The present invention provides a small piezoelectric/electrostrictive ultrasonic linear motors which are installed in cell phones or PDAs, etc. to drive their camera lenses. In the present invention, a movable shaft (30) is coupled to a unimorph or bimorph, which is made by attaching a piezoelectric or electrostrictive substrate to an elastic body (20) (metal), so that a movable body (40) fitted over the movable shaft (30) is linearly moved along the movable shaft (30) by vibration of the piezoelectric or electrostrictive substrate, thus simplifying a manufacturing process, being easily practicable according to a basic principle, and having superior characteristics.

Small stepping motors, which may be installed in cell phones or PDAs, etc. to drive their camera lenses, must be provided with reduction gears and cams to convert high speed rotation into linear motion. Furthermore, in conventional small stepping motors, when rotated or reversely rotated, backlash occurs, thus resulting in error. Therefore, such small stepping motors have been limitedly used. In addition, the small stepping motor is problematic in that high electric current is required and excessive heat is generated.
Generally, in methods of driving linear motors using piezoelectric or electrostrictive substrates, there are a driving method of using a traveling wave generated by a flexural wave, and a driving method which uses a standing wave and in which a linear motor is provided with both a longitudinal vibration actuator and a transverse vibration actuator so that a movable unit is operated by repeated vertical and horizontal vibration. Standing wave type linear motors are provided with vibrators having different operating modes and use multiple vibrations generated by them. Such a standing wave type linear motor includes a piezoelectric/electrostrictive actuator which vibrates vertically and horizontally, and a contact part which transmits mechanical displacement to a movable body which is moving. Longitudinal vibration of a piezoelectric vibrator is transmitted to the contact part at which the movable unit is coupled to the piezoelectric vibrator. The movable body is operated by friction at a junction between it and the movable unit. In the meantime, several other vibration transmitting methods have been proposed, but, because maintaining constant vibration amplitude is difficult due to wear resulting from repeated motion over a long period of time, it is very hard to put into practical use.
First, before preferred embodiments of the present invention are explained in detail, a piezoelectric effect and vibration theory which are basic theories applied to the present invention will be described herein below for comprehension of the present invention.
Piezoelectric effect means that an electric charge is generated in a crystalline body when the crystalline body receives pressure, or, conversely, when an electric field is applied to the crystalline body, the crystalline body is mechanically displaced. A piezoelectric substrate 10 having such piezoelectric effect is characterized in that mechanical displacement is induced according to the polarization direction and the direction of the electric field.
FIG. 1 shows mechanical displacement of the piezoelectric substrate 10 according to the polarization direction and the direction of the electric field.
FIG. 1(a) shows displacement of the piezoelectric substrate 10 when an electric field is applied to the piezoelectric substrate 10 polarized in a predetermined direction. When the polarization direction of the piezoelectric substrate 10 is the same as the direction of the electric field, the piezoelectric substrate 10 is expanded in a direction designated by the reference character z and is constricted by Poisson's ratio in a direction designated by the reference character x. When the polarization direction of the piezoelectric substrate 10 is opposite to the direction of the electric field, the piezoelectric substrate 10 is constricted in a direction z and is expanded in a direction x.
FIG. 1(b) illustrates displacement of the piezoelectric substrate 10 attached to an elastic body 20. In this case, the piezoelectric substrate 10 is displaced in the same manner as that described for the case of FIG. 1(a), and bending displacement of the elastic body 20 attached to the piezoelectric substrate 10 is induced by the expansion and constriction of the piezoelectric substrate 10.
The dotted line of FIG. 1(b) denotes the shape of the elastic body 20 bent when the piezoelectric substrate 10 is expanded in a direction z. Such bending displacement of the elastic body 20 is achieved by the expansion of the piezoelectric substrate 10 while a fixed edge 25 of the elastic body 20 is held at a predetermined position.
FIG. 1(c) illustrates the elastic body 20 bent in a direction z by the expansion of the piezoelectric substrate 10 in a direction x. When the direction of the electric field is instantaneously changed, the displacement state of the piezoelectric substrate 10, which was in the state of FIG. 1(b), is quickly changed. As a result, the elastic body 20 is quickly bent in a direction z by instantaneous acceleration and expansion of the piezoelectric substrate 10 in the direction x.
Although the bending displacement of the piezoelectric substrate, when an electric field is applied, has been described, even if an electrostrictive substrate is used in place of the piezoelectric substrate, the same bending displacement as that of the case of the piezoelectric substrate is induced. The electrostriction means that an electrostrictive body is mechanically displaced when an electric field is applied to the electrostrictive body. Even if the piezoelectric substrate of FIG. 1 is replaced with the electrostrictive substrate, the same bending displacement is induced.
Therefore, in the present invention, a linear motor, which induces bending displacement using the piezoelectric or electrostrictive substrate and converts the bending displacement into linear displacement, will be described herein.

Small piezoelectric or electrostrictive linear motor


A method of summarizing data files includes implementing, at a server, a storage event for a data file, analyzing the data file and creating a summary of the data file, and storing the summary linked to the data file.

In recent years, many enterprises, whether business, governmental, or any other organized undertaking, require large amounts of information to be analyzed and available for use in the daily execution of their activities. Often the informational needs of the enterprise can take the form of documents being used daily and other information that may not have been accessed in weeks, months, or years, and may only exist in archive.
The growth of "paperless" offices has dramatically increased the scale at which digital information is being stored as the only version of certain data. With a vast sea of accessible data files available on a company's server, conventional Information Retrieval (IR) technologies have become more and more insufficient to find relevant information effectively. It is quite common that a keyword-based search on the company file storage system may return hundreds (or even thousands) of hits, by which the user is often overwhelmed. There is an increasing need for new technologies that may assist users in sifting through vast volumes of information, and which may quickly identify the most relevant data files.
Traditional search engines accept a search query from a user, search every data file, and generate a list of search results. The user typically views one or two of the results and then discards the results. However, some queries may also return summaries which greatly facilitate the task of finding the desired information in the data file. Typically, these "summaries" are just the 10 or 20 words surrounding the sought-for keyword and have no bearing on the context of the data file as a whole. Also, a query-based summarization system may have steep requirements in terms of transmission bandwidth, data storage, processor utilization, and time to return a result.
Hence a need exists for a way to expedite searching for data files and provide a summary more reflective of the data file it is taken from.


A fuel tank system has a fuel tank and a storage element. In monitoring the fuel tank system, to check the sealing action of the fuel tank system at regular intervals during driving of the motor vehicle, a first valve is arranged in the first line upstream of the storage element as viewed in the direction of the fresh-air flow, an air pump is arranged between the first valve and the storage element, and a second valve is arranged in the second line between the storage element and the intake line. A mass flow sensor is arranged in the first line between the first valve and the storage element.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a fuel tank system with a fuel tank and a storage element, and to a method for monitoring a fuel tank system.
2. Related Art
Numerous measures have been introduced in recent decades for reducing the pollutant emissions of motor vehicles. One such measure consists in using a fuel tank system in which a fuel tank is connected to a storage element for the temporary storage of hydrocarbons. During the refueling of motor vehicles, hydrocarbons are outgassed from the fuel, and it is sought to prevent the hydrocarbons from passing into the atmosphere. Also, in the presence of high temperatures or when driving over uneven surfaces, increased outgassing of hydrocarbons from the fuel occurs, wherein it must be ensured, in an effective manner, that the hydrocarbons do not escape into the atmosphere. In particular, in the case of hybrid vehicles, in which the internal combustion engine is entirely shut down over long travelling distances, it is necessary for outgassed hydrocarbons to be temporarily stored in an effective manner in order to be burnt at a later point in time upon a restart of the internal combustion engine. For this purpose, fuel tank systems that consist of a fuel tank and a storage element for the temporary storage of hydrocarbons have become established, wherein the fuel tank and the storage element are connected to each other in such a manner that the hydrocarbons outgassed from a fuel situated in the fuel tank are stored in the storage element, wherein the storage element is connected to a first line through which fresh air can be delivered to the storage element, and the storage element is connected to a second line which connects the storage element to an intake line and through which fresh air enriched with hydrocarbons can be delivered from the storage element to the intake line. In this manner, the storage element can be cyclically purged with fresh air, and the stored hydrocarbons can be supplied to an intake line that connects the internal combustion engine to the air filter and supplies air for combustion to the internal combustion engine. It is thus possible for the hydrocarbons outgassed from the fuel tank to be burnt in the internal combustion engine, and an escape of the hydrocarbons into the atmosphere is reliably prevented. An example of a fuel tank system according to the prior art is found in the PCT application with the application number PCT/KR2011/006516. In order to ensure error-free operation of the fuel tank system, the sealing action of the entire fuel tank system has to be checked at regular intervals. This check of the sealing action cannot be limited to garage visits of the motor vehicle but rather the check of the sealing action has to be undertaken in the vehicle, i.e., onboard, throughout the driving operation of the motor vehicle.


An image encoding apparatus encodes an image signal according to a JPEG2000 standard. A wavelet converter in the image encoding apparatus acquires a plurality of conversion coefficients by performing wavelet conversion on the image signal. A modeling unit in the image encoding apparatus generates a plurality of symbols representing the plurality of conversion coefficients and a plurality of contexts by performing a modeling process on the plurality of conversion coefficients obtained by the wavelet converter. An arithmetic encoder in the image encoding apparatus discriminates whether each of the symbols is an MPS (More Probable Symbol) or LPS (Less Probable Symbol). In a case where it is discriminated that the symbol is an MPS, the arithmetic encoder executes CODEMPS. In a case where it is discriminated that the symbol is an LPS, the arithmetic encoder executes CODEMPS executes either CODEMPS or CODELPS according to a predetermined condition.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image encoding apparatus, an image encoding method and a program
2. Description of the Related Art
One of schemes for encoding an image is JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) based on the ISO/IEC 10918 Recommendation prepared by the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission).
JPEG can acquire a relatively high compressibility. JPEG however suffers significant degradation of image quality at a low bit rate.
JPEG2000 based on the ISO/IEC 15444 Recommendation is one scheme which ensure suppressed degradation of image quality even at a low bit rate.
At the same compressibility, the quality of an image compressed by JPEG2000 is higher than the quality of an image compressed by JPEG With the same image quality, the compressibility of JPEG2000 is higher than the compressibility JPEG Further, JPEG2000 can execute an encoding process through nearly the same procedures in both lossless encoding and lossy encoding.
In view of the aforementioned advantages, JPEG2000 is expected to become popular as an encoding system (compression system) for compressing image signals generated by a digital camera, an image scanner and so forth and an encoding system (compression system) for compressing image data to be distributed over the Internet.
But, a higher compressibility is needed to send high-quality image data at a high speed in narrow-band communication, such as wireless communication.
The contents of the ISO/IEC 15444 Recommendation are incorporated herein by reference.

Image encoding apparatus, image encoding method and program


There is disclosed an improved output circuit for use with a differential line driver which drives a parallel inductance and resistance load coupled across the line driver output. The output circuit substantially reduces the kickback voltage produced across the load which results from a residual magnetizing current being stored in the load inductance. The output circuit includes an impedance means which is coupled across the output terminals and a common mode current source coupled between the impedance means and a common potential for sinking a portion of the residual magnetizing current to reduce the amount of residual magnetizing current flowing through the load resistance.

The present invention generally relates to an improved output circuit for use or with a differential line driver. The present invention more particularly relates to an improved output circuit which reduces kickback voltages produced by inductive loads coupled across the outputs of differential line drivers.
Differential line drivers are well known in the art and find many applications. One such application is in Ethernet Area Networks which include a main bus and which convey data packets in the form of Manchester encoded signals. These Manchester encoded signals are DC signals which have two levels, zero volt or minus two volts, for example. Differential line drivers serve the function in such networks to convert the DC Manchester encoded signals to AC signals.
The differential line drivers are used in tap transceivers which are stationed along the bus and are also used in serial interface adapters which, in one application, are coupled to the tap transceivers by a cable. Because the line drivers convert the DC signals to AC signals at their outputs, there is, except for one case, no net average DC level at their outputs. The only exception to this is in the case of an end of message (EOM) signal which is provided at the end of each data packet. The end of message signal is a positive voltage with a duration of two or three bit-times and is used to signal the end of a data packet.
The line driver of the tap transceiver is transformer coupled to the cable which, in turn, in accordance with the application referred to above, is transformer coupled to a serial interface adapter. The equivalent load to the line driver output includes a parallel coupled load inductance and a line termination load resistance across the line driver output terminals. During the normal transmission of a data packet, there is no average DC level at the line driver outputs. However, during the end of message signal, there is an average DC level which results in a residual magnetizing current in the load inductance. After the end of message signal is terminated, the residual magnetizing current flows through the load resistor causing an undershoot or kickback voltage of reverse polarity across the load resistance and, as a result, across the line driver output terminals. If this kickback voltage is too high, it could be falsely interpreted as the beginning of a new data packet. Obviously, such kickback voltages are undesirable.
Because such kickback voltages are undesirable, it is generally required to maintain the maximum magnitude of the kickback voltage to less than 100 millivolts. In order to meet this requirement, some line drivers have employed additional resistive loading across the line driver output terminals. Unfortunately, this limits the output voltage otherwise obtainable with these line drivers. Also, since the output inductance loading may vary depending upon the applications, some line drivers are not capable of meeting the kickback voltage requirement for all applications.
The present invention overcomes the aforementioned difficulties with respect to kickback voltage by providing an output circuit for a differential line driver which substantially reduces the kickback voltage. The output circuit of the present invention accomplishes this end by allowing only a portion of the residual magnetizing current to flow through the load resistance at the termination of an end of message signal. The output circuit of the present invention may be implemented externally to existing integrated circuit line drivers by employing discreet components, and, since the output circuit of the present invention incorporates integrated circuit processing compatible components, it may also be integrated into an integrated circuit along with the line driver with which it is associated.


An apparatus for a dual-use disposable sanitary garment according to various aspects of the present technology include an absorbent layer coupled to a wearable garment. The wearable garment is folded inward and sealed within a pouch portion adjacent to the absorbent layer. The wearable garment is enclosed within the pouch portion by a removable adhesive layer that is configured to either be kept in place allowing the entire garment to be used as a commonly known sanitary napkin or the adhesive can be removed thereby allowing the wearable garment to be unfolded and worn. The entire sanitary garment may then be disposed after use.

Disposable sanitary napkins and pads are one of the most commonly used feminine hygiene articles during a woman's menstrual cycle. Other options include tampons and non-disposable napkins and pads. A common element of all options is the use of an absorbent layer directed towards absorbing menstrual fluid and preventing other articles of clothing from being stained.
The various types of feminine hygiene articles generally function as intended, but with varying level of success. For example, a sanitary napkin may not provide adequate absorption and result in the staining of an undergarment being worn at the same time as the sanitary napkin. This may result in the undergarment requiring additional laundering to remove any staining. One solution to this problem is the use of disposable undergarments that include an integrated sanitary pad. This combined disposable product provides the benefit of a disposable product but may suffer from other issues such as comfort, manufacturability, or performance.

Methods and apparatus for a dual-use disposable sanitary garment


The heat reflecting arrangement with an improved high heat resistance, e.g. 100 hours at 500° C., includes a substrate, a heat reflecting layer (A) on at least one side of the substrate, which contains indium tin oxide (ITO), and a barrier layer (B) that covers the heat reflecting layer (A), which contains a metal oxide and/or a metal nitride. A fireplace or baking oven with a viewing window having this layer system with the heat reflecting layer is also described. In addition a process for providing the heat reflecting arrangement is described.

1. The Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an arrangement for reflecting heat radiation, which comprises an especially transparent substrate such as a glass or glass ceramic substrate, which has a heat reflecting metal oxide layer and, if necessary, other metal oxide layers on at least one side of the substrate. It also relates to a process for making the arrangement and to its uses.
2. The Related Art
Many materials, and indeed both opaque and transparent substrates, e.g. glass, may be provided with new properties by applying layers to their surfaces. Thus e.g. coatings are known, which are transparent for visible light, but only have limited transparency for radiation in the infrared range and the UV range of the spectrum. These types of articles or arrangements are used in glass for building purposes, in industrial plants, fireplaces, baking ovens or even vehicle windows.
For example, wood-fired fireplaces for private use are currently equipped with ROBAX® viewing window panes (from SCHOTT AG, Germany). These fireplaces currently have a comparatively high heating capacity so that a considerable fraction of the heat produced is delivered through the viewing window pane. This is desired when the fireplace is put into operation, since much heat should be delivered to the room at the start of the heating, so that it is heated as rapidly as possible.
On the other hand, considerable heat should be produced so that the fire reaches a controlled combustion state as quickly as possible, i.e. the fuel must burn at as high a temperature as possible. If the fireplace has reached the desired combustion capacity, however a large fraction of the heat is delivered through the fireplace viewing window pane and it significantly heats its surroundings, even the floor and objects in the vicinity of the fireplace. If a wood floor or other valuable furnishings are found near the fireplace window pane, more or less strong aging processes can occur depending on the type of wood.
Usually the fireplace viewing window pane is at temperatures of definitely more than 250° C. in operation. The fireplace viewing window pane is thus a source of danger for children at play.
Soot and fine dust, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide are produced during the combustion according to the combustion conditions. These products are produced both at the start of the combustion and even when it reaches its nominal or rated heating power.
Moreover the modern fireplace frequently is connected with a central heating system, into which the exhaust gas from the fireplace is conducted so that its excess heat can be used once again. Thus excess heat energy, which would otherwise remain in the fireplace and/or in the surroundings, can be additionally useful.
A glass article, which comprises a transparent heat-resistant flat glass, which is provided with a more or less opaque window, is described in US Published Patent Application 2005/0064205 A1. The average transmission of visible light through this window at wavelengths between 380 and 370 nm is 0.03 to 14% and the average reflectivity is at least 50% in the infrared range at wavelengths of from 1000 to 2500 nm.
A coated glass is described in WO 03/093185, which is especially suitable for photovoltaic cells. This glass has a conductive layer acting as an electrode, which comprises an indium oxide layer doped at least with one or more elements. This layer itself can be coated by a protective layer comprising fine metal or metal nitride. Also the use of this sort of electrode as a heating insulating layer is mentioned in that WO reference.

Arrangement for reflection of heat radiation, process of making same and uses of same


A needle device includes a catheter tube attached to a catheter hub, a needle attached to a needle hub, and a needle guard. The catheter hub has an interior cavity and a projection extending from an interior surface in the interior cavity. The needle projects through the catheter tube and has a needle tip extending out a distal end of the catheter tube in a ready position, a proximal end attached to a needle hub, and a shaft having a shaft diameter region, a reduced diameter region, and at least one transition region between the shaft diameter region and the reduced diameter region. The needle guard has a proximal wall and two arms extending distal the proximal wall. The two arms press against the shaft in the ready position and secure the needle tip in the protective position.

Insertion procedure for an IV catheter assembly contains four basic steps: (1) the healthcare worker inserts the needle and catheter together into the patient's vein; (2) after insertion into the vein with the needle point, the catheter is forwarded into the vein of the patient by the healthcare worker pushing the catheter with his or her finger; (3) the healthcare worker withdraws the needle by grasping the hub end (opposite the point end) while at the same time applying pressure to the patient's skin at the insertion site with his or her free hand to slow down or stop the flow of blood through the catheter; and (4) the healthcare worker then tapes the exposed end of the catheter (the catheter hub) to the patient's skin and connects it to the source of the fluid to be administered into the patient's vein.
The problem is that immediately after the withdrawal of the needle from the patient's vein, the healthcare worker, who is at this time involved in at least two urgent procedures, must place the exposed needle tip at a nearby location and address the tasks required to accomplish the needle withdrawal. It is at this juncture that the exposed needle tip creates a danger of an accidental needle stick, which, under the circumstances, leaves the healthcare worker vulnerable to the transmission of various dangerous blood-borne pathogens, including AIDS and hepatitis.
Other needle types similarly expose healthcare workers to risks of accidental needle sticks. For example, a doctor administering an injection, using a straight needle, a Huber needle, an epidural needle, etc., may place the used needle on a tray for subsequent disposal by a nurse. During the period between placing the used needle on a tray or a work station to the time it is discarded, the used needle is a potential source for disease transmissions for those that work near or around the needle.
Accordingly, exposed needle tips should be covered immediately following use to ensure greater worker safety. Ideally, the procedure for covering the needle tip should be passive, self-activating, or at least simple to perform. In addition, the device for covering the needle should be reliable and robust.
Needle devices often include safety systems that cover the tip of the needle to prevent accidental sticks after placement of the catheter tube into the vasculature of a patient. These systems can be either passive or active. In some systems, the safety features are located inside the catheter hub in the ready position while in other systems they are external of the catheter hub. In either location, the safety features serve the same function, to cover the needle tip in order to prevent accidental needle sticks after venipuncture. Thus, great care must be exercised when installing the safety systems to prevent dimension changes or deformation which can hamper or hinder the function and performance of the safety systems.

Needle devices with dual diameter cannula and related methods


A printed circuit board with an embedded component includes a double-sided wiring board, an electronic component, and many conductive pastes. The wiring board includes a first wiring layer, a base layer, a first insulating layer, and a second wiring layer. The base layer has an opening exposing a portion of the second surface of the first insulating layer to the outside. The second wiring layer includes electrical contact pads. The conductive blind vias are formed in the first insulating layer. Each electrical contact pad is electrically connected to an end of the corresponding conductive blind via. The other ends of the conductive blind vias are adjacent to the first surface. A filling through hole is formed in the double-sided wiring board. The conductive pastes are respectively electrically connected to the conductive blind vias. The electronic component is adhered to and electrically connected to the conductive paste.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure generally relates to printed circuit boards (PCBs), and particularly, relates to a method for making a printed circuit board with embedded component, and a printed circuit board with embedded component made by the method.
2. Description of Related Art
To accommodate the development of multiple function, miniaturized electronic products, printed circuit boards are widely used due to their lightness and high density assembly qualities.
A normal method for making a printed circuit board with an embedded component includes the following steps. Forming a through hole in a wiring board, and forming a insulative or conductive supporting material layer at a side of the wiring board, covering the through hole. Arranging and fixing an electronic component in the through hole on the supporting material layer and laminating a first adhesive layer on a side of the wiring board further away from the supporting material layer, such that one side of the electronic component is adhered on the first adhesive layer. Removing the supporting material layer from the wiring board, and laminating a second adhesive layer on a side of the wiring board further away from the first adhesive layer, such that the other side of the electronic component is adhered on the second adhesive layer. Respectively laminating a first copper layer and a second copper layer on the first adhesive layer and the second adhesive layer, and converting the first copper layer and the second copper layer into a first wiring layer and a second wiring layer. In addition, laser etching a plurality of plated blind holes and electroplating, such that the first wiring layer is electrically connected to the electrodes of the electronic component via the plated blind holes. Forming a solder mask on each first and second wiring layer and embedding a component in a printed circuit board. In the above method, the electronic component is fixed in the supporting material layer first, and then the plated blind holes are formed. In addition, when the electronic component is arranged on the supporting material layer, if an alignment between the electronic component and the plated blind hole is bad, there is need to use an expensive arrangement machine. The cost of the printed circuit board is higher.
What is needed, therefore, is a method for manufacturing a printed circuit board with an embedded component and a printed circuit board with an embedded component to overcome the above-described problems.

Printed circuit board with embedded component and method for manufacturing same


A solar cell includes a semi-conductive substrate, a doping layer, an anti-reflection layer, an electrode, a passivation stacked layer and a contact layer. The semi-conductive substrate has a front and a back surface. The doping layer is disposed on the front surface. The anti-reflection layer is disposed on the doping layer. The electrode is disposed on the anti-reflection layer and electrically connected to the doping layer. The passivation stacked layer is disposed on the back surface and has a first dielectric layer, a second dielectric layer and a middle dielectric layer sandwiched between the first and the second dielectric layer. The dielectric constant of the middle dielectric layer is substantially lower than the dielectric constant of the first dielectric layer and the dielectric constant of the second dielectric layer. The contact layer covers the passivation stacked layer and electrically contacts with the back surface of the semi-conductive substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to a solar cell, and more particularly to a solar cell within a preferable internal reflective efficiency.
2. Description of Related Art
A silicon-based solar cell is a typical solar cell adopted commercially. A principle behind the silicon-based solar cell is doping a highly purity semiconductor material (silicon) with a dopant to display different characteristics, so as to form p-type semiconductors and n-type semiconductors, and to attach the p-type and n-type semiconductors with each other to form a p-n junction (interface). When sunlight illuminates a p-n structured semiconductor, energy provided by photons may excite electrons in the semiconductors to generate electron-hole pairs. By configuring electrodes such that holes move towards an electric field direction and electrons move towards an opposite direction (contrary direction) to the electric field direction, a solar cell can be formed. Typically speaking, in order to improve the solar cell, it is pertinent to enhance a photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.
However, in conventional solar cells, as the thickness of the semiconductor material becomes thinner, a reflective efficiency of the solar cell decreases. In other words, a transmission rate of light passing through the semiconductor material is high, causing a light reusability rate inside the solar cell, or the reflectivity in the solar cell to decrease, and thereby lowering a light absorption rate. Therefore, a photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell is low.


The lubricant for an internal combustion engine fueled by a biodiesel fuel (that is, a liquid fuel containing a C1-C4 alkyl ester of a carboxylic acid of about 12 to about 24 carbon atoms) exhibits improved resistance to oxidative degradation when the lubricant contains an alkali metal detergent.

The disclosed technology relates to lubricants for internal combustion engine, particularly those fueled with biodiesel fuels.
Biodiesel is a general term for fuel-grade materials derived from natural sources such as vegetable oils. They are often fatty acid methyl esters ("FAME") such as rapeseed methyl ester ("RME") of soya methyl ester ("SMA"). Biodiesel fuels are becoming more prevalent for fueling of diesel engines. The increased use of diesel passenger vehicles in Europe and elsewhere is in part a cause of this increase. Current European diesel standard allow for 5% bio-diesel component to be incorporated into fuels, with indications that 10% bio-diesel content will be soon permitted.
Simultaneously, there is continued pressure for reducing particulate matter emissions from diesel engines. Euro 5 requirements, scheduled for implementation in 2009, require reduction in particulate matter to 0.05 g/km. Such levels can only be attained, practically, by use of a diesel particulate filter. These filters require regeneration once they are full of soot, and this is typically achieved by increasing the filter temperature to burn off the soot. The temperature increase is often achieved by post-injection of fuel into the engine cylinder.
However, post-injection of fuel can have the undesirable effect of fuel-dilution of the engine lubricant, as more cylinder wall wetting by the fuel allows more fuel to migrate to and accumulate in the lubricant sump. Bio-diesel components are typically less volatile than conventional mineral diesel fuel, and thus concentration of such components in the sump is exacerbated. In fact, use of bio-diesel fuel (B05, i.e., containing 5% ester) along with post-Injection may result in 40% fuel dilution of the lubricant, and the bio-diesel component may account for 50% of the diluent. These high levels of bio-diesel in the oil may lead to increased oxidation and deposit formation associated with the lubricant.
Detergents based on a variety of metal compounds are known. U.S. Pat. No. 5,688,751, Cleveland et al., Nov. 18, 1997, discloses salicylate salts as lubricants for two cycle engines. Suitable additives include the potassium or sodium salts of C16 alkylphenol and of a C9-18 or C13-18 alkyl salicylate.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,165, Shanklin et al., Dec. 28, 1999, discloses a composition for reducing the copper-lead bearing corrosion of a formulation, in particular for engine oils, containing a metal overbased composition comprising at least one carboxylate, phenate, or sulfonate wherein the metal is lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium. An example is a sodium overbased sulfonic acid. The composition contains a borated dispersant.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,010,986, Stachew et al., Jul. 31, 1998, discloses a composition for reducing the copper-lead bearing corrosion of a formulation, in particular for engine oils, containing a metal overbased composition comprising at least one carboxylate, phenate, or sulfonate wherein the metal is lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium or calcium. The composition includes a dispersant that is substantially boron-free.
The disclosed technology provides a lubricant composition suitable for sump lubricated engines fueled by a liquid fuel which includes a bio-diesel component, which exhibits improved oxidation resistance and/or reduced deposit formation in lubricants which contain a portion of the bio-diesel component. This is accomplished by the presence of the alkali metal detergent described hereinafter.

Engine oil formulations for biodiesel fuels


Disclosed are an organic light emitting diode display and a manufacturing method thereof, and, more particularly, an organic light emitting diode display which includes an encapsulation layer including an inorganic layer containing carbon at a level of about 0.2 wt % to about 6.2 wt % and an organic layer and a manufacturing method thereof.

Field of the Invention
The present disclosure relates to an organic light emitting diode display and a manufacturing method thereof, and, more particularly, to an organic light emitting diode display which includes an encapsulation layer including an inorganic layer containing carbon of 0.2 wt % to 6.2 wt % and an organic layer and a manufacturing method thereof.
Description of the Related Art
An organic light emitting diode display is a self-emission display device which has an organic light emitting diode which emits light to display an image. Since, unlike a liquid crystal display, the organic light emitting diode display does not require a separate light source, it is possible to reduce a thickness and a weight thereof relative to the thickness and weight required by a liquid crystal display. Further, since the organic light emitting diode display has high-grade characteristics such as low power consumption, high luminance, and a high response speed, the organic light emitting diode display receives attention as a next-generation display device for portable electronic apparatuses.
The organic light emitting diode is an element emitting and dissipating light generated when an electron and a hole are coupled with each other within the diode. Generally, the organic light emitting diode includes an electrode for injecting a hole (anode), an electrode for injecting an electron (cathode), and an emission layer and has a structure in which the emission layer is laminated between a positive electrode, which is the electrode for injecting a hole, and a negative electrode, which is the electrode for injecting an electron. In detail, when the electron is injected from the negative electrode of the organic light emitting diode and the hole is injected from the positive electrode, charges thus generated are moved in opposite directions relative to each other by the external electric field formed by the electrodes and then are coupled with each other in the emission layer to emit light, which is then dissipated from the emission layer. In the organic light emitting diode, the emission layer is made of a single molecular organic material or a polymer.
For example, the organic light emitting diode display (OLED) can be slim and flexible due to its more advantageous driving characteristics, and, as a result, much research relating to OLEDs is presently being conducted.
However, the organic light emitting diode display has the characteristic that the organic light emitting diode is deteriorated by the penetration of oxygen or moisture. Accordingly, in order to prevent oxygen or moisture from penetrating from the outside, an encapsulation structure for sealing and protecting the organic light emitting diode is required.
As the encapsulation structure, a thin film structure which covers the organic light emitting diode by a multilayer in which organic layers and inorganic layers are alternately laminated has been widely adopted. That is, the organic light emitting diode is sealed by alternately laminating the organic and inorganic layers on the organic light emitting diode of the substrate. Here, the organic layer mainly serves to give flexibility to the organic light emitting diode display, and the inorganic layer serves to prevent oxygen or moisture from penetrating.
As a method of forming an inorganic layer in the related art, sputtering, atomic layer deposition (ALD) or the like is used. However, since the formed inorganic layer is made of only an inorganic material, adhesion to the organic layer is weak, and detachment occurs along an interface between the inorganic layer and the organic layer. As a result, there is a problem in that the reliability of the OLED products is deteriorated.
In order to solve this problem, a plasma treatment is performed before and after forming the organic and inorganic layers, reducing the weakness of the adhesion between the organic layer and the inorganic layer. However, when the plasma treatment process is added, there is still a disadvantage in that the processing time is increased.
Accordingly, in order to form a more durable encapsulation layer against penetration of moisture and oxygen, a method of improving through a relatively simple process the adhesion between the organic layer and the inorganic layer while maintaining a barrier characteristic of the inorganic layer has been required.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Organic light emitting diode display and manufacturing method thereof


The present disclosure provides monitoring system, device and computed-implemented method for monitoring pressure ulcers. The monitoring system and the device are configured to: capture at least one image corresponding to a user; retrieve the anamnesis data of the user; and determine a pressure ulcers condition result corresponding to the at least one image and the anamnesis data according a pressure ulcers prediction model.

Pressure ulcers are injuries to skin and tissue resulting from pressure on the skin. Pressure ulcers could happen to skin of the body, and often happen to skin that covers bony areas of the body.
Further, people having medical conditions, which may restrict their ability to change poses or positions, are most at risk of pressure ulcers. For example, pressure ulcers usually happened to the patients who spend most of their time in a bed or wheel chair.
Some Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for treating pressure ulcers are applied to the patients. However, because pressure ulcers are hard-to-heal wounds and each patient may have different medical conditions, every patient who has pressure ulcers needs special care and treatment.

Monitoring system, device and computer-implemented method for monitoring pressure ulcers


Disclosed is an optical module which improves optical coupling efficiency either when configured to receive an optical signal from an optical fiber with a light receiving element or when configured to receive an optical signal from a light emitting element with an optical fiber. The optical module includes: a substrate (1) having in the surface thereof a first groove (1a) and a second groove (1b) formed, with this second groove (1b) being configured to have a substantially V-shaped cross section formed deeper than the first groove and being formed in continuation from the first groove; and an internal waveguide (16) provided within the first groove (1a) of the substrate (1). The optical further modules a mirror portion (15) for changing an optical path, provided at the front end of the first groove (1a); an optical element (12a) mounted on the surface of the substrate (1) so as to face the mirror portion (15), and configured to emit an optical signal to a core (17) of the internal waveguide (16) via the mirror portion (15). Moreover, the optical module further includes an optical fiber (2) having a fiber cladding (22) placed within the second groove (1b) and a fiber core (21) optically connected to the core (17) of the internal waveguide (16).

Conventionally known optical modules include an optical module described in Patent Document 1. In this optical module, as shown in FIG. 18, a substrate 30 is provided with two V-grooves 31 and 32 having different shapes. A cladding 33b of an optical fiber 33 is fixed to one of the V-grooves, namely the V-groove 31. The cladding 33b is positioned by a rising slope 36 defining the boundary between the V-grooves 31 and 32. A mirror (reflection surface) 34 is formed on the front end of the other V-groove 32. This mirror 34 changes the optical axis of a core 33a of the optical fiber 33. A light receiving element 35 mounted on the substrate 30 receives an optical signal from the optical fiber 33.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. H9-54228
However, in the optical module described above, there is a long distance from the front end 33c of the core 33a of the optical fiber 33 to the mirror 34. This cause a light flux emitted from the core 33a to be expanded, resulting in deterioration of optical coupling efficiency.


A messaging system for effecting effect instant messaging communication sessions (chats) between users of the messaging system allows “actions” to be exchanged in chats. The actions are generated in an action database. A template-creating user can create a custom action template for generating actions, which is only available to certain users.

A messaging system allows users of the messaging system to exchange (instant) messages with other users of the messaging system in an instant messaging communication session. In order to use the messaging system, each user operates a user device with an instance of a messaging application (app) executed on that device. The messages are primarily text-based, but can also comprise rich content such as images, videos, documents, audio etc. In an example, this is referred to as instant messaging. The messaging takes place in real time, in that there is typically only a short delay (e.g. about two seconds or less) between a user sending a message and it being received by its intended recipient(s). The messages are transmitted and received between users via a network, for example a packet-based network such as the Internet, in the instant messaging communication session.
To provide a richer communication experience, the users may also be able to exchange "actions" within an instant messaging communication session, such as jobs, polls and surveys. One user generates an action, which the other users respond to, for example by providing information about a job (task), answering survey questions, or voting in a poll.


A semiconductor device according to embodiments includes a first base material having a first side surface, a first semiconductor chip provided above the first base material, a first insulating plate provided between the first base material and the first semiconductor chip, a first metal plate provided between the first insulating plate and the first semiconductor chip, a first bonding material provided between the first metal plate and the first semiconductor chip, the first bonding material bonding the first metal plate and the first semiconductor chip, a second bonding material provided between the first base material and the first insulating material, the second bonding material bonding the first base material and the first insulating plate, a second base material having a second side surface, a second semiconductor chip provided above the second base material, a second insulating plate provided between the second base material and the second semiconductor chip, a second metal plate provided between the second insulating plate and the second semiconductor chip, a third bonding material provided between the second metal plate and the second semiconductor chip, the third bonding material bonding the second metal plate and the second semiconductor chip, a fourth bonding material provided between the second base material and the second insulating plate, the fourth bonding material bonding the second base material and the second insulating plate, and a first base bonding portion provided between the second side surface and the first side surface and bonded to the first side surface and the second side surface.

Development of power semiconductor chips such as metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs) and insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) designed for power control aimed at a wide range of fields of power generation and transmission, rotating machines such as pumps and blowers, power supply devices of communication systems, factories or the like, railway using AC motors, electric vehicles, consumer electronics products and the like has been performed.
Moreover, a semiconductor device as a power module using such a power semiconductor chip has been developed. Specifications of a high current density, low loss, high heat dissipation, and the like have been required for such a semiconductor device.

TOSHIBA ELECTRONIC DEVICES & STORAGE CORPORATION


Briefly, in accordance with one embodiment of the invention, a form author may declaratively state a condition under which a break event may occur to insert a break between data items in a list of data items. Optionally, formatting, a leader subform, and/or a trailer subform may be inserted between the data items in the event the condition is satisfied. Such a declarative condition may be introduced into an XFA template specification. A condition that may be evaluated may include mathematical operation, a Boolean expression, an integer expression, a floating point expression, a string expression, and/or a data item evaluation. A new layout of the list of data items may be implemented without transformation of the original layout of the list of data items wherein the list of data items may revert to the original layout of the list of data items, for example after performing an operation on the new layout of the list of data items.

In records and data management, a file may include a list of data items in contiguous order, often organized, for example, in the form of records. At times, it may be desirable to present, display, print, and/or otherwise output the data in one or more alternative layouts based on a desired context. For example, in a list of employees that includes the departments the employees work in, it may be desirable to insert a break between the employee data items when the department name changes.
It will be appreciated that for simplicity and/or clarity of illustration, elements illustrated in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, if considered appropriate, reference numerals have been repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.

Declarative, non-transformational layout of data


A bearing race and ring assembly having an undulating outer surface which mates with an inner surface of the assembly along a mounting interface. The mounting interface includes a plurality of rings packaged to produce inner and outer undulating mating surfaces. A viscous medium for dampening vibrations flows therethrough to reduce bearing vibrations within the race. The undulated surfaces are defined by either sinusoidal or ramped relationship, forming a uniform pitch therethrough and providing a broader effective film layer for vibration attenuation. A hydraulic ball valve system is disposed the housing of the ring assembly for regulating viscous fluid pressure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to bearing race vibration dampening. More specifically, the invention is a bearing race and ring assembly which significantly reduces mechanical wear attributed to bearing vibrations by undulating surface lubrication.
2. Description of Related Art
Various bearing races of conventional construction, are used extensively in industry, particularly in rotating machinery. The most significant utility of most bearing races is the application of the bearing races as squeeze film dampers (SFDs). The conventional construction of the squeeze film bearing typically includes a circular bore hydrodynamic bearing, however, the journal does not rotate but oscillates within the circular bore while separated from it by a fluid film. As such, a certain amount of viscous fluid (i.e. an oil lubricant) must be continuously fed to the damper interface to compensate for end leakage. The Reynolds equation has been typically used to predict the oil film pressure assuming constant pressure across the film, constant fluid properties and laminar flow, while ignoring cavitation and inertia effects. Of the lesser researched effects in the SFD fluid film pressures are those caused by Bernoulli effects, that is fluid film pressures are greater in the areas adjacent to a minimum film thickness and conversely. The fluid force in SFD's are notably nonlinear in areas of increased eccentricity ratio, however with reduced viscous dampening. Some of the conventional methods described herein, illustrates some or all of the aforementioned characteristics, however without the benefit of the sinusoidal viscous damper system as herein described. A viscous dampening system which provides enhanced vibration dampening across an expanded viscous surface area or film for reducing mechanical wear and cyclical material fatigue is lacking in conventional viscous dampening ball and roller bearing systems.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 1,386,255 issued to Hindle et al. discloses a conventional bearing having an interior ring with a slightly greater diameter than the external diameter of the outer ball race concentrically disposed around the outer periphery of the ball race member. The ring is provided with distance pieces arranged at intervals around its outer periphery, those on the inner periphery engaging the outer ball race member and those on the outer periphery with the housing of the bearing. U.S. Patent issued to Jungstrom (U.S. Pat. No. 1,965,293) is of similar construction to that of Hindle et al., except the bearing casing is a dual bearing casing which provide greater bearing surface contact with the rotor shaft.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,201,585 issued to Gans et al. discloses a fluid film bearing having a squeeze film damper tailored to the dynamic vibration of a turbomachine. An inner cylindrical bearing sleeve has a bearing surface immediately adjacent the journal surface. An array of recesses are disposed at the bearing surface which allows fluid for the fluid film to pass through the journal bearing sleeve and into a shallow annular film volume between the bearing surface and the rotor shaft.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,380,100 issued to Yu discloses a squeeze film damper covered by torus shells. The torus shells provide the stiffness within a clearance of the squeeze film, and serve to separate the damping fluid from its lubricating environment. The damper outer ring and the damper inner ring are machined each with a pair of half torus shells which are welded together as a single integrated structure. The fluid is transmitted via drip holes disposed in selective areas within the bearing housing. Other U.S. Patents of general relevance to that of the instant invention are those issued to Robertson (U.S. Pat. No. 2,101,346), Robinson (U.S. Pat. No. 3,513,480), and Riegger et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,901,014) which disclose conventional features such as bearing mounting and alignment.
Soviet Union Patent No. 1229472 discloses a bearing damping unit comprising two bushes with opposing trapezoidal teeth mounted concentrically with clearance and having self wedging elements between teeth.
Swiss Patent No. 299814 discloses a bearing housing comprising a planar strip with a single continuous recessed pattern disposed therein. The strip is shaped to form a circular or semi circular sleeve which is apparently within the bearing housing for transmitting fluid according to a periodic or discrete pattern.
Other Foreign Patents which are of particular relevance to the instant invention are (FR 1029525), (DE 484148), (CH 47412) and (GB 2110314) which disclose general bearing interfaces for rotating machinery.
None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen to describe the instant invention as claimed.

Sinusoidal viscous interface for attenuation of vibration for ball and roller bearings


A motor vehicle having a windshield and a water chamber extending at the base of the windshield and having a joint. The water chamber is surrounded on at least a portion of its length on the underside by a channel that is at least superficially impermeable to water.

DE 43 03 663 C1 discloses a motor vehicle with a water chamber which is arranged between the base of a windshield, the upper edge of an end wall separating the engine compartment and the passenger compartment from one another, and the rear rim of an engine hood, in order to collect rainwater running off from the windshield and directing it into the open in a controlled manner via a discharge nozzle on the floor of the water chamber. When the water cannot run off quickly enough out from the water chamber, it accumulates therein and finally escapes on a different path than via the discharge nozzle. Since, in the known water chamber, a joint between a lower part and a cover of the water chamber lies higher than an air passage opening, via which air which is drawn in through the water chamber reaches the passenger compartment, the possibility exists here primarily that the accumulated water arrives into the passenger compartment together with the fresh air which is drawn in via the duct. In other constructions of water chambers, water can leak via an insufficiently tight joint, e.g., between the lower part and the cover of the water chamber or on a feedthrough.
When, on this path, the water comes in contact with moisture-sensitive, in particular electrical or electronic, components in the engine compartment, or when the water can be distributed in this way in an insulating layer delimiting the engine compartment, the result can be damage to the vehicle. As long as the leaking quantities of water are not too great and no water arrives into the passenger compartment, where it can not be overlooked, there is a high probability that a leakiness of the water chamber is only detected through the consequential damage which it causes.
It is therefore at least one object herein to provide a motor vehicle in which the risk of damage through a leakiness of the water chamber is at least reduced. In addition, other objects, desirable features and characteristics will become apparent from the subsequent summary and detailed description, and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background.


A rotatable cutting tool comprising a cutting tool body having at least one recess for receiving a replaceable insert. The recess has a wall defined by a deformable clamp extending radially from the tool body, the clamp comprising a leaf isolated from the tool body except at the base of the leaf by an isolating channel in the tool body. The tool further comprising adjustable clamping means for elastically deforming the leaf to retain a replaceable insert in the recess.

I. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to rotatable cutting tools, particularly tools having replaceable cutting blades or inserts releasably retained by clamping means in the tool body.
II. Description of Related Art
It is known to provide rotatable tools comprising a tool body and one or more replaceable blades or inserts for machining operations. An insert for these tools comprises a cutting element made of a relatively long wearing material chosen for compatibility with the material to be cut and comprising one or more cutting edges. An insert may further comprise a holder for mounting the cutting element to the tool body. A tool body for such tools comprises at least one recess for receiving a replaceable insert and the tool further comprises means for releasably retaining the inserts on the tool body. Tools of this type include drilling tools, boring tools, reaming tools and milling tools.
A particular type of rotatable tool is a tool for machining valve seats in cylinder heads of internal combustion engines, the tool having cutting inserts arrayed on the periphery of the tool and having a reaming tool for machining the valve stem guide bore. As the number of valves per cylinder have increased and overall engine dimensions have decreased, valve diameters have decreased. Consequently tools for performing valve seat machining operations are required to retain cutting blades or inserts in tool bodies having reduced diameters. Known tools for such applications, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,704,741, have included exchangeable cartridges for retaining replaceable cutting inserts. With the demand for smaller diameter valves, smaller diameter tools are required, reducing the tool body volume that can be consumed with blade retaining devices.
FIGS. 1a and 1b illustrate one known tool wherein the replaceable blades are retained in recesses in the tool body by clamping screws. In FIG. 1a, replaceable blades 112 and 114 are retained in recesses of tool body 110. As shown with respect to replaceable blade 112, clamping screws 116 are transverse to recess 118 (FIG. 1b) and are threadably engaged with tool body 110. With replaceable blade 112 in place in recess 118, advance of clamping screws 116 into tool body 110 clamps blade 112 (shown dashed in FIG. 1b) against a side wall of recess 118. As shown in FIG. 1a, plural screws are used and are spaced apart to distribute the clamping forces over the length of the blade to improve resistance of the blade to displacement from cutting forces and from distortion from clamping forces.
FIGS. 1c and 1d illustrate an alternative known clamping arrangement for retaining replaceable tools in a tool body. In FIG. 1c, replaceable blades 122 and 124 are retained in recesses of tool body 120. As shown with respect to replaceable blade 122, wedges 128 are held in recesses 130 adjacent blade receiving recess 132 (FIG. 1d) by screws 126. Screws 126 are threadably engaged with tool body 120. With replaceable blade 122 in place in recess 132, advance of screws 126 into tool body 120 advances the forward edges of wedges 128 to clamp blade 122 (shown dashed in FIG. 1d) against a sidewall of recess 132. Each of wedges 128 serves to distribute the forces from each of screws 126 over larger portions of blade 122 than would be done by the screws alone as in the arrangement of FIG. 1a. However, while larger wedges would provide improved distribution of forces, large wedge receiving recesses, such as recesses 130 are not desirable because of the attendant weakening of the tool body.
In light of the shortcomings of the known clamping means as illustrated in FIGS. 1a and 1c, there remains a need for improved clamping means for replaceable blades in rotating tools.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a rotatable cutting tool body for releasable retention of at least one replaceable cutting blade wherein the tool body includes an elastically deformable clamp for each such blade, the clamp operable to apply a clamping force to a blade to releasably retain the blade in the tool body.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a rotatable cutting tool body for releasable retention of at least one replaceable cutting blade wherein the tool body includes an elastically deformable clamp for each such blade, the clamp being operable to apply a clamping force to releasably retain a blade and comprising a leaf integral with the body and a clamping means for deforming the leaf.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a rotatable cutting tool having at least one replaceable cuffing blade releasably retained thereon wherein the tool body includes an elastically deformable clamp for each such blade, the clamp being operable to apply a clamping force to releasably retain a blade.
It is a still further object of the present invention to provide a rotatable cutting tool having at least one replaceable cutting blade releasably retained thereon wherein the tool body includes an elastically deformable clamp for each such blade, the clamp being operable to apply a clamping force to releasably retain a blade and comprising a leaf integral with the body and a clamping means for deforming the leaf.
Further objects and advantages of the invention shall be made apparent from the accompanying drawings and the following description thereof.
In accordance with the aforesaid objects the present invention provides a rotatable cutting tool comprising a cutting tool body having at least one recess for receiving a replaceable insert. The recess has a wall defined by a deformable leaf isolated from the tool body except at the base of the leaf by an isolating channel in the tool body. The tool further comprising adjustable clamping means for elastically deforming the leaf to releasably retain a replaceable insert in the recess.


A substrate (10) is formed having first and second opposite flat surfaces. Photolithographic masking and etching is used to form on the first surface of the substrate at least one lens (25) having a central axis. Photolithographic masking and etching is also used to form on the second surface of the substrate an optical fiber guide (23). The fiber guide is then used to mount an optical fiber(27) on the second surface of the substrate such that the central axis of the optical fiber is substantially coincident with the central axis of the lens, thereby giving the desired alignment.

The copending application of A. Y. Feldblum et al. Ser. No. 08/024035, filed Mar. 1, 1993, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,286,338, hereby incorporated herein by reference, describes methods for making a microlens array on one flat surface of a silica substrate. The application points out that such arrays are useful, for example, for coupling light to and from optical fiber bundles of the type described in the Basavanhally, U.S. Pat. No. 5,135,590, granted Aug. 4, 1992.
According to the method, a matrix array of photoresist elements are defined on a silica substrate by photolithographic masking and etching. The photoresist elements are then melted to cause them to have curved or dome-shaped upper surfaces, and are thereafter solidified. The photoresist elements and the substrate are next subjected to reactive ion etching, that is, etching by a reactive gas in which the reaction is enhanced by applied radio frequency power. The photoresist elements cause differential etching in the substrate such that, after all of the photoresist has been etched away, the dome shapes of the original photoresist elements are replicated in the silica substrate.
After a microlens array has been made, I have found that it is difficult to align it with an optical fiber bundle such that each microlens is precisely properly aligned with the end of an optical fiber. Another problem is that, if the substrate thickness must always be smaller than the separation of the lens from the fiber, the substrate may be made so thin as to make the microlens array extremely fragile. Aligning optical fibers with lenses is also a problem in other photonics packages, such as those in which a laser, lens and fiber must be aligned, or in a detector in which a photodetector, lens and optical fiber must be mutually aligned.


The invention relates to the use of polycarboxylate ethers for dispersing disperse dyes and UV absorbers. The invention also relates to a preparation containing a disperse dye and/or a UV absorber, further comprising a polycarboxylate ether as a dispersant.

Disperse dyes and UV absorbers are used in the textile industry for dyeing and finishing hydrophobic fiber materials of polyester in particular. These products are insoluble or sparingly soluble in water, but are applied to the textile material from an aqueous phase. Preparations, i.e., storage-stable formulations for the trade for example, and also treatment liquors and baths obtained therefrom, have to contain dispersants which keep these products in a fine state of subdivision. Dispersants for this purpose are subject to continuous further development and have to meet growing expectations.
Polycarboxylate ethers (PCEs) are polymeric compounds based essentially on acrylic acid or methacrylic acid and esterified with polyether glycols. These compounds are known and are used as concrete superplasticizers. For instance, DE 10 2006 005 093 A1 describes concrete superplasticizer dispersions comprising silicon dioxide and polycarboxylate ethers and DE 10 2006 005 094 A1 describes similar dispersions composed of titanium dioxide and polycarboxylate ethers. DE 10 2005 052 817 B3 describes a self-compacting concrete mixture which likewise contains polycarboxylate ethers. The functioning of these auxiliaries is described in Chem. Unserer Zeit, 2005, 39, 262-273.
It has now been found that, surprisingly, polycarboxylate ethers are very useful for dispersing disperse dyes and UV absorbers.

Preparations comprising disperse dye and/or UV absorber


A filter (30) traps particulate matter in an exhaust gas. A filter inlet side pressure sensor (34) is provided in an inlet side of the filter (30). An EGR valve inlet side pressure sensor (22) is provided in an inlet side of an EGR valve (20). A regeneration controller (38C) determines whether or not the filter inlet side pressure sensor (34) is in failure based upon a difference between a pressure value detected by the filter inlet side pressure sensor (34) and a pressure value detected by the EGR valve inlet side pressure sensor (22). When the filter inlet side pressure sensor (34) is in failure, the regeneration controller (38C) performs control of regeneration treatment using a differential pressure calculated based upon a pressure value detected by the EGR valve inlet side pressure sensor (22) and a pressure value detected by the filter outlet side pressure sensor (35).

A construction machine such as a hydraulic excavator or a hydraulic crane is generally provided with a diesel engine mounted thereon as an engine operating as a prime mover. There are some cases where harmful substances such as particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) are contained in an exhaust gas exhausted from such a diesel engine. Therefore, the construction machine is provided with an exhaust gas purifying device in an exhaust pipe forming an exhaust gas passage of the engine for purifying the exhaust gas therein.
The exhaust gas purifying device includes an oxidation catalyst (for example, a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst, also referred to as "DOC" for short) for oxidizing and removing nitrogen monoxides (NO), carbon monoxides (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) and the like that are contained in the exhaust gas, and a particulate matter removing filter (for example, a Diesel Particulate Filter, also referred to as "DPF" for short) that is disposed downstream of the oxidation catalyst for trapping and removing particulate matter in the exhaust gas (Patent Document 1).
Incidentally, in the particulate matter removing filter, the particulate matter is accumulated in the filter following the trapping of the particulate matter, which might cause the filter to be clogged. Therefore, in a point where a predetermined quantity of the particulate matter is trapped, it is necessary to remove the particulate matter from the filter and regenerate the filter. This regeneration of the filter can be performed in such a manner that fuel injection for regeneration treatment, which is called, for example, "post injection", is performed to increase a temperature of an exhaust gas and burn the particulate matter that is accumulated in the filter.
On the other hand, when the regeneration of the filter is performed in a state where the particulate matter is excessively accumulated in the filter (excess accumulation), the temperature of the exhaust gas rises to be excessively high (a combustion temperature of the particulate matter is excessively high), which might possibly cause the filter to be melted and damaged. Therefore, according to the conventional art, a trapping quantity of the particulate matter to be trapped in the filter is estimated (calculated), and, based thereon, the regeneration treatment is automatically performed before the estimated trapping quantity becomes excessively large, that is, when the estimated trapping quantity reaches a predetermined threshold value (Patent Document 2).
Here, the exhaust gas purifying device is provided with various kinds of sensors. On the other hand, in a narrow mounting space of the construction machine, not only heat of the engine is generated but also the exhaust gas purifying device is also highly heated. Therefore, electric components not resistant to heat are possibly affected by the heat generation from the engine and the exhaust gas purifying device each. In addition, the construction machine is possibly subjected to an adverse influence that due to vibrations generated at the traveling or working of the construction machine, a sensor substrate or a harness connection part is loosened.
In a case where the various kinds of sensors provided in the exhaust gas purifying device are in drawback due to troubles or malfunctions thereof, there is a possibility that the estimation of the trapping quantity of the particulate matter trapped in the filter of the exhaust gas purifying device is not correctly made. In such a case, this incorrect estimation possibly leads to a malfunction of regeneration treatment in the exhaust gas purifying device or melting and damage of the filter due to an excessive temperature rise of the filter.
To cope with these problems, Patent Document 2 discloses, for example, the technique in which at the time of detecting abnormality of the device affecting calculation accuracy of the corrected quantity estimation, output torque of the engine is immediately controlled by failsafe control and after that, the operation is stopped.

Hitachi Construction Machinery Tierra Co., Ltd.


A diagnostic instrument for sources of electrical system discharges provides a map interface for controlling playback of collected signal traces. A map pane of the interface displays a map of an area illustrating a path along which signal data was collected. A double click input selecting a location on the path causes playback of a waveform for the recorded signal in a signal pane commencing from the selected location.

Electrical discharges or arcs in the form of sparks and corona are present on virtually all electrical power distribution systems. Sparks can sometimes be seen as small bright flashes, while corona can sometimes be seen as a bluish glow around high voltage wires. They also create audible crackling or sizzling noise. Moreover, the discharges generate radio frequency (RF) noise that can be heard as static or buzzing on radio receivers, such as on HAM radio receivers. Further, some electrical discharges on electrical power distribution systems can be signs of potential maintenance issues, such as up to imminent equipment failure. Accordingly, finding the source of electrical discharges relating to electric power distribution systems is of interest for both resolving interference complaints associated with telecommunications equipment (e.g., by HAM radio operators, or broadcast television and radio reception), as well as for system maintenance purposes.
Various devices are currently available for locating sparks on electric power system equipment, such as the Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Locator Models 240, 242 and M330 and Parabolic Pinpointer Ultrasonic Locator Model 250 manufactured and distributed by Radar Engineers. In general, these devices include a radio frequency receiver or an ultrasonic receiver connected with an oscilloscope display combined in a portable unit that can be carried by electric power system personnel in the field.

Map interface for electrical system discharge trace playback


Disclosed are a method and a device for constructing database model with ID-Based data indexing-enabled data accessing, applied to EDA software, comprising: in the creation stage of the database, assigning an ID to each data object, and creating corresponding ID Wrappers for different types of data objects respectively; a corresponding ID is stored in the ID Wrapper, and the ID is used for identifying the indexed data object, and the method of accessing the corresponding data object is software-encoded in the ID Wrapper; in the use stage of the database, each calculation module of the EDA software generates a data access requirement in the running process of the EDA software; directly using a corresponding ID Wrapper to access the corresponding data object; and executing a data access instruction written based on the programming rule in the ID Wrapper to access a desired data object.

With the continuous development of the very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design technology, EDA software need to process more and more data (in the order of millions to billions of logical gates), with higher and higher computational density.
In a typical EDA database, data is constructed, stored and accessed in the form of "data objects". Each data object is itself constructed recursively with simpler data objects (representing the various attributes of that data object). In general, a data object represents some physical entity of the VLSI design, while a data attribute represents some property of that physical entity. In most cases, the data attribute itself is also a data object.
The whole database system of an EDA software could be viewed as an exhaustive description and representation of the interested structural and property details of the VLSI design. Different data objects, depending on their structural complexity, typically occupy memory resources ranging from a few bytes to a few megabytes. The number of data objects needed for a design, as estimated through the total number of logical gates, is typically in the order of millions to billions. Data references are widely used in the database for referring to the corresponding data object entities when expressing their relationships. In most cases, the "reference" of a data object is actually the value of the memory address (memory pointer) of that data object. The reference itself, as one kind of data object, only occupies a few bytes of memory resources (depending on the computer hardware platform). Compared with copying the whole data object entity, the pointer-based reference approach saves lots of database memory and is widely adopted in the field for long.
Typically, each data object has only one copy stored in the memory, but a large number of references in the database. All these data object entities and their mutual reference form an extremely complex, high-density, high-dimensional data network. All the EDA computation commands are performed based on such a complex data network. Different computation commands, according to their complexities, typically take periods from several milliseconds to several weeks. The whole electronic design cycle, as a multiple-stage combination of both automatic commands and manual operations, takes periods from several weeks to several years.

Method and device for constructing database model with ID-based data indexing-enabled data accessing


A delivery device for delivering composition in a container filler installation, the device comprising a tube having at least an end provided with a nozzle and an opposite end provided with means for fastening to a feed line of the filler installation, and the device further including a plate fastened to the tube and provided with a support having a portion extending in register with the nozzle to support a container. The invention also provides a filler installation including at least one such device.

A filler installation generally comprises a stand having a rotary platform mounted thereon and surmounted by a composition feed assembly having one or more feed lines. The feed lines have ends that are connected to composition delivery devices, each delivery device including a tube having at least an end provided with means for fastening it to the feed line and an opposite end provided with a nozzle. The device further includes a measuring valve associated with control means. The control means include measuring members, e.g. weighing members or constant level members, enabling the quantity of composition to be measured. Container supports are secured to the platform in order to support the containers in register with the filler nozzles.

Suspended delivery device and a container-filler installation including such devices


Intervertebral implants configured to engage with an insertion device for insertion between first and second vertebral members. The implants may include a body with a sidewall that forms an interior space. An opening may extend through the sidewall and into the interior space. Receptacles may be positioned at the opening and include an inlet to receive the insertion device.

The present application is directed to an insertion device and methods for inserting and/or placing an implant in a patient. More specifically, the application is directed to devices and methods of connecting the insertion device to the implant.
An insertion device is often necessary for inserting an implant into a patient. The implant may have a variety of sizes and shapes to fit within the space between vertebral members, or other spaces within the patient. The implant may become a permanent fixture within the patient, or a temporary fixture inserted for a limited period of time. One specific example includes a trial implant initially inserted into the patient and later replaced by another trial or permanent fixture.
Current methods for insertion and/or positioning of the implant within the patient require a surgeon to use several freehand instruments. This requires that the surgeon manipulate several different instruments at a time to insert and move the implant. Using multiple instruments may be physically difficult for the surgeon, as well as mentally taxing and frustrating.
Another drawback of some current methods is inability to connect the insertion device to the implant. This makes positioning of the implant difficult because the insertion device may slide or skid off of the implant causing neural and tissue damage. If the insertion device is able to connect to the implant in current methods, the connection may not provide for adjustment to facilitate insertion and positioning. Further, it may be difficult to disconnect the insertion device from the implant after positioning is complete. Detaching the insertion device may cause the implant to move within the patient, thus eliminating the advantages of being able to accurately locate the implant initially.

Adjustable insertion device for a vertebral implant


The invention is a method to predict the type of deformation of an object as elastic, plastic or fracture from a time series of specklegram patterns or fringe patterns (the difference of specklegrams). From the recorded patterns, a velocity vector field is calculated. The behavior of the velocity vector, as it evolves in time or space, is used to predict the deformation type. Fracture is predicted at a particular spatial location if the velocity vector file shows the dominate wavelength (or period) as increasing over time at that particular point. Plastic deformation is predicted at a particular spatial location if the maximum excursion of the velocity vector field at that particular location is decaying or distortion tensor parameters begin to depend on locations (they are different at different locations). Elastic deformation is predicted at a particular point if the maximum excursion of the velocity vector filed is approximately constant over time at the particular point or the distortion tensor parameters are constant (do not vary among different locations).

Optical path length measurements, made by interferometry, are highly sensitive and adaptable to the study of a wide range of physical phenomena because they sensitively measure small changes in the optical path length induced by physical process, of the order of a fraction of an optical wavelength.
When a material sample is subjected to a perturbation, any resulting changes in the optical path length to an image plane may be potentially sensed by an interferometer. Optical path length variations occurring along the transverse coordinate of the interferometer may be probed to form an interferometric image: the transverse coordinates of the interferometer are defined as occupying orthogonal directions, (x,y) that lie in the image plane. The primary interferometric image produced by the interferometer is called an interferogram. The interferogram is defined as an image formed by the superposition of two beams of coherent light, I1 and I2, on the image plane of the interferometric imaging system. The interferogram is electronically recorded (such as by a digital camera considered to be a generalized imaging device composed of an array of optical sensing elements (or image pixels) operating over the wavelength range used by the interferometer beams) and the information is stored in a data storing and processing system. The interferogram is commonly referred to as a speckle image (or specklegram s(x,y), speckle image and specklegram are used interchangeably) when a coherent light source is used and the object's surface roughness causes random reflection forming speckles on the image plane. When multiple images are taken, for instance of an object in various stages of deformation, each speckle image is considered a frame.
In speckle pattern interferometry, a speckle image of the object before loading or perturbation (henceforth considered as a "deformation") is electronically stored. Next a speckle image of the object after deformation is electronically stored. By taking the difference between the speckle images before and after deformation it is possible to observe a speckle interference fringe pattern. The interference pattern appears as dark and light regions which show the deformation distribution. Hence, interferometry can be used to determine the response of a material to a load or deformation, but it is not particularly useful in analyzing or characterizing the type or degree of deformation of the object or medium, such as elastic deformation, plastic deformation or deformation near the fracture point. Indeed, a fracture generally cannot be predicted until a crack is found in the object. It is not easy to find a crack in its early stage, and in some cases the crack is too large or the fracture point reached when it is found.
What is needed is a technique that enables the diagnosis of the current degree of deformation, to allow prediction on the progress of the deformation, and to predict the location where the material may eventually fracture, without relying on the existence of a crack.
One attempt to formalize a theory of deformation that describes all the stages of deformation inclusively is mesomechanics, developed by Panin et al. [1] V. E. Panin, Ed., Physical Mesomechanics of Heterogeneous Media and Computer-Aided Design of Materials, vol.1, Cambridge International, Cambridge, England, 1998 (hereby incorporated by reference). According to this theory, the displacement field of a plastically deforming object is governed by relationships similar to the Maxwell equations for an electromagnet field. Mesomechanics has derived the following relationships:div{right arrow over (V)}=ρ/ε  (1)div{right arrow over (Ω)}=0  (2)
                              curl                                V            →                          =                              ∂                          Ω              →                                            ∂            t                                              (        3        )                                          curl                                Ω            →                          =                                            -                              (                                  1                  /                                      c                    2                                                  )                                                                                ∂                                  V                  →                                                            ∂                t                                              -                      J            →                                              (        4        )            where {right arrow over (V)}, {right arrow over (Ω)} and {right arrow over (J)} are vectors,    {right arrow over (V)}=rate of displacement vector (a velocity vector)    {right arrow over (Ω)} =rotation or curl of the displacement (it can be defined by equation (3))    {right arrow over (J)}/μ=a quantity that is analogous to the electric current density, where μ is a material dependent constant,    c=1/(εμ)1/2=the phase velocity of the transverse displacement wave where ε=density, 1/μ effective stiffness of shear force    ρ=a quantity analogous to electric charge densityDivergence of eq. (4) leads to an equation analogous to the charge conservation law or the continuity equation:0=−1/c2∂{right arrow over (V)}/∂t−div({right arrow over (J)}) (using equation 1 substitute div{right arrow over (V)}) or div({right arrow over (J)}/μ)=−∂(εdiv {right arrow over (V)})/∂t=−∂ρ/∂t  (5)Equation (4) can also be expressed as
                              curl                                Ω            →                                          /                              μ                =                                            -              ɛ                                                                  ∂                                  V                  →                                                            ∂                t                                              -                                    J              →                        μ                                              (                  4          ′                )            Where −{right arrow over (J)}/μ represents the longitudinal force and −(1/μ)curl{right arrow over (Ω)} represents the shear force, as explained later.
While mesomechanical theory provides a formalism for deformation theory, the correspondence of the theory's variables to observational data or the conventional theory of elasticity has been lacking. One attempt to develop a formal approach using mesomechanics is that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 5,508,9801 to Panin. This patent, using a mesomechanical theory for interpretation of deformation, utilizes a double exposed hologram to calculate certain velocity tensor parameters. However, Panin does not specify what mesomechanical conditions should be used to predict the evolution of the deformation to fracture and the Panin technique uses a very awkward system to produce the mesomechanical fields.
Panin records a single holograph having a double recorded image (time 1 and time 2). The resultant fringe patterns are displayed by projecting onto a screen. The screen pattern is analyzed to determine the velocity vector field. The Panin technique but uses a multiplier (s/d) applied to the phase component, which is determined by direct measurement from the hologram image displayed by holographic projection onto a screen. Measurements must be undertaken by hand.

Method and apparatus for analyzing deformation and predicting failure in solid-state objects


A process for making microporous structures that can be used as a catalyst support. The microporous structures have high porosity and high thermal stability, combined with good mechanical strength and relatively high surface area. The process is useful for making titanium dioxide for catalyst structures for use for fuel cells, sensors, electrochemical cells and the like.

Different materials and processes are known for the manufacture of catalyst supports. High porosity and good physical strength are general requirements for such products. High temperature stability of the structure is also required if the catalyst operates at elevated temperature.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,036,037 teaches a method to produce metal oxide catalysts by pyrohydrolysis from solutions of chlorides, fluorides, or nitrates. The process makes particles with a mean size of 20-30 microns and with a high specific surface area. The processing temperature is at least 500° C. and generally higher than 700° C., to avoid the presence of the anion (chloride or fluoride) in the oxide product. The product can be used as such or can be further treated to give it the required physical or chemical properties. Although this process is suitable for the intended product, improvements to the process are desired.
Novel processes for the manufacture of titanium dioxide from aqueous solutions have been disclosed in PCT Publications WO 01/00530, WO 01/00531, and WO 01/12555, the relevant portions of which are incorporated herein by reference. In general, these applications describe the processing of an aqueous solution of a titanium salt by evaporation to produce an intermediate. The evaporation is conducted at a temperature higher than the boiling point of the solution, but lower than the temperature where significant crystal growth of an oxide phase occurs. In some embodiments, the evaporation may be conducted at a temperature higher than the boiling point of the solution but lower than the calcination temperature of the intermediate.
In the case of titanium solutions, the temperature generally ranges from 120° to 350° C., and preferably from 200° to 250° C. The process is preferably conducted by spraying, and can be accomplished in a spray dryer. The spray drying process produces thin-filmed spheres or parts of spheres, with a diameter of about 1 to 100 μm, and a shell thickness of about 0.03 to 5 μm.
After calcination and milling of these spheres or parts of spheres, and depending on the conditions of evaporation, the choice of additives, and the conditions of calcination, ultra-fine nano-sized TiO2 or, alternatively, pigment grade TiO2 can be obtained.
There has been no suggestion, however, that such a process can economically and commercially produce catalyst structures made of metal oxides from salt solutions of the metals. The present invention is therefore directed to a process to economically produce catalyst structures or catalyst supports.
Accordingly, the present invention teaches a process to produce catalysts or catalyst structures with high porosity, high specific surface area, high mechanical strength, and excellent thermal stability. In contrast to the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,036,037, the method of the present invention uses lower temperature equipment for the first step of the process and adjunction of chemical control additives. The method uses a combination of spraying, pressing, and crystallization, which allows optimal control of the physical characteristics of the product.