A liquid ejecting apparatus includes a transport mechanism which transports a medium in a first direction; a pre-treatment liquid coating mechanism which coats a pre-treatment liquid on the medium; a liquid ejecting unit which includes a plurality of ink nozzles which eject ink; and a control unit which controls the pre-treatment liquid coating mechanism and the liquid ejecting unit, in which the pre-treatment liquid coating mechanism includes a first mechanism which is disposed in a first region A and a second mechanism which is disposed in a second region B positioned on an upstream side of the first region A in the first direction, and the plurality of ink nozzles has a portion which overlaps with respect to the first mechanism in a second direction which intersects with the first direction and a portion which does not overlap with respect to the second mechanism in the second direction.

In ink jet-type liquid ejecting apparatuses, in order to improve the fixation of the ink to a medium, techniques for ejecting a pre-treatment liquid which includes reactive components such as an aggregating agent and an ink using a liquid ejecting head and landing the ink on the medium after landing the pre-treatment liquid so as to react the pre-treatment liquid and the ink on the surface of the medium have been developed. For example, since the ink jet head in PTL 1 is provided with nozzle rows which eject the pre-treatment liquid (reaction liquid) on the upstream side of the nozzle rows which eject ink in the transport direction of the medium, it is possible to land ink on the medium after first landing the pre-treatment liquid.

Liquid ejecting apparatus and liquid ejecting method


A display apparatus for providing multi-sided viewing functionality to a portable computer system. In one embodiment, the display apparatus is comprised of a front cover which is electrically and mechanically coupled to the portable computer. A first display component is disposed on the front cover and includes a front display panel and a rear display panel. A second display component is coupled to the portable computer system. A display control circuit, coupled to the portable computer system, is adapted to activate and to deactivate display panels in direct response to the orientation of the front cover, and when portable computer system is so configured, to the orientation of a second cover, interposed between the front cover and the portable computer system. Electronic ink technology is used in the formation of the two sided display components.

As the continuing advances in technology have enabled the miniaturization of the components required to build computer systems, new categories of computer systems have been created. One of the categories of computer systems has been the portable, hand held, or "palmtop" computer system, referred to as a personal digital assistant or PDA. Other examples of portable computer systems include electronic address books, electronic day planners, electronic schedulers and the like.
A palmtop computer system is a computer that is small enough to be held in the user's hand and as such is "palm-sized." As a result, palmtops are readily carried about in the user's briefcase, purse, and in some instances, in the user's pocket. By virtue of its size, the palmtop computer, being inherently lightweight, is therefore exceptionally portable and convenient.
The continuing miniaturization of computer systems has enabled a user to now carry in their pocket very powerful computer systems. However, miniaturization has also reduced some of the functionality of the portable computer system compared to desktop systems. To support the form factor of the portable computer, smaller graphic display panels and reduced graphic resolution have been developed. By virtue of the reduction of the graphic display capabilities of the portable computer, less information is now visible to the user.
Another drawback to the portable computer system is its display panel. While the development of the liquid crystal display (LCD) has, in part, enabled the further development of the portable computer system, it is not without certain limitations. An LCD is constructed using glass, and as such, is thick, rigid, and relatively heavy for its size. Additionally, liquid crystal displays are usually visible from one position, and as such, the information displayed is often difficult to see. Another drawback is that some LCD's require backlighting for illumination of the display area which is a constant draw on the retained power within a portable computer. Further, for the LCD to hold the images or text on the display area for the user to see, a constant flow of power must be applied to the screen, which is a draw on the retained power within a portable computer.
With most portable computer systems operating on battery power, the continuous drain of power, as described, significantly reduces the usable time before recharging is required. Additionally, because increased quantities of battery power are required for the portable computer to operate longer without being recharged/replaced, power consumption directly impacts the size of the battery required.
Another computer system being developed and currently available is the electronic book computer, commonly referred to as an "e-book." An e-book has the approximate physical properties associated with a laptop computer, but consists of two viewable areas, each facing the other, analogous to an open book. The e-book is utilized the same as when someone reads a book, but without pages to turn. Instead of turning the page, the two facing screens are refreshed, loading the new text to be read, in a fashion to simulate the turning of a book page. The text is not the printed text that is known in the printed form, but rather groups of pixels that are controlled electronically through the application of voltage or current to create the image of letters, and therefore words. Unfortunately, the e-book, while presenting text in a new manner is as large as a laptop computer, and therefore just as cumbersome.

Multi-sided display for portable computer


A mobile device holder includes a holding portion, a lower shelf fixedly attached to a base of the holding portion and configured to support a mobile device, an upper shelf slidably affixed to the holding portion and slidable along a plane defined by the holding portion toward the lower shelf such that a distance between the upper shelf and lower shelf is adjustable, a pivot assembly connected to the holding portion and configured to pivot about a pivot axis, wherein the lower shelf is attached to the base of the holding portion at a fixed distance from the pivot assembly, and a mount affixed to the pivot assembly, wherein the holding portion, the upper shelf and the lower shelf are pivotable together about the pivot axis relative to the mount between an upright position and a stowed position.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to the field of mobile device holders. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to mobile device holder configured to hold mobile devices of different dimensions and orientations.
2. Background Information
Smartphones and other electronic mobile devices have become increasingly popular for managing multiple aspects of one's daily life. One such aspect is shopping. For example, shoppers have increasingly been using electronic mobile devices to manage shopping lists or to otherwise enhance the shopping experience.
Many companies are trying to engage consumers directly at the point of purchase (e.g., at a supermarket or other retail location). Through mobile GPS and opt-in programs software is being actively developed to display advertisements, provide scannable codes (in the form of, e.g., barcodes, RFID codes, QR codes and the like) and offer messages and promotions to consumers as they move through the retail location. A challenge to such engagement is that consumers often store their devices in their pockets, purses or elsewhere, thereby inhibiting consumer interaction and foreclosing to vendors marketing directed at the consumer. Additionally, the variety of sizes of mobile devices makes it difficult to have a device that works for mobile devices of different types and dimensions.
As such, a need has arisen for a system to not only hold, but to display the screen of such mobile devices to the shopper, so that the shopper can safely push a shopping cart while still being able to view the device. Two such systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,474,832 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/630,552, the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated by reference herein.
In view of the above, a need has arisen for a combination mobile phone and tablet holder that can be attached and optionally secured to a grocery cart which has the capability to securely and removably hold a variety of items including mobile devices at different viewing angles.


An apparatus and method, the apparatus comprising; a light collector configured to collect ambient light and provide the collected light to a portion of skin of a user; a photodetector configured to enable a biometric parameter to be monitored by detecting changes in the light absorbed by the portion of skin; and an amplifier configured to amplify an output signal provided by the photodetector; wherein the light collector is configured to filter the collected ambient light to increase the proportion of light within a selected range of wavelengths which is provided to the portion of skin of the user relative to the collected ambient light.

Electronic devices which may be positioned on or close to the body of a user to enable biometric parameters to be monitored are known. For example, devices which may be used to measure heart rate, blood oxygenation levels, temperature, galvanic skin conductance and other biometric parameters are known. These devices may comprise light sources which may be used to illuminate a portion of skin of the user. The biometric parameters can then be determined by monitoring the amount of light absorbed or scattered by the illuminated portion of skin.
It is useful to provide electronic devices which can be used to monitor biometric parameters for an extended period of time. This requires an electronic device which can be worn by a user for the extended period of time without causing discomfort to the user. It also requires that the electronic device has low power requirements so that a reliable output signal can be provided over the extended period of time.

Apparatus and method for monitoring biometric parameters using an ambient light collector


A camera apparatus (1) includes: a CCD (2) serving as an imaging device; a cleaning member (3) for performing cleaning of the front face of the CCD (2); and a cleaning controller (13) for controlling the movement of the cleaning member (3). Cleaning control is carried out so that when the cleaning of the CCD (2) is started, the cleaning member (3) is moved to a cleaning position located in front of and in proximity to the CCD (2), and when the cleaning of the CCD (2) is finished, the cleaning member (3) is moved to a retracted position retracted from the cleaning position. The camera apparatus itself is provided with the function of cleaning the imaging device, thereby enabling reduction in time and effort for a cleaning operation performed on the imaging device.

Conventionally, an image pickup device such as a CCD has been used as an imaging device of a camera apparatus. A foreign substance such as dust or dirt might adhere to a surface of this CCD (i.e., a surface of a protection glass that protects an imaging face of the CCD). If a foreign substance is adhered to the surface of the CCD, the shadow of this foreign substance is unfavorably reflected on an image, which will degrade image quality. In particular, when an image of a high brightness object is taken, a depth of focus is increased upon stopping down of an aperture by an auto iris function, and a foreign substance on the surface of the CCD might be unfavorably seen as an image. To cope with this, there has conventionally been proposed a dust removal apparatus for removing a foreign substance adhered to a surface of a CCD of a camera apparatus. Such an apparatus is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2007-47487 (pp. 3-6, FIG. 1), for example.
In this conventional dust removal apparatus, at the time of removal of a foreign substance on the surface of the CCD, a lens of the camera apparatus is detached, and the dust removal apparatus is attached in place of this lens. Then, high pressure air is blown from an air blowing part of the dust removal apparatus, thereby blowing off and removing the foreign substance on the surface of the CCD.
However, in the case of the conventional dust removal apparatus, it is necessary to detach the lens of the camera apparatus and to attach the dust removal apparatus at the time of removal of a foreign substance on the surface of the CCD. Furthermore, after the removal of the foreign substance has been completed, it is necessary to detach the dust removal apparatus and to attach the lens. As described above, in the case of the conventional dust removal apparatus, at the time of cleaning of the surface of the CCD, it has been necessary to disassemble the camera apparatus and to assemble the camera apparatus again, and considerable time and effort have been required for a cleaning operation.

Camera device, cleaning control method, and cleaning control program


A method of generating non-deterministic and non-periodic random bits including the steps of providing a plurality of noise generators; providing a trigger based upon an outside world input; sampling the output signal of one of the noise generators upon the provision of the trigger; generating a first random number based upon the value of the sampled signal; and wherein the identity of the noise generator to be sampled is determined based upon a previous random number generated.

Non-deterministic data generation is an avid pursuit in science dating back one and a half centuries. In some scientific circles truly random data is considered to be a representation of the essence of life and matter itself. Clandestine techniques of capturing non-deterministic data although slow, are currently in practice in college courses ranging from the study of statistics to physics to the ebb and flow of tides and the mutation of genes throughout human evolution. As humankind further adapts the modern computer to aid in scientific study, the appetite for randomness increases proportionally.
When random numbers are pulled from truly non-deterministic data, they can be used in a wide range of business applications ranging from fair lotteries, stochastic studies in finance, poker machines and security applications for business.
In his famous quote on the subject of randomness, John von Neumann clearly states "Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin. For, as has been pointed out several times, there is no such thing as a random number—there are only methods to produce random numbers, and a strict arithmetic procedure of course is not such a method." John von Neumann, "Various techniques used in connection with random digits," in A. S. Householder, G. E. Forsythe, and H. H. Germond, eds., Monte Carlo Method, National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series, 12 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1951): 36-38.
Computers are purposely designed to be stateful machines. An average desktop computer today can execute 100 million instructions per second. Computer programs are fundamentally based on mathematical calculations. Producing truly random data from computer algorithms, no matter how tricky or seemingly complex the algorithm may be, is not possible. Computer programs are able to produce data that appears statistically random in every way and for some applications this pseudo-random data will suffice. Other applications require data to be truly random. Truly random data is distilled from truly random physical events. This distillation process need not be solely based upon "whitening" or software compensation for biased distribution. If captured from more than one type of physical source and in a plurality of each type of source, the entropy can be allowed to choose its own path in terms of random distribution. The strength of a random stream of bits of this nature is derived from the diversity of the origin of its seeds and the freedom of the seeds to interact with non-deterministic, non-periodic timing throughout the sampling process.

Non-deterministic statistical data generator


A golf club shaft swing training and practice device to impart axial rotation to the user's hand during the length of the stroke by utilizing a fixed upper handgrip and a movable lower handgrip on a support rod. The upper handgrip is fixed on the rod and the lower handgrip is slidably disposed along the rod which is cross-sectionally square with a longitudinal spiral twisted surface to impart lower grip axial rotation as it is moved therealong in increasing distance from the fixed upper handgrip during a practice swing.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to the game of golf and specifically golf club swing training oriented devices that through repetitive use instill preferred user actions and therefore improved performance. One key element in a preferred golf swing is the effective axial rotation of the club shaft to present a square or squaring club face at the point of impact with the golf ball. Therefore correct directional shaft rotation by applied unified hand action through accurate projection is critical.
2. Description of Prior Art
Prior art devices of this type have been directed to a variety of different golf club hand grips that permit rotation of the lower hand during a golf swing, see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,806,130, 3,834,714, 5,413,339, 5,538,476 and U.S. Publication 2001/0041626 A1.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,806,130 is directed to golf club grip and training aid for teaching the proper grip in the golf swing. A tapered sleeve is provided that fits over the handle of a conventional golf club grip to prevent the forward hand from gripping the club too tightly. The thumb of the rearward hand obstructs and detects rotavie movement of the sleeve during the execution of a golf club swing.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,834,714 claims a practice golf club by dividing the club grip into two parts. The upper portion is fixed with the lower portion being freely rotatable on a sleeve with an intermediate coil spring for imparting rotational tension thereto.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,413,339 describes rotating golf club handle that provides for a handle sleeve mounted on the shaft adjacent the club handle allowing for hand rotation thereon.
Ser. No. 5,538,476 illustrates a golf club shaft to allow axial rotation in adapted relation between the golf club head and upper grip portion utilizing an intermediate internal shaft cylindrical components therewith.
Finally, in U.S. Publication 2001/0041626 which defines a rotatable grip assembly for golf clubs having a cylindrical configuration for receiving a golf club head at its lower extent and the grip at its upper extent.


A method of repairing a bearing of a wind turbine generator is provided which is able to more permanently repair a gap which occurred between a constituent member of the wind turbine generator and a bearing ring of the bearing. For example, in the case of repairing the gap 13 between the main shaft outer cylinder 10 of the wind turbine generator 1 and the outer ring 12A of the main bearing 12, the plate 40 is inserted between the main shaft outer cylinder 10 and the outer ring 12A, and also the plate 40 is fixed to an inner circumferential surface of the main shaft outer cylinder 10 by the adhesive agent 41. On the other hand, slip is permitted between the plate 40 and the outer ring 12A of the main bearing 12.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of repairing a bearing of a wind turbine generator and in particular, to a bearing repairing method which fills up a gap between a constituent member such as a housing member or a shaft member of a wind turbine generator and a bearing ring of a bearing.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, from the viewpoint of conservation of the global environment, the spread of wind turbine generators which use wind power as one form of renewable energy is progressing.
A wind turbine generator is generally constituted by a rotor head to which blades are attached, a nacelle which houses a rotary shaft and a generator, and a tower which supports the nacelle. Also, in order to improve power generation efficiency, yaw rotation which swivels the nacelle in accordance with the state of the wind, or pitch control which rotates the blades in a pitch direction is often performed.
In such a wind turbine generator, a variety of bearings are used which are typified by a main bearing which supports a main shaft so as to be able to rotate, a bearing (bearing of a nacelle rotation mechanism) which supports a nacelle bedplate on the tower so as to be able to swivel, and a bearing (bearing of a pitch driving mechanism) which supports the blades on the rotor head side so as to be able to rotate.
For example, in Patent Documents 1 and 2, as a bearing which is used for the main bearing of the wind turbine generator, or the like, there are described self-aligning roller bearings having a configuration in which a bearing ring is divided at a flat surface parallel to the axis of rotation, and the divided rings are tightened by a bolt. In the self-aligning roller bearings, since the bearing ring is divided, the repair or the exchange of the bearing is able to be easily performed.

Method of repairing bearing of wind turbine generator


A new distinct variety of grapevine named ‘ARDTHIRTYNINE’ abundantly forms attractive meaty and Crunchy seedless berries with a green skin coloration; medium density in large clusters which display a sweet muscat flavor, the fruit commonly is ready for harvesting during July-August in San Joaquin Valley of Central California, U.S.A, and displays good eating qualities as a table grape. The fruit firmness renders the fruit well amenable for handling, shipping, and storage.

A breeding program was initiated during the late 1990's near Bakersfield in San Joaquin Valley of Central California. In 2013, during this breeding program, a new variety of Vitis vinifera was created by deliberate cross breeding of two parent plants by emasculation of the pollen bearing organ of the female and introducing pollen from another male origin. The female parent of the new variety was 93B-9+6 which is a white, meaty & soft variety with good berry attachment (non-patented in the United States). The male parent (i.e. the pollen parent) of the new variety was 30-5+1, a meaty white variety with soft berry texture (non-patented in the United States).
TABLE 1ARDTHIRTYNINE compared with parents & closely related variety:ARDTHIRTY-93B-9+630-5+1ThompsonNINE(Maternal)(Paternal)seedlessBunchmediummedium-mediumvery tightdensitydenseBerry flavorsweet muscatnonesweet muscatsweetSkinmediummediumthintender
The parentage of the new variety can be summarized as follows:93B-9+6 X 30-5+1
An artificial pollination was created, and the result was an embryo which possessed unique genetic qualities. The rudiments resulting from the above pollination were embryo rescued.
In 2014 the plant was transplanted to Bakersfield in San Joaquin Valley of Central California.
It was found that the new grapevine of the present invention possesses the following combination of characteristics:                (a) Forms attractive meaty and crunchy seedless berries with a green skin coloration; in medium density, medium clusters which display a sweet muscat flavor,        (b) Commonly bears fruit during the month of July-August in the San Joaquin Valley of Central California, U.S.A.,        (c) Bears fruit that is firm and is well amenable for storage, handling, and shipping, and        (d) Produces 81 bunches per vine, and an average of about 1-2 bunch per shoot, at a total of 64 lbs fruit per vine.
The new variety during observation to date has displayed no visible disease, and has displayed an ability to well resist cold, drought, heat; but sensitive to direct exposure to sun and wind. The fruit of the new variety has been found to display excellent handling and shipping qualities combined with desirable dessert eating qualities.
The new variety of the present invention has been found to undergo asexual propagation beginning in 2015 near Bakersfield in the San Joaquin Valley of Central California, U.S.A. by bud grafting on mature Thompson rootstock (non-patented in the United States). Such asexual propagation has been conducted thereafter in successive years to date and has shown that the characteristics of the new variety are strictly transmissible from one generation to another. Accordingly, the new variety undergoes asexual propagation in a true to type manner.

Seedless grapevine named ‘ARDTHIRTYNINE’

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY


A hydrostatic axial piston machine (1) utilizing a bent-axis construction has a drive shaft (4) with a drive flange (3) rotatable around an axis of rotation (Rt) inside a housing (2). A cylinder barrel (7) is located inside the housing (2) and is rotatable around an axis of rotation (RZ). A drive joint (30) is located between the drive shaft (4) and the cylinder barrel (7). The drive joint (30) has at least one drive body (M1; M2; M3; M4) in the form of a slider or a roller body which is supported in the drive shaft (4) and the cylinder barrel (7). A lubrication device (80) is provided for the drive joint (30) and supplies lubricant from a lubricant port (81) located on the housing (2) of the axial piston machine (1) to the drive bodies (M1; M2; M3; M4) for cooling and lubrication of the drive bodies (M1; M2; M3; M4).

Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a hydrostatic axial piston machine utilizing a bent-axis construction having a drive shaft located inside a housing and rotatable around an axis of rotation. The drive shaft has a drive flange. A cylinder barrel is located inside the housing of the axial piston machine and rotates around an axis of rotation. The cylinder barrel has a plurality of piston bores. A longitudinally displaceable piston is located in each piston bore. The pistons are fastened to the drive flange in an articulated manner. A drive joint for driving the cylinder barrel is located between the drive shaft and the cylinder barrel. The drive joint has at least one drive body in the form of a slider or roll body which is supported on the drive shaft and the cylinder barrel.
Description of Related Art
In hydrostatic axial piston machines utilizing a bent-axis construction, the longitudinally displaceable pistons located in the cylinder barrel are generally fastened to the drive flange of the drive shaft by a ball joint. The piston forces are transmitted by the piston to the drive flange located on the drive shaft and generate a torque. In axial piston machines utilizing a bent-axis construction, during rotation there is theoretically no drive of the cylinder barrel with the pistons located in it. For driving of the cylinder barrel, a drive joint is necessary and is located between the drive shaft and the cylinder barrel. A drive joint that employs the Rzeppa principle or the tripod principle can be used, in which the cylinder barrel is driven by at least one drive body in the form of a roll body or a slider that transmits a torque between the drive shaft and the cylinder barrel for driving the cylinder barrel.
Generic axial piston machines employing a bent-axis construction have significantly higher maximum allowable speeds of rotation than axial piston machines utilizing a swashplate construction. Thus, axial piston machines utilizing a bent axis construction have advantages for use as a hydraulic motor.
In hydrostatic axial piston machines, the housing inside which the rotating drive shaft and the rotating cylinder barrel are located is filled with a pressure medium, such as hydraulic oil, to provide cooling and lubrication of the components. During operation of the axial piston machine with a rotating drive shaft and rotating cylinder barrel, this arrangement results in churning losses that increase extra-proportionally as the speed of rotation increases. These churning losses represent an additional consumption of energy, which in an axial piston machine in the form of a pump must be compensated for by the drive system and result in an undesirable power loss, or in an axial piston machine in the form of a motor resulting in a lower output power. In particular, at high speeds of rotation of the rotating components, this power loss can be of a significant magnitude, as a result of which the efficiency and potential applications of axial piston machines at high speeds of rotation are limited and restricted.
To eliminate these disadvantages, the housing of the hydrostatic axial piston machine can be emptied of hydraulic fluid to reduce the losses caused by the churning of the rotating components and to increase the efficiency of the axial piston machine at higher speeds of rotation.
In a hydrostatic axial piston machine and with a housing emptied of hydraulic fluid, however, sufficient cooling and lubrication of the drive bodies of the drive joint are no longer guaranteed.
An object of this invention is to provide an axial piston machine that can be operated with a housing that has been emptied of hydraulic fluid and simultaneously guarantees sufficient lubrication and cooling of the drive bodies of the drive joint.

Axial piston machine utilizing a bent-axis construction with a drive joint for driving the cylinder barrel


Apparatus and method for storing network frame data which is to be modified. A plurality of buffers stores the network data which is arranged in a data structure identified by a frame control block and buffer control block. A plurality of buffer control blocks associated with each buffer storing the frame data establishes a sequence of the buffers. Each buffer control block has data for identifying a subsequent buffer within the sequence. The first buffer is identified by a field of a frame control block as well as the beginning and ending address of the frame data. The frame data can be modified without rewriting the data to memory by altering the buffer control block and/or frame control block contents without having to copy or rewrite the data in order to modify it.

The present invention relates to the processing of network data frames. Specifically, a data structure for a data frame is disclosed along with an apparatus and method for modifying the data structure.
Computing networks transfer data to different devices over a network in frames. The frames have a header containing address information such as a destination address, source address and a data count. Appended to the header is a payload, which may typically be between 64-1,500 bytes of information for the destination address. A trailer is appended to the payload data and header data which includes error checking and error correcting bytes for correcting data containing a minor number of errors at the destination address.
These data frames encounter numerous devices during passage over the network. Specifically, routers, bridges and other devices may pass the data frame to another portion of the network, and in the process, modify the data. Specifically, it is known in router applications that occasionally a received data frame will require alteration of the data packets contained within the data frame. These alterations may be in the form of insertion of another data packet, deletion of a data packet or the joining or splitting of packet data before retransmission on the network.
The conventional process for modifying packet data requires copying or moving original data packets in a frame of data to a new memory location. Once moved, operations can be performed on the data to append or delete information from the data packet, and the revised data frame can then be transmitted over the network.
The conventional schemes for modifying data requires a higher packet memory access bandwidth, so that packet information can be read, modified and re-stored quickly. Some frame alteration operations require a read/modified write of the data packet to the packet memory which is usually implemented in a DRAM, increasing latency associated with packet processing as well as requiring a higher packet memory access bandwidth.
Routers which process the incoming network data frame may determine that the address information in the header is incomplete. Additional data is found in a routing table, which is necessary for the network data frame to be passed to an intermediary device such as another router, or a bridge, may need to be appended in the address portion of the header. Other operations which may have to be performed on the received network frame include splitting network data frames into two or more frames, or joining packets of one frame to another. These operations as well require moving and copying of the original data, burdening the memory bandwidth, increasing latency and reducing system performance.

Apparatus and method for efficiently modifying network data frames

International Business Machines Corporation


A method for forming contact holes is applied in a transistor array substrate. The transistor array substrate includes first contact pads, second contact pads located over the first contact pads, a first insulation layer covering the first contact pads, and a second insulation layer covering the second contact pads. Firstly, a photoresist pattern layer having recesses and first openings is formed on the second insulation layer. The first openings expose the second insulation layer partially. Then, the first insulation layer and the second insulation layer inside the first openings are removed partially, to expose the first contact pads. Then, the thickness of the photoresist pattern layer is reduced, so that the recesses form a plurality of second openings which expose the second insulation layer partially. After that, a part of the second insulation layer which is located inside the second openings is removed, to expose the second contact pads.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a manufacturing process for displayers and more particularly to a method for forming contact holes.
2. Related Art
Transistor array substrate is an important and essential component for liquid crystal displays in the consumer market today. In a finished product of conventional transistor array substrate, by applying a plurality of contact holes, a plurality of drains of transistors can be electrically connected to a plurality of pixel electrodes respectively, and signal lines (such as scan lines or data lines) can be electrically connected to drivers.
A conventional transistor array substrate includes two insulation layers, and the contact holes are disposing inside the insulation layers. The contact holes are formed by penetrating at least one of the insulation layers. In other words, some contact holes are formed by penetrating all the insulation layers, or some of them are formed by penetrating one of the insulation layers. Therefore, the contact holes in the same transistor array substrate have different depths.
In general, the contact holes are formed by etching. However, the contact holes have different depths, and thus the drains and signal lines can possibly be damaged due to over-etching during the etching process, such that the transistor array substrate has to be reworked or scrapped. As a result, the manufacturing costs for transistor array substrate are increased.


In a communication system, an SMS message can be transmitted from a sending entity to a receiving entity. The sending entity is configured to encode the SMS message by inserting both the sender number and the sender text description of the sending entity in the TP-OA field of the SMS message. After transmission, the receiving entity is configured decode the TP-OA field of the encoded SMS message and simultaneously display the sender number and the sender description as the title of the SMS message on a screen.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a method of handling SMS messages and related system, and more particularly, to a method of handling SMS messages capable of providing efficient recognition of a sending entity and related system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The short message service (SMS) is a messaging mechanism that enables short messages of generally no more than 140˜160 characters in length to be transmitted from, and received by a wireless communications device.
First introduced in the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) system, SMS is currently supported by a majority of other digital-based mobile communications systems, such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) and Long Term Evolution (LTE) system. The message payload commonly contains plain text, but there are provisions for other types of data, such as pictures, graphics, ring tones, etc. Unlike paging, messages are stored in and forwarded to SMS centers in an SMS system. SMS messages travel to wireless communications devices over the wireless communication coverage network control channel, which is separate and apart from the voice channel.
According to SMS-related 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) technical specifications, the source address from which an SMS message originated is encoded in a field known as Transfer-Protocol-Originating-Address (TP-OA) field of the an SMS message. When receiving multiple SMS messages, the receiving entity decodes each SMS message and generally only displays the title of each SMS message according to the decoded content the TP-OA fields. The user may then view a specific SMS message by selecting a specific title.
In the prior art SMS encoding scheme, the TP-OA field only contains information related to the number of the sending entity. When the sending entity has a non-routable number which cannot be replied to, or the number of the sending entity is not included in the contact list stored in the receiving entity, the user may not to able to recognize the exact identity of the sending entity from the title of the SMS message. The user may need to spend time reading the content of the SMS message whose title is an unfamiliar number before realizing it is actually an unimportant SMS message. Therefore, there is a need for a method of handling SMS messages in order to provide efficient recognition of the sending entity.

Method of handling SMS messages and related communication system


A container for liquid with an auxiliary lid which is capable of preventing a large quantity of bubbles and liquid within the container from spouting out. The auxiliary lid body is provided a distance above an opening-lid which is opened by lifting a tab provided on the lid of the container. Air holes are provided in the auxiliary lid body whereby, upon opening the container, spouting of beer or soda or other liquid contents stops and remains within a space surrounded by the auxiliary lid and container lid. As a result, bubbles and liquid are prevented from dispersing. A protrusion for opening the container also enables the auxiliary lid to be secured without rattling.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an auxiliary lid of a beer canor a soda-pop can or the like to which tabs are attached.
(b) Description of Prior Art
A container of which the lid is able to be easily opened has already been obvious to those skilled in the art, which is for example disclosed in Japanese patent publication No. 57-55143, in which a part of the lid is cut off by picking up a part of the lid. However, recently, is widely used a can lid such that a lid is cut off to be pushed into the container by the lever action of picking up a tab attached thereto. However, such conventional art as mentioned above have had such a problem that a large quantity of bubbles or liquid included in the container often would spout out to stain the surroundings. To close such an opened lid, Japanese Utility Model laid-open No. 58-33447 discloses a sealing plug for a can, in which an absorption member is provided within the cap fitted into upper edge of a can. However, the disclosed sealing plug for a can cannot be utilized in opening a can.

Spout resisting lid for a drink container

Ouazashimoichibu, Sasagamimura, Kitakanbaragun, Niigataken


Additives comprising the reaction products of aminodiols and the products of benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride and aminoalcohols and/or amines with long-chain hydrocarbyl groups attached improve the low-temperature properties of distillate fuels.

This application is directed to multifunctional additives which improve the low temperature properties of distillate fuels and to fuel compositions containing minor amounts thereof.
Traditionally, the low-temperature properties of distillate fuels have been improved by the addition of kerosene, sometimes in very large amounts (5-70 wt %). The kerosene dilutes the wax in the fuel, i.e. lowers the overall weight fraction of wax, and thereby lowers the cloud point, filterability temperature, and pour point simultaneously. The additives of this invention effectively lower both the cloud point and CFPP (Cold Filter Plugging Point) of distillate fuel without any appreciable dilution of the wax component of the fuel.
Other additives known in the art have been used in lieu of kerosene to improve the low-temperature properties of distillate fuels. Many such additives are polymeric materials with pendant fatty hydrocarbon groups. These additives are limited in the range of their activity, however; most improve fuel properties by lowering the pour point and/or filterability temperature. These additives have little or no effect on the cloud point of the fuel.
No art is known to applicants which teaches or suggest the additive products and compositions of this invention. However, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,910,987 and 3,910,981 disclose the use of certain aminodiols in the preparation of petroleum additives.
The additives of this invention are substantially different, however, both in terms of structure and function. They are oligomeric and/or polymeric materials obtained via condensation reactions, e.g. the reaction of aminodiols with acids and/or anhydrides. In terms of activity, these additives effectively lower distillate fuel cloud point, thus providing improved low-temperature fuel properties, and offering a unidque and useful advantage over known distillate fuel additives.
These new additives are especially effective in lowering the cloud point of distillate fuels, and thus improve the low-temperature flow properties of such fuels without the use of any light hydrocarbon diluent, such as kerosene. In addition, the filterability properties are improved as demonstrated by lower CFPP temperatures. Thus, the additives of this invention demonstrate multifunctional activity in distillate fuels.

Multifunctional fuel additives derived from aminodiols to improve the low-temperature properties of distillate fuels


There is described a composition comprising a therapeutically active imidazole, and derivatives thereof, and an agent active on a bacterial cell surface selected from the group consisting of one or more of colistin, nisin, D-cycloserine, fosfomycin, fosfomycin trometamol, fosfomycin disodium and polymixin B, and derivatives thereof.

Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococci, Enterococci and Clostridia, are extremely important, pathogens in both human and veterinary medicine. In the United States, between 1995 and 1998, 60% of hospital bloodstream infections involved gram-positive bacteria. This percentage is continuing to increase. The development of antibiotic resistance amongst gram-positive bacteria complicates treatment and can lead to increased morbidity and mortality.
Antibiotic resistance in bacteria has been selected through the prolific use of these drugs both in human medicine and animal husbandry, indiscriminate prescribing practices, and patient non-compliance with treatment regimes. Therapeutic options for the treatment of such drug-resistant microorganisms, especially gram-positive bacteria, are becoming increasingly limited. The problem of antibiotic resistance is exacerbated by the spread of drug-resistant organisms, and the dissemination of resistance genes between bacteria. The threat to the successful management of bacterial infections posed by the development and spread of antibiotic resistance is one of the most significant problems within healthcare and veterinary medicine.
Staphylococci
Staphylococci are major causes of serious healthcare associated infection (HAI). Of particular note are strains of Staphylococcus that have developed or obtained varying levels of resistance to antibiotics such as methicillin (meticillin). These difficult-to-treat organisms are commonly known as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE). Approximately 80% of S. epidermidis isolates from device-associated infections are methicillin resistant (MRSE) as well as being multi-resistant. Resistance to multiple antibiotics and the ability of S. epidermidis to form biofilms on inert surfaces exacerbate the challenges of treating infections caused by these organisms.
In the USA, over 50% of clinical S. aureus isolates are resistant to the β-lactam methicillin (NNIS, 2004). Similarly, reports of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in animals have become more frequent in recent years (O'Mahony et al., 2005); MRSA has been isolated from dogs, cats, cattle, sheep, chickens, rabbits and horses (Devriese and Hommez, 1975, Hartmann et al., 1997, Pak et al., 1999, Tomlin et al., 1999, Lee, 2003, Goni et al., 2004, and Weese 2004).
In both human and veterinary medicine, bacterial biofilms (structured communities of bacterial cells enclosed in a self-produced polymeric matrix and adherent to an inert or living surface (Costerton et al., 1999)) are a significant problem. In animal husbandry, bacterial biofilms can develop on poultry processing instrumentation (Arnold & Silvers, 2000) and may cause treatment failure of mastitis in cows infected with S. aureus (Melchior et al., 2006). In human healthcare, biofilms of bacteria have been shown to colonise many medical devices, including orthopaedic implants (Bahna et al., 2007). In the UK, 35% of hip prostheses' infection is attributable to S. aureus, resulting in septic loosening, fracture non-union and osteomyelitis (Sanderson, 1991). The association of MRSA with the use of orthopaedic devices is extremely problematic due to the increased spectrum of resistance of this organism, in addition to the protection from the immune system given by the biofilm growth phase, often necessitating the removal of a contaminated device, causing further trauma to the patient and increasing medical costs. Colonisation with MRSA is the general precursor to the development of an MRSA infection, so interventions that reduce levels of human colonisation or the colonisation of surfaces such as medical devices will reduce the spread of infections in healthcare facilities.
The acquisition of methicillin resistance among Staphylococcal species not only precludes the use of all currently available β-lactam antibiotics, but also is commonly associated with resistance to multiple drug classes.
Methicillin resistance in Staphylcocci develops by the alteration of the target of the drug. β-lactam antibiotics, such as methicillin, act on sensitive strains by binding to and inhibiting proteins called "Penicillin Binding Proteins". Resistance to methicillin in Staphylococci occurs by the alteration one of these proteins, PBP2′, so that β-lactams bind poorly to it. This results in the bacterium becoming resistant to all currently available β-lactam drugs. MRSA and MRSE infections can be treated with glycopeptide drugs, such as vancomycin. The rise in prevalence of MRSA and MRSE, in addition to emerging high levels of resistance to aminoglycosides and ampicillin in Enterococci, have resulted in an increased reliance on vancomycin. This has driven the subsequent emergence of vancomycin resistant pathogens. Of particular note are strains commonly known as vancomycin intermediately sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and vancomycin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), all of which are multi-drug resistant and difficult to treat. The emergence of VISA and VRSA means that current antibiotics may become ineffective for the treatment of human infections such as endocarditis, bacteraemia and osteomyelitis.
The administration of vancomycin to patients with recurrent MRSA infections causes an increased risk of the emergence of VISA or VRSA strains. The vast majority of VISA infections in the USA occur in patients with recurrent MRSA treated with vancomycin (Appelbaum, 2006). Although a dramatic reduction in the use of glycopeptides such as vancomycin would reduce the emergence and spread of VISA and VRSA, this is not practical without the use of alternative compounds that do not promote the emergence of multiple resistance.
Clostridia
Clostridia are multi-drug resistant Gram-positive bacteria that are becoming one of the most difficult to treat healthcare-associated infections to date. The administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, such as ampicillin, amoxicillin and the cephalosporins, plays a key role in the development of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (CDAD). The presence of a large number of mobile genetic elements within the genome of C. difficile are thought to be responsible for the multiple-drug resistance observed in this species. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics reduces bacterial colonisation in the intestine, permitting the overgrowth of C. difficile. Clostridium difficile is extremely hardy; by forming spores, it can survive extremes of temperature, ethanol and antibiotics, and so is very difficult to treat. One of the key challenges in the treatment of C. difficile is the fact that it is able to form these highly resistant spores. As such, antibiotic treatment commonly results in the inhibition of the actively growing Clostridium cells but not the vegetative spores. The spores remain in the gut of a mammal after treatment and can then germinate resulting in a new C. difficile infection. Currently the antibiotics of choice for the treatment of C. difficile are metronidazole and then vancomycin if metronidazole is ineffective. However, neither of these drugs is able to inhibit the outgrowth of Clostridium spores, and as such the prevalence of relapses in C. difficile infection after treatment is estimated at around 55% of all cases.
Initially, oral vancomycin was used as a primary drug choice in the treatment of CDAD, but because of the risk of promotion and selection of vancomycin resistant gut flora (such as Enterococci), vancomycin is recommended only for cases that do not respond to the primary treatment (metronidazole). Recently, resistance to vancomycin and metronidazole in C. difficile isolates has been reported, and the use of these agents has been shown to increase the density of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in the stools of colonised patients.
In summary, there are three key factors to be considered when designing novel therapeutics agents for the treatment of Clostridia, these are:                1. The drug must be able to kill the multiply-resistant actively growing Clostridia to give efficient relief to the patient from the disease.        2. The drug must be able to prevent the outgrowth of Clostridium spores to minimise the likelihood of a relapse.        3. A drug that does not promote the spread of vancomycin resistance is preferable.Enterococci
The development of vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE) in recent years is of major significance. Enterococci once were viewed as harmless inhabitants of the human and animal gut flora, but have now acquired resistance to multiple classes of antibiotic, including the last-resort drug, vancomycin. In the US, the prevalence of Enterococcus faecium exhibiting vancomycin resistance rose from 26.2% in 1995 to around 70% in 2004, making it one of the most feared pathogens in US hospitals.
The acquisition of vancomycin resistance among some strains of Enterococci is associated with resistance to multiple drug classes due to the sequential nature at which these strains have acquired resistance to every new antibiotic challenge.
Genotypes and Phenotypes of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram Positives
MRSA, MRSE, VISA, VRSA and VRE are genotypically and phenotypically distinct from other, sensitive Staphylococci and Enterococci, tending to form discrete clonal lineages.
The most prevalent clones of MRSA in the UK are EMRSA-15 and EMRSA-16; EMRSA-16 is regarded as endemic in the majority of UK hospitals. These MRSA clones differ from other Staphylococci by the presence of a cassette of several genes (the SCCmec gene cassette), and are commonly resistant to many different classes of antibiotic in addition to methicillin. This gene cassette contains the genes for methicillin resistance as well as genes important for enabling the cassette to move between strains; it commonly contains many other genes encoding resistance to other antibiotic classes. A genetic comparison between an EMRSA-16 strain and a sensitive Staphylococcal strain revealed that the MRSA strain contained an extra 106 genes, many of which were important for the virulence and drug resistance of the strain.
Similarly, VRE and Clostridium outbreaks are commonly clonal, with the vanA gene cassette (coding for cell-wall precursors that do not bind to vancomycin) being the most prevalent genetic resistance mechanism in VRE outbreaks. In the UK it is estimated that only 3 clonal strains of C. difficile are responsible for around 75% of all CDAD cases.
Mechanisms of Drug Resistance
Drug resistance can be specific, i.e. particular to a certain drug or class of drugs, or non-specific in that the resistance applies to a range of drugs, not necessarily related. In the case of VISA, an increase in cell wall thickness is a major contributor to the observed drug resistance.
VISA and VRSA may be defined as any Staphylococcal strain with a vancomycin MIC of 4-8 mg/L (VISA) or greater or equal to 8 mg/L (VRSA). These levels of resistance can be due to an increase in cell wall thickness, by the production of cell-wall precursors incapable of binding vancomycin, or via another mechanism. Susceptible gram-positive organisms synthesise cell wall precursors ending in D-ala-D-ala, whereas vancomycin resistant gram-positive organisms, such as VISA, VRSA and VRE synthesise, for example, D-ala-D-lac precursors. The presence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcal and Enterococcal strains may be identified by the measurement of the MIC to vancomycin by broth or agar dilution, or by Etest®, or by the identification of vanA, vanB, vanC, vanD, vanE, vanG genes, or similar, by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The current invention also encompasses the subclass of VISA strains that are heterogeneous VISA (hVISA); these are vancomycin susceptible methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by conventional testing but have a sub-population of intermediately resistant cells. hVISA strains are thought to be the precursors of VISA.
Management of Multi-Drug Resistant Gram Positive Infections
The management of human infections caused by MRSA, MRSE, VISA, VRSA and VRE reflect the genotypic and phenotypic differences outlined above, and require greater investment in hospital infrastructure, facilities for patient isolation, and infection control measures than for other strains of Staphylococci and Enterococci. The ease at which Clostridium difficile can spread within the hospital environment, and the ability of the bacterium to form highly-resistant spores, means that C. difficile infections also require more extensive infection control measures than those required for most other gram-positive infections; recent cost estimates attributable to CDAD in the UK and USA exceed US$4,000 per case.
The treatment options for infections contributed to or caused by VISA, VRSA and VRE are now severely limited. Resistance against the two newest antibiotics for VRE (quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid) as been described; linezolid has already been associated with treatment failure in VRE infections. There is an urgent need to discover new compounds that inhibit or kill such organisms, and to limit the development and spread of these multiply-resistant pathogens.
Current treatment for Clostridium difficile is not always effective; there are increasing reports of recurring infection and resistance development. CDAD recurs after treatment in up to 55% of patients. Because of the limited therapeutic options for the treatment of CDAD and the high recurrence rate, new therapeutic strategies targeting both the growing bacterial cells and vegetative spores are urgently needed.
It has been found that certain imidazoles and or their derivatives are capable of inhibiting the growth of Clostridium difficile (George, 1979), MRSA (Lee & Kim, 1999) and/or VISA, VRSA and VRE. However, the identification of compounds that act synergistically with these drugs (the imidazoles) means that lower concentrations of original drug may be used (thus reducing the undesirable side effects of the imidazoles) and prolonging the life of the drug treatment (e.g. a synergistic combination of two drugs will require resistance to develop in both components before the combination becomes ineffective). If the spontaneous rate of resistance development in an organism is 108, the development of resistance to the combination of two compounds will be approximately 106, therefore the risk of resistance developing is dramatically lower.
Synergy between antibiotics may occur when two antibiotics target bacterial proteins within the same metabolic pathway. Trimethoprim and sulphamethoxazole are commonly administered together as co-trimoxazole because they target two different enzymes in the bacterial folic acid synthesis pathway. Synergy may also occur when a resistance mechanism, such as an efflux pump, is inhibited, permitting the accumulation of an antibiotic that if administered singly, may be removed by the efflux pump. There is no known technique by which to predict that two compounds will act synergistically to give an antibacterial effect greater than the sum of the effects of the individual drugs, unless the mechanism of action of each agent is known, and even then, synergy is not guaranteed. Similarly, if a compound acts synergistically with a particular antibiotic, it cannot be predicted that a combination with an antibiotic acting on different bacterial targets or on different bacterial strains will also exhibit synergy.
It is known that bacitracin and miconazole act synergistically against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (Cornelissen and Bossche, 1983). However, when this combination was tested against multi-drug resistant strains such as MRSA and VISA (this specification, Table 3), synergy did not occur. This highlights the fact that phenotypic and genotypic differences between sensitive and resistant strains prevents the prediction of synergy from data generated on sensitive strains. Additionally, not all cell wall or membrane active agents will demonstrate synergy with miconazole or other imidazoles when used to kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.
Nisin is known to have in vitro activity against C. difficile (Bartoloni A et al, 2004; Kerr et al, 1997) and the potential for nisin and vancomycin to be synergistic is disclosed. However, as described above, this information does not allow predictions of synergy of nisin with other antibiotics, especially as there is a lack of clarity over the exact mode of action of miconazole against Clostridium. For example, nisin does not act synergistically with other antibiotics such as bacitracin and chloramphenicol, which like vancomycin also act on the cell wall (chloramphenicol causes an accumulation of cell wall peptidoglycan). Indeed, nisin was found to antagonise the antibacterial activity of chloramphenicol, thus, one cannot predict that synergy will occur with nisin and miconazole.
Similarly, fosfomycin, and derivatives thereof, is known to be active against some sensitive Gram positive bacteria, and synergy has been shown with some antibiotics (such as rifampicin and linezolid) but not with other antibiotics (e.g. vancomycin) (Grif et al, 2001). This demonstrates that the detection of synergy with some antibiotics cannot be used to generate blanket predictions of synergy with other drugs.
The present invention discloses the knowledge that the combination of certain imidazoles with one or more specific agents active on a bacterial cell membrane or bacterial cell wall, is capable of inhibiting the growth of MRSA, MRSE, VISA, VRSA, VRE and Clostridia at dramatically lower concentrations than either agent used singly, or their additive effect. The combination of miconazole with nisin demonstrates surprising synergy against the actively growing cells, but an additional benefit of this combination is that the nisin component also acts on the vegetative cells by inhibiting their outgrowth, thus reducing the likelihood of a relapse in infection.
An objective of the present invention is to provide a new and effective treatment for infections contributed to or caused by difficult to treat gram-positive bacteria, such as, MRSA, MRSE, VISA, VRSA, VRE and Clostridia.

Antibacterial combination therapy for the treatment of gram positive bacterial infections


The cigarette package unit is composed of an outer envelope defining a rectangular parallelepipedal volume similar to that of conventional cigarette packages and which contains an inner rectangular parallelepipedal compartment adapted for receiving the cigarettes. The outer envelope has side walls made of front and rear flaps shorter than a total height of the outer envelope and being connected to respective front and rear faces of the envelope while defining therebetween a rectangular cut-out. A hollow space is formed between the bottom of the outer envelope and the bottom of the inner compartment and in which is placed a match drawer containing a number of matches which is substantially equal to a number of cigarettes.

Up to now, packages for cigarettes have been made either in glazed paper with an inside protection in a metallic paper and an outside coating made of a plastics film, or by a rectangular parallelepipedal cardboard box unit containing cigarettes wrapped inside a protection made of a metallized paper, the unit being outsidely covered by an envelope made of a film of transparent plastics material.
However, and although these packages have given satisfaction for packaging of cigarettes, it has been necessary to supply smokers, in addition to these packages, with a separate pocket of matches. This pocket of matches is readily lost or forgotten, thereby preventing the smoker from lighting a cigarette at the desired moment.
Improvements have been brought to the foregoing prior art by British patent No. 2,046,218 in which the package is such that it incorporates automatically a match box placed directly underneath a portion containing the cigarettes, and this directly by a simple folding operation after having cut out a cardboard blank.
The package according to the hereabove prior art document relates thus to a cigarette package having an envelope with side walls which are made of front and rear flaps, the front flaps of these side walls extending into extra flaps which are not connected to the respective front and rear walls of the envelope and are provided for forming an upper bottom for the envelope by defining a space with a lower bottom of the envelope, this space being provided for housing a match drawer.
Due to the above mentioned extra flaps which it is necessary to glue, there is defined an overthickness against which will abut the upper portion of a match drawer when sliding inside the space thus formed in the cigarette package between the upper bottom and the lower bottom of the envelope.
After a certain period of handling use, the hereabove overthickness prevents the match drawer from sliding correctly. Moreover, due to the fact that these extra flaps are simply bearing perpendicular against the respective front and rear walls of the envelope, there is formed a slight interval making possible a passage of the matches from the portion containing the matches to the portion housing the cigarettes, or a passage of the tobacco between the portion housing the cigarettes and the portion containing the matches.

Cigarette package unit incorporating a match drawer


A remote control pool skimmer for picking up surface debris, according to one embodiment of the present invention, comprises a pair of elongated buoyant hulls spaced from one another, each hull having a bow and a stern, and at least one cross member interconnecting the hulls to one another, a remotely controlled drive system connected to the pool skimmer for propelling the hulls across the surface of the water in a selected direction and a collection net spanning the space between the pair of hulls, the net being oriented in order to collect surface debris as the hulls move through the water. In terms of weight distribution from bow to stern, the hulls are weighted more toward the stern.

The present invention relates in general to swimming pool skimmers that are constructed and arranged to collect surface debris from a swimming pool or similar body of water. More specifically, the present invention relates to a remote controlled swimming pool skimmer.
Swimming pool skimmers have been in use for a number of years as one way to remove surface debris from a body of water. When swimming pools are exposed to nearby deciduous trees and similar vegetation that has a tendency to discharge leaves, seedlings, and other debris, these items can fall into the swimming pool or can be swept into the swimming pool by wind. If not removed promptly, these items of debris typically sink to the bottom of the pool. Debris on the bottom of the pool is more difficult to remove and if not removed, may interfere with the swimming pool filtering system. In the simplest form, such surface debris can be removed from the pool by a net at the end of a long pole. However, this particular approach requires some degree of strength and coordination and constitutes an unpopular chore. While swimming pool services can perform this task for the owners, that comes at an added cost.
There have been proposals in the past for automatic pool skimmers having some type of buoyant vessel supporting a porous basket. These structures are specifically designed for collecting leaves and other surface debris as the skimmer is propelled through the water, skimming across the surface of the water. However, many of these earlier devices have the disadvantage of having to free themselves when they go into the side of the pool. In addition, some of these prior devices present cumbersome and awkward structural arrangements for removing debris and/or the porous basket.
While the present invention is described in the context of a swimming pool, the problems and issues described above also exist, at least to some degree, for small man-made lakes and other similar bodies of water where the debris falls along the shoreline. Accordingly, the present invention is directed to providing certain improvements and benefits for such automatic pool skimmers in the form of a device that is remotely controlled, providing another advantage and convenience to the user.


A semiconductor substrate includes a first semiconductor layer that is formed on a semiconductor base substrate, a second semiconductor layer that is formed on the first semiconductor layer and that has an etching selection ratio smaller than that of the first semiconductor layer, a cavity portion that is formed below the second semiconductor layer by removing a portion of the first semiconductor layer, a thermal oxidation film that is formed on the surface of the second semiconductor layer in the cavity portion, and a buried insulating film that is buried in the cavity portion.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a semiconductor substrate, to a semiconductor device, to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor substrate, and to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device. More particularly, the present invention relates to a semiconductor substrate, which is suitable for a field effect transistor formed on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrate, to a semiconductor device, to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor substrate, and to a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device.
2. Related Art
Field effect transistors formed on SOI substrates have attracted attention in view of their availability because of various advantages, such as the convenience of element separation, latch-up-free property, small source/drain junction capacitance, and the like. In particular, since a fully depleted-type SOI transistor has low power consumption, high-speed operation, and ease of low-voltage driving, an SOI transistor that can be driven in the fully depleted mode has been studied in earnest. Here, as the SOI substrate, for example, a SIMOX (Separation by Implanted Oxygen) substrate or a bonding substrate is used.
Further, for example, in M. Jurczak, T. Skotnicki, M. Paoli, B. Tormen, J-L. Regolini, C. Morin, A. Schittz, J. Martins, R. Pantel, and J. Galvier, "SON (Silicon On Nothing)—A NEW DEVICE ARCHITECTURE FOR THE ULSI ERA", 1999 Symposium on VLSI Technology Digest of Technical Papers, pp. 29-30 (hereinafter, referred to as Non-Patent Document 1), a method has been disclosed in which a gate electrode is formed on a silicon-on-nothing (SON) substrate. That is, in this method, the gate electrode is formed on a semiconductor substrate that has a laminated structure of Si/SiGe/Si. Then, a Si/SiGe/Si layer on both sides of the gate electrode is etched so as to expose a SiGe layer on both sides of the gate electrode. Next, the SiGe layer is selectively removed by wet-etching, such that a cavity is formed below a Si layer on which the gate electrode is disposed. Subsequently, after epitaxial growth is selectively performed on both sides of the gate electrode, ion implantation is performed, such that source and drain layers are formed on both sides of the gate electrode.
However, in order to manufacture the SIMOX substrate, the ion implantation of oxygen with high concentration must be performed on a silicon wafer. Further, in order to manufacture the bonding substrate, after two silicon wafers are bonded to each other, the surfaces of the silicon wafers must be polished. For this reason, in the SOI transistor, there is a problem in that the manufacturing cost is increased, as compared to a field effect transistor formed in a bulk semiconductor.
Further, in the ion implantation or polishing, the variation in the film thickness of an SOI layer is large. Further, when the SOI layer is reduced in thickness in order to prepare the fully depleted-type SOI transistor, there is a problem in that characteristics of the field effect transistor are difficult to stabilize.
Further, in the method disclosed in Non-Patent Document 1, the SON structure is formed only below the gate electrode, while the SON structure cannot be formed in the source and drain regions. Accordingly, there is a problem in that the parasitic capacitance of the source or drain region cannot be reduced. Further, since the cavity below the Si layer, on which the gate electrode is disposed, serves as an air layer, the Si layer has many defects, and thus the mechanical strength or thermal conductivity deteriorates, as compared to the bulk semiconductor. In addition, there is a problem in that there is a lack of reliability.


Load current from an electrical AC supply circuit is monitored so that both high frequency (10-100 kHz), and low frequency (60 Hz) signal current components are measured over certain time periods. A high frequency energy component is measured in an integral fashion, e.g., summing a plurality of samples taken. A certain amount of high frequency energy during a half-cycle is required to indicate an arc event. A certain number of these arc events per half-cycle must occur within a specific time period to indicate the presence of an arc. The root-mean-square (RMS) value of the low frequency energy component is used to determine the severity of the arc. The higher the amperage of the load current arc, the faster the arc fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) will respond by disconnecting the arcing load from the AC supply circuit, e.g., fewer number of arc events necessary for tripping of the AFCI.

Arcing is a luminous discharge of electricity across an insulating medium. An arc can cause a fire once the electrical energy from the arc becomes thermal energy. The heat generated by the thermal energy may then cause combustible material near the arc to ignite. Arcing occurs in wiring in two basic forms: parallel arcing and series arcing. Parallel arcing is an arc fault between two conductors, e.g., hot and neutral or hot and ground. An example of parallel arcing is when damage to the insulation of a power cable or cord between the hot and another (grounded or grounding) conductor allows an arc to jump across the damaged insulation between the hot and the other conductor. Series arcing is an arc established between the ends of a break (discontinuity) in a single conductor. Examples include loose terminations in a twist-on wire connector, loose device connections, and partially severed lamp cords, extension cords, etc. There is no data available about which type of arcing is more prevalent, nor where each type of arc is most likely to occur in a branch circuit. Therefore, a solution to preventing fires from arcs should address both series and parallel arcs that occur on branch wiring, plug-in power supply cords, etc.
There are multiple ways of detecting arc faults. Typically, the low frequency and the high frequency power spectrums of the load current are used in determining the presence of a series arc or parallel arc fault. Detection of zero crossings of the load current sine wave signal have been used to synchronize detection of the low and high frequency power spectrums in determining whether the measured load current is normal or from an arc fault. "Shoulders" are present at the zero current crossings during arcing conditions. Differential current measurement circuits, like those used in ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) protection circuits have been used to detect current imbalances that may be due to arc faults from a conductor to ground. AFCIs must be able to distinguish between normal arcing resulting from operation of a light switch or appliance motor, e.g., vacuum cleaner, but trip on detection of hazardous series arcs in a single conductor and/or parallel arc faults between conductors.
UL 1699 defines four relevant types of AFCIs as follows:                Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter (AFCI)—A device intended to mitigate the effects of arcing faults by functioning to de-energize the circuit when an arc-fault is detected.        Branch/Feeder Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter—A device intended to be installed at the origin of a branch/circuit or feeder, such as at a panel board. It is intended to provide protection of the branch/circuit wiring, feeder wiring, or both, against unwanted effects of arcing. This device also provides limited protection to branch circuit extension wiring. It may be a circuit-breaker type device or a device in its own enclosure mounted at or near a panel board.        Outlet Circuit Arc-Fault Circuit-Interrupter—A device intended to be installed at a branch circuit outlet, such as at an outlet box. It is intended to provide protection of cord sets and power-supply cords connected to it (when provided with receptacle outlets) against the unwanted effects of arcing. This device may provide feed-through protection of the cord sets and power-supply cords connected to downstream receptacles.        Combination Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter—An AFCI which complies with the requirements for both Branch/Feeder and outlet circuit AFCIs. It is intended to protect downstream branch circuit wiring and cord sets and power-supply cords.
The NATIONAL ELECTRICAL CODE® (NEC®) (a registered trademark of the National Fire Protection Association, Inc., Corporation Massachusetts, One Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101, Quincy, Mass. 02269-9101) first mandated the use of AFCIs in 1999 for the protection of branch circuits supplying bedroom receptacle outlets. The effective date of implementation was Jan. 1, 2002. During the past several years, millions of AFCI circuit breakers have been installed in the load centers of new construction houses to protect bedroom circuits. However, these installations still represent only a small fraction of all residential circuits. The AFCIs installed to date have been of the Branch/Feeder type, and their value has been recognized by many organizations including UL, CSA, NASFM and CPSC.
In 2005, section 210.12(B) of the NEC was changed to mandate the use of combination AFCIs for the protection of branch circuits supplying bedroom outlets, with the continued use of Branch/Feeder AFCIs being permitted only until Jan. 1, 2008. Both of these AFCI types mitigate the effects of high current arcs at any point in the branch circuit wiring and in the branch circuit extension wiring. Both of these AFCI types protect against low current arcs in the branch circuit wiring. The Combination AFCI also has the task of low-current arc-fault protection for cord sets and power-supply cords connected to outlets for example, but not limited to, receptacles and light fixtures.
In 2008, section 210.12(B) of the NEC was changed to expand the use of Combination AFCIs as follows: "(B) Dwelling Units. All 120-volt, single-phase, 15- and 20-ampere branch circuits supplying outlets installed in dwelling unit family rooms, dining rooms, living rooms, parlors, libraries, dens, bedrooms, sun rooms, recreation rooms, closets, hallways, or similar rooms or areas shall be protected by a listed arc-fault circuit interrupter, combination-type, installed to provide protection of the branch circuit."

ARC fault detection method and apparatus


Provided is a nanofiber vent device for a urea water tank including a filter unit for discharging gas generated in the tank main body and preventing external dust, foreign matter, and moisture from flowing into the tank main body, as a vent device that is installed in a tank main body storing urea water and discharging gas inside the tank main body to the outside.

In general, an exhaust system for a diesel engine includes an exhaust gas aftertreatment device such as a Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC), a Diesel Particulate matter Filter (DPF), a Selective Catalyst Reduction (SCR) device, and a Lean NOx Trap (LNT), for reducing carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), particulate matter, nitrogen oxide (NOx), and the like.
An exhaust gas aftertreatment system employing a selective catalytic reduction (hereinafter referred to as 'SCR') device in exhaust gas aftertreatment systems for a diesel engine sprays a reduction agent such as a urea water solution into an exhaust pipe, thereby reducing nitrogen oxide in an exhaust gas into nitrogen and water. That is, when the reducing agent is sprayed into the exhaust pipe, the SCR device converts the reducing agent into ammonia (NH3) by the heat of the exhaust gas. Nitrogen oxide may be reduced to nitrogen gas (N2) and water (H2O) harmless to human and environment through a catalytic reaction of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gas and ammonia with a SCR catalyst.
In this way, vehicles (such as trucks, buses, passenger cars, motorcycles, etc.) and ships, construction machines, and agricultural machinery with SCR devices are essentially equipped with urea water tanks.
The urea water tank needs a urea water solution supply system for spraying the urea water solution into the inside of the exhaust pipe and supplying it to the SCR device. However, the major component of the urea water is composed of urea and water, and the freezing point changes very much depending on the temperature. Since the freezing point is the lowest at −11.5° C. when the urea concentration is 32.5%, the urea water concentration is set at 32.5% for sale. Therefore, in the case of vehicles operating in cold conditions in winter, a heating device, and various sensors such as temperature and level may be attached to the urea water tank to prevent freezing of the urea water tank, and antifreeze or other additives may be added to prevent freezing.
In this case, since gas or the like is generated in the urea water tank, there is a possibility that a volume change occurs, so it is necessary to always maintain the pressure balance of the urea water tank.
As disclosed in Korean Patent Registration Publication No. 10-1205232 (on Nov. 27, 2012), a conventional urea water tank is provided with a tank housing in which urea water is stored, a sensor module which measures the water level, concentration and temperature of the urea water stored in the tank housing, and supplies the urea water to a urea water spraying device, and air vent portions which are installed on both sides of an upper portion of the tank housing and discharges the gas inside the tank housing to the outside.
However, since the air vent portion of the conventional urea water tank is in the form of a pipe and vertically installed on the upper side of the tank housing, pollutants such as external dust and foreign substances and moisture are introduced into the urea water tank through the air vent portion, to thereby cause a problem of polluting the urea water stored in the tank housing.

Nanofiber vent device for urea water tank and method for manufacturing same


The present invention relates to an organic electroluminescent device including scan lines formed in parallel with ITO films between the ITO films. The organic electroluminescent device includes ITO films, scan lines, an insulating layer, organic layers, and metal layers. The ITO films are formed on a substrate. The scan lines each are formed between the ITO films on the substrate. The insulating layer is formed on other areas than luminescent areas of the ITO films and connection areas of the scan lines. The organic layers are formed on the luminescent areas. The metal line layers are formed on the organic layers and the connection area, wherein the metal line layers cross over the ITO films. In the organic electroluminescent device, the scan lines are formed between ITO films. Therefore, the brightness of the organic electroluminescent device can be enhanced, or the size of the organic electroluminescent device can be reduced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an organic electroluminescent device and a method of manufacturing the same. In particular, the present invention relates to an organic electroluminescent device including scan lines formed in parallel with indium tin oxide films (hereinafter, referred to as "ITO films") between the ITO films, and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
An organic electroluminescent device emits light having predetermined wavelength when a predetermined voltage is applied thereto.
FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating a conventional organic electroluminescent device.
In FIG. 1, the conventional organic electroluminescent device includes a plurality of ITO films 100, a plurality of metal line layers 102, a plurality of data lines 106, a plurality of first scan lines 108, and a plurality of second scan lines 110.
A plurality of sub-pixels are formed in the luminescent areas 104 which are cross areas of the ITO films 100 and the metal line layers 102.
Each of the data lines 106 is connected to the ITO films 100, receives data signals transmitted from an integrated circuit chip (not shown), and provides the received data signals to the ITO films 100.
The first scan lines 108 each are connected to a part of the metal line layers 102, and provide first scan signals transmitted from the integrated circuit chip to the above partial metal line layers.
The second scan lines 110 each are connected to the other metal line layers, and provide second scan signals transmitted from the integrated circuit chip to the other metal line layers.
For example, each of the first scan lines 108 is connected to odd numbers of metal line layers of the metal line layers 102, and each of the second scan lines 110 is connected to even numbers of metal line layers of the metal line layers 102.
As described above, in the conventional organic electroluminescent device, the scan lines 108 and 110 are formed outside the metal line layers 102 as shown in FIG. 1.
Generally, a plurality of organic electroluminescent devices are formed on a substrate. In this case, if the scan lines 108 and 110 are formed outside the metal line layers 102 as in conventional organic electroluminescent devices, the space of the substrate may be reduced as much as the scan lines 108 and 110 occupy. As a result, the number of organic electroluminescent devices formed on the substrate in the conventional organic electroluminescent device may be less than that of organic electroluminescent devices formed on the substrate when the scan lines 108 and 110 don't occupy outside space of the metal line layers 102.
Therefore, development of an organic electroluminescent device that can reduce the space occupied by scan lines has been required.


A mashup widget can include a widget component and a widget container. The widget container can be graphically rendered within widget defined boundaries of a mashup application. The widget component can detect an externally defined video file. The video file can have a native frame size, which is a frame size at which the video file is encoded. The video file can be loaded from a remote data source over an IP network. The native frame size of the video file can be determined. The defined boundaries of an embedded multimedia application can be dynamically adjusted to the native size. The defined boundaries of the widget container can be resized to accommodate the adjusted embedded multimedia application. The video can be rendered and presented within in the adjusted widget container.

The present invention relates to the field of Web 2.0 applications and, more particularly, to an interactive video player component for mashup interfaces.
With the wealth of information sources available within organizations and on the Internet, the use of mashups to correlate and present data is rising in popularity. A mashup is a type of Web interface/application designed to combine data and/or functional components from two or more user-specified sources into a new data set/application. For example, a Chicago Incident Map is a mashup that correlates incident data from the Chicago Police Department with cartographic data to provide users with a variety of location-based incident statistics.
While mashups have been quite successful in terms of data aggregation, component aggregation has highlighted a variety of shortcomings. The use of a video player component is one such obstacle. Current approaches for incorporating a video player component within a mashup provide the user with a static viewer for a preset video without the ability to access and play user-selected video files. When the video player component loads, only the videos specified within the mashup are accessible to the user. The user is unable to play a video file that is externally-located to the mashup.
Further, there are issues regarding implementation of a video player component within a mashup. Many current implementations embed a commercial software video player, such as QUICKTIME or REALPLAYER, within the mashup. In addition to being a static video player, the use of an embedded video player requires the installation of the Web browser plugin on the user's local system as well as version management (downloading/updating) of the plugin.
Another approach is to forego the embedded video player component and simply provide a runtime-generated hyperlink to the video file. When the user clicks on the hyperlink, the video file is then presented in a compatible video player application installed on the user's device. In addition to the static nature of the hyperlink, the user is still stuck with using a proprietary video player application. Further, if the user does not have a video player application or one that is compatible with the video file, this approach renders the video player component of the mashup useless.

Interactive video player component for mashup interfaces

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION


System and method for creating a collection of images are described, the method comprising: receiving images from at least one source of images; processing the images to produce an output collection of images, the processing comprising grouping the images to clusters of related images and selecting the preferred images in the clusters; and outputting the output collection of images, the output collection of images comprising the clusters of related images and indication of the preferred images in the clusters. The system for creating a collection of images comprising: a storage medium to receive images from at least one source of images; a processor to produce an output collection of images by grouping the images to clusters of related images and selecting the preferred images in the clusters; and a collection output medium for outputting the output collection of images.

Since digital cameras took the lead in the photography market, many users have problems in managing the huge amount of images stored on their computers, storage devices and/or online collections of images. The occasionally captured images are aggregated in the various storage forms and occupy considerable storage volume, while the amount of stored images complicates and reduces the ability to find of a certain photo among the huge amount of photos. Therefore, the process of selection of images among the huge amount of stored images, for example for printing or for producing an album or specific collection of images for sharing online, may be complicated, wearying and time consuming.
There are known methods for ranking images, such as ranking according to optical quality of images or ranking according to popularity of the images.
Additionally, there are known methods for identifying and clustering related images, for example for creating batches of images related to a certain event or period of time.
The known methods for ranking and for clustering sets of images may facilitate the management of image collections.
However, there is still need for a system and method which may automatically or semi-automatically create organized collections of selected images out of an occasional aggregation of stored images.
It will be appreciated that for simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in the figures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to other elements for clarity. Further, where considered appropriate, reference numerals may be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogous elements.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A method for the condition monitoring of a fleet of machines, plants, or processes includes the generation of a single generic network for the fleet using historic data from the members of the fleet and using novelty detection tools for analyzing and reducing the data. Scaling factors relevant to each individual fleet member are stored in a scaling file. The fleet members are monitored during operation by comparing test data to the network and calculating quantization errors. Signals on the condition of the fleet members are given based on the quantization errors. The network is adapted by adding new data representing changes in a plant such as due to degradations of components. Due to the individual scaling of data from the different fleet members, the method achieves a sensitivity of monitoring that is comparable to that of methods of the state of the art.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention pertains to a method of condition monitoring of a fleet of plants, machines, or processes. It pertains in particular to a method of condition monitoring of a fleet of electrical power generation plants as well as machines and processes associated with such power plants.
2. Brief Description of the Related Art
The operation of electrical power plants and associated machines and processes are frequently monitored in order to determine the condition of its individual components, values of operational parameters, and the performance of the plant as a whole. Condition monitoring allows optimization of plant operation and determination of expected operational lifetime of its components. It is also intended for early detection of operational parameters that exceed given normal operational ranges and alerting of plant engineers of operational problems or failure developments. As such, it can effectively reduce potential and costly downtime and increase operation safety and performance of a power plant or its associated machines. It also allows reliable indication of necessary maintenance.
Various methods of monitoring machines or plants have been presented in the state of the art. Many of these are directed to the monitoring of a single machine or process, such as for example in WO 2004/042531 and WO 2005/008420. These methods can typically be realized using standard computing tools within a reasonable time frame, and with reasonable computing power.
WO 02/086726 discloses a method of monitoring and controlling a single machine or process using a combination of diagnostics and model-based monitoring and control. Estimated sensor values are generated by an empirical model based system and compared to actual sensor values. Residual values obtained by subtraction of estimated values from real values are subjected to a sequential probability ratio test, which allows early detection of deviations of the residuals from a threshold value.
WO 02/057856 discloses a predictive monitoring of a single process or machine based on empirical model-based surveillance or control. For the monitoring method, a representative set of sensor data is used that is consistently adapted and updated by the addition of newly acquired values, which replace the previous values.
US 2004/0243636 discloses a method of monitoring the condition of an entire fleet of power plants. In this method a common software platform serves to monitor the fleet, where a modeling method is coupled with an incident logic engine for registering power plant incidents. A specific model is created for each member or asset of the fleet to be monitored. For this, historic data from each plant is used to create a model for an operating condition considered normal. Each specific model is called up individually to generate a model for that particular fleet member, which is used to estimate engine operation parameters during real-time operation. The estimated operational parameters are compared to actual measurements of the same parameters in order to produce residual signals, which can indicate the condition of the plant.
Each individual empirical model is adapted incrementally, requiring separate model maintenance for each member in the fleet. The maintenance of the models involves the analysis of a large amount of data for each member of the fleet and hence a large effort in terms of engineers' time and computing power.