A bandwidth configuration method includes: A terminal acquires that a narrow bandwidth mode is used at a network side by a downlink transmission signal and/or an uplink transmission signal; and the terminal configures a receiving bandwidth and/or a transmitting bandwidth, where the receiving bandwidth and/or the transmitting bandwidth corresponds to the narrow bandwidth mode at the network side. The terminal side can acquire whether the network side uses the narrow bandwidth technology, and automatically adjust a bandwidth of a corresponding channel at the terminal side when the network side uses the narrow bandwidth technology, so that intra-system performance loss and inter-system interference that are caused by different bandwidth modes between the terminal side and the network side are avoided, thus improving performance of a communication system.

A wireless air interface of a UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, universal mobile telecommunications system) uses a WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, wideband code division multiple access) technology.
Currently, it is allowed in many countries to deploy WCDMA at a main frequency band 900 MHz of a GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications, global system for mobile communications), to introduce the WCDMA into a new region by using a few base station sites, so as to bring a better coverage effect. Coordinative deployment is a specific implementation mode of deploying the WCDMA and the GSM at a same frequency band. The coordinative deployment means that the WCDMA and the GSM share a same site, and are deployed by a same operator. A carrier interval between the WCDMA and the GSM is compressed into be smaller than 2.8 MHz. Although the coordinative deployment saves spectrum resources, because the carrier interval between the WCDMA and the GSM is small, inter-system interference is large, which causes network communication performance to deteriorate. To solve the problem, a narrow bandwidth technology applied at a network side is proposed.
The narrow bandwidth technology aims at reducing a passband bandwidth and/or increase a transition band suppression characteristic. By using the narrow bandwidth technology at the network side, a bandwidth occupied by a transmission signal is reduced, so that in the coordinative deployment, the inter-system interference is reduced. By taking an example that the narrow bandwidth technology is used by a communication device supporting a WCDMA network, filtering waveforms of a filter of the communication device are as shown in FIG. 1, where a waveform 1 is a bandwidth waveform specified in an existing communication standard; a waveform 2 is a bandwidth waveform in a first narrow bandwidth mode, and in the first narrow bandwidth mode, the passband bandwidth is the same as the passband bandwidth specified in the existing communication standard, but the transition band suppression characteristic is increased; and a waveform 3 is a bandwidth waveform in a second narrow bandwidth mode, and in the second narrow bandwidth mode, the passband bandwidth is reduced, and the transition band suppression characteristic is increased. In the narrow bandwidth mode, the width of the passband bandwidth and a value of a transition band suppression characteristic parameter may be specifically set by an operator according to actual demands. As an example instead of a limitation, as shown in FIG. 2, during the coordinative deployment of the WCDMA and the GSM, if the communication device of the WCDMA network uses the narrow bandwidth technology, a 4.2 MHz narrow bandwidth is supported in a 5 MHz WCDMA frequency band, and a 0.8 MHz bandwidth may be saved, which is used by a GSM network; a 3.8 MHz narrow bandwidth is supported in the 5 MHz WCDMA frequency band, and a 1.2 MHz bandwidth may be saved, which is used by the GSM network.
In the process of implementing the present invention, the inventor finds that the prior art at least has the following problems:
In the existing WCDMA communication standard, a terminal side does not support the narrow bandwidth technology. When the network side applies the narrow bandwidth technology, because the terminal side does not support the narrow bandwidth technology, intra-system performance loss is caused by mismatching between a receiving bandwidth and a transmitting bandwidth, and interference between adjacent systems is increased.

Bandwidth configuration method, device, and system


Technologies for redirecting traffic associated with a target entity for purposes of lawful intercept are presented herein. According to one aspect, a request to monitor data packets associated with a target entity for purposes of lawful intercept is received. Once the request is received, the target entity is added to a lawful intercept list and assigned a lawful intercept IP address from a range of lawful intercept IP addresses. Each lawful intercept IP address may have a corresponding routing policy for routing data packets associated with the corresponding lawful intercept IP address to a lawful intercept capture system. The data packet is then routed to the lawful intercept capture system based on the routing policy of the lawful intercept IP address. The lawful intercept capture system captures the data packet and forwards the data packet to a next hop network entity associated with the data packet.

Internet service providers (ISPs) may be required by local, state or federal law enforcement agencies to capture data traffic from a particular target entity, such as a network device associated with a particular location or person for purposes of law enforcement and cyber-security. ISPs generally utilize IP network lawful intercept mechanisms that control, manage and capture the data traffic being received and sent to the monitored target entity. This typically involves physically installing an analysis device inline in the data path between the monitored target entity and the access network of the ISP. Multiple analysis devices may be installed such that each analysis device manages and captures data traffic for a corresponding monitored target entity.
As the number of monitored target entities increases, equipment, and installation costs for physically installing a separate analysis device for each monitored target entity also increases, which can become cost prohibitive. Further, the installation of an analysis device on the data path between the network router and the target entity requires temporarily disrupting service to the monitored target entity. In addition, the analysis device dedicated to the monitored target entity is not in use during times when the monitored target entity is not sending or receiving data packets. Therefore, the current IP network lawful intercept mechanism is not only costly to implement and disruptive, but also inefficient.

IP traffic redirection for purposes of lawful intercept


A waiting tray has left and right lower face support members releasably provided in left and right directions, the support members supporting left and right lower faces in a transport direction of a sheet transported to a waiting tray, and an upper face slash member which slashes an upper face of the sheet transported to the waiting tray to drop the sheet onto a processing tray.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus (finisher) for bundling sheets sent from an image forming apparatus, thereby carrying out, for example, staple processing, and a waiting tray for use in the post-process apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
A post-process apparatus comprises: a processing tray for bundling sheets sent from an image forming apparatus, thereby carrying out, for example, staple processing, and then ejecting the processed bundles of sheets; and a storage tray for holding the ejected bundles of sheets. A staple processing speed of the post-process apparatus is slow as compared with an image processing speed of the image forming apparatus. Thus, if a sheet is directly sent to the processing tray, a sheet to be staple processed next is transported while a preceding sheet is staple processed. In order to prevent this problem, conventionally, a buffer mechanism for adjusting a carrying-in timing of a sheet at a front stage of the processing tray is proposed.
Japanese Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent No. 2583594 discloses a mechanism for retaining sheets is provided at a transport passage for sending sheets sent from an image forming apparatus to a processing tray. However, in this case, there is a need for increasing the transport passage in length, and, as a result, the post-process apparatus is likely to be large in size.
Japanese Patent Document 2: Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2004-83261 discloses a roller for slashing held sheets. However, this roller is not intended for forcibly dropping the sheets on the processing sheet, and is technically different from that of the present invention. Therefore, advantageous effect of the present invention is attained.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Sheet post-process apparatus and waiting tray


An optical dimensioning system includes light emitting assemblies configured to project a predetermined pattern on an object. The optical dimensioning system further includes an imaging assembly configured to sense light scattered and/or reflected of the object, and to capture an image of the object while the pattern is projected. A processing assembly, in the optical dimensioning system, is configured to analyze the image of the object to determine one or more dimension parameters of the object.

Generally speaking, optical 3D dimensioning with structural light triangulation imaging (parallax) suffers accuracy loss introduced by variations in relative positions and orientations of a projector, camera, and projector-camera pair. These variations can result from thermal, structural, or other changes, such as component aging. The dimensioning accuracy problem can be partially solved with calibration, but the ultimate accuracy is still limited due to the non-calibratable part of variations, such as shock and vibration. In addition, temperature change of the system due to the ambient temperature change or self-generated heat may affect the triangular geometry. Temperature gradient change occurring due to the nonuniform heat-generating source and heat dissipation may introduce complex deformations to the triangular system geometry and individual components, and is hard to resolve by calibration. More specifically, changes in camera focusing and distortion may directly contribute to the 3D dimensioning error. Additionally, such changes are difficult to control or correct with calibration. Components of a camera module are usually made from multiple materials with significantly different thermal expansion coefficients (CTEs). For example, the materials may include silicon sensor with 3.5 ppm/C, glass lens ˜9 ppm/C, aluminum barrel and holder 22 ppm/C, plastic parts >60 ppm/C. Such a combination makes it virtually impossible to fully compensate for the changes in pattern image positions on the image sensor introduced by the thermal expansion.
To overcome this issue, instead of the standard projector-camera pair triangulation, a dual-pattern optical 3D dimensioning system utilizing two or more identical projecting patterns may be applied to generate 3D depth data from dual-pattern image captured by the camera.
Several attempts have been made to address this issue. For example, in PCT Pat. App. No. WO 2014,011,182 by Gharib, convergence/divergence based depth determination techniques and uses with defocusing imaging are described. The system includes two projectors emitting converging red and blue light patterns, respectively (or alternatively, a single split beam), and a camera to capture the patterns. In Chinese Pat. App. No. CN 104,050,656, an apparatus and techniques for determining object depth in images are described. The system includes an emitter to project a low-resolution optical pattern and a high-resolution optical pattern, and a sensor to detect a composite image, which is then processed to obtain the depth information of the object in a range of different depths. However, none of these references mention projecting parallel light patterns, and determining the distance between neighboring points of the dual pattern for calculating the depth of the object. A paper "Development of Real Time 3-D Measurement System Using Intensity Ratio Method" by Miyasaka et al. describes a system for calculating depth of an object using intensity ratio method. The system includes a light source and video camera, wherein two types of light patterns, flat pattern and linear pattern, are projected alternatively onto the target object. Although the reference mentions calculating ratio of intensities of two different light patterns at a given pixel, it does not mention calculating ratio of distance between neighboring points, to determine the depth of the object. Furthermore, the reference does not mention using two light sources projecting dual parallel light patterns onto the target object. In US. Pat. App. No. 20,160,288,330 by Konolige, a system and method for depth sensing are described. The system includes a light source, a computing device, and two optical sensors separated by a fixed distance, each having a first set of multiple photodetectors to capture visible light, and a second set of multiple photodetectors to capture infrared light. The depth information obtained from both the visible and infrared light images is combined to determine a depth map of surfaces or objects. However, the reference does not mention using two projectors producing parallel light patterns simultaneously onto the target. Furthermore, the reference does not mention determining the distance between the neighboring light patterns and using it for calculating the depth of the target.
Therefore, a need exists for a system and method of accurate optical dimensioning.


A filter device for fluids with a fluid inlet (14) and a fluid outlet (24). A filter element (9) is enclosed by an end cap (21) on its lower end facing a bottom part (5) of the filter housing (1). The end cap has a passage (29) forming a fluid connection to the filter element inner filter cavity (17) and can be fixed to an element retainer (23) of the filter housing (1). The element retainer (23) includes a retaining piece (35) open towards the filter element (9) with a fluid channel (37) leading to a housing connection (24). The end cap (21) has a connecting piece (27) in the retaining piece (35). The retaining piece (35) forms an opening (43) connected to the fluid channel (37) leading to the element retainer (23). A sealing (45, 47) seals the opening from the open end of the retaining piece.

Filter devices of this type are known from the prior art. Such filter devices are typically used in fuel systems for internal combustion engines to protect sensitive components, in particular the injection systems, against degradation due to impurities entrained in the fuel. To guarantee that the systems downstream of the filter will operate without any trouble over their entire service life, the filter device has to satisfy high reliability requirements. The operational reliability is greatly affected by the properties of the connection between the end cap and the element retainer. The filter element under consideration has to be accurately positioned in the filter housing by the element retainer. A reliable, tightly sealed fluid connection to the filter cavity must be formed. In addition, when changing the filter element during the ongoing operations, a flawless connection between the end cap and the element retainer when the new filter element is installed must be ensured.

Filter device with releasably securable end cap and sealing arrangement


A method of modeling a tire is provided. The tire model is used in simulating vehicle response to a simulated ground profile. The tire has an undeformed envelope that defines the outer circumference when no forces are exerted on the tire. The method includes the steps of mathematically characterizing the tire undeformed envelope and a simulated ground profile. Integrating the characterized simulated ground profile and the characterized tire undeformed envelope with respect to the horizontal direction such that a tire deformed area is determined. Calculating the magnitude of the resultant force vector from the deformed area. Determining the direction of the resultant force vector.

The present invention relates generally to vehicle simulations for ride, handling, and road load prediction. In particular, the present invention relates to an analytical tire model that is used for vehicle simulations.
The use of simulations has become an important design tool of the automotive industry for predicting vehicle ride and load characteristics. A critical component of these simulations is the tire model used to characterize the interaction between the tire and the ground. Due to the complexity of the tire structure and composition, a range of tire models are used depending on the particular simulation application. The tire models can be divided into three general categories; finite element models, lumped mass models, and analytical tire models.
Finite element tire models can provide highly accurate results for simulations of tire and vehicle interactions. However, finite element models require an excessive amount of computation time as well as requiring a complex and time consuming set-up. In addition, some nonlinear finite element models may not be stable for all operating conditions of the simulation, causing additional lost time determining the source of the instability.
Lumped mass tire models are particularly suited to simulating tire tread bend. This model type can be used to simulate tire local resonance and its interaction with the vehicle. In some cases a lumped mass tire model can be used to directly define the contact between the tread bend and road surface. Unfortunately, the lumped mass tire models are very difficult and costly to create, often requiring special tire tests, programs, and experience to create an accurate model of the physical tire.
Analytical tire models do not require the detailed modeling of the physical tire that the finite element and lumped mass tire models both require. Instead of providing a detailed model of the physical tire, an analytical tire model uses global tire parameters such as tire radial stiffness, radial damping, and tire radius to model a tire. Using global tire parameters simplifies the creation of the tire model and leads to much faster computation times. However, since the physical tire is not modeled, mathematical assumptions must be made in order to simulate the interaction of the tire and the road surface. Determining what assumptions to use and how to mathematically implement those assumptions is generally determinative of the tire model accuracy and computation speed.
The first analytic tire model was created during the ""60s. Since then, numerous types of analytic tire models have been created, each based on different assumptions and having varying limitations in the usage of the particular model. Currently, various mathematical implementations of the radial spring tire model are the most widely used conventional analytical tire models because of the simplicity and accuracy compared with other analytical models. Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, radial spring tire models in general rely on the assumption that a tire is formed by a series of radial springs emanating from the center of the tire. At every time step as the tire progresses, the deformed area between the road profile and the tire undeformed envelope is calculated from the deformation of the radial springs. One method that many of the radial spring models employ to determine the magnitude of the resultant force is by hypothetically pressing the tire on a flat surface to deform the same area. Likewise, the angle of the resultant force is determined by summing all of the radial spring forces. Generally speaking, for gradually changing road surfaces conventional radial spring models provide reasonably accurate results. However, suddenly changing surfaces such as a step or pothole road input, may cause conventional radial spring models to provide inaccurate results. Due to the assumptions that were made in mathematically describing conventional radial spring models, the models do not always converge when a step input or pothole input is used as the ground profile for the simulation. In addition, for ground profile inputs similar to a step input, the models generally require excessive computation time in order to complete the numerical iterations that are necessitated for convergence.
Therefore, it is an object of the invention to provide an analytical tire model that can be used in vehicle simulations to accurately predict the tire and vehicle interaction when subjected to a predetermined ground profile. Also, it is desirable for the tire model to minimize the computation time required for the simulation. Additionally, it is an object to provide a tire model that is easily created. Also, it is desirable for the tire model to provide accurate simulation results when subjected to a ground profile describing a sudden change such as a step input.
To achieve the foregoing objectives an analytical tire model is provided for modeling a tire for use in simulating vehicle response to a simulated ground profile. The tire is described by an undeformed envelope that is mathematically characterized. The difference between the tire undeformed envelope and the ground profile is integrated with respect to the horizontal direction in order to determine the tire deformed area. The magnitude of a resultant force vector acting on the tire is calculated from the deformed area. The direction of the resultant force vector is combined with the magnitude of the resultant force vector.
The above described system is only an example. Systems in accordance with the present invention may be implemented in a variety of ways.

Analytical tire model for vehicle durability and ride comfort analysis


A vacuum cleaner includes a base housing having a suction nozzle with a front suction nozzle opening provided on the front of the base housing, a source of suction in fluid communication with the suction nozzle for generating a working air stream through the upper unit, and a diverter assembly to selectively restrict a portion of the front suction nozzle opening.

Vacuum cleaners typically have one main suction nozzle in fluid communication with a source of suction. The main suction nozzle therefore forms an inlet for a working airstream that transports dirt and other debris into the vacuum cleaner. Vacuum cleaners also have been provided with edge cleaning nozzles for cleaning along baseboards or perimeter edges of rooms, at the junction of the floor and wall, and near kick plates of cabinetry and appliances. The edge cleaning nozzles can be configured to direct at least a portion of the working airstream toward a side or edge of the vacuum cleaner to achieve better edge cleaning. Vacuum cleaners also typically have a handle for a user to grip. In some cases, the handle may be foldable to reduce the amount of storage space required when the vacuum cleaner is not in use.


A system for use with a hot oil fryer of the type which cooks food porducts in hot oil, in which particulates from the food are shed into the hot oil in the fry during the cooking operation, the fryer having an inlet to receive hot oil, and an outlet for recirculation of hot oil.

In the production of fried food products, the quality of the oil used for frying the products is directly linked to the quality of the final product. Corn and potato products such as potato chips and corn chips shed particulates during the frying process.
When these particulates or crumbs accumulate in the frying oil, if they are not promptly removed there will be breakdown in the quality of the oil and the product as evidenced by an increase in free fatty acids in the oil, discoloration of the oil, plugging of heat transfer surfaces, and a reduction in the quality of the product it produces. Prompt removal of the particulates dramatically improves the quality of the oil and of the product compared to what their condition would be if the particulates were not removed.
One simplistic solution is to filter the oil and change it frequently. There are several problems with this approach. For one these production facilities are generally operated on a 24 hour basis, and shutdown time is both inconvenient and expensive. In fact, a full shutdown and servicing may require 24 hours.
For another, these facilities use large quantities of oil. It is not unusual for a fryer to contain 1,500 gallons of oil. Unnecessarily frequent changes of the oil are very costly.
As still another problem, the frying temperatures are often as high as 420 degree, and the flow of hot oil through the heat exchanger and flow system is under pressure. The continuous removal of crumbs from known operating systems tends to expose the operator to exposure of hot pressurized oil. This is an undesirable risk which this invention averts, while still providing filtration of 150 micron particulates.
In fact it is an object of this invention to enable continuous filtration and removal of cooled particulates without exposing personnel to hot or pressurized oil or to particulates in such a way that the ultimate change of oil can be deferred from the presently-accepted six day cycle to a 21 day cycle, while still maintaining good quality oil and product. This equates to an extra 44 days of production per year, approximating a 15% increase in production capacity for an installation.
It should be kept in mind that the operation of this process is continuous. The fryers receive the raw product on a conveyor, which carries it through the hot oil, and removes it from the oil, thereafter to be drained, cooled and packaged. Some oil is carried out of the apparatus as part of the product, and makeup oil is added to replace it. The particulates (crumbs) are separated as part of the filtration process. After filtration the oil is returned to the fryer along with any makeup oil.
One of the most troublesome parts of the cooker system is the heat exchanger in which the oil is heated. It is a recirculating arrangement usually utilizing externally heated tubes through which the oil flows to be heated. These tubes are the hottest part of the system, and crumbs can tend to cake and coat its internal surfaces and plug the tubes. The system of this invention consistently removes particulates of such small size that deposition on the tubes is long deferred compared to known systems, and when it is flushed out in the servicing operation, it is readily removed.
To service any hot oil system requires that the pressure be reduced to ambient, and the temperature be cooled to an acceptable value. This takes time and significantly reduces the production capacity of the system. Allowing servicing to proceed at higher temperatures, and before the pressure has vented can subject the service personnel to risk of injury.
It is an object of this invention to provide a system which enables continuous frying to occur while filtration continues, and which permits particulates to be removed through a system that protects service personnel from risk, and can be done without shutting down the entire system.

Removal of particulates from frying oils


A method of utilizing mobile communication roaming data is described. The method receives a roaming data authorization from a user to allow using roaming data related to the user. The method receives roaming data related to the user from a set of mobile network operators. The method receives an information request related to the user. The method performs an analysis on the roaming data related to the user to retrieve the requested information. The method then sends a response containing the requested information.

Credit card providers often monitor where a credit card is used. For example, if you live in California, and your credit card is used, without notification, in Belize, your card provider may assume that the transaction was fraudulent, and not allow the card use. This can be helpful when it is a fraudulent transaction, but can be rather disconcerting when a credit card suddenly stops working while a user is traveling abroad. There is a need for a reliable and accurate method to validate a credit card transaction through the location of the credit card user.

Method and apparatus to provide mobile intelligence


There is provided a drilling tool having a substantially columnar tool body to be rotated around an axial line, a cutting edge located at a front end portion of the tool body, and a chip suction hole which is formed inside the tool body in a direction of the axial line for sucking chips generated by the cutting edge. The chip suction hole has a main hole portion extending toward a drill base along the axial line, a narrow hole portion located at a front end of the main hole portion, the narrow hole portion having a cross section smaller than that of the main hole portion and a suction opening located at a front end of the narrow hole portion and opened in the vicinity of the cutting edge, the suction opening having a cross section larger than that of the narrow hole portion.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a drilling tool, and in particular, to a drilling tool suitable for drilling process in which powdery and fine chips are generated at drilling.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, composite materials such as glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) or carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) have been in the spot light as materials having light weight and high strength. Composite materials have been used in various fields such as motor cycles, automobiles, railways, construction industries and medical care, including aerospace industries.
When performing cutting work in which such a composite material is used as a work piece, harmful powder dusts containing glass fibers, carbon fibers or the like are possibly generated due to the cutting. Therefore, an improvement in an operational environment is demanded.
On the other hand, there is known a concrete boring drill equipped with a dust suction hole for concrete powder dust suction extending through a drill body in an axial line thereof. A concrete boring drill described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. H09-272118(1997) is provided with a drill body and a tip which is embedded and fixed in a front end of the body on a diameter line to be arranged in such a manner that a front end portion and both side portions of the tip protrude from the body. The tip is formed in a flat-plate shape and an outer periphery at one end side of the flat surface is formed in a mountain shape. A dust suction hole extending through the body in the axial line is branched in a Y-letter shape at the front end portion to both sides of the tip, and both the branch ends are opened to be in positions substantially equal to rear edges of both the side portions or closer to the front end than the rear edges in a plan view of the tip.
However, in the drill disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. H09-272118(1997), the dust suction hole is opened at a position away from the front end portion of the chip toward the side portion rear edge of the tip. Therefore, in cutting work generating powdery chips, chips generated by a cutting edge located at the front end portion of the tip possibly scatter without being sucked. Since the dust suction hole has an equal diameter until the front end portion thereof, a suction force gets the weaker as an opening of the dust suction hole is away from suction means, and therefore, the suction performance is not sufficient.
The present invention is made in view of the foregoing problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a drilling tool which can restrict scattering of chips even in a case of performing cutting work in which powdery and fine chips are generated.


Method for executing an application is provided. The method includes interfacing a U3 adapter with a host system; and interfacing the U3 adapter with a memory device, wherein an application is executed by the U3 adapter and the application uses information stored on the memory device.

The U3 standard is being developed that will allow users to launch applications from portable/removable USB (universal serial bus) flash memory systems. Smart U3 drives are being-developed for this purpose. The U3 specification is available at the website located at U3.com and is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
Flash memory systems are typically provided as a memory card or flash drive that is coupled to a variety of host systems, for example, a digital camera, laptop/notebook computers, desktop computers, cell phones and other devices. Although U3 enabled drives are being developed, there are millions of flash memory systems that are currently being used by users and these systems are not U3 enabled. Such flash memory systems are referred to herein as legacy flash memory systems (or "legacy devices"). It is noteworthy that the term legacy devices, as used herein, are intended to include other storage devices (for example, hard disks).
Legacy devices that are based on the CF (compact flash standard, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), SD(Secure Digital Standard, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), MS-Pro (Memory Stick Pro Standard, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety), or other standards, cannot easily be integrated with the U3 specification without using special drivers in the Windows® operating system environment. One reason for that is, Windows® operating systems treat USB devices/drives differently than devices based on the CF, SD, MS-Pro or other similar standards.
Therefore, there is a need for a method and system that will allow users of legacy devices to use data stored on legacy systems while taking advantage of the U3 applications.


Therapeutic oligonucleotides comprising pharmacokinetic (PK)-modifying anchors are provided. Methods for treating diseases or disorders comprising administering to a subject a therapeutic oligonucleotide comprising one or more PK-modifying anchors are provided.

Oligonucleotides are cleared very quickly after cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) injection, with less than 1-2% of the injected dose being retained in the brain and spinal cord. One of the well-understood problems with use of oligonucleotide therapeutics in central nervous system applications is rapid CSF clearance. In rodents, bolus injection is sufficient to support wide oligonucleotide distribution in large brains, and bulk CSF flow is a primary mechanism behind distribution. Rapid CSF clearance limits distribution of oligonucleotides to deep structures of the brain, and is a primary limitation of this platform for the treatment of many neurodegenerative disorders.
Similarly, when administered IV or SC, oligonucleotides are rapidly removed systemically by elimination through the kidney filtration or via the reticuloendothelial system. Retention in secondary tissues beyond liver, kidney, bone marrow and spleen is a real challenge in the field.
There remains a need for self-delivering siRNA that is characterized by efficient RISC entry, minimum immune response and off-target effects, efficient cellular uptake without formulation, improved absorption, distribution and clearance kinetics, and efficient, specific or functional tissue distribution.


A method of preparing a test sample for electron microscopy analysis is disclosed. First, a chip segment is attached to a holder of a sample polisher, and a first polishing end of the chip segment is polished by using the sample polisher to generate a first polished cross section. Thereafter, the chip segment is detached from the holder. Further, a carrier segment is attached to the first cross section of the chip segment and the conjoined carrier segment and the chip segment are attached to a pad segment so as to form a stacked structure. Finally, the stacked structure is attached to the holder, and a second polishing end of the chip segment is polished to generate a second polished cross section.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of failure analysis in semiconductor processes, and more particularly, to electron microscopy sample preparation without using a polishing tool, so as to reduce sample preparation costs and time.
2. Description of the Prior Art
As IC technology progresses, electron microscopy is used extensively in failure analysis, especially the transmission electron microscope (TEM). According to the signal obtained from the interaction of particles and electrons, the information to be analyzed by the TEM can be divided into three parts: 1. The displayed image gathered by the transmitted electron or the elastic scattering electron, 2. The electron diffusion pattern (DP) formed for researching tiny tissues and crystal structures, and 3. The chemical composition analysis obtained by using the energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) or the electron energy loss spectroscope (EELS). With the improvement of instruments, the analytical electron microscope and the high resolution electron microscope can be combined together to display images. With this combination, the nano beam diffraction (NBD) and the convergent beam diffraction (CBD) can be done. It has various abilities to satisfy analytical demands in various ranges.
The TEM instrument system mainly comprises: 1. An electron gun that is one of three types a tungsten filaments electron gun, a LaB6 electron gun, and a field emission electron gun (similar to a scanning electron microscope (SEM)), 2. An electromagnetic lens system that includes a condenser lens, an objective lens, an intermediate lens, and a projective lens, 3. A sample chamber having a sample holder of that is either a side entry type or a top entry type, and 4. An image observation and record system comprising a ZnS/CdS coating fluorescence screen or a photonegative one.
The observation mode of the TEM has two types: a planar observation mode and a cross-section observation mode. In the planar observation mode, electron beams are emitted toward a chip surface vertically to make the right side observation, which is usually for researching the device layout, the materials, or the size measurement. In the cross-section observation mode, a vertical structure of the chip is sideling observed, and it is usually for measuring each layers thickness, researching the material stacked frame, and observing the interface structure. The sample preparation relates to the observation mode. There are two methods of cutting and trimming the sample when observing a routine procedure. The planar observation mode utilizes a chemical solution etching process and the cross-section observation mode utilizes an ion miller to cut and trim the sample. However, the planar observation mode can utilize the ion miller and the cross-section observation mode can utilize a focus ion beam (FIB) to cut and trim the sample for a more precise observation. The FIB allows a lateral orientation on the sample so that the cross-section can be prepared in a selected area, at least within certain boundaries, of the portion of the sample to be analyzed.
The conventional transmission electron microscopy has several limitations including: 1. The thickness of the sample has to be below 3 millimeters (mm), 2. The most ideal observation thickness of the sample is about 500xcx9c1000 angstroms (xc3x85) due to the limitation of the transmission electron beam, 3. The dimension of the observation region is usually below 100 mm due to the difficulty of sample preparation, and 4. In some situations, such as the chip sealing, the cross-section analysis of the single bit failure, or the cross-section analysis of single contact hole, the sample preparation is very difficult, thereby reducing the usefulness of the sample preparation.
In addition, when utilizing a conventional sample polisher such as a Sagitta""s NEXT-1 automatic polisher to prepare the sample, a particular tool manufactured by the polisher factory has to be used in the sample preparation. The particular tool cannot be recycled and has to be molded by itself so as to increase costs of the sample preparation, and more analysis time is needed when using the particular tool to prepare the sample.
It is therefore a primary objective of the claimed invention to provide a novel electron microscope sample preparation without the particular tool to allow relatively fast sample preparation and cost reductions.
According to the claimed invention, a TEM sample preparation is disclosed. A sample polisher including a holder and a chip segment to be tested having a first polishing end, a second polishing end, and a pre-selected testing point between the first polishing end and second polishing end are provided. The chip segment is attached to the holder of the sample polisher, and the first polishing end of the chip segment is polished by using the sample polisher to generate a first polished cross section. The chip segment has a first predetermined distance between the first cross section and the testing point. The chip segment is detached from the holder. A carrier segment is attached to the first cross section of the chip segment. The conjoined carrier segment and the chip segment are attached to a pad segment so as to form a stacked structure. The stacked structure is attached to the holder, and the second polishing end of the chip segment is polished to generate a second polished cross section by using the sample polisher. The chip segment has a second predetermined distance between the second polished cross section and the testing point.
The claimed invention prepares the sample without utilizing the conventional particular tool so as to allow relatively fast sample preparation and cost reduction simultaneously.
These and other objectives of the present invention will no doubt become obvious to those of ordinary skill in the art after reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiment that is illustrated in the various figures and drawings.


A V type engine embodying an improved oil separator for its crankcase ventilation system. The oil separator is contained within the valley between the banks of cylinders and has a simplified but effective arrangement for achieving separation.

This invention relates to an engine cooling system and more particularly to an improved cooling system for V-type engines having a transverse disposition within the engine compartment.
It is well known that V-type engines normally have a coolant pump located at one end of the engine and which delivers coolant to the cooling jackets of the engine at that one end. In addition, a return passage is formed at that same end of the engine for returning coolant to the radiator from the engine cooling jacket. Although this arrangement has certain advantages, it also has some disadvantages. For example, by routing the flow of coolant through the engine from one end to the other and then back, optimum cooling may not result. Furthermore, this type of system has disadvantages in connection with transverse engine placement in the engine compartment. Where the engine is positioned transversely, it may be desirable to avoid having all of the coolant connections to the engine located at one end.
It is, therefore, a principal object of this invention to provide an improved cooling system for an internal combustion engine.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an improved cooling system for engines, particularly to those of the V-type, wherein the water pump is located at one end of the engine and the return from the cooling jacket is located at the other end of the engine.
It is a still further object of this invention to provide an improved cooling jacket arrangement and cooling system for a transversely positioned engine of a motor vehicle.


A device for hanging implements comprising a hook member having two straight parallel arms with the first end of each arm joined by an arcuate section and with the opposite end of each arm extending at an angle with respect to its respective arm, and a generally flat base member for joining the hook to the implement.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a support for storing implements.
More particularly, the invention relates to a support for storing a wheelbarrow. The support includes the shape of a hook which can function as a hanger or as a support. The support is also useful for hanging or supporting other implements and provides a simple, inexpensive attachment for storing items of a wide range of sizes in an orderly manner.
2. Description of the Related Technology
U.S. Pat. No. D447,848 discloses a wheelbarrow holder comprising upper and lower members attached to a wall whereby the wheelbarrow is held to the wall by the upper and lower members.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,915,308 discloses a rack for storing a wheelbarrow. The rack is mounted on a wall and the wheelbarrow is stored by placing it onto the rack.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,755,414 discloses a hanger assembly for suspending a wheelbarrow along a wall. The assembly includes a hook mounted on the wall at a height from the floor at which it will engage a lip on the wheelbarrow bed without the lip""s being lifted manually and will support the wheelbarrow above the floor when the wheelbarrow is tilted around he hook as a fulcrum toward the wall.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,467,925 discloses a rack for placement on a wall surface for the suspended storage of garden tools and a wheelbarrow. A horizontal rack member slidably receives multiple brackets on which the heads of the stored tools may rest. Sleeves having wire bails are also slidably mounted on the horizontal rack member and receive the handles of a wheelbarrow. A vertical rack member is coupled to the first mentioned rack member and is provided with a wheelbarrow support in a manner offsetting the wheelbarrow from the wall permitting tools to be stored between the wheelbarrow and the supporting wall surface.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,762,210 discloses a storage rack for a wheelbarrow and includes a lower hook attached to a wall, the hook being configured to receive a portion of a forward lip of the wheelbarrow pan therein. A bar assembly is mounted above the hook and includes a U-shaped bar swingable between a first position with the bar adjacent the wall and a second position displaced from the wall.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,236,111 discloses a wheelbarrow storage rack for storing and securing a wheelbarrow on a vehicle, the storage rack is comprised of a frame generally dimensioned to the size of the tray of the wheelbarrow, the frame having channel members positioned on the side members and at least one cross member for cooperative, slidable engagement with the tray edge of the tray of the wheelbarrow.
The invention is directed to an attachment having a portion for engaging a hook and supporting a wheelbarrow or other device in a stored position. The attachment enabling a wheelbarrow to be hung or to stand upright on its own.
Wheelbarrows are of a size and shape so as to limit the options for their storage. Most often they are stored on the floor or next to a wall in an out of the way location. The present invention when used in conjunction with a wheelbarrow facilitates storage in a convenient manner. Lawn carts, wagons, lawn barrows and other similar devices are also conveniently stored with the use of the attachment of the present invention.
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.


A microfluidic diagnostic device (1, 50) comprising a substrate (4); a compatible layer (6) formed on a first face (4a) of the substrate (4); a structural layer (8), formed on top of the compatible layer (6); a channel (10), formed in the structural layer (8) and limited underneath by the compatible layer (6), optically accessible by a first luminous radiation having a first wavelength (λe); and a cover layer (18) made of a material transparent to the first wavelength (λe), arranged on top of the structural layer (8) and sealing the channel (10) at the top, wherein the compatible layer (6) has a thickness equal to approximately a quarter of the first wavelength (λe) divided by the refraction index of the compatible layer (6), or equal to an odd multiple of a quarter of the first wavelength (λe) divided by the refraction index of the compatible layer (6).

The present invention relates to an optically accessible microfluidic device, to a method for manufacture thereof, and to a system that uses the microfluidic diagnostic device.
As is known, devices of a micromechanical or microelectromechanical (MEMS) type are widely used in industry, medicine and research. MEMS devices offer the advantages of improving the reliability of the assay, reducing sample volumes, as well as reducing the time required for said activities, thus reducing the corresponding costs and improving efficiencies.
Diagnostic devices of a known type basically comprise a solid substrate, generally of a flat type, on which particular receptors, such as, for example, biomolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, antigens, antibodies, haptens, sugars etc.) or chemicals, or microorganisms or parts thereof (bacteria, viruses, spores, cells, organelles, etc.) are grafted.
By "receptor" what is meant herein is any member of a binding pair or multiple, such that the receptor will bind to or react with, and thus detect, its binding partner(s). Thus, receptor includes traditional receptors such as protein receptor and ligand, but also any member of a binding or interacting multiple such as lectin, carbohydrates, streptavidin, biotin, protein, substrate, oligonucleotides, nucleic acid, porphyrins, metal ions, antibodies, antigens, and the like.
When these receptors come in direct contact with a sample to be analysed, the presence in said sample of molecules capable of binding or interacting with the receptor is detected in some way. For example, binding can be detected with fluorescent or phosphorescent labels, which, when excited with light radiation at a certain wavelength λe, emit a light radiation having a wavelength λf different from the wavelength λe.
Known fluorescence diagnostic devices comprise a compatible layer, the surface of which is functionalized in such a way as to present sensing areas comprising receptors provided with specific labels. The labels are activated (i.e., they emit a light at a wavelength λf) only when sample of molecules bind or interact with the receptors.
There are many different ways to set up tests involving optical signals. For example, a common three component binding assay uses a first antibody bound to a solid substrate which can bind to an antigen present in a sample solution. Antigen binding is then detected with a second antibody that binds to a different epitope of the same antigen and which has a fluorescent label attached thereto. Thus, the amount of fluorescence detected correlates with the amount of antigen in the sample.
Another example involves binding an oligonucleotide probe to the substrate (or free in solution), which then hybridizes to complementary DNA or cDNA or mRNA in the sample, and the double stranded nucleic acid can be detected with an intercalating dye, such as ethidium bromide, which fluoresces on exposure to UV light.
In yet another example, two fluorescent markers are brought in close proximity in the assay, and quenching of one marker is measured in fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) based assays. The reverse is also possible, that is where the assay separates two labels allowing an increase in signal.
As yet another example, heavy metal binding to fluorophores can also be detected with fluorescent dyes. Regardless of the assay particulars, similar devices can generally be employed with optical assays.
The light radiation in assays such as these can then be collected by an appropriate detector, such as, for example, a photo-detector of a charge-coupled device (CCD) type or of a CMOS type, compatible with the wavelength λf of the emitted light radiation. The variation of light intensity is a function of the amount of specific labels activated or detected in the assay, and hence of the amount of target in the sample.
The aim of the present invention is to provide an optically accessible microfluidic diagnostic device, a method for manufacture thereof, and a diagnostic system that uses the microfluidic diagnostic device.
By "diagnostic" device herein, we do not imply that the device is used only for medical purposes, but rather a general purpose device that can diagnose the presence (or absence) or concentration of a particular analyte is intended.

Optically accessible microfluidic diagnostic device


A system and method for multiple parameter based composite rule data validation includes receiving a request to validate target data of a target object based on constituent parameters, identifying the data type of the target data, suggesting validation rules based on the data type of the target object, generating a set of composite validation queries, identifying at least one composite validation query in the set of composite validation queries corresponding to the constituent parameters and values, validating the target data of the target object against the at least one composite validation query, and returning a validation result for the target data.

Currently, approaches to validate data are limited to target data validation based on simple validation rule(s) wherein target data is identified to be validated using an identified validation rule. Alternatively, data validation requires the use of complex coding logic. No solutions exist today which allow for a mechanism by which application validation can be performed without hardcoding logic inside the applications.

Multiple parameter based composite rule data validation


A fault tolerance processing method includes: sending, by a server, a data read packet to an external controller, where the data read packet is used to request the external controller to read data in an indicated storage location, and a packet format of the data read packet complies with a packet format specified in the memory-semantic network protocol; receiving, by the server, indication information sent by the external controller, where the indication information is used to indicate a response status of the external controller to the data read packet; and determining, by the server, the response status of the external controller to the data read packet based on the indication information, and performing fault tolerance processing when the response status is an abnormal response.

A new storage class memory (SCM) has met a commercialization standard. For example, 3D XPoint is commercialized, and an access delay of the SCM of 200 to 500 nanoseconds (ns) can be achieved.
Access delays of a conventional InfiniBand (TB) network, a remote direct memory access (RDMA) network, and an RDMA over Converged Ethernet network are generally 10 microseconds (μs). The access delays of these networks do not match an access delay of the new SCM. Therefore, a memory-semantic network protocol emerges.
In a memory-semantic network, communication between different servers is cross-network communication, and switching between the different servers needs to be performed by using a plurality of physical media (for example, switches or servers configured to forward a communication message) and even a plurality of multi-layer switches, resulting in a relatively high probability of congestion or abnormality in the network during the cross-network communication.
In existing data processing, a data read access mechanism used by a processor considers by default that data read access should be successful. However, when a storage medium is abnormal, an external controller returns invalid data as a response to a data read packet. When a timeout occurs in the data read packet, an internal controller generates invalid data as a response to the data read packet. In the foregoing abnormal cases, when the processor needs to consume the invalid data, for example, perform an operation on the invalid data, a data access system is triggered to restart due to invalidity.

Fault tolerance processing method, apparatus, and server


A self-illuminating display includes a substrate, and a number of light emitting units. The light emitting units are formed on the substrate in an array fashion. Each of the light emitting units includes a first electrode, a second electrode formed on the substrate and a number of light emitting nanowires. The first electrode includes a number of first arms, and the second electrode includes a number of second arms. Each of the first arms opposes a corresponding second arm. Each of light emitting nanowires interconnects the first arm and the corresponding second arm. Each of the light emitting nanowires has a p-n junction.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to self-illuminating displays and methods for making the same.
2. Description of Related Art
Liquid crystal displays are widely used in various fields. One disadvantage of the liquid crystal display is that the liquid crystal display needs a backlight unit to provide illumination for liquid crystals, which may cause the liquid crystal display to be bulky.
Therefore, a self-illuminating display and a method for making the same, which can overcome the limitations described, is needed.

Self-illuminating display having light emitting nanowires and method for making same


This invention provides a technique that deletes data at high speed, and prevents discontinuous cluster chains from being produced due to data deletion. To accomplish this, when data included in the data file is partially deleted from the head of the data file, the location of header information is moved for respective clusters, and the size of the header information is changed, so as to start head data after data deletion from the location immediately after the moved header information.

Conventionally, a data processing technique that partially deletes data included in a data file is well known. Especially, when a data file recorded on a recording medium is to be partially deleted for respective clusters, various methods are used to effectively use a delete area.
A conventional data delete process will be described below using FIG. 2. Reference numerals 201 to 206 in FIG. 2 denote a data file which is to undergo a partial delete process. A file offset is moved to valid data immediately after a delete area to read a data file, and data is acquired on a memory (201→202). The file offset is moved to the head of the delete area to write the acquired data on the delete area (203). The read and write processes are repeated up to the end of the file (204, 205). Finally, the file size of the data file is set by excluding the area to be deleted (206). When the data file is to be partially deleted, as described above, the edit operation is implemented by repeating a plurality of read and write processes. However, with the conventional edit method, since read and write accesses to the recording medium are repeated to move data upon partially deleting a file, a high-speed edit operation cannot be provided to the user.
To solve this problem, an information edit control apparatus of Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2003-52006 discloses a method of reducing the number of read and write accesses to a recording medium by a method to be described below for partial data deletion.
FIG. 3 shows audio/visual (AV) data which is recorded on a recording medium and is configured for respective frames. Upon deleting a gray part of AV data 311, clusters including only frames to be partially deleted are deleted on the file system (312). For one cluster which includes both an unnecessary area as a data area to be deleted, and a valid area as a data area which is not to be deleted, dummy data is inserted in the unnecessary area (313). The aforementioned method implements partial deletion without making read and write accesses. Furthermore, when dummy data for one cluster or more is inserted in clusters that neighbor AV data (314), data of a valid area is moved (315). Finally, if a cluster including only an unnecessary area is present, it is set as an unused area on the file system to delete it (316). With the aforementioned processes in two steps, the number of read and write accesses to a recording medium is reduced, unnecessary dummy data is deleted, and a high-speed edit operation is provided to the user.
However, although the aforementioned method can reduce the number of read and write accesses, free clusters are discontinuously generated due to a change in cluster chain, and a long seek time is required for a data file that has undergone the edit operation. Also, since fragmentation occurs, a long time is required to seek a free cluster area from the recording medium.

Data processing apparatus, data processing method, and data processing program


An absorption-refrigerator provided with a mechanism for recuperating heat from the exhaust gas, wherein water vapor contained in the exhaust gas is prevented from condensing even during the starting or partial load operation. An absorption-refrigerator, wherein a first and a second heat recovery systems 23, 24 are installed, an absorption liquid bypass pipe 11B for the diluted absorption liquid exited from the cold heat exchanger 9 flows by bypassing a second+heat recovery system 24, a flow control valve 25 is provided in this absorption liquid bypass pipe 11B, and a controller 27 for controlling the open of a flow control valve 25 is provided so that a predetermined temperature (for instance 100xc2x0 C.) superior to the dew-point temperature of the exhaust gas is detected continuously by a temperature sensor 26.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns an absorption-refrigerator.
2. Detailed Description of the Prior Art
As shown in FIG. 8, an absorption-refrigerator devised to cut the fuel consumption by sending an exhaust gas discharged from a gas burner 2 for heating and boiling a diluted absorption liquid of a hot regenerator 1 to a heat recovery system 24X interposed between a cold heat exchanger 9 and a hot heat exchanger 10, increasing the temperature of the diluted absorption liquid being delivered from an absorber 7 to the hot regenerator 1 and reducing the heat quantity required by the gas burner 2 is proposed for example in the Japan Patent Publication No. 1994-63672.
In the aforementioned absorption-refrigerator of the prior art, a dense absorption liquid delivered from the cold regenerator and a diluted absorption liquid whose temperature has elevated at most to the order of 70xc2x0 C. by heat exchange in the cold heat exchanger exchange heat, the exhaust gas temperature falls to the order of 80xc2x0 C., and water vapor contained in the exhaust gas condenses and accumulates, eroding sometimes the heat exchanger and the exhaust pipe; therefore, it was necessary to use expensive materials excellent in corrosion resistance for these components.
In order to solve the aforementioned problems of the prior art, a first absorption-refrigerator comprising a hot regenerator for evaporating and separating a coolant by heating and boiling by a combustion apparatus and obtaining a coolant vapor and an intermediate absorption liquid from a diluted absorption liquid, a cold regenerator for heating the intermediate absorption liquid generated and supplied by this hot regenerator with the coolant vapor generated by the hot regenerator for evaporating and separating the coolant furthermore, and obtaining a coolant vapor and a dense absorption liquid from intermediate absorption liquid, a condenser for being supplied with a coolant liquid condensed by heating the intermediate absorption liquid in this cold regenerator and, at the same time, obtaining a coolant liquid by cooling the coolant vapor generated and supplied by this cold regenerator, an evaporator for evaporating the coolant by cooling a fluid flowing in a heat exchange tube on which the coolant liquid supplied from this condenser is spread, an absorber for absorbing the coolant vapor generated and supplied by this evaporator with the dense absorption liquid supplied by separating the coolant vapor from the cold regenerator for making a diluted absorption liquid and supplying the hot regenerator with same, a cold heat exchanger where the diluted absorption liquid and the dense absorption liquid flowing in and out this absorber exchange heat, and a hot heat exchanger where the intermediate absorption liquid and the diluted absorption liquid flowing in and out this hot regenerator exchange heat, wherein:
a first heat recovery system where an exhaust gas discharged from the combustion apparatus and the diluted absorption liquid having passed through the hot heat exchanger exchange heat, a second heat recovery system where the exhaust gas having passed through this first heat recovery system and the diluted absorption liquid, having passed through the low heat exchanger, before entering the hot heat exchanger exchange heat, an exhaust pipe or absorption liquid pipe bypassing this second heat recovery system, a valve provided in the exhaust pipe or absorption liquid pipe bypassing the second heat recovery system, and a control means for controlling the opening/closing of this valve based on the exhaust gas temperature, and
a second absorption-refrigerator comprising a hot regenerator for evaporating and separating a coolant by heating and boiling by a combustion apparatus and obtaining a coolant vapor and an intermediate absorption liquid from a diluted absorption liquid, a cold regenerator for heating the intermediate absorption liquid generated and supplied by this hot regenerator with the coolant vapor generated by the hot regenerator for evaporating and separating the coolant furthermore, and obtaining a coolant vapor and a dense absorption liquid, a condenser for being supplied with a coolant liquid condensed by heating the intermediate absorption liquid in this cold regenerator and, at the same time, obtaining a coolant liquid by cooling the coolant vapor generated and supplied by this cold regenerator, an evaporator for evaporating the coolant by cooling a fluid flowing in a heat exchange tube on which the coolant liquid supplied from this condenser is spread, an absorber for absorbing the coolant vapor generated and supplied by this evaporator with the dense absorption liquid supplied by separating the coolant vapor from the cold regenerator for making a diluted absorption liquid and supplying the hot regenerator with same, a cold heat exchanger where the diluted absorption liquid and the dense absorption liquid flowing in and out this absorber exchange heat, and a hot heat exchanger where the intermediate absorption liquid and the diluted absorption liquid flowing in and out this hot regenerator exchange heat, wherein:
a first heat recovery system where an exhaust gas discharged from the combustion apparatus and the diluted absorption liquid having passed through the hot heat exchanger exchange heat, a second heat recovery system where the exhaust gas having passed through this first heat recovery system and the diluted absorption liquid, having passed through the low heat exchanger, before entering the hot heat exchanger branch into a plurality of passages and exchange heat, a valve provided at least in a passage of the plurality of passages, and a control means for controlling the opening/closing of this valve based on the exhaust gas temperature are provided.

Sanyo Electric Air Conditioning Co., Ltd.


Improved mask layout patterns are described for closely spaced primitives in phase shift photolithography masks. In one example, at least a portion of a photolithography mask layout is decomposed into primitives. Jogs are identified from among the primitives, the jogs being characterized by three adjacent corners. E-fields are determined for the identified jogs and are applied to synthesize an electric field at a substrate. The mask layout is corrected using the synthesized electric field and a printed wafer pattern is calculated.

Electronic and micromechanical devices are formed by patterning successive layers on a substrate using lithography. The patterns are formed by applying a layer of photoresist to a surface. Light is then passed through a patterned imaging plate, such as a mask or reticle, to expose the photoresist in patterns that correspond to the desired features on the substrate. A developer is applied and the photoresist is etched away leaving only the features in a pattern corresponding to the pattern on the mask. As the size of the features, such as parts of transistors, decreases, there are more features on the same size mask and the mask designs becomes more complex.
For very small features, phase shift technology (referred to as phase shift masks) is used. In a conventional non-phase shift mask, the light transmitted through adjacent transparent areas of the mask is in phase and the features are large enough that the phase of the light does not significantly affect the amount of light that hits the photoresist. Each transparent area on the mask results in a corresponding exposed area on the photoresist. With very small features, that is when the dimensions of the features are close to the wavelength of the light, diffraction occurs as the light passes through the mask. The light passing through adjacent transparent areas will interfere constructively or destructively, so that in some places on the photoresist the amplitude of the light adds together and on some places of the photoresist that light will cancel itself out. The resulting pattern on the photoresist ends up different from the pattern on the mask.
In a phase shift mask, light transmitted through adjacent features is phase shifted by the mask so that constructive and destructive interference is intentionally used to form the pattern on the photoresist. The mask is a grid of pixels that either block light, transmit light, or transmit light with a phase shift. The intentional use of optical interference gives greater control over the creation of small features. However it makes mask design more complex.
Masks are designed using computer software. For complex mask designs (e.g., the designs of phase shift masks for sub-wavelength features), accurate mask design software is very complex and the calculations may be very slow. As a result, approximations and simplifications are used to estimate the pattern that will be created by a particular mask. The thin mask method uses geometrical optics to calculate the electric field transmitted by light passing through the mask onto the photoresist. The thin mask method ignores light scattering effects due to the shape of particular mask features. There is more than one approach to effectively add thick mask effects to the thin mask method. A boundary layer method modifies the thin mask field in feature edge areas (the so-called boundary layer) to account for some scattering effects. The edge domain decomposition method adds edge scattering corrections to the thin mask field to improve the accuracy. Other methods are also used.
However, actual masks are not thin. Accurately accounting for the effects of the thickness of the mask becomes more important as features become smaller and can allow the mask design to be corrected for increasingly strong scattering effects and aggressive illumination schemes.

Mask layout patterns for closely spaced primitives in phase shift photolithography masks


An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive body, an exposure unit, a pulse generating unit, a smoothing unit, a drive current generating unit, and a second emitting control unit. The exposure unit includes a light source for emitting a light beam, and causes the light beam emitted from the light source to perform scanning in a main scanning direction, thereby drawing a main scanning line on the photosensitive body. The second emitting control unit causes the light source to emit the light beam, in an APC period of automatically controlling the light quantity of the light beam, by causing the pulse generating unit to generate a pulse signal having a duty ratio of 100 percent, causing the smoothing unit to smooth the pulse signal thereby generating an analog signal, and causing the drive current generating unit to generate a drive current based on the analog signal.

The present disclosure relates to technology of automatically controlling (automatic power control: APC), in a light source which emits a light beam for forming an electrostatic latent image, the light quantity of the light beam emitted from the light source.
Formation of an image based on an electrophotographic system includes a step of forming, on a photosensitive drum, an electrostatic latent image of an image indicated by image data, a step of supplying a toner to the electrostatic latent image and forming a toner image, a step of transferring the toner image to a sheet, and a step of fixing, to the sheet, the toner image that was transferred to the sheet.
In the step of forming the electrostatic latent image, the light beam emitted from the light source by controlling the emission of the light source is deflected with a polygon mirror, and a main scanning line is drawn on the rotating photosensitive drum. As a result of repeating the foregoing processes, an electrostatic latent image is formed on the photosensitive drum.
When the magnitude of the drive current of the light source is fixed upon drawing the main scanning line on the photosensitive drum, the light quantity (or intensity) of the light beam irradiated on the photosensitive drum will differ according to the irradiation position on the photosensitive drum. The reasons for this include the distance between the photosensitive drum and the polygon mirror being different at the center part and the end part of the photosensitive drum (the distance between the polygon mirror and the center part of the photosensitive drum is shorter than the distance between the polygon mirror and the end part of the photosensitive drum), and the optical property of the condenser lens disposed between the polygon mirror and the photosensitive drum.
When the light quantity of the light beam irradiated on the photosensitive drum differs according to the irradiation position on the photosensitive drum, there will be unevenness in the density of the image.
Thus, the magnitude of the drive current of the light source during the main scanning is adjusted so that the light quantity of the light beam irradiated on the photosensitive drum becomes constant on the photosensitive drum. For example, proposed is technology of generating a pulse width modulation (PWM) signal which indicates the light quantity of the light beam to be emitted from the light source, smoothing the PWM signal and generating an analog signal of a magnitude corresponding to the light quantity of the light beam to be emitted from the light source, and adjusting the magnitude of the drive current of the light source based on the analog signal.
The light quantity of the light beam to be emitted from the light source is automatically controlled (APC) based on the signal output by the light-receiving unit that received the light beam. This is because a laser diode that is used as the light source is a semiconductor laser, and the light quantity of the light beam emitted from the light source will differ depending on the temperature, even if the drive current is the same.
When the analog signal is generated by smoothing the PWM signal, ripples are generated in the analog signal in correspondence with the cycle of the PWM signal. As a result of the light quantity of the light beam emitted from the light source fluctuating due to the ripples during the period that the APC is being executed, the APC cannot be executed accurately, and, consequently, there is a possibility that the density of the image may become uneven.
When the circuit for smoothing the PWM signal is a low-pass filter configured from a CR filter, it is possible to prevent the generation of ripples in the analog signal if the time constant of the CR filter is increased. Nevertheless, if the time constant is increased, the response time from the time that the PWM signal is input to the CR filter and the analog signal is emitted will increase, and this will lead to the delay in the control of the light quantity of the light beam. Accordingly, there is a limit in increasing the time constant of the CR filter.
An object of the present disclosure is to provide an image forming apparatus capable of preventing the generation of ripples in the analog signal which is generated by smoothing the pulse signal and serves as a base of the drive current of the light source that emits the light beam upon executing the APC of the light quantity of the light beam for forming an electrostatic latent image.

Image forming apparatus with control unit for preventing ripples in pulse signal produced by pulse generating unit


Technologies are described herein for time-synchronizing sample data from independent recording devices utilizing samples tagged from a highly accurate time source. Datasets comprising samples representing a signal over a period of time are received from separate recording devices. A number of samples in each dataset are tagged indicating that the sample was taken immediately after a pulse in a PPS signal from a highly accurate time source onboard the recording device. The indices of the PPS-tagged samples, along with corresponding time values, are extracted from the datasets, and a set of common time values between the datasets is determined. A pair of frames of a specific length are extracted from each dataset aligned on the PPS-tagged samples corresponding to the common time values and comparative analysis is performed on the pair of frames.

Acoustic data recorded at two or more geographically remote locations may be utilized by a leak detection or condition assessment system to detect leaks and/or determine the integrity of the pipe wall. In order to improve the effectiveness of coherent sound detection, the acoustic data from the recording devices at the remote locations should be time-synchronized. Time synchronization also improves the accuracy of time, velocity, and location estimates. However, since separate recording devices with independent and imprecise clocks may be utilized, variations in timing and actual sampling frequencies may reduce synchronicity of the sampling and the accuracy of the analysis. In addition, these variations grow more significant as the sample size of the recordings grows.
It is with respect to these and other considerations that the disclosure made herein is presented.


Disclosed is an exercise machine suitable for exercising upper body muscles of an exerciser in a wheelchair. The machine comprises a base frame having a front end and a back end; two spaced apart columns upwardly extending from the base frame at the front end thereof; means for restraining backward movement of the exerciser. An operating arm is pivotally mounted between the columns at an upper region thereof, the operating arm comprising: (i) an upwardly extending first lever pivotally mounted to the columns; and (ii) a downwardly extending second lever fixedly connected to the upwardly extending first lever, the downwardly extending second lever terminating in a grip bar for the exerciser, the operating arm pivoting to permit upward/downward and forward/backward movement of the grip bar. Means is provided for restraining lap movement of the exerciser using the machine. A restraining force is attached to the arm to resist movement of the exerciser.

This invention relates to an exercise machine, and more particularly this invention relates to an exercise machine suitable for an exerciser in a wheelchair.
While there has been a great increase in the number of exercise machines, there have been very few machines which can be used safely by occupants of a wheelchair. The importance of exercise to persons restricted to wheelchair use has been found to be very important, particularly in developing the upper body muscle groups. Development of these muscle groups is particularly important for endurance as well as general well being. Thus, there is a great need for an exercise machine which can be used safely and conveniently by occupants of a wheelchair with little or no help or aid from an attendant. The subject invention provides such an exercise machine which can be used to do lateral pull downs, curls, tricep extensions, military presses, bench presses and rowing, for example. Further, the load on the subject exercise machine can be varied and changed by the exerciser as desired, particularly when used in conjunction with fluid flow resistance or a hydraulic system of the invention.


An optical processing apparatus utilizing multiple reflections of a light beam between a mask and a reflector has improved uniformity in the distribution of the light beam over a surface of the mask. In one form, the reflector is disposed in a face-to-face relation with respect to the mask with an angle of inclination relative thereto. In another form, the reflector has a flat or curved taper surface for decreasing an angle of reflection of the light beam at the mask surface at an initial stage, and a flat surface disposed in parallel with the mask surface. In a further form, the reflector is curved in a direction of transmission of the light beam. In a yet further form, an angle of incidence of the light beam is properly adjusted such that a portion of the light beam, which is first reflected from the mask and escapes outwardly from the reflector, is minimized.

The present invention relates to an optical processing apparatus such as, for example, one for forming via holes in a printed circuit board by means of a light beam such as a laser beam through masking.
FIG. 15 illustrates a typical example of such an optical processing apparatus. In this figure, a mask, which is generally designated at reference numeral 1, includes a transparent plate or board is formed of synthesized quartz or the like, and a reflecting or masking portion 1c having a high reflection factor and placed on a surface of the transparent board 1a with a circuit pattern of a predetermined configuration provided thereon through the reflecting portion 1c. The reflecting portion 1c is formed, for example, of a thin aluminum film or the like which is vapor deposited on the surface of the transparent board 1a while leaving a circuit pattern 1b thereon through which a beam of light 3 in the form of a laser beam can pass toward a substrate 5 which is disposed behind the mask 1 at a predetermined distance therefrom. A reflector 2 is disposed at a predetermined distance from the mask 1 in a direction of incident light and in a parallel relation with respect thereto for reflecting light beams reflected from the reflecting film 1c. An optical focusing system 4 such as a convex lens is also disposed at a distance from the mask between the mask 1 and the substrate 5.
In operation, as illustrated in FIG. 15, a portion of a laser beam 3 first irradiated on the mask 1 through an adjacent or upper edge of the reflector 2 passes directly through the non-masked portion 1b of the circuit pattern and the transparent board 1a to be utilized for optically processing the substrate 5 disposed behind the convex lens 4, whereas the remaining portion of the incident laser beam 3 is reflected at the reflecting film 1c on the surface of the transparent board 1a toward the reflector 2. The remaining portion of the laser beam 3 thus reflected from the reflecting film 1c is again reflected at the surface of the reflector 2 toward the mask 1. In this regard, the laser beam 3 is initially incident on the mask 1 at a predetermined angle relative to the normal or perpendicular line with respect to the surface of the mask 1, so that the laser beam 3 once reflected from the surface of the reflector 2 arrives at a second location deviated from a first location on the mask 1 to which the laser beam 3 is initially incident. That is, the second location is deviated from the first location by a certain distance in a downward direction in FIG. 15. Thereafter, such a process is repeated a number of times until the reflected laser beam 3 finally comes to an opposite or lower edge of the mask 1 and escapes outwardly therefrom. During the repeated reflections, the laser beam 3 once having passed through the non-masked or pattern portion 1b in the reflecting or masking film 1c is focused on a surface of the substrate 5 under the action of the convex lens 4, whereby the surface of the substrate 5 is optically processed by the laser beam 3 to provide a circuit pattern thereon which corresponds to the non-masked circuit pattern 1b on the surface of the transparent board 1a. In this manner, a portion of the laser beam 3 incident to the surface of the reflecting film 1c on the transparent board 1a is repeatedly reflected between the parallel-disposed reflecting film 1c and reflector 2 and hence it is repeatedly reused a number of times for enhancing the total efficiency of the laser beam 3. This enables as large an area of the substrate 5 as possible to be processed by a fixed amount of laser beam without increasing the laser power.
With the above-described optical processing apparatus, however, the strength or magnitude of the reflected laser beam 3 repetitively reflected between the reflecting film 1c and the reflector 2 is distributed non-uniformly over the surface of the mask 1, and there is a considerable portion of the reflected laser beam escaping outward from between the mask 1 and the reflector 2, thus resulting in non-uniformity in processing the substrate 5 and in reduction in the efficiency of available laser energy. A more detailed explanation of this will be given below.
FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrate how the laser beam 3 repetitively reflected between the mask 1 and the reflector 2 travels. FIG. 16 is a perspective view showing the state in which the mask 1 is placed on an x-y plane with the x axis oriented in a direction in which the laser beam 3 proceeds. FIG. 17 is a cross sectional view looking at FIG. 16 in the direction of the x axis from the front to the back of the drawing sheet. FIG. 18 illustrates the distribution of the strength or magnitude of the laser beam 3 over a surface of the mask 1 in the x-axis direction. In fact, as the laser beam 3 is travelling while being repetitively reflected between the two parallel reflecting surfaces 1, 2, the strength or magnitude of the laser beam 3 gradually decreases. In particular, this tendency becomes more remarkable as the rate of opening of the mask 1 (i.e., the rate of an opening area of the mask 1, against which the incident laser beam 3 directly impinges, to the total area of the mask 1) or the angle of incidence of the laser beam 3 increases. As a result, as shown in FIG. 18, the strength or magnitude of the reflected laser beam at the surface of the reflecting film 1c decreases as it proceeds from the upper edge to the lower edge of the mask 1, thus resulting in irregular or non-uniform distribution of the energy density. In addition, as can be clearly seen from FIG. 17, the total width (i.e., the length in the y-axis direction perpendicular to the x-axis direction) of the laser beam 3 gradually increases as the laser beam 3 proceeds while being reflected between the mask 1 and the reflector 2, so that a portion of the reflected laser beam 3 finally leaks or escapes outwardly of the mask 1 and can not be reused for optical processing, thus reducing the efficiency or the rate of utilization of the laser beam 3. As a result, the distribution in the strength or magnitude of the laser beam 3 over the surface of the mask 1 in the y-axis direction becomes non-uniform.
Moreover, FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrate the distributions of the strength of the laser beam 3 over the surface of the mask 1 with a relatively large angle of incidence .theta..sub.0 and a relatively small angle of incidence .theta..sub.0, respectively, of the laser beam. As can be seen from these figures, the strength of the laser beam 3 is greater with the small incident angle than with the large incident angle. In this case, however, as illustrated in FIGS. 21 through 23 which illustrate how the laser beam 3 is incident to the mask 1 and initially reflected therefrom, the laser beam 3 has a tendency to spreads or widen as it proceeds, so an increasing portion of the laser light 3, which is once reflected from the mask 1 and proceeding to the reflector 2, escapes or leaks from an edge of the reflector 2 in accordance with the decreasing angle of incidence. In FIG. 21, the incident laser beam and the reflected laser beam are depicted concurrently in a superposed fashion but by different hatching, whereas they are individually depicted in FIGS. 22 and 23, respectively. It is evident from FIG. 23 that a portion of the laser beam 3 initially reflected from the mask 1 leaks from an edge of the reflector 2, thus resulting in an energy loss.


One example method includes receiving first indication information through a higher layer signaling, the first indication information indicating an available codebook subset, receiving downlink control information, determining a precoding matrix corresponding to a transmission precoding matrix indicator (TPMI) and a transmission rank obtained from the downlink control information, where the precoding matrix belongs to the available codebook subset indicated by the first indication information, precoding a signal based on the determined precoding matrix, and sending the precoded signal to a network device.

In a massive multiple-input multiple-output (Massive MIMO) technology, interference between a plurality of users and interference between a plurality of signal streams of a same user may be reduced through precoding, which helps improve signal quality, implement spatial multiplexing, and improve spectrum utilization.
Currently, a plurality of transmission forms such as coherent transmission, partial coherent transmission, and non-coherent transmission are proposed for uplink transmission, so as to adapt to different scenarios. However, in a current uplink codebook, the foregoing plurality of transmission forms are not fully considered. For example, in codebooks with ranks of 2 and 3, only partial non-coherent transmission is supported. In a codebook with a rank of 4, only non-coherent transmission is supported. Even if a terminal device has a corresponding capability, flexibility of a transmission form of the terminal device is limited by the current codebook.

Communication method, communications apparatus, and system