Described herein is a data collection and warehousing system that collects log files from a plurality of servers, and that transforms the entries of the log files prior to using them to populate a database. Nightly, the system provides a pre-processing program to each of the servers. The servers executing the pre-processing component to filter the logged data before sending it on to the data collection and warehousing system. The data collection and warehousing system pre-parses each received log file to create dimension and fact tables. During this process, strings are replaced by keys. These keys are calculated on-the-fly by taking a hash of each string. The resulting tables are then further parsed to create further dimension and fact tables that correspond to each of the dimension and fact tables of a relational database schema. After further processing, these tables are loaded into a data warehousing system.

The following relates to techniques for gathering data from a variety of sources and using the gathered data to populate relational database tables of a data warehouse.
A data warehouse is a database designed to support decision making in an organization. It is normally batch updated on a periodic basis and can contain enormous amounts of data. For example, large retail organizations can have 100 GB or more of transaction history in a data warehouse.
The data in a data warehouse is typically historical and static and may also contain numerous summaries. It is structured to support a variety of analyses, including elaborate queries on large amounts of data that can require extensive searching.
The data warehouse often represents data as a xe2x80x9ccubexe2x80x9d of three, four, or more dimensions. For example, a business might be modeled as a cube having three dimensions, corresponding real-world business distinctions such as, for example, Product, Time, and Market. Any point within the cube is at the intersection of the coordinates defined by the edges of the cube, and can be viewed as corresponding to a metric or measurement that is valid for the combination of dimension values that define the point. For example, such metrics might include xe2x80x9cunits sold,xe2x80x9d xe2x80x9cprice,xe2x80x9d, etc. Each point might indicate the price and units sold of a particular product, at a particular time or time period, in a given market.
It is common to implement this data model from within a relational database. A relational database consists of many interrelating tables. FIG. 1 shows an example of such tables. Some of these tables are dimension tables 21. A dimension table is a collection of information describing a business construct. For example, in the FIG. 1 model designed to represent web usage, there is a xe2x80x9cDomainxe2x80x9d dimension table. The Domain dimension table includes information in the form of strings that describe each target domain, such as the site the domain belongs to and the country code for the domain. Other dimension tables contain information describing concepts such as xe2x80x9cTime,xe2x80x9d xe2x80x9cReferring Domain,xe2x80x9d and many others. Note that dimensions are usually parameters relating to the organization of measured data, and do not indicate the measured data itself.
The tables of FIG. 1 also include one or more fact tables 22. A fact table includes the actual numeric metrics, such as a count of page views, that a user might be interested in viewing. In addition, there are defined relationships between the dimension and fact tables. Specifically, the fact table has a plurality of keys, referred to as primary key IDs, that correspond to similar primary key IDs in the dimension tables. This allows the individual records of the fact table to be indexed or matched up to specific dimensional valuesxe2x80x94given a set of dimensional values, corresponding metrics can be located.
In the example above, a user wishes to view data from the page views fact table. The Domain dimension table allows the user to choose a single domain, and then see only the data from the page views fact table that corresponds to that target domain. Similarly, the time dimension allows us to choose a single day, and view only the data from the page views fact table that corresponds to the chosen target domain and the chosen date. Choosing the dimensions across which a user wants data to be summarized is sometimes referred to as slicing the data. A definition of the relationship between tables in a data warehouse is called a schema.
Most metrics are aggregates, as they summarize data across criteria provided by one or more dimension tables in the data warehouse. In the example above, the count of page views is aggregated across a specific target domain (from the Domain table) and a specific day (from the Time table). This particular metric provides a count of a given value; other metrics might provide a sum, average, or other summary.
Still other metrics are calculated, rather than aggregated. For example, a data warehouse might provide metrics such as Peak Hour Page Views, which provides the hour during which the most page views are received. This metric is not derived by summarizing a value across dimensions; instead it is calculated by comparing a value across dimensions, and selecting the top value. Other calculated metrics might provide the bottom value, the top or bottom N values, the top or bottom percentage, etc.
Data modeling such as this is described in Kimball, Ralph, The Data Warehouse Toolkit: Practical Techniques for Building Dimensional Data Warehouses (Wiley 1996).
Once the tables of a data warehouse are populated with actual data, the warehouse becomes very useful. However, the process of populating the data warehouse can become quite difficult because of the enormous amounts of data invovled.
Consider, as an example, the task of populating a web usage data warehouse in a company such as Microsoft Corporation that currently maintains nearly thirty web sites. Many of these sites are administered by different divisions within the company, in different parts of the world. Furthermore, each site might have a number of individual servers. For example, company such as Microsoft might maintain more than 500 servers, which might use different types of server software. Together, this number of servers might generate over 1.5 billion log records, each representing a page hit. For data warehousing purposes, it is desired to combine data logged by each of these servers and use it to populate a data warehouse.
This is normally accomplished using xe2x80x9cExtract, Transform, and Loadxe2x80x9d (ETL) methodology. Extraction refers to actually obtaining the data from individual data sources such as servers. This process in itself can be difficult because of the enormous size of the data.
Transformation indicates processing the data to put it into a more useful form or format: removing redundancies, adding business logic, filtering irrelevant data, integrating additional information, etc.
Loading refers to the process of loading the data into the tables of a relational database.
Although data warehousing techniques have been used in a number of different environments, it is not believed that data warehousing has been successfully implemented in a system such as that mentioned above, in which such a huge amount of data needs to be extracted and transformed from such a large number of different servers, and then used to populate a single data warehouse. The invention described herein addresses this deficiency of the prior art.
Described below is a data collection system and a method for populating a data warehouse. The system uses a pipeline approach, in which individual log files are retrieved from individual servers and processed in sequence through various operations. These operations include a pre-parsing operation that parses each log file to create a file representing dimensional data, and another file representing metric data. Other transformation logic is also applied during this stage.
These files are then subject to a subsequent parsing operation that parses the pre-processed files into tables corresponding to tables of the data warehouse. These tables are eventually merged and loaded directly into the relational database of the data warehouse, after removing duplicates, sorting, and counting aggregates. Using these techniques, the majority of processing is performed by programs other than relational database programs, greatly increasing the speed of processing.
Significant efficiency is gained by pushing a pre-processing component to each server on a daily basis. Using this component, each server filters its own data before sending it to the data collection system.
In addition, the application of transformation logic results in dimension strings being replaced by keys. Rather than referring to a database for such keys when applying the transformation logic, the system calculates each key as a hash of the string. This eliminates the performance bottleneck that otherwise results from reverse lookups in a database.

Populating a data warehouse using a pipeline approach


There are disclosed methods for manufacturing an airtight container and an image display apparatus. Especially, as a constitution of supplying a potential to an electrode in the airtight container, the container is constituted which includes a structure having a concave portion opened at a through-hole of a substrate and closed at the bottom, and a shape is formed in which by applying a pressure difference between the inside and the outside of the container, the structure is deformed to enable supplying of a potential to the electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an airtight container, and an image display apparatus which uses the same. The invention relates to an airtight container in which the inside is maintained in a lower pressure state than the outside.
2. Related Background Art
In recent years, a color cathode ray tube (CRT) has been used in wide as an image display apparatus. However, since a driving principle is a system of deflecting an electron beam from a cathode, and emitting a light from a phosphor on a screen, a depth must be set in accordance with a screen size. As a screen is enlarged, a depth is made longer, which creates problems of increases in installation space and weight etc. Therefore, there is a strong demand for a planar image display apparatus which can be made thin and light. As examples of planar image display apparatus, there are an electron emission display panel of a surface conductive type (referred to as SED hereinafter) (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H09-045266), and a field emission display apparatus (referred to as FED hereinafter) (Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H05-114372).
FIG. 11 shows in outline the planar image display apparatus described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. H05-114372. A front panel 2 on which a power supply conductive layer 6 is formed as an anode electrode, a back panel 3 on which a cathode electrode 7 is disposed, and an insulating layers 8, 28 are pinched in, and sealed. Then, an atmosphere is sucked out of the inside through an exhaust pipe (not shown in the figures) by a pump, sealing is applied, and a vacuum structure is formed. Accordingly, a superthin planar display apparatus 20 is manufactured. A voltage is applied between the power supply conductive layer 6 and the cathode electrode 7 to emit electrons from the cathode electrode 7. By the emitted electrons, a light is emitted from a fluorescent screen to form a pixel, and an image is displayed on the front panel 2. At this time, in order to apply a voltage to the power supply conductive layer 6, a fluorescent screen potential power supply terminal 16, an elastic body 19 and the power supply conductive layer 6 are used through a terminal lead-out section 17 from a hole 15 bored in the back panel 3. Therefore, vacuum-sealing of a seal body 18 which covers the terminal lead-out section is necessary.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-195449 discloses a vacuum container used in an image display apparatus. FIG. 16 of this publication shows a constitution in which an elastic spring member is deformed by a vacuum force, and a high-pressure introduction terminal is directly pulled out to be connected on a wiring.

Image display apparatus provided with a potential supplying member shaped to be in contact with first and second substrates


A ladder stabilizing attachment for a ladder is disclosed. The device is basically made of two or more long variable length stabilizing legs FIGS. (1) and (11) attached to the upper part of a ladder by universal joints FIGS. (9) and (9A), and capable of forming a triangular or multi-angular pyramid with the ladder. The legs can be independently positioned to give greater lateral stability, as well reducing slide out tendency of the ladder base. The foot sockets of the stabilizing legs FIG. (5) are designed to minimize overloading and movement due to ladder flexing. The device is constructed so that it can be built into new ladders, and readily adapted for and fitted to most existing ladders.

This invention is designed to give stability to the whole ladder, help to prevent sideways or backward movement, slippage of the base and reduce tilting or rotation due to unsatisfactory support. It will also allow a smaller angle of placement, with accompanying improvement in the users safety
It is designed so that it can be built into new ladders as well as being easily fitted and adapted to existing ladders. It can be a permanent attachment, and/or fitted as a separate detachable unit (with or without a permanently attached unit) if special features for special purposes are required
It is simplistically designed for quick and easy use, light in weight and unobtrusive in ladder stacks. (FIG. 2)


A film wrapper (99) comprises a tear tape (30) and at least one weakening line (10, 12) next to the tear tape (30), the longitudinal axis of the at least one weakening line (10, 12) being substantially perpendicular to the tear tape (30) (perpendicular weakening lines (10, 12)). An article is wrapped into the film wrapper. A multi-bladed knife (100) used for producing the film wrapper comprises a U-shaped or V-shaped first blade (110) and a second linear blade (112) parallel to the longitudinal axis of said first blade (110) and a third linear blade (111) perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the first blade (110).

Packaged articles are often provided with a thin film wrapper. The wrapper may be provided with a tear tape. Such tape helps the consumer to open the wrapper by pulling on the tear tape. Typically, such wrapper additionally comprises a tab (pull tab) at one end of the tear tape to facilitate identification and grasping of the tear tape. Examples of packaged articles provided with a film wrapper comprising a tear tape include cigarette cartons, compact disc and DVD cases, video and audio cassette boxes and food and beverage containers.
For example, cigarette cartons, also referred to as bundles, are typically over wrapped with a heat-shrinkable polyolefin film provided with a tear tape and a pull tab. Such cartons contain several packs of cigarettes, for example ten packs arranged in two superimposed rows of five packs each. In use, the over wrapper is separated into at least two pieces along the line of the tear tape by the consumer's grasping on a pull tab, which is provided in the film in line with the tear tape, and pulling along the line of the tear tape. Usually, the tear tape is not located in the center of the film wrapper but rather divides the film wrapper into two pieces of different size. These two pieces should be completely removed to enable access to the contents of the carton. However, the more tightly the film is wrapped around the carton, the more difficult it is to remove all of the over wrapper. In particular, the larger piece of the film wrapper is difficult to remove. Thus the consumer often struggles to remove the wrapper and may find it necessary to use an additional instrument, such as a knife, a pair of scissors, or other sharp instrument, to remove all parts of the film wrapper. This is inconvenient not least because the consumer may not have a suitable additional instrument readily at hand. Furthermore, use of such instrument involves the risk of damaging the article.


A rotating electric machine includes a case, a plurality of teeth, coils and insulating films. The teeth are circumferentially arranged around a predetermined axis forming a center of the teeth. Each tooth has a first end disposed radially at an opposite side thereof from the predetermined axis. The a back yoke has a circular outer periphery, and a cylindrical inner periphery connecting the first ends of the teeth. The outer periphery has a plurality of concave parts opening radially inwardly toward the teeth at positions overlapping with the teeth as viewed radially. A minimum distance measured from an exposure surface of each tooth to the concave part overlapping therewith is smaller than a radial width of the back yoke at a portion where the concave parts are not provided. The exposure surfaces extend radially inwardly of the inner periphery.

A compressor in which a compression mechanism compressing a refrigerant and an electric motor driving the compression mechanism are integrally housed in a case, is disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Nos. 2001-268824, 2005-245101 and 2003-32985. In any of these Patent Documents, a notch is provided on the periphery of a stator in an electric motor, and the electric motor and the case are fixed by shrink-fitting, etc. at a portion where the periphery of the stator abuts against an inner periphery of the case. A refrigerant is transferred to the compression mechanism through the notch. Coils are wound around teeth of the stator with an insulating film interposed therein.

Rotating electric machine and compressor


A Fo-WLCSP has a first polymer layer formed around a semiconductor die. First conductive vias are formed through the first polymer layer around a perimeter of the semiconductor die. A first interconnect structure is formed over a first surface of the first polymer layer and electrically connected to the first conductive vias. The first interconnect structure has a second polymer layer and a plurality of second vias formed through the second polymer layer. A second interconnect structure is formed over a second surface of the first polymer layer and electrically connected to the first conductive vias. The second interconnect structure has a third polymer layer and a plurality of third vias formed through the third polymer layer. A semiconductor package can be mounted to the WLCSP in a PoP arrangement. The semiconductor package is electrically connected to the WLCSP through the first interconnect structure or second interconnect structure.

Semiconductor devices are commonly found in modern electronic products. Semiconductor devices vary in the number and density of electrical components. Discrete semiconductor devices generally contain one type of electrical component, e.g., light emitting diode (LED), small signal transistor, resistor, capacitor, inductor, and power metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). Integrated semiconductor devices typically contain hundreds to millions of electrical components. Examples of integrated semiconductor devices include microcontrollers, microprocessors, charged-coupled devices (CCDs), solar cells, and digital micro-mirror devices (DMDs).
Semiconductor devices perform a wide range of functions such as signal processing, high-speed calculations, transmitting and receiving electromagnetic signals, controlling electronic devices, transforming sunlight to electricity, and creating visual projections for television displays. Semiconductor devices are found in the fields of entertainment, communications, power conversion, networks, computers, and consumer products. Semiconductor devices are also found in military applications, aviation, automotive, industrial controllers, and office equipment.
Semiconductor devices exploit the electrical properties of semiconductor materials. The atomic structure of semiconductor material allows its electrical conductivity to be manipulated by the application of an electric field or base current or through the process of doping. Doping introduces impurities into the semiconductor material to manipulate and control the conductivity of the semiconductor device.
A semiconductor device contains active and passive electrical structures. Active structures, including bipolar and field effect transistors, control the flow of electrical current. By varying levels of doping and application of an electric field or base current, the transistor either promotes or restricts the flow of electrical current. Passive structures, including resistors, capacitors, and inductors, create a relationship between voltage and current necessary to perform a variety of electrical functions. The passive and active structures are electrically connected to form circuits, which enable the semiconductor device to perform high-speed calculations and other useful functions.
Semiconductor devices are generally manufactured using two complex manufacturing processes, i.e., front-end manufacturing, and back-end manufacturing, each involving potentially hundreds of steps. Front-end manufacturing involves the formation of a plurality of die on the surface of a semiconductor wafer. Each die is typically identical and contains circuits formed by electrically connecting active and passive components. Back-end manufacturing involves singulating individual die from the finished wafer and packaging the die to provide structural support and environmental isolation.
One goal of semiconductor manufacturing is to produce smaller semiconductor devices. Smaller devices typically consume less power, have higher performance, and can be produced more efficiently. In addition, smaller semiconductor devices have a smaller footprint, which is desirable for smaller end products. A smaller die size may be achieved by improvements in the front-end process resulting in die with smaller, higher density active and passive components. Back-end processes may result in semiconductor device packages with a smaller footprint by improvements in electrical interconnection and packaging materials.
FIG. 1 shows a conventional package-on-package (PoP) Fo-WLCSP 10 with semiconductor die 12 stacked over semiconductor die 14 and enclosed by encapsulant 16. A build-up interconnect structure 18 is formed over the stacked semiconductor die 12-14 and encapsulant 16. Semiconductor die 12 and 14 are electrically connected to interconnect structure 18 with bond wires 20 and 22. Semiconductor die 24 is enclosed by encapsulant 26. A build-up interconnect structure 28 is formed over semiconductor die 24 and encapsulant 26. Semiconductor die 24 is electrically connected to interconnect structure 28 with bond wires 30. The build-up interconnect structure 18 is electrically connected to build-up interconnect structure 28 using bumps 32 formed around a perimeter of semiconductor die 24 and encapsulant 26.
The interconnect capability of Fo-WLCSP 10 is limited by the height requirement of encapsulant 26 formed around semiconductor die 24. That is, bumps 32 must be formed with sufficient size to span the gap between build-up interconnect structures 18 and 28. The gap is dictated by the height of encapsulant 26. Accordingly, the height of encapsulant 26 restricts the bump arrangement options, bump pitch, bump size, and input/output (I/O) count.

Semiconductor device and method of forming Fo-WLCSP having conductive layers and conductive vias separated by polymer layers


Methods aiding in proving shuffles of re-encryptions of ciphertexts and a mixnet employing such methods. A method for compacting ciphertexts includes encrypting a plaintext using an asymmetric key encryption scheme for a ciphertext, dividing the ciphertext into partial ciphertexts, encrypting each of the partial ciphertexts using the asymmetric key encryption scheme to obtain re-encrypted partial ciphertexts, creating hash exponents from a digest of a cryptographic hash function taking the partial ciphertexts, the re-encrypted partial ciphertexts and arbitrary salt values as argument of the cryptographic hash function, calculating a compacted ciphertext by multiplying all of the partial ciphertexts exponentiated by a respective one of the plurality of hash exponents, and calculating a compacted re-encrypted ciphertext by multiplying all of the re-encrypted partial ciphertexts exponentiated by a respective one of the hash exponents.

Mixnets are ubiquitously used in scenarios where linkability of senders and receivers of messages in a communication network should be protected against eavesdropping adversaries. General information about mixnets may for example be found in Chaum, D.: "Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital pseudonyms", Commun. ACM, 24(2):84-88, 1981. Verifiable mixnets are for example often used in electronic voting protocols where they anonymize the voting channel for votes cast by voters into an overall tally. Mixnets running re-encryption protocols shuffle a sequence of encrypted input messages into a re-encrypted sequence of randomly shuffled output messages.
Shuffling is usually performed through a series of mixing nodes. To further protect the mixnet against malicious mixes participating in the shuffle, each mix needs to prove that the encrypted input messages have been correctly shuffled, i.e. that the output messages do not contain any wrongly encrypted input messages or maliciously exchanged input messages. Moreover, the sequence of output messages needs to verifiably be bijective with respect to the input messages.
To demonstrate the correctness of a mixnet shuffle, mixers individually perform proofs of shuffle in zero-knowledge, i.e. certifications that the shuffling process has been carried out correctly without revealing the actual permutation of the mixer to a verifier. As long as at least one trustworthy mixer is involved in the whole shuffling process, the end-to-end link between the input and output of a mixnet may be kept secret.
On a mathematical or cryptographical level, proofs of shuffle in zero knowledge require disjunctive plaintext equivalence proofs (DPEPs) which are based on standard plaintext equivalence proofs (PEPs). An exemplary technique for a DPEP may be found in Cramer, R., Damgård, I., Schoenmakers, B.: "Proofs of partial knowledge and simplified design of witness hiding protocol", In: Advances in Cryptology—CRYPTO'94, 14th Ann. Int. Crypt. Conf., Santa Barbara, Calif., USA, Aug. 21-25, 1994, Proc., pp. 174-187, 1994. Current techniques for DPEPs are limited in their efficiency due to the finite group size of the underlying plaintext encryption algorithms. For example, with standard security parameters, Elgamal encryption algorithms can encrypt plaintexts having a maximum length of 2048 bit. To encrypt longer plaintexts, those plaintexts are usually split into a sequence of shorter plaintexts meeting the maximum length for the Elgamal encryption algorithm. The sequence of shorter plaintexts is then Elgamal encrpyted one-by-one into a sequence of shorter ciphertexts. To prove a shuffle of re-encryptions of this sequence of shorter plaintexts in zero-knowledge, prover and verifier need to perform zero-knowledge arguments in at least as many rounds as the sequence has elements, leading to a total communication complexity in the order of needed rounds.
Terelius, B., Wikström, D.: "Proofs of restricted shuffles", Africacrypt 2010, volume 6055 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 100-113, 2010 disclose a general technique for constructing proofs of shuffles which restrict the permutation to a group that is characterized by a public polynomial. Groth J., Lu S.: "Verifiable Shuffle of Large Size Ciphertexts", In: Okamoto T., Wang X. (eds.) Public Key Cryptography, PKC 2007, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 4450, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg disclose improvements of the computational complexity and communication complexity when shuffling large ciphertexts.
It would be desirable to find solutions for increasing the efficiency of plaintext equivalence proofs in zero knowledge for longer sequences of plaintexts.

Plaintext equivalence proof techniques in communication systems


In an apparatus for exchanging a duct roller, a first application roller, rotatable on a joint drive shaft and initially in contact with the duct roller, is swiveled away from the duct roller with a first adjustment element that is connected with the joint drive shaft and to a machine control. The first application roller is exchanged with a second application roller. A spacing between the axes of rotation for the joint drive shaft and the duct roller and a contact pressure between the duct roller and the second application roller are pre-set with a second adjustment element that is also connected to the joint drive shaft and to the machine control. The second application roller is swiveled against the duct roller with the aid of the first adjustment element.

The invention relates to a method and an apparatus, which is used to exchange an application roller for applying glue to the spine of a book block transported in a conveying direction by rolling off the book block spine, and which is aligned with a duct roller that removes glue from a glue container. For this, a first application roller that makes contact with the duct roller is swiveled away from the duct roller, is then exchanged for a second application roller, and this second application roller is subsequently swiveled back against the duct roller, wherein the first and the second glue application rollers have a joint drive shaft and wherein the duct roller and the joint drive shaft for the application rollers respectively have a separate axis of rotation which is arranged substantially normal to the book block conveying direction. The invention furthermore relates to a book production line equipped with such a apparatus.
During a book production operation, the book blocks which still lack a book cover are conveyed with a transporting device while an application roller that operates jointly with a duct roller respectively rolls off the book block spine and, in the process, applies the glue. In a following operational step, the glue applied to the book block spine serves to join the book block to the book cover. Since the spine contour can be straight or rounded, a correspondingly embodied application roller is used in each case. Known application rollers, for example, are therefore embodied either flat or profiled.
These or similar methods and devices are disclosed in European Patent documents EP0873882 A1, the DE3502733 C1 and DE4332069 A1.
In most cases, a new book production order results in a change of format for the books to be produced. Owing to the fact that the application roller for applying glue to the book block spine is respectively designed for a specific book block format, the roller must be exchanged for an application roller that corresponds to the new format in the case of a format change.
In the case of a new book production order for which the format deviates from the previously used book format, the production line must initially be stopped for safety-technical reasons since the exchange, meaning the removal and/or installation of an application roller, can be realized only while the casing is open. The machine is therefore stopped following the application of glue to the spine of the last book block in the previous production order. Once the casing is opened, the previously used application roller is dismantled and a suitable application roller for the new production order is installed. With the known methods, the application roller is always replaced manually.
According to a first known method, the application roller is initially swiveled away from the duct roller with the aid of a manually operated adjustment spindle and is then removed manually, meaning it is axially pushed down from the drive shaft and then transported away. A new application roller is subsequently pushed in the axial direction onto the drive shaft, is locked in place thereon, and is then moved with the manually operated adjustment spindle against the duct roller. Following the closing of the casing, the production can be restarted and the new production order processed.
According to a second known method, the contact between the application roller and the duct roller is manually interrupted for the exchange operation, using an eccentrically positioned drive shaft, and the new application roller is then moved against the duct roller. Once the eccentric positioning is secured and the casing is closed once more, production can resume and the new production order can be processed.
With the known methods and the known devices for exchanging an application roller, the application roller is moved manually away from and/or against the duct roller. In the process, the application roller to be exchanged, which is located inside the machine, is initially moved far enough away from the duct roller so that during the subsequent operation of pulling the application roller from the drive shaft in the axial direction, its largest outside diameter does not come in contact with the duct roller. The same also applies for the new application roller to be installed in the machine by pushing it in the axial direction onto the drive shaft. Once the new application roller has been moved into place, contact needs to be re-established between the application roller surface and the duct roller, meaning the distance between the rotation axis of the new application roller and the rotation axis of the duct roller and, in particular, the contact pressure between the two rollers must be adjusted correctly. On the one hand it means that the contact pressure needs to be high enough to ensure that glue is transferred from the surface of the duct roller to the surface of the application roller. On the other hand, the contact pressure should not be too high since that would result in unnecessary wear for the application roller. Owing to the fact that moving the application roller away from and/or against the duct roller is manually controlled and the actual spacing and the contact pressure consequently depend on the feeling of the machine operator, a precise reproducibility of the process is not possible and an increase in the wear of the application roller cannot be precluded. In addition, the manual control of the complete exchange operation is relatively time-consuming and the share of time that is required for the changeover is relatively high, especially for smaller production runs.

Method and device for exchanging an adhesive application roller


A greeting card display system and method presents cards in grouped arrangements by category and sub-category. Locator headers span multiple columns of a tiered matrix of card stations to define the area of a group of cards. Related groups of cards are relatively positioned in the display to facilitate customer location of cards of a particular category or subcategory. A header or megalocator, which defines a broad category or theme of cards such as “Birthday”, extends over all of the columns of card stations of the display. Separate locators, beneath the header, extend over some of the columns of card stations below the header, and define a subcategory of cards such as “Birthday for Her”. All of the cards under the subcategory locators are within the defined subcategory, until another locator is reached, defining another subcategory such as “Birthday for Mom”. Because all of the cards of the subcategory defined by the locator are in stations directly below the locator, occasion-specific cards can be easily located on the display. The greeting card display system can also be implemented in an on-line retail environment.

Retail displays of greeting cards have presented different categories of cards (such as Birthday, Thanks, Concern, Wedding, Congratulations, Mother's day, Valentine's Day, Christmas, etc.) in a standardized arrangement, which makes locating a particular card category rather tedious. The standard industry practice is to place a given category at the top of the display and arrange a series of subcategories in a snake-like continuous line formation under the first category, wherein subcategory titles are placed above the first greeting card in a given subcategory. In other words, subcategories are arranged in a one-dimensional manner: down the first column of cards, up the second column, down the third column, etc. Accordingly, a category might begin at the bottom of the second column and end at the top the third column. This one-dimensional arrangement scheme can be confusing, making it difficult or consumers to locate a desired type of greeting card. Also, cards of a particular category can be obscured within the continuum of the snake. The category headers may be only one card width wide, and located very low on the display.
Hierarchical organization schemes are used extensively in the computer industry, especially in software and database programming, such as described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,644,740; 5,838,319; and 6,046,742. More people use computers today than ever before, and most computers have an operating system with a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUIs of these operating systems allow the user to view a hierarchical directory structure in a graphical manner. Sometimes a hierarchical system is displayed in a tree view, while other times it is displayed via sequentially expandable two-dimensional boxes with items inside (windows), with headings or identifiers for each box. For example, if a user opens Item B, which is inside Window A, a new window, Window B, opens and displays the contents of Item B. This process continues throughout the directory structure.
Because of the influence of computers and the GUI systems, a hierarchical organization scheme is more intuitive to retail consumers than ever before. As electronic shopping via the Internet continues to grow, computer-adapted formats for presentation of product information are required. As computer speed, graphics and monitor resolution continue to improve, virtual computer displays of greeting cards (and other products) will be increasingly effective.

Greeting card display systems and methods with hierarchical locators defining groups and subgroups of cards


A lighting device includes a light source and an optical element, the light source includes a plurality of light emitting diodes aligned. The optical element being shaped to focus a light beam emitted by the light source in a plane orthogonal to the line of light emitting diodes and to deflect said light beam parallel to an illuminating plane including the line of light emitting diodes so as to form a light beam having an ellipsoidal section.

1. Field
The invention relates to a lighting assembly including light emitting diodes as light source. In particular, the invention relating to an outdoor lighting device that can be used for an aircraft.
2. Description of the Related Art
An aircraft generally has several outdoor lighting devices for illuminating outdoor areas while the aircraft is in motion on the ground or in the air. An aircraft may include landing lights located on the wings and used to illuminate the landing runway when the aircraft is approaching the runway or during the take-off, a flashing anti-collision light mounted on the top of the rear spoiler, and navigation lights mounted on the tip of each wing. An aircraft may also include taxi type lighting devices mounted on the nose of the aircraft to illuminate the track on which the aircraft is travelling when he is moving on the ground, and additional lighting devices called "runway turn-off lights" (RTO).
The taxi type and runway turn-off type track lighting devices are intended to help the crew visualize the curves in the taxiways and runways towards the front and in the turns. The taxi lighting devices are generally mounted on the front landing gear and are intended to illuminate in front of the aircraft, while the runway turn-off lighting devices are generally mounted on the front landing gear or on the front of the wings and oriented on each side of the front of the aircraft with angles of between approximately 35° to 55° in order to illuminate the curves and thus improve the visibility while turning.
These track lighting devices must provide a relatively powerful beam over a distance of about 30 m in front the aircraft with a light beam extending laterally in a horizontal plane, i.e. relatively parallel to the wings plane taking into account the dihedral angle, but concentrated in a vertical plane, that is, relatively orthogonal to the wings of the aircraft taking into account the dihedral angle. Indeed, only the illumination of the track in a turn or curve is necessary.
The track lighting devices generally include as a light source an incandescent light bulb generating a light beam in every direction from the filament and a mirror redirecting a portion of the light beam forwardly. An incandescent light bulb may be very fragile when the filament is heated, reducing its lifetime. Moreover, the amount of electric power consumed for operating the filament and therefore emitting the light beam may be significant.

LED runway lighting assembly and dedicated optical device


This application discloses a method for obtaining a damage value of an attack item in a virtual environment performed at a computer device, and this application belongs to the computer field. The method includes: determining that an attack item shot by a virtual object hits a target object in the virtual environment; obtaining attenuation parameters of at least two media through which the attack item passes in a flight process before hitting the target object; calculating a damage value of the attack item to the target object according to the attenuation parameters of the at least two media after the attack item passes through the at least two media; and deducting a hit point value or an endurance value of the target object according to the damage value.

Terminals such as a smartphone and a tablet computer are provided with many application programs including a two-dimensional or a three-dimensional virtual environment, for example, a virtual reality application program, a three-dimensional map program, a military simulation program, a first-person shooting (FPS) game, a third-person shooting (TPS) game, and a multiplayer online battle arena (MOBA) game.
In the foregoing application programs, a user controls a virtual object to shoot by using a ranged weapon, to cause damage to a target object such as an object or another virtual object in a virtual environment.

Method and apparatus for obtaining damage value of attack item in virtual environment, method and apparatus for displaying damage value of attack item in virtual environment, and computer device

TENCENT TECHNOLOGY (SHENZHEN) COMPANY LIMITED


A motor fuel additive composition comprising the imide reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted dibasic acid anhydride and a random backbone polyoxyalkylene diamine having the formula: ##STR1## in which R' represents hydrogen or an alkyl radical having from 1 to 2 carbon atoms and the random backbone polyoxyalkylene radical consists of from about 5 to 65 weight percent of ethylene oxide and n has a value from 5 to 200 and a haze and emulsion resistant and ORI-inhibited motor fuel composition is provided.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a novel reaction product additive composition for use in motor fuels. The additive comprises the imide reaction product obtained by reacting a hydrocarbyl-substituted dibasic acid anhydride with a random backbone polyoxyalkylene diamine to produce a motor fuel-soluble bisimide which provides a number of valuable properties in a motor fuel composition.
The combustion of a hydrocarbon motor fuel in an internal combustion engine leads to the formation and accumulation of deposits on various parts of the combustion chamber as well as on the fuel intake and exhaust system of the engine. The presence of deposits in the combustion chamber seriously reduces the operating efficiency of the engine. First, deposit accumulation within the combustion chamber inhibits heat transfer between the chamber and the engine cooling system. This leads to higher temperatures within the combustion chamber, resulting in increases in the end gas temperature of the incoming charge. Consequently, end gas auto-ignition occurs, which causes engine knock. In addition, the accumulation of deposits within the combustion chamber reduces the volume of the combustion zone, causing a higher than design compression ratio in the engine. This, in turn, can also lead to engine knocking. A knocking engine does not effectively utilize the energy of combustion. Moreover, a prolonged period of engine knocking can cause stress fatigue and wear in pistons, connecting rods, bearings and cam rods of the engine. The phenomenon noted is characteristic of gasoline powered internal combustion engines. It may be overcome by employing a higher octane gasoline which resists knocking for powering the engine. This need for a higher octane gasoline as mileage accumulates has become known as the engine octane requirement increase (ORI) phenomenon. It is particularly advantageous if engine ORI can be substantially reduced or eliminated by preventing or modifying deposit formation in the combustion chambers of the engine.
Another problem common to internal combustion engines relates to the accumulation of deposits in the carburetor. These deposits tend to restrict the flow of air through the carburetor at idle and at low speed resulting in an over-rich fuel mixture. This condition also promotes incomplete fuel combustion and may lead to rough engine idling and even engine stalling. This condition leads to the production of excessive hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide exhaust emissions. It would therefore be desirable from the standpoint of engine operability and overall air quality to provide a motor fuel composition which minimizes or overcomes the above-described problems.
A third problem common to internal combustion engines is the formation of intake valve deposits. Intake valve deposits interfere with valve closing and eventually result in valve burning. Such deposits interfere with valve motion and valve seating and tend to reduce the volumetric efficiency of the engine and to limit maximum power. Valve deposits may be produced from thermally and oxidatively unstable fuel or from lubricating oil oxidation products. The hard carbonaceous deposits produced collect in the tubes and runners that are part of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) flow. These deposits are believed to be formed from exhaust particles which are subjected to rapid cooling while mixing with the air-fuel mixture. Reduced EGR flow can result in engine knock and in nitric oxide, NO.sub.x, emission increases. It would therefore be desirable to provide a motor fuel composition which minimizes or overcomes the formation of intake valve deposits.
An essential property of a motor fuel additive relates to its sensitivity to water. Motor fuels, in general, may Interface with or be mixed with water in the fuel distribution system. This problem commonly occurs in tank farm storage tanks as well as in underground service station storage tanks. To a limited extent, water may be present in vehicle fuel tanks. Additives that are highly sensitive to water tend to form an insoluble dispersion in the fuel, producing a hazy or cloudy fuel. In the presence of the fuel and water, the additive may also form a significant amount of a distinct thick emulsion layer in the fuel bottoms. The formation of a dispersion and of an emulsion layer in the fuel represents a loss of the normally soluble additive from its intended use in the fuel and may substantially diminish the properties of the fuel product. The formation of a distinct emulsion is more significant since it may interfere with the proper operation of engine fuel injectors because of the fine tolerances of their metering systems. It is highly desirable to provide an additive that is resistant to the formation of haze and an emulsion in the presence of water.
2. Disclosure Statement
U.S. Pat. No. 4,747,851 discloses a novel polyoxy-alkylene diamine compound of the formula: ##STR2## where c has a value from about 5-150, b+d has a value from about 5-150, and a+e has a value from about 2-12. Motor fuel compositions comprising the novel polyoxyalkylene diamine, alone or in combination with a polymer/copolymer additive are also disclosed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,337 discloses the use of the reaction product of maleic anhydride, a polyether polyamide containing oxyethylene and oxypropylene ether moleties, and a hydrocarbyl polyamine in a gasoline motor fuel to reduce engine ORI and provide carburetor detergency.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,659,336 discloses the use of the mixture of (i) the reaction product of maleic anhydride, a polyether polyamine containing oxyethylene and oxypropylene ether moieties and a hydrocarbyl polyamine, and (ii) a polyolefin polymer/copolymer as an additive in motor fuel compositions to reduce engine ORI.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,631,069 discloses an alcohol-containing motor fuel composition which additionally comprises an antiwear additive which is the reaction product of a dibasic acid anhydride, a polyoxyisopropylene diamine of the formula: ##STR3## where x has a value of 2-68, and an n-alkyl-alkylene diamine.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,738 discloses a motor fuel composition comprising a deposit-control additive which is the reaction product of a dibasic acid anhydride, a polyoxyisopropylene diamine of the formula: ##STR4## where x has a value of 2-50, and an n-alkyl-alkylene diamine.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,103 discloses a motor fuel deposit control additive for use in internal combustion engines which maintains cleanliness of the engine intake system without contributing to combustion chamber deposits or engine ORI. The additive disclosed is a hydrocarbyl polyoxyalkylene polyamine ethane of molecular weight range 300-2,500 having the formula: ##STR5## where R is a hydrocarbyl radical of from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms; R' is selected from methyl and ethyl; x is an integer from 5 to 30, and R" and R"' are independently selected from hydrogen and --(CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 NH).sub.y --H, where y is an integer from 0 to 5.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,581,040 discloses the use of a reaction product as a deposit inhibitor additive in fuel compositions. The reaction product is the condensation product of the process comprising (i) reacting a dibasic acid anhydride with a polyoxyisopropylene diamine of the formula: ##STR6## where x is a numeral of about 2-50, thereby forming a bis-maleamic acid; (ii) reacting said maleamic acid with a polyalkylene polyamine, thereby forming a condensate product; and (iii) recovering said condensate product.
Motor fuel compositions which contain amine additives to control deposition include the following:
U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,148 discloses a motor fuel additive useful in controlling ORI which is the combination of (a) an oil-soluble aliphatic polyamine containing at least one olefinic polymer chain, and (b) a polymer, copolymer, or corresponding hydrogenated polymer or copolymer of a C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 mono-olefin with a molecular weight of 500-1,500.
An object of this invention is to provide a novel additive reaction product which may be employed as an ORI-reducing additive in a motor fuel composition.
Another object is to provide a fuel additive reaction product having a novel random backbone polyoxyalkylene radical in its structure.
Another object of this invention is to provide a fuel additive which exhibits a reduced sensitivity to tank water bottoms and which substantially reduces the formation of haze in a motor fuel and reduces the formation of an opaque emulsion.
Another object of this invention is to provide a motor fuel composition which is deposit-resistant and exhibits ORI-inhibition when employed in an internal combustion engine.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide a concentrate composition which may be added to a motor fuel to provide motor fuel compositions of the instant invention.

Motor fuel additive and fuel composition


A headlamp and method for illumination of the headlamp in which during low beam irradiation, a light distribution pattern P(L) for a low beam is formed by turning on a lighting unit for a low beam and during high beam irradiation, a lighting unit for a high beam is also turned on at the same time to superpose an additional light distribution pattern P(H1) for a high beam thereon, thereby forming a light distribution pattern P(H) for a high beam. During the high beam irradiation, furthermore, a tilting unit of the headlamp is tilted upward by approximately 1.5 degrees and a hot zone HZ(L) of the light distribution pattern P(L) for a low beam is moved to a long distance region in a road placed ahead of a vehicle, thereby enhancing a distance visibility. A central luminous intensity position M of the additional light distribution pattern P(H1) for a high beam is set to be lower than a horizontal cutoff line CL1 of the light distribution pattern P(L) for a low beam by approximately 1 degree such that it is suitable for enhancing the distance visibility during the high beam irradiation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a headlamp for a vehicle and a method of illumination of the headlamp in which a lighting unit for a high beam and a lighting unit for a low beam are tiltably provided as one tilting unit.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the related art, a headlamp for a vehicle comprises a lighting unit for a high beam and a lighting unit for a low beam. The low beam is irradiated by turning on the lighting unit for a low beam whereas the high beam is irradiated by simultaneously turning on both of the lighting units.
In such a headlamp for a vehicle, it is hard to maintain a sufficient distance visibility during the high beam irradiation for the following reasons.
As shown in FIG. 11(a), a light distribution pattern P(L)xe2x80x2 for a low beam, which is formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a low beam, has a hot zone (high luminous intensity region) HZ(L)xe2x80x2 on a comparatively short distance region in a road placed ahead of a vehicle. Therefore, even if a light distribution pattern P(H1)xe2x80x2 having a hot zone HZ(H1)xe2x80x2 is formed on the long distance region in the road placed ahead of the vehicle by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a high beam, the long distance region is seen to be relatively dark due to the hot zone HZ(L)xe2x80x2, making it hard to maintain a sufficient distance visibility.
On the other hand, when the low beam irradiation is switched to the high beam irradiation, as in a headlamp for a vehicle described in JP-A-9-240363, it is possible to enhance the distance visibility at time of the high beam irradiation if only the lighting unit for a low beam is tilted upward and the hot zone of the low beam light distribution pattern is moved to the long distance region in the road placed ahead of the vehicle.
In a headlamp for a vehicle in which a lighting unit for a high beam and alighting unit for a low beam are tiltably provided as one tilting unit, however, there is a problem in that the lighting unit for a low beam cannot be singly tilted upward as in the headlamp for a vehicle described in JP-A-9-240363.
The present invention has been made in consideration of such circumstances and has an object to provide a headlamp for a vehicle in which a lighting unit for a high beam and a lighting unit for a low beam are tiltably provided as one tilting unit, wherein a distance visibility can be enhanced during high beam irradiation.
The invention achieves this object by devising the relationship of a beam irradiation direction between the lighting unit for a high beam and the lighting unit for a low beam.
In that regard, the invention provides a headlamp for a vehicle comprising:
a lighting unit for a high beam and a lighting unit for a low beam tiltably provided as one tilting unit, wherein low beam irradiation is performed by turning on the lighting unit for a low beam and high beam irradiation is performed by simultaneously turning on both of the lighting units,
the lighting unit for a high beam set such that a central luminous intensity position of a light distribution pattern formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a high beam is lower than a horizontal cutoff line on an opposed lane side in a light distribution pattern for a low beam which is formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a low beam, and wherein
the tilting unit is operable to be tilted upward at a predetermined angle at the time of the high beam irradiation.
The arrangement of each of xe2x80x9cthe lighting unit for a high beamxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cthe lighting unit for a low beamxe2x80x9d is not particularly restricted as they may be provided adjacently in a transverse direction or a vertical direction, for example.
In addition, the specific structures of xe2x80x9cthe lighting unit for a high beamxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cthe lighting unit for a low beamxe2x80x9d are not particularly restricted. For example, it is possible to use a so-called parabola type lighting unit having a reflector formed on the basis of a rotation paraboloid, or a so-called projector type lighting unit having a reflector and a projection lens which are formed to take the shape of a deformed elliptical sphere.
The specific structure of a light source for each of xe2x80x9cthe lighting unit for a high beamxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cthe lighting unit for a low beamxe2x80x9d is not particularly restricted but it maybe a discharge light emitting portion of a discharge bulb or a filament of an incandescent bulb such as a halogen bulb.
With the structure described above, it is a matter of course that the light distribution pattern formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a low beam at the time of the high beam irradiation may be maintained to be a light distribution pattern for a low beam. It is also possible to use a light distribution pattern obtained by properly moving the component of the lighting unit for a low beam during beam switching to add a predetermined light distribution pattern to the light distribution pattern for a low beam.
If the xe2x80x9ccentral luminous intensity positionxe2x80x9d of the light distribution pattern for a high beam is set to be lower than the horizontal cutoff line on the opposed lane side in the light distribution pattern for a low beam, a specific position thereof is not particularly restricted but may be properly set depending on the light distribution characteristic of the light distribution pattern for a low beam.
Referring to the xe2x80x9cpredetermined anglexe2x80x9d, a specific value thereof is not particularly restricted but it may be properly set depending on the central luminous intensity position of the light distribution pattern for a high beam; for example, set to approximately 1 to 2 degrees.
With the structure described above, the headlamp for a vehicle according to the present invention is constituted such that a lighting unit for a high beam and a lighting unit for a low beam are tiltably provided as one tilting unit, and low beam irradiation is carried out by turning on the lighting unit for a low beam and high beam irradiation is carried out by simultaneously turning on both of the lighting units. A central luminous intensity position of a light distribution pattern formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a high beam is set to be lower than a horizontal cutoff line on an opposed lane side in a light distribution pattern for a low beam which is formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a low beam, and the tilting unit is constituted to be tilted upward at a predetermined angle at time of the high beam irradiation as compared with time of the low beam irradiation. Therefore, the following functions and effects can be obtained.
More specifically, the tilting unit is tilted upward at a predetermined angle during the high beam irradiation as compared with the low beam irradiation so that the light distribution pattern formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a low beam can be displaced upward at the predetermined angle. Consequently, the hot zone can be moved to a long distance region in a road placed ahead of the vehicle. Thus, it is possible to enhance a distance visibility during the high beam irradiation.
On the other hand, the central luminous intensity position of the light distribution pattern formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a high beam is set to be lower than the horizontal cutoff line on the opposed lane side in the light distribution pattern for a low beam. Therefore, when the tilting unit is tilted upward at a predetermined angle during the high beam irradiation as compared with the low beam irradiation, the central luminous intensity position of the light distribution pattern can be set to be suitable for enhancing the distance visibility.
According to the invention, therefore, it is possible to enhance the distance visibility during the high beam irradiation in the headlamp for a vehicle in which the lighting unit for a high beam and the lighting unit for a low beam are tiltably provided as one tilting unit.
While the light source for each of xe2x80x9cthe lighting unit for a high beamxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cthe lighting unit for a low beamxe2x80x9d is not particularly restricted as described above, it is particularly effective to employ a structure in which the light source of the lighting unit for a high beam is the filament of an incandescent bulb and the light source of the lighting unit for a low beam is the discharge light emitting portion of a discharge bulb.
In explanation, the discharge bulb has a higher color temperature at the time of lighting and a higher luminous flux of a light source than those of the incandescent bulb. Therefore, a light distribution pattern formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a low beam using the discharge light emitting portion of the discharge bulb as the light source is white and bright, while a light distribution pattern formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a high beam using the filament of the incandescent bulb as the light source is red and slightly dark. However, with this configuration, the long distance region of the road placed ahead of the vehicle may be seen with more difficulty at the time of the high beam irradiation in which both of the light distribution patterns are synthesized. Consequently, it is more difficult to maintain a sufficient distance visibility. Therefore, it is very effective that the light distribution pattern formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a low beam is displaced upward at time of the high beam irradiation as in the present invention.
With the structure described above, if the central luminous intensity position of the light distribution pattern formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a high beam is set to be shifted by a predetermined amount toward the opposed lane side in the forward direction of the lighting unit for a high beam, the following functions and effects can be obtained.
More specifically, the hot zone in the light distribution pattern for a low beam which is formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a low beam is generally formed in a position shifted toward the self-lane side in the forward direction of the lighting unit for a low beam. Therefore, if the central luminous intensity position of the light distribution pattern formed by the beam irradiation from the lighting unit for a high beam is set to be shifted by a predetermined amount toward the opposed lane side in the forward direction of the lighting unit for a high beam, the hot zone of the synthetic light distribution pattern (that is, the light distribution pattern for a high beam) formed by the beam irradiation from both of the lighting units can be arranged to be transversely expanded with a good balance. Thus, the distance visibility in the high beam irradiation can be enhanced even further. The specific value of the xe2x80x9cpredetermined amountxe2x80x9d is not particularly restricted, but may be properly set depending on the arrangement and size of the hot zone in the light distribution pattern for a low beam and can be set to approximately 0.5 to 2 degrees, for example.


According to one embodiment, a magnetic oscillation element includes a first electrode/a second magnetic layer/a nonmagnetic spacer layer/a first magnetic layer/a second electrode, stacked in this order. The first magnetic layer has variable magnetization direction. The second magnetic layer has fixed magnetization direction. A thickness of the first magnetic layer in a direction connecting the first and second electrodes is greater than 2 times a spin penetration depth of the first magnetic layer. The thickness of the first magnetic layer is less than a maximum width of the second electrode. The first magnetic layer has edge portion provided outside the first surface when viewed along the direction. A width of the edge portion in a direction perpendicular to a tangent of an edge of the second electrode is not less than an exchange length of the first magnetic layer.

Radio waves in the microwave band and the millimeter wave band are utilized in a wide range of fields such as wireless communication devices, automotive radar systems, etc. High-frequency oscillators using semiconductors have complex configurations. On the other hand, magnetic oscillation elements that use the spin-transfer phenomenon in magnetic stacked films having sizes not more than about 100 nanometers (nm) have simple element structures. It is desirable to obtain a high frequency in magnetic oscillation elements.

Magnetic oscillation element and spin wave device


Provided is an information providing system that is capable of precisely grasping actual situations of use of provided information and effectively updating the provided information. A space management server (12) includes a unit for transmitting a part of space information indicating a structure of virtual 3-dimensional space to a user device (28). The user device (28) includes a unit for receiving the part of the space information, a unit for sharing the part of the space information with another user device (28), a unit for acquiring user information of the other information terminal device, and a unit for outputting the acquired user information and part specifying information for specifying the part of the space information.

In an information providing system for transmitting various items of information to an information terminal device via a network, provided information may be updated afterward. For example, when information of a virtual 3-dimensional space is transmitted to the information terminal device, an advertisement object is added and arranged in the virtual 3-dimensional space, or a new space is added afterward.

Information providing system, providing information updating method, information terminal device, information terminal device control method, information updating server, information updating server control method and information memorizing medium


User interactions with information handling systems can be improved by providing real-time feedback to the user during use of an application on the information handling system. A user's focused attention can be determined and the user interface elements in an application window be customized to the user. The user's focus attention thus changes the display of user interface elements on the screen. Using such a technique, user interface elements of lower importance can be de-emphasized or removed from the application window, which improves the user's access to user interface elements of greater importance.

As the value and use of information continues to increase, individuals and businesses seek additional ways to process and store information. One option available to users is information handling systems. An information handling system generally processes, compiles, stores, and/or communicates information or data for business, personal, or other purposes thereby allowing users to take advantage of the value of the information. Because technology and information handling needs and requirements vary between different users or applications, information handling systems may also vary regarding what information is handled, how the information is handled, how much information is processed, stored, or communicated, and how quickly and efficiently the information may be processed, stored, or communicated. The variations in information handling systems allow for information handling systems to be general or configured for a specific user or specific use such as financial transaction processing, airline reservations, enterprise data storage, or global communications. In addition, information handling systems may include a variety of hardware and software components that may be configured to process, store, and communicate information and may include one or more computer systems, data storage systems, and networking systems.
Applications executing on information handling systems often include many user interface elements, particularly as applications have grown more complex over time. For example, modern personal computer (PC) games offer unparalleled graphical fidelity and new innovative gameplay elements. With these gameplay elements however, there can be added complexity. Communicating these features to the user can add clutter the screen. For example, there can be many buttons, and status indicators on-screen, which prevents a portion of the screen from being used for gameplay.

Customizable user interface element visuals for an information handling system


A voltage controlled oscillator having improved frequency linearization characteristics. A radial line, (top-hat) disc geometry in conjunction with a varactor diode are disposed in a broadband, ridged waveguide oscillator circuit to produce a frequency linearized voltage controlled oscillator. A negative resistance device is recessed into the ridged waveguide and coaxially coupled via an impedance transformer to the ridged waveguide cavity. The present invention uses a disc resonator in a ridged waveguide to transform the microwave impedance of a non-RF generating element, a varactor diode, to values which provide improved voltage controlled oscillator tuning linearity. The disc resonator or radial line is located above the varactor diode. The radial line transforms the microave impedance of the varactor diode to a new value which is then coupled into the ridged waveguide circuit and subsequently to the RF generating diode. The circuit impedance, which is a function of the varactor voltage, acts to linearize the frequency versus voltage characteristic of the diode. A comparison of the operation of the circuit with and without the radial line/tuning disc shows a 13:1 improvement in the frequency linearity. Experimental results show that the circuit configuration of the present invention is ideal for use in microwave and millimeter-wave voltage conrolled oscillators which require inherent frequency versus voltage linearity. Since the voltage controlled oscillator frequency linearity is a critical factor in phase locked loop performance, it is especially suited for use in microwave and millimeter-wave radar or communication systems which are frequency agile.

This invention relates to microwave and waveguide circuits, and more specifically, to an improvement in a voltage controlled oscillator.
Microwave frequency voltage controlled oscillators find direct application in radar and communication systems which require the use of phase locked loops in the generation of frequency agile signals. The voltage controlled oscillator is the heart of the phase locked loop and is used to set the transmit frequencies of the system. In these systems, the ability to rapidly change frequencies is desirable. The ability of the phase locked loop to lock to a desired frequency is a direct function of the voltage controlled oscillator's frequency versus voltage characteristics, namely, the frequency linearity.
Conventional microwave frequency voltage controlled oscillators lack adequate frequency linearity. Nonlinear voltage controlled oscillator operation requires custom tailored feedback networks to compensate for nonlinear frequency performance. These feedback networks are complicated and reduce the speed at which the phase locked loop locks to a desired frequency. This in turn, causes the entire system to function at a less than optimum speed. The complexity of analog and digital linearization schemes for frequency modulated continuous wave radar applications is also related to the linearity of the master transmitter voltage controlled oscillator.
A disc resonator is commonly used in rectangular waveguides to tune RF generating solid state diodes, such as IMPATT and Gunn diodes, as oscillators. The use of a ridged waveguide to build coaxially coupled, broadband microwave oscillators is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,287, issued to Robertson et al. This patent shows the ridged waveguide as the circuit medium to fabricate a voltage controlled oscillator for microwave and millimeter-wave applications. A disc resonator is employed therein to tune the microwave power generating device.
It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide an inherently linear voltage controlled oscillator, operating at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. A further objective of the present invention is to reduce the complexity of frequency-agile system designs.

Frequency linearization circuit for a microwave VCO in ridged waveguide


A wireless display device includes an antenna unit, a processing unit, a display unit, and a power supply unit. The antenna unit is provided for receiving a first electromagnetic wave and a third electromagnetic wave, and transmitting a second electromagnetic wave. The processing unit is connected to the antenna unit for obtaining an identification data, a display data and a first electric power from the first electromagnetic wave, and the first electric power provides power for the processing unit. Additionally, the display unit is connected to the processing unit for displaying an image in accordance with the display data via the processing unit. The power supply unit is connected to the antenna unit and the display unit for obtaining a second electric power from the third electromagnetic wave so as to provide the display unit with the second electric power.

Radio frequency identification (RFID) products have been widely used in many fields, such as warehouse management, container management, medical management, animal management or door access management and so on. One of the latest applications is the electronic shelf label (ESL) system, as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0035937. However, in the above applications, a host system used to receive and transmit the signals, and a number of RF transponders are required. In certain cases, such as ESL systems, the RF transponders do not only reply the identification request from the host system but also display the images required by the host system. Therefore, generally, in such a situation, the RF transponders need a display to immediately update the current image based on the request of the host system. For examples, the updated price and the inventory are displayed.
However, this kind of RF transponder equipped with a display needs the additional electric power to drive the display. The well-known method for providing the additional electric power includes using an external power supply such as a battery. Although using the battery has more advantages and higher practicability, the lifespan of the best battery currently available lasts at least 3-5 years. That is, the RF transponder powered by the battery needs to spend money and manpower to change the battery periodically. No doubt, for the shopping mall adopting ESL systems, this is a heavy financial burden. Furthermore, during the period of replacing the exhausted battery, the trade in the market is badly affected somewhat.

Wireless display device and radio frequency identification system using the same

Chung -Hsin Electric & Machinery Mfg. Corp.


A T-shape vortex shedder comprises a bluff body having a width W between upper and lower ends thereof and an extended plate having a length L in the fluid flow direction which is perpendicular to the bluff body. The bluff body and the extended plate form a T-shape vortex shedder with a T-shape cross section. When this T-shape vortex shedder is placed in a fluid motion within a circular pipe, the bluff body is located upstream of the fluid flow, and the extended plate is located downstream of the fluid flow, such that vortex shedding is produced at the upper and lower ends of the bluff body. The T-shape vortex shedder is characterized in that the L/W ratio is approximately 1.56.about.2.0, and the fluid flow produces steady vortex shedding when the Reynolds number of the fluid flow is approximately 2.4.times.10.sup.3 .about.3.2.times.10.sup.4. Furthermore, two hollow pressure passages are established at the upper and lower ends of the bluff body, such that the vortex shedding frequency can be measured by a pressure transducer located outside of the circular pipe. This vortex shedding frequency is linear in relation to the Reynolds number, such that the T-shape vortex shedder of the present invention provides a highly accurate flowmeter.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a flowmeter for detecting the flowrate in a pipe or tube and in particular to a T-shape vortex shedder which is optimized in shape for use as a flowmeter.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Vortex shedding meters are the most common used among fluid oscillatory type meters. A vortex flowmeter detects frequency of vortex shedding from a bluff body which, as learned from fluid dynamics, is linearly proportional to the fluid velocity under certain conditions. Relevant papers discussing this phenomenon can be found in: H. V. Magin, Tappi 58 65 (1975); D. J. Lomax, Control Instrument 7, 36 (1975); and T. J. S. Brain and R. W. W Scott, J.Phys. E 15, 967 (1982).
Conventional vortex flowmaters include a two dimensional bluff body accommodating a pressure sensor or a probe for detecting vortex shedding frequencies. If a bluff body is placed in a fluid flow, as shown in FIG. 1, under certain conditions, when the fluid flows over the upper and lower ends 1a and 1b of this bluff body 1, the fluid will separate at an upper front end 1a1 and a lower front end 1b1 of the bluff body 1 and produce vortex shedding in the downstream direction continuously and alternately. The shedding frequency is defined as the number of vortices developed in a certain time. Since vortex shedding produces a variation in fluid pressure, the vortex shedding frequency f can be determined by the variation of pressure, and then the fluid flowrate can be calculated according to the determined frequency f. The operating theories of such vortex shedding meters are further explained in U.S. Pat. No. 5,170,671, issued to Miau et al., the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
All current vortex flowmeters are designed on the above principle. However, in order to precisely determine a broad range of fluid flowrates, the design of the bluff body and the method of the measurement of frequency differ in many ways. The quality of a flowmeter mainly depends on the quality of the signals of the vortex shedding frequency. When the vortex shedding becomes steadier and the size of vortex becomes more definite, the quality of the signals of the vortex shedding frequency improves.

T-shape vortex shedder wherein the bluff body extends across the diameter of a circular pipe and has a length to width ratio between 1.56 and 2.0


The invention relates to a bulkhead panel for use in a combustion chamber of a gas turbine engine. The bulkhead panel comprises a first side and a second side, a plurality of panel holes extending from the first side to the second side through which cooling air flows, and a circumferential inner rail on said first side dividing said first side into a first cavity region having a plurality of the panel holes and a second cavity region having a plurality of the panel holes. Each of the panel holes has an exit nozzle which is angled so as to create a swirling flow of cooling air over the second side of the panel.

This invention relates to combustors for gas turbine engines and in particular to an improved bulkhead panel for use in the combustors.
Gas turbine engines, such as those used to power modern commercial aircraft, include a compressor for pressurizing a supply of air, a combustor for burning a hydrocarbon fuel in the presence of the pressurized air, and a turbine for extracting energy from the resultant combustion gases. The combustor typically comprises radially spaced apart inner and outer liners or support shells. The liners or support shells define an annular combustion chamber that resides axially between the compressor and the turbine. Arrays of circumferentially distributed combustion air holes penetrate each liner or support shell at multiple axial locations to admit combustion air into the combustion chamber. A plurality of circumferentially distributed fuel injectors project into the forward end of the combustion chamber to supply the fuel.
At one end of the combustor is a bulkhead panel which is subjected to relatively high temperatures. As a result, it is necessary to provide the bulkhead panel with effective cooling.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved bulkhead panel for use in a gas turbine engine combustor.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a bulkhead panel which has an effective cooling scheme associated therewith.
The foregoing objects are attained by the bulkhead panel of the present invention.
In accordance with the present invention, a bulkhead panel for use in a gas turbine engine combustor broadly comprises a first side and a second side, a plurality of panel holes extending from the first side to the second side through which cooling air flows, and a circumferential inner rail on the first side for dividing the first side into a first cavity region having a plurality of the panel holes and a second cavity region having a plurality of the panel holes. In a preferred embodiment, each of the panel holes has an exit nozzle on the second side, which exit nozzle is angled so as to create a swirling flow of cooling air over the second side of the panel.
Other details of the bulkhead panel for use in a gas turbine engine combustor of the present invention, as well as other objects and advantages attendant thereto, are set forth in the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings wherein like reference numerals depict like elements.

Bulkhead panel for use in a combustion chamber of a gas turbine engine


Peptides and peptide analogs that selectively inhibit angiotensin II are described. Additionally, a method for making and using the peptides and peptide analogs are also described.

Hypertension and associated diseases including stroke, atherosclerosis and chronic kidney disease remain the number one cause of death throughout the world. In the United States, more than fifty percent of hypertensive patients do not have their blood pressure under good control; most patients need more than one medication to achieve their target blood pressure. Suboptimal blood pressure control is in part due to poor patience compliance because of the adverse side effects (e.g., dizziness, headache, cough, sexual dysfunction) associated with the widely prescribed angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs).
Angiotensin II (Ang II) inhibitors are in the top ten global therapeutic classes of pharmaceuticals. In 2008, global sales of Ang II inhibitors exceeded $22 billion and sales are expected to reach $30 billion by 2015. Accordingly, there would be great commercial demand for novel Ang II inhibitors/receptor antagonists that have a therapeutic profile that is distinct from ACEi and ARBs; such novel Ang II inhibitors/receptor antagonists could exhibit synergistic effects and/or reduce off-target adverse events (e.g., sexual dysfunction) through lowered dosages.


A hydrocracking process employing a hydrocracking catalyst based on zeolite beta together with a metal hydrogenation/dehydrogenation component recycles the unconverted, hydrocracked bottoms fraction to the hydrocracking step for improvements in distillate selectivity and denitrogenation without loss of catalyst activity while improving dewaxing of the unconverted bottoms fraction. The process typically operates at low to moderate hydrogen pressures up to 1500 psig (10445 kPa) with low hydrogen consumptions typically below 800 SCF/Bbl (142 n.l.l..sup.-1). Denitrogenation is notably high at 90 weight percent or higher.

Hydrocracking is a well established process in the petroleum refining industry and is conventionally employed either for fuels (distillate) production or for producing lubricants from poor or marginal quality crude sources. In both types of hydrocracking operation, the feed, usually a high boiling material such as a vacuum gas oil (VGO) or a catalytically cracked fraction such as light cycle oil (LCO) or heavy cycle oil (HCO) is contacted with a bifunctional catalyst in the presence of hydrogen under elevated temperatures and pressures. The catalyst has an acidic function which is typically provided by an amorphous support such as alumina or silica-alumina or by a large pore size crystalline zeolite such as zeolite X or zeolite Y. Large pore size materials of this type are used in hydrocracking operations in order that the bulky, polycyclic aromatic components in the typical feedstocks may obtain access into the internal pore structure of the catalyst where the characteristic hydrocracking reactions mostly take place. The metal function is provided in order to promote the hydrogenation reactions which occur and is usually provided by means of a base metal of Group VIA or VIIIA of the Periodic Table (IUPAC Table) such as nickel, cobalt, tungsten or molybdenum or, in some cases, by a noble metal such as platinum or palladium. Combinations of base metals from both Groups VIA and VIIIA are preferred, for example, nickel-tungsten, cobalt-molybdenum have been found to provide superior results. Other metals may be present to promote or suppress certain hydrogenative type functions, for example, tin may be present as described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,535,227. Temperatures in hydrocracking are typically at least about 500.degree. F. (about 260.degree. C.) and are typically in the range of 650.degree.-850.degree. F. (about 345-455.degree. C.) with higher temperatures being disfavored for thermodynamic reasons. Hydrogen pressures are typically at least about 400 psig (about 2860 kPa abs.) and depending upon the mode of operation are frequently in the range of about 1000 to 2500 psig (about 7000 to 17,340 kPa abs.). Hydrogen circulation rates are typically at least about 1000 to 5000 SCF/Bbl (about 180 to 890 n.l.l.). Space velocities are typically about 0.5 to 5, more commonly 0.5 to 2 LHSV (hr..sup.-1).
As described above, hydrocracking conventionally employs a support material having acidic functionality such as amorphous alumina, silica-alumina or a crystalline support such as the large pore size zeolites e.g. zeolite X or zeolite Y. Recently, the use of zeolite beta for this purpose has been proposed and it has been found to possess a number of significant advantages for the hydrocracking process. It has been shown that zeolite beta, unlike typical large pore size hydrocracking catalyst supports such as zeolite X and zeolite Y, is paraffin-selective in the presence of aromatics and tends to convert paraffins in the feed in preference to the aromatics with a preferential mode of attack towards the relatively high boiling paraffins. Moreover, zeolite beta possesses a marked propensity to isomerize the higher molecular weight paraffins so that not only is it able to effect a bulk conversion of the feed by cracking to lower boiling range products but, in addition, is able to isomerize waxy paraffins which are present in the feed to less waxy isoparaffins so that a marked reduction of product pour point is noted, especially in the bottoms fraction (usually 650.degree. F.+, 345.degree. C.+). By contrast, conventional zeolite and amorphous hydrocracking catalysts are generally aromatic selective so that aromatics in the feed are converted in preference to paraffins. This behavior is illustrated in European Patent Application Publication No. 94827 which compares the results of hydrocracking using a zeolite beta based catalyst and a catalyst based on zeolite Y. The use of the conventional zeolite Y based catalyst results in a significant net increase in the proportion of paraffins in the high boiling fraction with a major reduction in the proportion of aromatics. By contrast, the zeolite beta based catalyst effects a significantly smaller increase in paraffins and a smaller decrease in aromatic content. At the same time, the pour point of the high boiling fraction is significantly reduced by the use of zeolite beta while remaining essentially unchanged with the conventional hydrocracking catalyst (see Examples 3 and 4 of EP No. 94827).
Other hydroprocessing applications exploiting the properties of zeolite beta have been described in the patent literature. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,554,065, 4,568,655, 4,501,926, 4,518,485 and EP No. 163,449.
In conventional hydrocracking operations, a hydrotreater usually preceeds the hydrocracking reactor in order to effect a preliminary saturation of aromatics present in the feed and, in addition, to convert organic nitrogen and sulfur to inorganic forms (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide) which may optionally be removed in an interstage separation prior to entering the hydrocracking reactor or reactors in which the conversion to lower boiling products takes place. In a typical fuels hydrocracking operation where the objective is to maximize naphtha and distillate production, the unconverted fraction may be recycled to extinction, either in a second stage reactor or by recycle to the first stage hydrocracking reactor. Operation with two hydrocracking reactors is frequently preferred in order to extend catalyst cycle life, with the total conversion being split between the two hydrocracking reactors. In a lube hydrocracking operation, the high boiling lube product is preserved although lower boiling materials including naphtha and distillate are removed for separate disposition. In this case, however, the objective of the process is to effect a conversion of aromatics to materials which are relatively more paraffinic and which have better properties as lubricants. This is effected both by a process of ring saturation to naphthenic type materials as well as to saturation followed by ring opening reactions to form paraffinic chains which may, however, remain attached to aromatic moieties.
As described above, fuels hydrocracking generally operates with extinction recycle to convert the feed to lower boiling materials, typically to 650.degree. F.- (about 345.degree. C.-) products, usually with major amounts of naphtha. To do this, the recycle conventionally enters between the hydrotreater and the hydrocracker, either upstream or downstream of the interstage separator.

Hydrocracking process with partial liquid recycle


Shielding radio frequency interference (RFI) using reflector optics is disclosed. A simplified non-sealed reflector is used in conjunction with a mounting system, resulting in desired amounts of visible and non-visible light using radio frequency driven luminaries and emitters without sacrificing output or coverage area. Configurations are disclosed such that achieved RF grounding is compliant with FCC regulations. Accordingly, the disclosed RFI shielding improves optical design options, increased output, and decreased manufacturing costs over traditional sealed enclosures.

Electronic systems produce and are susceptible to electromagnetic interference (EMI), created through either electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation from an external source. In the context of radio waves, radio frequency interference (RFI), is produced. The interference created has the potential to interrupt, deteriorate, or cause other unwanted performance in many common devices ranging from radios to cellular phones to televisions. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements for the mitigation RFI are extremely strict, down to microvolts, thus it is important RFI be mitigated using appropriate radio frequency (RF) grounding.
To suppress RFI radiation, many enclosures are designed to form a sealed container for whatever may be producing the RFI. For example, an integrated circuit (IC) chip generating radio frequencies for a plasma lighting system may be contained within a housing that is sealed using the correct RFI gaskets. What is more difficult is the containment of RFI that escapes through the bulb of a lighting system that uses radio waves, i.e. plasma lighting. To contain the RFI produced from the light source, complicated housings, referred to from here on as "RFI Boxes", must be employed to contain the escaping radiation. Conventional hardware required to successfully contain RFI from a light source as described above includes a sealable cavity to which the light source is attached, a gasket, and a piece of glass which is sealed against the gasket using a fastened flange.
However, these additional materials add cost to the production process as well as time to assembly. Moreover, present RFI boxes cause a loss of total electromagnetic output per area of coverage i.e. watts per square meter, also known as irradiance. Irradiance comprises not only the visible spectrum, but UVB and infrared wavelengths as well. Additionally, glass reduces output by an additional eight percent, and blocks the beneficial UV wavelengths UVA and UVB. Some plasma technologies produce UVC, which demands the use of glass to filter this wavelength out which can cause damage on the cellular level.
Aside from these concerns, the geometry of conventional RFI boxes for lamps causes coverage area to be diminished considerably, requiring increased distance from a desired coverage plane to reach a desired coverage area. For example in terms of horticulture, coverage of a 4 foot by 4 foot area should be achievable at 12 to 18 inches from the desired plane, i.e. the canopy, to produce adequate intensity for growth. When using a conventional RFI box, this distance must be increased dramatically, causing output at the desired plane to be less than optimal.

RFI shielding for luminaires using reflection optics


Apparatus to dry milled silicon particles has solvent spray nozzles, solvent drainage, gas inlet, and gas exhaust. This drying can occur, for example, following an acid etch and a deionized water rinse. The drying apparatus is an enclosed system with a lid that contains a solvent feeding tube and exhaust ventilation. This enclosed system design creates an effective low temperature drying system in an inert atmosphere. The apparatus can handle a variety of different particle sizes, inhibits the growth of surface oxides on the particles by using lower temperatures, and allows reuse of solvent.

This invention relates to the field of chemistry. More particularly, this invention is a technique of drying milled silicon particles.
In other methods to produce trihalosilane, a polycrystalline silicon chunk is cleaned following an acid etch. The polycrystalline silicon chunk is housed in a polyethylene basket and moved from an acid cleaning tank to a pure water rinsing tank. The cleaned silicon is then placed in a hot air dryer of about 70 degrees Celsius.
Existing methods have disadvantages such as:
(1) When the gaps between grills in the polyethylene basket are too big to hold the small silicon particle in the basket, the milled silicon particles will simply drop through.
(2) When being dried by the hot air dryer, the heat promotes the growth of resistance surface oxide.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved method of drying silicon particles.

Drying silicon particles and recovering solvent