An electronic device is provided that includes a first cover defining one surface, a second cover defining an opposite surface, and a camera assembly of which at least a portion is arranged in a space between the first cover and the second cover. The camera assembly includes a metal plate arranged substantially parallel to the first cover, a printed circuit board arranged between the first cover and the metal plate, the printed circuit board having an opening arranged substantially at a center, and at least one through-hole arranged outside the opening, an image sensor arranged in the opening and attached to the metal plate, a lens assembly arranged adjacent to the image sensor, and a side surface that surrounds at least a portion of the image sensor and the lens assembly. At least a portion of the side surface passes through the through-hole to be connected to the metal plate.

In general, a portable electronic device refers to a device that allows the user to access various contents while carrying it, and includes a portable terminal, a Moving Picture Experts Group phase 1 or phase 2 (MPEG-1 or MPEG-2) audio layer 3 (MP3) player, and a personal media player (PMP). The portable electronic device has become multifunctional according to the need of consumers and has gradually become small in size.
In particular, the portable terminals are becoming multifunctional according to various needs of the consumers due to its portability. Further, due to the recent development of technologies, the portable terminals have been used for the multi-convergence of music, movies, televisions (TVs), and games, as well as simple phone functions. A representative apparatus that leads the portable electronic device to multi-convergence is a camera apparatus.
The pixels of the camera apparatus have increased from 300,000 pixels (i.e., video graphic array (VGA) level) to the current high number of pixels, and the camera apparatus has been equipped with various additional functions, such as autofocusing or optical zoom.
Generally, a compact camera module (CCM) is small-sized and is applied to mobile communication devices, such as a camera phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), and a smartphone, and various information technology (IT) devices, such as a toy camera, and devices on which small-sized camera modules are mounted have recently increased according to various tastes of the consumers.
The camera apparatus employs a semiconductor chip (hereinafter, referred to as an image sensor), such as a charge coupled device (CCD) or a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor (CIS), as a main component, and an image of an object condensed by the image sensor is stored in a memory in the device as data, and the stored data are displayed as an image through a display medium, such as a display panel of the device.
The image sensor is mounted on a board (hereinafter, referred to as a printed circuit board), such as a printed circuit board (PCB) or a ceramic substrate, and a lens cylindrical body including a lens is coupled onto the printed circuit board including the image sensor to assemble the image sensor.
A general structure and assembly process of a camera apparatus is as follows.
The camera apparatus includes a lower module, such as an image sensor module, and an upper module, such as a lens assembly module, which are coupled to each other after being manufactured separately.
First, a process of the lower module of the camera apparatus will be described. The lower module of the camera apparatus may include an image sensor and a printed circuit board. The assembly manner of the image sensor module may include a wire bonding manner and a flip chip bonding manner.
The image sensor module through the wire bonding manner may be configured such that an image sensor is mounted on an upper surface of a printed circuit board through a coupling method, such as die bonding. The image sensor that is mounted on the printed circuit board may form a lower module of the camera apparatus by bonding (hereinafter, referred to as wire bonding) the image sensor to the printed circuit board using an electrical signal line, such as a wire, such that it is electrically connected to the printed circuit board.
The image sensor module, when employing a flip chip technique, may be electrically connected to the bottom surface of the printed circuit board through an electrical connection of a bump and a pad by using a flip chip on which the image sensor is mounted.
Furthermore, a process of the upper module of the camera apparatus will be described. The upper module of the camera apparatus may include a lens assembly, a cover glass or IR filter, and a lens housing including them. A lens assembly including at least one lens module and a correction member that drives the lens module and corrects an image through at least one of automatic driving and manual driving of the lens is mounted on the housing to form the upper module. In particular, the upper module of the camera apparatus may be coupled to the lower module through thermoplastic bonding.
The IR filter may be mounted on the lower side of the housing or the upper side of the image sensor module through an adhesive, such as epoxy.
After the image sensor module is assembled, the optical axis of the image sensor is aligned, and after the upper module is assembled on the lower module, the optical axes of the lens assembly and the image sensor are aligned.
In order to focus the image sensor and the lens, the optical axes of the image sensor and the lens should be located on the same line.
However, the lower module may be mounted while the image sensor is distorted from a surface of the printed circuit board due to distortion of the printed circuit board or an unbalanced surface of the printed circuit board when the image sensor and the printed circuit board is assembled. Accordingly, because the image sensor and the lens module are not located on the same line, the optical axis is distorted.
When the image sensor is distorted, the distortion of the introduced optical axis cannot be corrected, and accordingly, the productivity and quality of the camera apparatus may deteriorate.
Distortion of the optical axis may occur even in the process of assembling the upper module on the lower module. That is, the housing including the lens assembly is seated on and fixed to an upper surface of the printed circuit board on which the image sensor is mounted through thermoplastic bonding, and as described above, the housing seated on and fixed to the surface of the printed circuit board may be mounted while being distorted due to the distortion of the printed circuit board or an unbalanced surface of the printed circuit board.
A defect such as tilting may occur due to a tolerance of a component or lack of precision in the process of assembling the above-mentioned camera apparatus, which directly causes a resolution defect. In detail, a defect may occur in the process of mounting the image sensor on the printed circuit board or in the process of mounting and fixing the housing including the lens assembly to an upper side of the image sensor module, which directly causes the resolution defect.
In particular, because the high-resolution camera apparatus requires a high level as compared with a low-resolution camera apparatus in relation to the alignment of the optical axes of the lens and the sensor, the precision of the device increases and the development and production costs also increase for the high-resolution camera apparatus.
Accordingly, a tilting correction method for a camera apparatus that minimizes tilting of the sensor and the lens and decrease defect rate when the high-resolution camera apparatus is assembled, and facilitates the development of the camera apparatus and reduces production costs, and an apparatus that support the method are required.
The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present disclosure.

Camera apparatus and electronic device including the same


A sheet folding device includes a folding unit that applies a fold to a sheet, and a fold-enhancing unit that performs fold enhancement on the sheet applied with the fold by the folding unit. The fold-enhancing unit includes at least two or more rotator pairs each provided with a sheet holding member that holds and pressurizes the sheet applied with the fold so as to enhance the hold. In the at least two or more rotator pairs, the sheet holding member is provided so that an area for holding the sheet shifts from both sides of the sheet toward a central portion of the sheet along a sheet conveying direction from an upstream to a downstream in the fold-enhancing unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a sheet folding device for folding a sheet ejected from an image forming apparatus such as a copier and a printing machine and an image forming apparatus provided with the sheet folding device, and an image forming apparatus provided with the sheet folding device.
2. Description of the Related Art
When a desired fold line is to be formed on a sheet with a fold applied by a folding roller so as not to lose productivity, it is general to cause the sheet with a folded portion to pass through a nip portion between fold-enhancing rollers to enhance the fold. However, if the nip portion between the fold-enhancing rollers is to be pressurized in order to form the desired fold line on the sheet, because of a mechanism in which the pressure is applied to both sides of a shaft of the roller, there arises a problem that the mechanism causes a deviation in a pressure distribution. Moreover, due to unevenness in a shape of a leading edge of the sheet including the folded portion, there occurs a phase difference in the way to cause the sheet to enter the nip portion of the fold-enhancing roller. Therefore, there occurs a problem that undesired deflection occurs in the sheet and the fold is enhanced in that state, to cause wrinkles in the sheet. Thus, a fold-enhancing mechanism is needed to form a desired fold line on the sheet applied with the fold, not to cause undesired deflection as a factor of wrinkles, or to correct the deflection.
To solve the problems, there is disclosed a technology for a pair of folding rollers that is provided with a nip portion formed over a whole width along an outer periphery of at least one of the rollers and also provided with a cutout-formed portion in which only a central portion of the other roller is formed as a nip portion and the other portions thereof are formed as cutout portions. In the pair of folding rollers, a fold is applied to a sheet in the nip portion as the former portion and a deflection is released while the sheet is conveyed by the cutout-formed portion as the latter portion (e.g., Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2001-019270).
However, the technology described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2001-019270 has a problem as follows. Because the nip portion to apply the fold thereto is formed over the whole width, a pressurizing force applied to the sheet is dispersed, so that a satisfactory fold line cannot be formed on the sheet. Moreover, there is also a problem that because it is necessary to match a timing of the nip portion in the roller and a timing at which the sheet enters the nip portion, control is complicated, and this leads to difficulty in achievement of high productivity.
On the other hand, to solve the problem on dispersion of pressure of the fold-enhancing roller, there is disclosed a technology for providing a plurality of fold-enhancing roller pairs whose roller width is smaller than a sheet width, arranging the roller pairs in such a manner that the roller pair is disposed at the center of a fold line of the sheet in an upstream side and the roller pairs are disposed gradually outward of the fold line of the sheet along the downstream side to enhance the fold over the whole sheet, and forming the fold line on the sheet (e.g., Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2007-045531).
However, the technology described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2007-045531 has problems as follows. Because the fold at the central portion of the sheet is first enhanced by the fold-enhancing rollers with a high pressurizing force, the both sides of the sheet move slightly upward. Therefore, a phase difference occurs in the way of causing the leading edge of the sheet to enter a nip portion of the fold-enhancing rollers that enhance the fold in the outside of a subsequent sheet to enter, and this causes a deflection in the sheet, so that wrinkles easily occur therein.
As explained above, the technology described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2001-019270 has the problems that the pressurizing force applied to the sheet is dispersed and the high productivity is difficult to be obtained because of the complicated control. Furthermore, the technology described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2007-045531 has the problems that although the dispersion of the pressurizing force applied to the sheet is prevented, the deflection occurs in the sheet and the wrinkles thereby easily occur.

Sheet folding device and image forming apparatus


Various techniques for source imposition of network routes are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, a method includes receiving label values at a source host from a label server. The individual label values corresponding to a network route to one of the hosts or network nodes in the computing network. The method also includes constructing a label stack to reach a destination virtual machine on a destination computing device in the computing network based on the received label values corresponding to the destination computing device and a location of the source computing device in the computing network. The method also includes imposing the constructed label stack on a packet destined to the destination virtual machine on the destination computing device.

Computing networks typically include routers, switches, bridges, or other network devices that interconnect a number of physical servers via wired or wireless network links. Each physical server can host one or more virtual machines or other types of virtualized components interconnected with one another via virtual networks. The virtual machines can exchange messages via the virtual networks in accordance with one or more network protocols supported by the physical network devices.

Source imposition of network routes in computing networks


A system for storage and delivery of a fuel additive to a fuel tank includes a reservoir in fluidic communication with a volumetric pump, through a tubular member such as a steel-braided hose. The pump is in further fluidic communication with the fuel return line of a vehicle, via another tubular member, such as a steel-braided hose. Valves disposed along the fluidic pathway prevent backflow of additive. The pump is electrically connected to and actuated by a timer, the timer calibrated to a rate of the pump to provide a predetermined amount of fuel additive necessary to treat an amount of fuel added to the fuel tank of the vehicle. A user interface with user-selectable, volumetric settings and control switches is electrically connected to the timer. A related method of adding a fuel additive to the fuel tank of a vehicle is also disclosed.

Modem engine technology, including diesel technology, is being held to increasingly strict emissions standards, as the Environmental Protection Agency (E.P.A.) introduces its Tier 2 regulations in an effort to curb automotive pollution. For example, new emissions standards set by the E.P.A. and scheduled to phase in from 2004 to 2009 require substantial reductions in emissions of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides and sulfur from diesel engines.
The E.P.A. has proposed a cap of 15 parts per million (ppm) of sulfur in diesel fuel beginning in 2006. Currently, the cap is set at 500 ppm. This has led to a new class of ultra-low-sulfur diesel (ULSD) fuels with levels of 50 ppm sulfur or less. ULSD fuel has been proposed as a technology enabler to pave the way for advanced, sulfur-intolerant exhaust emission control technologies; however, ULSD fuel is not without drawbacks.
First, ULSD fuel is produced through additional hydroprocessing and higher-severity hydrotreating of fuel. These processes reduce sulfur levels; however, in doing so, they adversely affect beneficial fuel properties. For example, the removal of sulfur- and hydrocarbon-based polar molecules during hydroprocessing may rob the fuel of the natural lubricity provided by these compounds. Low-lubricity fuels can result in premature wear and failure of fuel system components.
Additionally, severely hydrotreated fuels may be depleted of natural antioxidants that help prevent the fuel from forming gums and sludges. Furthermore, ULSD fuel can be more corrosive than conventional fuels.
Many chemical fuel additives have been developed to counteract the above-mentioned negative aspects of ULSD fuel. For example, a consumer may purchase fuel additive de-icers and depressants, as well as fuel additives designed to lubricate, clean, regulate viscosity and boost cetane levels. These additives may extend the life and enhance the performance of a diesel engine, and may further reduce emissions, thus aiding drivers in meeting increasingly stringent E.P.A. emission standards. However, for the average driver, conventional methods of including such fuel additives in a fuel tank are messy, inconvenient, time-consuming and potentially hazardous.
Currently, fuel additives are either introduced into bulk storage tanks from which fleet vehicles are fueled, or poured directly into vehicle fuel tanks from consumer-oriented packages (i.e., cans, bottles and the like). Most of the supplemental additives used in diesel fuel do not have a residual affect and must be supplied to each tank of fuel, especially chemicals such as flow improvers and deicers used in cold weather. Furthermore, fuel additives are commercially available in particular package sizes that are not necessarily the correct dose for each and every diesel vehicle.
Thus, the operator of a passenger or larger diesel vehicle that is not fueled from a bulk tank must often carry containers of fuel additive inside their vehicles and must treat every tank of fuel piped into the vehicle. Introducing a fuel additive into the fuel tank takes time, as the operator must locate the container of additive, calculate the amount of additive required for the vehicle in question, and then feed the additive into the tank. Furthermore, a funnel is usually required to feed fuel additives into a fuel tank. Both the funnel and the fuel additive containers can drip dangerous chemicals onto the hands, body or clothing of the vehicle's operator. Funnels and additive containers can also leak dangerous chemicals and fumes inside the vehicle. This causes problems even when the operator stores the additive containers in a trunk of the vehicle, as any leakage can damage other goods stored in the trunk. However, storing additives inside the vehicle may be particularly hazardous when the vehicle in question is an SUV or a van lacking a trunk or outside storage area. The operator of such a vehicle essentially rides with the chemicals and/or fumes in the passenger compartment, which may or may not be sufficiently ventilated to disperse chemical fumes into the outside air.
Hence, there remains a need for a fuel additive storage system that is contained outside of the passenger compartment, that is convenient to operate and that supplies an optimal amount of fuel additive in a proper dosage for a specific vehicle.

System and method for storage and delivery of a fuel additive to a fuel tank


A powered device interface constituted of: a first and second rectifier bridge, the outputs and returns thereof in electrical communication with each other; and a selection circuit; and a classification current circuit in electrical communication with the output and return of each of the first rectifier bridge and the second rectifier bridge, and further in electrical communication with a first and second input of the first rectifier bridge, wherein the classification current circuit is arranged, responsive to a classification voltage received at one of the first rectifier bridge and the second rectifier bridge, to: in the event that the classification voltage is received at the first rectifier bridge, output a first classification current exhibiting a first magnitude; and in the event that the classification voltage is received at the second rectifier bridge, output a second classification current exhibiting a second magnitude.

Power over Ethernet (PoE), in accordance with both IEEE 802.3af-2003, and IEEE 802.3at-2009, each published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference, defines delivery of power over a set of 2 twisted wire pairs without disturbing data communication. The aforementioned standards particularly provide for a power sourcing equipment (PSE) and a powered device (PD). IEEE 802.3af-2003 is referred to herein as the "af" standard and IEEE 802.3at-2009 is referred to herein as the "at" standard.
The "af" standard limits the amount of power provided over a set of 2 twisted wire pairs to a PD to 12.95 watts, and the "at" standard limits the amount of power provided over a set of 2 twisted wire pairs to a PD to 30 watts. If power is provided over 4 twisted wire pairs, which is not covered the above two standards, up to 60 watts of power can be provided to a PD.
In order to improve overall system power and load management, the "af" standard provides for PD classification to one of 4 potential classes. Each class exhibits a range of maximum power drawn by the PD. The "at" standard further provides for an additional class. Particularly, class 0 is defined as a default class in which no power requirement information is supplied by the PD and thus the PSE is required to provide up to 15.4 watts to the PD. For a class 1 PD, the PSE is required to supply power of up to 4 watts. For a class 2 PD, the PSE is required to supply power of up to 7 watts. For a class 3 PD, the PSE is required to supply power of up to 15.4 watts. For a class 4 PD, the PSE is required to supply power of up to 30 watts. As described above, the "at" standard allows for a maximum power supply of 30 watts over 2 twisted wire pairs and utilizing 4 twisted wire pairs thus allows supply of up to 60 watts of power. Unfortunately, only a single class is provided for all high powered devices with power requirements of 15.4-60 watts. Therefore, power and load management cannot be provided for high powered devices.
What is needed, and not supplied by the prior art, is a method of classification for high powered devices which is unambiguous, is compatible with prior art classification under the "af" and "at" standards, and conforms to both the PD and the PSE the characteristics of the coupled device.

Powered device interface classification apparatus and method


A method and apparatus in which water is magnetically treated to retard the growth of zebra mussels in water systems, thereby reducing the requirements and cost of water-system maintenance and the quantity of toxic chemical treatments released to the environment. The method includes removing a volume of water from a zebra mussel infested environment, magnetically treating the water, then returning the treated water back to the environment. The apparatus includes a permanent magnet of alternating polarity to form a magnetic field through which the water is treated.

The present invention generally relates to a method and apparatus for controlling or reducing the growth of zebra mussels.
The zebra mussel, Dreissena Polymorpha, is believed to have been introduced into the Great Lakes of North America in the mid 1980's. The zebra mussel is native to Europe and is thought to have been transported to the Great Lakes watershed in the fresh water ballast of a trans-oceanic ship.
Most transplanted species are rather benign and have little apparent effect on the ecology of the new host system. Some are even beneficial. However, in this case, the introduced zebra mussel, has had negative impacts on the environment and constructions of man. The zebra mussel can clog water intakes and distribution pipelines for industrial and water supply facilities while also increasing the corrosion potential of the pipelines. Further, the mussel may encrust hulls of ships and populate the interiors of watercraft engines.
Particular structures that have problems with zebra mussels infestations are water intake structures, such as drinking water, industrial and power generating plants. These facilities usually have submerged pipelines that bring water to the plant from a water source such as a lake or stream. Water intakes of small diameter, 60 to 180 centimeters, and great length (over several hundred meters) are particularly vulnerable to mussel infestation. Most water intakes are disposed within a crib designed to prevent large debris from being suctioned into the intake.
Normally, water flows through the crib and intake, to a shore side pumping station. Adult zebra mussels easily clog and close the gaps in the crib and decrease the volume of water drawn to the pumping station. Depending upon the depth of the crib, a secondary problem may be increased likelihood of icing about the crib due to the zebra mussel infestation since the relative water intake velocity is drastically increased (i.e. the frazil effect).
In the water intake itself, zebra mussels reduce the amount of water the pipe can carry while increasing the friction and turbulence of the flow by increasing the roughness of the pipe surface. With larger zebra mussel infestations, additional problems occur such as the fowling of filters and pumps as clusters of mussels break off from the pipe and travel downstream. Rotting flesh of dead zebra mussels present in the water intake may increase odor, taste and bacteria levels in the water.
Other structures commonly infested by zebra mussels are industrial and power generation cooling systems. A problem with heating and cooling systems, that magnifies the harm of zebra mussels, is of scale that normally forms on heat exchange surfaces. This scale creates an opportunity for the zebra mussels to settle and attach, particularly into the cracks and crevices in the scale. At times, the mussels cause quantities of scale to separate from the heat exchange surfaces, causing fouling and other problems downstream in the system.
Current methods of treating zebra mussel infestations include mechanical, chemical or non-chemical methods. Mechanical cleaning is the most conventional treatment for reducing zebra mussel numbers. Typical mechanical cleaning agents include filters to strain the mussels from the water or mechanical "pigs" or scrubbers to scrape mussels and other debris from the interior of the pipelines. Mechanical filtering of water is effective but at certain times in the zebra mussel life span, the mussels are able to pass through the filter and survive behind the filter. Mechanical filtration or scraping cause problems in that when the filters become clogged, additional service is needed to clean the filters while the industrial plants or water feed systems may need to be taken off line for such maintenance.
Another current treatment is that of chemical killing agents such as chlorine, ozone, and other oxidizing chemicals added to the infested waters. Chlorine has been used for years in Europe to control zebra mussel infestations. A major advantage offered by chemical treatments is that they can be engineered to protect the entire water system from the water intake to the end of the system. Other types of treatment include the use of a hot water bath (i.e. thermal treatment), electric shock, and ultraviolet light.
A number of problems have persisted with the previous chemical treatment methods. The most common chemicals, chlorine and ozone, have a disadvantage in that they are toxic materials to most lifeforms. Various government agencies are looking at new discharge limits to reduce or eliminate the release of these chemicals into the water supply and environment. Further, these toxic chemicals may kill off beneficial animals. Additionally, treatment costs are not constant because various uncontrollable environmental factors affect the toxicity of the chemicals, particularly water temperature, pH, dilution and organic or inorganic compounds present in the source of water, such as the reducing agents, S.sup.2- FE.sup.2+, MN.sup.2+ and NO.sup.2-. Thermal treatment, while effective, may be prohibited by new government regulations on thermal water release, while some facilities have no capacity to generate or backflush with the large quantities of hot water needed to kill zebra mussels.
The present invention is directed to overcoming the aforementioned problems associated with prior methods of zebra mussel growth control.

Growth regulation of zebra mussels through magnetic water treatment


An automated system is provided for classifying materials in remotely-sensed imagery based on automated construction of a dynamic classifier—namely, a classifier that is automatically trained on the same image to which it is then subsequently applied. A first automated process identifies high confidence exemplars of each class using tailored classification techniques. This data is then used to train a supervised classification model (e.g., discriminant analysis), and the resultant classifier is applied to other pixels in the image that are unclassified or uncertain. Dynamic classification is automatically customized to the current image and can yield a more accurate and efficient material classification versus a static (image-independent) or manually trained classifier. It can overcome various confounding factors including inconsistencies in radiometric calibration, atmospheric conditions, and atmospheric distortions of ground spectra; different viewing and illumination geometries; and regional variations in the composition of certain materials like asphalt and concrete.

The use of geospatial imagery (e.g., satellite imagery) has continued to increase. As such, high quality geospatial imagery has become increasingly valuable. For example, a variety of different entities (e.g., government entities, corporations, universities, individuals, or others) may utilize satellite imagery. As may be appreciated, the use of such satellite imagery may vary widely such that satellite images may be used for a variety of differing purposes.
Many entities utilize geospatial imagery in order to learn about regions on the Earth. For example, an entity may want to know about the presence or absence of materials in a specific region. However, due to the large number of images available and the large amount of data, it is often not practical for a human to manually review geospatial imagery. Therefore, systems have been developed to automate the detection of materials in images, including using machine learning to identify materials in images.
One problem with automating the identification of materials in images is that the composition of some materials may vary by region or change over time. This variance may be due to availability of raw materials in different regions, different geology of the local ingredients, different customs for manufacturing, different formulations (e.g., recipes) used in different regions, aging of materials, weathering of materials, and/or different atmospheric conditions in different regions. Another problem is that the image collection characteristics and subsequent image processing (atmospheric compensation) make the data unique. These variances have made it difficult to develop a reliable automated system to detect materials in images.
Other reasons making it difficult to develop automated systems for identifying materials include inconsistent atmospheric conditions, inconsistent upstream radiometric calibration, inconsistent upstream ability to remove atmospheric effects (particularly water vapor and aerosols), and different viewing geometry.

Automated process for dynamic material classification in remotely sensed imagery


A method and system for accessing a digital object in a Human-Cyber-Physical environment are provided. A P2P network is established based on a distributed hash table (DHT); a Kademlia algorithm is used to establish a forward routing table corresponding to each node; and an index binary tree is established according to a logical distance between each node in the forward routing table and a target node. In a process of transmitting a message from a node of a storage digital object to a root node, all nodes that the message passes establish backward routing tables for the digital object, so that in a data query stage, target data may be found from any node through the forward routing table and the backward routing table, and a data identifier of a data entity in the DHT-based P2P network from a storage location of the data identifier may be decoupled.

Digital Object Architecture (DOA) is a software architecture proposed by Professor Robert Elliot Kahn, the Turing Award winner and the father of the Internet, which is a digital object centric to solve the interoperability between information system resources in an open environment. The DOA abstracts a resource as a digital object and models it into three parts: description information, status information, and a data entity, so as to shield the heterogeneity of the resource. An interoperation with the resource is modeled into three steps: searching, resolving, and accessing, so as to reduce the complexity of the interoperation. Digital objects are essentially the data abstraction of resource entities. The resource entities in an Internet environment are mainly data resources such as files and database tables in the information system. The existing DOA implements an access service to data resources on the Internet.
The human-cyber-physical environment refers to a new environment in which boundaries between a human society, a physical world, and an information system are gradually blurred and integrated. Resources in the human-cyber-physical environment mainly represent humans and things. Using human-cyber-physical digital objects to abstract human-cyber-physical resources may shield the diverse and heterogeneous characteristics of human and thing entities.
Although a physical location of a cloud server in the Internet environment is not completely centralized, the cloud server may provide stable digital object access services in an information space due to its rich computing and network resources, so as to shield the scattering of the physical location. However, in the human-cyber-physical environment, the human and things are spatialized, which cannot be replicated, and their mobility is restricted by the real world. Data entities of humans and things are mostly generated, stored, and consumed in terminal devices, and the terminal devices are extremely scattered in physical and network spaces. How to access these digital objects in a scattered space is a problem urgently to be solved by the DOA in the human-cyber-physical environment.

Method and system for accessing digital object in human-cyber-physical environment


A pulsatile fluid pump apparatus includes an integral pump assembly employing a flexible diaphragm in a diaphragm assembly; a pulsatile fluid pump system including a control housing, for removably receiving the integral pump assembly, the control housing and the integral pump assembly being configured for operation, in a first mode, so that the pulsatile fluid pump system reciprocally actuates the diaphragm assembly to cause pumping automatically; and a manual driver assembly, wherein the integral pump assembly is configured, in a second mode, in the absence of actuation of the diaphragm assembly by the pulsatile fluid pump system, to removably receive the manual driver assembly to support manual actuation and operation of the diaphragm assembly.

A pulsatile fluid pump is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 7,850,593 ("our prior patent") for an invention of Douglas Vincent and Matthew Murphy; Douglas Vincent is a co-inventor of the present invention. Our prior patent discloses a pump actuated by a linear motor configured to cause reciprocation of a flexible membrane, serving as a wall of a fluid housing, that is in turn coupled to a pair of ball valves, in a manner as to implement pulsatile fluid flow.
The present application is related to four applications bearing U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 17/182,915, 17/182,893, 17/183,067, and 17/183,080, respectively. Each of these related applications is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

Manual driver assembly for a pulsatile fluid pump


A system and method for dispensing subcooled CO2 liquid includes a vacuum insulated bulk tank containing a supply of the liquid CO2. A pressure builder having an inlet in communication with a bottom portion of the bulk tank and an outlet in communication with a top portion of the bulk tank vaporizes liquid from the bulk tank and delivers the resulting gas to the top portion of the tank so as to pressurize it. A baffle is positioned within the bulk tank. Below the baffle, a refrigeration system is connected to the heat exchanger coil so that a refrigerant fluid is supplied to and received from the heat exchanger coil so that the liquid below the baffle is subcooled and the liquid above the baffle is stratified. A liquid fill line is in communication with the interior of the bulk tank via a fill line opening that is positioned above the baffle. A liquid feed line is in communication with a bottom portion of the interior of the bulk tank so that subcooled liquid may be dispensed.

It is well known that cryogenic liquids, or liquids having similar properties, have found great use in industrial refrigeration and freezing applications. For example, liquid carbon dioxide has found use as a commercial refrigerant due to its inert (does not react with plastic) and non-toxic nature and desirable range of refrigeration temperatures. It is typically stored at a pressure of 300 psig and a corresponding equilibrium temperature of approximately 0° F. and then, during dispensing, expanded at atmospheric pressure where it transforms into solid phase CO2 "snow" or dry ice and CO2 vapor. In addition to providing refrigeration, it may also be used in various processes to freeze food items such as hamburger patties or chicken nuggets and the like for shipping and/or storage.
When dispensing the liquid CO2 at pressures around 300 psig, it is known that lowering the temperature below 0° F., in other words, subcooling the liquid, produces a larger percentage of CO2 snow and a smaller percentage of CO2 vapor. As a result, a dispensing system derives higher efficiency by being able to deliver subcooled, high pressure CO2. The corresponding economic advantage increases as the temperature of the liquid CO2 decreases.
In recognition of the above, the system of U.S. Pat. No. 4,888,955 to Tyree, Jr. et al. was developed. The system of the Tyree '955 patent stores liquid CO2 in an insulated tank having a height greater than its internal diameter. A pressure of approximately 300 psig is maintained in the head space of the tank via condensation of vapor therein. Liquid CO2 is withdrawn from the upper portion of the tank and is subcooled outside of the tank by a heat exchanger of an external refrigeration system. The resulting subcooled CO2 liquid is returned to the bottom portion of the tank so that stratification of the CO2 in the tank occurs and a thermocline region is created within the bottom portion of the tank. Subcooled liquid CO2 may then be dispensed from the bottom of the tank due to the approximate 300 psig pressure within the top portion of the tank. The refrigeration system operates during "off hours" to replenish the thermocline region with subcooled CO2.
While the system of the Tyree '955 patent performs well, some food freezing applications do not permit off hours between refills of liquid CO2. It is therefore desirable to provide a system that can operate continuously between refills, and even during refills, of liquid CO2. Furthermore, the ability to reduce the migration of the chilled liquid from the bottom portion of the tank to the warmer liquid in the top portion of the tank, beyond the insulation provided by stratification, would allow the system to operate more efficiently. This would result in less liquid CO2 usage and a smaller compressor in the refrigeration system.

Bulk liquid cooling and pressurized dispensing system and method


A method and system for laser welding non-circular or non-concentric parts, such as catalytic converter components. The present invention provides a method (and corresponding system for carrying out the method), comprising: providing a part having sections to be welded together; rotating the part on a constant speed rotary; generating a laser beam; directing the laser beam onto a surface of the part to weld the sections of the part together; and controlling the laser beam such that an angle of incidence of the laser beam on the surface of the part remains constant, the laser beam remains in focus on the surface of the part, and the laser beam moves at a constant surface speed along the surface of the part as the part is rotated on the constant speed rotary.

The present invention is in the field of laser welding. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method and system for laser welding catalytic converter components or other automotive exhaust components. The present invention is also generally applicable for the laser welding of non-circular or non-concentric parts to produce consistent quality welds.
The catalytic converter, an exhaust emissions control device mandated on all cars built in the United States and many other countries, is generally designed in several common configurations. One example of a catalytic converter, referred to as a xe2x80x9cstuffedxe2x80x9d converter, comprises a cylindrical center shell that is fabricated of metal (e.g., stainless steel). The shell is filled with a layer of specialized insulation surrounding a filter medium of some type, frequently ceramic brick. A metal cap or xe2x80x9cconexe2x80x9d is positioned on each end of the shell and is held in place using a welding process. When a conventional welding process, such as metal inert gas (MIG) or tungsten inert gas (TIG) is used to create a fillet or a butt weld, the cones must be machined with very strict height tolerances, and must be positioned with great precision relative to the shell, to ensure proper alignment and fit with the shell. The MIG welding process also tends to generate a substantial amount of heat, which often causes significant material distortion of the cones and/or shell, and consequently, low quality welds. Unfortunately, this results in increased manufacturing and assembly costs, and decreased manufacturing throughput.
The present invention provides a method and system for laser welding non-circular or non-concentric parts, such as catalytic converter components.
Generally, the present invention provides a method (and corresponding system for carrying out the method), comprising:
providing a part having sections to be welded together;
rotating the part on a constant speed rotary;
generating a laser beam;
directing the laser beam onto a surface of the part to weld the sections of the part together; and
controlling the laser beam such that an angle of incidence of the laser beam on the surface of the part remains constant, the laser beam remains in focus on the surface of the part, and the laser beam moves at a constant surface speed along the surface of the part as the part is rotated on the constant speed rotary.


The present invention includes a voltage controlled oscillator circuit and a phase-locked loop device. The voltage controlled oscillator circuit comprises: a voltage-to-current conversion module, used for converting a control voltage of a voltage controlled oscillator into a control current as a linear function of the control voltage; and a current controlled oscillation module, used for outputting a low-amplitude oscillation signal based on the control current, so as to reduce power consumption. Further provided in the present invention is a phase-locked loop device comprising the voltage controlled oscillator circuit. According to the voltage controlled oscillator circuit, design parameters of low power consumption and high linearity may be achieved, thereby making a gain Kvco of the voltage controlled oscillator relatively stable, and it may be ensured that the voltage controlled oscillator and the phase-locked loop comprising the same have relatively excellent device performance.

A phase-locked loop has a frequency stabilization feature and generates a series of periodic accurate and stable frequency signals, which provide a stable clock frequency for other modules in a circuit system. Meanwhile, the phase-locked loop may correct a duty cycle of a clock signal, so as to eliminate a delay generated in the distribution of the clock to ensure synchronization and synchronicity of the clocks among different modules. It can be considered that a phase-locked loop as a clock circuit is an important component in a centralized integrated circuit system and has a wide variety of application scenes.
At present, the phase-locked loop integrated in a CMOS image sensor circuit mainly adopts the standard CMOS process. With continuous reduction of feature sizes, working frequencies of the phase-locked loop also reaches giga-hertz (GHz) level. Nowadays, major concerns in design indexes of designing the phase-locked loop include high speed, high integration level, wide adjustability range, low voltage, low power consumption, and low noise, etc. Common charge-pump-type phase-locked loops typically include a phase discriminator, a filter, a voltage controlled oscillator, and a frequency divider. The voltage controlled oscillator is used for generating an internal frequency that is compared with an external reference frequency, such that the voltage controlled oscillator is one of important components in the phase-locked loop. It is fair to say that a frequency range, a noise feature and a power consumption condition of the voltage controlled oscillator greatly affect the overall performance of the phase-locked loop. Therefore, the voltage controlled oscillator is particularly important in the design of a phase-locked loop circuit.
At the present time, a typical structure of an existing common voltage controlled oscillator is as shown in FIG. 1, the voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is circuit comprising fully differentiated ring oscillators, its three stages of identical delay units are connected end to end in a reverse phase manner, and the last stage is output through a shaping output module DTS. As shown in FIG. 1, for the first-stage delay unit, NM1 and NM2 are differential input pair transistors. PM2 and PM3 are of phase locked structures for accelerating an overturning speed and improving stability. Herein, PM1 serves as a resistor controlled by a control voltage VC, and PM4 and PM5 are also controlled by an external input voltage VC, such that a current and a load of the whole delay unit are controlled, and finally an oscillation frequency output by the voltage controlled oscillator is controlled. However, the voltage controlled oscillator structure in the prior art is high in power consumption and low in voltage to frequency linearity. Therefore, in the prior art, the performance of the voltage controlled oscillator is poor, and accordingly, the phase-locked loop with excellent performance may not be formed.
In view of this, a novel voltage controlled oscillator structure is expected to be developed for overcoming the defects that in the prior art, the voltage controlled oscillator is large in power consumption and low in voltage to frequency linearity, thereby providing the possibility of forming a phase-locked loop with low power consumption and high performance.

Voltage controlled oscillator structure and phase-locked loop

SHANGHAI HUALI MICROELECTRONICS CORPORATION


A glove base and glove are provided, which release moisture outside from the entire glove when the glove is configured only of a fiber glove base or when a coating is provided to a surface of the glove base. The glove base of the present invention is made of fibers and has a hand shape. Water-absorbing properties of a first fiber type exposed mainly to an inside surface of the glove base are higher than water-absorbing properties of a second fiber type exposed mainly to outside surface of the glove base. The first fiber type absorbs and moves moisture on a surface of a hand inside the glove base toward the second fiber type, and the second fiber type then moves the moisture from the first fiber type mainly in a surface direction of the glove base.

Various gloves are used in various scenes such as manufacturing work at factories, farm work, gardening, light work, construction work, and cooking work. A glove protects a hand of a worker and makes work efficient. There are gloves of a type obtained by weaving fibers, such as a work glove, and gloves of a type using rubber or resin for the purpose of providing airtightness and waterproofness.
The latter glove, configured of rubber or resin, is used when airtightness and waterproofness are top priorities. Such a glove configured only of a layer made of rubber, resin, or the like has high airtightness and waterproofness, but hardly absorbs moisture occurring on the surface of the hand in the glove. Thus, a user wearing the glove feels uncomfortable due to moisture feelings or the like on the hand in the glove. Such a glove configured only of a layer made of rubber, resin, or the like does not address wearing comfort, but rather is used when airtightness and waterproofness are required as the top priorities. For example, this type of glove is used for working in food factories, cooking work, fishery processing factories, and so forth.
On the other hand, there is a glove configured a fiber-made glove base. This glove base is used, as is, as a work glove, for example. Such a glove configured only of a fiber-made glove base is used when airtightness and waterproofness are not required as the top priorities. As a matter of course, since the type of glove is configured only of a fiber-made glove base, in addition to providing good wearing comfort, breathability is high, and moisture feelings can be reduced when the glove base is worn.
Also, there is also a glove with a coating provided to at least part of a surface of a fiber-made glove base. Since the glove base is fiber-made, the wearing comfort when worn is good. In the case of the glove configured only of a layer made of rubber or resin, this rubber or resin layer is in direct contact with the surface of the hand, and therefore, the wearing comfort is not good. By contrast, in a glove with a coating provided to the fiber-made glove base, the fiber-made glove base is in contact with the surface of the hand when used, and, therefore, the wearing comfort is good.
In this manner, to enhance operability with good wearing comfort, a glove with a coating provided to at least part of the surface of the fiber-made base is also used. The coating provided to the surface may have a function and structure to enhance gripping ability, or may have a function and structure to enhance waterproofness and airtightness. To achieve improvement of gripping ability and improvement of airtightness, waterproofness and other functions that cannot be achieved only by this fiber-made glove base, a coating is provided to at least part of the surface of the fiber-made base.
In this manner, the glove configured only of the fiber-made base is used when wearing comfort and use comfort are prioritized. In particular, when gripping ability, airtightness, waterproofness, and so forth, which are more than achievable by the fiber-made base, are not required, the glove made only with the fiber-made glove base is used.
Alternatively, when gripping ability, airtightness, waterproofness, and so forth, which are difficult to be achieved only by the fiber-made base, are desired to be achieved while maintaining the wearing and use comfort, a glove with a coating provided to at least part of the surface of the fiber-made glove base is used.
In this manner, among gloves of various structures, a glove with a basic fiber-made glove base is also used. In the glove with a basic fiber-made base, when worn on a hand, the glove covers the surface of the hand. Thus, even the glove with a basic fiber-made base has a problem in that moisture such as sweat on the surface of the hand causes an uncomfortable feeling (moisture feeling) when worn.
Several technologies for reducing uncomfortable feelings upon wearing this basic fiber-made base glove have been suggested (for example, refer to PTL 1, PTL 2, and PTL 3).


A method includes detecting, by a contact sensing layer, a position of one or more fingers of a mobile device user, the contact sensing layer is located in a back area of a mobile device and the one or more fingers of the mobile device user are in direct contact with the contact sensing layer, receiving the detected position of the one or more fingers, identifying a plurality of advanced features contained in at least one software application running on the mobile device, selecting a feedback type based on the plurality of advanced features, and sending the selected feedback type to an interactive layer of the mobile device causing the interactive layer to generate a notification which is detectable by the one or more fingers, the notification communicates at least one of the advanced features to the mobile device user.

The present invention generally relates to user-interface interaction using touch layers, and more particularly to sending a user a physical notification via a touch layer on a back area of a mobile device.
Touch-sensitive user interfaces, such as touch screens and touch pads, have become more and more prevalent among electronic device manufactures. Particularly, in mobile devices, touch-sensitive user interfaces may facilitate the device operation to the user. By implementing touch-sensitive user interfaces, direct access and interaction with menu functions may be provided to the user by simply touching or tapping them, thus reducing the need for on-screen indicators and hardware input devices.

Mobile application interaction guide via tactile feedback

International Business Machines Corporation


The air fuel ratio of an engine adapted to run on a mixture of alcohol and gasoline can be adapted by a method wherein the air fuel ratio is controlled using an ethanol adaptation value, including reducing the enrichment factor from an initial value until a lean switch from rich conditions to lean conditions is detected, determining a first enrichment factor value at which the lean switch occurs, increasing the enrichment factor until a rich switch from lean conditions to rich conditions is detected, determining a second enrichment factor value at which the rich switch occurs, calculating the average value between the first enrichment factor value and the second enrichment factor value, adjusting the air fuel ratio using the average value.

There is an increasing desire to find more environmentally friendly fuels for cars than pure gasoline. Among the alternatives considered are alcohols such as ethanol and methanol, and blends of gasoline and alcohol in varying proportions.
Flexible Fuel Vehicles are automobiles or light trucks that are able to operate on multiple fuel blends. The usable fuels include regular gasoline as well as several alternative fuels such as M-85 (85% Methanol & 15% gasoline), E-85 (85% Ethanol & 15% gasoline) or pure mixed alcohol.
To be able to operate on different fuel blends, flexible fuel vehicles comprise an engine control unit, which among other things, is arranged to run a fuel adaptation algorithm. This processor detects what fuel blend is being used and automatically adjusts the engine's ignition timing and air/fuel mixture ratios accordingly by means of the fuel adaptation algorithm. The engine control unit adjusts the engine's optimum performance for any ratio of gasoline to fuel alcohol.
After each refuelling event the new ethanol or methanol rate must be detected and the control unit must be adapted to the new rate. This adaptation must be fully performed in order to avoid engine breakdown caused by high temperature at high loads.
Lambda control is used to optimize the air fuel ratio provided to the engine. A lambda sensor monitors the oxygen differential between the exhaust pipe and the atmosphere. This value is used to adjust the air fuel ratio in order to get an optimal exhaust gas catalyst conversion efficiency.
The fuel adaptation algorithms known in the art can only be executed when the vehicle's lambda closed loop controller is active. The lambda closed loop controller can only be active in a part of the engine's operating range, which is limited both by engine speed and by load. Outside this area the fuelling of the engine must be accurately pre-controlled to avoid potential engine damage due to exceeded limits for the engine hardware and catalyst (exhaust gas over temperatures etc.). If a fuel adaptation has not been executed and the present ethanol rate has not yet been securely detected the speed and load has to be limited to where the lambda closed loop controller can be active. This leads to a considerable performance loss when the engine is working outside of this part of the working area. Such performance losses are experienced as highly unsatisfactory by the driver.

Method and apparatus for air fuel ratio adjustment


A container has flexible walls defining an interior. A mixer is arranged in the interior of the container and includes a mixer shaft with opposite first and second ends. A mixing element is mounted to the first end of the mixer shaft. The second end of the mixer shaft is fixed magnetically to a coupling piece disposed on the exterior of the flexible wall of the container. The coupling piece is connected operatively to a force introducing device that generates movement of the mixer.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a container having flexible walls, in the interior of which container there is arranged a mixer which has a mixing element arranged at a first end of a mixer shaft, it being possible for the mixer shaft with the mixing element to be set moving longitudinally by a drive arranged outside the interior of the container.
2. Description of the Related Art
Containers having flexible walls are increasingly used in particular as flexible disposable containers in pharmacology and biotechnology for liquids in production processes.
DE 10 2004 013 078 A1 discloses a container having flexible walls which is formed as a flexible disposable container and has a mixing device for liquids located in flexible disposable containers. In this case, a mixing element formed as a mixing plate is arranged in the interior of the container at one end of a mixer shaft, which is led through the container wall and, outside the interior of the container, is set moving longitudinally by a drive of a vibration mixer.
The disadvantage with this vibration mixer, which, in principle, has been tried and tested, is that the mixer shaft has to be led through the wall of the container in a sealed manner. To this end, a fixed, sealed connection must be produced between container wall and mixer shaft. This is relatively complicated and costly and can constitute a weak point during use. In addition, specific welding apparatuses and molds have to be created, which make fabrication more expensive.
Furthermore, US Publication 2005/024933 A1 discloses a similar mixing device. Here, too, the mixer shaft is led through the container wall of a flexible disposable container. The mixer shaft is then set moving longitudinally, electrically or pneumatically, by a drive arranged outside the interior of the container.
This container therefore has the same disadvantages as outlined above.
Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 6,491,422 B1 discloses a vibration mixer which likewise has a mixer plate whose mixer shaft has to be led through a container wall to a drive arranged outside the container. Here, too, there is the problem of sealing in the container wall.
Furthermore, WO 03/028869 A2 discloses a container or a bag which, in the interior of its container, has a mixer or stirrer rotating about an axis.
The disadvantage with this stirrer is that it is relatively complicated and is anchored to the container wall. Such known stirrers based on the principle of a magnetic stirrer additionally have the problem that they are relatively restricted in terms of the rotational speed and the volume to be mixed. Attempts are therefore being made to change to more economical and more effective vibration mixers having longitudinal oscillations.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a simple and economical effective mixer which does not have a sealing problem.

Container having flexible walls with connecting piece for mixer shaft and coupling piece for drive device fixed magnetically to opposite inner and outer surfaces of container wall


A walking assistance device having an ankle joint limited in a swingable range in a rolling direction, enabling a user to open his/her legs apart more easily. The walking assistance device includes a seating member 1, a pair of leg links 2 and 2 which support the seating member 1 from below, and a ground contact member 8 connected to each leg link 2 through an ankle joint 7. The ankle joint 7 has a coupling mechanism 100 which includes a joint shaft member 106 and a retaining portion which swingably retains the joint shaft member 106 in the rolling direction in a predetermined range φ. The joint shaft member 106 is inclined to an abduction side in the rolling direction from the middle position of the predetermined range φ in which the joint shaft member is swingable in the rolling direction when the walking assistance device is in an upright state.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a walking assistance device which assists a user in walking.
2. Description of the Related Art
Hitherto, as this type of walking assistance device, there has been known a walking assistance device which includes a seating member on which a user sits in a straddling manner and a pair of leg links supporting the seating member from below, wherein the leg links receive at least a part of the weight of the user through the seating member to reduce load acting on a leg or legs of the user, thereby assisting the user in walking (refer to, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-054616).
Further, there has been known another walking assistance device in which a ground contact member to be attached to each of the feet of the user is connected to each leg link through an ankle joint, which is formed of a spherical joint as a coupling mechanism limited in a swinging range in a rolling direction (refer to, for example, paragraph [0048] and FIG. 3 in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2007-54616).
If a coupling mechanism, which is limited in a swinging range, like a spherical joint is used for an ankle joint, the limitation in the swinging range may cause a difficulty in making a motion of opening his/her legs apart with the Leg links extended laterally.


A portable terminal and a method for managing videos in the portable terminal are provide increased efficiency in managing videos in the portable terminal. The portable terminal includes: a memory for storing at least one video and a preview thereof, a controller for playing back a preview of a video corresponding to a set preview section during a video search and, upon selection of a video, playing back the selected video; and a display unit for displaying, under control of the controller, the video preview and the video that are being played back. The method for managing videos in the portable terminal includes: displaying a list of at least one video preview on a first screen during a video search; playing back, on a second screen, a preview of a video corresponding to a set preview section; selecting the video corresponding to the video preview being played back; and playing back the selected video.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a portable terminal and a method for performing supplementary functions. More particularly, the present invention relates to a portable terminal capable of storing at least one video and a method for managing videos therein.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, as portable terminals have developed into multimedia devices offering a wide variety of services by incorporating various functions, their capabilities have advanced to the point of being able to store vast amounts of user data such as text, still images, video, and music, just to name a few items.
When a user searches for a desired video on a portable terminal, the portable terminal displays only a thumbnail image for the video that is typically created from a first frame of the video. Upon selection of a thumbnail image by the user, the portable terminal plays back the video.
However, it is inconvenient for a user of a portable terminal to search for a desired video by using only a thumbnail image for the video. First, when there are many videos to select from, a thumbnail may not adequately identify the video or permit a quick and easy identification. Furthermore, the user has to manually select a thumbnail image corresponding to a video to be played back, so as to find their desired video. This may decrease the efficiency in managing videos in a portable terminal.

Portable terminal and method for managing videos therein