A method of processing received data in a distributed speech recognition process. The method comprises the steps of comparing a received form of the common header information from each of a plurality of header frames; classifying a predetermined number of the same received form as a reference; and processing one or more received data frames whose received common header information is different to the reference by using the reference form instead of the received different form. Also described is an apparatus for processing received data in a distributed speech recognition process.

The present invention relates to a method of processing received data in a distributed speech recognition process. The present invention also relates to an apparatus for processing received data in a distributed speech recognition process. The present invention is suitable for, but not limited to, processing received data relating to speech recognition parameters when it is transmitted over a radio communications link.
Speech recognition is a process for automatically recognising sounds, parts of words, words, or phrases from speech. Such a process can be used as an interface between man and machine, in addition to or instead of using more commonly used tools such as switches, keyboards, mouse and so on. A speech recognition process can also be used to retrieve information automatically from some spoken communication or message.
Various methods have been evolved, and are still being improved, for providing automatic speech recognition. Some methods are based on extended knowledge with corresponding heuristic strategies, others employ statistical models.
In typical speech recognition processes, the speech to be processed is sampled a number of times in the course of a sampling time-frame, for example 50 to 100 times per second. The sampled values are processed using algorithms to provide speech recognition parameters. For example, one type of speech recognition parameter consists of a coefficient known as a mel cepstral coefficient. Such speech recognition parameters are arranged in the form of vectors, also known as arrays, which can be considered as groups or sets of parameters arranged in some degree of order. The sampling process is repeated for further sampling time-frames. A typical format is for one vector to be produced for each sampling time-frame.
The above parameterisation and placing into vectors constitutes what can be referred to as the front-end operation of a speech recognition process. The above described speech recognition parameters arranged in vectors are then analysed according to speech recognition techniques in what can be referred to as the back-end operation of the speech recognition process. In a speech recognition process where the front-end process and the back-end process are carried out at the same location or in the same device, the likelihood of errors being introduced into the speech recognition parameters, on being passed from the front-end to the back-end, is minimal.
However, in a process known as a distributed speech recognition process, the front-end part of the speech recognition process is carried out remotely from the back-end part. The speech is sampled, parameterised and the speech recognition parameters arranged in vectors, at a first location. The speech recognition parameters are quantized and then transmitted, for example over a communications link of an established communications system, to a second location. Often the first location will be a remote terminal, and the second location will be a central processing station. The received speech recognition parameters are then analysed according to speech recognition techniques at the second location. The quantized speech recognition parameters, and their arrangement in vectors, constitute data that is transmitted from the first location and received at the second location. In order to facilitate transmission of this data, the data is typically arranged in a frame structure comprising a plurality of data frames each preceded by a respective header frame comprising common header information. The header frames can also be such that a header frame additionally includes header information specific only to that header frame or the particular data frame corresponding to it.
Many types of communications links, in many types of communications systems, can be considered for use in a distributed speech recognition process. One example is a conventional wireline communications system, for example a public switched telephone network. Another example is a radio communications system, for example TETRA. Another example is a cellular radio communications system. One example of an applicable cellular communications system is a global system for mobile communications (GSM) system, another example is systems such as the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) currently under standardisation.
For the sake of avoiding any confusion, it is pointed out that the data frames described above should not be confused with transmission frames that are then used in the transmission of the data over the communications link of the communications system in which the data is transmitted from a first location to a second location, for example the time division multiple access (TDMA) time frames of a GSM cellular radio communications system.
The use of any communications link, in any communications system, causes the possibility that errors will be introduced into the data and also the header information that is transmitted from the first location to the second location over the communications link.
Due to the specialised speech recognition techniques the speech parameters are subjected to, it is desirable to provide means for processing the received data that offer a degree of resilience to errors introduced in the header information in such a way that is particularly suited to the characteristics of distributed speech recognition processes.
Additionally, it is known to provide error detection techniques in communications systems such that the presence of an error in a given portion of transmitted information is detectable. One well known technique is cyclic redundancy coding. It is also known to provide automatic error correction techniques in communications systems such that an error in a given portion of transmitted information is corrected. One well known technique is Golay error correction. It is also known to employ error detection and error correction in combination.
When automatic error correction is applied there is a risk that the corrected form of the overall portion of information being corrected will contain further discrepancies other than the original error part, since such methods tend to involve an approximation to a best overall assumed correct solution. This is the case for forward error correction techniques which employ encoding using a block-based coding scheme. One such example is Golay coding, which allows for example 12 bits of information to be sent in 24 bits whilst allowing for up to 3 errors to be corrected. The correction technique involves correction of a whole portion of information, for example a whole header frame in a composite fashion. If however more than 3 errors occur in the 24 bits, then the correction technique will correct the whole header to a wrong corrected version. It is desirable to provide means processing received data that alleviates problems associated with composite correction of a whole header frame to a wrong corrected version in a distributed speech recognition process.
Also, techniques of automatic error correction that may not cause secondary problems when applied to other forms of information are not necessarily without problem when applied to errors in the above described header frames in a distributed speech recognition process, due in part to the way the data in the corresponding data frames is processed using respective header frame information. Hence it is desirable to provide means for processing received data in a distributed speech recognition process that alleviate secondary problems.
The present invention addresses some or all of the above aspects.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of processing received data in a distributed speech recognition process, as claimed in claim 1.
According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided an apparatus for processing received data in a distributed speech recognition process as claimed in claim 7.
Further aspects of the invention are as claimed in the dependent claims.
The present invention tends to provide means for processing received data which are particularly appropriate to the nature of the distributed speech recognition process, the form in which data is received therein when transmitted from a first location to a second location, and the way in which such data is processed after receipt at the second location in a distributed speech recognition process.
Particularly, the possibility of allowing latency in a speech recognition process is exploited in the method of the present invention. More particularly exploited is the factor that in a distributed speech recognition process latency towards the start of a message is often particularly acceptable when combined with low latency at the end of the message.

Processing received data in a distributed speech recognition process


An exposure control apparatus has a photometry unit for measuring the brightness at a plurality of divisional areas of a subject screen. A correct exposure time is calculated in accordance with signals obtained by measuring the brightness at the plurality of divisional areas with the photometry unit when a shutter blade is closed. A light-receiving aperture is formed in the shutter blade. The photometry unit or another photometry unit is disposed at the back of the shutter blade to thereby measure light from the subject screen as the shutter blade is opened. When the measured value takes a value corresponding to the exposure time, the shutter blade is closed.

The present invention relates to an exposure control apparatus for a camera, and more particularly to an exposure control apparatus capable of obtaining a correct exposure of a main subject even under a rear lighting or spot illumination.
There is known a method of obtaining a correct exposure suitable for any subject brightness, for example, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Publ. No. 56-18933, Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publ. No. 57-129424 or Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publ. No. 57-38419. According to this method, as the shutter blade is opened, a light-receiving aperture disposed in front of a light-receiving element is opened to measure the available light, and the shutter blade is closed in response to a shutter close signal which is generated when the integrated value of a photocurrent from the light-receiving element reaches a predetermined value. With this exposure control method, photometry is carried out in parallel with the opening of the shutter blade, so that a correct exposure control without time delay can be ensured, and in addition, the mechanism is not complicated.
With the above-described exposure control method, however, the light-receiving element measures the average brightness of the whole field of view, and the reference value of the integrated photocurrent for obtaining the shutter close signal is determined such that the overall density of a photograph can be reproduced at 18% grey level. If there is a great difference in brightness between the main subject and background within the field of view, as in the case of a subject under rear lighting or spot illumination, there arises the problem that an exposure time suitable for a correct exposure of the main subject cannot be obtained.
There is also known a multi-pattern photometry method wherein photometry is carried out for a plurality of regions within a field of view to calculate the exposure time in accordance with a plurality of measured light values. According to this multi-pattern photometry method, an exposure time calculated from a plurality of measured light values is corrected in accordance with a scene condition such as front lighting, rear lighting, spot illumination or the like, the exposure then being determined in accordance with the brightness distribution within the field of view. As a result, if the shutter is opened and closed in accordance with the calculated exposure time, the main subject can be automatically and correctly exposed.
The conventional exposure control method using multi-pattern photometry can obtain a correct photometry and exposure calculation. However, the shutter opening/closing control itself is not monitored at all so that it is impossible to confirm whether the exposure has been carried out or not for the calculated exposure time. As a result, if the shutter opening/closing control is subject to error, this error cannot be corrected thereby resulting in an incorrect exposure.


A pattern generation method includes: acquiring a first design constraint for first patterns to be formed on a process target film by a first process, the first design constraint using, as indices, a pattern width of an arbitrary one of the first patterns, and a space between the arbitrary pattern and a pattern adjacent to the arbitrary pattern; correcting the first design constraint in accordance with pattern conversion by the second process, and thereby acquiring a second design constraint for the second pattern which uses, as indices, two patterns on both sides of a predetermined pattern space of the second pattern; judging whether the design pattern fulfils the second design constraint; and changing the design pattern so as to correspond to a value allowed by the second design constraint when the design constraint is not fulfilled.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a pattern generation method, a computer-readable recording medium, and a semiconductor device manufacturing method.
2. Related Background Art
Recent advances in semiconductor manufacturing technologies have been remarkable, and semiconductor devices sized at a minimum processing dimension of 0.07 μm are mass-produced. Such miniaturization is enabled by significant progresses in micropattern forming techniques such as a mask process technique, a photolithographic technique and an etching technique. When the size of a pattern was great enough, a planar shape of an LSI pattern to be formed on a wafer was drawn as it is as a design pattern, a mask pattern faithful to the design pattern was generated, the mask pattern was transferred onto the wafer by a projection optical system, and a foundation was etched, such that a pattern substantially conforming with the design pattern could be formed on the wafer.
However, it is becoming more and more difficult to form a faithful pattern in each process along with the advance in the miniaturization of patterns, which has raised a problem of the inconformity of a finish dimension with that of a design pattern. In order to solve such a problem, techniques such as process proximity correction (PPC) or optical proximity correction (OPC) are used to generate a mask pattern different from a design pattern by taking into account the difference of conversion among processes so that a finish dimension may be equal to the dimension of the design pattern.
There are presently various discussions on next-generation lithographic techniques. While EUV exposure directed to shorter wavelengths has been lively discussed for the mass production of semiconductors sized at 0.03 μm, there are other proposals such as a multiple patterning process which combines an exposure apparatus presently used in mass production with a pattern formation method different from conventional methods.
In a sidewall mask manufacturing process which is one of the multiple patterning processes, a lithographic step and steps other than the lithographic step are combined together to form a pattern for forming a circuit pattern on a wafer. Thus, a resist pattern formed in the lithographic step diverges from a design circuit pattern. If a conventional design constraint is used which defines a line width and a space width in accordance with whether a resist pattern can be formed, it is difficult to design a circuit pattern, and a design constraint suitable to the sidewall mask manufacturing process is required.

Pattern generation method, computer-readable recording medium, and semiconductor device manufacturing method


A method for monitoring a control of a parameter of one or more devices or systems in an oil or gas production site includes receiving process data, the process data being a result of the control of the parameter of the one or more devices or systems in the production site; smoothing the process data using a polynomial filter while preserving features of the process data to obtain smoothed data; and applying a pattern recognition algorithm to the smoothed data to determine whether there is a malfunction condition in the one or more devices or systems.

Field
The present invention relates generally to management of offshore platforms, and more particularly to remote monitoring of control systems.
Background
In remote operation of oil and gas fields (for example, offshore platforms), real time control systems must be well maintained for efficient and safe operations. Early detection of control and equipment performance is desired to implement a higher level integrated optimization as well to detect deterioration of the equipment and thus prevent failure. Poor control performance is often the result of undetected deterioration in equipment such, for example, control valves, inadequate performance monitoring, and poor tuning in controllers that control the equipment (e.g., the control valves) and process parameters.

System and method for control performance monitoring


An underwater audio system includes a framing having at least one speaker mounted thereon and at least one upwardly extending arm member. The arm member(s) are arranged to slide under the strap of a diver""s mask in use and to be held in place between the strap and the diver""s head. Two speakers mounted on the frame are arrange to be located adjacent a diver""s ear when the arm members are in place under the strap of the diver""s mask.

The present invention relates to an underwater audio system.
It is known for divers to desire the use of headphones whilst underwater. These may be for the purpose of receiving instructions or communicating with other divers or personnel on the surface. They may also be desired for other purposes such as listening to music while diving.
A known type of headset for divers includes speakers built into the sides of a standard diving hood. This type of arrangement where the speakers are held next to the diver""s ear is necessary as standard ear-pieces that are inserted in the ear would be forced into the ear by water pressure causing damage to the ear. This known type of arrangement however has disadvantages in the time taken to put the headset on and to remove the headset. This may be important in situations where it is required to quickly remove the headset for safety reasons. For example, it may be necessary to quickly remove the headset if the headset cables become entangled.
The present invention overcomes at least in part some of the aforementioned disadvantages of previous underwater audio systems.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention there is provided an underwater audio system characterised by including a frame having at least one water proof speaker mounted thereon and having at least one arm member arranged to slide under a strap of a diver""s mask and be held in place between the strap and the diver""s head.


A semiconductor structure and a method for fabricating the semiconductor structure are provided. The method includes forming an isolation layer on a substrate. The isolation layer includes an opening, and a bottom of the opening exposes the substrate. The method also includes forming a fin in the opening. The fin includes a heat-dissipation region and a channel region on the heat-dissipation region. Moreover, the fin includes forming an isolation structure by removing a thickness portion of the isolation layer. A surface of the isolation structure is coplanar with a surface of the heat-dissipation region of the fin. Further, the method includes forming a channel part from the channel region by performing a thinning process to reduce a width of the channel region of the fin using the isolation structure as a mask. The heat-dissipation region of the fin forms a heat-dissipation part.

With the rapid development of semiconductor manufacturing technology, semiconductor devices have been developed toward with higher component density and higher integration degree. As the component density and the integration degree of the semiconductor devices increase, dimensions of a transistor are scaled down. The reduction of the dimensions of the transistor makes a short-channel effect more prominent.
A fin field effect transistor (FinFET) has been developed to reduce the short-channel effect. A gate of the FinFET has a fork-shaped three-dimensional structure similar to a fin. The gate of the FinFET can control on and off of a circuit from multiple sides of the fin to effectively suppress the short-channel effect of the transistor. As the dimensions of the transistor decrease, a width of the fin of the FinFET decreases accordingly, resulting in poor heat-dissipation performance of the fin.
Therefore, the heat-dissipation performance of a conventionally formed semiconductor structure needs to be improved. The disclosed methods and device structures are directed to solve one or more problems set forth above and other problems in the art.

Semiconductor structure and fabrication method thereof

Semiconductor Manufacturing International (Shanghai) Corporation

Semiconductor Manufacturing International (Beijing) Corporation


Systems and methods for producing quantitative maps of a longitudinal relaxation parameter, such as a longitudinal relaxation time (“T1”), using magnetic resonance imaging (“MRI”) are described. More particularly, a pulse sequence and imaging method for cardiac phase-resolved myocardial T1 mapping are provided.

Cardiovascular MRI (CMR) can play a significant role in the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of numerous ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathies. Recently, parameter mapping in the heart has expanded the CMR toolbox, enabling the detection of diffuse pathologies and quantitative diagnosis. Among quantitative imaging technologies, myocardial T1 mapping has shown promising diagnostic and prognostic value in a wide range of diseases.
Early techniques for quantification of the longitudinal relaxation time (T1) in the heart have employed continuous imaging using equidistant FLASH excitations, following an initial inversion pulse, as originally proposed by D. C. Look and D. R. Locker in "Time Saving in Measurement of NMR and EPR Relaxation Times," Review of Scientific Instruments, 1970; 41:250-251. This technique allowed regional estimation of the T1 time by evaluating separate regions-of-interest in each cardiac cycle.
For voxel-wise quantification, the Modified Look-Locker Inversion recovery sequence ("MOLLI") was introduced, which performed single-shot imaging triggered to the end-diastolic quiescence in a Look-Locker type inversion-recovery experiment, as described by D. R. Messroghli, et al., in "Modified Look-Locker inversion recovery (MOLLI) for high-resolution T1 mapping of the heart," Magnetic resonance in Medicine, 2004; 52(1):141-146. The MOLLI pulse sequence enabled spatially-resolved quantification of the T1 time as a parameter map (T1 mapping) and established widespread use of quantitative CMR. Other imaging sequences, based on inversion or saturation recovery, or a combination of both, have been subsequently introduced for myocardial T1 mapping, each offering a distinct profile of advantages and disadvantages.
Myocardial T1 maps are conventionally acquired at a single end-diastolic phase. Recently, quantitative imaging during systole has been introduced, promising reduced partial volume effects, as well as increased resilience to heart-rate variability. Also, imaging throughout the cardiac cycle using variable flip-angle steady-state acquisitions has been explored for quantitative mapping in a preclinical mouse study, as described by B. F. Coolen, et al., in "Three-dimensional T1 mapping of the mouse heart using variable flip angle steady-state MR imaging," NMR Biomed, 2011; 24(2):154-162. However, due to limitations in terms of B1+ correction in the sequence proposed by B. F. Coolen, et al., quantitative T1 times were only derived at the end-diastolic phase.
Quantitative analysis of the T1 time in the myocardium conventionally entails manually delineating the myocardium from the surrounding blood pools. Hence, consistent contouring of the myocardium is important for the reproducibility of cardiac T1 measurements. However, sub-epicardial fatty infiltrations, myocardial crypts, trabeculae, and other structures have previously been shown to hamper the identification of the blood myocardial interface in single-phase cardiac images. Better temporal resolution, or the ability to view the changes in these structures over the cardiac phase, may facilitate differentiation.

System and method for dynamic, cardiac phase-resolved quantitative longitudinal relaxation parameter mapping


A dry toner composition comprised of resin particles, pigment particles, and a dendrimer charge enhancing additive.

The invention is generally directed to toner and developer compositions, and more specifically, the present invention is directed to developer and toner compositions containing charge enhancing additives, which impart or assist in imparting a positive charge or a negative charge to the toner resin particles and enable toners with rapid admix characteristics. In one embodiment, there are provided in accordance with the present invention toner compositions comprised of resin particles, pigment particles, and dendrimers as illustrated, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,475 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,120,361, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. In these patents, there are illustrated inks with dendrimers, and more specifically, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,098,475, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, there is disclosed an ink composition which comprises an aqueous liquid vehicle and a colored dendrimer, or dendricolorant obtained by attaching a reactive dye or dyes to commercially available amino terminated dendrimers, that is for example a dendrimer having an amine group like NH.sub.2 attached to the end of the arm farthest removed in distance from the core, which dendrimers can be of the first, second, third, or n-th generation, wherein n is a number of preferably less than 9, and more specifically is a number of from about 1 to about 8, and wherein the attachment reaction can be accomplished at room temperature in water. The resulting dispersion of colored dendrimers can be formulated into an ink by the addition, for example, of a cosolvent comprised of water and a glycol, like diethylene glycol, thereby improving latency, which is the maximum time period, for example less than one hour, and from about 1 to about 10 minutes, over which an uncapped ink jet printhead can remain idle before noticeable deterioration of its jetting performances, and this addition can improve ink drying time, that is the time needed for an ink jet print to dry to an extent such that it will not smear or offset upon handling or when placed in contact with another sheet of paper, which drying time can, for example, be less than one minute, or more specifically from about 10 to about 30 seconds.
The aforementioned additives in embodiments of the present invention enable, for example, toners with rapid admix of less than about 60 seconds, extended developer life, stable electrical properties, excellent flow characteristics, and high image print quality with substantially no background deposits. Also, the dendrimers can be incorporated into the toner in small effective amounts, such as 0.01 weight percent of the toner, and the dendrimers are nontoxic and environmentally safe as compared to, for example, charge additives of metal complexes like chromium salicylates which are considered unsafe environmentally. The aforementioned toner compositions usually contain pigment particles comprised of, for example, carbon black, magnetites, or mixtures thereof, cyan, magenta, yellow, blue, green, red, or brown components, or mixtures thereof thereby providing for the development and generation of black and/or colored images. The toner compositions of the present invention in embodiments thereof possess excellent admix characteristics as indicated herein, and maintain their triboelectric charging characteristics for an extended number of imaging cycles. The toner and developer compositions of the present invention can be selected for electrophotographic, especially xerographic imaging and printing processes, including color processes.
Developer compositions with charge enhancing additives, which impart a positive charge to the toner resin, are known. Thus, for example, there is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,893,935 the use of quaternary ammonium salts as charge control agents for electrostatic toner compositions. In this patent, there are disclosed quaternary ammonium compounds NR.sub.4 X with four R substituents on the nitrogen atom, which substituents represent an aliphatic hydrocarbon group having 7 or less, and preferably about 3 to about 7 carbon atoms, including straight and branch chain aliphatic hydrocarbon atoms, and wherein X represents an anionic function including, according to this patent, a variety of conventional anionic moieties such as halides, phosphates, acetates, nitrates, benzoates, methylsulfates, perchloride, tetrafluoroborate, benzene sulfonate, and the like; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,221,856 which discloses electrophotographic toners containing resin compatible quaternary ammonium compounds in which at least two R substituents are hydrocarbons having from 8 to about 22 carbon atoms, and each other R is a hydrogen or hydrocarbon radical with from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms, and A is an anion. There are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,986,521 reversal developer compositions comprised of toner resin particles coated with finely divided colloidal silica. Also, there is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,338,390, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, developer compositions containing as charge enhancing additives organic sulfate and sulfonates, which additives can impart a positive charge to the toner composition. Further, there is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,298,672, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, positively charged toner compositions with resin particles and pigment particles, and as charge enhancing additives alkyl pyridinium compounds. Additionally, other documents disclosing positively charged toner compositions with charge control additives include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,944,493; 4,007,293; 4,079,014; 4,394,430; 4,560,635 which illustrates a toner with a distearyl dimethyl ammonium methyl sulfate charge additive; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,490,455 which discloses toners with, for example, amine salt charge enhancing additives, reference the Abstract of the Disclosure for example, and wherein the charge additive includes those derived from aromatic substituted sulfonic acids, such as benzene sulfonic acid, and the like, see column 3, beginning at line 33; and also known are bisulfate charge additives. Also, toners with dendrimers are particularly advantageous in that the toners can be prepared by in situ methods since, for example, the dendrimer can be applied as aqueous solutions to the toner suspension in water prior to toner drying. Many of the known charge additives are not as soluble in water as the dendrimers and/or they do not exhibit the same affinity for the toner surface in an aqueous environment, thus leading to nonuniform surface coverage and image resolution problems.
Moreover, toner compositions with negative charge enhancing additives are known, reference for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,411,974 and 4,206,064, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference. The '974 patent discloses negatively charged toner compositions comprised of resin particles, pigment particles, and as a charge enhancing additive ortho-halo phenyl carboxylic acids. Similarly, there are disclosed in the '064 patent toner compositions with chromium, cobalt, and nickel complexes of salicylic acid as negative charge enhancing additives.
There is illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,404,271 a complex system for developing electrostatic images with a toner which contains a metal complex represented by the formula in column 2, for example, and wherein ME, the metal, can be chromium, cobalt or iron. Additionally, other patents disclosing various metal containing azo dyestuff structures wherein the metal is chromium or cobalt include U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,891,939; 2,871,233; 2,891,938; 2,933,489; 4,053,462 and 4,314,937. Also, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,433,040, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, there are illustrated toner compositions with chromium and cobalt complexes of azo dyes as negative charge enhancing additives.
Illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,937,157, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, are toner compositions comprised of resin, pigment, or dye, and tetraalkyl sulfates, wherein alkyl, for example, contains from 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, ammonium bisulfate charge enhancing additives such as distearyl dimethyl ammonium bisulfate, tetramethyl ammonium bisulfate, tetraethyl ammonium bisulfate, tetrabutyl ammonium bisulfate, and preferably dimethyl dialkyl ammonium bisulfate compounds where the dialkyl substituents contain from about 10 to about 30 carbon atoms, and more preferably dialkyl radicals with from about 14 to about 22 carbon atoms, and the like. The aforementioned charge additives can be incorporated into the toner or may be present on the toner surface.
Although many charge enhancing additives are known, there continues to be a need for toners with additives, which toners possess many of the advantages illustrated herein. Additionally, there is a need for positive or negative charge enhancing additives which are useful for incorporation into black, and/or colored toner compositions. Moreover, there is a need for colored toner compositions containing nontoxic dendrimer charge enhancing additives therein, or on the toner surface. There is also a need for toner compositions which toners in embodiments thereof possess acceptable substantially stable triboelectric charging characteristics, and excellent admixing properties. Moreover, there continues to be a need for positively or negatively charged toner and developer compositions. Further, there is a need for toners with nontoxic legally disposable charge enhancing additives which can be easily and permanently dispersed into toner resin particles. There also is a need for positively charged black and colored toner compositions that are useful for incorporation into various imaging processes, inclusive of color xerography, as illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,078,929, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference; laser printers; and additionally a need for toner compositions useful in imaging apparatuses having incorporated therein layered photoresponsive imaging members, such as the members illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,990, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. Also, there is a need for toner compositions which have the desired triboelectric charge level, for example, from about 10 to about 40 microcoulombs per gram, and preferably from about 5 to about 25 microcoulombs per gram, and admix charging rates of from about 5 to about 60 seconds, and preferably from about 15 to about 30 seconds as determined by the charge spectrograph, preferably for example at low concentrations, that is for example less than 1 percent, and preferably less than about 0.1 percent of the charge enhancing additive of the present invention.

Toner compositions with dendrimer charge enhancing additives


A radio frequency identification (RFID) reader may extract a reception from the extracted reception power, and analyze the power pattern. Next, the RFID reader may determine whether the RFID tag is identified based on an power from a tag signal transmitted from an RFID tag, generate a power pattern analysis result of the power pattern.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader and a method for identifying an RFID tag thereof, and an apparatus for analyzing a reception power pattern.
(b) Description of the Related Art
A radio frequency identification (RFID) system includes an RFID reader and an RFID tag. The RFID system indicates a system that may provide various services such as positioning, a remote management, information exchange between objects, and the like in such a manner that the RFID reader identifies the RFID tag attached onto a corresponding object. The RFID system corresponds to a non-contact type identification system and thus may have no need to directly contact the RFID reader with the RFID tag, or to perform scanning within a visible band. Accordingly, the RFID system has been evaluated as technology that may replace a barcode that is a contact-type identification system, and a utilization range of the RFID system is being expanded.
The RFID system uses various frequency bands such as a low frequency (125 KHz, 135 KHz), a high frequency (13.56 MHz), an ultra high frequency (UHF) (433 MHz, 860-960 MHz), a microwave (2.45 GHz), and the like. In each frequency band, a utilization scheme or a utilization range of the RFID system may be different. Particularly, in a UHF band, the RFID system may perform a middle and long distance signal transmission, perform a relatively high speed transmission, and simultaneously identify a plurality of RFID tags. Accordingly, the RFID system is being widely used in all livings including a circulation and a distribution.
However, in a location such as a distribution center or a wholesale store, a plurality of RFID readers are attached to each gate that is an entrance of a product or a pallet and thereby are used. Thus, when the plurality of RFID readers exist in the same location, interference occurs between the RFID readers, which results in deteriorating an identification rate of an RFID tag.
Also, since all of a structure constituting the gate and an adjacent structure are composed of a metal component, reflected waves occur due to them, which may cause an RFID reader attached to the gate to read an undesired RFID tag. In the meantime, when the reflected waves do not occur, however, the undesired RFID tag exists within an identifiable range due to a narrow space, the RFID reader may read the undesired RFID tag. Also, when manufacturing the RFID tag, a difference of an identifiable distance may exist for each RFID tag due to various factors. Due to the difference of the identifiable distance, the RFID reader may also read the undesired RFID tag.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

RFID reader and method for identifying RFID tag thereof and apparatus for analyzing reception power pattern

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


A lead frame includes a lead formed of a conductive material and having first and second ends, opposing first and second main surfaces, and opposing first and second side surfaces each extending between the first and second main surfaces. A polymeric layer is formed at least on the first main surface and the first and second side surfaces of the lead at least proximate the second end of the lead. An opening in the polymeric layer on the first main surface of the lead proximate the second end is provided for connecting the lead to, for example, a semiconductor die via a bond wire.

The present invention is directed to a semiconductor device and method of making semiconductor devices with coated lead frame bond fingers.
Recent advances have led to the use of higher input/output lead counts on lead frames for semiconductor chip packages. However, a limitation exists in that the lead pitch must be sufficient to prevent shorting of the lead frame. This reduces the number of leads that can be utilized on a package. High clamping forces during molding processes, the presence of foreign material, and human handling all contribute to lead displacement, wherein the lead frame is shorted by electrical and physical contact between two or more leads.
It is therefore desirable to provide a lead frame that limits or prevents electrical shorts of the lead frame caused by the package manufacturing process and/or human handling of the lead frame.


Data processing circuitry comprises out-of-order instruction execution circuitry; register mapping circuitry to map zero or more architectural processor registers relating to execution of that program instruction to respective ones of a set of physical processor registers; commit circuitry to commit, in a program code order, the results of executed program instructions, the commit circuitry being configured to access a data store which stores register tag data to indicate which physical registers mapped by the register mapping circuitry relate to a given program instruction; fault detection circuitry to detect a memory access fault in respect of a vector memory access operation and to generate fault indication data indicative of an element earliest in the element order for which a memory access fault was detected; a fault indication register to store the fault indication data, in which the register mapping circuitry is configured to generate a register mapping for a program instruction for any architectural processor registers relating to execution of that program instruction other than the fault indication register; and control circuitry to encode the fault indication data, applicable to a program instruction not yet committed by the commit circuitry, to register tag data associated with that program instruction.

This disclosure relates to data processing.
Some data processing circuitry operates with respect to so-called data vectors comprising a plurality of data elements having a data element order.
In some examples fault detection circuitry can be used (for example during a so-called "gather" or "scatter" memory access operation) to detect a memory access fault in respect of such a vector memory access operation and to generate fault indication data indicative of an element earliest in the element order for which a memory access fault was detected. The results of such a fault detection operation can be stored in a fault indication register.
Also, some data processing arrangements make use of so-called out-of-order instruction execution to execute program instructions in an instruction execution order which may differ from a program code order.


Granular detergent compositions contain a bleach and a cellulase enzyme derived from Trichodenna SPP. The compositions are especially useful in a fabric laundering process where bleaching activity is desired.

Detergent compositions include nowadays a complex combination of active ingredients which fulfill certain specific needs: a surfactant system, enzymes providing cleaning and fabric care benefits, bleaching agents, a builder system, suds suppressors, soil-suspending agents, soil-release agents, optical brighteners, softening agents, dispersants, dye transfer inhibition compounds, abrasives, bactericides, perfumes, and their overall performance has indeed improved over the years. In particular, current detergent formulations generally include detergent enzymes and more specifically cellulases.
The activity of cellulase is one in which cellulosic fibres or substrates are hydrolysed by the cellulase and depending on the particular function of the cellulase, which can be endo- or exo-cellulase and the respective hemicellulases. The cellulose structures are depolymerized or cleaved into smaller and thereby more soluble or dispersible fractions. This activity in particular on fabrics provides a cleaning, rejuvenation, softening and generally improved handfeel characteristics to the fabric structure.
The efficiency of cellulytic enzymes, i.e. cellulases, in terms of textile cleaning and harshness-reducing agent for fabrics has been recognized for some time; Wo 89/09259, GB-A-2,075,028, GB-A-2,095,275 and GB-A-2,094,826, disclose detergent compositions with cellulase for improved cleaning performance; GB-A-1,368,599 discloses the use of cellulase for reducing the harshness of cotton-containing fabrics; U.S. Pat. No. 4,435,307 teaches the use of a cellulytic enzyme derived from Humicola insolens as well as a fraction thereof, designated ACXI, as a harshness-reducing detergent additive.
EP-A-0 269 168 discloses optimized detergent compositions containing cellulase, which are formulated at a mild alkaline pH range and provide combined fabric cleaning, fabric softening, and fabric care performance.
Specific cellulases suitable for the present invention have been described in WO91/17244 wherein single-component enzymes selected for high specific activity are described and wherein an enzyme capable of degrading cellulose or hemicellulose is disclosed.
Also suitable are the cellulolytic enzymes covered in W095/02675 which describes a detergent composition comprising two cellulase components : a first cellulase component having a retaining-type activity and being capable of particulate soil removal and a second cellulase component having multiple domains comprising at least one non-catalytical domain attached to a catalytic domain and being capable of colour clarification wherein at least one of the cellulase components is a single component. Said enzymatic detergent composition is capable of providing both sufficient colour clarification and particulate soil removal which, after a limited number of washing cycles, neither damage nor partly degrade the cellulose-containing fabric.
Suitable cellulases are the EGIII cellulases from Trichoderma longibrachiatum described in WO94/21801, Genencor, published Sep. 29, 1994.
Current granular bleach-containing laundry detergent compositions possess a pH 1% solution of about 10.5 allowing maximum bleach performance via optimum perhydrolysis obtained at said pH. The cleaning performance of such bleach-containing laundry detergent compositions is known to diminish with the reduction of pH. A lower pH is nevertheless necessary to obtain full enzymatic performance of cellulase containing detergents.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to formulate a granular bleach-containing laundry detergent composition combining the cleaning benefits of the bleaching agents together with the enzymatic cleaning performance of cellulase in order to provide superior cleaning and whiteness performance benefits.
It has been surprisingly found that granular bleach-containing laundry detergent compositions comprising a specific cellulase and having a 1% solution pH between 7.5 and 10, provide optimum cleaning and whiteness performance benefits.
Indeed, it is believed that said optimised pH enhances the specific cellulase performance while not drastically reducing the bleach cleaning and whiteness performance benefits. The slight reduction in cleaning performance due to a slight reduction in the perhydrolysis rate is compensated with an increased enzymatic performance and a reduced darkening of the bleach sensitive stains at lower pH.

Alkaline detergent compositions comprising a specific cellulase


An agricultural apparatus for forming from previously-cut agricultural crop, such as grass or the like, a windrow on a field, which may comprise: a frame, crop engaging elements supported on the frame and configured to form from previously-cut agricultural crop a windrow on a field, and a control unit configured to control operation of the crop engaging elements. The control unit is further configured to provide control signals to the crop engaging elements in such a way that, in a windrow forming mode of operation, the crop engaging elements are driven to engage with the previously-cut agricultural crop, and form from the previously-cut agricultural crop the windrow which may have a snake line form on the field. Further detailed is a method for forming from previously-cut agricultural crop, such as grass or the like, a windrow on a field.

After cutting, an agricultural crop such as grass or the like may be conditioned by an agricultural apparatus for forming a windrow on a field. The agricultural apparatus may be provided with a rake device. Thereby, the agricultural crop is prepared to be picked up in a later stage by, for example, a baler or a loader wagon.
Document WO 2014/052712 A2 discloses a method for capturing images of a windrow and determining a cross section of the windrow based on the captured images for providing a yield map.
Document WO 79/00863 A1 refers to a crop conditioning apparatus and method. The apparatus for conditioning crops such as grass comprises one or more conditioning devices engaging crop passing through a passage and conditioning the crop by relative movement between the conditioning device and the crop. Each conditioning device may be a brush having a multiplicity of stiff, resilient, elongated elements which are yieldable in more than one plain in response to engagement by the crop by bending of the elements.
Document EP 0 200 855 A1 discloses a crop cutting and conditioning apparatus comprising two vertical axial rotary drum cutters, each having an upper rotor with a crop conveying surface and a lower rotor carrying knives. Gears drive the upper and lower rotors in counter-rotation.
An agricultural implement for raking loose material is disclosed in document WO 98/09500 A1. The rake/haymaker is provided in two sections with an intermediary frame section enabling the displacement of the sections perpendicularly to the travelling direction.
Document WO 2015/010808 A1 refers to a plain mower comprising a plurality of rotary cutters for cutting a crop and a swathing unit for forming the cut crop material into a swath. The swathing unit includes an auger that rotates about an access to transport crop material axially through the swathing unit. The swathing unit can be configured in a first configuration in which the crop material is ejected axially from the auger, and can be re-configured in a second configuration in which the crop material is ejected radially from the auger.
Document WO 2007/040721 A2 discloses a carted hay rake for raking cut crops into a windrow or swath.

Agricultural apparatus for forming from a previously-cut agricultural crop a windrow on a field and method thereof


A polyHIPE-based substance-releasing system capable of releasably encapsulating a highly concentrated solution and/or a room temperature solid while minimizing or avoiding burst release from the closed-cell microstructure of an elastic polyHIPE.

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, relates to material science, and more particularly, but not exclusively, to polyHIPE-based systems for sustained release of substances, such as fertilizers.
Sustained and optionally controlled release of a substance into an environment oftentimes involves a reservoir or a container of the substance being exposed to the environment, whereas this exposure leads to a migration of the substance from the reservoir into the environment over extended periods of time. Sustained substance-releasing systems are needed, for example, in cases where the level of the substance is needed over an extended period of time, when high concentrations of the substance are harmful to the environment, and/or when the substance is unstable in the environment. In the case of fertilizers for plant cultivation, the substance is consumed by the plants as well as being washed and decomposed over time, while the environment that includes plants, soil and possibly water reservoirs, may suffer from an overexposure to fertilizers; hence, fertilizers are preferred substances for sustained release systems.
A controlled-release fertilizer is typically a substance that is slow to dissolve in water and thus can be made into pellets and dispersed in or on the soil. Since the degree of solubility and exposure to moisture may be predicted, and the size of the pellets can be determined accordingly, some degree of controllability can be achieved such that the release period can be controlled. The release period can thus be determined by the degree of solubility of the chemical compounds in the soil moisture. Since conventional fertilizers are highly soluble in water, the fertilizer pellets may have an insoluble substance mixed therein or a semi-permeable coating applied thereon to slow dissolution while allowing nutrients to flow outward into the environment.
Numerous attempts have been made to form fertilizer particles and coat them with semi-stable or semi-permeable polymer coatings with some partial degree of success in slowing the rate of release of the fertilizer to the environment. Some attempts have been made to encapsulate liquid fertilizers in polymeric blister packs in order to control the release of fertilizer. Exemplary prior art documents, reading on polymer-coated fertilizer particles or liquids include U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,883,914, 8,211,201, 7,931,729, 7,847,144, 6,793,964, 6,576,035, 6,413,292, 6,391,454, 5,803,946, 5,413,856, 5,211,985, 5,089,041, 4,990,371, 4,969,947, 4,828,882, 4,804,403, 4,772,490, 4,759,956 and 4,756,738.
Porous polymeric materials have multitude of uses and applications in almost every aspect of life, from insulation to living tissue scaffolds, from textile and consumer products to industrial and agricultural projects, from leisure and play to medical and pharmaceutical, and the likes. A family of porous polymers, generally known as polyHIPEs, have been synthesized using high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) as templates for the porous structure. These porous polymers include both hydrophobic polymers synthesized within water-in-oil (W/O) emulsions and hydrophilic polymers synthesized within oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions. The types of materials synthesized include copolymers, interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs), biodegradable materials, organic-inorganic hybrids that can be pyrolyzed to porous inorganics, nanocomposites, and hydrophobic-hydrophilic bicontinuous polymers.
HIPEs are viscous, paste-like emulsions in which the dispersed, internal phase constitutes more than 74% of the volume, which has been chosen after the volume fraction in the cubic close packing of monodisperse hard spheres. HIPEs are inherently unstable and have a tendency to undergo phase inversion or coalescence. Only a few of the available emulsifiers are able to keep the major internal phase dispersed within the minor external phase. Such an emulsifier must be highly insoluble in the internal phase and its molecular packing must promote the formation of a convex interface between the external and internal phases. If the internal phase, external phase, or both phases contain monomers then a polymer can be synthesized within the HIPE. The biphasic structure of HIPEs can be maintained during polymerization under the right conditions. A polyHIPE, a continuous polymer envelope surrounding the dispersed droplets of the internal phase, results if the continuous, external phase contains monomers that are polymerized.
In some cases there is a difference between the microstructure of a HIPE and the structure of the resulting polyHIPE, however, the microstructure of the polyHIPE generally resembles (is templated by) the microstructure of the HIPE. Ruptures, termed holes, interconnects or windows, may develop at the thinnest points of the external phase envelope surrounding the dispersed internal phase (walls) under the right conditions (e.g., appropriate surfactant and internal phase contents). Such holes can also form during post polymerization processing. The formation of these holes transforms the discrete droplets of the internal phase into a continuous interconnected phase. Removal of the internal phase, which is now continuous, yields an open-cell void structure templated by the droplets that formed the HIPE's internal phase. The holes in the polymer wall yield a highly interconnected porous structure. The porous structure of polyHIPEs can be manipulated through variations in the structure of the HIPEs.
A polyHIPE where the polymer walls remain intact, as in the precursor HIPE, is referred to as a closed-cell polyHIPE. The closed-cell microstructure is sometimes misleading when inspected visually under an electron microscope, as the tightness of the walls is not challenged by mechanical, physical and chemical conditions. Since the voids in a closed-cell microstructure still contain the dispersed phase medium, the impermeability of the cells should be tested by loss of mass of the polyHIPE under drying conditions over a period of time. A cell structure that visually resembles a closed-cell structure but from which the internal phase can essentially be removed, is termed herein a quasi-closed-cell structure. Research done on polymerizing monomers in the external phases of emulsions prior to 1982 include the synthesis of seemingly closed-cell structures from HIPEs containing up to 85% water in the internal phase and with styrene or methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the external phase. Other research produced seemingly closed-cell polyHIPEs containing up to 90% water in the internal phase and a mixture of unsaturated polyester and styrene in the external phase. A true closed-cell polyHIPE was first provided in U.S. Pat. No. 9,062,245, wherein a Pickering stabilized HIPE was formed under conditions that ensured the locus of initiation of polymerization, and the locus of crosslinking the polymer was at the interface of the phases.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,376,565 and WIPO Patent Application WO/2001/032761 disclose the use of a durable HIPE-derived foam material in devices intended to provide water and fertilizer to plants.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,218,440 and 6,048,908, and WIPO Patent Application WO/1999/000187, provide porous crosslinked hydrophilic polymeric material having cavities joined by interconnecting pores wherein some of the cavities at the interior of the material communicate with the surface of the material, which can be used as carriers to provide sustained release of an agent, such as a fragrance, a cosmetic, an insecticide, a fertilizer, or water (e.g., in agricultural applications).
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,767,168 and 6,231,960, and WIPO Patent Application WO/1996/022796, provide HIPE-derived polymeric biodegradable and/or compostable foams which can be used for "controlled release" of an active from some products, such as encapsulated pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,820,729 and 8,898,955, and WIPO Patent Application WO/2010/040996, disclose plant growth support medium comprising a sulfonated porous and elastic polymeric material capable of absorbing and storing fertilizers within its pores for direct-targeted slow and nutrient release to the plant roots.

Technion Research & Development Foundation Limited


This document includes techniques, apparatuses, and systems related to an interface for revision-limited memory, which can improve various computing aspects and performance. In aspects, confidentiality, integrity, and availability may be ensured while increasing the performance of revision-limited memory. In this example, the techniques also enable the digital computing device to interact with information related to the revision-limited memory.

Digital computing devices often include various integrated circuits and other circuitry. Data are often stored on portions of the circuitry for booting and other low-level, hardware-oriented tasks. Even the best-protected data stored on the circuitry can be manipulated. Because of this, revision-limited memory may be used to prevent alteration of the data. As an example, revision-limited memory may prevent bits stored therein from changing more than a predetermined number of times or prevent rewriting bits after a command is received. Due to the effectiveness of revision-limited memory, many implementations and circuit configurations are commonly used to ensure written data is the same when the digital computing devices are turned on or when the data is accessed. Such memory is often specifically designed for the implementation at hand. These specific designs, however, burden integrators attempting to combine the memory with the digital computing device.


Waste disposal device includes a container, a lid, and a rotation mechanism that rotates a waste-containing member when present in the container. A slide mechanism enables opening movement of the lid to cause the rotation mechanism to rotate the waste-containing member or prevent the rotation mechanism from rotating the waste-containing member depending on its setting. A foot pedal assembly includes a foot pedal and a spring, and causes both opening of the lid when the foot pedal is depressed and closure of the lid when the pressing force is removed. The spring is moved against its bias upon depression of the foot pedal and returns to its original state when the pressing force is removed to cause closure of the lid and rotation of the waste-containing member. The device may be used for medical waste from hospitals, doctors' offices, home health care personnel and facilities, nursing homes, and biohazard laboratories.

Small waste disposal devices are common in hospitals, doctors' offices and other locations where waste is generated and must be disposed of in a sanitary manner. Further, if the waste emits odors, the waste disposal device should also contain odors emanating from the waste.
Numerous waste disposal devices exist including those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,612,099, 6,804,930, 6,851,251, 7,114,314, 7,146,785, 7,316,100, 7,434,377, 7,503,152, 7,503,159, 7,617,659, 7,708,188 and 7,712,285, all of which are incorporated by reference herein. Additionally, innovative waste disposal devices are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/637,252 filed Dec. 14, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,963,414, also incorporated by reference herein. In addition, waste disposal devices are disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/172,715 filed Jul. 14, 2008, 12/172,758 filed Jul. 14, 2008, 12/172,793 filed Jul. 14, 2008, 13/161,764 filed Jun. 16, 2011, 13/172,976 filed Jun. 30, 2011, 13/173,001 filed Jun. 30, 2011, and 13/270,697 filed Oct. 11, 2011, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.
Some of these waste disposal devices include a lid which is coupled to a rotation mechanism whereby upon forced manual closure of the lid, the rotation mechanism converts the manually-initiated closing movement of the lid into rotation of a twisting mechanism which engages with a length of tubing or a plastic bag in the waste disposal device to thereby cause formation of a twist in the tubing or bag. The twist is situated above the waste products in the tubing or bag so that emanation of odors from the waste products in the container is reduced. Such waste disposal devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,612,099, 6,804,930, 6,851,251, 7,114,314, 7,146,785, 7,316,100, 7,434,377, 7,503,152, 7,503,159, 7,617,659, 7,708,188 and 7,712,285, all of which are incorporated by reference herein.
A drawback of such waste disposal devices is that closure of the lid is manually initiated so that the person throwing out the waste product must also come into contact with the lid to urge the lid to close. This contact may be difficult if the person is holding other objects and may also lead to transmission of bacteria from the lid to the person.
It has now been found by the inventor herein, and not believed to have been previously appreciated, that it would be desirable to selectively couple the opening of the lid with untwisting or unknotting of the bag or tubing to better facilitate insertion of waste, without permanently altering the control of the rotation mechanism to provide for this ability, i.e., maintaining the ability of the opening of the lid to avoid untwisting of the bag or tubing. This thereby enables a user to have the ability to either untwist or not untwist the bag or tubing upon opening the lid.
Furthermore, it would also be desirable to provide a waste disposal device which does not require a person throwing out waste products to manually handle the lid in order to close the lid.

Medical waste disposal device with self-closing lid


Reverse channel circuitry for CDMA based mobile stations which allows carrier phase offsets to be implemented at baseband, thereby eliminating the need for multiple quadrature modulators and excessive D/A converters. In addition, just four baseband filters, two using scaled coefficients and the other two unscaled coefficients, are time multiplexed to produce in-phase and quadrature terms. The invention can lead to a significant savings in hardware and be a valuable tool in implementing multiple code channels with different carrier phase offsets.

1. Technical Field
This invention pertains to reverse traffic channel circuitry for Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) based mobile stations and, more particularly, to a method for performing carrier phase offsets at baseband which permits n+1 channels to be added at baseband and modulated with a single quadrature modulator.
2. Background Art
In Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) based mobile stations, multiple code channels can be used in the reverse traffic channel to increase the data transmission rate. For example, in IS-95B, one fundamental code channel can be used in combination with up to seven supplemental code channels. Under rate set 1, where each code channel has a maximum data rate of 9.6 kbps, the combined data rate can be increased to 76.8 kbps. Under rate set 2, the maximum data rate would be 115.2 kbps The supplemental channels are typically transmitted with different phase offsets of the carrier used to transmit the fundamental channel. The supplemental code channel carrier phase offsets measured with respect to the fundamental carrier for IS-95B are given in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Supplemental code carrier phase offsets Supplemental Code Channel is: Carrier Phase Offset .phi..sub..dagger-dbl. (radiant): 1 .pi./2 2 .pi./14 3 3.pi./4 4 0 5 .pi./2 6 .pi./4 7 3.pi./4
FIG. 1 shows how multiple code channels A.sub.0, A.sub.1, . . . A.sub.n, can be combined with different carrier phase offsets, .phi..sub.i, to produce the RF signal, S(t). Multiple data streams, A.sub.0, A.sub.1, . . . A.sub.n, are separately quadrature spread by pairs of quadrature spreaders 12 (actually modulo 2 adders) and baseband filtered by pairs of filters 14 before being quadrature modulated with the appropriately offset carrier by pairs of quadrature modulators 18. Note that the Q-channel output from the spreader 12 has a 1/2 PN chip delay 22 (=406.9 ns). If the reverse traffic channel were implemented as suggested in FIG. 1, a D/A converter 16 would be required for the output of each baseband filter 14 along with n+1 quadrature modulators 18. Only if there are no carrier phase offsets between the supplemental channels and the fundamental channel can the outputs of the n+1 in-phase baseband filters be summed together as can the outputs of the n+1 quadrature baseband filters. In such case, a single quadrature modulator can be used to produce S(t).
From a cost standpoint it would be desirable if only a single D/A converter and quadrature modulator were required regardless of the carrier phase offsets.

Broadband implementation of supplemental code channel carrier phase offsets


A method for controlling power consumption of an electronic system is provided. The electronic system includes a number of modules, such as, for example, processing units, server blades and disk drives. In a predetermined sequence, application of power to each module is initiated. Each initiation of the application of power to a module is followed by a waiting period associated with that module.

1. Field of the Invention
Aspects of the invention relate generally to multiple-module electronic systems, and more particularly to power control of multiple-module electronic systems.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Many electronic systems, including a variety of computing systems or platforms, employ a number of separate components or modules coupled together to operate in a cooperative manner to perform one or more tasks or functions. Further, some of these systems may form a system hierarchy, wherein a number of components may form one or more subsystems, the subsystems are grouped to form larger subsystems, and so on. In one example, a switch for a telephone system, such as a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), may include one or more network elements, wherein each element includes one or more network servers, such as blade servers. Other modules, such as data storage subsystems like disk drives, may also be included in the switch. Myriad other electronic systems representing a virtually unlimited number of system configurations also exist.
Each such electronic system requires one or more electrical power supplies to allow the system to operate. Each component or module of an electronic system typically consumes electrical power at a rate determined by the electronic design of the module, the particular components employed, and other factors. Typically, the power consumption of each module is not constant, but instead changes depending on the particular functions being performed by the module. More specifically, many modules consume significantly more power for a period of time immediately after being turned on or activated. Thereafter, the power consumption typically moderates to a more-or-less constant, or "steady-state," power level below the "start-up" power level. For example, disk drives are well-known for consuming a significant amount of power shortly after being activated so that the disks of the drive may be "spun-up" to their normal operating rotational speed. After that rotational speed is attained, the power requirements of the disk drive normally decrease. Similarly, computer processing modules may have cooling fans associated therewith which initially require more power to spin up to an operating speed. These processing units may also perform intensive testing of various components, such as memory and other peripheral integrated circuits, which may also temporarily require additional power. Many other examples also exist.
Typically, all modules of an electronic system are powered up essentially simultaneously. As a result, the system requires a relatively large amount of power initially before reducing its demands, typically over a few seconds. Accordingly, power supplies used for such systems, as well as the building or other infrastructure tasked with transferring the power from a power grid to the power supplies, are designed to provide that peak power demand during a power-up cycle. Since the instantaneous power requirements of a system typically drop significant within a few seconds or so of initial power-up, the power supply and related infrastructure typically are designed and manufactured to provide a level of power much higher than required for normal steady-state operation of the electronic system in question. Such designs often result in a waste of financial resources on power consumption requirements that the enterprise operating the system could deploy elsewhere.

Apparatus and method for multiple-module electronic system power control


An electrical brush assembly for use with a d.c. dynamoelectric machine commutator 44 having a substantially cylindrical commutator contact surface 46 comprising an electrical brush element 48 having a sliding contact surface 50 engageable with the contact surface of the commutator. The brush element is slidably supported by a brush holder 54, and is urged against the contact surface of the commutator by a spring 58. The sliding contact surface of the brush element is a concave cylindrical surface having a central axis 62 substantially parallel to the central axis 45 of the commutator contact surface, and has a radius R2 about 1.2 to 2.5 times larger than the radius R1 of the commutator contact surface.

This invention relates to an electrical brush assembly for use with a d.c. dynamoelectric machine commutator having a substantially cylindrical commutator contact surface.
FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a conventional electrical brush assembly 10 for use with a d.c. dynamoelectric machine including a commutator 12 having a substantially cylindrical commutator contact surface 14 in which a plurality of commutator segments (not shown) are formed. The outer diameter of the cylindrical commutor 12 may be from about 30 mm to about 40 mm. The brush assembly 10 comprises an electrical brush element 16 which is a rod-shaped electrically conductive member having a substantially flat end surface 18 constituting a sliding contact to be brought into contact with contact surface 14 of the commutator 12. The brush element 16 also has side support surfaces 20 which are to be slidably supported. The width dimension W of the brush element 16 as measured in the direction of rotation of the commutaor contact surface 14 may typically be from 4 mm to 7 mm.
The brush assembly 10 further comprises a brush holder 22 for slidably supporting the side support surfaces 20 of the brush element 16 for a sliding movement relative to the commutator 12 in a diametrical direction of the commutator and such that the contact surface 18 of the brush element 16 can be in a sliding contact relationship with the contact surface 14 of the commutator 12. In order to ensure a smooth sliding movement between the brush holder 22 and the brush element 16 supported therein, a small gap 23 of from 0.05 mm to 0.30 mm is defined between the inner surface of the brush holder 22 and the side support surface 20 of the brush element 16. This gap 23 is also necessary for easy assembly of the brush element 16 into the holder 22. The brush assembly 10 includes a compression spring 24 for urging the sliding contact surface 18 of the brush element 16 against the contact surface 14 of the commutator 12.
The brush element 16 has a central axis 26 which extends in a substantially radial direction with respect to the commutator 12 and which is perpendicular to the central axis 28 of the cylindrical commutator contact surface 14. Therefore, the sliding contacting surface 18 of the brush element 16 contacts with the contact surface 14 of the commutator 12 only at a line 30 between the brush element 16 and the commutator 12.
With the structure as above described, since the contact surface 18 of the brush element 16 is flat and the commutator contact surface 14 is cylindrical, the brush element 16 and the commutator 12 are in a line contact extending parallel to the central axis 28 as indicated by a line 30, making the brush unstable. Therefore, the brush element 16 chatters and bounces on the rotating coummutator 12, resulting in a poor electrical contact between the brush element 16 and the commutator 12 as well as the generation of a large noise. This lasts for a certain period of time at the initial stage of using a fresh brush element 16.
As the commutator 12 continues to rotate, the contact surface 18 of the brush element 16 wears as it is urged by the compression spring 24 and finally the entire contact surface 18 of the brush element 16 becomes a concave cylindrical surface having the same radius of curvature as that of the commutator contacting surface 14. At this stage, the brush element 16 is stable and no noise is generated and the desired good electrical contact is ensured between the brush element 16 and the commutator 12.
Therefore, an electrical brush assembly 32 as shown in FIG. 2 has been proposed in which a brush element 34 manufactured to have a sliding contact surface 36 that is a concave cylindrical surface is used from the very begining of operation of the machine. The concave cylindrical surface has a central axis 38 that coincides with the central axis 28 of the commutator contact surface 14 and therefore has a radius equal to the radius of the commutator contact surface 14, thereby establishing a surface contact between the commutator contact surface 14 and the entire area of the brush element contact surface 36.
With this arrangement, however, since there is provided a small gap 23 between the side support surface 20 of the brush element 34 and the inner surface of the brush holder 22, the brush element 16 is often diagonally assembled into the brush holder 22 as shown in FIG. 3. In this position, the sliding contact surface 36 of the brush element 34 is brought into contact only at one corner 40 of the element 34. This means that the position of contact of the brush element 34 to the commutator 12 is significantly shifted resulting in an effective change of the brush angle, causing the initial characteristics of the brush assembly to be very unstable.


Filtering incoming calls according to predicted preferences of a user. User preferences are predicted by analysis of user behavior, online activity, oral queues, and purchasing history. Data analysis includes weighting caller and user attributes according to a scheme that is dynamically updated by applying user feedback and/or machine learning processes.

The present invention relates generally to the field of telephony, and more particularly to anti-disturb techniques in telephony.
Anti-disturb techniques often operate to automatically deny, or block, incoming calls based on a list of phone numbers to deny. Alternatively, anti-disturb techniques are applied on a network level where nuisance callers are identified and prevented from placing calls. This technique may be referred to as a reputation-based technique where it is the reputation of the caller that triggers any anti-disturb actions.
"Spam in telephony" referred to by the acronym SPIT refers to unsolicited, automatically dialed, pre-recorded phone calls often used for marketing or phishing. Advanced detection of SPIT may rely on caller-based information such as personal relationships of the caller to the phone number being called, such as with a person associated with the phone number or certain call-related statistical characteristics of the caller.
Machine learning is the scientific study of algorithms and statistical models that computer systems use to progressively improve their performance on a specific task. Machine learning algorithms build a mathematical model of sample data, known as "training data," for performing tasks such as predicting an outcome or making decisions without being explicitly programmed to perform the particular tasks. Machine learning algorithms are often deployed for applications that do not lend themselves to individual specific instructions to perform each task, such as filtering email messages, detecting network intruders, and supporting computer vision systems. Data mining is a field of study within machine learning having a focus on exploratory data analysis through unsupervised learning.
Data mining is the process of discovering patterns in large data sets by the application of machine learning and statistical analysis. Data mining has an overall goal of extracting information from a data set and transforming the information into a comprehensible structure, such as patterns, to make predictions.

Dynamic anti-disturb techniques in telephony

International Business Machines Corporation


Graphical tool and method for designing device-to-device configurations used in power systems. The tool comprises software program instructions configured to allow a user to graphically associate on a monitor an intelligent electronic device (IED) selected from an available list to a corresponding switching device of the power system. For a first IED associated to corresponding switching device, the user graphically configures on the monitor a related logic by selecting one or more logical inputs/outputs and one or more target IEDs from/to which said logical inputs/outputs are to be received/sent, respectively.

The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for designing device-to-device configurations suitable to be used in a power system.
As it is known, power systems for transmitting and distributing electricity from power sources to various loads and users are equipped with several types of electrical equipments, typically switching devices such as circuit breakers and reclosers, which are adapted for ensuring a proper functioning of an associated power line and of loads/users connected therewith.
To this end, the latest advancements in microprocessor-based devices and digital signal processing technologies have led to the proliferation of electronic devices, usually referred to as intelligent electronic devices (IEDs).
An IED by definition is a microprocessor-based device, typically a controller relay, which is provided with one or more communications ports and is operatively coupled to an associated switching device in order to perform various protection, control and monitoring tasks.
In recent years, the use of IEDs in power systems has dramatically increased. Since users deal with a large variety of possible network topologies for power systems, correspondingly large is the amount and variety of IEDs devised for different purposes and offered by different manufacturers to be used in each specific network topology. As a consequence, the amount of information that needs to be known and handled by users becomes overwhelming.
In particular, the configuration of each IED and of the operative relationship and coordination among the various IEDs to be installed in a network topology can be extremely difficult and would require in most cases an extensive use of engineering experts.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a solution which substantially eases the design of IED-to-IED configurations in power systems. This solution is provided by the method and apparatus of the present invention.

Methods and apparatus for designing device-to-device configurations suitable to be used in a power system


A system for collecting data for assessment of cardiovascular function includes a plurality of monitoring devices coupled to different respective body parts. Each monitoring device is configured to measure a respective signal at the respective body part in response to cardiovascular activity. The respective signal includes a cardiovascular component attributable to the cardiovascular activity and an artifact component not attributable to the cardiovascular activity. When the monitoring devices measure the respective signals simultaneously over a same time period, the cardiovascular components are correlated, and the artifact components are not correlated. The system also includes a controller configured to: identify the cardiovascular components included in the signal measurements, according to the correlation of the cardiovascular components; reject the artifact components included in the signal measurements, according to the non-correlation of the artifact components; and determine cardiovascular information from the identified cardiovascular components for an assessment of cardiovascular function.

Unless otherwise indicated herein, the materials described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Heart disease remains one of the leading causes of death in developed nations. For many cases of heart disease, mortality and morbidity may be avoided by early detection and treatment. As such, frequent monitoring of the cardiovascular system may improve health and quality of life for a vast number of individuals.

Cardiovascular monitoring using combined measurements


An apparatus for generating a pattern defined by at least one group of vectors, includes a direction determining section for determining directions of current and previous vectors of each group of vectors, the end dot of the previous vector being the start dot of the current vector, a dot color determining section for determining dot color data of the start dot of the current vector in accordance with the direction of the current and previous vectors determined by said direction determining means, and a vector developing section for plotting the start dot of the current vector on a coordinate system in accordance with the dot color data.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for generating a pattern defined by a plurality of vectors, e.g., a vector font pattern, by developing the vectors, filling an area defined by the developed vectors, and drawing a contour thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
According to a known conventional character pattern generating apparatus, a character pattern is generated by drawing the contour of a character pattern or a vector font defined by a plurality of vectors and filling the area defined by the contour. In an apparatus of this type, filling has been performed by the following scheme. The entire contour of a given character is drawn. The drawn pattern is then scanned in a predetermined direction, and all the dots from a first black dot to a next black dot are converted into black dots, thereby filling the area defined by the contour.
In this scheme, however, if a tip of a character pattern present in a filling direction is one dot (to be defined as a one-dot tip), not only this one-dot tip but also a dot train therefrom are undesirably filled, as shown in FIG. 1A. In order to eliminate such inconvenience, the character pattern must be designed so as not to generate such a one-dot tip (a tip of the character pattern present as one dot in a direction perpendicular to the filling direction is not called a one-dot tip), and hence a cumbersome operation is required. Since the number of vectors is increased in accordance with the number of portions from which one-dot tips are eliminated, the generation speed of a character pattern is decreased. In addition, the above-described inconvenience is caused when odd-numbered intermediate dots (neither start dot nor end dot of filling) are present on the contour of the character pattern in a filling direction as shown in FIG. 1A. Moreover, as shown in FIG. 1B, if one-line data is present in a direction perpendicular to the filling direction, dot trains from the dot line are undesirably filled.

Method of and apparatus for generating a filled pattern defined by contour vectors


The present invention relates to a process for preparing hydroxylated aromatics by using hydrogen and oxygen and more particularly, to a process for preparing hydroxylated aromatics by using hydrogen and oxygen with a two-component heterogeneous catalyst. One component consists of porous catalyst containing one of Group VIII B transition metals such as Pd, Pt, Au and Cu, and hydrogen transfer organic compounds such as anthraquinone. The other component consists of a catalyst containing a transition metal selected from Ti, V, and Sn with tetrahedral coordination geometry. The main advantages of this new catalytic system are to 1) overcome the drawbacks of liquid phase oxidation using conventional homogeneous catalysts, 2) avoid use of expensive hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant, and 3) improve the selectivity of the reaction.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a process for preparing hydroxylated aromatics by using hydrogen and oxygen and more particularly, to a process for preparing hydroxylated aromatics by using hydrogen and oxygen with a two-component heterogeneous catalyst. One component consists of porous catalyst containing one of Group VIII B transition metals such as Pd, Pt, Au and Cu, and hydrogen transfer organic compounds such as anthraquinone. The other component consists of a catalyst containing a transition metal selected from Ti, V, and Sn with tetrahedral coordination geometry. The main advantages of this new catalytic system are to 1) overcome the drawbacks of liquid phase oxidation using conventional homogeneous catalysts, 2) avoid use of expensive hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant, and 3) improve the selectivity of the reaction.
2. Description of the Related Art
Molecular oxygen (O.sub.2), organic peroxide, and hydrogen peroxide have been used, in general, as selective oxidants for liquid phase oxidation of organic compounds.
A process for oxidation of benzene to phenol by using molecular oxygen as an oxidant has been disclosed. For example, benzene conversion rate is 15% and the selectivity towards phenol is approximately 70% in the presence of palladium supported on heteropolyacid catalyst in a pressure reactor at a temperature of 130.degree. C. under 60 atmosphere of oxygen for 4 hours [J. Mol. Catal. A., 1977, 120, 117]. To produce commercially available phenol, this reaction requires introduction of oxygen at high pressure which is dangerous to justify commercialization.
The process where organic peroxide such as cumen is used as an oxidant has been widely employed. But the process is uneconomical due to multi-steps of reaction and production of by-products such as acetone which causes environmental problem.
Due to above mentioned problems, hydrogen peroxide is preferred as an oxidant in the oxidation of organic compounds than molecular oxygen and organic peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is very selective for the oxidation and decomposes to oxygen and water which are environmentally acceptable.
Processes for the introduction of a hydroxyl group onto the aromatic compounds have been reported. Followings are some examples.
A process for hydroxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of Fe(II), ascorbic acid and EDTA at room temperature is disclosed. But it is not recommendable to apply this reaction for commercial exploitation due to extremely low yield [J. Biol. Chem., 1954, 208, 731].
Another process for benzene hydroxylation to phenol is disclosed in which Fenton reagent comprising Fe(II) and hydrogen peroxide are used [J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 363], therein active substance of Fenton reagent is hydroxyl radical derived from the reaction.
Another process for the hydroxylation of aromatic hydrocarbons by molecular oxygen is disclosed in the presence of metal ion such as Cu(I), Sn(II), Ti(III) or Fe(II)-EDTA of which standard oxidation/reduction electrode potential (E.sub.0) is 0.15V.
In addition, a Cu--Pd incorporated silica catalyst has been known to be effective in the hydroxylation of benzene [Catal. Lett., 1990, 4, 139]. In the process, reaction products are phenol and hydroquinone. In this reaction, Cu(I) reacts with oxygen in acidic condition to form hydrogen peroxide, which is reduced to hydroxyl radical to convert benzene to phenol in the reaction mixture. Cu(II), here, should be reduced to Cu(I) for this catalytic reaction, palladium-incorporated silica catalyst can be used to permit hydrogen reduction.
New type of molecular catalysts which incorporate titanium in the molecular framework such as titanium silicate (TS-1 zeolite) have been recently developed for the hydroxylation of aromatic compounds such as benzene and saturated hydrocarbons in the presence of hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions [Appl. Catal. 1990, 57, L1; J. Mol. Catal., 1991, 68, 45]. TS-1 zeolite is a material with the structural features of ZSM-5 in which content of silicone is considerably high and Ti(IV) is coordinated as tetrahedral geometry in the framework at a low concentration of 0.1 to 2.5 mole %. Low content of titanium contributes to high dispersion of catalytic active site, resulting in the increase of oxidation selectivity. Reaction which employs TS-1 zeolite can be performed in 30% hydrogen peroxide aqueous solution under mild condition at a temperature of 20.degree. C. to 100.degree. C.
Because microporous zeolites have limitation for diffusion of large molecules, there is a need to develop and apply mesopore zeolite based catalyst that have larger pores.
Mesoporous Ti-MCM-41 shows lower conversion rate in the hydroxylation of small molecules such as 1-hexane when compared to the activity of TS-1 or Ti-.beta.. However, Ti-MCM-41 shows higher selectivity than Ti-.beta. in the oxidation of .alpha.-terpineol and norbornene. These results suggest that mesopore molecular sieves could be used for oxidation of large molecules.
Similar to the present invention, a two-component catalyst (Pd/C+TS-1) containing palladium and titanium has been applied for the hydroxylation of benzene with hydrogen and oxygen at atmospheric pressure at 35 .degree. C. [J. Chem. Soc. Chem. commun. 1992, 1446], but this reaction has drawback of low reactivity.
A silica catalyst containing both copper and palladium has also been utilized to oxidize benzene with hydrogen and oxygen under atmospheric pressure and at a temperature of 50.degree. C. [JCS Perkin Trans. 2, 1990, 1991], but this reaction has the maximum turnover number of about 3.8.
As mentioned above, direct oxidation of benzene to phenol by hydrogen peroxide has numerous problems which include the following: (1) high costs of hydrogen peroxide; (2) low stability due to the impurities derived from the process of preparation of hydrogen peroxide; (3) difficulties in storage and transport. Therefore, it can be suggested that an oxidation process that utilizes reaction with hydrogen and oxygen, instead of hydrogen peroxide, and conducted at mild reaction conditions would be more environmentally acceptable.

Process for preparing hydroxylated aromatics by hydrogen and oxygen

Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology


A mechanical-quantity measuring device capable of measuring a strain component of structure deformation for an object to be measured in a particular desired direction with long life, high reliability and high precision. A strain sensor is formed on a semiconductor substrate. Impurity-diffused layers considering the crystal orientation of the semiconductor single crystalline substrate are used to form a Wheatstone bridge circuit on the substrate. The Wheatstone bridge circuit can operate on one substrate since the semiconductor single crystal has the anisotropy of piezoresistance effect.

The present invention relates to a mechanical-quantity measuring device.
In order to measure the deformation of a structure, a metal-foil strain gauge is used that utilizes the fact that the resistance of a metal foil changes due to strain. In addition, as disclosed in JP-A-07-270109, a bridge circuit is used together with the strain gauge in order to make the temperature compensation.