The compound represented by the general formula (I):

The present invention relates to a novel, disc-like, sulfur-containing compound usable as functional materials such as light-emitting device materials, discotic liquid crystal materials, organic conductive materials (electrically conductive charge-transporting complexes, electrically conductive radical salts, etc.), organic ferromagnetic materials, etc., and a light-emitting device using the compound.
Organic conductive materials have been researched and developed actively in recent years because they are light in weight and excellent in corrosion resistance, etc. unlike metal materials such as gold, silver and copper, and electrically conductive metal oxide materials such as ITO. Known as high-conductive, organic materials are most of charge-transporting complexes and radical cation salts, which are derived from electron-donating compounds having a 1,3-dithiol ring with a typical example of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF), and various electron-accepting compounds or inorganic anions.
It is known that discotic liquid crystals can be used as charge-transporting materials in various devices. For example, Adam, et al. reported that triphenylene-based, discotic liquid crystalline phase exhibited mobility of 10xe2x88x923 to 10xe2x88x922 cm2/Vs (Nature, Vol. 371, Page 141). Also disclosed are examples of using the discotic liquid crystals for such devices as organic electroluminescence (EL) devices.
Organic ferromagnetic materials have been actively researched for use in place of metal magnets such as iron-based magnets, etc. Reported by Breslow, R. is that in a charge-transporting complex derived from a dication of donor molecule and a dianion of acceptor molecule, one molecule is stably in a triplet ground state with parallel spins to provide ferromagnetic interaction (Pure and Applied Chemistry, Vol. 54, page 927, 1982). According to the group theory, a molecule with symmetry of C3 or more or D2d has a degenerate molecular orbital and can be converted into the triplet ground state. Therefore, various high-symmetry molecules have been developed to synthesize ferromagnetic substances.
However, the organic conductive materials, the charge-transporting liquid crystals and the organic ferromagnetic materials mentioned above fail to show sufficient performance for industrial use.
Research and development are recently active worldwide to provide various light-emitting devices. Among others, organic electroluminescence (EL) devices are advantageous in that they are extremely thin, light in weight, rapid in response, wide in viewing angle, low in driving voltage, etc., thereby attracting much attention as a promising light-emitting device. Although various materials have been evaluated as components for the light-emitting devices to develop highly efficient devices with external quantum efficiency of more than 10%, they are still insufficient in durability and need a high driving voltage.
JP 11-111462 A discloses a light-emitting device comprising a compound with a dithiol ring, but it is different in structure from the compound of the present invention.
Accordingly, an object of the present invention is to provide a novel, disc-like, sulfur-containing compound having charge transportability and electron-donating properties.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a light-emitting device excellent in durability, which can be driven at a low driving voltage.
The compound according to the present invention has a chemical structure represented by the general formula (I):
wherein each of R1 to R12 and RA1 to RA6 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and adjacent groups of R1 to R12 and RA1 to RA6 may be bonded to each other to form a ring.
The compound of the present invention is preferably has a chemical structure represented by the general formula (II):
wherein each of R1 to R12 and RB1 to RB12 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent group.
The light-emitting device according to the present invention comprises a pair of electrodes and one or more organic layers comprising a light-emitting layer disposed therebetween, at least one of the organic layers comprising at least one compound represented by the general formula (I) or (II).
In the light-emitting device of the present invention, at least one of the organic layers is preferably a layer having at least one compound represented by the general formula (I) or (II) dispersed in a polymer.
Each of R1, R4, R5, R8, R9 and R12 is preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, more preferably a hydrogen atom. Each of R2, R3, R6, R7, R10 and R11 is preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkylthio group, an alkyloxy group, a cyano group, alkyloxy group or a halogen atom, more preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an alkylthio group. Each of RA1 to RA6 is preferably a hydrogen atom, alkyl group, alkyloxy group, alkylthio group, a cyano group or halogen atoms, more preferably a hydrogen atom, alkyl group or alkylthio group. Each of RB1 to RB12 is preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.
At least one organic layer in the light-emitting device preferably further comprises a polymer. The above at least one organic layer is preferably a hole-injecting layer or a hole-transporting layer.
The amount of the compound represented by the formula (I) or (II) in a hole-injecting layer or a hole-transporting layer is preferably from 10 to 100% by weight, more preferably from 50 to 100% by weight. The amount of the compound represented by the formula (I) or (II) in the other layers except a hole-injecting layer or a hole-transporting layer is preferably from 5 to 90% by weight, more preferably from 5 to 50% by weight.
[1] Sulfur-containing Compound
In the general formula (I), each of R1 to R12 and RA1 to RA6 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and may be the same or different. Examples of the substituent groups represented by R1 to R12 and RA1 to RA6 include halogen atoms, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, aryl groups, heterocyclic groups, a cyano group, a hydroxyl group, a nitro group, a carboxyl group, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, silyloxy groups, heterocyclic oxy groups, acyloxy groups, carbamoyloxy groups, alkoxycarbonyloxy groups, aryloxycarbonyloxy groups, an amino group, acylamino groups, aminocarbonylamino groups, alkoxycarbonylamino groups, aryloxycarbonylamino groups, sulfamoylamino groups, alkylsulfonylamino groups, arylsulfonylamino groups, mercapto groups, alkylthio groups, arylthio groups, heterocyclic thio groups, sulfamoyl groups, a sulfo group, alkylsulfinyl groups, arylsulfinyl groups, alkylsulfonyl groups, arylsulfonyl groups, acyl groups, aryloxycarbonyl groups, alkoxycarbonyl groups, a carbamoyl group, arylazo groups, heterocyclic azo groups, imide groups, a phosphino group, a phosphinyl group, a phosphinyloxy group, a phosphinylamino group and silyl groups. The adjacent groups of R1 to R12 and RA1 to RA6 may be bonded to each other to form a ring, if possible.
Each of R1, R4, R5, R8, R9 and R12 is preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group and particularly a hydrogen atom. The above alkyl group is a group preferably with 1 to 3 carbon atoms, more preferably with 1 or 2 carbon atoms, particularly a methyl group.
In a case where the compound represented by the general formula (I) is used as a liquid crystal material, preferred examples of R2, R3, R6, R7, R10 and R11 include alkyl groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 2 to 30, more preferably 2 to 20, which may be unsubstituted alkyl groups such as an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a heptyl group, an octyl group, a nonyl group, a decyl group, an undecyl group, a dodecyl group and an eicosyl group; or substituted alkyl groups such as a 4-methoxybutyl group and a 6-methoxyhexyl group; alkyloxy groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 2 to 30, more preferably 2 to 20, which may be unsubstituted alkyloxy groups such as an ethyloxy group, a propyloxy group, a butyloxy group, a pentyloxy group, a hexyloxy group, a heptyloxy group, an octyloxy group, a nonyloxy group, an undecyloxy group and a dodecyloxy group; or substituted alkyloxy groups such as a 4-methoxybutyloxy group and a 6-methoxyhexyloxy group; acyloxy groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 3 to 30, more preferably 3 to 20, which may be unsubstituted acyloxy groups such as an acetoxy group, a propionyloxy group, a butyryloxy group, a valeryloxy group, a hexanoyloxy group, a heptanoyloxy group, an octanoyloxy group, a nonanoyloxy group, an undecanoyloxy group and a dodecanoyloxy group; or substituted acyloxy groups such as a 4-methoxybutyryloxy group and a 6-methoxyhexanoyloxy group; alkoxycarbonyl groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 3 to 30, more preferably 3 to 20, which may be unsubstituted alkoxycarbonyl groups such as an ethoxycarbonyl group, a propyloxycarbonyl group, a butyloxycarbonyl group, a pentyloxycarbonyl group, a hexyloxycarbonyl group, a heptyloxycarbonyl group, an octyloxycarbonyl group, a nonyloxycarbonyl group, an undecyloxycarbonyl group and a dodecyloxycarbonyl group; or substituted alkoxycarbonyl groups such as a 4-methoxybutyloxycarbonyl group and a 6-methoxyhexyloxycarbonyl group; benzoyloxy groups; and cinnamoyloxy groups. Each of the benzoyloxy groups and the cinnamoyloxy groups may have, at a para position, a substituent group such as an alkyloxy group, an alkyl group, an alkoxycarbonyl group, an acyloxy group, a halogen atom, etc, preferably an alkyloxy group, which may be the same as the above-mentioned alkyloxy group of R2, R3, R6, R7, R10 and R11. Each of R2, R3, R6, R7, R10 and R11 is more preferably an alkyl group or an alkyloxy group, most preferably an alkyloxy group.
In a case where the compound represented by the general formula (I) is used for other applications than the liquid crystal material, preferred examples of R2, R3, R6, R7, R10 and R11 include a hydrogen atom; alkyl groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 1 to 30, more preferably 1 to 20, further preferably 1 to 10, particularly 1 to 5, such as a methyl group, an ethyl group and a propyl group; alkoxy groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 1 to 30, more preferably 1 to 20, further preferably 1 to 10, particularly 1 to 5, such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group and an ethylenedioxy group formed by R2 and R3, R6 and R7, or R10 and R11; alkylthio groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 1 to 30, more preferably 1 to 20, further preferably 1 to 10, particularly 1 to 5, such as a methylthio group, an ethylthio group, and a methylenedithio group, an ethylenedithio group and a propylenedithio group formed by R2 and R3, R6 and R7, or R10 and R11; aryl groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 6 to 30, more preferably 6 to 20, further preferably 6 to 10, such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group and an azulenyl group; heterocyclic groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 2 to 30, more preferably 3 to 20, further preferably 3 to 10, which may have such a heterocycle as a thiophene ring, a furan ring, a pyrrole ring, a selenophene ring, a tellurophene ring, a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, a pyrazole ring, an oxazole ring, a thiazole ring, an isoxazole ring, an isothiazole ring, an imidazole ring, a triazine ring, a pyrane ring, a piperazine ring, a pyrroline ring, a pyrrolidine ring, an imidazoline ring, an imidazolidine ring, a pyrazoline ring, a pyrazolidine ring, a furazan ring, a morpholine ring, an indole ring, an indoline ring, an indazole ring, a chromene ring, a chroman ring, an isochroman ring, a quinoline ring, an isoquinoline ring, a cinnoline ring, a phthalazine ring, a quinazoline ring, a quinoxaline ring, a naphthyridine ring, a purine ring, a pteridine ring, an indolizine ring, a carbazole ring, an acridine ring, a phenazine ring, a phenanthridine ring, a phenanthroline ring, a xanthene ring, a phenoxazine ring, a thianthrene ring and a quinuclidine ring, the heterocycle being preferably a thiophene ring, a furan ring, a pyrrole ring or a pyridine ring, more preferably a thiophene ring or a pyridine ring, particularly a thiophene ring; a cyano group; a mercapto group; a hydroxyl group; and halogen atoms such as a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom. Each of R2, R3, R6, R7, R10 and R11 is more preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkylthio group, an alkyloxy group, a cyano group or a halogen atom, further preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkylthio group or a halogen atom, most preferably a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an alkylthio group, particularly a hydrogen atom.
Preferred examples of RA1 to RA6 include a hydrogen atom; a benzene ring formed by RA1 and RA2, RA3 and RA4, or RA5 and RA6 with a dithiol ring; alkyl groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 1 to 30, more preferably 1 to 20, further preferably 1 to 10, particularly 1 to 5, such as a methyl group, an ethyl group and a propyl group; alkoxy groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 1 to 30, more preferably 1 to 20, further preferably 1 to 10, particularly 1 to 5, such as a methoxy group, an ethoxy group and an ethylenedioxy group formed by RA1 and RA2, RA3 and RA4, or RA5 and RA6; alkylthio groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 1 to 30, more preferably 1 to 20, further preferably 1 to 10, particularly 1 to 5, such as a methylthio group, an ethylthio group, and a methylenedithio group, an ethylenedithio group and a propylenedithio group formed by RA1 and RA2, RA3 and RA4, or RA5 and RA6; aryl groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 6 to 30, more preferably 6 to 20, further preferably 6 to 10, such as a phenyl group and a naphthyl group; heterocyclic groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 2 to 30, more preferably 3 to 20, further preferably 3 to 10, which may have such a heterocycle as a thiophene ring, a furan ring, a pyrrole ring, a selenophene ring, a tellurophene ring, a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, a pyrazine ring, a pyrazole ring, an oxazole ring, a thiazole ring, an isoxazole ring, an isothiazole ring, an imidazole ring, a triazine ring, a pyrane ring, a piperazine ring, a pyrroline ring, a pyrrolidine ring, an imidazoline ring, an imidazolidine ring, a pyrazoline ring, a pyrazolidine ring, a furazan ring, a morpholine ring, an indole ring, an indoline ring, an indazole ring, a chromene ring, a chroman ring, an isochroman ring, a quinoline ring, an isoquinoline ring, a cinnoline ring, a phthalazine ring, a quinazoline ring, a quinoxaline ring, a naphthyridine ring, a purine ring, a pteridine ring, an indolizine ring, a carbazole ring, an acridine ring, a phenazine ring, a phenanthridine ring, a phenanthroline ring, a xanthene ring, a phenoxazine ring, a thianthrene ring and a quinuclidine ring, the heterocycle being preferably a thiophene ring, a furan ring, a pyrrole ring or a pyridine ring, more preferably a thiophene ring or a pyridine ring, particularly a thiophene ring; a cyano group; a mercapto group; a hydroxyl group; halogen atoms such as a fluorine atom, a chlorine atom, a bromine atom and an iodine atom; a carboxyl group; and carbonyloxy groups, the number of carbon atoms thereof being preferably 2 to 30, more preferably 2 to 20, further preferably 2 to 10, such as a methoxycarbonyl group and an ethoxycarbonyl group. More preferred among them are a hydrogen atom, a benzene ring formed by RA1 and RA2 and RA4, or RA5 and RA6, alkyl groups, alkyloxy groups, alkylthio groups, a cyano group and halogen atoms. Furthermore preferred are a hydrogen atom, a benzene ring formed by RA1 and RA2 RA3 and RA4, or RA5 and RA6, alkyl groups and alkylthio groups.
Each of R1 to R12 and RA1 to RA6 may further have a substituent group, and examples thereof may be the same as those of R1 to R12 and RA1 to RA6. Each of R1 to R12 and RA1 to RA6 may have a ring structure, which may be condensed.
A preferred example of the compound of the present invention represented by the general formula (I) is represented by the general formula (II).
R1 to R12 in the general formula (II) are the same as those in the general formula (I). Each of RB1 to RB12 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, with examples the same as those of R1 to R12 and RA1 to RA6. Each of RB1 to RB12 is preferably a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group, particularly a hydrogen atom.
Specific examples of the compound of the present invention represented by the general formula (I) or (II) will be illustrated below without intention of restriction.
[2] Method for Synthesizing Sulfur-containing Compound
Though not particularly limited, the compound of the present invention represented by the general formula (I) or (II) is preferably synthesized by a coupling reaction between a truxene compound and a compound having a 1,3-dithiol ring skeleton because of easiness.
Preferred as the truxene compound is, for example, 1H-tribenzo[a,f,k]trindene-5,10-dihydro-5,10,15-trione having three carbonyl groups (truxenequinone). The truxene compound can be easily synthesized by such a method as self-condensation of indandione using a base (K. Jacob, et al., European Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2000, pp. 2047 to 2055), self-condensation of indandione using an acid (F. Sbrogio, et al, Synlett, 1994, pp. 761 to 762), etc. The temperature and time of the self-condensation reactions are not particularly limited and may be controlled according to the above references. The base may be added in amount of 1 to 2 equivalent to indandione, and the acid may be added in amount of 1 equivalent to large excess to indandione.
Preferred as the compound having a 1,3-dithiol ring skeleton are carbanions derived from phosphonium compounds represented by the general formula (III), carbanions derived from phosphonate compounds represented by the general formula (IV), and equivalents thereof. R31 and R32 in the general formula (III) and R41 and R42 in the general formula (IV) are the same as RA1 to RA6 in the general formula (I). Each of R33 in the general formula (III) and R43 in the general formula (IV) is not particularly limited but preferably an aryl group or an alkyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, more preferably a phenyl group, a methyl group, an ethyl group or a butyl group.
The carbanion or equivalent thereof derived from the compound of the general formula (III) or (IV) is subjected to the coupling reaction with the ketone. The coupling reaction is well known and disclosed in Ishikawa, Akiba and Inamoto, Tetrahedron Letters, 1976, No. 41, pp. 3695 to 3698, etc. For example, the carbanion may be prepared by the steps of dissolving the phosphonate compound of the general formula (IV) in tetrahydrofuran, cooling the resultant solution to xe2x88x9270xc2x0 C. or lower, and adding an n-butyl lithium hexane solution to the cooled solution dropwise.
Truxenequinone in a state of solid or solution of tetrahydrofuran, etc. may be added to the carbanion solution and gradually heated to room temperature. The resultant mixture may be extracted with chloroform, etc. and purified by recrystallization, to obtain the compound of the present invention represented by the general formula (I) or (II) with a high purity.
[3] Light-emitting Device
The production method of the organic layer in a light-emitting device comprising the compound of the present invention is not particularly limited, and may be selected from a resistance-heating vapor deposition method, an electron beam method, a sputtering method, a molecular-stacking method, a coating method, an inkjet-printing method, a printing method, a transferring method, an electrophotography method, etc. Preferred among them are a resistance-heating vapor deposition method and a coating method because of good properties of the resultant light-emitting device and simplicity in process.
When the compound of the present invention is used as a light-emitting material, it may be used in any of a hole-injecting layer, a hole-transporting layer, an electron-injecting layer, an electron-transporting layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole-blocking layer and an electron-blocking layer, though it is preferably used in a hole-injecting layer or a hole-transporting layer.
In the case of using the compound of the present invention in a hole-injecting layer or a hole-transporting layer, the amount of the compound is preferably 10 to 100% by weight, more preferably 50 to 100% by weight, most preferably 80 to 100% by weight, particularly 100% by weight, based on the total weight of the layer comprising the compound. In the case of using the compound in the other layers, amount of the compound is preferably 5 to 90% by weight, more preferably 5 to 50% by weight, most preferably 5 to 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the layer comprising the compound. In any case, the compound of the present invention is uniformly dispersed in a polymer when these layers contain a polymer described below.
The light-emitting device of the present invention comprises a light-emitting layer or a plurality of organic layers including the light-emitting layer between a pair of electrodes, a positive electrode and a negative electrode. The light-emitting device of the present invention may comprise a hole-injecting layer, a hole-transporting layer, an electron-injecting layer, an electron-transporting layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron-blocking layer, a protective layer, etc. in addition to the light-emitting layer. These layers may have other functions than their inherent functions.
(A) Electrodes
The positive electrode acts to supply holes to the hole-injecting layer, the hole-transporting layer, the light-emitting layer, etc. The positive electrode may be made of a metal, an alloy, a metal oxide, an electrically conductive compound, a mixture thereof, etc., and is preferably made of a material having a work function of 4.0 eV or more. Examples of the material for the positive electrode include electrically conductive metal oxides such as tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide and indium tin oxide (ITO); metals such as gold, silver, chromium and nickel; mixtures and laminates of the electrically conductive metal oxides and the metals; electrically conductive inorganic compounds such as copper iodide and copper sulfide; electrically conductive organic compounds such as polyaniline, polythiophene and polypyrrole; mixtures and laminates of the electrically conductive organic compounds and ITO; etc. Preferable among them are the electrically conductive metal oxides, particularly ITO from the viewpoints of productivity, electroconductivity, transparency, etc.
Although the thickness of the positive electrode may be appropriately determined depending on the material used therefor, it is preferably 10 nm to 5 xcexcm, more preferably 50 nm to 1 xcexcm, further preferably 100 nm to 500 nm.
The positive electrode is generally formed on a substrate made of a soda lime glass, a non-alkali glass, a transparent resin, etc. The glass substrate is preferably made of a non-alkali glass to reduce ion elution. In the case of using the soda lime glass, a barrier coating of silica, etc. is preferably formed thereon beforehand. The thickness of the substrate is not particularly limited as long as it has sufficient mechanical strength. In the case of the glass substrate, the thickness thereof is generally 0.2 mm or more, preferably 0.7 mm or more.
A method for forming the positive electrode may be selected depending on the material used therefor. For example, the positive electrode made of ITO may be formed by an electron beam method, a sputtering method, a resistance-heating vapor deposition method, an ion plating method, a chemical reaction method such as a sol-gel method, a spraying method, a dipping method, a thermal CVD method, a plasma CVD method, a coating method using an ITO dispersion, etc.
To lower the driving voltage or to increase the light-emitting efficiency of the light-emitting device, the positive electrode may be subjected to a washing treatment, etc. For example, a UV-ozone treatment and a plasma treatment are effective in the case of the positive electrode of ITO.
The negative electrode acts to supply electrons to the electron-injecting layer, the electron-transporting layer, the light-emitting layer, etc. The material for the negative electrode may be selected from metals, alloys, metal oxides, electrically conductive compounds, mixtures thereof, etc. depending on ionization potential, stability, adhesion to a layer adjacent to the negative electrode such as the light-emitting layer. Examples of materials for the negative electrode include alkali metals such as Li, Na, K and Cs, and fluorides thereof; alkaline earth metals such as Mg and Ca, and fluorides thereof; gold; silver; lead; aluminum; alloys and mixtures of sodium and potassium; alloys and mixtures of lithium and aluminum; alloys and mixtures of magnesium and silver; rare earth metals such as indium and ytterbium; mixtures thereof; etc. The negative electrode is preferably made of a material having a work function of 4.0 eV or less, more preferably made of aluminum, an alloy or a mixture of lithium and aluminum, or an alloy or a mixture of magnesium and silver. In the mixtures of two metals such as lithium and aluminum, the component metals are mixed with each other without forming an alloy.
Although the thickness of the negative electrode may be appropriately determined depending on the material used therefor, it is preferably 10 nm to 5 xcexcm, more preferably 50 nm to 1 xcexcm, further preferably 100 nm to 1 xcexcm.
The negative electrode may be formed by an electron beam method, a sputtering method, a resistance-heating vapor deposition method, a coating method, etc. A negative metal electrode may be formed by a metal deposition method, and a negative alloy electrode may be formed by simultaneously deposition of a plurality of metals or by deposition of an alloy.
The positive electrode and the negative electrode preferably have as low a sheet resistance as possible. Their sheet resistance is preferably a few hundred xcexa9/square or less.
(B) Light-emitting Layer
The light-emitting material for the light-emitting layer is not particularly limited as long as it has functions of receiving holes provided from the positive electrode, the hole-injecting layer, the hole-transporting layer, etc.; receiving electrons provided from the negative electrode, the electron-injecting layer, the electron-transporting layer, etc.; transporting charges; and emitting light by recombining holes and electrons when an electric field is applied to the light-emitting device. Examples of the light-emitting material include benzoxazole; benzoimidazole; benzothiazole; styrylbenzene; polyphenyl; diphenylbutadiene; tetraphenylbutadiene; naphthalimido; coumarin; perylene; perynone; oxadiazole; aldazine; pyralidine; cyclopentadiene; bis(styryl)anthracene; quinacridon; pyrrolopyridine; thiadiazolopyridine; styrylamine; aromatic dimethylidine compounds; 8-quinolinol derivative metal complexes; phenylpyridine derivative metal complexes; metal complexes such as organometallic complexes and rare-earth metal complexes; polymers such as polythiophene, polyphenylene and polyphenylenevinylene; the compound of the present invention; derivatives thereof; etc.
Though not particularly limited, the thickness of the light-emitting layer is preferably 1 nm to 5 xcexcm, more preferably 5 nm to 1 xcexcm, further preferably 10 nm to 500 nm.
Though not particularly limited, the light-emitting layer may be formed by a resistance-heating vapor deposition method; an electron beam method; a sputtering method; a molecular-stacking method; a coating method such as a spin-coating method, a casting method and a dip-coating method; an LB method; an ink-jet method; a printing method; a transferring method; an electrophotography method; etc. Preferable among them are the resistance-heating vapor deposition method and the coating method.
(C) Hole-injecting Layer and Hole-transporting Layer
The hole-injecting material and the hole-transporting material used for the hole-injecting layer and the hole-transporting layer are not particularly limited as long as they have a function of injecting holes provided from the positive electrode into the light-emitting layer, transporting holes, and/or blocking electrons provided from the negative electrode. Examples of the hole-injecting material and the hole-transporting material include the disc-like, sulfur-containing compounds of the present invention, carbazole, imidazole, triazole, oxazole, oxadiazole, polyarylalkanes, pyrazoline, pyrazolone, phenylenediamine, arylamines, amino-substituted chalcone, styrylanthracene, fluorenone, hydrazone, stilbene, silazane, aromatic tertiary amine compounds, styrylamine, aromatic dimethylidyne compounds, porphyrin compounds, polysilane compounds, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), aniline copolymers, electrically conductive polymers and oligomers such as oligothiophenes and polythiophenes, derivatives thereof, etc.
Although the thickness of each of the hole-injecting layer and the hole-transporting layer may be appropriately determined depending on the material used therefor, it is preferably 1 nm to 5 xcexcm, more preferably 5 nm to 1 xcexcm, further preferably 10 nm to 500 nm. Each of the hole-injecting layer and the hole-transporting layer may have a single-layer structure of one or more materials, or a multi-layer structure having a plurality of layers made of the same or different materials.
The hole-injecting layer and the hole-transporting layer may be formed by a vacuum deposition method; an LB method; an ink-jet method; a printing method; a transferring method; an electrophotography method; a coating method using a solution or dispersion containing the above material such as a spin-coating method, a casting method and a dip-coating method; etc. A resin may be added to a solution or a dispersion used in the coating method. Examples of the resins include poly(vinyl chloride), polycarbonates, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), polyesters, polysulfones, poly(phenylene oxide), polybutadiene, poly(N-vinylcarbazole), hydrocarbon resins, ketone resins, phenoxy resins, polyamides, ethyl celluloses, poly(vinyl acetate), ABS resins, polyurethanes, melamine resins, unsaturated polyester resins, alkyd resins, epoxy resins, silicone resins, etc.
(D) Electron-injecting Layer and Electron-transporting Layer
The electron-injecting material and the electron-transporting material used for the electron-injecting layer and the electron-transporting layer are not particularly limited as long as they have a function of injecting electrons provided from the negative electrode into the light-emitting layer, transporting the electrons, and/or blocking holes provided from the positive electrode. Examples of the electron-injecting material and the electron-transporting material include triazole; triazine; oxazole; oxadiazole; fluorenone; anthraquinodimethane; anthrone; diphenylquinone; thiopyran dioxide; carbodimide; fluorenylidenemethane; distyrylpyrazine; anhydrides derived from a tetracarboxylic acid having such an aromatic ring as a naphthalene ring and a perylene ring; phthalocyanine; metal complexes such as 8-quinolinol derivative metal complexes, metallophthalocyanines and metal complexes containing a benzoxazole ligand or a benzothiazole ligand; the compound of the present invention; derivatives thereof; etc.
Though not particularly limited, the thickness of each of the electron-injecting layer and the electron-transporting layer is preferably 1 nm to 5 xcexcm, more preferably 5 nm to 1 xcexcm, further preferably 10 nm to 500 nm. Each of the electron-injecting layer and the electron-transporting layer may have a single-layer structure of one or more materials, or a multi-layer structure having a plurality of layers made of the same or different materials.
The electron-injecting layer and the electron-transporting layer may be formed by a vacuum deposition method; an LB method; an ink-jet method; a printing method; a transferring method; an electrophotography method; a coating method using a solution or a dispersion containing the above material such as a spin-coating method, a casting method and a dip-coating method; etc. The solution and the dispersion used in the coating method may comprise the same resin as in the hole-injecting layer and the hole-transporting layer.
(E) Protective Layer
The material used for the protective layer is not particularly limited as long as it has a function of shielding the light-emitting device from the penetration of moisture, oxygen, etc. that deteriorates the device. Examples of such materials include metals such as In, Sn, Pb, Au, Cu, Ag, Al, Ti and Ni; metal oxides such as MgO, SiO, SiO2, Al2O3, GeO, NiO, CaO, BaO, Fe2O3, Y2O3 and TiO2; metal fluorides such as MgF2, LiF, AlF3 and CaF2; polyethylene; polypropylene; polymethyl methacrylate; polyimides; polyureas; polytetrafluoroethylene; polychlorotrifluoroethylene; polydichlorodifluoroethylene; copolymers of chlorotrifluoroethylene and dichlorodifluoroethylene; copolymers of tetrafluoroethylene and at least one comonomer; fluorine-containing copolymers having main chains with cyclic structures; moisture-absorbing materials having a water absorption of 1% or more; moisture-resistant materials having a water absorption of 0.1% or less; etc.
Though not particularly limited, the protective layer may be formed by a vacuum deposition method, a sputtering method, an activated sputtering method, a molecular beam epitaxy method (MBE method), a cluster ion beam method, an ion-plating method, a plasma polymerization method, a high-frequency excitation ion-plating method, a plasma CVD method, a laser CVD method, a thermal CVD method, a gas source CVD method, a coating method, an ink-jet method, a printing method, a transferring method, an electrophotography method, etc.
The present invention will be described in more detail below with reference to Examples without intention of restricting the scope of the present invention.

Sulfur-containing compound and light-emitting device using same

Abstract: wherein each of R1 to R12 and RA1 to RA6 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and adjacent groups of R1 to R11 and RA1 to RA6 may be bonded to each other to form a ring. The light-emitting device of the present invention comprises a pair of electrodes and one or more organic layers disposed therebetween, at least one of the organic layers comprising the above compound.


Halocarbons of the structure CF3CF2CH2X, wherein X is either F or Cl or mixtures thereof prepared by: contacting at least one 2-fluorochloropropane with hydrogen fluoride in a first fluorination step in the gas phase or liquid phase under substantially anhydrous conditions, in the absence of added catalyst to partially fluorinate said 2-fluorochloropropane; contacting said partially fluorinated 2-fluorochloropropane with at least the stoichiometric molar equivalent of hydrogen fluoride under substantially anhydrous conditions, in the presence of at least one fluorination catalyst in a second fluorination step; removing said reaction products from contact with said catalyst, and isolating a substantial yield of at least 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane or 1,1,1,2,2, penta-3-chloropropane, or mixtures thereof, respectively.

1. Field of the Disclosure
This disclosure relates in general to the preparation of halocarbons 3-chloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane (HCFC-235cb) and 1,1,1,2,2,3-hexafluoropropane (HFC-236cb), and azeotropic and near-azeotropic compositions comprising the fluorocarbons and hydrogen fluoride.
2. Description of the Related Art
The refrigeration industry has been working for the past few decades to find replacement refrigerants for the ozone depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) being phased out as a result of the Montreal Protocol. The solution for most refrigerant producers has been the commercialization of hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) refrigerants. HFCs, however, are now being regulated due to concerns related to global warming.
There is always a need for new and better processes for the preparation of halocarbons that may be useful as refrigerants or in other applications such as foam expansion agents, aerosol propellants, fire suppression or extinguishing agents, solvents, and sterilants to name a few.

Process for the manufacture fluorocarbons


Antimicrobial compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein R is selected from (A)(C.sub.1 to C.sub.20) straight or branched alkyl, optionally substituted with hydroxy, halogen, alkoxy, phenoxy, or --C(.dbd.O)R' wherein R' is selected from C.sub.1 -C.sub.20)alkyl, (C.sub.1 -C.sub.20)alkoxy, phenoxy, or NHR" wherein R" is (C.sub.1 -C.sub.6)alkyl or phenyl; (B) benzyl; (C) phenethyl; (D) cyanoethyl; (E) 2-cyanoethyl; (F) propargyl; and (G) allyl;. X=halogen (chlorine, bromine, or iodine), phosphate, acetate, benzoate, citrate, tartrate, alkyl- or aryl-sulfonate, alkylsulfate; and ##STR2## represents a 3-to 7-membered ring that contains at least one nitrogen atom optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from (C.sub.1 -C.sub.3)alkyl, halo, and carboxyl, said ring optionally containing one or two hetreoatoms in addition to said one nitrogen atom, selected from sulfur, oxygen, and a second nitrogen;. Processes for inhibiting microbial growth, and compositions suitable therefore are also disclosed.

A. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to novel quaternary ammonium antimicrobial compounds and their use.
B. Description of the Prior Art Quaternary ammonium compounds having the general formula (A): ##STR3## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are all substituted or unsubstituted carbon chains were disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,521,412 as having antifungal and antibacterial activity.
Tropium quaternary ammonium compounds having the general structure (B): ##STR4##
wherein X=chlorine were evaluated for hypotensive activity in J. Org. Chem., 24, 1607 (1959). No antimicrobial activity was mentioned in this paper.
The chloride salt and saccharinate salt of tropium (C) (i.e. X=saccharine) were mentioned in U.S. Pat. No. 4,521,412. ##STR5##
Cyclic quaternary ammonium compounds which do not contain an iodopropargyl group have been disclosed in J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap., 121, p.347 (1957), where piperazine mono-quaternary salts were shown to have activity against mouse pinworm.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,233,055 discloses substances of the following general structure (D) for inhibiting the growth of plants and for promoting the ripening and abscission of fruit. ##STR6##
R=alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl
Cyclic quaternary ammonium compounds have been claimed to be used as surface active agents, bactericides, biocides, algicides or fungicides, as exemplified by the following: ##STR7##
DD-278-268-A, Fungicides ##STR8##
U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,412 (1984), Fungicides ##STR9##
U.S. Pat. No. 3,506,666 (1970), For the control of algae, bacteria and fungi. ##STR10##
U.S. Pat. No. 2,971,006 (1961), claimed to be used as surface active agents, bactericides, biocides, and particularly as fungicities.
Japanese Patent 67-026603B discloses a method of producing 3-halo-2-propynylamines of the formula
(R.sub.1)(R.sub.2)N--CH.sub.2 CC--X
in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may be joined to form a saturated cyclic 6-membered piperidine or morpholine ring.

Preparation and the use of halopropargylated cyclic quaternary ammonium compounds as antimicrobial agents


A method and apparatus for improving efficiency and accuracy in event information exchange among users of navigation systems or other devices through wireless communication. The method includes the steps of: receiving information indicating an upcoming event, an event location, and participants thereof input by a user; checking a database storing data regarding types of event in response to the information input by the user to determine a type of the event; retrieving information regarding items required for the type of event determined and generating a template including a list of what items to bring by the participants of the event; and sending the template to the participants of the event through wireless communication.

A navigation system (global positioning system or GPS) performs travel guidance for enabling a user to easily and quickly reach the selected destination. A typical example is a vehicle navigation system where a vehicle is equipped with a navigation function to guide a driver to a destination through a calculated route. Such a navigation system detects the position of the user's vehicle, and reads out map data pertaining to an area at the current vehicle position from a data storage medium, for example, a CD-ROM (compact disc read-only memory), a DVD (digital versatile disc), or a hard disc. Typically, the navigation system displays a map image on a monitor screen while superimposing thereon a mark representing the current location of the user.
FIGS. 1A-1H show an example of overall procedure and screen display involved in the navigation system for route guidance to a destination. FIG. 1A shows an example of locator map screen of the navigation system when the destination is not specified. Typically, the navigation system displays a street on which the vehicle (current vehicle position VP) is running on a map image and a name of the street. Other information such as a north pointer NP, a map scale and a current time may also be illustrated on the display screen.
When a user selects to set a destination, the navigation system displays a "Find Destination by" screen as shown in FIG. 1B for specifying an input method for selecting the destination. When selecting, the "Point of Interest" method in FIG. 1B, the navigation system displays selection methods of point of interest (POI) either by "Place Name" or "Place Type" in FIG. 1C. If the "Place Type" is selected, the navigation system lists categories of POIs as shown in FIG. 1D.
FIG. 1E shows a screen when the user has selected a "Restaurant" category in FIG. 1D, which includes a list of names of POI type "Restaurant" typically sorted by distance from the current position. The user selects a desired destination, as shown in FIG. 1F and presses an "OK to Proceed" button for the navigation system to calculate an appropriate route to the destination. FIG. 1G shows an example of screen when the navigation system calculates and determines the route to the destination. After determining the route, the navigation system starts the route guidance to the destination as shown in FIG. 1H.
In the operation of the navigation system noted above, typically, the navigation system is able to calculate a route from a starting point to a destination and guide the user to the destination. In addition to such navigation function, the recent navigation system has other functionality, such as a communication capability, an audio player capability, an internet browser capability, etc. For example, with user of the wireless communication capability, the navigation system can receive and display the traffic condition with respect to the route to the destination.
In other words, the recent navigation system is able to provide not only the navigation function but also able to serve as a communication device, a man-machine interface, etc. Therefore, it is desirable to extend usability and functionality of the navigation system by making use of the ability of the navigation system. It is desirable to increase application of the navigation systems by exchanging information among a plurality of users through the wireless communicate function of the navigation system.

Method and apparatus for improving efficiency in event information exchange among parties of event


The invention describes a welding device (1) or a current source (2), with a control system (4), preferably comprising a microprocessor controller with a memory unit, a power component (3), in particular a current-inverting source, and additional components such as a welding torch (10), a wire feed device (11), etc., which are connected to the welding device (1) or the current source (2) via appropriate interfaces. An add-on module (27) is connected to the control system (4) or to the current source (2) for identifying a person by means of biometric physical characteristics such as an electronic fingerprint, voice recognition, iris recognition, recognition of a facial shape, recognition of writing, etc. or alternatively a transponder code via a transponder system.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method of setting up authorisations and allocating personalised welding settings.
2. Description of Related Art
Welding devices or current sources are known in which an access and anti-theft security system is operated in conjunction with key-operated switches or by entering pin codes.
The disadvantage of these systems is that it is necessary to issue and administer various numbers of keys to use a key-operated switch. It is also necessary to provide a secure place in which to store the keys. If a key is lost, a replacement has to be ordered and there will be a considerable period during which the user is generally required to use the welding device with another key, which means that he is unable to use his personal welding settings. Another major disadvantage is the fact that only one type of key is available, which means that it is not possible to issue authorisations to user groups.
On the other hand, the disadvantage of using a welding device which operates by entering a pin code, in other words a password, is that an input and/or output device is required for entry purposes and this feature is not provided on all welding devices or current sources, especially those in which the input and/or output device is an add-on component. Another major disadvantage resides in the fact that the passwords must not be forgotten because access will have to be given to primary systems or higher-ranking persons in the event of an emergency situation.
Several devices are known from Document D1 — U.S. Pat. No. 5,559,504 A — in particular for a telephone, a computer, an identity card, chip card or magnetic card, a car or a motor bicycle, which have an add-on module for identifying persons on the basis of biometric physical characteristics by means of a fingerprint sensor, whereby a validly identified person is permitted use of the device.
Document D2 — U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,210 A — discloses a soldering device with an add-on module for identifying a user by means of a card for recognising an identification element. In this instance, the user must insert a card in an integrated card reader in order to be able to switch on the soldering device and if the card code of the user is correct, the temperature of the soldering device can be changed.
Document D3— FR 2 711 871 — discloses a standard configuration of a welding device, whereby the welding device has a control system, preferably comprising a microprocessor controller with a memory unit, a power component, in particular a current-inverting source, and additional components such as a welding torch, a wire feed device, which are connected to the welding device or the current source by appropriate interfaces.
The underlying objective of the invention is to propose a welding device or a current source with a method of setting authorisations and allocating personalised welding settings, which provides reliable protection against theft and/or enables personalised welding settings to be allocated independently of any mechanical components or the mental recollection of an individual.

Assessing and/or determining of user authorizations using a transponder, a finger print recognition routine or the like


A method for preconfiguring an appliance having a configuration memory configured to have information written to it when the appliance is in a deactivated state, wherein the appliance is configured to make contact with at least one further appliance during operation, includes capturing a data record from the appliance, wherein the data record contains at least identification data from the appliance. The method further includes determining a piece of configuration information from the appliance by using the data record and at least one data record from the at least one further appliance, and writing the configuration information to the configuration memory of the appliance in order to preconfigure the appliance.

The present disclosure relates to a method for preconfiguring an appliance and to a method for starting up the appliance, to an appropriate controller, to an appropriate computer program product and to a configuration memory and an appliance.
In a conventional system comprising a plurality of appliances which are capable of communication among one another, the start of the communication, for example the initial startup, requires an alignment of identifying data. To some extent, it is also necessary for the data to be input manually into the appliances in order to allow the communication. By way of example, WO 2003 056 746 A1 describes how a connection between a first and a second appliance is initialized. The first and second appliances are paired directly with one another in a pairing method. This involves the production of a connection key which allows the interchange of messages between the two appliances.

Method for preconfiguring an appliance, and method for starting up the appliance


Example methods, apparatus, systems, and articles of manufacture are disclosed to estimate population reach for different unions based on marginal ratings. An example method includes performing first parallel computations to determine first multipliers corresponding to a total number of panelists exposed to media at (a) a first margin of time, (b) a second margin of time, and (c) a union corresponding to the first and second margins of time, keeping a subset of the first multipliers corresponding to unknown census data; performing second parallel computation to determine second multipliers corresponding to a total audience exposed to the media at the first margin of time and the second margin of time, the second parallel computations to be performed by solving second equations corresponding to a tree association; and determining an estimate for a population reach of the union based on the second multipliers.

Determining a size and demographics of an audience of a media presentation helps media providers and distributors schedule programming and determine a price for advertising presented during the programming. In addition, accurate estimates of audience demographics enable advertisers to target advertisements to certain types and sizes of audiences. To collect these demographics, an audience measurement entity enlists a group of media consumers (often called panelists) to cooperate in an audience measurement study (often called a panel) for a predefined length of time. In some examples, the audience measurement entity obtains (e.g., directly, or indirectly from a media service provider) return path data (e.g., census data representative of a population of users) from media presentation devices (e.g., set-top boxes) that identifies tuning data from the media presentation device. In such examples, because the return path data may not be associated with a known panelist, the audience measurement entity models and/or assigns viewers to represent the return path data. Additionally, the media consumption habits and demographic data associated with the enlisted media consumers are collected and used to statistically determine the size and demographics of the entire audience of the media presentation. In some examples, this collected data (e.g., data collected via measurement devices) may be supplemented with survey information, for example, recorded manually by the presentation audience members.
In general, the same reference numbers will be used throughout the drawing(s) and accompanying written description to refer to the same or like parts.
Descriptors "first," "second," "third," etc. are used herein when identifying multiple elements or components which may be referred to separately. Unless otherwise specified or understood based on their context of use, such descriptors are not intended to impute any meaning of priority, physical order or arrangement in a list, or ordering in time but are merely used as labels for referring to multiple elements or components separately for ease of understanding the disclosed examples. In some examples, the descriptor "first" may be used to refer to an element in the detailed description, while the same element may be referred to in a claim with a different descriptor such as "second" or "third." In such instances, it should be understood that such descriptors are used merely for ease of referencing multiple elements or components.

Methods and apparatus to estimate population reach from different marginal rating unions


According to the invention, prior to or during an intermediate compression around the upper dead center of a piston of an internal combustion engine during a change in charge a predetermined first fuel mixture is metered into the combustion chamber of the respective cylinder. During the intermediate compression, measured values of pressure in the combustion chamber are measured in a predetermined first crankshaft angle window using cylinder pressure sensor. A measurement for a conversion rate of the first fuel mixture is determined based on the detected measured values of the pressure and reference values of the pressure, which characterize the corresponding pressure curve in the combustion chamber when no fuel is metered. A control signal for at least one actuator of the internal combustion engine is determined based on the conversion rate.

Rising energy costs and the tightening up of legal provisions relating to permissible fuel consumption or permissible pollutant emissions from motor vehicles, in which internal combustion engines are disposed, mean that it is necessary to take steps on the one hand to reduce the fuel consumption of internal combustion engines and on the other hand to ensure that the pollutant emissions discharged by the motor vehicle are kept low. In this context it is known that internal combustion engines, in particular those operated using gasoline, can be operated at certain operating points using a self-igniting method, also referred to as a homogeneous charge compression ignition, compressed auto ignition or spatial ignition method. With this self-igniting combustion method, the automatic ignition and therefore the combustion pattern are controlled by way of the reactive energy quantity in the cylinder of the internal combustion engine. This energy quantity can for example be provided by means of a very high residual gas level compared with gasoline engine operation with conventional ignition. It is also known for gasoline engines with conventional ignition that the internal combustion engine can be operated with a high exhaust gas recirculation rate in the lower and middle partial load range, to optimize combustion in respect of the consumption and emissions quality criteria.
DE 199 007 38 C1 discloses a method for determining a combustion chamber pressure pattern in an internal combustion engine. With said method an estimated value of a cylinder pressure is estimated as a function of a previous measured value of the cylinder pressure, a cylinder volume assigned thereto and a cylinder volume assigned to the estimated value of the cylinder pressure and a polytropic exponent by means of the polytropic equation. The polytropic exponent is predefined as a function of a cooling water temperature.

Method and device for controlling an internal combustion engine


Methods and apparatus efficiently encode multimedia data, such as live video streams. An encoding complexity of a predetermined time interval, such as 1 second, is estimated before the actual encoding that will be used. This permits the actual encoding to be performed with an a priori estimate of complexity, permitting the bits allocated for the predetermined time interval (bit rate) to be efficiently allocated within the predetermined time interval. Moreover, the estimated complexity can be provided to a device, such as a multiplexer, which can then allocate the available bandwidth for a collection of multiplexed video channels according to the encoding complexity anticipated for those video channels, which then permits the quality of a particular channel to remain relatively constant even when the bandwidth for the collection of multiplexed video channels is relatively constant.

1. Field
The present invention relates generally to digital video, and more specifically to video compression.
2. Background
Due to the explosive growth and great success of the Internet and wireless communication, as well as increasing demand for multimedia services, streaming media over the Internet and mobile/wireless channels has drawn tremendous attention. In heterogeneous Internet Protocol (IP) networks, video is provided by a server and can be streamed by one or more clients. Wired connections include dial-up, integrated services digital network (ISDN), cable, digital subscriber line protocols (collectively referred to as XDSL), fiber, local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN) and others. The transmission mode can be either uni-cast or multi-cast.
Similar to the heterogeneous IP network is mobile/wireless communication. Transport of multimedia content over mobile/wireless channels is very challenging because these channels are often severely impaired due to multi-path fading, shadowing, inter-symbol interference, and noise disturbances. Some other reasons such as mobility and competing traffic also cause bandwidth variations and loss. The channel noise and the number of users being served determine the time-varying property of channel environments.
Digital video is typically compressed for efficient storage and/or transmission. Many standards of video compression exist.
One problem common to video compression is a compromise between bandwidth (bits per second) and visual quality. Various measures, such as peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), can be used to assess visual quality. It will be understood that with a constant frame rate, the bits used for encoding frames of video will be directly proportional to the bit rate or bandwidth for the video, and that these terms (bits and bandwidth), while technically are not the same, are often used interchangeably in the art and the correct interpretation can be determined from context.
The bandwidth needed for relatively good visual quality will vary with the complexity of the video being encoded. For example, a relatively static shot, such as a shot of a newscaster, can be encoded at relatively high visual quality with relatively low bandwidth. By contrast, a relatively dynamic shot, such as a shot panning athletes in a sporting event, can consume a relatively large amount of bandwidth for the same visual quality.
To achieve a relatively constant quality, it is desirable to use a technique known as variable bit rate (VBR) to vary the number of bits available to encode the frames. However, these VBR techniques are generally not applicable in the context of transmitted video content. Digital video content can be transmitted via a variety of mediums, such as via optical networks, wired networks, wireless networks, satellites, and the like. When broadcasting, these communication mediums are typically band limited. Accordingly, constant bit rate (CBR) techniques are typically found in the transmission or broadcast environment.
A problem with the use of constant bit rate (CBR) techniques is that the visual quality will vary according to the complexity of the video being encoded. When a shot is relatively static, such as a shot of a broadcaster, then more bits than needed for a given quality level will be consumed or "wasted." When a shot is relatively dynamic, such as in sports, then the quality can suffer with CBR. When the visual quality is compromised, visual artifacts can become apparent and can be observed as for example, "blockiness."
There is therefore a need in the art for encoding techniques which can combine the favorable attributes of relatively constant bit rate for the transmission medium, and relatively constant visual quality for the viewer's enjoyment.

Quasi-constant-quality rate control with look-ahead


A Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)-based apparatus including an SNMP manager to monitor network hardware devices and define object identifiers (OIDs); a Simple SOA Performance Monitor (SSPM) manager to augment the OIDs with service-specific object identifiers to monitor services; and an SSPM agent associated with at least one service to collect details pertaining to the service, the details of the service being provided to the SSPM manager which in turn provides the details of the service to the SNMP manager. The SNMP-based apparatus may be implemented by at least one computing device. Also disclosed is a method of monitoring services and a computer program product.

The present exemplary embodiments are related to monitoring of services and, more particularly, are related to monitoring of services in a service oriented architecture environment.
Network equipment (hardware devices) may be traditionally monitored by Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP). SNMP monitoring may include an SNMP agent and an SNMP manager. The SNMP agent runs in the network elements. Data describing the network equipment, such as number of packets received in a particular link, is collected in a virtual data base called a Management Information Base (MIB). The SNMP manager polls the SNMP agents and collects the data in its data base.
Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a set of principles and methodologies for designing and developing software in the form of interoperable services. These services are well-defined business functionalities that are built as software components (discrete pieces of code and/or data structures) that can be reused for different purposes.
Various proposals have been offered to monitor SOA-based services but these tend to be event-based monitoring methods which require new standards to implement.

SNMP-based management of service oriented architecture environments

International Business Machines Corporation


A striker plate assembly and security hinge system for use between a door and a door casing is provided, comprising a striker plate having a face plate and a housing adapted to receive an extendible member from the door, and a reinforcing member comprising a first flange having an opening adapted to matably and interlockingly engage said housing of the striker plate, and a second flange having a first hole pattern. The system also includes at least two security hinge assemblies connected between the door, the door casing and the interior wall structure, wherein each security hinge assembly comprises first and second hinging plates operatively connected by a pin, wherein the first hinging plate is attached to the door and includes a backstop plate, and wherein the second hinging plate includes an anchoring plate attached to the interior wall structure. Optionally, a routing guide may be employed which assists in the formation of a slot for the security hinges through the door casing.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to door security hardware systems that will prevent the door casing from failure in the event of an attempted forced entry, and more particularly to such systems which form a rigid and interlocking relationship in combination with an interior wall structure.
II. Background and Prior Art
As is well known in the art, conventional door assemblies are comprised of a hinged door residing within a casing nailed to an interior wall structure. The door latch engages a striker plate which is typically attached to the casing by a pair of screws. If a dead bolt lock is also employed, the bolt engages its own striker plate attached to the casing in a similar manner as the door latch striker plate. In most conventional door assemblies, the casing is about ¾ inch thick, which means that the thin metal striker plate or the casing itself may not be sufficient to withstand an attempted forced entry.
Numerous designs have been proposed over the years which are directed to improving the strength of conventional door assemblies. One disadvantage to many of the designs is that they are intended for installation with original construction, i.e. when the home is being built, because the alternative hardware is easier to install when the interior wall structure is exposed. Another disadvantage is that many security hardware systems are bulky and unsuitable for home use where traditional trim molding and other decorative features are desired by the homeowner. A third disadvantage is that such security hardware may be difficult to install for the typical "do it yourself" homeowner.
In my prior invention, described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,570,917, a security system was provided which employed an elongated rod member extending from the striker plate into the wall studs. A reinforcing plate was attached to the wall studs across the door casing to further fortify the assembly against a forced entry attempt. Since forced entry may also result from failure on the hinge side of the door, a reinforcing hinge plate was also provided. Rather than attaching the hinge plate directly to the casing, a reinforcing flange was employed to mount directly to the interior side of the wall studs.
Despite the advantages and success of that design, that system was not designed with the average homeowner in mind. Therefore, there is a need for a door security system which remains inexpensive, easy to install, and no less effective in withstanding the sudden and intense impact of a forced entry attempt.

Home security hinge and striker plate system


The apparatus to put the process of the invention into practice comprises a silo 1 to dispense fat (oil), a duct 2 to feed in lime and optionally inert additives, a mixer 3 provided with a stirrer, at least a charging pot 4, a pocket vessel 5, a hopper provided with a distribution blade 6, a conveyor belt 7 continuously operating internally of the baking furnace, a baking furnace 8, a grid-type conveyor belt 9, a first crusher 10 and a mill 11. The powder lubricant obtained by said continuous process also has the advantage of exhibiting a better morphological appearance, more hardness and improved adhesion to the substrate to be lubricated.

The present invention pertains to a process for continuously preparing powder lubricants to use in dry wiredrawing and/or in cold metal rolling, the apparatus to put the process into practice, and the powder lubricants thus obtained.
By wiredrawing it is generally meant a process in which a material being worked is cold deformed without removal of chips by pulling it through special matrices called dies so as to reduce its section up to the desired diameter or profile the section thereof according to the desired shapes.
Cold rolling is instead a process by which a material being worked is cold deformed without removal of chips by means of special rotating rolls. Obviously the friction of the wire through the die or rolls is in both cases very strong.
In order to eliminate or reduce said friction it is necessary to resort to lubrication, which consists in interposing substances which may be greasy, solid or liquid and are exactly called lubricants, between the sliding surfaces.
Currently, powder lubricants are increasingly used in the field of dry wiredrawing and/or cold rolling. They generally consist of metal salts of fatty acids added with inert mineral charges and additives.
The first wide-spread procedure to prepare powder lubricants consisted in mixing the components in a mixer until a homogeneous mass was achieved, then the product was distributed into appropriate tray-like containers and finally said containers were disposed in a furnace in which baking took place. The finished product thus obtained was then ground and brought to the desired granulometry.
It is clear that such a procedure needed very long working times, gave a reduced yield and involved an important waste of man-power and energy while offering insufficient security to the persons attending to the apparatus.
A further method of production substantially quicker and less hard than the preceding one, provides the use of a bladed mixer, heated to a temperature of 100.degree. to 300.degree. C., in which components are simultaneously mixed and baked during a period of time ranging between 60 and 90 minutes.
The mixture is afterwards taken out and then ground.
Although the last mentioned method is better than the preceding one, it suffers the disadvantage that at the end of the mixing and baking operations the production cycle must be interrupted to allow the discharging of the baked product and the charging of raw materials necessary for the next working cycle.

Continuous process for preparing powder lubricants to use in dry wiredrawing and/or in cold metal rolling


There is provided an acceleration sensor with low noise and high sensitivity. Specifically, a first number of opening portions are formed in a region corresponding to a heavyweight section of a mass body, on a surface of a membrane layer, and a second number of opening portions are formed in a region corresponding to the heavyweight section of the mass body, on a back surface of the membrane layer. The opening portion and the opening portion are connected to each other to form a plurality of through portions on the membrane layer, and the first number is larger than the second number.

JP-A-2012-88120 (PTL 1) describes a technique of reducing the mass of a lightweight section, by providing a concave portion in the lightweight section, in a physical quantity sensor of a seesaw structure including a heavyweight section and the lightweight section.
JP-A-2013-140148 (PTL 2) describes an acceleration sensor having a seesaw structure including a heavyweight section and a lightweight section, and a technique of reducing the mass of the lightweight section by providing an offset (step) in the lightweight section.


A WDM optical transmission system of the invention has a configuration where WDM light generated at a wavelength multiplexing station is transmitted via a plurality of stations such as optical add-drop stations, arranged on an optical transmission line, and control of the power of the optical signals of respective wavelengths included in the WDM light is performed in the wavelength multiplexing station and the optical add-drop stations. A device is provided which communicates between stations, optical signals including information related to the control state of the optical signal power in each station, so that after control of the optical signal power at an upstream station is complete, control of the optical signal power at the downstream station is executed. As a result, stable control in respective stations can be performed even at the time of increasing or decreasing the number of wavelengths.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical transmission system having a function for controlling the optical signal power of each wavelength included in WDM light, and more specifically, relates to a technique for stabilizing control of the optical signal power for a WDM optical transmission system in which an optical add-drop station and an optical cross-connect station are arranged on an optical transmission line.
(2) Related Art
In the basic configuration of a conventional WDM optical transmission system, as shown for example in FIG. 12, a point-to-point configuration is generally used, in which optical signals of wavelengths λ1 to λ3 from transmitters (E/O) 101 are multiplexed by a wavelength multiplexing (MUX) station 102 to transmit the WDM light to an optical transmission line 103, and the WDM light is repeatedly transmitted, while being amplified by a repeating and amplifying station (REP) 104 arranged on the optical transmission line 103. The WDM light is then demultiplexed into optical signals of respective wavelengths by a wavelength demultiplexing (DEMUX) station 105, and received by optical receivers (O/E) 106 corresponding to each wavelength.
In this conventional configuration, variable optical attenuators (VOA) 102A are provided, which perform level adjustment for each wavelength, so that the wavelength optical powers of the multiplexed WDM light become uniform with respect to the wavelength multiplexing station 102. At the time of increasing or decreasing the number of wavelengths, the attenuation by the respective variable optical attenuators 102A is adjusted so as to control the power of optical signals of the respective wavelengths. A multiplexer 102B in the wavelength multiplexing station 102 is for multiplexing the optical signals output from the respective variable optical attenuators 102A to generate the WDM light. An optical amplifier 102C is for amplifying the WDM light output from the multiplexer 102B to a necessary level. A level adjuster 102D is for controlling the respective variable optical attenuators 102A by monitoring the optical power of the respective wavelengths in the WDM light output from the optical amplifier 102C.
For the repeating and amplifying station (REP) 104, there is a known technique (for example, see Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2000-244411), in which the total power of the WDM light output to the optical transmission line 103 is made uniform by applying automatic level control (ALC), and when the number of wavelengths in the WDM light fluctuates, automatic gain control (AGC) is performed to reduce the change in the gain-wavelength characteristic, thereby preventing deterioration in the transmission quality.
Recently, a WDM optical transmission system having an optical add-drop function for adding or dropping a part of the optical signals included in the WDM light on the optical transmission line directly in the state of light, without converting it to an electric signal, and an optical cross-connect function for changing over the optical path of the optical signal in each wavelength by wavelength conversion or the like has been developed. The configuration shown for example in FIG. 13 is one example of the conventional WDM optical transmission system in which adding or dropping of the optical signal of a wavelength λ3 is performed by an optical add-drop (OADM) station 107 provided on the optical transmission line 103. In the case of the system configuration having a path changing station such as the optical add-drop station or the optical cross-connect station, it is necessary to equalize the power of optical signals of the respective wavelengths in the path changing stations, as in the point-to-point configuration. Therefore, it is necessary to control the optical power by using a variable optical attenuator (VOA) or the like corresponding to the respective wavelengths.
In the conventional WDM optical transmission system, when the point-to-point configuration as shown in FIG. 12 is used, the control of the power of the optical signals of the respective wavelengths is performed only in the wavelength multiplexing station 102, and the respective optical signals input to the wavelength multiplexing station 102 are light output from the respective optical transmitters 101, with the wavelength and the power adjusted to an appropriate level. On the other hand, in the case of the system configuration including the path changing station such as the optical add-drop station 107, as shown in FIG. 13, not only the wavelength multiplexing station 102 but also the optical add-drop station 107 control the optical signal power. As a result, the optical power is controlled in a plurality of places, until the optical signals output from the respective optical transmitters 101 are received by the respective optical receivers 106 via the optical transmission line 103.
When with respect to the conventional WDM optical transmission system including such a path changing station, the power of optical signals of the respective wavelengths is controlled by a method similar to the point-to-point configuration, there are problems described below.
In the configuration including the optical add-drop station 107 on the optical path from the wavelength multiplexing station 102 to the wavelength demultiplexing station 105 as shown in FIG. 13, when an increase in the number of wavelengths is performed the number of signals of different wavelengths is increased in the wavelength multiplexing station 102 on the upstream side, the optical signals of the increased wavelengths are input to the optical add-drop station 107 on the downstream side, and the optical add-drop station 107 starts addition control, triggered by the recovery of the input cut-off state of the relevant wavelength. Since the level adjuster in the optical add-drop station 107 has the same function as that of the level adjuster in the wavelength multiplexing station 102, if the power of the input optical signal is stable, the feedback control can be converged normally. However, at the time of increasing the number of wavelengths as mentioned above, the power of the input optical signal fluctuates dynamically. Therefore it becomes very difficult to adjust the optical signal power of the increased wavelength to an appropriate level by the optical add-drop station 107. As a result, increase in the number of wavelengths may not be completed normally, or retry of control has to be repeated, thereby taking a long time for activation (first problem).
FIGS. 14 and 15 show one specific example of the state at the time of increasing the number of wavelengths. For simplifying the explanation, as shown in FIG. 14, a configuration in which the repeating and amplifying station is omitted is assumed, wherein an output end of the wavelength multiplexing station 102 is designated as point A, an input end of the variable optical attenuator in the optical add-drop station 107 is designated as point B, and an output end of the optical add-drop station 107 is designated as point C. In FIG. 15, fluctuations in the optical signal power of the signal of the increased wavelength at the respective points are shown.
As in the example of FIG. 15, when the increase in wavelengths is started at time T0, the optical signal power of the increased wavelength at point A increases. At the time of starting to increase the number of wavelengths, the wavelength multiplexing station 102 controls the variable optical attenuators so that the optical signal power becomes a desired level. Moreover, the optical add-drop station 107 starts the control of the optical signal power of the increased wavelength, triggered when the optical signal power of the increased wavelength, which has been in the input cut-off state, exceeds a predetermined threshold (input cut-off recovery threshold) PTH at time T1. At this time, the optical signal power of the increased wavelength input to the variable optical attenuator in the optical add-drop station 107 dynamically fluctuates from time T0 to time T2, during which time the increase in the number of wavelengths is controlled by the wavelength multiplexing station 102 on the upstream side. Therefore, from time T1 to time T2, the control of the optical signal power of the increased wavelength by the wavelength multiplexing station 102 and the control of the optical signal power of the increased wavelength by the optical add-drop station 107 are performed at the same time, and the control state by the optical add-drop station 107 on the downstream side becomes unstable due to the influence of fluctuations in the optical signal power caused by the parallel control. As a result, the optical signal power of the increased wavelength at point C is not converged to the desired level, until a certain period of time has passed after completion of control on the upstream side to reach time T3. Particularly, when the optical add-drop stations (or the optical cross-connect stations) are connected in multiple stages, the influence of such a state becomes noticeable, thereby causing a problem.
Moreover, in addition to the first problem, the optical amplifiers provided in the wavelength multiplexing station and the repeating and amplifying station amplify and output signal components in the WDM light, and at the same time, output the spontaneously emitted light (ASE) as noise components. The noise light generated in the optical amplifiers remains in the output light from the wavelength multiplexing station 102 (see point A in FIG. 16), even when the optical signal is not output from the optical transmitter 101 for the wavelength λ1 (a decrease of the signal of the wavelength λ1) as shown in FIG. 16. Hence, the optical power of the wavelength λ1 input to the optical add-drop station 107 on the downstream side does not become zero (see point B in FIG. 16). Therefore, even when the wavelength λ1 is decreased in the transmission section on the upstream side, the optical add-drop station 107 may not be able to detect the input cut-off of the signal components, due to the ASE corresponding to the wavelength λ1. In this case, unnecessary light of only the ASE without including the signal component, is output from the optical add-drop station 107 for the wavelength λ1 (see point C in FIG. 16), and is further transmitted to the downstream side, thereby causing deterioration in the transmission characteristics of the WDM light (second problem).
Furthermore, in order to ensure high reliability, in the communication system, it is generally important that maintenance personnel can determine a problematic point in a short period of time at the time of failure. However, in the conventional system configuration including the path changing station such as the optical add-drop station, since the path changeover of the optical signals of the respective wavelengths included in the WDM light is carried out at a plurality of places, a failure on the upstream side affects the downstream side. Therefore, an abnormality at one place affects a plurality of places, thereby making it difficult to determine the fundamental problematic point in a short period of time (third problem).
In addition, other than the case in which the optical signals of the respective wavelengths included in the WDM light are increased or decreased, for example, when the optical signal power of the signals of the respective wavelengths changes due to fluctuations in the loss of the optical fibers, a similar situation to that of the first problem may occur. In other words, in the conventional configuration shown in FIG. 13, when the loss in the optical fibers fluctuates, the optical signal power level also changes. Therefore, the level adjusters in the wavelength multiplexing station 102 and the optical add-drop station 107 control the optical signal power, to perform the control for the whole system so that the level fluctuations can be absorbed (compensated). At this time, if the control of the optical signal power in the respective stations is performed at the same time, a change in the optical signal power due to the control on the upstream side affects the control on the downstream side, thereby taking a long time for the optical signal power control. Moreover, according to circumstances, oscillation may occur to make it difficult to perform normal control (fourth problem).

Wavelength division multiplexing optical transmission system


A collapsible table and chair set includes a base platform, a driving motor driving a main transmission shaft rotating a master bevel gear rotatably mounted in a central portion of the platform, a reel having a wire rope wound on the reel and driven by the motor for rotating the reel to wind the rope of which an upper rope end is hanged on a wall for vertically erecting a folded table and a chair set, a table and a plurality of chairs radially disposed about the table pivotably supported by a plurality of links which are driven by a plurality of worms radially disposed on the platform and driven by the master bevel gear for raising the links for extending the table and the chairs, or for lowering the links for folding the same.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The object of the present invention is to provide a table and chair set supported by collapsible linkage in which the table and plural chairs can be extended for use, and when not in use a controller is actuated to fold the table and chairs and to vertically erect the folded table and chairs for saving space to be comfortable for living activities.


A still video device includes a magnetic head for reproducing a signal recorded on a floppy disk, a first switch for commanding a successive erasing mode, and a second switch for designating a kind of signal to be erased. The successive erasing mode is set by the first switch so that only a video signal or an audio signal is successively erased from a series of tracks, the signal to be erased being determined by the second switch. The first switch may be an exposure correcting switch provided for correcting an exposure. The second switch may be a select switch provided for selecting an operation mode of the still video device, such as recording, reproduction, and erasing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a still video device by which a video signal and/or an audio signal are recorded in a magnetic disk, and these signals are reproduced.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a still video device, generally, a magnetic disk is used as a recording medium for storing a video signal and/or an audio signal. The magnetic disk is provided with a plurality of tracks concentrically formed on the magnetic disk, and the video signal and the audio signal are each recorded on a different track, respectively. Thereafter, in a conventional still video device, the signals recorded on each of the tracks are reproduced one track at a time.
In a conventional still video device, a signal stored in each track may only be erased, one at a time, i.e., more than one track cannot be successively erased, accordingly, when a plurality of tracks are to be erased, an erasing operation, in which each track is erased one by one, must be repeated. Therefore, when the user wishes to erase only a video signal or an audio signal, such an erasing operation must be separately carried out for each track, which is cumbersome.

Still video device with selectable successive erasure of audio and/or video tracks


In order to achieve improved flow properties for a flushing medium charged with rock particles freed during the drilling phase, an injection drilling anchor is provided with anchor rods, coupling members, injection valves, an intermediate member containing a non-return valve, as well as drill head, which are designed such that these components are connected one to the other below one another always by screw fittings, so that in the assembled state one has a fully homogeneous structure from the drill head upwards. The drill head has an external thread extending uniformly over the full length and consequently has a uniform diameter, so that after drilling has taken place, starting from the mouth of the borehole, a spacer can be pushed within the borehole along the full length of the borehole over the anchor rods to any desired point. The anchor rods are provided over their full length with a uniform internal threading, sot hat a cutting to a particular length does not hinder their utility for use in the framework of the injection drilling anchor. The coupling members, the injection valves, intermediate member and the drill head for this purpose comprise tubular cylinders which correspond in terms of their internal and eternal threading with the anchor rods and which each have a stop function for the positional screwing together of the parts.

The present invention relates to a drill pipe.
More particularly it relates to a drill pipe which has at least one tubular member provided with an external profiling and a central longitudinal passage throughout its length.
Drill pipes are known in many forms and for the most varied uses. They can be used for example as components of injection drilling anchors, which, as is known, correspond in structural terms to a drilling rod and after creation of the borehole remain in the borehole as a lost tool. In this case, after filling of the borehole with a cement suspension, the drilling rod is used in the manner of a rock anchor which, by means of an anchor head plate in combination with a tightening nut in the region of the mouth of the borehole, is tightened against the rock. For example, from DE-PS 936082, an injection drilling anchor is known at whose one end there is a drill head and at whose other end is fitted a removable threaded portion which serves for the screw fitting by means of the said tightening nut. The anchor rod is provided over its full length with helically wound beads as well as with transverse bores which are in permanent communication with a centrally extending longitudinal passage by means of which the rock debris created during the drilling process is carried away. After creation of the borehole, by means of the longitudinal passage as well as the transverse bores, a cement suspension is introduced into the borehole for the purpose of filling the borehole and anchoring the anchor rod. This suspension enters into any cracks and crevices in the rock and in particular, because of the bead-like configuration of the outside of the anchor rod, after hardening makes possible a secure positive anchorage between the anchor rod and the surrounding rock.
It is known, in the design of infection drilling anchors, to revert to structural components which are already known from drilling rods. For example, DE-PS 1483840 shows a rock drilling rod with a centrally arranged flushing passage which is provided in the region of a screwed-on drill head with outlet bores. The rock drilling rod or anchor red is extensible in use by means of a connecting sleeve which is provided with an internal thread into which is screwed a further anchor rod, with the inserted anchor rod additionally being equipped over its full length with a comparatively large thread in the manner of a circular thread. Such a rock drilling rod is basically; suitable for use as an injection drilling anchor, wherein the external thread of the anchor rod fulfils a transportation function during the drilling, in other words enabling the reverse flow of a flushing liquid which is charged with rock particles. In relation to the hardened cement the same thread fulfils an anchoring function, insofar as it produces the shape locking between anchor rod and surrounding borehole walls. Finally, the thread also fulfils a screw-fastening function, because it enables the screw fitting of a connecting sleeve, however with a drill head.
It is important for a trouble-free functioning of a rock anchor, particularly over the course of time, that it is arranged centrally within the borehole as far as is possible, so that a uniform cement overlay is provided around the anchor ever the full cemented length. A sufficient corrosion resistance is given only with an anchor which is reliably overlaid with cement. In practice, this requirement is often difficult to achieve, at without additional measures. If for example the anchor rod is arranged eccentrically because of spatial inhomogeneities along the wall of the borehole, then a uniform filling, especially overlaying or embedding of the drilling rod, cannot be guaranteed. An eccentric seating of the anchor rod within the cement body brings with it the danger that a part of the anchor rod will be subject to increased risk of corrosion, as a result of which in the course of time the main function of the rock anchor, namely the holding together of different rock strata, is brought into question.
From DE-PS 3828335 are known spacers used with injection drilling anchors, wherein these spacers consist of a retaining boss which directly surrounds the anchor rod and which is displaceable relative to the anchor rod. On this retaining boss are arranged three radially extending webs which are held together by an outer annular member. The use of this spacer means that during the creation of a borehole, and indeed before the introduction of an extension anchor rod, this spacer with its retaining boss is pushed over the end of the anchor rod which is already located in the borehole, wherein on the basis of a contact of the retaining boss against a coupling nut which makes possible the connection to an extension anchor rod, the spacer is introduced into the borehole together with the anchor rod during the further drilling extension. The position of the spacer is in this embodiment therefore established by the position of the coupling nut. During the drilling and after creation of the borehole there is in practice no or at least no simple possibility of examining the state of the spacer and the trouble-free functioning of the spacer. Thus, for example as a result of the high mechanical stresses during the drilling operation, and also due to local inhomegeneities of the bored rock, the spacer can be damaged, so that for these reasons under certain circumstances the centered effect no longer exists. Also, the spacer can prevent the leading away or extraction of rock particles by a flushing medium in many cases in dependence upon the local rock conditions as well as the properties of the rock particles which are freed as a result of the drilling process.
Finally, it is known in connection with the creation of so-called pre-drilled bores, to use spacers upon the setting in place of rock anchors, by means of which these are centered within the outer tube of the bore. It is known in these cases for the rock anchor to be introduced into a pipe filled with cement and to be held centered as far as possible within said pipe. The thus inserted spacer is of plastics material and is thus completely unsuitable in terms of its lack of strength for use with injection drilling anchors of the known type, in that they could scarcely withstand the high mechanical demands which are exerted during the drilling phase.