A heat dissipation wall system includes a base wall having an outer surface, a plurality of side walls extending approximately perpendicularly from the base wall to define a component housing between the base wall and the side walls, and a plurality of heat dissipation channels defined by the base wall and extending into the base wall from the outer surface. Each of the heat dissipation channels includes a respective first airflow aperture that extends through the base wall from the outer surface to the component housing and that is configured to allow an airflow adjacent the outer surface to enter the component housing, and a respective second airflow aperture that is spaced apart from the first airflow aperture, that extends through the base wall from the outer surface to the component housing, and that is configured to allow an airflow adjacent the outer surface to enter the component housing.

The present disclosure relates generally to information handling systems, and more particularly to dissipating heat in an information handling system via an information handling system wall.
As the value and use of information continues to increase, individuals and businesses seek additional ways to process and store information. One option available to users is information handling systems. An information handling system generally processes, compiles, stores, and/or communicates information or data for business, personal, or other purposes thereby allowing users to take advantage of the value of the information. Because technology and information handling needs and requirements vary between different users or applications, information handling systems may also vary regarding what information is handled, how the information is handled, how much information is processed, stored, or communicated, and how quickly and efficiently the information may be processed, stored, or communicated. The variations in information handling systems allow for information handling systems to be general or configured for a specific user or specific use such as financial transaction processing, airline reservations, enterprise data storage, or global communications. In addition, information handling systems may include a variety of hardware and software components that may be configured to process, store, and communicate information and may include one or more computer systems, data storage systems, and networking systems.
Information handling systems such as, for example, server computing devices, desktop computing devices, laptop/notebook computing devices, tablet computing devices, mobile phones, and/or other computing devices known in the art, continue to be designed and manufactured in smaller and smaller sizes, thus requiring smaller thermal solutions that are more efficient. For example, desktop computing devices such as those included in the OPTIPLEX® family of desktop computing devices available from DELL® Inc. of Round Rock, Tex., United States, provide a compute module that may be housed in a display stand that defines a relatively small volume in which the computing module may be located (while also capable of being attached to a mounting bracket on a display, attached to a wall mount, or simply placed on a desktop surface). Furthermore, such "desktop computing devices may be configurable to provide with different capabilities. For example, some of the desktop computing devices included in the OPTIPLEX® family of desktop computing devices available from DELL® Inc. of Round Rock, Tex., United States, provide an option bay on the computing module that allows a storage device (e.g., a Solid State Drive (SSD) such as an M.2 SSD) to be connected to the computing module. However, given the limited volume available in the display stand, it can be difficult to provide adequate cooling for the storage device when it is connected to the computing module and both are housed in the display stand, as that limited volume prevents the use of conventional heat sinks and fan systems.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide a heat dissipation system that addresses the issues discussed above.


A method to join pipe is disclosed using a curable one or two part adhesive composition comprising an effective amount of a boron containing initiator compound such as an organoborate, a stabilized organoborane complex, or combinations thereof; one or more monomers, oligomers, polymers or mixtures thereof having olefinic unsaturation which is capable of polymerization by free radical polymerization; and optionally a decomplexing agent.

Thermoplastic polymers are used widely to manufacture articles such as pipes and pipe fittings which require good corrosion and chemical resistance, low weight and good fabricability for use in transportation of gases, liquids, solids, slurries or the likes under pressure and non-pressure conditions or for protection of sensitive components, such as fiber-optics or cables. These applications frequently require connections between pipes and/or other objects. The joining of articles made of thermoplastic material may be accomplished by mechanical means such as threaded connections, couplings, flanges; chemical means such as solvent cementing, or by thermal means such as fusion bonding
Mechanical joints generally work well for small diameter pipes and non-pressure applications, but they are not cost competitive or technically suitable for large diameter pipe and/or pressure piping systems.
Solvent cementing is widely utilized for some thermoplastics, for example for polyvinylchloride pipe and fittings. Typically solvent bonding utilizes a solvent-based primer or cleaner to prepare the surfaces to be bonded and a solvent cement system that contains solvent(s) and resin in conjunction with an interference fit joint. Solvent cements may be used without primers or cleaners, however, joint integrity may be compromised. However, interference fit joints limit the ability to accurately lay out the pipe and fittings prior to cementing. Adhesive primers are widely used with solvent-based cement systems for poly(vinylchloride) and chlorinated poly(vinylchloride) piping systems to insure acceptable joint bonding. However, primers release as much as 650 grams per liter of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the environment. Moreover, the bonding strength can be inconsistent and solvent-based systems do not work well with many thermoplastic pipes and fitting materials, for example polyolefins.
A common method of joining pipe is butt fusion welding. It is commonly used for large diameter pipes and relatively simple layouts. Three important factors effecting satisfactory butt fusion joints are absence of contamination, sufficient heat input, and good final morphology of the weld. Failure to achieve any of the above can lead to an unsatisfactory pipe joint, for instance pipe leakage. Further, butt fusion requires a large welding machine and generator.
A pipe may be thermally bonded to a fitting by providing a diametrically enlarged female portion on the fitting, heating the inside of the enlarged portion and the outside of the end of the pipe to fuse the thermoplastic on each, and forcing the pipe end into the enlarged portion while the thermoplastic is in a somewhat fluid state. Upon cooling, the fused thermoplastic materials join and bond the articles together.
However, when articles are joined by the conventional thermal bonding approach described above, the joint may not be satisfactory, as some of the fused thermoplastic may be forced into the inside of the fitting and pipe to impede fluid flow, and because there may be leakage paths through the joint resulting from the sticking of the fused thermoplastic to the tooling of the heating unit. Further, because specialized equipment is required, fusion bonding may be acceptable to the professional, but it is not practical for the increasing Do It Yourself (DIY) market.
There have been attempts to overcome the deficiencies of conventional thermal fusion bonding by providing an electrically resistant heating coil or element positioned adjacent to the inside or imbedded in the surface of the fitting to be welded. This process is known as electrofusion. However, if done improperly, incomplete fusion can result. Furthermore, thermal fusion bonding by any of the above methods is difficult or impossible for joining pipes or pipe systems made of different thermoplastic resins.
Conventional pipe joining methods may further require time consuming and costly surface treatments such as corona, flame, or plasma treatment to achieve strong and monolithic joints.
Accordingly, there has been a need for a process to form extensive, continuous, economical, and strong joints between thermoplastic, especially polyolefin, pipes and other pipes or objects with lower VOC emissions and which is convenient and economical. The present invention fulfills this need.

Method for joining piping systems and piping to equipment, fixtures, devices, structures, and appliances


A wireless network and method are disclosed that provide temporary data service to a party. For the invention, a temporary data service system receives a request from a first party to establish temporary data service for a second party. The temporary data service system then configures the wireless network to establish temporary data service for the second party, such as by setting up a temporary subscriber profile or temporary account for the second party in the wireless network. A notification system then generates a notification message indicating that the temporary data service has been established for the second party, and transmits the notification message to the second party. The second party may use the temporary data service to access some type of data message or data file, such as a picture message sent by the first party.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is related to the field of communication networks and, in particular, to wireless networks providing temporary data service. More particularly, the wireless network of the invention provides temporary data service to a party that has a data-capable mobile station but does not subscribe to a data service.
2. Statement of the Problem
Wireless service providers offer many data services to their subscribers, such as multimedia messaging, email, internet access, etc. To receive such services, a user needs to purchase a data-capable device, such as a cell phone, a PDA, a BlackBerry, etc. The user also needs to subscribe to one or more data services offered by the wireless service provider.
Multimedia messaging is one type of upgraded data service subscribed to by many wireless users. Multimedia messaging allows a subscriber to send pictures, video, and voice messages to other wireless phones or email addresses. Multimedia messaging also allows a subscriber to surf the wireless internet and download ringtones, graphics, and games. A multimedia service package is typically billed on a monthly basis based on a charge per message or charge per kilobyte of data transmitted or received.
Picture phones are becoming more popular among wireless users. The phones are capable of taking a digital picture. Without subscribing to a corresponding data service, the digital pictures would remain on the phone and could not be shared with others. By subscribing to the appropriate data service, the subscriber may send picture messages to other subscribers. The picture messages are uploaded to a server in the wireless network or another network, and a link to the picture messages is sent to the recipient(s). The recipients that subscribe to the appropriate data service and have properly equipped phones may then view the picture messages through the link.
If a subscriber sends a message, such as a picture message, to a recipient that either does not have a data-capable wireless phone or has not subscribed to the proper data service, then the recipient will not be able to receive the message. The wireless network may send a text message to the wireless phone indicating an Internet address where the message from the subscriber may be viewed. The recipient would then have to go online with a PC or similar device to view the message. Depending on where the recipient is and his/her technology level, it may be inconvenient or time consuming to access the message online.
The recipient also has the option of signing up for data service in order to view the message. This may mean committing to a year contract, a two year contract, etc, in order to view the message. If this is the only message that the recipient receives during that contract period, it could be a waste of money to view a single message.
Therefore, a problem exists in wireless networks that a sender of a message cannot give a recipient temporary data service so that the recipient may receive and view a message.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Temporary data service in wireless networks


A method, composition, device, apparatus, and kit for the determination of the presence or amount of an analyte by monitoring an analyte-mediated ligand binding event in a test mixture which contains the analyte to be assayed, a specific binding member, a Raman-active label, and a particulate having a surface capable of inducing a surface-enhanced Raman light scattering. The test mixture is illuminated with a radiation sufficient to cause the Raman-active label in the test mixture to emit a detectable Raman spectrum. The differences in the detected surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectra are dependent upon the amount of the analyte present in the test mixture. Thus, by monitoring these differences, the presence or amount of the analyte are determined.

A. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a novel method, composition, and kit for the determination of the presence or amount of an analyte in a test sample by monitoring an analyte-mediated ligand binding event in a test mixture. In particular, this invention relates to a novel method, composition, and kit for the determination of the presence or amount of an analyte in a test sample by monitoring differences and changes in the surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectrum in a test mixture which comprises the test sample, a specific binding member, a Raman-active label, and a particulate having a surface capable of inducing surface-enhanced Raman light scattering.
The affinity of binding displayed by certain molecules (referred to here as binding molecules) towards other specific molecules (referred to here as ligands) is used commonly as the basis of assays to measure the quantity of a particular binding molecule or ligand in a sample.
The two molecules involved in forming a binding molecule-ligand complex are also referred to as a specific binding pair. One member of a specific binding pair is referred to as a specific binding member. This invention includes methods for performing assays using specific binding pairs of binding molecules and ligands, with surface-enhanced Raman light scattering as the method of detection. This invention also includes materials and kits used in performing the assays.
An assay is a test (1) to detect the presence of a substance in a sample, (2) to identify a substance in a sample, and/or (3) to measure the amount of a substance in a sample. In the terminology of this art, the substance that the assay is designed to detect, identify, or measure is called an "analyte."
Ligand binding assays are especially relevant to medical diagnostics. In modern medical practice, ligand binding assays are routinely run on patients' blood, urine, saliva, etc. in order to determine the presence or levels of antibodies, antigens, hormones, medications, poisons, toxins, illegal drugs, and others.
New, better, less expensive, and faster assays can advance the level of health care. Such assays can provide a physician with more and better information about a patient and do so consistent with reasonable cost. In addition, by making assays easier and less expensive, a higher level of health care can be extended to less developed parts of the world. Ligand binding assays are also being used to monitor groundwater contamination, toxins and pesticides in foods, industrial biological processes, and in many areas of biological research.
B. Present Ligand Binding Assays
For many assays it is required that minute quantities of a certain substance (the analyte) be detected and measured in the presence of much larger quantities of other substances. This is possible because the high affinity a binding molecule can have for a ligand can result in a high degree of specificity of binding for that particular ligand, irrespective of the presence of other substances. The most common ligand binding assays are immunoassays.
In an immunoassay, an antibody serves as a binding molecule which specifically binds an antigen, which serves as the ligand, thereby forming a specific binding pair. In order to measure the extent of the antibody/antigen binding, one member of the specific binding pair is tagged or labeled with a traceable substance. The unique properties of the traceable substance allow its presence, and hence the presence of the specific binding member to which it is attached, to be detected or measured. The labeled member of the specific binding pair is referred to as the indicator reagent.
In a direct immunoassay, the quantity of indicator reagent bound to the other member of the specific binding pair is measured. In an indirect immunoassay, the degree of inhibition of binding of the indicator reagent to the other member of the specific binding pair by the analyte is measured.
The individual members of a specific binding pair do not have to be antigens or antibodies, however. Any two molecules having affinity for each other may comprise a specific binding pair and may form the basis of a ligand-binding assay. Other examples of such specific binding pairs are: lectins and the complex carbohydrates to which they bind, hormones and their receptors, any effector molecule and its receptor, binding molecules designed through molecular modeling and synthesized specifically to bind another molecule, and other molecules with mutual affinity such as avidin and biotin.
Two commonly-used immunoassay techniques are radioimmunoassay (RIA) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA), both of which employ a labeled specific binding member as an indicator reagent. RIA uses a radioactive isotope as the traceable substance attached to a specific binding member. Because the radioactive isotope can be detected in very small amounts, it can be used to detect or quantitate small amounts of analyte. There are, however, a number of substantial drawbacks associated with RIA. These drawbacks include the special facilities and extreme caution that are required in handling radioactive materials, the high costs of such reagents and their unique disposal requirements.
EIA uses an enzyme as the label attached to a specific binding member which in the presence of its substrate produces a detectable substance or signal. This enzyme-labeled specific binding member then serves as the indicator reagent, and enzymatic activity is used to detect its binding. While EIA does not have some of the same disadvantages as RIA, EIA techniques require the addition of substrate materials to elicit the detectable enzyme reaction. Another disadvantage is that enzyme stability and rate of substrate turnover are temperature sensitive, the former decreasing and the latter increasing with temperature.
A drawback common to all of these assay configurations is the necessity of separating unbound labeled reagent from that bound to the analyte. This usually entails wash steps which are tedious when the assays are performed manually and require complicated robotics in automated formats.
Immunoassays may also be performed by automated instruments. Examples of such instruments are the TDx.RTM., IMx.RTM., and IMx SELECT.TM. analyzers which are commercially available from Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill. These instruments are used to measure analyte concentrations in biological fluids such as serum, plasma and whole blood. The IMx.RTM. and IMx SELECT.TM. analyzers have been described by Charles H. Keller, et al., "The Abbott IMx.RTM. and IMx SELECT.TM. System," J. Clin. Immunoassay, 14, 115, 1991; and M. Fiore et al., "The Abbott IMx.TM. Automated Benchtop Immunochemistry Analyzer System," Clin. Chem., 34, 1726, 1988.
Other types of assays use the so-called "dipstick" and "flowthrough" methods. With these methods, a test sample is applied to the "dipstick" or "flowthrough" device, and the presence of the analyte is indicated by a visually detectable signal generated by a color forming reaction. Flowthrough devices generally use a porous material with a reagent immobilized at a capture situs on a matrix layered thereon or incorporated therein. The test sample is applied to the device and flows through the porous material. The analyte in the sample then reacts with the reagent(s) to produce a detectable signal on the porous material. Such devices have proven useful for the qualitative determination of the presence of an analyte.
More recently, assay techniques using metallic colloid particles have been developed. The specific binding member to be labeled is coated onto the metal or colloid, particles by adsorption and the metal particles become the label. Localization of these labeled binding members on a solid support via an immunoreaction can produce a signal that is visually detectable, as well as measurable by an instrument.
Fluorescent and visible dyes and spin labels have also been used as labels in ligand binding assays.
All of these binding molecule-ligand assays have inherent drawbacks. The use of Raman light scattering as a means of detecting or measuring the presence of a labeled specific binding member, avoids some of these drawbacks, as explained below.
C. Rayleigh Light Scattering
For many years, it has been known that when certain molecules are illuminated by a beam of light, for example ultraviolet, visible, or near infrared, a small fraction of the incident photons are retained momentarily by some of the molecules, causing a transition of the energy levels of some of those molecules to higher vibrational levels of the ground electronic state. These higher vibrational levels are called virtual states. Most of the time, these are elastic collisions, and the molecules return to their original vibrational level by releasing photons. Photons are emitted in all directions at the same wavelength as the incident beam (i.e., they are scattered). This is called Rayleigh scattering.
D. Raman Light Scattering
In 1928, C. V. Raman discovered that when certain molecules are illuminated, a small percentage of the molecules which have retained a photon do not return to their original vibrational level after remitting the retained photon, but drop to a different vibrational level of the ground electronic state. The radiation emitted from these molecules will therefore be at a different energy and hence a different wavelength. This is referred to as Raman scattering.
If the molecule drops to a higher vibrational level of the ground electronic state, the photon emitted is at a lower energy or longer wavelength than that absorbed. This is referred to as Stokes-shifted Raman scattering. If a molecule is already at a higher vibrational state before it absorbs a photon, it can impart this extra energy to the remitted photon thereby returning to the ground state. In this case, the radiation emitted is of higher energy (and shorter wavelength) and is called anti-Stokes-shifted Raman scattering. In any set of molecules under normal conditions, the number of molecules at ground state is always much greater than those at an excited state, so the odds of an incident photon interacting with an excited molecule and being scattered with more energy than it carried upon collision is very small. Therefore, photon scattering at frequencies higher than that of the incident photons (anti-Stokes frequencies) is minor relative to that at frequencies lower than that of the incident photons (Stokes frequencies). Consequently, it is the Stokes frequencies that are usually analyzed.
The amount of energy lost to, or gained from, a molecule in this way is quantized, resulting in the scattered photons having discrete wavelength shifts. These wavelength shifts can be measured by a spectrometer. Raman scattering was considered to have the potential to be useful as an analytical tool to identify certain molecules, and as a means of studying molecular structure. However, other methods, such as infrared spectroscopy, proved to be more useful.
E. Resonance Raman Scattering
Interest in Raman spectroscopy was renewed with the advent of the laser as a light source. Its intense coherent light overcame some of the sensitivity drawbacks of Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, it was discovered that when the wavelength of the incident light is at or near the maximum absorption frequency of the molecule, and hence can cause electronic as we! l as vibrational transitions in the molecules, resonance Raman scattering is observed. With resonance Raman scattering, the re-emitted photons still show the differences in vibrational energy associated with Raman scattering. However, with resonance Raman scattering, the electronic vibrational absorption is approximately 1000 times more efficient. Even with the increased signal from resonance Raman scattering, its usefulness as an analytic tool was limited due to its still comparatively weak signal. The relatively recent discovery of the surface enhancement effect, however, has provided a means to further dramatically enhance Raman scattering intensity.
F. Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering
A significant increase in the intensity of Raman light scattering can be observed when molecules are brought into close proximity to (but not necessarily in contact with) certain metal surfaces. The metal surfaces need to be "roughened" or coated with minute metal particles. Metal colloids also show this signal enhancement effect. The increase in intensity can be on the order of several million-fold or more. In 1974, Dr. Richard P. Van Duyne was the first to recognize this effect as a unique phenomenon and coined the term "surface enhanced Raman scattering" (SERS).
The cause of the SERS effect is not completely understood; however, current thinking envisions at least two separate factors contributing to SERS. First, the metal surface contains minute irregularities. These irregularities can be thought of as spheres (in a colloid, they are spheroidal or nearly so). Those particles with diameters of approximately 1/10th the wavelength of the incident light are considered to contribute most to the effect. The incident photons induce a field across the particles which, being metal, have very mobile electrons.
In certain configurations of metal surfaces or particles, groups of surface electrons can be made to oscillate in a collective fashion in response to an applied oscillating electromagnetic field. Such a group of collectively oscillating electrons is called a "plasmon." The incident photons supply this oscillating electromagnetic field. The induction of an oscillating dipole moment in a molecule by incident light is the source of the Raman scattering. The effect of the resonant oscillation of the surface plasmons is to cause a large increase in the electromagnetic field strength in the vicinity of the metal surface. This results in an enhancement of the oscillating dipole induced in the scattering molecule and hence increases the intensity of the Raman scattered light. The effect is to increase the apparent intensity of the incident light in the vicinity of the particles.
A second factor considered to contribute to the SERS effect is molecular imaging. A molecule with a dipole moment, which is in close proximity to a metallic surface, will induce an image of itself on that surface of opposite polarity (i.e., a "shadow" dipole on the plasmon). The proximity of that image is thought to enhance the power of the molecules to scatter light. Put another way, this coupling of a molecule having an induced or distorted dipole moment to the surface plasmons greatly enhances the excitation probability. The result is a very large increase in the efficiency of Raman light scattered by the surface-absorbed molecules.
The SERS effect can be enhanced through combination with the resonance Raman effect. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect is even more intense if the frequency of the excitation light is in resonance with a major absorption band of the molecule being illuminated. The resultant Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering (SERRS) effect can result in an enhancement in the intensity of the Raman scattering signal of seven orders of magnitude or more.
G. Application of SERS to Immunoassays
The SERS effect has been used by physical and analytical chemists to follow chemical reactions on electrode surfaces in order to study molecular surface structure and dynamics. Recently, the technique has also been applied to biological molecules containing Raman-active prosthetic groups, such as hemes.
Up until now, there has been no application of the SERS effect to immunodiagnostics.
Utilization of this technology in immunodiagnostics offers several unique advantages. Because of the extraordinary dependence of the SERS signal upon close association with a suitable surface, only those reporter molecules which have become immobilized on or near the SERS-active surface will contribute a significant signal, while the signal contribution of those remaining in solution will be negligible. Molecules bound in different environments or different orientations can exhibit differences in their Raman scattering characteristics.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy immunoassay


A system is provided for cooling a stator coil of a rotating machine. In one embodiment, and by way of example only, the system includes a stator core, a radial core opening, and a sleeve. The stator core has an axially extending slot formed therein, an outer circumferential surface, and an inner circumferential surface. The radial core opening extends from the stator core outer circumferential surface to the axially extending slot. The sleeve is disposed within the axial slot and configured to surround the stator coil. The sleeve has a cooling fluid supply port formed therein that is aligned with the radial core opening.

Aircraft systems include various types of rotating electrical machines, such as alternating current (AC) motors and generators of various designs. Generally, an AC machine includes a rotor and a stator. If the machine is operated as a motor, electrical power is supplied to the stator to develop a rotating electrical field. This rotating electrical field generates a torque in the rotor causing it to rotate. If the machine is operated as a generator, electrical power is supplied to the rotor to generate a magnetic field. A prime mover is coupled to the rotor causing it, and thus the generated magnetic field, to rotate. This rotating magnetic field induces a voltage into the stator, which supplies electrical power to a load.
A stator for AC machines may typically include a stator core having a plurality of wire coils wound around it. The stator core is generally formed by laminating a plurality of ring plates. The ring plates include an inner circumference that together form a main axial opening through the stator core for housing rotating components. A plurality of slots is formed in the inner circumference, and each of the slots extends along the axis of the main axial opening. Each slot includes an axial slit that allows communication between the slot and the main axial opening. The wire coils typically include ends that are inserted into the slots.
The wire coils may produce heat during machine operation and may, consequently, undesirably transfer the heat to the core. To prevent such a consequence, thermal insulating and/or cooling schemes are typically included in AC machines. In one example, a portion of each coil is wrapped with a thermally insulating liner that isolates coils from the stator core, and inhibits heat transfer to the core. Although this is adequate for small rotating machines, it typically does not sufficiently inhibit heat transfer in rotating machines that include larger sized cores. In other examples, cooling fluid or gas is directed into the stator slots and contacted with the coils. However, because the slots are typically designed to open into the main axial opening, the fluid or gas may leak through the opening and contact the rotating components causing the components to become inoperable.
Hence, there is a need for a cost-efficient, effective system for cooling an electrical rotating machine of any size. Additionally, it is desirable for the system to be capable of being retrofitted into existing electrical rotating machines. Moreover, it is desirable for the system to operate without affecting the rotating components of the machine.

System and method for direct liquid cooling of electric machines


By employing different independent polarity codes to polarity-modulate respective quads of averaged values in the vertical-temporal plane of luma, chroma, sidepanel and enhanced-luma components in the mid-frequency and/or high-frequency split-bands of a 4.2 MHz baseband television-type signal, the encoded components can be combined into successive composite quads of an encoded single channel, NTSC compatible, enhanced-definition 4.2 Mhz bandwidth television signal. The successive composite quads of the encoded signal can be decoded by a widescreen receiver without crosstalk taking place among the components, while such an encoded signal does not noticeably affect the display of a standard NTSC receiver.

This invention relates to encoders and to decoders for highly-correlated information signals and, more particularly, to such encoders and decoders for use in connection with a single channel, NTSC-compatible, widescreen enhanced-definition television (EDTV) system.
As is known, an original widescreen signal, comprised of a center panel and left and right sidepanels, has its center panel time-expanded and its left and right sidepanels time-compressed prior to such signal being broadcast as an NTSC compatible 4.2 MHz baseband signal to both widescreen receivers and standard NTSC receivers. When received by a widescreen receiver (i.e., one displaying a picture having an aspect ratio such as 2:1, 16:9 or 5:3), the time-expanded center panel is compressed to its original size and the time-compressed sidepanels are expanded to their original size before picture display takes place (thereby reproducing the entire original widescreen picture on the screen of the widescreen receiver). The use of signal compression techniques for the sidepanels of the picture takes advantage of the horizontal overscan region of a standard NTSC television receiver display, so that such a standard NTSC receiver displays only the time-expanded center panel on its standard 4:3 aspect ratio screen (the time-compressed sidepanels being hidden due to the horizontal overscan).
A single channel NTSC compatible, widescreen EDTV television signal includes more information than is normally included in a conventional NTSC 4.2 MHz baseband television signal. A conventional NTSC signal includes luma information in a frequency band up to 4.2 MHz and chroma information in a more limited band which modulates a 3.58 MHz sub-carrier. A single channel, NTSC compatible, widescreen EDTV signal includes both high-frequency luma information in a band above 4.2 MHz. and sidepanel information, in addition to the luma and chroma information of a conventional NTSC signal. Ideally, this additional information should be encoded in manner such that it can be decoded at a widescreen receiver without any crosstalk taking place between the different types of encoded information, and without causing any degradation of the picture displayed by a standard NTSC receiver due to the presence of such encoded information.
Reference is now made to co-pending application Ser. No. 07/139,338, filed Dec. 29, 1987 by Isnardi et al., and assigned to the same assignee as the present application. This application discloses a single channel, NTSC compatible, widescreen EDTV system in which the original widescreen signal is comprised of high-frequency luma and sidepanel components, in addition to a main component comprised of the time-expanded center panel and time-compressed sidepanel low frequencies. Each of these three components is separately intraframe averaged. Intraframe averaging involves averaging the pixels values of each pair of neighboring image pixels in the vertical-temporal plane defined by the two interlaced fields of each NTSC frame. Such intraframe averaging significantly reduces the image data that need be transmitted, without introducing any significant error, since the image data defined by such a pair of neighboring pixels is almost nearly always highly correlated in any single frame. The intraframe-averaged high-frequency sidepanel and luma components quadrature-modulate a sub-carrier, which quadrature-modulated sub-carrier is then added to the intraframe-averaged main component, thereby providing an NTSC compatible 4.2 MHz baseband signal.
The use in the Isnardi et al. application of intraframe averaging allows perfect separation (i.e., no crosstalk) in the vertical-temporal plane of the main component and each of the two quadrature-modulated components by the decoder in the widescreen receiver. However, the main component in Isnardi et al. includes both the luma and chroma portions of a standard NTSC signal. Intraframe averaging does not allow for separation of luma and chroma in the widescreen receiver. They need to be separated therein by some other means, such as by linear, time-invariant, vertical-temporal filtering of luma and chroma. If such filters were ideal, no crosstalk would take place. However, in practice, no such filter is ideal. Therefore, significant unwanted crosstalk does take place between the luma and chroma portions of the main component and the other additional information components. Furthermore, luma, time-invariant, vertical-temporal filtering and intraframe averaging do not co-exist synergistically: they tend to fight each other. Furthermore, as single channel, NTSC compatible, widescreen EDTV system development continues, it becomes apparent that more and more additional information components need be included in the television signal transmitted to both widescreen receivers and standard NTSC receivers. This means that the information contained in the luma and chroma must be reduced even more than it is reduced by intraframe averaging, but still without any great detriment to the picture displayed by either the widescreen receiver or by the standard NTSC receiver. The quadruplex encoding and decoding technique of the present invention permits a single channel, NTSC compatible, widescreen EDTV system to transmit a large number of information components, including both luma and chroma, to both widescreen and standard NTSC receivers in a manner which permits the information to be separated into its various components by the decoder of each widescreen receiver without any significant amount of crosstalk between the various information components taking place, and without any significant degradation of the picture quality displayed by standard NTSC receivers.

Quadruplex encoder and decoder for EDTV system


A cover assembly includes an elongated resilient cover for bridging a gap between horizontal structural members. The upper face surface of the resilient cover has spaced apart ribs extending transverse to the flow of traffic and an opposite surface formed with load bearing edge portions engaged for support with opposite lateral margins to the expansion joint. Between the load bearing edge portions the cover supports at least one rigid metal plate. In one embodiment, a central plate bridges the gap between two structural members and the at least two additional plates serve to urge the opposite lateral edges of the cover into supporting engagement with structural members. The cover has a thickness and sufficient elasticity to elastically deform for establishing supporting contact between the marginal support areas and underlying horizontal structural members. Fasteners are engaged with the cover at spaced apart sites along at least one lateral side portion thereof for elastically anchoring the elongated resilient cover to at least one of the horizontal structural members.

The present invention relates to a protective cover for placement over an opening between adjoining horizontal structures. The present invention is more particularly related to cover assemblies that form a bridge over a gap or opening between two horizontal concrete structures. The cover assemblies of the present invention are especially useful to allow a smooth transition of traffic, particularly vehicular traffic, without damage to the structural members and expansion material in a gap between the adjoining horizontal structures.
An expansion joint is formed by placing a mass of expansion material in a gap purposely provided between adjoining concrete structures for accommodating dimensional changes to the gap occurring as expansion and contraction due to temperature changes and/or seismic cycling and vibration. The expansion joint may also be damaged by the ingress of surface water but, particularly, by abrasion and compression forces generated by the passage of motorized vehicular traffic.
Expansion joints, particularly in sports stadiums, parking garages and airports are degraded when the expansion material must bear the wear and tear caused by contact with service vehicles, such as fork lifts or other vehicles used to transport supplies and equipment along corridors formed by concrete structures. The expansion material is often ejected from the gap between the concrete structures when the adhesion between the concrete material and the expansion material degrades allowing the ingress of water and development of damaging forces generated at freezing temperatures. A degradation to the expansion material may also occur by the passage of vehicular traffic, particularly when concrete structures form an uneven passageway resulting in impact loading on the structures by the traffic.
Elongated metal plates placed in an end-to-end relationship have been bolted to the concrete structure in an attempt to protect the expansion joint from damage due to pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Often, the metal plates become deformed and do not form a uniform seated engagement with concrete structures particularly where the traffic bearing upper surfaces of the adjoining concrete structures are irregular or undulating, which fails to provide the necessary uniform planar support for the metal plates. The metal plates are bent and distorted due to impact loading of traffic and acquire a state of looseness about their mounting bolts which degrades further when the mounting bolts eventually shear. Even before the metal plates become disjointed from the mounting bolts, the metal plates generate an annoying noise with each deflection against the adjoining concrete structures.
Additionally, it is widely known that the surfaces of concrete structural members are not always entirely uniform, and are often not produced with square or smooth surfaces. These concrete structural members are usually rough, often have substantially irregular or undulating gaps, or are missing entire chunks of concrete. Furthermore, there is often a vertical xe2x80x9coffsetxe2x80x9d between two structural members, due to the settlement of concrete.
Therefore, a need exists in the art for an improved cover assembly to bridge gaps or openings between structural members to provide a smooth transition over the gap and to substantially reduce the trip hazard for pedestrians. There is also a need to provide a cover assembly to protect expansion joint material in a gap between structural members, such as concrete structures.
The present invention provides a cover apparatus for a gap between structural members having the resiliency to conform to the configuration of the support sites provided by structural members.
The present invention also provides a resilient cover apparatus combined with members for adding mass to the cover to stabilize the cover particularly during the passage of traffic.
The present invention further provides a resilient cover with parallel spaced apart elongated plate members supported by a face surface of the cover directed toward a gap or opening between structural members to stabilize opposite lateral edges of the resilient cover undergoing elastic deformation by traffic.
These and other aspects of the present invention are accomplished by the cover assembly and method of installation which is hereafter described and claimed. The aspects and advantages of the invention may be realized and attained by means of the embodiments and combinations particularly pointed out in the attached claims.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a cover assembly for a gap between two horizontal structural members comprising: an elongated resilient cover having a load bearing surface opposite a support surface including marginal support areas along opposite lateral edges thereof, said cover having a thickness and sufficient elasticity to elastically deform for establishing supporting contact between said marginal support areas and underlying horizontal structural members adjacent to a gap between said structural members; a rigid plate member, secured along said support surface of said elongated resilient cover by an attachment means, for bridging a gap between said horizontal structural members; and a plurality of fasteners engaged with said cover at spaced apart sites along at least one lateral side portion of said cover for elastically anchoring said elongated resilient cover to at least one of the horizontal structural members.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a cover assembly that further comprises at least two rigid plate members secured along said support surface of said elongated resilient cover by an attachment means to extend along opposite lateral sides of said rigid plate member.
The present invention also provides a cover assembly for a gap between horizontal structural members comprising: an elongated resilient cover having a predetermined width sufficient to overlie portions of horizontal structural members outwardly of marginal edges to a gap between the horizontal structural members; a rigid plate member, secured to said elongated resilient cover by an attachment means, for stabilizing said cover while traffic traverses said cover, said rigid plate member defining an elongated bridging member having a width sufficient to span the width of a gap between said horizontal structural members while secured thereby; and a plurality of fasteners to anchor said resilient cover along at least one marginal edge of said resilient cover to at least one of said horizontal structural members.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a cover assembly that further comprises at least two rigid plate members secured to said resilient cover by an attachment means and being restrained by said resilient cover to extend in a side-by-side relation to said elongated bridging member.
The present invention also provides an expansion joint for a building structure comprising: two spaced apart structural members defining a gap therebetween; and a cover assembly comprising an elongated resilient cover having a load bearing surface opposite a support surface including marginal support areas along opposite lateral edges thereof, said cover having a thickness and sufficient elasticity to elastically deform for establishing supporting contact between said marginal support areas and underlying horizontal structural members adjacent an expansion joint; a rigid plate member, secured along said support surface of said elongated resilient cover by an attachment means, for bridging a joint formed in a gap between said horizontal structural members; and a plurality of fasteners engaged with said cover at spaced apart sites along at least one lateral side portion of said resilient cover to elastically anchor said elongated resilient cover to at least one of the horizontal structural members.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a cover for an expansion joint, wherein said cover further comprises at least two plate members restrained along said support surface by said elongated resilient cover to extend along opposite lateral sides of said rigid plate member for allowing elastic deformation of said cover and apply a biasing force in a direction to urge opposite lateral sides of said cover toward the horizontal structural members while resiliently deformed by traffic traversing said load bearing surface.
The present invention also provides a method for the installation of a cover assembly across a gap between two structural member comprising: providing a cover assembly comprising an elongated resilient cover having a load bearing surface opposite a support surface including marginal support areas along opposite lateral edges thereof, said cover having a thickness and sufficient elasticity to elastically deform for establishing supporting contact between said marginal support areas and underlying horizontal structural members; a rigid plate member, secured along said support surface of said elongated resilient cover by an attachment means, for bridging a joint formed in a gap between said horizontal structural members; and a plurality of fasteners engaged with said cover at spaced apart sites along at least one lateral side portion of said resilient cover to elastically anchor said elongated resilient cover to at least one of the horizontal structural members; and placing said cover assembly across said gap.
In another embodiment, the method of installation utilizes a cover assembly that further comprises at least two plate members restrained along said support surface by said elongated resilient cover to extend along opposite lateral sides of said rigid plate member for allowing elastic deformation of said cover and apply a biasing force in a direction to urge opposite lateral sides of said cover toward the horizontal structural members while resiliently deformed by traffic traversing said traffic bearing surface.

Constuction Research and Technology GmbH


A multi-bit magnetic random access memory device and a method for writing to and sensing the multi-bit magnetic random access memory device. The magnetic memory includes a memory cell with a multilayer structure having a plurality of data layers which can each store one bit. The structure includes a plurality of magnetically changeable ferromagnetic layers, a ferromagnetic reference layer having a fixed magnetization state, a first spacer layer separating the magnetically changeable ferromagnetic layers, and a second spacer layer separating the ferromagnetic reference layer from the magnetically changeable ferromagnetic layers. This structure allows for more than one-bit to be stored as well as for efficient writing and reduced power consumption.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to magnetic random access memory, and more particularly to a multi-bit magnetic random access memory device and a method for writing to and for sensing the multi-bit magnetic random access memory device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Rapid growth in digital information generation is likely to face a new wave of explosion in high density memory demand due to the growing popularity of mobile devices. Magnetic random access memory (MRAM) is one of the most promising candidates to provide energy efficient and non-volatile memories.
The most attractive advantages of MRAM are that the mobile device retains the current state of work when powered down, and, additionally, longer battery run-times can be provided for mobile devices from notebook computers to cell-phones, since non-volatility enables MRAM chips to consume less power than conventional Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) and Static Random Access Memory (SRAM). MRAM operates on the principle of storing data bits using magnetic charges instead of electrical charges as used by DRAM and SRAM.
In the related art, an MRAM is known where one bit of information is stored in a magnetic multilayer cell, which comprises both magnetic and non-magnetic layers. As shown in FIG. 9, in its simplest form, a magnetic multilayer memory cell 90 includes four layers. These layers include an antiferromagnetic layer 91, and two ferromagnetic layers 92, 93 separated by a non-magnetic spacer layer 94.
The non-magnetic spacer layer 94 may either be conductive or non-conductive. In a memory having a conductive spacer, a spin-valve element is created, while a memory having a non-conductive spacer layer produces a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) magnetoresistive element.
One of the ferromagnetic layers 93 is exchange-coupled to the antiferromagnetic layer 91, effectively pinning the orientation of magnetization in the ferromagnetic layer 93. This ferromagnetic layer 93 is known as the pinned layer.
When an external magnetic field is applied to such a cell, the magnetization of the other ferromagnetic layer 92, the so-called free layer (the non-pinned layer), will react to the field.
Sensing or reading the information stored in the cell is based on a magnetoresistance effect.
The electrical resistance of such a multilayer cell 90 depends on the relative orientation of the magnetization in the two ferromagnetic layers 92, 93. In this case, there is low resistance when both magnetization orientations are in parallel (P) alignment and high resistance when they are in antiparallel (AP) alignment.
The building block of the MRAM architecture is its crossed-wires structure, where a magnetic element is located at the intersection point of two orthogonal wires. The writing or addressing process of an MRAM cell is accomplished by applying two orthogonal magnetic field pulses, generated by sending an electrical current, down the wires. The two wires are often referred to as the word line (Hy field, along the short axis of the magnetic element) and the bit line (Hx field, along the long axis (or easy axis) of the magnetic element).
The strength of the magnetic fields applied are such that one field alone cannot switch the magnetization of a magnetic element, but rather it requires the combination of both magnetic fields from the word and bit lines, for cell selectivity. However, the present cell writing technology relies on applying a long magnetic field pulse, tens of nanoseconds, long enough for the magnetization to reach the final equilibrium state. This method of writing is also known as the quasistatic writing which is not only slow but also not energy efficient.
Also, in such a memory having a multilayer cell structure, there is a limitation of memory density. In most cases, only one bit of information can be stored at the cross-point (the intersection point of the two orthogonal wires) in the MRAM architecture.
Recent attempts have been made to overcome this limitation of memory density. For example, U.S. Patent Publication 2003/0209769 to Nickel et al. discloses an MRAM device having a multi-bit memory cell. In particular, each memory cell includes two magnetoresistive devices connected in series.
Each of the two magneto-resistive devices has sense layers with distinctly different coercivities and, therefore, requires different writing currents. Thus, write operations can be performed selectively on the two magneto-resistive devices. Each multi-bit memory cell has four logic states with different resistance values in each state. This allows for storage of more data than a related art single-bit memory cell, which has only two logic states.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,930,164 to Zhu also discloses a magnetic memory device having four logic states and an operating method thereof. The memory device of Zhu includes a multi-bit system accomplished by stacking two or more memory cells on top of each other separated by a thick conductive layer to prevent magnetic coupling between memory cells.
In Zhu, each memory cell comprises a free magnetic data layer to store one bit of information, a hard magnetic layer as a reference layer, and a barrier layer between the free and hard magnetic layer. Essentially, each memory cell is an independent MTJ device. The memory cells have distinct coercivities, therefore allowing independent cell writing by one or two magnetic fields. For sensing or reading process, these memory cells have different Magnetoresistance (MR) ratios, therefore creating four resistance states for sensing of multi-bit information. The writing method, however, relies on a quasistatic writing method which is not only slow, but also not energy efficient.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,703,805 to Tehrani et al. discloses a method for detecting information stored in an MRAM cell having two magnetic layers with different thicknesses.
In the Tehrani et al. device, there are two magnetic data layers separated by a non-magnetic spacer. Each magnetic data layer can store one bit of information. A writing process for this device uses differing coercive forces for the two magnetic data layers, hence, independent writing is possible using a quasistatic method. A quasistatic writing method relies on applying a long magnetic field pulse of several nanoseconds that is long enough for the magnetization of a cell to reach a final equilibrium state. As noted above, this method of switching is not only slow, but also not energy efficient.
Further, the reading process of the Tehrani et al. device is very complex since six magnetic fields are required to determine the state in each data layer separately. This creates a slow and inefficient reading process.
Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 6,590,806 to Bhattacharyya discloses a device having two magnetic data layers separated by a pair of antiferromagnetically coupled magnetic layers. The two free magnetic data layers have distinct coercivities and hence, independent writing is possible.
The Bhattacharyya device has four resistance states depending on the magnetic configuration of the free data layers to the antiferromagnetically coupled layers. Therefore, the reference layer for the magnetoresistance effect are the pair of antiferromagnetic coupled layers. This means that if this device is to be used for additional data layers, each data layer requires one pair of antiferromagnetic layers, providing for a complicated device structure. Also, the device relies on the conventional quasistatic writing method.
Further, the manufacturing process of related art MRAM devices has only been known to produce low yields of the memory due to high sensitivity to cell defects, which causes domain nucleation, and hence, wide switching field distribution.

Multi-bit magnetic random access memory device


A composite laser gain medium is comprised of a first rare-earth element doped core; and a second rare-earth element doped cladding, at least partially, adjacent to the core. A portion of the lasing by the cladding at one wavelength within the composite laser gain medium is absorbed by the core so as to cause lasing of the core at a different wavelength. At least two distinct rare earth element pairs may be used in embodiments: (1) thulium (Tm) as a cladding rare-earth dopant and holmium (Ho) as the core rare-earth dopant; and (2) ytterbium (Yb) as a cladding rare-earth dopant and erbium (Er) as the core rare-earth dopant. Other rare earth element pairs are also believed possible. The laser composite gain medium may be configured to have a slab, or a cylindrical geometry.

Laser gain media are used in lasers. For example, both thulium-doped and holmium-doped lasers are important laser sources because they are considered "eyesafe," i.e., in the 2 μm spectral region, and have applications in remote sensing, and medical and military technology. Thulium has several favorable properties with respect to laser diode pumping, such as a strong absorption band at a diode emission wavelength around 785 nm and an efficient cross-relaxation process yielding two ions in the upper laser level per absorbed pump photon.
Some Tm—Ho lasers are comprised of two separate laser systems combined in series. However, the cost, bulk and complexity of such systems are relatively high, and flexibility of design options to tailor for different applications is limited. Other Tm—Ho lasers are formed of a co-doped holmium/thulium laser gain element where the co-doped laser gain element behaves as a single region.
However, it has been a challenge to obtain laser radiation of both good beam quality and high power.

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army


A danger sensing apparatus includes a data collecting unit disposed at each of a side rear-view mirror of the vehicle and an inner portion of the vehicle to collect image data of a side region of the vehicle and a situation of a door region of the inner portion of the vehicle as data; a data analyzing unit analyzing the data collected from the data collecting unit to analyze a danger object approaching an outer side of the vehicle and the situation of the door region of the inner portion of the vehicle; and a controlling unit controlling operations of a drive train of the vehicle and the door based on a signal analyzed from the data analyzing unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a danger sensing apparatus of a vehicle and a control method thereof, and more particularly, to a danger sensing apparatus of a vehicle capable of reducing danger of passengers getting on/off a vehicle, and a control method thereof.
2. Related Art
A public transportation such as a bus driven on a road, and an educational institute vehicle and a mini-bus on which a plurality of persons get are vulnerable to an accident of passengers when the passengers get on/off them. Therefore, this accident has been frequently generated.
For example, the passengers getting on the vehicle may not recognize a two-wheeled vehicle such as a motorcycle and a bicycle approaching and entering a side of the vehicle when they get off the vehicle after the vehicle stops, and a driver driving the vehicle also has a difficulty in viewing the two-wheeled vehicle with a side rear-view mirror. In addition, the vehicle driver has a difficulty in detecting that the passengers get on/off the vehicle at the time of the stop of the vehicle with the naked eye, such that he/her closes a door or allows the vehicle to start in a situation in which the passengers get on/off the vehicle, thereby making it possible to cause an accident.
Meanwhile, a bus among public transportations according to the related art recognizes a situation in which the passengers get on/off the vehicle using a side rear-view mirror and a reflective mirror installed in a door region. In addition, a wireless image transmitting and receiving apparatus and method for a safety operation of a subway has been disclosed in Korean Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2005-0010379.
However, since the bus according to the related art simply uses the side rear-view mirror and the reflective mirror installed in the door region, it has a difficulty in informing the passengers of the motorcycle, or the like, approaching a side of the vehicle and does not appropriately recognize the situation in which the passengers get on/off the vehicle when there are a number of passengers in the vehicle. In addition, the wireless image transmitting and receiving apparatus and method for a safety operation of a subway according to the related art may only confirm that the passengers get on/off the vehicle using a monitoring camera installed in a subway station, but may not automatically control a subway door and a drive train according to a danger situation.

Danger sensing apparatus of vehicle and control method thereof

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


A system information indication method and apparatus and a communication system. In the embodiments of this disclosure, by indicating a correspondence between an area related ID or a system information related index and system information, and/or notifying information on a change of the area related ID or system information related index, a case may be avoided where a UE needs still to obtain system information from a network side when system information of a current cell is stored, thereby efficiently lowering power consumption of the UE in acquiring the system information.

Issues related to next-generation wireless communication systems are under study in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). Among them, one of the research topics is lowering energies consumed by user equipment (UE) in acquiring system information of the network and further improving the efficiency of broadcasting and distribution of the system information.
In a long term evolution (LTE) system, system information is broadcast by a network side via a broadcast channel. After UE obtains system information of a current cell, if the UE leaves the cell and returns after a period of time, the UE needs to verify whether system information stored by it is still valid by checking whether a value tag broadcast in the cell is identical to a value of a value tag stored by it. Furthermore, if the UE leaves the current serving cell and enters a new cell, new system information must be obtained from the new cell.
Actually, neighboring cells often have some identical system information. After the UE enters the new cell, the re-obtained system information may possibly be identical to system information obtained by it in an original cell, in which case in order to lower energy consumed by the UE in acquiring the system information, an ID related to a region composed of multiple cells may be broadcast by the network side to indicate that some system information is universal in multiple cells. In this way, the UE may easily understand whether the system information of the new cell has been stored by itself, thereby avoiding energy consumed in acquiring the identical system information that has already been stored.
It should be noted that the above description of the background is merely provided for clear and complete explanation of this disclosure and for easy understanding by those skilled in the art. And it should not be understood that the above technical solution is known to those skilled in the art as it is described in the background of this disclosure.

System information indication method and apparatus and communication system


A light source device includes a light source unit configured to emit primary light and an illumination unit configured to optically convert the primary light to secondary light and then emit the secondary light. The light source device further includes a connector configured to allow the light source unit and the illumination unit to be attached to and detached from each other. Furthermore, the light source device includes an information transmitter configured to transmit illumination unit information to the light source unit, the illumination unit information being information regarding the illumination unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light source device which radiates illumination light.
2. Description of the Related Art
A related art of a light source device which radiates illumination light is disclosed in, for example, US2005/0107032A1. A light emitting device suggested in US2005/0107032A1 is a combination of light emitting units each including a laser light source, a light guide which includes an optical fiber, and a wavelength converting member. In a first light emitting unit of this light emitting device, a blue laser light source is provided at the proximal end of the light guide which includes the optical fiber, and the wavelength converting member is provided at the distal end of the light guide. Laser light emitted from the blue laser light source is guided to the distal end by the light guide, and the wavelength of the laser light is converted by the wavelength converting member at the distal end of the light guide. Further, a laser light source having a wavelength shorter than that of blue, a light guide, and a wavelength converting member are used to constitute a second light emitting unit. US2005/0107032A1 discloses that the first light emitting unit and the second light emitting unit are combined to constitute the light emitting device so that color rendering properties are improved as compared to those in the case of the single first light emitting unit.
Recently, in connection with light source devices used for observation in, for example, endoscopes, efforts have been made to improve the visibility of an observation target by properly selecting brightness, a peak wavelength, an emitted color, i.e. a spectrum shape, a radiation angle, and an emission pattern shape of illumination light depending on the purpose of observation.
In the light source device according to the conventional art in US2005/0107032A1, it is necessary to prepare different kinds of light emitting units in the body of the light source device, and adjust the combination of the light emitting units to be used to a purpose, in order to obtain illumination light suited to the purpose. However, the preparation of a large number of light emitting units in the body of the light source device is not preferable in respect of costs and storage locations.


The present invention discloses a novel polyurethane composition useful as a dispersing binder. The binder yields magnetic dispersions having high gloss values. Moreover, the polyurethane provides excellent hydrolytic stability. The polyurethane comprises a polyol, a diisocyanate a chain extender and an functional modifier formed of a reaction product of an aminodiol and Bronsted Acid.

Polymeric binders in conjunction with dispersing agents have been used to coat magnetic particles on films such as polyester films and disks to form magnetic recording media. High levels of the dispersing agent are usually necessary due to inefficient coupling of the dispersing agent and magnetic pigment. Drawbacks to the use of high levels of dispersing agent in conjunction with the binder include bleeding of the dispersing agent and acceleration of the hydrolytic degradation of the binder, which results in mechanical property degradation.
To overcome many of these drawbacks, various binders which themselves are dispersing agents have come increasingly into use. Several patents disclose a variety of such binders.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,490,945 ("Slovinsky") discloses a polyurethane binder for magnetic recording media which itself is a dispersing agent. The Slovinsky polyurethane binder is a moisture cured diisocyanate terminated prepolymer containing tertiary or quaternary nitrogen.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,286,022 ("Vermillion") is directed to a solution polymerized, hydroxyl terminated polyurethane block copolymer. The Vermillion polyurethane block copolymer comprises polyester or polyether segments, short chain aliphatic segments, 10-100 mole percent which contain tertiary and/or quaternary nitrogen, and symmetrical unbranched aromatic urethane segments interconnecting the polyester or polyether and short-chain aliphatic segments.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,344 discloses a magnetic recording medium formed on a base comprising a magnetic powder and a binder. The binder consists of a reaction product of diol, a chain extender such as 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol, a diisocyanate and a tertiary amine.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,124,424 also discloses a binder for magnetic recording medium. The binder comprises a hydroxy-group terminated polyurethane resin prepared by reaction of a polycarbonate polyol, a chain extender, organic diisocyanate, and an active hydrogen compound having one or more hydrophilic polar groups. The hydrophilic polar amino group may be a tertiary amino group.
A dispersing binder having good dispersing characteristics, solubility, good mechanical properties and hydrolytic stability is desired.

Polyurethane composition for use as a dispersing binder


A gas turbine combustor is disclosed, comprising: a combustor liner; a combustor casing, at least partly housing the combustor liner, and a liner support arrangement. The liner support arrangement comprises individual support elements located between the combustor liner and the combustor casing. Each support element comprises a liner support member fixed to the combustor liner and a casing support member fastened to the combustor casing. Each casing support member comprises a casing stop seat fixed on the combustor casing and a replaceable casing stop, detachably coupled to the casing stop seat.

Embodiments of the subject matter disclosed herein generally relate to mechanisms for supporting a liner in a gas turbine combustor, and more particularly, to spring loaded liner support mechanisms.
In a conventional gas turbine engine, air is ingested by a compressor, compressed and delivered to a combustor. The compressed air is mixed with fuel in the combustor and the air-fuel mixture is burned yielding hot, pressurized combustion gases. The combustion gases are expanded in a turbine, including one or more turbine wheels. Expansion of the combustion gases drives the turbine into rotation, thus producing useful mechanical power. The mechanical power is partly used for driving the compressor. Additional mechanical power is available on a turbine output shaft, for driving a load, such as a rotating turbomachinery, an electric generator or the like. The combustion process may occur inside a combustor liner. In some known combustors, the combustor liner is supported and at least partly housed in a combustor casing. In some embodiments a single casing of annular shape houses a plurality of combustor liners. In other embodiments, each combustor liner is housed in a respective combustor casing. The combustor liner and the combustor casing are substantially coaxial.
The compressed air and fuel are input and mixed at a rear end of the combustor liner. The combustion gases are output through an aft end of the combustor liner. The aft end is downstream in the gas flow direction from the rear end. The combustion gases are delivered from the combustor liner towards the turbine, where they are expanded. A transition piece fluidly connects the combustor liner and the turbine. A hula seal is usually interposed between the aft end of the combustor liner and the transition piece, the arrangement being such as to accommodate displacements due to thermal expansion and vibration of the combustor components.
Heat and vibration from the combustion process, as well as other mechanical loads and stresses from the gas turbine, e.g. due to unbalance of the compressor and/or turbine rotor, shake, rattle and otherwise cause vibrations of the combustor liner and the other components of the gas turbine in the proximity of the combustor liner. Accordingly, the combustor liner should be mounted such as to withstand the heat, vibrations and loads imposed by the combustion and other forces.
Typically a liner support arrangement is mounted close to the rear end of the combustor liner, between the combustor liner and the combustor casing. A typical liner support arrangement includes three individual support elements disposed between the combustor liner and the combustor casing, around a section substantially perpendicular on the gas flow direction in the combustor. Each support element typically includes a liner stop, which is constrained to the combustor liner, and a casing stop, which is constrained to the combustor casing. Each liner stop co-acts with the respective casing stop to support the combustor liner. A spring arrangement is usually located between the casing stop and the liner stop.
As mentioned above, due to the combustion process, as well as to the rotary motion of compressor and turbine, the combustor liner is subjected to vibrations, which cause wear of the interfaces between the combustor casing and the combustor liner. In particular, support elements which connect the combustor liner to the combustor casing are subject to wear and must be frequently replaced.
Existing combustors are designed such that the combustor liner can easily be demounted from the combustor casing for repairing or replacement purposes, along with the liner stops and relevant springs. Combustor casings are subject to less frequent maintenance and replacement interventions. Nevertheless, if the casing stops are worn out, the combustor casing has to be removed and the casing stops must be disassembled and replaced before the combustor casing can be mounted on the gas turbine engine again.
Removal of the combustor casing is a long-lasting operation and causes the gas turbine engine to remain inoperative for relatively long periods of time.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide improved combustor liner support arrangements, which solve or alleviates one or more of the drawbacks of known arrangements.

Interchangeable liner support for gas turbine combusters


A heel guard detachably mountable onto a heel post of a high heel shoe extends the heel post pressure area, while moving over rough terrain preventing the heel post from sinking into soft surfaces. The heel guard comprises a base portion and an upper portion. The base portion dissipates the heel post pressure while the upper portion frictionally grips the heel post. The upper portion projects from the base portion in a curvilinear fashion into a plurality of stays that converge forming an aperture before extending into the upper portion interior. The upper portion can also be an hourglass columnar receptacle with a bore that tapers from a wide opening to a narrower middle section then to a wider base. The narrower middle section frictionally grips heel posts of varying thicknesses.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to shoes and, more specifically, to guards that are detachably mountable onto the post of women's high heels to extend the heel pressure area while moving over rough terrain and to prevent the heel from sinking into soft surfaces.
The heel guard comprises a base portion and an upper portion with the base portion made of a rigid material that will dissipate the heel pressure across the base while the upper portion is designed to frictionally grip the heel post.
Preferably, the upper portion is manufactured from a polymeric and/or elastomeric material that projects from the base in curvilinear fashion into a plurality of stays that converge forming an aperture before extending into the upper portion interior.
Furthermore, the present invention provides for an upper portion columnar receptacle with a bore manufactured from an elastomeric or polymeric material that tapers from a wide opening to a narrower middle section then to a wider base, much like an hourglass with the narrower middle section forming the frictional element for heel posts of varying thicknesses.
2. Description of the Prior Art
There are other heel support device designed for high heels. Typical of these is U.S. Pat. No. 1,875,806 issued to Givens on Sep. 6, 1932
Another patent was issued to Fredon on Apr. 22, 1969 as U.S. Pat. No. 3,439,435. Yet another U.S. Pat. No. 4,498,252 was issued to Connors on Feb. 12, 1985 and still yet another was issued on May 17, 1994 to Topel as U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,675
Another patent was issued to Brown et al. on Jun. 26, 2008 as U.S. Patent Application No. 2008/0148606 Yet another U.S. Pat. No. 7,971,373 was issued to Epping on Jul. 5, 2011 Another was issued to Brown et al. on Oct. 11, 2011 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,033,035 and still yet another was issued on Feb. 14, 1963 to Wunderle as Germany Patent No. DE1867331.
Another patent was issued to Fredon on May 26, 1966 as U.K. Patent No. GB1,080,846 Yet another EU Patent No. EP2311342 was issued to Bertrand on Apr. 20, 2011.


A semiconductor memory device is provided. The semiconductor memory device includes a memory cell array including a matrix of memory cells; a plurality of local bit lines divided into at least two local bit line groups arranged to be alternately connected with at least two global bit lines and coupled with the memory cells; a plurality of bit line selection drivers respectively connected to the local bit lines; an internal boosted voltage generator configured to generate at least two internal boosted voltages having different levels; and a power transmitter configured to respectively transmit the at least two internal boosted voltages to at least two bit line selection driver groups, into which the plurality of bit line selection drivers are classified according to arrangement of the local bit lines. Accordingly, repair efficiency can be increased and near-far compensation can be more correctly performed.

The present inventive concept relates to a semiconductor memory device, and more particularly, to a semiconductor memory device for compensating for an operating voltage difference between a near cell and a far cell in consideration of a cell position, and a memory card and memory system including the same.
Semiconductor memory devices, as illustrated in FIG. 1, usually write a signal transmitted through a metal A to memory cells in a semiconductor memory B and read data from each memory cell through the metal A. For those operations, the metal A and the semiconductor memory B are connected to each other in a bridge shape. A portion where the metal A is connected with the semiconductor memory B is referred to as a strapping node A′.
A plurality of memory cells may exist between strapping nodes A′. FIG. 1 illustrates a case where 32 memory cells exist between the strapping nodes A′. Each memory cell has a different operating voltage according to a distance from either of the strapping nodes A′. In other words, the farther a memory cell is apart from a strapping node A′, the greater operating voltage the memory cell has. Cells close to the strapping node A′ are referred to as near cells and cells far from the strapping node A′ are referred to as far cells.
There is a need for compensation of an operating voltage difference (hereinafter, refer to as "near-far compensation").

Semiconductor memory device for compensating for operating voltage difference between near cell and far cell in consideration of cell position, and memory card and memory system including the same


A process for mask-free localized grafting of organic molecules capable of being electrically activated, onto a composite surface comprising conductive and/or semiconductive portions, by placing said organic molecules in contact with said composite surface, in which said grafting is performed electrochemically in a single step on chosen, defined areas of said conductive and/or semiconductive portions, said areas being brought to a potential higher than or equal to a threshold electrical potential determined relative to a reference electrode, said threshold electrical potential being the potential above which grafting of said organic molecules takes place.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process, in particular a mask-free one-step process, for localized functionalization of conductive or semiconductive portions of composite surfaces with organic coatings, or alternatively to a process of mask-free localized organic grafting onto conductive or semiconductive portions of composite surfaces.
2. Discussion of the Background
There are at the present time four means identified for producing this type of localized organic grafting:                (i) Electronic or photochemical addressing with radiation1.        (ii) Electrovaporization with masking2.        (iii) Mechanical addressing by micropipetting and automatic distribution3.        (iv) Two-dimensional electrophoretic addressing4.        (v) The microcontact printing technique5.
The point that processes (i) to (v) have in common is that they can be broken down into:                a paving, certain areas of which it is desired to cover with an organic coating;        a method for triggering the manufacture of chemical bonds between the organic molecules and the surface. This involves, respectively: (i) a beam of particles (photons, electrons or ions); (ii) to (v) chemisorption or physisorption reactions;        a "masking" process, responsible for the localization, which makes it possible to govern the fact that the triggering method will act on one given area of the paving and not on another. This involves, respectively: (i) focussing the beam; (ii) a physical mask; (iii) mechanical positioning of a tip or a nozzle; (iv) the two-dimensional protocol for placing under potential; (v) resolution of the etching on the ink pad and of the "flash" of the fluids printed on this etching.
In all these processes, only the masking phase is responsible for the localization obtained. In particular, this phase is independent of the topology of the paving that it is desired to dress: specifically, assuming that it is the same paving that it is desired to cover in places by these various processes: added to the complexity of manufacturing the paving is the complexity of the localization (or "masking") process, which usually requires a complex development and apparatus. Neither the agent triggering the chemical reaction for surface functionalization nor the localization offered by the paving before intervention participate in the efficacy of the localization: in process (i), the triggering agent is the beam of particles (photons, electrons or ions), optionally guided by a mask (see, in this respect, document U.S. Pat. No. 3,271,180 (1966)); in process (ii), the triggering agent (non-localized) is polarization of the substrate on which react molecules spatially filtered by a mask: the mask ensures the localization; in process (iii), the triggering factor is again polarization of the substrate, and the localization arises from the fact that the molecules are deposited by micropipetting at the bottom of a small trough etched into the substrate, and made conductive by depositing gold; in process (iv), the molecules are guided by gel electrophoresis to the desired area, and then fixed via a chemical reaction in the gel (using a reagent which constitutes the triggering agent).
In all these processes, the spatial resolution of the grafting is thus that of the "masking" process: it does not exploit to the maximum the geometrical guide already offered by the paving.
An additional point in common in processes (ii) to (v) is that the localization of the organic material thereon is based on a physical displacement of the molecules to be grafted, which is guided as much as possible. The intrinsic resolution of the process is then linked to the control of the method for displacing the molecules: resolution of the mask for (ii), lateral resolution of the mechanical displacements of micronozzles for (iii), protocol for placing under potential to counteract the effects of local diffusion and of broadening of the spots in (iv), etc.
The published patent application EP-A1-0 774 662 (1996) describes the production of a topology for addressing conductive individual plots on a semiconductive surface, which is not the subject of the present invention, since it is assumed that the paving exists, and that it is precisely on this paving that functionalizations are produced. Said patent application mentions its possible use for the local production of electrochemical reactions. As for process (i), this involves a means for locally obtaining an agent for triggering reactions, in this case electrochemical reactions, by selective polarization of an area of the paving, but the complexity of the localization method and of the triggering agent amount to the complexity of producing the paving: it is the paving itself that is supposed to ensure the localization. However, said patent application does not mention specific electrochemical reactions or localized functionalizations. It is thus also a process in which the localization may be obtained by selecting the polarized area, by multiplexing, the support assembly, comprising all the contactable areas, being dipped in the electrochemical bath. In the patents related to process (iii)3, it is mentioned, however, that this method of individual addressing with multiplexing is an impediment to the application on dense etchings, due to the complexity and furthermore the multiplexing.
The current lateral resolution of organic deposits obtained by processes (i)-(iv) is of the order of a few tens to about a hundred microns. This barrier is found everywhere, for various reasons: focussing and chemical stability in the area of grafting for (i), precision of the masking effects for (ii), control of the mechanical displacements of the large-scale high-resolution nozzles for (iii), diffusion and broadening of the plots in the gel, during migration, for (iv). The process of localized addressing by multiplexing appears in principle to be limited only by the current resolution of microelectronics (i.e. a few tenths of a micrometer), but no functionalization process associated with this addressing has been described, to our knowledge. The technique of microcontact printing5 (v) has a resolution of the order of 100 nm on a flat surface. It is not described on a surface structured with paving.
The information regarding the stability of the graft delivering the primary functionalization obtained by processes (i)-(iv) is not all available. However, it may be noted that process (iii), which uses the growth of conductive polymers, does not allow a solid graft on the surface. As is recalled hereinbelow, the electropolymerization of monomers that are precursors of conductive polymers is a mechanism in which the growth of the polymer takes place in solution, and is followed by precipitation of the polymer on the surface: this precipitation generally does not give rise to interface chemical bonds, and delivers functionalization on the surface, but not functionalization of the surface. The process described in the reference in point (v) (WO-A-96 29629) involves an Au—S covalent bond, but which is not obtained on preexisting paving, and which is found to be weaker than the bonds manufactured by the present process.
In summary, the processes of the prior art have the following drawbacks:                since the masking phase conventionally used to perform organic grafting onto a mineral surface is responsible for the localization obtained, the spatial resolution of the graft is that of the masking process. It is thus at best of the order of the current resolutions of microelectronics. Moreover, the localization of the organic material is based on a physical displacement of the molecules to be grafted, which is guided as much as possible. The intrinsic resolution of the process is thus also linked to controlling the field of displacement of the molecules;        several operating steps are necessary: most of the known methods which pursue the same objective proceed via masking; via preliminary, geographically selective physical displacement of molecules, or physicochemical activation which is intrinsically localized, but independent of the resolution of the paving, and then finally by grafting;        the metal-molecule bonds manufactured are found to be relatively weak.

Method for mask-free localized organic grafting on conductive or semiconductive portions of composite surfaces


A razor has a holder, a holder handle defining a razor axis, a cross-piece installed in the holder along the razor axis, and up to four pairs of blades. The holder and holder handle collectively form a T-shape structure. Each of the blades in each of the pairs is installed in the holder on a respective side of the cross-piece and at sharp blade setting angle and symmetrical about the cross-piece. The blade setting angle is 75-80°, and the blade setting angle of each preceding blade pair in the direction of the razor movement is less than the setting angle of a subsequent blade pair. The invention makes it possible to increase the efficiency and ease of shaving and to reduce the production cost of the razor.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to portable cutting tools, namely to safety razors.
2. Description of the Related Art
Known is a razor, which contains a holder with handle and at least one pair of blades installed in the holder at a sharp angle symmetrically about the longitudinal axis of the razor (see patent RU 2161088, C1. B26B21/00, published Dec. 27, 2000). Disadvantages of the known device are the unreliable locking of blades located in the central part of the holder, presence of sharp cutting angle within this part and non-optimal selection of blade setting angle. Affording to the customer himself the opportunity to control the angle is not a satisfactory solution of the problem. The retainer holding the blade in the selected position wears out in the course of time and cannot ensure the reliable securing. Besides, the user is not an expert in assessing the efficiency of the selected angle setting, and the optimal angle should be determined for maximum convenience during multiple checks conducted prior to the production of the razor.


A display device includes a plurality of gate lines, a plurality of data lines, a gate circuit, a driver, and a data selector circuit that includes a plurality of switch groups each of which has a time division switch and a timing adjustment switch that are connected in parallel. The data selector circuit outputs output signals from the driver, which have different polarities every one or more data lines of the plurality of data lines, to the respective data lines. Each of the time division switches and the timing adjustment switches is an NMOS transistor. The driver turns on the timing adjustment switches connected to the data lines to which positive output signals are output from the driver, earlier than the time division switches connected to the data lines to which negative output signals are output from the driver, by a predetermined period.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display device, and particularly to a display device having a data selector circuit including an NMOS transistor.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the related art, in the liquid crystal display, there is known a driving method of reversing polarities of written voltages with respect to a reference voltage for any given plural lines. For example, in a case of performing dot inversion every two lines, polarities of written voltages are reversed with respect to the reference voltage for a certain data line every two horizontal periods. Also, there is known a so-called data selector circuit for inputting data signals, which correspond to grayscale values and are output from a data circuit, to the respective pixels in a time division manner via RGB switches. In a display device having the data selector circuit, for example, each of the data signals, which correspond to a grayscale value and are output from the data circuit, is written in each of the pixels via time division switches that are included in the data selector circuit. Further, as the time division switch, for example, an NMOS transistor is used (refer to JP2010-109286A).

Display device including a data selector circuit


Responsiveness of an electromagnetic flow-rate control valve provided for closing a suction valve is improved and a discharge flow rate is controlled to a desired value. A flow-rate control valve includes a fixed core arranged on an inner circumferential side of a coil, a yoke arranged on an outer circumferential side of the coil, and a cover portion opposed to the coil in an axial direction, in which the fixed core has an enlarged portion in contact with the cover portion in the axial direction and enlarging toward the coil, and the cover portion is regulated in the axial direction only by a contact portion with the fixed core.

In an internal combustion engine of an automobile or the like, there have been widely used a direct injection high-pressure fuel pump which injects fuel directly into a combustion chamber and has a flow-rate control valve for increasing the pressure of the fuel and discharging a desired fuel flow rate.
Generally, as the pressure supplied to a fuel injector is larger, the fuel spray injected from the fuel injector is more atomized, and the combustion efficiency is improved. Thus, high discharge pressure is required as the performance of a high-pressure fuel pump. Furthermore, in order to control the flow rate under the condition of high engine speed, it is necessary to open and close the flow-rate control valve within a predetermined time, and improvement in the responsiveness of the flow-rate control valve is required.
PTL 1 discloses a method as a driving portion structure for improving the responsiveness of the flow-rate control valve. PTL 1 discloses a method for increasing the magnetic attraction force and improving the responsiveness by setting the saturation magnetic flux density of the stainless steel forming a fixed core and a movable core larger than the saturation magnetic flux density of the stainless steel forming a case.

Flow rate control valve and high-pressure fuel supply pump