The present invention relates to a pixel sensor cell (1) for a CMOS sensor device comprising: —a photodiode (11) for generating photoelectrons; —a first transfer transistor (12) coupling the photodiode (11) with an intermediate node (IN) and configured to be controlled by a first control signal (TX1); —a gain reducing capacitance (CHD) applied on the intermediate node (IN); —a second transfer transistor (14) coupling the intermediate node (IN) with a sense node (SN) and configured to be controlled by a second control signal (TX2); —an output buffer (15) coupled with the sense node (SN) and configured to amplify a potential on the sense node (SN).

CMOS image sensors are widely applied in technical devices, such as mobile devices or digital cameras. While the development of the pinned photodiodes (buried photodiodes) dramatically increased noise performance of CMOS image sensors, the characteristics of conventional CMOS image sensors still have limitations with respect to sensitivity and dynamic range.
A conventional pixel sensor cell is exemplarily shown in document A. Boukhayma, A. Peizearat and C. Enz, "Noise Reduction Techniques and Scaling Effects towards Photon Counting CMOS Image Sensors", Sensors 2016, 16, 514, http://www.mbpi.com/thermal/sensors. The conventional pixel sensor cell includes a pinned photodiode and generally four transistors which include a transfer transistor separating the pinned photodiode from a sense node, reset and row selection transistors and a source follower transistor that buffers the voltage level of the sense node.
The transfer transistor is used to control a potential barrier for charge carriers stored/generated in the pinned photodiode. When the gate voltage of the transfer transistor is low enough and the resulting potential in the channel of the transfer transistor is lower than the photo-generated voltage of the pinned photodiode, the integrated charge stored in the pinned photodiode is kept. When the gate voltage of the transfer transistor is set to a high voltage, a depletion in the channel of the transfer transistor is created so that the potential is higher than the charge potential of the pinned photodiode and also lower than a reset potential of the sense node. So, the electrons accumulated in the pinned photodiode during an integration phase flow towards the higher potential area of the sense node through the transfer transistor and the voltage level of the sense node drops from the reset potential depending on the transferred charge.
The voltage of the sense node is sensed by an adequate electronic circuit after resetting the sense node to the reset potential and after the charge of the photodiode has been allowed to flow onto the sense node. The sensed potentials are subtracted to obtain the signal level. This sensing method is called correlated double sampling and allows the reduction of noise that is correlated between the reset time and the transfer time.
While above architecture of the pixel sensor cell and the method of operation provide a good noise characteristic and a reasonable dynamic range, there is a further demand for CMOS image sensors with an even better sensitivity and a higher dynamic range.
Regarding an enhancement of the dynamic range, several techniques have been proposed in document K. Hara, H. Kubo, M. Kimura, F. Murao, and S. Komori, "A linear-logarithmic CMOS sensor with offset calibration using an injected charge signal" in ISSCC. 2005 IEEE International Digest of Technical Papers. Solid-State Circuits Conference, 2005, February 2005, pp. 354-603 Vol. 1, in document M. Loose, K. Meier, and J. Schemmel, "A self-calibrating single-chip CMOS camera with logarithmic response," IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 586-596, April 2001 and in document J. S. et al., "A 1280 960 3.75 m pixel CMOS imager with triple exposure HDR," in International Image Sensors Workshop, 2009, September 2009, pp. 1-4 which have the disadvantage of not being linear or not having a single synchronous integration time. Further methods are disclosed in A. K. Kalgi et al., "Four concepts for synchronous, PSN limited, true CDS, HDR imaging", in International Image Sensors Workshop, 2015, September 2015, pp. 1-4. However, methods based on varying the integration time or using multiple different size photodiodes fail having photon-shot-noise limited operation and methods based on acquiring and combining multiple frames at different gains fail to operate in synchronous shutter mode.
From documents EP 2 890 117 A1, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,408,210, 7,719,590, and US2017/0148832, further approaches are known which allow a linear response and a low readout noise for all lighting conditions and have the possibility to operate in a synchronous shutter mode. These approaches are based on multiple ranges of linear gain so that a high gain is provided for low light signals to ensure a low noise performance, and a low gain is provided for high dynamic signal to avoid saturation. Hence, this method requires a varying sense node capacitance which is embodied by an additional capacitance to be coupled with the sense node by means of a transistor. So, for low-light conditions, the extra capacitance can be disconnected from the sense node to ensure the lowest sense mode capacitance. For high dynamic signals, the extra capacitor can be connected with the sense node in order to increase dramatically the sense node capacitance resulting in a much lower conversion gain and a much larger saturation level. A disadvantage of these approaches is that the additional transistor increases the sense node capacitance and therefore increases the noise flow which affects the overall sensitivity.

Pixel sensor cell for CMOS image sensors with enhanced conversion gain at high dynamic range capability

ECOLE POLYTECHNIQUE FÉDÉRALE DE LAUSANNE (EPFL)


A liquid crystal display panel and a method for manufacturing the same, and a display device are provided. The liquid crystal display panel includes: an array substrate, a color film substrate, a liquid crystal layer, a first alignment layer and a second alignment layer. The first alignment layer includes a first alignment region corresponding to an opening region and a second alignment region corresponding to a light shielding region. An alignment direction of the first alignment region is different from an alignment direction of the second alignment region, and an alignment direction of a region in the second alignment layer is parallel to an alignment direction of a region in the first alignment layer corresponding to the region in the second alignment layer. According to the present disclosure, a color mixing and color cast phenomenon in the liquid crystal display panel is alleviated.

With the development of display technology, pixel per inch (PPI) in a liquid crystal display panel is getting higher. Currently, in order to meet the consumer requirements of the customers for high PPI in the liquid crystal display panel and ensure the great transmissivity of the liquid crystal display panel, a distance between a color film substrate and an array substrate in the liquid crystal display panel is getting smaller. And then a distance between a light shielding layer in the color film substrate and the array substrate is getting smaller, further strength of an electric field under the light shielding layer is getting stronger. Hence, turning range of a liquid crystal molecule between the color film substrate and the array substrate and under the light shielding layer is getting bigger, and a probability of a color mixing and color cast phenomenon in the liquid crystal display panel is increased.

Liquid crystal display panel and method for manufacturing the same, display device

XIAMEN TIANMA MICRO-ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.


A combustor structure includes a combustor fuel-air mixing apparatus having a mainstream airflow region. One or more concavities are disposed within the mainstream airflow region of the fuel-air mixing apparatus. At least one fuel injection hole is disposed within an upstream base region of at least one concavity. Passing a stream of air through the main airflow region causes fuel injected into the upstream base region of at least one concavity to passively mix with a naturally oscillating vortex of air within the concavity.

This invention generally relates to combustion dynamics, and more particularly, to systems and methods for efficient mixing of fuel and air within a compact space such as the mainstream air flow of a combustor.
Combustion dynamics occur when the inherent unsteadiness of a flame couples with the natural modes of a combustor and establishes a feedback cycle leading to high amplitudes of pressure perturbations and potential significant damage to the corresponding hardware. Combustion dynamics are known to plague gas turbines for power generation, prime-mover, aviation, and marine applications.
Combustion dynamics is a universal issue with and presents one of the biggest challenges faced by gas turbine manufacturers since the introduction of premixed combustion systems. Various techniques have been employed to address combustion dynamics, including without limitation, altering the generation mechanism, varying the combustor dimensions or damping, and control/suppression of the problem by using active/passive devices/methods.
Combustion dynamics has led to catastrophic combustor damage/failure when observed at very high amplitudes. Even when less severe, it restricts the operational envelope of a gas turbine and hinders the best possible performance. Combustion dynamics is still a pervasive problem with existing and installed gas turbines. Further, with stricter emissions regulations and fuel-flexibility, the problems relating to combustion dynamics are expected to get worse.
One significant issue related to combustion dynamics is directed to efficient mixing of fuel and air within a compact space such as the mainstream air (oxidant) flow tube of a combustor. Presently, injection fuel holes are generally cylindrical and oriented to create normal injection jets. One technique for improving mixing of fuel and air within the mainstream air flow of a combustor includes the use of swirler mechanisms. Swirlers are however, complex in terms of both cost and structure. Further, swirlers generally employ moving parts which adversely impacts system reliability. Some known common structures create high losses aerodynamically and can lead to localized flame holding or flashback. To date, dynamics and acoustics issue resolution has focused generally on active modulation of the fuel injection, rather than passive techniques.
In view of the foregoing, there is a need for a system and method for passively and efficiently mixing of fuel and air within a compact space such as the mainstream air (oxidant) flow of a combustor to achieve optimal operational performance in terms of acoustics, emissions and power output. The system should be simple in terms of structure when compared to known structures for improving mixing of fuel and air with the compact space.


A cable locking and sealing device which has an attached cable and the free end of the cable can be passed through a member to lock it. Then the free end of the cable is passed down through an opening in the body of the locking and sealing device in which there is a spring biased conical-shaped member that carries a ball mounted in a transverse opening. The ball rides on an inclined conical surface and engages and locks the cable when an attempt is made to withdraw it from the locking device in a direction opposite to the inserted direction.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to a cable locking and sealing device and in particular to a cable locking structure which allows the cable to be moved through it in one direction but which locks the cable when it is pulled in the opposite direction.
2. Description of Related Art
Prior cable locking and sealing devices are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,747,631, 5,092,641, 3,770,307 and 4,074,916.


A method for simultaneously operating multiple seismic vibrators using continuous sweeps (little or no “listening” time between sweeps) for each vibrator, and recovering the separated seismic responses for each vibrator with the earth signature removed. Each vibrator is given a unique, continuous pilot signal. The earth response to the motion of each vibrator is measured or estimated. The vibrator motion records for each vibrator and the combined seismic data record for all the vibrators are parsed into separate shorter records. The shorter records are then used to form a system of simultaneous linear equations in the Fourier transform domain, following the HFVS method of Sallas and Allen. The equations are then solved for the separated earth responses.

Seismic vibrators have long been used in the seismic data acquisition industry to generate the acoustic signals needed in geophysical exploration. The conventional use of vibrators involves several well-understood steps. First, one or more vibrators are located at a source point on the surface of the earth. Second, the vibrators are activated for several seconds, typically ranging from four to sixteen, with a pilot signal. The pilot signal is typically a sweep signal that varies in frequency during the period of time in which the vibrators are activated. Third, seismic receivers are used to receive and record response data for a period of time equal to the sweep time plus a listen time. The period of time over which data is recorded includes at a minimum the time necessary for the seismic signals to travel to and reflect off of the target reflectors of interest, and for the reflected signals to return to the receivers. Fourth, seismograms are generated by cross correlating the recorded data with either the pilot signal or a reference sweep. Fifth, the sweep and correlation steps are repeated several times, typically four to eight, and the correlations are added together in a process referred to as stacking. Finally, the vibrators are moved to a new source point and the entire process is repeated.
Several problems are known to exist with conventional vibrator technology. First, the correlation process is known to result in correlation side lobes, which can influence the accuracy of the final processed data. Second, vibrator harmonic distortion results in noise, known as harmonic ghosts, after correlation with the pilot. A partial solution to this problem is the use of upsweeping pilot signals, in which the sweep starts at low frequencies and increases to high frequencies. This approach places the correlation ghosts before the main correlation peak where they will not interfere with later, and hence weaker, reflections. In addition, to minimize noise from harmonics, multiple sweeps are performed with incremental phase rotation of the sweeps so that after correlation and stack, the harmonics are reduced. For example, to suppress harmonics through fourth order, four sweeps might be performed with a phase rotation of 360 degrees divided by four, i.e., 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees. The data are stacked after correlation with harmonics accordingly reduced, although not eliminated. Third, in order to accurately process the recorded data, both the sweep time and a listen time must be included in the recording time of the seismic receivers for each sweep. The listen time is important to ensure that the resulting data from each sweep can be accurately processed. In addition, multiple sweeps are often required to inject sufficient energy into the ground. Multiple short sweeps can result in better data quality than long sweeps through the use of phase rotations to reduce harmonic noise and by reducing ground roll reverberations. However, the use of multiple sweeps with each sweep followed by a listening time limits the rate at which energy can be put into the ground and the survey acquired. Fourth, the recording of high frequencies can be limited by the simultaneous recording of the signals from an array of vibrators, each vibrator at a different position and elevation and having a different coupling with the ground.
The cost of land surveys largely depends on the time it takes to record the survey, and cost is affected by the length of time required to record data at each source station as well as the time it takes to move the vibrators to the next station. The time taken to record data at each source station depends on the number of sweeps, the sweep length, and the listen time. For example, if four 8-second sweeps are performed, each having a 7-second listening time, at least 60 seconds is required at each station. Typical data acquisition systems also require 3-5 seconds before they are ready to start a new record, which can add another 12-20 seconds to the time at the source station. If multiple stations could be recorded simultaneously, or the need for a listening time reduced or eliminated, then less time would be needed for recording the survey, therefore reducing the overall cost of the survey. Similarly, improved methods of reducing side lobe correlations and harmonic ghosts would improve the quality of land surveys.
In 1995, Andersen in U.S. Pat. No. 5,410,517 disclosed a method to cascade vibrator sweeps to eliminate unproductive listening times, while still maintaining the advantages of using multiple short sweeps. The method includes an incremental phase rotation of the sweep segments and the use of a second cascaded sweep with an extra sweep segment to suppress harmonic ghosts after correlation with the reference. For example, but without limitation, in a seismic acquisition program in which it was desired to reduce up to the fourth order harmonic, four sweep segments with an appropriate phase rotation are required. The phase rotation angles could be 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees, respectively, although other choices could also be made. If eight-second sweep segments were used and 7 seconds listening time is required, then the total record time is 39 seconds. This compares to a standard sweep and listen time for 4 sweeps, which is 60 seconds. Combined with Andersen's prior U.S. Pat. No. 5,347,494, which disclosed a method of producing simple seismic wavelet shapes with minimal side lobe energy, improved quality vibrator data can be obtained. Nevertheless, even with this improved quality data the limitations of the correlation process, problems with harmonics ghosting, and array limitations are present.
Another method used by industry to increase the rate of seismic acquisition is to use more than one vibrator and record multiple source locations simultaneously. Typically, pilot sweeps with different phases or different frequency ranges are used to drive the different vibrators. The data are then correlated with each of the individual pilot sweeps to separate the data. Multiple sweeps are used to increase energy, and the cross correlations are added (stacked). Phase rotation of the sweeps also may be used to reduce harmonics. Separation of the data is imperfect. Instead of clean vibrator records, the separated records may contain residual energy from other vibrators operating simultaneously.
An alternative approach for separating vibrator signals and eliminating harmonics is taken by the High Fidelity Vibratory Seismic Method (HFVS) disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,719,821 and 5,721,710 to Sallas, et al. In the HFVS method the recorded seismic data are not correlated with a pilot signal, but instead are inverted using measured vibrator signatures from each sweep and each vibrator. Because the measured signatures include harmonics, the inversion of the corresponding records recovers those harmonics in the processed data, and thereby does not result in additional noise in the data. Because correlation is not used, correlation side lobes do not exist as a potential problem. Furthermore, inversion with a measured vibrator signature can reduce effects from variable vibrator coupling with the earth. However, in this method the vibrator motion for each data record is measured and used in the processing steps. The method includes use of a matrix inversion method to separate the signals from individual vibrators recording simultaneously. The matrix inversion requires that the number of sweeps M be greater than or equal to the number of vibrators N in order to solve a set of linear equations for the N vibrator signals. The ability to separate vibrator responses requires that any two vibrators must differ in at least one of their M sweeps. An advantageous way to accomplish this is to phase-encode the M sweeps, typically with one vibrator at a time sweeping with a phase shift relative to the other vibrators. The M×N vibrator signatures are used to design a filter matrix that converts the M data records into N output records, one per each vibrator. Separation of vibrator records up to 60 dB has been achieved with no visible degradation of the records from simultaneous recordings.
The HFVS method is more fully described in association with FIG. 1, which depicts a typical land-based data acquisition system geometry, and FIG. 2, which depicts typical sweeps for four vibrators which may be used in that data acquisition system. FIG. 1 shows four vibrators 18, 20, 22, and 24, mounted on vehicles 34, 36, 38, and 40. The four different signatures transmitted into the ground during sweep i may be called si1, Si2, Si3, Si4. Each signature is convolved with a different earth reflectivity sequence e1, e2, e3, e4 which includes reflections 26 from the interface 28 between earth layers having different impedances (the product of the density of the medium and the velocity of propagation of acoustic waves in the medium). A trace di recorded at a geophone 30 is a sum of the signature-filtered earth reflectivities for each vibrator. Formulating this mathematically, data trace di(t) recorded for sweep i is:
                                          d            i                                          (            t            )                          =                              ∑                          j              =              1                        N                                                                        s                ij                                                          (                t                )                                      ⊗                                          e                j                                                          (                t                )                                                                        (        1        )            where sij(t)=sweep i from vibrator j, ej(t)=earth reflectivity seen by vibrator j and {circle around (×)} denotes the convolution operator.
Persons skilled in the art will understand the convolution operation and the convolution model upon which Equation (1) is based. Other readers may refer to standard treatises such as the Encyclopedic Dictionary of Exploration Geophysics, by R. E. Sheriff, 4th Ed. (2002), published by the Society of Exploration Geophysicists. (See the definitions of "convolution" and "convolutional model.") The noise term in Sheriff's definition of "convolutional model" has been neglected in Equation (1). This model is a consequence of the concept that each reflected seismic wave causes its own effect at each geophone, independent of what other waves are affecting the geophone, and that the geophone response is simply the sum (linear superposition) of the effects of all the waves.
Thus, in this method N vibrators radiate M≧N sweeps into the earth, resulting in M recorded data traces. The HFVS method involves finding an operator, by solving a set of linear equations based on the known M×N vibrator signatures, that finds the set of N earth reflectivities that best predicts the recorded data. In the frequency domain, i.e., after Fourier transformation, the set of equations represented by Equation (1) are linear and can be written:
                                          D            i                                          (            f            )                          =                              ∑                          j              =              1                        N                                                                        s                ij                                                          (                f                )                                                                                E                j                                                          (                f                )                                                                        (        2        )            or, in matrix form for M sweeps and N vibrators,
                                          [                                                                                S                    11                                                                                S                    12                                                                    ·                                                                      S                                          1                                                                                N                                                                                S                    21                                                                                S                    22                                                                    ·                                                                      S                                          2                                                                                N                                                                                S                    31                                                                                S                    32                                                                    ·                                                                      S                                          3                                                                                N                                                                                S                    41                                                                                S                    42                                                                    ·                                                                      S                                          4                                                                                N                                                                                ·                                                  ·                                                  ·                                                  ·                                                                                S                                          M                                                                                1                                                                                S                                          M                                                                                2                                                                                ·                                                                      S                    MN                                                                        ]                                          [                                                                                E                    1                                                                                E                    2                                                                                ·                                                                                E                    N                                                                        ]                          =                  [                                                                      D                  1                                                                                D                  2                                                                                D                  3                                                                                D                  4                                                                                ·                                                                                D                  M                                                              ]                                    (        3        )                                or                                                                          S                                E            →                          =                  D          →                                    (        4        )            If the number of sweeps is equal to the number of vibrators, this system of simultaneous equations can be solved for {right arrow over (E)}:{right arrow over (E)}=F{right arrow over (D)}  (5)whereF=(S)−1.  (6)F is the filter or operator which when applied to the data separates it into individual vibrator records.
For M≧N, Equation (4) may be solved by the method of least squares. For this more general situation, Equation (4) can be writtenS*S{right arrow over (E)}=S*{right arrow over (D)}  (7)where S* is the conjugate transpose of matrix S. Then,{right arrow over (E)}=(S*S)−1S*{right arrow over (D)},  (8)and the filter F becomesF=(S*S)−1S*.  (9)
The HFVS method can be used to record multiple source points simultaneously using a number of vibrators, but the use of more vibrators requires more individual sweeps each with its own listening time. It was previously not thought possible to eliminate the listening time, because the M sweep records must be separate unrelated measurements in order to solve the set of linear equations, i.e., otherwise the M equations (involving N unknowns) would not be independent. If the sweeps are cascaded without a listening time, then the reflection data from one segment would interfere with data from the subsequent sweep segment. In addition, there would not be a one-to-one correspondence between the data and the measured vibrator motions which represent the signatures put into the ground, so that harmonics would not be handled properly. The present invention solves these problems.

Method for continuous sweeping and separation of multiple seismic vibrators


A reference voltage generator that may be useful in analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuits includes compensation for errors such as from non-ideal considerations such as semiconductor processing variations, mismatch errors, temperature gradients, and parasitic effects. The compensation method employs a correction current that is provided to the reference voltage generator to adjust the delay time and stability of the resulting reference voltage or voltages.

Voltage reference circuits are important in a wide-variety of applications including analog-to-digital conversion, sensor circuits, signal processing circuits, to name a few. For example, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuit is arranged to receive an analog input signal and convert it into a digital code by comparing (e.g., sometimes repeatedly comparing) the analog input signal to the reference voltage. Depending on the architecture of the ADC circuit, the accuracy in the resulting digital code may be largely dependent on the accuracy of the reference voltage.
ADCs may employ a wide variety of architectures, such as the integrating, successive approximation, flash, and the delta-sigma architectures. Recently, the pipelined analog-to-digital converter (ADC) has become a popular ADC architecture for use in high-speed applications such as CCD imaging, ultrasonic medical imaging, digital video, and communication technologies such as cable modems and fast Ethernet. Pipelined ADCs are typically chosen because of their high accuracy, high throughput rate, and low power consumption. Moreover, the pipeline architecture generally provides better performance for a given power and semiconductor die area than other ADC architectures.
An example of a conventional pipelined ADC (100) is shown in FIG. 1A. As shown in the figure, the conventional pipelined ADC (100) includes an array of N gain stages. Each of the gain stages is connected in series to the previous gain stage. Each gain stage is also connected to a decoder logic circuit (not shown).
Each pipeline gain stage has a multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) circuit that includes a sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA), a sub-ADC circuit (k-bit ADC), a digital-to-analog converter (k-bit DAC), a summer (+), and a gain stage (AV). The MDAC is arranged to receive an input signal (VINPUT) and store the input signal with the sample-and-hold amplifier (SHA). The sub-ADC generates a corresponding k-bit digital code for the stored input level and then the digital code is converted back to the analog domain through the digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The sampled input signal from the SHA is subtracted from the output of the DAC by the summer, and then multiplied by 2k via the gain stage (AV), where k is the resolution of MDAC.
The residue voltage (VRESIDUE) from the first gain stage (e.g., stage 1) becomes the analog input voltage to the next gain stage (e.g., stage 2) of the pipeline. That is, VINPUT(2)=VRESIDUE(1). The residue voltages (VRES(i)) continue through the various pipeline of gain stages (1−N), resulting in a series of digital coefficient (e.g., Di) from the output of each k-bit ADC from each MDAC.
FIG. 1B is a graph that illustrates an ideal residue voltage in a pipeline ADC system. In this figure, the input voltage (VINPUT) is provided along the x-axis and the resulting residue voltage (VRESIDUE) is provided along the y-axis. The output residue voltage (VRESIDUE) from each MDAC pipeline stage is generated by the following transfer function: VRESIDUE=VINPUT*2i−VREF*Di, where i is the stage number of the MDAC, Di is digital code output from the ith stage DAC from the sub-ADC, and VREF is the corresponding reference signal.
The internal reference voltage (VREF) for the sub-ADC is sometimes generated as a pair of reference voltages. For example, VREFP and VREFN are positive and negative reference voltages for the k-bit ADC, where 2*(VREFP−VREFN) is the peak-to-peak range of the ADC, as illustrated in FIG. 1B.

Reference voltage generation using compensation current method


The present disclosure provides an electronic device having a USB interface and a method for starting USB communication with such an electronic device, so as to solve the problem of a risk of damaging a mobile phone terminal device arising from sharing of an interface by a charger and a USB communication cable in the related art. In the electronic device, a port GPIO of a baseband chip is connected to a pin USB_VBUS of a USB interface of the baseband chip; based on this circuit, a power management chip detects a state of plugging-in-or-pulling-out of the charger and generates a corresponding interrupt request; and the baseband chip controls the GPIO to output a corresponding level according to the interrupt request. By connecting the port GPIO and the pin USB_VBUS and controlling an output level of GPIO with a software, a high level or a low level (as a triggering signal for starting or terminating the USB communication) is input to the pin USB_VBUS, thus avoiding damage to the device.

In an electronic device having a USB interface such as a handheld terminal having a USB interface in the related art, one cable is shared as both a USB communication cable and a charging cable, that is, the cable can serve for both charging and USB communication. Thus the positive terminal VCHG of a charging interface of a mobile phone is short-circuited with a pin USB_VBUS directly or indirectly.
A USB interface circuit of a handheld terminal device includes two pins. One is a charging voltage pin VCHG on a power management chip, pin VCHG being configured to detect a state of plugging-in-or-pulling-out of a charger; it is determined that the charger is plugged in when the voltage at pin VCHG is greater than a certain threshold (e.g. 3.3V), and it is determined that the charger is pulled out when the voltage at pin VCHG is less than or equal to a certain threshold (e.g. 3.3V). The other pin is a USB-bus-power-supply positive terminal pin USB_VBUS of a USB interface chip; it is determined that plugging-in of a USB communication cable starts a USB state machine when the voltage at pin USB_VBUS is greater than a session value in a USB standard (e.g. 2.0V, which is a starting voltage of the USB state machine); and it is determined that a USB communication cable is pulled out when the voltage at pin USB_VBUS is no less than 0V and no more than the session value in the USB standard (e.g. 2.0V).
A condition for starting a charging state machine of a handheld terminal having a USB interface is as follows. It is determined, by detection, whether the positive terminal of the charging interface is greater than a certain threshold (e.g. 3.3V); if an input voltage is greater than the threshold, it is determined that the charger is plugged in, and charging management is started; and if it is not greater than the threshold, it is determined that the charger is pulled out, and charging has stopped. In addition, pin VCHG has a relatively wide range of operating voltages, which is normally between 10V and 20V (e.g. 18V), while pin USB_VBUS has a range of low operating voltages, the maximum operating voltage of USB_VBUS being 5.25V, normally.
In general, a condition for starting a USB state machine of a handheld terminal is as follows. It is determined whether the voltage at pin USB_VBUS (positive terminal of a USB bus power supply) is greater than the session value (e.g. 2.0V) in the USB standard; if an input voltage is greater than the session value , a USB enumeration process is started; and if it is no greater than the session value, the USB state machine is shut down. The maximum operating voltage of USB_VBUS is normally 5.25V which is relatively low. A problem thus brought forth is that the condition for starting the USB state machine is different from that for starting the charging state machine, which requires adoption of a circuit for distinguishing different signals so as to implement the start of USB communication. A usual practice in related art in a solution for starting USB communication with an interface shared by a charger and a USB communication cable is, as shown in FIG. 1, to lower the voltage at VCHG by a voltage-regulator diode before connecting VCHG to USB_VBUS. Such a method requires a relatively simple circuit, but fails to protect the device from the overshoot at the instant of plugging-in of the charger due to a low response speed of the voltage-regulator diode.
It is thus clear that sharing of an interface by a charger and a USB communication cable in the related art can easily cause damage to a mobile phone terminal device.

Electronic device having USB interface and method for starting USB communication with such device


Methods for reaction electrospinning are provided to form collagen fibers. The method can include: acidifying a collagen in an acidic solvent to form an acidic collagen solution; electrospinning the acidic collagen solution within an alkaline atmosphere (e.g., including ammonia vapor) to form collagen fibers; and collecting the collagen fibers within a salt bath (e.g., including ammonium sulfate). The acidic solvent can include water and an alcohol, and can have a pH of about 2 to about 4 (e.g., including a strong acid, such as HCl). An albumin rubber is also provided, which can include albumin crosslinked with glutaraldehyde.

The tissue engineering field has created great demands for the next generation of biomaterials and biofabrication techniques. These materials and techniques need to provide simple and economical biomaterials that are cell instructive and suitable for transplantation. These materials must recreate and mimic the 3D in vivo niche and be able to provide the proper cues for the cells to migrate, proliferate, differentiate, promote angiogenesis, and ultimately direct the regeneration native tissue architecture. (Prestwich, Ghaly, Brudnicki, Ratliff, & Goligorsky, 2011).
Biomaterials generally fall into two categories, synthetic and naturally derived materials. Recent promising efforts have been made using primary cells in combination with synthetic matrices, such as PEG (Gilbert, et al., 2010), and poly(glycolic acid)(PGA)/poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) (Levenberg, et al., 2005) (Boonen & Post, 2008) natural and synthetic hybrid materials such as collagen-poly(vinyl alcohol) (Abedi, Sotoudeh, Soleymani, Shafiee, Mortazavi, & Aflatoonian, 2010), naturally derived materials created from decellularization of native tissues (De Coppi, et al., 2006) and repolymerized naturally occurring extracellular matrix components such as collagen (Grefte, Kuijpers-Jagtman, Torensma, & Von Den Hoff, 2010; Yost, et al., 2004). These materials have been used somewhat successfully in the laboratory for cell culture, small and large animal in vivo testing, and to a very small extent human surgical transplantation. A common fabrication technique for these materials is the creation of the hydrogels. Hydrogels are polymeric materials that can retain large amounts of water without dissolving. There are several techniques commonly used to create these hydrogels which include chemical cross-linking, photo cross-linking, and sol-gel synthesis. Other hydrogels are formed through spinning, bioprinting or microfabrication process among other techniques (Prestwich, Ghaly, Brudnicki, Ratliff, & Goligorsky, 2011).
Tissue scaffolds plays a crucial role towards tissue regeneration process. The ideal scaffold has to fulfill several requirements such as the adequate composition, specific cell population, and well-defined architectural features. Scaffold created from natural biological materials provide ideal compatibility and functionality. Collagen is a natural and a major constituent of the extracellular matrix that contains the necessary biological information that directs the cell behavior (Yost, et al., 2004). Collagen Type I accounts for 70-90% of collagen in the body. Specific techniques need to be developed in order to reconstitute a collagen scaffold that will retain its mechanical properties and micro geometric features similar to the natural tissue, and induced in vivo cell behavior.
Novel 3D tubular collagen scaffold for cardiovascular tissue engineering have been successfully developed and commercialized using a counter rotating cone extrusion system, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,338,517 of Yost, et al. and (Yost, et al., 2004), which are incorporated by reference herein. The device is capable of producing continuously spiraling alignment of the collagen fibers, which is seen in the layers of cardiac myocytes and extracellular matrix. This is an important key factor in vivo, because it provides the heart the ability to contract and move the blood from its ventricular cavity to the systematic vasculature. The collagen provided the biological information needed to direct cell behavior and along with the precise fiber orientation, the tube wall contracted spontaneously. The cardiac myocytes had developed an in vivo phenotype, possess aligned myofibers and developed sarcomeres. Furthermore, using this 3D tubular scaffold, Valarmathi et al. was able to induce the maturation and differentiation of BMSCs into vascular lineages, vasculogenesis, which was able to support microvessel morphogenesis.
One unique and unexpected aspect of this engineered scaffold is that it promoted the expression of an in vivo like phenotype and tissue organization for many cell types. (Yost, et al., 2004; Evans, Sweet, Price, Yost, & Goodwin, 2003; Valarmathi, Yost, Goodwin, & Pott, 2008; Goodwin R. L., Nesbitt, Price, Well, Yost, & Potts, 2005). The tube scaffold has been used to study embryonic and (Yost, et al., 2004; Goodwin R. L., Nesbitt, Price, Wells, Yost, & Potts, 2005) neonatal cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, coronary vasculogenesis, and development of tissue-engineered cardiac valves (Evans, Sweet, Price, Yost, & Goodwin, 2003; Yost, Franchini, Goodwin, Nesbitt, & Price, 2005). We have also used our scaffold to regenerate skeletal muscle in a rat hernia model (Fann, Terracio, Yan, Franchini, & Yost, 2006). The tube has been combined with satellite cells and used to study angiogenesis and inflammation on a molecular level in vivo during skeletal muscle repair (Propst, et al., 2009).
During the course of these investigations, it was realized that the next generation of fabrication technology was needed to create collagen scaffold with branch points and more intricate, in vivo like geometries. The approach mimics early morphogenesis, based on the realization that both genes and physical forces regulate self-assembly and 3-dimensional pattern formation of complete tissues.
Not only is the 3D structure necessary for vasculogenesis but so is the composition of the substrate. Previous studies have shown that the formation of endothelium-lined tubular structures was promoted in vitro by the presence of laminin in the matrix (Madri, Patt, & Tucker, 1988). In a pure collagen type I, there was a delay in the promotion of endothelial cells to enhance tubulogeneis (Madri, Patt, & Tucker, 1988).
Although this technology provides the ability to re-create the in vivo architecture and vasculogenesis of BMSCs in the extracellular matrix, it has some limitations: specifically, it doesn't replicate the complex geometries and architectures found in in vivo tissues. The interaction of the cells with a specific arrangement and structure of the in vivo niche are vital to provide the necessary cues for the development of in vivo phenotypes. (Yost, et al., 2004).
As such, a need exists for methods of re-creating the in vivo architecture and vasculogenesis of BMSCs in the extracellular matrix while replicating the complex geometries and architectures found in in vivo tissues. For example, the next generation of fabrication technology is currently needed to create a collagen scaffold with branch points and more intricate, in vivo like-geometries.

Biofabrication techniques for the implementation of intrinsic tissue geometries to an in vitro collagen hydrogel

MUSC Foundation for Research Development


An artificial intelligence device mounted on a vehicle is provided. A sensing unit acquires a gyroscope sensor value, an acceleration sensor value, a GPS sensor value, and a proximity sensor value. If the acquired data satisfies a predetermined reference value, a processor inputs the acquired sensor values to an artificial intelligence model, acquires whether an impact requiring self-diagnosis occurs and impact direction information as a result value, selects an ECU module to perform self-diagnosis according to the acquired result value, and performs self-diagnosis.

The present invention relates to an artificial intelligence device mounted on a vehicle, which, if vehicle impact occurs, determines whether the impact requires self-diagnosis by using values of a GPS sensor, a gyroscope sensor, a proximity sensor, and an acceleration sensor, and if it is determined that the impact requires the self-diagnosis, infers an impact direction, sets an electronic control unit (ECU) module requiring the self-diagnosis based on the impact direction, and performs the self-diagnosis.
With the development of the vehicle and computer performance, an electronic control unit (ECU) controls most of a vehicle, such as automatic transmission control, driving system, braking system, and steering system.
With the recent development of IT technology, a large number of services that are close to the connected car concept are provided. However, services provided by most automotive OEMs do not support real-time monitoring and diagnosis for various ECUs. Therefore, in many cases, post-diagnosis is performed on the failure or replacement time of automobile parts. The current automotive diagnostic technology is based on the on-board diagnostics standard. According to the standard, information about the main system of the vehicle or failure information transmitted from sensors attached to the vehicle to the ECU can be viewed at the external device of the vehicle by using the serial communication function.

Artificial intelligence device mounted on vehicle to perform self-diagnosis, and method for the same


A tire/wheel assembly includes a wheel having an attaching portion for attaching the wheel to a vehicle and a pneumatic tire that is fit on a periphery of the wheel. The pneumatic tire includes a plurality of tire protrusions and/or a plurality of tire recesses of a tire side portion that constitutes a vehicle outer side, and the wheel includes a plurality of wheel recesses in a surface that constitutes the vehicle outer side.

1. Technical Field
The present technology relates to a tire/wheel assembly and particularly relates to a tire/wheel assembly by which air flow around the tire and the wheel can be improved.
2. Related Art
Tire/wheel assemblies are formed by assembling a pneumatic tire on a wheel that is joined to a vehicle. For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-82733A describes vehicle-use tire and a wheel on which the vehicle-use tire is mounted where a face substantially parallel to a face perpendicular to a rotational axis is provided from a side wall portion to a bead portion on at least a vehicle outer side of tire side surfaces on both sides.
Additionally, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2010-006135A describes a vehicle-use wheel constituted by fitting a wheel disk in a wheel rim, the wheel disk including a concentrically formed hub mounting portion formed from an inner side round region that joins with a hub of an axle, a design portion formed from an annular region outward of the hub mounting portion, and an annular protrusion portion protruding toward a front surface side between the hub mounting portion and the design portion. In the wheel disk, an annular protrusion portion that protrudes toward the front surface side is omitted from the protrusion portion; a plurality of dimple-shaped bowl-like curved portions, which are recessed in a bowl-shape at the front surface side and protrude from a back surface side, is disposed in a staggered lattice manner in the design portion. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2007-137340A describes a vehicle-use wheel including a cylindrical rim and a spoke extending from an inner circumferential surface to a central portion of the rim. In this vehicle-use wheel, a small turbulence generating means is formed in the inner circumferential surface of the rim and/or an outer side portion of the spoke.
Traveling performance of a vehicle needs to be enhanced. Thus, various performances of tire/wheel assemblies also need to be enhanced, including fuel economy performance of tire/wheel assemblies.


A stretchable, drapable, windproof, water resistant and water vapor permeable composite fabric including an inner layer of fabric, a first adhesive layer, a non-porous hydrophilic barrier layer, a second adhesive layer and an outer layer of fabric. At least one of the adhesive layers is of a hydrophilic material and may be continuous, and which joins the inner fabric layer to one side of the barrier layer, the second adhesive layer adhering the barrier layer to the outer fabric layer. The adhesive layers and the barrier layer are constructed to allow water vapor molecules to travel therethrough by a process of absorption-diffusion-desorption, but restrict the passage of wind and liquid water. The inner layer is formed of a hydrophobic material rendered sufficiently hydrophilic to permit wicking or formed with an inner surface formed of said material and an outer surface formed of a naturally absorbent material.

This invention relates generally to a clothing material and, in particular to a drapable, stretchable, windproof and water resistant, water vapor permeable, composite fabric that can be used as outerwear.
Treatments to render fabrics wind and water resistant have been known for many years. However, it has been difficult to create fabrics which are suitable for apparel use and which are windproof, water resistant and water vapor permeable. It has also been difficult to create fabrics that are both water vapor permeable and wind resistant. In particular, it has been difficult to create a soft, stretchable, drapable, breathable, wind and water resistant fabric.
Conventional double-faced raised surface knit fabrics are porous and thus are not effective in sheltering the wearer from wind. In the past, a rubber layer has been adhered to a fabric substrate to impart wind and waterproof qualities and the exposed surface of the rubber layer was flocked.
Foamed adhesives have been used to adhere layers of flock in upholstery fabrics. These fabrics, however, have generally been formed using an open weave fabric, such as oshaburg, as a fabric substrate and do not have the degree of stretchability and drapability required for apparel fabrics.
Previously, a drapable, windproof, water resistant and water vapor permeable composite fabric has been formed by dispersing a thin layer of foamed adhesive between a fabric substrate and a layer of flocked fibers. The pores of the foamed adhesive are formed to be large enough to allow water vapor molecules to pass through, but are too small to allow air or liquid water molecules to pass through, except under pressure. This construction can render the fabric wind and water resistant, but early versions were neither sufficiently stretchable nor drapable for apparel use. In addition, as the wind and water resistance is improved, the water vapor permeability decreases. However, with the improvements taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,126,182, a fabric suitable for apparel was produced, but still further improved characteristics were desired. Further, for some applications, a flocked outer surface is not satisfactory.
Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an improved windproof, water resistant and water vapor permeable fabric which eliminates the problems associated with prior art fabrics and to provide a novel, soft, stretchable, drapable water vapor permeable, windproof and water resistant composite fabric.

Windproof and water resistant composite fabric with barrier layer


An apparatus and method for estimating a carrier to interference and noise ratio (CINR) in a mobile communication system based on a fractional frequency reuse are provided. The method includes receiving a report on CINR information on a common zone from a mobile station (MS) allocated a restricted zone, calculating a received signal power value using a CINR value and an interference level value for the common zone of the MS, and estimating a CINR value for a restricted zone using the received signal power value of the MS and an interference level for the restricted zone.

In a multi-carrier Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) system, resource allocation is implemented in a subchannel unit consisting of a plurality of subcarriers. That is, a plurality of users divide and share the whole subcarrier, thereby being capable of obtaining a multi-user diversity gain in a frequency domain. In a broadband wireless communication system, all cells reuse the same frequency, and apply an adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme according to the received signal strength and interference between adjacent cells, thereby maximizing a throughput.
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate examples of cell frequency arrangement and frequency reuse. As shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B, the same frequency is reused at a distance and this is called "frequency reuse". A frequency reuse factor 'K' of importance to a mobile communication system is a rate representing that the same frequency is reused every how many cells. As the frequency reuse factor 'K' increases, a distance between cells using the same frequency increases, thus decreasing the influence of interference caused by the use of the same frequency.
In FIG. 1A where a frequency reuse factor 'K' is equal to three (3), three (3) frequencies are reused at a specific distance. In FIG. 1B where a frequency reuse factor 'K' is equal to seven (7), seven (7) frequencies are reused at a specific distance.
A system having a frequency reuse factor of one (1) suffers serious inter-cell interference at a cell or sector boundary, thus causing inevitable throughput reduction and also encountering service outage circumstances. A fractional frequency reuse (FFR) technique is a method for improving performance at a cell or sector boundary when a frequency reuse factor is equal to one (1). The FFR technique reduces co-channel interference between adjacent cells by orthogonally dividing the whole subcarrier into a plurality of subbands, properly arranging the subbands, and avoiding the use of a part of the subbands in each cell. In other words, the FFR technique has been introduced to solve a problem that a low carrier to interference and noise ratio (CINR) leads to a reduction of performance of a mobile station (MS) located in a boundary area of each cell because all cells use the same frequency resource.
The FFR technique uses the fact that mobile stations (MSs) located in a cell center area and a cell boundary area are differently influenced by interference from an adjacent cell. That is, when an MS is located close to a serving base station (BS) in a cell center area, the MS is slightly influenced by path loss and is relatively slightly reduced in signal component reception sensitivity. However, the MS is located relatively far away from a neighboring interfering BS, thus being greatly influenced by path loss. As a result, the influence of co-channel interference (CCI) decreases. On the other hand, when an MS is located in a cell boundary area and is at a similar distance from both a serving BS and an interfering BS, the MS receives both a signal component and an interference component at a similar reception sensitivity. As a result, the influence of CCI increases. Accordingly, the FFR technique allows an MS located in a cell center area to use a resource whose frequency reuse factor is equal to one (1) and allows an MS located in a cell boundary area to use a resource whose frequency reuse factor is more than one (1), thus ensuring a reception performance to an MS located in a boundary to a certain extent.
In the FFR technique, a "common zone" is called a zone of a frequency reuse factor of one (1) used by an MS located in a cell center area and a "protected zone" is called a zone of a frequency reuse factor of more than one (1) used by an MS located in a cell boundary area.
The protected zone serves as a restricted zone for MSs located in other cell boundary areas. That is, the restricted zone is basically an empty zone unused by each BS to suppress co-channel interference. Each serving BS uses only the minimum transmit power to limit its interference influence on a neighboring BS only up to an allowable level, thus being capable of allocating a restricted zone to an MS located close to the serving BS for use.
As described above, a BS may determine the maximum transmit power for the restricted zone in addition to the common zone, determine a modulation and coding scheme (MCS) level, and perform resource allocation. This causes a problem of generating an overhead because a channel quality indicator (CQI) feedback may be implemented to determine the maximum transmit power for the restricted zone and a CQI feedback may be implemented to determine the maximum transmit power for the common zone.

Apparatus and method for estimating carrier to interference and noise ratio in a mobile communication system based on fractional frequency reuse


Platelet antiadhesives (PAA) which are useful as antithrombotics are obtainable from snake venoms which have been identified using an assay which measures the ability of the venom to inhibit ristocetin- or botrocetin-induced agglutination of platelets in the presence of von Willebrand Factor. The antiadhesives of the invention are 20-24 kd dimers of smaller peptides, or effective portions thereof. Antibodies to these antiadhesives are also prepared and are useful in assays for PAA and for screening expression libraries for PAA encoding DNA.

Thrombosis within the cardiovascular system is believed to be the principal mechanism for vasoocclusive disorders, which are responsible for much morbidity and mortality in Western societies. Thus, antithrombotic drugs have been used extensively for treating many of these disorders (see, for example, Stein et al., Circulation (1989) 80:1501-1513). As with any group of drugs, however, none is entirely satisfactory for all individuals, and additions to the repertoire of possible therapeutic agents are always welcome.
The mechanism for the formation of thromboses is complex, but partially understood. An initial trauma, such as that initiated by rupture of atherosclerotic plaques or following mechanical removal of plaques during angioplasty, results in adhesion of platelets to the damaged vessel wall through platelet-to-nonplatelet interactions, and subsequent platelet aggregation (platelet-to-platelet interactions), in combination with deposition of fibrin. This sequence of events is controlled by the interaction of plasma proteins with specific platelet surface glycoprotein receptors. Since platelet adhesion is thought to be the initial response to injury, it is an especially desired target for inhibition in order to prevent or ameliorate thrombosis and/or restenosis that may be mediated by adherent platelets.
Unstimulated circulating platelets contain receptors for several adhesive proteins. Among these are laminin, which binds to VLA 2 and VLA 6, and collagen, which binds to VLA 2, GPIV, and others. The initial attachment of platelets to the subendothelium is believed to be mediated by the binding of the GPIb-IX complex residing on the platelet surface to von Willebrand Factor (vWF), which is immobilized in the vessel wall, particularly under the high shear rate conditions found at the sites of arteriovascular occlusion. The platelet GPIb-IX complex, while functional generally on resting platelets, normally does not bind plasma-borne vWF. Under normal circumstances, the arterial surface does not provide adhesive protein ligands (vWF) for platelet adherence; thus, platelet adhesion is limited to the vWF bound at the sites of vascular damage.
When the presence of bound vWF supports the adhesion of the platelets to the endothelium, the platelets become activated and are then capable of forming platelet aggregates, associated with the binding of fibrinogen (Fg) and plasma-borne vWF, through the nowactivated GPIIb-IIIa receptor. It follows that substances which specifically inhibit the adhesion of the unactivated platelets through the GPIb-IX-bound vWF interaction would interrupt the formation of thromboses, especially in vessels wherein high shear stress is caused by stenoses.
The GPIb-IX complex, formed from the Ib surface membrane heterodimer (Ib.sub..alpha. and Ib.sub..beta.) noncovalently complexed with GPIX, is present at a density of approximately 25,000 copies/platelet surface. The absence of this complex has been shown to be responsible for Bernard-Soulier Syndrome, a rare congenital bleeding disorder characterized by the absence of GPIb-IX complex displayed on the platelet surface and defective arterial adhesion of platelets. Defects in von Willebrand factor, such as those characterizing von Willebrand Disease also have been shown to lead to defective arterial adhesion of platelets.
Substances capable of interfering with GPIb-IX/vWF interaction are known. Kirby, Thrombon. Diathres. Haemorph (1975) 34:770, reports that Evans' blue dye inhibits the ristocetin-induced binding of vWF to formaldehyde-fixed platelets in vitro. Geratz et al, Thromb Haemostasis (1978), 39:411, showed the same effect by aromatic amidino compounds. Phillips et al, Blood (1988) 72:1898-1903, showed that ristocetin-induced platelet agglutination as well as shear-induced platelet aggregation in platelet-rich plasma was effectively inhibited by the triphenylmethyl compound aurin tricarboxylic acid (ATA) at concentrations tenfold lower than those of other compounds previously described. ATA has also been demonstrated to be an effective inhibitor of coronary artery thrombosis in vivo (Strony et al, Circulation (1989) 80:II-23 (Abstract); PCT Application WO 89/04166.
Binding of vWF to GPIb-IX complex has also been inhibited by monoclonal antibodies immunoreactive with the GPIb-IX complex as disclosed by Ruan et al, Brit J Haemotol (1981) 49:511; and Coller et al, Blood (1983), 61:99-119(1983). The antibodies inhibit ristocetin-induced binding of vWF to platelets. Becker et al, Blood (1989) 74:690-694, showed that one of these antibodies or it immunoreactive fragments block GPIb function in guinea pigs in vivo, although they exert no effect on platelet aggregation induced by ADP, collagen, or thrombin.
Monoclonal antibodies immunoreactive with human vWF block platelet adhesion to collagen at high shear rates (Fressinaud et al, J Lab Clin Med (1988) 112:58-67, and Cadroy et al., Circulation (1989) 80:Suppl. II-24). Murine monoclonal antibodies against porcine von Willebrand factor induce an antithrombotic state in normal pigs without effecting intrinsic platelet function (Bellinger et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci (USA) (1987) 84:8100-8104).
A proteolytic 45 kd fragment of glycocalicin (a GPIb fragment) and its derivatives inhibit binding of vWF to platelets, and these peptides can be used as antithrombotic agents, as shown in EPO Publication No. 317278. Fragments of vWF also inhibit this binding, as described in Australian Patent Application AU87/73715. Vicente et al., J Biol Chem (1990) 265:274-280, discloses peptides derived from GPIb which block ristocetin- and botrocetin-induced binding of vWF to platelets.
The peptides of the present invention provide alternative approaches to antithrombosis by specifically inhibiting the binding of vWF with the GPIb-IX platelet-borne complex. These are effective agents in antithrombotic therapies.


Provided is a signal identifying apparatus for an optical fiber that includes a detecting portion capable of detecting a signal originating from a first end of the optical fiber and a signal originating from a second end of the optical fiber. Additionally, the signal identifying apparatus includes an identifying portion that identifies a desired signal by separating the signal originating from the first end of the optical fiber from the signal originating from the second end of the optical fiber.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to fiber optic communication systems. In particular, embodiments of the present invention relate to apparatuses and methods that can be used to detect the presence of high speed data from an active component in a passive optical network.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional Optical Fiber Identifiers (OFIs) are rugged, handheld, and easy-to-use fiber optic test instruments designed to detect optical signals transmitted through an optical fiber without disrupting traffic.
One type of optical fiber identifier that can be used to test optical fibers uses the principle of macrobending. A macrobend device is one that imposes a large physical distortion on the fiber, by, for example, causing the fiber to conform to the shape of a bending part. By bending the fiber around a bending part, the macrobend optical fiber identifier can detect light which escapes the fiber at the bend.
Another type of device used to identify optical fibers is a microbend device. A microbend device imposes a small bend on the optical fiber in relation to the physical dimensions of the fiber.
During installation, maintenance, rerouting, or restoration, it is often necessary to isolate a specific fiber. By simply clamping an OFI unit onto a gently bent fiber, the unit will indicate whether the fiber is in use. More specifically, a related art OFI may be able to detect if there is a signal, tone, or traffic present on the fiber and identify the signal direction, if any.
An example of a related art Optical Fiber Identifier can be seen in FIG. 1. The Optical Fiber Identifier 100 of FIG. 1 includes a fiber groove 120, into which the fiber 110 is inserted for signal detection. Additionally, the OFI 100 of FIG. 1 includes a plurality of signal indicators, such as, for example, Traffic indicator 130, No Signal indicator 140, Tone indicator 150 and Power indicator 160.
The No Signal indicator 140 indicates that no light has been detected in the optical fiber. The Traffic indicator 130 indicates that light is present on the fiber, and may also indicate the direction of the light. The Power indicator 160 simply alerts the user if the battery needs to be changed. The Tone indicator 150 may indicate the presence of a tone signal. In the related art, a tone signal can be used to select a fiber from a plurality of fibers. Typically, this involves connecting one end of an unknown fiber to a light source at one location and injecting a predetermined tone signal. Commonly a light source that generates 270 hz, 1 Khz and 2 Khz signals is used as the tone generator. A tone signal is typically a square wave that has a 50% duty cycle, however, other duty cycles may be used. Next, a related art OFI, such as OFI 100, is clamped onto a bundle of unknown fibers at the other location. If the OFI detects the predetermined light signal, for example 2 Khz, the fiber is identified.
With regard to duty-cycles, this can be understood as the percentage of time the signal is above a threshold. For example, the duty cycle of a light signal may be the percentage of time that light is transmitted through the fiber.
Optical fiber identifiers, such as OFI 100, are normally set to have a very large sensitivity but a rather small bandwidth. More specifically, the bandwidth is usually set to be between 0 and 2 Khz. Since these OFIs are designed to detect 2 Khz or less, there is no reason to make the bandwidth any greater than 2 Khz. Moreover, electrical noise in a circuit is directly proportional to the bandwidth, thus, the bandwidth is selected to be no more than that which is necessary. In another approach to increasing sensitivity, related art optical fiber identifiers typically rely on DC-coupling, as AC-coupling may negatively impact signals at low frequencies.
However, new high speed fiber optic communication systems, such as passive optical networks (PONs), are now being deployed to businesses and residential areas around the world. In these new systems, the rates of data transmission are high, for example, greater than 155 Mbps. Because related art OFIs, such as those described above, have a limited amount of bandwidth, these OFIs have only a limited value in the new high speed systems. In particular, because the OFI described above is set to detect only low speed signals, high speed signals are only displayed only as an average of the time light is present on the fiber and the time no light is present. Consequently, the OFI is not able to detect the direction of a signal with the accuracy required.
Consider the situation where one end of the optical fiber under test is connected and the other end is disconnected. In this case the OFI described above may indicate that there is traffic and would give no indication that there is an obvious problem with this disconnected fiber. Because the OFI described above has only a limited bandwidth, and the duty cycle of the new high speed fiber optic systems can be very small, the OFI described above may be able to provide an average power, but cannot accurately detect the upstream PON signals being transmitted through the optical fiber.
Accurately detecting disconnected optical fibers can be essential for a high speed network provider. That is, without an ability to accurately detect and identify disconnected fibers, it is very difficult for the network provider to keep accurate records of who is connected and who is not connected to their network. Much like the phone system, an individual fiber is brought to a box on the side of an individual business/residence. At the business/residence, the fiber may or may not be connected to the network inside the structure, similar to traditional phone and cable TV systems. Now consider the situation where a customer subscribes to this high speed network and then decides to discontinue service. At this time, the provider simply disconnects this fiber at box on the side of the business/house. Now, unless the provider's database is updated, the provider has a lost fiber at the distribution point for this business/residence. In particular, unless the line is physically disconnected at the distribution point and an alarm goes off in the provider's network, the provider has lost a line. Disconnecting lines and checking for alarms is time consuming and can temporarily disrupt service to customers.
Also, optical fibers used in the field typically have diameters of 900 um, 2 mm, and 3 mm. Optical fibers having diameters of 2 mm and 3 mm consist of a 900 um buffered fiber surrounded by a flexible strength member, such as Kevlar®, and enclosed by a polymer tube. The polymer tube stiffness can vary greatly between fibers and over different temperatures.
In view of the above, there is need for an optical fiber identifying device which can accurately detect the presence or absence of a predetermined high speed signal on an optical fiber.

Signal identifying apparatus for an optical fiber


A method and system for email sender verification. A tag is included in an email that contains an identity datum for the sender that is associated with their email address in a server. The email is sent via a network, thus associating a sender address with the email. At least the identity datum, taken from the tag, is then provided to the server, to retrieve the email address. The email address and the sender address are then compared, verifying that the email came from the sender if these match.

There is a growing need for improving the management and administration of network services that use the Internet, especially email. One example of the current lack of adequate management and administration is the uncontrolled growth of spam (unsolicited) email, which is a nuisance for spam email recipients.
The strategies currently used to manage spam are filtering, public-key certificate based authentication, and challenge-response. Filtering strategies are not viable because it is impossible to generalize appropriate filters, and this leads to an increased risk of false-positives as higher levels of filtering are applied. Certificate based authentication strategies are presently premature due to the lack of a widely deployed infrastructure for the distribution and management of certificates. Challenge-response strategies are also limited because, instead of actually solving the problem, they merely transfer burdens to the senders of useful emails.
The reason for the explosion of spam emails is the ease with which senders can remain anonymous, without a correspondingly easy ability for recipients to distinguish between senders who intentionally hide their identity from those who do not. Once it is equally easy for recipients to distinguish anonymous and non-anonymous senders, the spam problem will work itself out.


A portable device and a method for providing a User Interface (UI) mode are provided. The portable device includes a display unit, a sensor unit for sensing a user's motion, and a control unit for controlling, if the user's motion is sensed by the sensor unit, the display unit to release a standby mode of the portable device and to output a UI mode screen corresponding to a type of the motion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a User Interface (UI) mode, and more particularly to a portable device and a method for providing a UI mode.
2. Description of the Related Art
Due to recent developments in technology, various portable devices, such as smart phones, cellular phones, Portable Media Players (PMPs), etc., receive input of user commands through a touch screen.
A capacitive touch screens have been primarily used for this purpose, which detects a touch point such that a charge field is spread over the surface of the touch screen, and if a user's finger, which is a kind of conductor, touches the charge field, the touch screen senses the charge passing through the user's finger.
However, if a non-conductive object touches the capacitive screen, such a touch is not recognized. Particularly, in a cold weather (such in a cold countries including Russia, or in a ski area, for example), the touch screen may be commonly operated by a gloved hand, and the capacitive touch screen is unable to recognize such a gloved hand that is not a conductor. Accordingly, despite the cold weather, a user must pull off the gloves in order to operate the capacitive touch, which is inconvenient for the user.
In addition, in other cases where may be difficult to operate the touch screen with a general touch operation, such as in the case where the hand is stained with foreign substances, in the case of driving a car, and in the case of taking a shower, it is necessary to operate the portable device without touching the touch screen.
Accordingly, there is a need for methods for operating the portable device through reception of an input of another user's motion other than touch input.

Portable device and method for providing user interface mode thereof


Devices and methods for recovering an unmanned underwater vehicle. The device includes a gantry mounted on a recovery vehicle, a frame, and a shaft extending between the gantry and the frame and configured to vertically move the frame relative to the gantry. Attached to the frame are a plurality of rotatable arms movable between an opened position and a closed position. A first end of each arm is attached to the frame at a pivot. A flexible strap extends between each of the second ends of the arm and the frame. As the arms are moved to the closed position around the unmanned underwater vehicle, the straps will support the unmanned underwater vehicle.

Unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) encompass both vehicles which are controlled remotely by an operator and autonomous vehicles which operate independently of an operator. Both types of UUVs are beneficial for a variety of applications including scientific applications, commercial offshore applications, and military applications. For example, a glider is a UUV that may be remotely controlled or operate autonomously.
Typically, recovery vehicles utilize large cranes, nets, or stern gate ramps for launching and recovering UUVs. This process is often dangerous to the ship's crew that has to perform the launch and recovery and is severely limited to ocean conditions that are benign. Compared with the UUVs, the recovery vehicles are usually much larger vehicles. More recently, smaller recovery vehicles have been utilized in order to reduce the operational expenses and danger associated with recovering an UUV.
While presumably effective for their intended purposes, current recovery devices often require a precise positioning of the UUV relative to recovery device and specific weather conditions in order to avoid damaging the UUV. Additionally, some current recovery devices are designed for specific UUVs, and therefore are only able to safely recover specific UUVs.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a device which allows for the launch and recovery of UUVs but without requiring precise positioning or specific environmental conditions. Additionally, it would be further desirable to provide a device that is able to recover and launch differently sized and shaped UUVs. Finally, it would be desirable to provide a device that addresses these problems with a relatively small surface vessel, or even an unmanned surface vessel.

Device and method for launching and recovering an unmanned underwater vehicle


An infrared absorbing composition including a compound that is represented by formula (1) and has solubility of 30 mg/mL or less in toluene at 25° C., an organic solvent having a solubility parameter of from 7.3 to 12.1, and a resin is disclosed. In formula (1), each of R1 to R16 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, provided that at least one of R1 to R16 represents an R17—X— group or that the compound represented by formula (1) contains at least one condensed-ring structure in which any adjacent two of R1 to R16 form a ring; X represents —S—, —NH—, —NR18—, or —O—; each of R17 and R18 independently represents an aliphatic group or an aryl group; and M represents two atoms selected from the group consisting of hydrogen atoms and monovalent metal atoms, or a divalent metal atom, or a divalent substituted metal atom moiety including a trivalent or tetravalent metal atom and a substituent group.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an infrared absorbing composition, and to an infrared absorbing ink, a recorded article, an image recording method, and an image detecting method using the same.
2. Description of Related Art
Near-infrared absorbing coloring materials which do not substantially absorb visible light but absorb infrared light have been widely used for various kinds of optoelectronics products such as near-infrared absorbing filters.
As in a security-related devices such as those for text or image validation, for example, the optoelectronics products may be exposed to high temperature, high humidity, or light irradiation depending on the use pattern, such as outdoor use. For such reasons, it is important that the near-infrared absorbing coloring materials used remain stable over a long period of time, and it is required that the near infrared absorbing coloring materials are stable so that performance deterioration such as degradation over time is unlikely to occur. In particular, it is essential for the coloring material itself to have resistance to light to maintain high product quality for a long period of time.
With regard to technology related to the above, a naphthalocyanine near-infrared absorbing agent or an alkyl phthalocyanine near-infrared absorbing agent having a specific structure is proposed as a near-infrared absorbing agent having excellent light resistance, weather resistance, and heat resistance (for example, see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open (JP-A) No. 2-43269 and JP-A No. 2-138382).
As a near-infrared absorbing ink which exhibits almost no absorption of visible light, a near-infrared absorbing ink having excellent light resistance due to containing a specific naphthalocyanine compound is disclosed (for example, see, JP-A No. 3-79683).

Infrared absorbing composition, infrared absorbing ink, recorded article, image recording method, and image detecting method


A process for the regeneration of deactivated catalyst from a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, the catalyst being a supported cobalt catalyst. The process comprises the following steps: a withdrawal step, in which a portion of deactivated catalyst together with liquid hydrocarbon is withdrawn from the reactor; a concentration step, in which the concentration of the catalyst in the liquid hydrocarbon is increased; a calcination step, in which the deactivated catalyst composition is subjected to an oxidizing gas to oxidize carbonaceous material contained in the deactivated catalyst in to gaseous oxides of the components of the carbonaceous material; and a reactivation step, in which the deactivated catalyst composition is reactivated to produced a regenerated catalyst.

Conversion of natural gas to liquid hydrocarbons ("Gas To Liquids" or "GTL" process) is based on a 3 step procedure consisting of: 1) synthesis gas production; 2) synthesis gas conversion by FT synthesis; and 3) upgrading of FT products (wax and naphtha/distillates) to final products.
The Fischer-Tropsch reaction for conversion of synthesis gas, a mixture of CO and hydrogen, possibly also containing essentially inert components like CO2, nitrogen and methane, is commercially operated over catalysts containing the active metals Fe or Co. Iron catalysts are best suited for synthesis gas with low H2/CO ratios (<1.2), e.g. from coal or other heavy hydrocarbon feedstock, where this ratio is considerably lower than the consumption ratio of the FT reaction (2.0-2.1). A variety of products can be made by the FT-reaction, but from supported cobalt, the primary product is long-chain hydrocarbons that can be further upgraded to products like diesel fuel and petrochemical naphtha. By-products can include olefins and oxygenates.
To achieve sufficient catalytic activity, it is customary to disperse the Co on a catalyst carrier, often referred to as the support material. In this way, a larger portion of Co is exposed as surface atoms where the reaction can take place. Supported cobalt catalysts are the preferred catalysts for the FT synthesis. The most important properties of a cobalt FT catalyst are the activity, the selectivity usually to C5 and heavier products, i.e. C5+, and the resistance towards deactivation. The physical strength and chemical robustness of the catalyst and support are also crucial. Normally, the catalyst is deployed in a slurry type, fluidized bed or fixed-bed reactor when used, but other reactor types like a microstructured reactor have been proposed. In a slurry reactor the average catalyst particle size can be between 20 and 200 μm.
All industrially operated catalysts, possibly with very rare exemptions, experience deactivation, i.e. a decline of the catalyst activity with time-on-stream (TOS). Often, the catalyst must be exchanged for a fresh one after some time of operation, typically between 0.5 and 5 years. For some reactions experiencing very rapid deactivation, a form of continuous or semi-continuous regeneration is needed. This is typical for FCC (fluid catalytic cracking) in the refinery where coke must be burned off after seconds of operation. However, continuous deactivation is also seen as a result of pick-up of impurities from the oil. In catalytic reforming to give gasoline the active Pt/Re or Pt/Sn system must be regularly regenerated by re-dispersing the active platinum on the support. For a cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, a study of a deactivated catalyst that has been operated in a slurry bubble column is reported in Applied Catalysis A: General, volume 354, pages 102-110, 2009. The main conclusion is that long-term deactivation is caused by carbon rich deposits.
Moderate experience regarding catalyst regeneration has been gained from operation of full-scale commercial (2000-20000 bpd production) or semi-commercial size Fischer-Tropsch reactors (200-2000 bpd) using cobalt type catalysts, particularly when using a slurry reactor type operation. The catalyst contains expensive cobalt and frequently also exotic promoters like platinum or rhenium. These are extremely expensive and due to the large size of modern GTL plants can also constitute a major portion of the world production. After unloading a deactivated catalyst it therefore becomes mandatory to reclaim as much as possible of the metals. These can be used in further catalyst production. Metals reclamation is usually a complicated process that involves multiple steps like chemical extraction or complexation. Further, the catalyst in itself will of course be destroyed. Therefore, a much more attractive solution would be to regenerate the catalyst for further use.
There are two main approaches to regeneration, in situ and ex situ, meaning inside the FT-reactor itself or separate from the reactor. In situ implies stopping the FT-reaction and using special conditions as to gas composition, and possibly temperature and pressure. Special regeneration configurations that we denote in situ in the present context are using part of the reactor volume in a continuous regeneration, or doing the same by taking a side stream from a slurry or fluidized-bed reactor that is exposed to regeneration conditions and continuously deployed into the reactor again. Although in situ regeneration has certain merits, it is seriously hampered by lack of flexibility in the conditions that can be applied. For instance, in a slurry FT-reactor one cannot use elevated temperature and/or oxygen in order not to destroy the liquid phase with possible severe consequences on the slurry operation. Further, design and operation of the reactor will be very complex to an extent that generally makes in situ regeneration impractical.
The use of hydrogen or a hydrogen-rich gas is an option that has been proposed, see e.g. EP0319625 where in situ regeneration of a cobalt FT-catalyst in low-temperature flowing hydrogen has been disclosed. However, the efficiency of such a regeneration is questionable, as deposited heavy hydrocarbons will not be removed to the extent needed.
In WO 2008/139407, a method for ex situ regeneration is described. The spent cobalt FT catalyst is first subjected to a dewaxing treatment, an oxidation treatment at a pressure of 4 to 30 bar(a) followed by a reduction treatment. The dewaxing is described as hydrogenolysis, solvent wash or extraction, or combinations thereof. Unfortunately, in WO 2008/139407, the effect of regeneration per se is not shown, only the relative results of using varying pressures during the oxidation stage.


A center floor panel assembly for a vehicle may include a first center floor panel and a second center floor panel mutually engaged to form a tunnel portion of a closed section in which a center muffler unit that may be provided in a vertical direction of a vehicle body may be accommodated, and provided in a continuous shape along a longitudinal direction of the vehicle body, and a support member provided in the tunnel portion between the first center floor panel and the second center floor panel and enclosing the center muffler unit to support the center muffler unit against the tunnel portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a center floor panel assembly for a vehicle, and more particularly, to a center floor panel assembly for a vehicle, which can integrally assemble a center muffler unit.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In a vehicle in the related art, as illustrated in FIG. 1, a muffler unit 60 is arranged on a bottom portion of a floor panel 10 in a vertical direction.
The muffler unit 60, as illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3, is positioned in a lower portion of a tunnel portion 15 that is formed on a plate surface of the floor panel 10 in the vertical direction, and is connected to the floor panel 10 through a muffler hanger 20 and hanger bars 30 and 40.
The muffler hanger 20 is made of a rubber material having elasticity to absorb vibration and noise of a vehicle exhaust system, and serves to connect the muffler unit 60 to the floor panel 10 together with the hanger bars 30 and 40.
A muffler bar includes the muffler side hanger bar 30 having one end that is fixed to the muffler unit 60 and the other end that is connected to the muffler hanger 20, and the vehicle body side hanger bar 40 having one end that is fixed to the floor panel 10 and the other end that is connected to the muffler hanger 20.
In the vehicle in the related art, however, the muffler unit 60 is not integrally constructed with the floor panel 10, but is spaced apart from the floor panel 10 for a predetermined height, and thus it cannot contribute to the vehicle body stiffness.
Further, in order to prevent the heat injury caused by the muffler unit 60 through which high-temperature exhaust gas passes, it is required to form the tunnel portion 15 with a great height. Accordingly, it is disadvantageous in securing the indoor space and the layout is restricted.
The information disclosed in this Background of the Invention section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.


A disrupter cannon includes a barrel for launching a projectile. An insert may be used to launch a projectile of a smaller diameter than the projectile launched through the barrel of the disrupter cannon. An insert includes a bore therethrough, a breech-end portion, and a muzzle-end portion. The breech-end portion includes a channel. An O-ring is positioned in the channel of the breech-end portion. The muzzle-end portion includes one or more channels. A respective O-ring is positioned in each channel of the muzzle-end portion. While the insert is positioned in the barrel, the O-rings are configured to form a seal between an outer surface of the insert and an inner surface of the barrel. The projectile with a smaller diameter is launched through the bore of the insert.

Disrupter cannons are used by military, bomb squad, and other emergency service personnel to destroy and/or disable explosive devices including improvised explosive devices ("IED"), bombs, and ordinance.
Disrupter cannons propel a projectile and/or a liquid to impact the explosive device. Impact of the projectile with the explosive device may interfere with (e.g., damage, destroy) a portion of the explosive device to disable the explosive device. Impact of the projectile with the explosive device may trigger (e.g., start, initiate, cause) explosion of the explosive device thereby destroying the device.
Disrupter cannons may benefit from improvements, according to the various aspects of the present disclosure, that allows the cannon to support projectiles and cartridges of different calibers, and to provide greater range of operation.

Systems and methods for launching a projectile from a disrupter cannon


Systems and method relating generally to improving usage of storage area on a disk drive, and more particularly to systems and methods for applying encoding based upon the nature of a particular region of a disk platter on the disk drive.

Typical hard disk drives store and retrieve information from a storage medium. This storage and retrieval includes encoding data written to the storage medium, and decoding information retrieved from the storage medium. The decoding is essentially the reverse of the encoding. The strength of the encoding is often a function of how many parity bits are added to the encoded user data. While stronger encoding is generally desired as it provides an ability to correct more errors, such stronger encoding, however, uses area on the storage medium that would otherwise be used to store user data. Hence, there is a balance between stronger decoding and the overhead required to incorporate the stronger encoding. This balance in some cases results in excess overhead, and in other cases uncorrectable errors.
Hence, for at least the aforementioned reasons, there exists a need in the art for advanced systems and methods for data processing.

Systems and methods for hard disk drive region based data encoding


Disclosed is use of alphavirus in preparation of antitumor drugs. The alphavirus is M1 virus or Getah virus. In addition, the specific tumor types sensitive to abovementioned alphavirus treatment are further determined, so as to provide a safe and effective solution for antitumor drug administering schemes.

Tumors derive from accumulative change of genes and epigenetics in normal cells, such change promotes conversion of normal cells into malignant tumors. This complex pathological change process determines diversity of mechanisms of genesis, maintenance and metastasis in different tumors. At present, surgical excision, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are common methods for clinical therapy of tumors, however surgical excision of tumors is prone to recur, and toxic and side effects of the radiotherapy and the chemotherapy are obvious.
15-20% of human cancers are associated with viral infection, for example, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are associated with liver cancers, and human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with cervical cancers, etc.
Alphavirus belongs to Togaviridae, and it is a type of single stranded RNA virus with an envelope structure, transmitted mainly by a transmission media of arthropod. 13 in 29 types of alphaviruses can cause diseases of human and animals (David M. Knipe, Peter M. Howley, Chapter 23, Alphaviruses, Fields Virology 6th edition: 651-685, 2013).
Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus of alphaviruses can act as a vector to transduce dendritic cells so as to treat tumors (Moran T P, Burgents J E, Long B, et al: Alphaviral vector-transduced dendritic cells are successful therapeutic vaccines against neu-overexpressing tumors in wild-type mice. Vaccine 25: 6604-6612, 2007). However, such virus had induced fever, convulsion, abortion and even death of human, thus selectivity and safety problems severely affect use of the virus in antitumor therapy.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Use of alphavirus in preparation of antitumor drugs

GUANGZHOU VIROTECH PHARMACEUTICAL CO., LTD.


The invention discloses a micro-rotating drilling method in directional drilling, a computer device and a readable storage medium. Including: acquiring rotation speed and torque and on-site drilling information; taking the rotation speed and the torque as a micro-rotating drilling state learning sample, taking the on-site drilling information as a second learning sample, inputting to a neural network control model for training, outputting a micro-rotating drilling algorithm for controlling the top drive; controlling the top drive with the micro-rotating drilling algorithm to achieve the micro-rotation operation. In the invention, an maximum torque and an maximum speed of the top drive can be continuously controlled during the operations such that the drill string can drive the drill tool to drill forward at a preset speed, static frictional resistance exerted on the drill string can be better eliminated.

During a drilling operation of a directional well, especially in the process of directional drilling, the drill string is only sliding and not rotating, and the downhole well is drilled along the motor bent, which is sliding drilling. Such sliding drilling has a large static friction resistance during drilling because the entire drill string is in a sliding state (non-rotating state), and affects the drilling efficiency. Therefore, in order to ensure the drilling efficiency, it is very important to reduce the static friction resistance of the drill string during drilling.

Micro-rotating drilling method in directional drilling, computer device and readable storage medium