and maintain clearance to increase the efficient use of the products of combustion.
One type of blade outer air seal is a so-called self-acting clearance control seal. In such a blade outer air seal, two components formed of different materials having different coefficients of thermal expansion to control the expansion of the blade outer air seals to, in turn, control the clearance with the blade.
Both the blade and the blade outer air seal are provided with cooling air.
Traditionally, a turbine rotated at the same speed as the fan rotor. More recently, it has been proposed to include a gear reduction between a fan drive turbine and the fan rotor. With this change, the pressures and temperatures seen across the turbine sections have increased.
To drive cooling air into the turbine, the cooling air must be at a higher pressure than in the past. The highest pressure in the gas turbine engine is that downstream of a high pressure compressor. However, this cooling air is also at relatively high temperatures.
Thus, it has been proposed to tap high pressure air from a location downstream of the high pressure compressor and pass it through a heat exchanger prior to being delivered to the turbine section for cooling.

Cooled cooling air to blade outer air seal passing through a static vane


Disclosed is a motor, the motor according to exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure including an insulator body coupled to a stator core wound with a plurality of coils applied with powers of mutually different polarities to prevent the coil and the stator coil from being short-circuited, a terminal housing coupling unit integrally formed with the insulator body to be coupled to a terminal housing supplying an outside power by being circumferentially protruded, and a coil guide unit formed at the terminal housing coupling unit to prevent coils connected to a terminal of each polarity installed at the terminal housing from being short-circuited.

Field of Invention
The present disclosure relates to a motor.
Discussion of the Related Art
This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.
In general, a rotor of brushless motor is configured by press-fitting a shaft into a center of a rotor core and installing a permanent magnet on a periphery. At this time, the permanent magnet may be attached while being exposed to an outside of the rotor core, and a permanent magnet accommodation groove unit may be formed at a position near to the periphery of the rotor core, and the permanent magnet may be inserted into the accommodation groove unit.
In a case the permanent magnet is installed while being exposed to the periphery of the rotor core, there may be an advantage of minimizing the magnetic flux loss, but there is also a disadvantage of the permanent magnet being separated during rotation of the rotor core due to centrifugal force of the rotor core rotating at a high speed, in a case the motor is used for a long time or under a harsh condition. In order to solve the aforementioned disadvantages, a can member formed with resin material for preventing particles in the permanent magnet from scattering is covered on a surface of the permanent magnet, which however disadvantageously deteriorates motor torque due to increased air gap at the magnetic field.
Meanwhile, in a case a permanent magnet accommodation groove unit is formed inside the rotor core, and the permanent magnet is inserted into the permanent magnet accommodation groove unit, the permanent magnet is prevented from being separated, but the motor suffers from another disadvantage in that a motor efficiency relatively deteriorates due to loss in magnetic field because the permanent magnet is positioned inside the rotor core.
In order to prevent the magnetic field from being lost, there is a need of using a permanent magnet having a magnetic force relatively greater than that of a permanent magnet attached to the surface of the rotor core. Generally, a neodymium rare earth magnet is largely used for a permanent magnet having a stronger magnetic force. The neodymium rare earth magnet is a strong permanent magnet formed with rare earth element Nd—Fe—B, and called a neodymium super magnet.
Meanwhile, the neodymium rare earth, one of the main raw materials forming the neodymium rare earth permanent magnet is largely produced in China, and a manufacturing cost of the rotor core has greatly increased recently due to sudden price rise in the rare earth materials. Thus, development of rotor is required recently using a permanent magnet of ferrite material free from rare earth elements, as the increased manufacturing cost of rotor core acts to increase the motor cost.
However, in a case the permanent magnet of ferrite material is used for a rotor of IPM method where the permanent magnet is inserted into a rotor core, saturation of magnetic field is not realized at a rib portion formed in a plurality of cores for inserting a magnet of the rotor core due to relatively weaker magnetic force than that of the conventional rare earth magnet, such that torque becomes relatively weaker due to weak flux linkage and the like, which therefore needs improvement.
Meanwhile, a conventional BLDC (Brushless Direct Current) motor includes a stator installed on a motor housing or a frame, a magnet rotor rotatably inserted into the stator, and a shaft fixedly inserted into a center of the magnet rotor. The stator is formed by a stator core wound by a coil. The stator core is manufactured by stacking a plurality of silicon steel plates, each with a thickness of less than 1 mm, which are punched by a press, where each silicon steel plate includes a cylindrical yoke unit, a plurality of teeth units protruded toward a center of an inner surface of the yoke unit along a circumferential direction, each spaced apart at a predetermined distance, and polarized pole units protrusively formed at distal ends of the teeth unit.
A plurality of slots to be wound by the coil is formed among the teeth units, where the slots are inserted by an insulator of insulating material for insulation between the stator core and the coil. The insulators are air-tightly inserted from both sides into the slots along a stacking direction of the stator core. Meanwhile, the coil may be wound to correspond to polarity of used power, and in a case a 3-phase (U,V,W) power is used, the coils are conductibly connected to mutually different terminals of three polarities. Furthermore, the insulator is integrally provided with a terminal housing coupling unit, where a terminal housing for power supply is press-fitted into the terminal housing coupling unit.
However, in the terminal housing coupling unit formed at the insulator, there may be generated short-circuit in the coils applied with mutually different polarities at a position where the coil and the terminal are conductibly connected. That is, the coils respectively wound on the insulator are alternatively crossed at a connection unit for being wired to a terminal of each polarity, where, although each coil is protected by coating, and if the coating is damaged by repetitive shock and friction, each coil may be short-circuited. In a case each coil of mutually different polarity is generated with short-circuits, the motor may disadvantageously develop a defect including rotation stop and the like.


A data vault system allows for centralized storage of personal data about a consumer associated with sharing permissions designating how that data may be shared and including an option to revoke permission of previously shared data. Data may be collected into cards describing a subset of globally stored data to be shared with individual vendors and providing separate sharing statuses for fine resolution control. Both intentionally entered personal data and data collected about the consumer may be protected in this data vault system.

The present invention relates to computerized systems for controlling the sharing of personal data in online transactions and the like and in particular to a system providing transparent, high resolution control of the dissemination of personal data including after-the-fact revocation of sharing.
The widespread use of online services makes the control of one's personal data increasingly difficult. Many such services expressly request personal data, but even when information is not consciously provided by a user, personal data from online activity, including search requests, purchases, and a user's location, may be collected and aggregated by online services and applications either for use by the service or application providers or to be sold to third parties.
Wholesale blocking of the tracking or use of personal data may be undesirable to the extent that the collection and use of personal data offsets the cost of services and applications that are otherwise desirable to the user. The collection of personal data may further enhance the efficiency of services provided to the user and allow the development of new services desired by the user.
Nevertheless, user concerns about information tracking are real, and instances of abusive or overreaching data collection jeopardize beneficial applications of such data collection and in the creation and offering of services that require or are otherwise supported by such data collection.
Online users, in theory, can safeguard their personal data by careful review of the contract terms and conditions of online service providers, but as a practical matter the transaction costs of such a review make this impractical for most individuals. In light of the difficulty of understanding and managing the use of personal data, a concerned user may logically default to a position of sharing no personal data.

Personal data management system with sharing revocation


A monitoring system captures and processes messages from SS7 links, to compile call detail records (CDRs) for all interoffice call attempts. The CDRs are uploaded into a relational database. Automatic Message Accounting (AMA) records also are accumulated and uploaded to a another relational database. A data preparation operation utilizes external information to enhance the records for further processing, for example, to translate information codes in the records to textual names of originating and terminating offices. The enhanced records are loaded into a multi-dimensional database. The multi-dimensional database software facilitates analysis of the records to identify a variety of network traffic patterns. The user can automatically set up and customize studies for particular applications, for example to study traffic patterns for calls through a particular office. The multi-dimensional database also enables the presentation of information from the records in formats illustrating a variety of particular features of the traffic found in a study. For example, a report may show minutes of use for calls through an office during different hours of the day or show the other offices communicating with the office under study and the numbers of calls from each of those other offices.

The present invention relates to a method and system for accumulating call specific data for network communication and analyzing that data for a variety of purposes, for example to identify network traffic patterns, to identify specific types of users, etc.
The written description uses a large number of acronyms to refer to various services, messages and system components. Although generally known, use of several of these acronyms is not strictly standardized in the art. For purposes of this discussion, acronyms therefore will be defined as follows:
Address Complete Message (ACM)
Advanced Intelligent Network (AIN)
Asynchronous Digital Signal Line (ADSL)
ANswer Message (ANM)
Application Service Part (ASP)
Automatic Message Accounting (AMA)
Automatic Number Identification (ANI)
BellCore AMA Format (BAF)
Carrier Access Billing System (CABS)
Call Processing Record (CPR)
Call Detail Record (CDR)
Carrier Identification Code (CIC)
Centi-Call Second (CCS)
Central Office (CO)
Competitive Local Exchange Carrier (CLEC)
Common Channel Interoffice Signaling (CCIS)
Common Language Location Identifier (CLLI)
Comma Separated Values (CSV)
Customer Record Information System (CRIS)
Destination Point Code (DPC)
End Office (EO)
Engineering and Administrative Data Acquisition
System (EADAS)
Executive Information System (EIS)
Fill In Signal Unit (FISU)
First-In, First-Out (FIFO)
Global Title Translation (GTT)
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
HyperText Mark-up Language (HTML)
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
Initial Address Message (IAM)
Integrated Service Control Point (ISCP)
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
ISDN User Part (ISDN-UP or ISUP)
Inter-exchange Carrier (IXC)
Internet Service Provider (ISP)
Landing Zone (LZ)
Line Identification Data Base (LIDB)
Link Service Signaling Unit (LSSU)
Local Exchange Carrier (LEC)
Loop Maintenance Operations Systems (LMOS)
Main Station (MS)
Message Processing Server (MPS)
Message Signaling Unit (MSU)
Message Transfer Part (MTP)
Multi-Dimensional DataBase (MDDB)
Multi-Services Application Platform (MSAP)
Network Administration Center (NAC)
Numbering Plan Area (NPA)
Office Equipment (OE)
Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
Origination Point Code (OPC)
Operations, Maintenance Application Part (OMAP)
Percentage Internet Usage (PIU)
Personal Computer (PC)
Public Switching Telephone,Network (PSTN)
Release Complete Message (RLC)
Release Message (REL)
Revenue Accounting Office (RAO)
Service Control Point (SCP)
Service Switching Point (SSP)
Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
Signaling Link Selection (SLC)
Signaling System 7 (SS7)
Signaling Point (SP)
Signaling Transfer Point (STP)
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Transaction Capabilities Applications Part (TCAP)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
An essential problem in optimizing a telecommunications network is balancing equipment and trunking against service and cost. Network design involves predicting future demand based on past results, evaluating the capacity of equipment and facilities, and providing the correct amount of capacity in the proper configuration, in time to meet service objectives. Since virtually every element of a telecommunications system is subject to failure or overload effective testing, monitoring, control, and maintenance is essential to obtain an acceptable level of performance.
Rapid changes and increases in demand for telecommunication services increase the pressures for cost effective engineering and upgrading of the telephone network. Two examples of particular concern relate to Internet access traffic and what is now referred to as xe2x80x9cCLECxe2x80x9d traffic.
The sudden increase in popularity of access to the Internet has radically changed the loading placed on the telephone network. Normal voice telephone calls tend to occur at random times, and the network typically routes the majority of such calls to random destinations. Also, the average hold times for such calls tend to be short, e.g. three minutes. By contrast Internet traffic tends to have severe peak traffic times during any given twenty-four hour period, e.g. from 8:00PM to 11:00PM. Also, the network must route Internet access calls to a very small number of destinations, i.e. to the lines for modem pools operated by Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Instead of many parties calling each other randomly, many callers are all calling in to a limited number of service providers. Finally, hold times for Internet calls can last for hours. Some Internet users access the Internet when they sit down at the desk and leave the call connection up until they decide to turn their computers off, e.g. at the end of their day. If they leave their computers on all the time, the connections to the ISPs may stay up for days. These Internet traffic patterns add incredibly heavy traffic loads to the telephone network and tend to concentrate those loads in specific offices providing service to the ISPs.
Another new demand burdening the local exchange carrier (LEC) relates to traffic to and from a competitive local exchange carrier (CLEC). The LEC must provide tandem capacity and trunking to the CLEC exchanges, to carry the new traffic in transit between the two carriers"" networks. The CLECs demand that the LEC provide sufficient capacity to minimize blockages on calls to and from the CLEC networks. Disputes also arise over the amount and direction of such traffic, for example, as it relates to billing and compensation issues.
Adding end offices, specialized switching modules, trunks, tandem offices and the like to meet new demands such as those of Internet access and CLEC interconnection requires considerable expense. Accurate engineering, to minimize cost and yet provide effective service to the various customers, becomes ever more essential. To provide effective engineering, it is necessary that the LEC understand the traffic involved. Such understanding requires accurate and complete traffic measurement. Accurate information also is necessary to resolve disputes, for example with the ISPs over service quality or with CLECs over compensation.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,475,732 issued to Eugene Pester Dec. 12, 1995, for Common Channeling Signaling Network Maintenance and Testing, describes an SS7 Network Preventative Maintenance System for detecting potential SS7 and switched network troubles, automatically analyzing the, troubles, and providing alarm and corrective action to avoid major network events. The Pester SS7 Real Time Monitor System described in that patent is a multi-stage SS7 network preventative maintenance tool that detects potential SS7 and switched network troubles, automatically analyzes those troubles, and provides alarm and corrective action instructions to maintenance personnel in time to avoid a major network event. This is accomplished by placing real time SS7 monitors on links at the Signal Transfer Points (STPs).
Information on exceeded Link Load, exceeded Message Signaling Unit (MSU) frequency and Network Management status/error conditions is passed to a Stage 1 controller or process. The Stage 1 process controls link monitors capable of monitoring upwards of 32 link monitors at a single STP. The monitors perform preliminary link analysis on error conditions. If the monitors identify trouble on any of the links, alarm information is sent to a Stage 2 controller or process via the Stage 1 process. The Stage 2 process controls all Stage 1 and associated monitors from an STP pair. If Stage 2 determines that there is an STP pair network trouble, it generates alarm and corrective action information and passes it to the Stage 3 controller or process. The Stage 3 process controls all Stage 2 controllers or processes in the operating company. If Stage 3 determines that there is potential or real company network trouble, it generates alarm and corrective action information and display signals on maintenance terminals in the company""s SS7 control center. Stage 3 also alerts the Stage 4 controller process.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,592,530 issued to Brockman et al (Brockman) on Jan. 7, 1997 for Telephone Switch Dual Monitors, relates to testing and monitoring systems for evaluating the operations of telephone switches and more particularly to monitoring systems which are arranged to capture data between nodes of a telephone switching system where the data flows between mated nodes, as in an SS7 common channel signaling network. The Brockman et al. Patent indicates that it is often the case that the messages going from switch A to switch B travel one route on the network, while the messages going from switch B to switch A travel a different route. The network surveillance equipment that monitors the link is designed to capture and correlate as much signaling information as possible regarding network activity. Because of the different paths that messages may take, data relating to a subscriber""s phone number may be all in one STP, or split partially in one STP and partially in the other STP of the mated pair xe2x80x9cwhich may be in a different city.xe2x80x9d Brockman et al. therefore attempt to capture all of the SS7 messages within a mated pair and correlate the fragmented SS7 messages for each monitored call. The system is capable of generating call detail records from the SS7 messages of a mated pair cluster, for use in billing and fraud detection. The Brockman et al. Patent goes on to indicate a need for telephone monitoring systems which enable a user to implement a call trace mechanism, which can track all SS7 messages associated with a particular phone number in order to retroactively trace harassing or obscene phone calls.
While the above discussed Pester and Brockman et al. Patents describe the usefulness of monitors in an SS7 common channel interoffice signaling network for event detection, neither of these patents is directed to the particular problems of traffic measurement addressed by the present invention. The Pester Patent places emphasis on monitoring of the SS7 network itself in order to detect troubles in its functioning. SS7 link monitors are utilized on each SS7 link in the illustrated depiction of that system. The Brockman et al. Patent focuses on monitoring of all links to the STPs in a pair and the assembly of related SS7 signaling messages comprising a record of call completions.
While these methodologies may be effective for their stated purposes there remains a distinct need for an efficient and effective tool for monitoring and analyzing types of traffic through the telephone network. Attempts to use other more traditional approaches, such as the accumulation of data from the switches themselves and the Engineering and Administrative Data Acquisition System (EADAS), fell short of providing the desired information.
It is accordingly an object of th s invention to provide a relatively low cost solution to those problems.
It is another object of the invention to provide a timely, powerful, cost effective means of analyzing traffic on the Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN).
It is a further object of the invention to provide a flexible, expedient, accurate, and cost effective method to identify individual high usage lines contributing to network blockage.
It is another object of the invention to provide a tandem trunk planning resource which will accommodate future tandem switch growth respondent to customer calling patterns, communities of interest and points of origin and destination.
It is yet another object of the invention to implement Internet Service Provider (ISP) studies and enable better service to ISP customers while maintaining optimal network utilization.
The invention addresses the above stated needs by providing effective techniques for tracking traffic through a telecommunication network. The invention encompasses both methods and apparatus for processing records of calls through the network to develop useful data representing patterns of traffic.
Thus, in one aspect, the invention relates to a method of conducting a study for analyzing traffic through a telecommunication network. The method involves compiling detail records for a predetermined set of calls processed through the telecommunication network. The calls of the set are identified by parameters of the particular study. The method includes steps of loading the detail records into files in a database and processing the files in the database. This data preparation processing prepares the information of the detail records by enriching the information in a manner that facilitates the study.
For example, the data preparation processing may use reference data to translate certain codes in the records into descriptive information, e.g. to identify a serving central office of the network. Another example of the data preparation might be to allocate usage time from each record to appropriate time periods, e.g. to bin the usage time for a call spanning two periods in proper amounts for each period.
This method of the invention also involves uploading the enriched information to an on-line analytical processing routine. An application runs in the on-line analytical processing routine to present study results from the enriched information. The executed application corresponds to the study. In the preferred embodiment, there are a number of predefined applications, for several different types of studies. A user selects and runs the application for the desired type of study.
The preferred embodiment of the on-line analytical processing routine comprises a multi-dimensional database with a presentation layer. The presentation layer may be an independent program or an integral element incorporated in a software package with the multi-dimensional database. The presentation layer provides the user interface, for example in the form of a client-server interface or a web-browser interface. The presentation layer offers the user fast and flexible access to the study data.
In another aspect, the present invention relates to a traffic tracking system, for studying traffic through a telecommunication network. The system includes a database, a data preparation routine and an on-line analytical processing routine. The database receives and stores detail records of selected calls processed through the network. The data preparation routine operates on files in the database, to enrich the detail records in a predetermined manner corresponding to a running study. The on-line analytical processing routine receives the enriched detail records from the data preparation routine. An application, running on the on-line analytical processing routine, processes the enriched call detail records in accord with the study.
The present invention may provide traffic tracking for any of a variety of different types of networks. However, the preferred embodiments track traffic through a switched call processing network, such as a carrier""s network of the public switching telephone network. Such a network includes switching offices, providing selective call connections to links serving subscribers. Many such networks produce a variety of messages for normal call processing and/or accounting, which may be monitored or accumulated for use in the traffic tracking studies of the present invention.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention utilize real time monitors on selected SS7 links to collect interoffice signaling messages. A site processor compiles data from the signaling messages relating to individual calls, to form call detail records (CDRs) for all interoffice call attempts. The site processor uploads the CDRs to a central server. Automatic Message Accounting (AMA) records also are accumulated for at least selected central office switching systems and uploaded to a server. The servers maintain two relational databases, one for the CDRs derived from the signaling data, the other for the AMA based call data sets. Data from the two relational databases is processed or, xe2x80x98preparedxe2x80x99 and uploaded to a multi-dimensional database with an associated presentation layer. The multi-dimensional database and presentation layer provide on-line analytical processing tools for enhanced processing of the call data and offers an efficient graphical user interface, preferably a web suite type interface.
Additional objects, advantages and novel features of the invention will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the following or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims.


According to one embodiment, there is provided a semiconductor package manufacturing method utilizing a support body in which a first layer is stacked on a second layer, the method including: a first step of forming an opening in the first layer to expose the second layer therethrough; a second step of arranging a semiconductor chip on the second layer through the opening; a third step of forming a resin portion on the first layer to cover the semiconductor chip; and a fourth step of forming a wiring structure on the resin portion so as to be electrically connected to the semiconductor chip.

Generally, a semiconductor package has a structure in which a semiconductor chip is covered with a resin portion.
For example, side surfaces and an active surface (circuit forming surface) of a semiconductor chip may be covered with a resin portion. And, a wiring structure in which a wiring layer electrically connected to the semiconductor chip and an insulating layer are stacked may be further formed on the resin portion.
For example, JP-4271590-B discloses a manufacturing method for such a semiconductor chip.
For example, a supporting body is prepared. A semiconductor chip is mounted on the prepared supporting body such that a surface of the semiconductor chip, which is opposite to an active surface thereof, touches a surface of the supporting body. Then, the mounted semiconductor chip is sealed with a resin portion. Thereafter, a wiring layer and an insulating layer are stacked on the resin portion to form a wiring structure. Then, the supporting body is removed. Thus, a semiconductor package is manufactured.
In order to reduce the thickness of a semiconductor package, it may be requested to reduce the thickness of a resin portion. For example, a supporting body is prepared, a concave portion is formed in the supporting body by removing a part thereof to a certain depth, a semiconductor chip is arranged on the formed concave portion, a resin portion and a wiring structure is formed, and then, the supporting body is removed, to thereby manufacture a semiconductor package while reducing the thickness of the resin portion in a region around the semiconductor chip.
On the other hand, it is difficult to partly remove the support body at a uniform depth from the surface thereof by, e.g., etching. Thus, an in-plane variation of the depth of the formed concave portion may occur, and the surface flatness of the resin portion covering the semiconductor chip may be poor.

Semiconductor package manufacturing method and semiconductor package


The inductance of the capacitor is reduced by connecting the capacitor directly to a via. In one embodiment inductance of a capacitor is reduced by a plurality of via, the number of via greater than the number of electrical couplings from the voltage pad to the voltage plane. In one embodiment the capacitor has a ground pad of a minimum size. In another embodiment the capacitor is electrically coupled to a trace having a length reduced to minimize inductance.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of decreasing the inductance of a capacitor. More specifically, the present invention relates to decreasing the inductance of a capacitor, such as a bypass capacitor, mounted on the surface of an integrated circuit board.
2. Description of the Related Art
Computer systems are information handling electronic systems which can be designed to give independent computing power to one user or a plurality of users. Computer systems may be found in many forms including, for example, mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, servers, personal computers, internet terminals, and notebooks. Computer systems include desk top, floor standing, rack mounted, or portable versions. A typical computer system includes at least one system processor, associated memory and control logic, and a number of peripheral devices that provide input and output for the system. Such peripheral devices may include display monitors, keyboards, mouse-type input devices, floppy and hard disk drives, CD-ROM drives, printers, network capability cards, terminal devices, modems, televisions, sound devices, voice recognition devices, electronic pen devices, and mass storage devices such as tape drives, CD-R drives, or DVDs.
Components of a computer system or other electronic system may be operably coupled to each other by computer busses or other types of signal lines. Computer busses typically include a plurality of signal lines which are current pathways for allowing electronic signals to propagate along the bus. The signal lines of a computer system can be implemented as signal traces either on a circuit board or embedded in a circuit board.
Computer systems are typically assembled using circuit boards on which integrated circuits have been mounted. It is also known to include a voltage plane and a reference voltage plane (sometimes referred to as a xe2x80x9cground planexe2x80x9d) in an integrated circuit board. It is also known to incorporate a via, or conductive path, which can be used to electrically couple surface mounted structures, such as capacitors, with a voltage plane or ground plane.
As computer bus speeds have increased, the impedance of the signal paths of the busses has become more significant in the operation of the bus and accordingly the electronic system. Transmission rates between a memory controller and memory models may reach as high 800 MHz. This high data transfer rate is achieved in part by requiring that the physical characteristics of the bus between the memory controller and memory modules be within certain parameters. For example, under a specification for a memory module licensed by RAMBUS INC(trademark) the impedance of the signal paths between the memory controller and a memory module is specified at 28 ohms.
Memory busses may utilize electrically conductive vias to route the signals among embedded signal layers in a circuit board and trace signal layers on the planar surface of the circuit board. A typical via extending through a 62 mil thick circuit board exhibits an impedance of about 40 to 60 ohms, depending on the via diameter, pad sizes, and the position of the signaling layers that the via electrically couples. The impedance of the via and the internal impedance of a surface mounted structure, such as a capacitor, are cumulative. Higher impedance may lower the quality of signal transmission of the memory bus due to signal/noise margin degradation.
It is known that impedance is related capacitance and inductance. The relationship is understood to be given in Equation 1. From Equation 1 it can be seen that increasing the capacitance decreases impedance. Increasing capacitance can be accomplished by adding capacitors in parallel. However increasing the number of capacitors requires additional area on the surface of an integrated circuit board and can increase cost to the manufacturer and consumer.                     Z        =                              1                          j                                            xe2x80x83                                          wC                                +                      j                                      xe2x80x83                                    wL                                              Equation                          xe2x80x83                        1
Where: Z represents impedance
C represents capacitance
L represents inductance
w represents frequency; and
j represents the imaginary part of the complex number
It is known that increasing the ground pad size increases capacitance represented by C in Equation 1. As shown in Equation 1 above, increasing C decreases impedance. Therefore increasing the ground pad size decreases impedance. It is also known that inductance is proportional to the length of the trace. The length of the trace can be represented by L in Equation 1 above. Therefore, from Equation 1 it can be seen that decreasing the trace length also decreases the total impedance.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/395,788 filed on Sep. 14, 1999 titled xe2x80x9cCapacitive Structure for Via Impedance Tuningxe2x80x9d (referred to as the xe2x80x9c788 patentxe2x80x9d) naming inventors David A. Baranauskas and Douglas E. Wallace, Jr. teaches tuning the impedance of a via. However methods may be available which reduce the impedance more than the method taught by the ""788 patent. Also, methods of reducing the impedance of a capacitor may be developed which are less expensive and may be implemented in conjunction with the method taught in the ""788 patent.
Similarly, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/605,905 (the xe2x80x9c905 applicationxe2x80x9d) filed on Jun. 28, 2000 titled xe2x80x9cPrinted Circuit Assembly having Conductive Pad Array with In-Line Via Placementxe2x80x9d naming Doreen S. Fisher and Thad McMillian as inventors, inventors teaches a conductive pad array with an in-line via placement. However this disclosure teaches a placement of vias which provides additional space on the surface of the integrated circuit board. The ""905 application does not teach a means to reduce inductance of capacitors.
The problem of impedance is noticed in determining the number of capacitors necessary to couple a voltage plane and a ground plane. Typically, the voltage plane and ground plane are adjacent and parallel, separated only by the core plane. This configuration of the voltage plane to the ground plane provides a low impedance path for a returning signal. This low impedance path minimizes the noise at high frequency. When a high frequency current (sometimes called a displacement current) is induced from the voltage plane to the ground plane through a capacitor it is said the signal xe2x80x9cjumpsxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cbypassesxe2x80x9d the conductive path. The capacitor through which the displacement current flows is called a xe2x80x9cbypassxe2x80x9d capacitor.
FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of a capacitor in an operational configuration on integrated circuit board 100. In the configuration shown in FIG. 1, the integrated circuit board includes the following; dielectric layer 170, voltage plane 140, core layer 160 and ground plane 150. Voltage plane 140 and ground plane 150 are parallel and are typically separated by core layer 160. In many computers, voltage plane 140 is maintained at a pre-determined voltage over ground plane 150. For example, a Dell(copyright) Dimension(trademark) computer manufactured and sold by Dell Computer Corporation of Austin, Tex. has a voltage plane normally operating at 3.3 volts above the ground plane.
Still referring to FIG. 1, capacitor 110 is electrically coupled to voltage pad 130 as shown. Voltage pad 130 is electrically coupled to voltage plane 140 by some means (not shown). Similarly, ground pad 120 is electrically coupled to trace 190. Trace 190 is coupled by some means (not shown) to ground plane 150.
In the prior art the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) has adopted a standard configuration of a surface mounted capacitor. The standard configuration provides information to allow manufacturers and designers to provide uniform connections from a surface mounted capacitor to a voltage plane. For a single capacitor, it is known to have an equal number of connections from the voltage plane to the voltage pad and the ground plane to the ground pad.
Referring to FIG. 2, capacitor 210 is shown with voltage pad 220. Voltage pad 220 is shown electrically coupled to trace 230. Trace 230 is shown coupled to via 240. Typically, the trace is located on the surface of the integrated circuit board. The industry standard calls for a minimum 25 mil trace width and a corresponding trace length of 50 mils. (Note, a xe2x80x9cmilxe2x80x9d is a commonly used unit of measurement representing 0.001xe2x80x3.) Similarly, the industry standard configuration specifies 46 mils as the diameter of a via connecting the capacitor to a planar surface within the integrated circuit board. However, even in the configuration adopted by the IEEE the impedance of a capacitor is unacceptably high. High impedance is particularly noticeable for bypass capacitors at the operating frequencies of computers being currently manufactured.
What is needed is a means to decrease the impedance of capacitors mounted on integrated circuit boards. A means of decreasing impedance of board mounted capacitors operating over 100 MHZ would be particularly beneficial.
In accordance with the present disclosure, a method is taught of reducing the inductance of a capacitor. The inductance of the capacitor is reduced by connecting the capacitor directly to a via. In one embodiment inductance of a capacitor is reduced by a plurality of via, the number of via greater than the number of electrical couplings from the voltage pad to the voltage plane. Specifically, inductance of a capacitor having less than six via is reduced in a range from 400 MHz to 800 MHz. In one embodiment the capacitor has a ground pad of a minimum size. In another embodiment the capacitor is electrically coupled to a trace having a length reduced to minimize inductance.
The disclosure teaches a method of designing an integrated circuit board having a capacitor to reduce the inductance of the integrated circuit board. The disclosure also teaches a computer system manufactured with a circuit board including a capacitor having a reduced impedance.
The foregoing is a summary and this contains, by necessity, simplifications, generalizations and omissions of detail; consequently, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be in any way limiting.


Example user identification systems and methods are described. In one implementation, a method determines a first step pulse associated with a user carrying a key fob and detects a user device proximate the key fob. The method further identifies a second step pulse measured by the user device and determines whether the first and second step pulses match. If the step pulses match, the user carrying the key fob is identified as the owner of the user device.

Many vehicles offer additional driver comfort and personalization features that can be provided to the driver if the driver is identified before they enter the vehicle. These features include, for example, welcome displays projected from the vehicle's side mirrors, seat adjustment, personalization of a heads up display, and personalized climate control settings.
Some existing systems attempt to identify a driver before they enter the vehicle by detecting a key fob proximate the vehicle. However, multiple drivers may share the same key fob, which prevents the vehicle from determining which driver is approaching the vehicle. Therefore, these existing systems cannot accurately identify the person carrying the key fob and cannot properly set the correct driver comfort and personalization features.


A coaxial connector contact has a bonding portion to which the exposed portion of a center conductor of a coaxial cable is to be bonded with solder while being in contact with the bonding portion at a prescribed position, a first positioning portion that is provided at a position to be located on the front side of the exposed portion of the center conductor and is formed so as to be able to support the side faces of the exposed portion of the center conductor from both sides, and a second positioning portion that is provided at a position to be located on the rear side of the exposed portion of the center conductor and is formed so as to be able to support the side faces of the exposed portion of the center conductor from both sides and to be in contact with the end face of an insulator that covers the center conductor.

The present invention relates to a coaxial connector contact that is used in electronic devices such as information terminal devices and computer-related devices as well as to a coaxial connector having such a contact.
A coaxial cable used in electronic devices such as information terminal devices and computer-related devices has a sheath, a shield conductor, an insulator, and a center conductor that are arranged in this order from outside. The shield conductor that is given a ground potential is provided around the center conductor for transmission of a data signal. Therefore, usually, a coaxial cable is provided, at one end, with a connector so that the center conductor and the shield conductor can easily be connected to the signal side and the ground side, respectively, of an electronic circuit board.
To attach a connector to one end of a coaxial cable, the coaxial cable is cut in such a manner that the center conductor, the insulator, and the shield conductor are exposed. Then, the center conductor of the coaxial cable is soldered to a flat bonding portion of a coaxial connector contact while being kept in contact with the latter. At this time, if the exposed portion of the center conductor is deviated from a prescribed position relative to the bonding portion, solder flows out of the bonding portion to lower the quality. In view of this, conventionally, various measures are taken in coaxial cable contacts to make it possible to keep the exposed portion of the center conductor in contact with the bonding portion in such a manner that the exposed portion of the center conductor is correctly located at the prescribed position relative to the bonding portion.
For example, JP-A-2001-43939 discloses a coaxial connector contact in which walls are formed adjacent to the front end and the rear end, respectively, of a bonding portion in the axial direction of the center conductor and the rear-end wall is formed with an insertion hole into which to insert the exposed portion of the center conductor. With this structure, the exposed portion of the center conductor of a coaxial cable can be positioned by inserting the exposed portion into the insertion hole of the wall and then bringing the end face of the insulator into contact with the wall. Further, since the two walls serve to prevent a solder outflow during soldering, the solder outflow can be prevented more reliably.
However, in the above conventional structure in which the exposed portion of the center conductor is supported by the rear-end wall in both of the front-rear direction and the right-left direction, the exposed portion of the center conductor is supported at one point on the proximal side. This results in a problem that the front end portion of the center conductor tends to deviate to a large extent from the prescribed position. To position the whole exposed portion of the center conductor at the prescribed position, it is necessary to carefully perform the work of bringing the exposed portion of the center conductor in contact with the bonding portion. This leads to problems of low productivity and increase in production cost, the latter being due to the necessity of a dedicated device for highly accurate positioning. These problems are particularly serious in miniaturizing a coaxial connector to decrease the size and thickness of an electronic device.
An object of the present invention is therefore to provide a coaxial connector contact that makes it possible to correctly bring the exposed portion of the center conductor into contact with the bonding portion at a prescribed position relative to the bonding portion and to easily perform the work of positioning the exposed portion of the center conductor at the prescribed position relative to the bonding portion without the need for using a special external device, as well as a coaxial connector having such a contact.
A coaxial connector contact according to a first aspect of the invention comprises a bonding portion to which an exposed portion of a center conductor of a coaxial cable is to be soldered while being in contact with the bonding portion; and positioning portions provided so as to be able to support the exposed portion of the center conductor at a plurality of positions in an axial direction of the center conductor so as to position the exposed portion of the center conductor at a prescribed position relative to the bonding portion.
In the above-configured coaxial connector contact, when the exposed portion of the center conductor of a coaxial cable touches the bonding portion, the positioning portions can support the exposed portion of the center conductor at a plurality of locations along the exposed portion and hence can position the exposed portion of the center conductor at the prescribed position. As a result, the degree of uniformity of positions of the exposed portions of center conductors of products can be increased and hence the variation in product quality can also be reduced. Quality deterioration due to a solder outflow from the bonding portion during soldering of the center conductor can be prevented. Further, since the exposed portion of the center conductor can be positioned at the prescribed position by the positioning portion when it touches the bonding portion, the work of positioning the exposed portion of the center conductor at the prescribed position can be performed easily without the need for using a special external device.
At least the positioning portion closest to the front end of the center conductor may have two support pieces that are formed so as to be able to support the side faces of the exposed portion of the center conductor from both sides.
With this structure, the position of the front end portion of the center conductor which is most prone to deviate from the prescribed position relative to the bonding portion can be restricted in the right-left direction between the support pieces. Therefore, the positioning in the right-left direction by the positioning portions can be performed with higher accuracy.
The two support pieces may be formed by cutting and erecting portions of the positioning portion so that they are located on both sides of the exposed portion of the center conductor and opposed to each other.
With this structure, since the support pieces extend over a long distance in the axial direction of the center conductor, the exposed portion of the center conductor can be positioned reliably between the support pieces even if the length of the exposed portion has some error.
The two support pieces may be formed by cutting and erecting, perpendicularly to the axial direction of the center conductor, portions of the positioning portion.
With this structure, since the support pieces extend over a long distance beside a mounting portion of the positioning portion, solder is not prone to leak from the positioning portion during soldering of the center conductor.
The interval between the two support pieces may decrease as the position goes upward.
With this structure, the positioning portion can position, with high accuracy, the exposed portion of the center conductor in both of the right-left direction and the top-bottom direction.
The interval between the two support pieces may increase as the position goes upward.
With this structure, even if the front end portion of the center conductor deviates from the prescribed position relative to the bonding portion when the exposed portion of the center conductor is set from above, the two support pieces guide the front end portion of the center conductor to the prescribed position. Therefore, the work of setting the exposed portion of the center conductor on the bonding portion can further be facilitated.
At least the positioning portion closest to the front end of the center conductor may have a support piece that is formed by cutting and erecting, perpendicularly to the axial direction of the center conductor, a portion of the positioning portion and that is formed with an insertion hole into which to insert the exposed portion of the center conductor.
With this structure, since the support piece extends over a long distance beside a mounting portion of the positioning portion, solder is not prone to leak from the positioning portion during soldering of the center conductor. Further, the positioning portion can position, with high accuracy, the exposed portion of the center conductor in both of the right-left direction and the top-bottom direction.
At least the positioning portion closest to the front end of the center conductor may have a support piece that is formed by cutting and erecting, perpendicularly to an axial direction of the center conductor, a portion of the positioning portion and that is formed with a recess in which to place the exposed portion of the center conductor.
With this structure, since the support piece extends over a long distance beside a mounting portion of the positioning portion, solder is not prone to leak from the positioning portion during soldering of the center conductor. Further, the work of setting the exposed portion of the center conductor on the bonding portion can be facilitated because the exposed portion of the center conductor can be set in the recess from over the positioning portion.
A coaxial connector contact according to a second aspect of the invention comprises a bonding portion to which an exposed portion of a center conductor of a coaxial cable is to be bonded with solder while being in contact with the bonding portion at a prescribed position; a first positioning portion that is provided at a position to be located on a front side of the exposed portion of the center conductor and is formed so as to be able to support side faces of the exposed portion of the center conductor from both sides; and a second positioning portion that is provided at a position to be located on a proximal side of the exposed portion of the center conductor and is formed so as to be able to support side faces of the exposed portion of the center conductor from both sides and to be in contact with an end face of an insulator that covers the center conductor.
In the above-configured coaxial connector contact, when the exposed portion of the center conductor of a coaxial cable touches the bonding portion, the positions, in the right-left direction, of the front end portion and the proximal portion of the exposed portion of the center conductor are restricted by the first positioning portion and the second positioning portion, respectively, whereby the whole exposed portion of the center conductor can be positioned with high accuracy at the prescribed position relative to the bonding portion. Since the second positioning portion is in contact with the end face of the insulator, the exposed portion of the center conductor can be positioned correctly in the front-rear direction, that is, in its axial direction. As a result, the variation of the position of the exposed portion of the center conductor among products can be reduced. And quality deterioration due to a solder outflow from the bonding portion during soldering of the center conductor can also be reduced. Further, the work of positioning the exposed portion of the center conductor at the prescribed position can be performed easily without the need for using a special external device.
The second positioning portion may have a guide groove whose width increases as the position goes upward and that guides the exposed portion of the center conductor to the prescribed position.
With this structure, even if the proximal portion of the exposed portion of the center conductor deviates from the prescribed position relative to the bonding portion when the exposed portion of the center conductor is set from above, the guide groove guides the proximal portion of the exposed portion of the center conductor to the prescribed position. Therefore, the work of setting the exposed portion of the center conductor on the bonding portion can further be facilitated.
A coaxial connector according to the invention comprises a coaxial connector contact having at least one of the above-described features.
The coaxial connector having such a structure can be produced at a high yield.

Coaxial connector contact and coaxial connector having it


A new antibiotic designated BU-4061T is produced by fermentation of actinomycete strain Q996-17 (ATCC-53904). The BU-4061T antibiotic exhibits both in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention is directed to a new antitumor antibiotic designated herein as BU-4061T and to a process for the preparation, isolation and purification of BU-4061T in substantially pure form.
2. Description of the Prior Art
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 165,337 filed Mar. 7, 1988 discloses a fermentation antitumor antibiotic designated BU-3862T having the structure ##STR1## BU-4061T is somewhat related in structure to the above antibiotic.