Detonators are described herein. In a general embodiment, the detonator includes a nonlinear transmission line that has a variable capacitance. Capacitance of the nonlinear transmission line is a function of voltage on the nonlinear transmission line. The nonlinear transmission line receives a voltage pulse from a voltage source and compresses the voltage pulse to generate a trigger signal. Compressing the voltage pulse includes increasing amplitude of the voltage pulse and decreasing length of the voltage pulse in time. An igniter receives the trigger signal and detonates an explosive responsive to receipt of the trigger signal.

Conventional detonators comprise an igniter (such as a bridge wire or fuse) that is configured to emit a relatively large pulse of energy responsive to receipt of a trigger signal. The trigger signal has a predefined shape (e.g., rise time and amplitude). Trigger signals typically have a relatively fast rise time, wherein the trigger signal burns a wire bridge or fuse, which then detonates an explosive (such as trinitrotoluene, nitrogen trichloride, cyclonite, cyclotrimethylene trinitramine, etc.).
Conventional detonator designs are based upon a capacitor and a switch. A battery is employed to charge the capacitor, and the switch is timed such that the trigger signal is output, thereby causing the bridge wire or fuse to burn as rapidly as possible. The rapid burning of the bridge wire or fuse generates a concentrated burst of energy, which impacts an explosive coupled to the detonator. Such burst of energy may be in the form of heat, a shock wave, etc.
Conventional detonators are problematic in that faulty switches and/or faulty capacitors may cause the detonator to malfunction, such that a detonator can cause an explosive to detonate at an unexpected time (e.g., later than expected) or not at all. It can be ascertained that, particularly for relatively complex explosive operations (such as large building demolition in populated areas), timing of detonation of explosives must be precise to ensure safety of explosives operators and minimize damage to other structures. These more complex explosive operations generally include the use of control centers that are located several hundred feet from a demolition site. Due to the need for precise timing, the remote location of the control center, and the distributed nature of explosives, a relative complex explosive operation can include use of multiple detonators placed at particular locations, each detonator having its own respective timing switch and capacitor charge unit. Conventionally, to avoid unintentionally detonating an explosive, a charging system for a detonator is grounded until immediately before the explosive is detonated, and thereafter a capacitor unit is relatively slowly charged. The problem of malfunctioning switches and/or capacitors is addressed with redundant switches/capacitors and backup systems.

Detonator comprising a nonlinear transmission line


An apparatus for storing and dispensing pliable, elongated articles such as electrical cords or cables. The apparatus features a reel, an axle and a bucket, with the axle being co-axial with the reel and with the bucket. The reel is mounted on the axle in the bucket with minimal wobble, which makes for essentially no contact to the interior wall(s) of the bucket. The mounting also utilizes a low friction bearing, such as a line or near-line contact. The result is very little friction, which is especially significant when pulling the cord out of the bucket, as it helps prevent tipping or sliding of the apparatus when the apparatus has to provide its own stability. The apparatus may also feature one or more anti-tipping or anti-skidding devices.

1. Field of the Invention
The instant invention relates to devices for conveniently storing and dispensing flexible, elongated articles such as hoses or electrical cords in a neat package and without introducing kinks or twists in the article, as in other techniques that involve winding of the article.
2. Discussion of Related Art
U.S. Pat. No. 2,801,303 to Grace N. Pailing discloses a cord reel for winding and storing the power cords of electrical appliances such as toasters and kitchen mixers, etc. The reel features a housing and a drum assembly. In operation, the plug end of an appliance cord is snaked through the apparatus and plugged into a receptacle. The drum is then rotated by means of a crank, with the housing being stationary. This winds the cord onto the drum. Mounting means such as holes are provided at select locations in the housing so that once the cord has been completely wound, the cord reel apparatus can be attached to the appliance, such as by means of hooks or other protrusions on the appliance that can engage the holes in the housing.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,313,498 to Lawrence W. Wasson discloses a wire dispensing reel particularly useful for dispensing the wire ties that masonry workers use to temporarily hold sections of re-bar together until the concrete can be poured around them and rigidified. The walls that make up the sides of the shaft-mounted reel are expandable to accommodate varying amounts of the wire tie material, and are biased toward each other by springs.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,132,367, to Norman Ineson et al, assigned to Indicel Co., Ltd. discloses a cord winder that features a number of planetary drums that orbit about a fixed sun drum when driven by a crank or spring motor. The orbiting planetary drums layer the cord neatly onto the sun drum.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,344,094 to Julius Hoffman discloses an apparatus for coiling and retaining a coiled article such as electrical wire. The apparatus features a disc-shaped base with a platform that is rotatably mounted on it using a low friction bearing (i.e., a Lazy Susan arrangement). A post extends coaxially upward from the platform, and has periodic notches along its height. An upper plate is slidably mounted along the post, with a means for locking the plate into any one of the notches. The platform and upper plate feature inward tapers to help keep the coiled article close to the post. The apparatus also features a braking mechanism, a hole in the upper plate for "tying off" the loose end of the coiled article, and a retractable handle to assist a person in carrying the apparatus.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,915,641 to Daniel A. Barberg, and assigned to Reel-a-Pail, Inc. discloses a system for storing and dispensing "flexible elongate members", e.g., a power cord. The system features a bucket with an elongated hole in the side. Mounted coaxially inside the bucket is a tube attached to bottom and top discs to form a reel. The cord is wound around the tube between the two discs. The top disc has a hole so one end of the cord can exit out the top of the system. The other end of the cord exits through the side opening of the bucket. The reel is mounted on a bearing assembly such as a "Lazy Susan". A winder/unwinder mechanism such as a crank or knob is attached to the top discs to permit rotation of the reel. A flat plate is attached to the bottom of the bucket so that, in the field, the user can hold the bucket in place with his foot while he cranks on the winder/unwinder mechanism. The flat plate also features a number of holes so that the system can be mounted on a fixed surface, such as a wall of a garage. A number of small notches or grooves are placed along the top rim of the bucket so that, when the cord is being used in the field, one end of the cord can be pressed into a notch, thereby taking that end of the cord off of the ground so that it is not run over, stepped on or damaged. The outside wall of the bucket may feature a ridge or shoulder to support a belt or strap, for example, for carrying the system. The bucket may feature a handle for easier portability. Tools may be stored in the center of the tube, which may be compartmentalized for greater organization. Instead of a crank or knob, a nut or other receptacle for receiving a nut driver may be coaxially mounted to the top disc so that a nut driver may do the winding/unwinding. In an alternate embodiment, an electrical bearing assembly permits the flow of electrical power from a stationary member to a rotating member, thereby eliminating the spinning or twisting of one end of the cord while the other end is being let in or taken out of the bucket.
The reel assembly of the Barberg invention is held in place by gravity, but is otherwise free to be removed from the bucket.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,056,226 to Robert L. Green discloses a caddy for electrical cords that appears similar to the Barberg invention. The Green system features a reel upon which is wound a heavy-duty electrical extension cord. The reel is coaxially mounted on a bearing assembly such as a Lazy Susan inside a container such as a bucket. The reel features a base plate, a cylindrical support upon which the cord is wound, and a cylindrical shaft that is mounted inside the support and concentric with its axis. The bucket or other cylindrically shaped container has a handle for ease in manually transporting the caddy. There is a hole in the side of the bucket and another hole in the side of the cylindrical support so that the cord enters the side of the bucket, is wound on the support, and exits the caddy by passing into the inside of the support and then turning and going out the top. The reel is rotated by means of a detachable crank that features a quick disconnect coupling which mates with a second disconnect member that is secured to the cylindrical shaft. The system also features a cover for the open (top) end of the bucket, the cover having a hole in its center through which the shaft and disconnect member pass when the cover is in place on the bucket. In operation, the cord is simply pulled out from the reel until the desired amount has been pulled out. Then the cover and crank are removed, and the other end of the cord is pulled out of its storage area in the inside of the cylindrical support and plugged into an electrical outlet. To store the extended cord, the outlet end of the cord is unplugged from the outlet and stored in the hollow space within the cylindrical support. The cover and crank are then re-installed, and the crank is rotated to take up the cord onto the support.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,186,433 to James D. Kovacik et al., assigned to Alert Stamping and Mfg. Co., Inc. discloses a manually wound cord storage unit featuring a spool that is rotatably mounted on a hub. A frame is attached to the hub, and a handle and a plurality of feet are attached to the frame. The handle is for ease of transportation, and the feet are to hold the cord off of the ground (which could be wet, muddy, etc.) when the storage unit is used in the field. A knob or crank is attached to the spool. The cord is stored on the spool, in particular, by winding it around the hub. To wind or unwind cord, the operator holds the frame in one hand, and cranks the knob around the axis of the hub with the other hand.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,557,792 to Mark Snow discloses an apparatus for storing and dispensing holiday light strings, particularly of the "icicle" variety that feature a plurality of short light segments that hang down orthogonal to the main line. The apparatus features a vertical spindle, generally tapered, legs to support the spindle in a vertical orientation while the apparatus is resting on the ground, and a bearing assembly for easy rotation of the spindle. A removable or retractable crank can be mounted on the top of the spindle to assist in winding the lights back on the spindle. The apparatus can also have a plurality of protrusions ("bumps") arranged on the outer surface of the spindle to help hold the light string in place and prevent it from sagging or drooping when it is wound on the spindle. The apparatus may also feature a skirt at the base of the spindle to prevent the light string from becoming tangled in the support legs of the apparatus.

Apparatus for storing and dispensing pliable, elongated articles


A changeover switch for medium voltage switchgear is provided. The changeover switch includes a first terminal body, a second terminal body, and two elongate pole bodies. The two elongate pole bodies are arranged parallel to each other and rotatably arranged with first ends on opposite sides of, and in direct contact with the first terminal body around a rotation axis. The two elongate pole bodies are rotatable between an open position and a closed position. The second ends of the two elongate pole bodies are positioned in direct contact with opposite sides of the second terminal body. The changeover switch further includes one or more springs arranged between the two elongate pole bodies to urge the two elongate pole bodies towards each other.

Changeover switches are used to accomplish an insulating distance in the circuit, after the current is interrupted with the circuit breaker or load break switch. This changeover switch is designed for a specific rated current. The current and resistance in the circuit are highly determining the temperature rise in the circuit. To prevent the temperature rise from becoming too high during rated current flow, it is important that the total resistance of the changeover switch will be low, also after a specified number of switching operations.
Furthermore, changeover switches need to be reliable for a number of opening and closing operations. The wear should be minimized, as wear will increase the ohmic-resistance.


Operation of a planar resonator gyroscope with in-plane parasitic modes of vibration to obtain improved performance is disclosed. A planar resonator gyroscope, such as a disc resonator gyroscope, may be operated with embedded electrodes. The embedded electrodes may be disposed adjacent to the planar resonator and proximate to one or more anti-nodes of a parasitic vibration mode. A sensed amplitude of the parasitic mode is applied in differential signals used to operate the gyroscope. A feedback controller for damping the parasitic mode applies a drive voltage generated from the proportional voltage to one or more drive electrodes adjacent to the planar resonator disposed proximate to one or more anti-nodes of the parasitic vibration mode of the planar resonator. Parasitic in-plane modes may be thus damped in operating the gyroscope with active damping applied through an analog operational amplifier or digital feedback.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to gyroscopes, and in particular to planar resonator gyroscopes or inertial sensors and their operation. More particularly, this invention relates to the control and damping of isolated planar resonator inertial sensors and gyroscopes.
2. Description of the Related Art
Mechanical gyroscopes are used to determine direction of a moving platform based upon the sensed inertial reaction of an internally moving proof mass. A typical electromechanical gyroscope comprises a suspended proof mass, gyroscope case, pickoffs, torquers and readout electronics. The inertial proof mass is internally suspended from the gyroscope case that is rigidly mounted to the platform and communicates the inertial motion of the platform while otherwise isolating the proof mass from external disturbances. The pickoffs to sense the internal motion of the proof mass, the torquers to maintain or adjust this motion and the readout electronics that must be in close proximity to the proof mass are internally mounted to the case which also provides the electrical feedthrough connections to the platform electronics and power supply. The case also provides a standard mechanical interface to attach and align the gyroscope with the vehicle platform. In various forms gyroscopes are often employed as a critical sensor for vehicles such as aircraft and spacecraft. They are generally useful for navigation or whenever it is necessary to autonomously determine the orientation of a free object.
Older conventional mechanical gyroscopes were very heavy mechanisms by current standards, employing relatively large spinning masses. A number of recent technologies have brought new forms of gyroscopes, including optical gyroscopes such as laser gyroscopes and fiberoptic gyroscopes as well as mechanical vibratory gyroscopes.
Spacecraft generally depend on inertial rate sensing equipment to supplement attitude control. Currently this is often performed with expensive conventional spinning mass gyros (e.g., a Kearfott inertial reference unit) or conventionally-machined vibratory gyroscopes (e.g. a Litton hemispherical resonator gyroscope inertial reference unit). However, both of these are very expensive, large and heavy.
In addition, although some prior symmetric vibratory gyroscopes have been produced, their vibratory momentum is transferred through the case directly to the vehicle platform. This transfer or coupling admits external disturbances and energy loss indistinguishable from inertial rate input and hence leads to sensing errors and drift. One example of such a vibratory gyroscope may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,894,090 to Tang et al. which describes a symmetric cloverleaf vibratory gyroscope design and is hereby incorporated by reference herein. Other planar tuning fork gyroscopes may achieve a degree of isolation of the vibration from the baseplate, however these gyroscopes lack the vibrational symmetry desirable for tuned operation.
In addition, shell mode gyroscopes, such as the hemispherical resonator gyroscope and the vibrating thin ring gyroscope, are known to have some desirable isolation and vibrational symmetry attributes. However, these designs are not suitable for or have significant limitations with thin planar silicon microfabrication. The hemispherical resonator employs the extensive cylindrical sides of the hemisphere for sensitive electrostatic sensors and effective actuators. However its high aspect ratio and three-dimensional curved geometry is unsuitable for inexpensive thin planar silicon microfabrication. The thin ring gyroscope (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,282,958, which is incorporated by reference herein) while suitable for planar silicon microfabrication, lacks electrostatic sensors and actuators that take advantage of the extensive planar area of the device. Moreover, the case for this gyroscope is not of the same material as the resonator proof mass so that the alignment of the pickoffs and torquers relative to the resonator proof mass change with temperature, resulting in gyroscope drift.
Vibration isolation using a low-frequency seismic support of the case or of the resonator, internal to the case is also known (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,009,751, which is incorporated by reference herein). However such increased isolation comes at the expense of proportionately heavier seismic mass and/or lower support frequency. Both effects are undesirable for compact tactical inertial measurement unit (IMU) applications because of proof mass misalignment under acceleration conditions.
Furthermore, the scale of previous silicon microgyroscopes (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,894,090) can not been optimized for navigation or pointing performance resulting in higher noise and drift than desired. This problem stems from dependence on out of plane bending of thin epitaxially grown silicon flexures to define critical vibration frequencies that are limited to 0.1% thickness accuracy. Consequently device sizes are limited to a few millimeters. Such designs exhibit high drift due to vibrational asymmetry or unbalance and high rate noise due to lower mass which increases thermal mechanical noise and lower capacitance sensor area which increases rate errors due to sensor electronics noise.
Scaling up of non-isolated silicon microgyros is also problematic because external energy losses will increase with no improvement in resonator Q and no reduction in case-sensitive drift. An isolated cm-scale resonator with many orders of magnitude improvement in three-dimensional manufacturing precision is required for very low noise pointing or navigation performance.
Conventionally machined navigation grade resonators such as quartz hemispherical or shell gyros have the optimum noise and drift performance at large scale, e.g. 30 mm and three-dimensional manufacturing precision, however such gyros are expensive and slow to manufacture. Micromachined silicon vibratory gyroscopes have lower losses and better drift performance at smaller scale but pickoff noise increases and mechanical precision decreases at smaller scale so there are limits to scaling down with conventional silicon designs. Conventional laser trimming of mechanical resonators can further improve manufacturing precision to some degree. However this process is not suitable for microgyros with narrow mechanical gaps and has limited resolution, necessitating larger electrostatic bias adjustments in the final tuning process.
Most recently, some planar resonator gyroscopes devices have been developed (such as a disc resonator gyroscope) which operate through the excitation and sensing of in-plane vibrational modes of a substantially solid planar resonator. These planar resonators obtain enhanced properties over designs such as the hemispherical or shell resonators by enabling greater drive and sensing area in a compact package that is more easily manufactured and packaged. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 6,944,931 by Shcheglov et al., issued Sep. 20, 2005 and entitled "INTEGRAL RESONATOR GYROSCOPE" and U.S. Pat. No. 7,043,163 by Shcheglov et al., issued May 9, 2006 and entitled "ISOLATED PLANAR GYROSCOPE WITH INTERNAL RADIAL SENSING AND ACTUATION."
In view of the foregoing, there is a need in the art for small, inexpensive, manufacturable planar gyroscopes with greatly improved performance for navigation and spacecraft payload pointing and other applications. To this end, there is also a need for systems and methods to operate such gyros to enhance their performance. As detailed below, the present invention satisfies these and other needs.

Vibratory gyroscope with parasitic mode damping


The invention provides a circularity and cylindrical shape measuring device that can decrease the measurement errors generated due to the weight of a measured workpiece. A circularity and cylindrical shape measuring device (10) is configured such that a rotation axis of a rotary table (30) is positioned on a leg (21) that supports a base table (20) or is positioned on a straight line that connects adjacent legs (21A and 21B)

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device that measures circularity and cylindrical shape of a workpiece. Particularly, the invention relates to a circularity and cylindrical shape measuring device capable of preventing an error, in a measurement, resulting from deflection of a measuring table attributable to the mass of a workpiece mounted on the measuring table.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 shows a configuration of a conventional device that measures circularity and cylindrical shape of a workpiece disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Unexamined Publication No. 5-231806. A rotary table 30 is rotatably provided on a base table 20 of a circularity and cylindrical shape measuring device 10. The rotary table 30 is rotated by driving a motor not shown. X axis knobs 31 and Y axis knobs 32 are provided on the rotary table 30. When one X axis knob 31 is operated, the table 30 moves to an X axis direction, and an inclination of the table 30 in the X axis direction is adjusted with the other X axis knob. When one Y axis knob 32 is operated, the table 30 moves to a Y axis direction, and an inclination of the table 30 in the Y axis direction is adjusted with the other Y axis knob.
A column 40 is erected on the base table 20. An up-and-down table 41 that moves in a vertical direction along the column 40 is supported on the column 40. An arm 42 is supported, and is movable in left and right directions in FIG. 1, on the up-and-down table 41. A probe 44 is provided on the arm 42 via a detector 43. The rotary table 30 is rotated in a state that the probe 44 is in contact with a to-be-measured object (i.e., a workpiece) 50 mounted on the rotary table 30, to thereby measure the circularity of the workpiece 50.

Device for measuring circularity and cylindrical shape


Mechanism designed to minimize copying of data from one memory tier to another. Data in a first memory location, is addressed based on its logical block address (LBA). When the data is copied into a second cache memory location, the LBA is updated to address the data at the second location. The first memory location is preserved intact. If the data is to be copied back to the first memory location, and the data has not changed since being copied into the second location, the LBA is updated to address the data at the first memory location, and no physical copying of the data from the second location to the first is performed.

The present invention relates generally to the field of computer file system management, and more particularly to minimizing data copy operations within the file system.
Modern storage controllers provide a mechanism of multi-tiered storage where data is stored on various types of storage devices primarily based on criteria of the access, frequency of use, security and data recovery requirements. For example, data that is frequently accessed by an application that is sensitive to response time might be stored on a solid state drive (SSD). Other data that is infrequently accessed and for which a longer response time is more tolerable might be stored on a conventional disk drive. The cost of storage is typically higher for SSDs than it is for disk drives of comparable storage capacity.
In a multi-tiered storage system, there are at least two tiers available in which one tier provides a relatively fast response time and the other is relatively slower. Since storage with faster response times is typically more expensive than storage with slower response times, the capacity of faster storage is typically smaller than that of slower storage. Based on the data access frequency, conventional multi-tier algorithms "promote" "hot data" (data that is accessed relatively frequently) to a faster tier and "demote" "cold data" (data that is accessed relatively less frequently) to a slower tier. This promotion and demotion process of data extents (see definition in the Definitions sub-section of the Detailed Description section below) typically involves relocation of the data from one tier to another using copy operations that are performed without the knowledge of the application.

Extent movement speed in multi-tiered systems

International Business Machines Corporation


A cellular network allocates resources to a device for transmission of a signal for finding at least one RFID tag. The device uses the resources allocated by the cellular network to transmit a signal to the at least one RFID tag in a frequency band licensed to the cellular network.

RFID tags are widely used. Due to their low cost and compact size, RFID tags may be deployed with a high density. RFID tags may be deployed as stationary RFID tags that are attached at a given location, e.g. inside a building or in urban areas, or as mobile RFID tags. Such mobile RFID tags may be attached to objects, such as cash, articles of purchase, or living beings such as humans or animals.
With increasing popularity of mobile data communication, an ever increasing number of devices is equipped with a radio interface for communication with a cellular network. It would be desirable to provide techniques that allow devices equipped with a wireless interface for communication with a cellular network to also take advantage of the RFID tags that may be deployed with high density in at least some areas. It would be desirable to provide techniques that allow devices equipped with a wireless interface for communication with a cellular network to communicate with RFID tags in manner that affords cellular network control for the process of finding RFID tags.

Methods and devices for finding RFID tags


The present invention proposes an ultrasound imaging system and method for measuring a property of a region of interest in a subject by using shear wave, wherein an ultrasound probe is configured to sequentially transmit, to each of a plurality of focal spots (320, 322, 324) in the region of interest, a push pulse (310, 312, 314) for generating a shear wave (330, 332, 334), each of the plurality of focal spots having a mutually different depth value (z1, z2, z3), and to receive ultrasound echo signals adjacent (350, 352, 354) to each of the plurality of focal spots; a shear wave detector is configured to derive, for each of the plurality of focal spots, a first parameter indicating a property of the generated shear wave, based on the received ultrasound echo signals; and a property estimator is configured to estimate a second parameter indicating the property of the region of interest as a function of the derived first parameters.

Mechanical changes in living tissue correlate with pathological changes. For example, tissue viscosity, tissue stiffness (also known as elasticity) and tissue attenuation coefficients (including tissue longitudinal-wave attenuation, and tissue transverse-wave attenuation, which is also known as shear wave attenuation) are important physical parameters for clinical practice. Various means of remotely interrogating tissue mechanical properties have been developed that exploit the radiation force of an ultrasonic beam to apply force remotely to a region of tissue within the body of a subject such as a patient (acoustic radiation force, also referred to as a push pulse or push beam) to cause deformation of the tissue. Acoustic radiation force can be applied in such a way that elastic properties may be measured, either locally at the point (called focal point) of the deformation by tracking the deformation directly through the use of longitudinal-wave-based ultrasound imaging to follow the pattern of deformation, or at an adjacent region of the focal point by tracking a shear wave propagating laterally away from the deformed region (i.e. the focal point) through shear wave velocity imaging.
Interrogation by ultrasound, for purposes of medical imaging, often makes use of longitudinal waves. A longitudinal wave is characterized by back and forth movement in the direction of propagation. In the conventional tissue attenuation measurement based on a longitudinal wave, the tissue longitudinal-wave attenuation (also called tissue longitudinal attenuation) is estimated based on an ultrasound echo signal which is simultaneously impacted by both the backscatter and attenuation of tissue. Such conventional tissue longitudinal-wave attenuation measurement has the disadvantage that, since it is difficult to separate the impact of the backscatter from that of the tissue attenuation, the accuracy is limited.
An ultrasound shear (or transverse) wave, by contrast, is characterized by back and forth movement that is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Nowadays, many commercial ultrasound scanners offer ultrasound shear wave elastography products to measure tissue shear elasticity. Tissue shear viscosity and shear wave attenuation estimation by means of shear wave elastography have not been commercialized yet. They remain scientifically active research topics as their clinical potential is emerging in certain applications. FIG. 1 illustrates measurement using shear wave according to the prior art. A push pulse (also known as push beam) 110 is transmitted toward a focal spot 130 to generate a shear wave 150 which propagates out from the focal spot in a direction, such as a lateral direction x, perpendicular to the propagation direction of the push pulse (i.e. the longitudinal direction z). One or more tracking pulses (also known as tracking beam) are transmitted, and ultrasound echo signals are received along a plurality of tracking lines (called "A-lines") 120, 122, 124 so as to estimate, at each of a plurality of sampling locations 140, 142, 144 spaced along the lateral direction, the phase or the propagation time of the shear wave. The estimated phases or propagation time of the shear wave at the plurality of sampling locations are further used to derive the velocity value of the shear wave. The derived velocity value of the shear wave can be used to generate an ultrasound image, which process is known as radiation force impulse imaging, and/or to derive a mechanical property such as tissue viscosity or elasticity. Such conventional shear wave elastography techniques can provide tissue shear elasticity, shear viscosity and shear wave attenuation.
US2012/0089019A1 and US2011/0263978A1 are both directed to conventional shear wave elastography techniques, namely estimating tissue mechanical property on basis of its impact on the propagation of the shear wave.

Ultrasound system and method for measurement using shear wave


The present invention provides transgenic fish whose genome has stably-integrated therein an oncogene operably linked to a promoter. Methods of making the transgenic fish and methods for their use are also provided. In one embodiment, the transgenic fish may advantageously be utilized in methods of screening for drugs or agents that modulate oncogene-mediated neoplastic or hyperplasic transformation, or that modulate sensitivity to chemotherapy or radiation therapy. In another embodiment, the transgenic fish may be used methods of identifying mutations that modulate oncogene-mediated neoplastic or hyperplastic transformation, or that modulate sensitivity to chemotherapy or radiation therapy.

The present invention relates to transgenic animals. Specifically, the invention relates to transgenic fish and methods for their use.
Animal models of disease states play an important role in identifying the underlying biochemical mechanisms of particular diseases, as well as discovering therapeutic agents to eradicate the disease or otherwise lessen its symptoms. For example, rabbit models of familial hypercholesterolemia, rat models of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, mouse models of cancer and hamster models for spontaneous atrial thrombosis are known. Additionally, animal models for genetic diseases have arisen spontaneously in a variety of species, including mice, cats and dogs. Working with such large animals poses several drawbacks.
For example, many of the animals used in such models are relatively large vertebrates which take up a large amount of research space, are costly to feed and otherwise maintain, have slow reproductive cycles, produce relatively few offspring at one time, and cannot effectively mimic all desired disease states. Researchers have attempted to obtain animal models that solve some of these problems, but have not yet obtained such animal models for all desired diseases. For example, transgenic fish models of premalignant and non-neoplastic or non-malignant hyperproliferative disorders (e.g., inflammation and retinopathy) would also be useful. Additionally, although fish have been utilized to detect mutagens in aquatic environments, there are currently no transgenic fish models that develop any cancers relevant in human cancer research, including, for example, human T-cell leukemias, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, high-grade astrocytoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, neuroblastoma, neuorendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, testicular carcinoma, stomach cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer, melanoma and acute or chronic myeloid leukemia.
Human T-cell leukemias can arise from oncogenes activated by specific chromosomal translocations involving T-cell receptor genes. In particular, T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia is a malignant disease of thymocytes, accounting for about 10% to about 15% of pediatric and about 25% of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia cases. Although some therapies are available for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia, they are not as effective as desired.
Follicular center cell non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are a common and generally indolent type of B-cell lymphoma that occurs almost exclusively in adults, and 80% of follicular center cell lymphomas have a t(14;18) chromosomal translocation. Molecular analysis of the breakpoints of the 14;18 translocation identified BCL2 as the gene on chromosome 18 that is overexpressed due to its translocation into the IgH locus on chromosome 14. Functional studies revealed that BCL2 defines a new class of proto-oncogene products that act to prolong cell survival, rather than through more typical effects on cell differentiation or proliferation. It has since been learned that BCL2 is a member of a large family of highly conserved proteins that either inhibit or promote apoptosis. In addition, BCL2 and it's pro-survival relatives may be important for the aberrant survival of many human cancers, not just those with overexpression of BCL2 due to the t(14;18).
High-grade astrocytomas are among the most common and devastating adult brain tumors, spreading so rapidly that patients seldom survive more than 9-12 months. Despite progress in surgical, radiation and chemotherapy technologies, there has been little improvement in the outcome of patients with astrocytoma over the last twenty years. Clearly, novel approaches are needed to better understand the biological basis of this disease before effective therapies can be developed.
Rhabdomyosarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors of skeletal muscle progenitors and are the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children of 15 years or younger. Rhabdomyosarcoma consists of two histologic subtypes, alveolar and embryonal, each characterized by the misexpression of different subsets of genes. The aggressive nature of these tumors makes their effective treatment particularly difficult. While rhabdomyosarcomas can be observed in genetically engineered, mammalian disease models, they are often associated with other tumor types. While informative, a more specific model of rhabdomyosarcoma is necessary to elucidate its molecular basis and to identify novel genes that may ultimately be used as targets for the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
The mutations and gene rearrangements commonly seen in acute myeloid leukemias typically result from a chromosomal translocations such as the t(8;21) or t(15;17), generate chimeric oncoproteins by fusing one or two transcription factors (Look, 1997). However, these alterations are not sufficient to explain the induction of acute leukemia. Additional animal models are needed, for example, to permit the unbiased detection of mutations in many potentially novel genes that lead to leukemia, which is currently not possible in other mammalian models.
Many of the underlying mechanisms that lead to neuroblastoma, neuorendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic carcinoma, ovarian carcinoma, testicular carcinoma, stomach cancer, colon cancer, renal cancer, melanoma and acute or chronic myeloid leukemia have yet to be fully understood. Identifying the genes mutated in these diseases will lead to new insights into cancer as a whole. Additionally, using a vertebrate model system in which genetic or chemical suppressors can be identified that inhibit or delay disease progression, or sensitivity to chemotherapy or radiation-induced programmed cell death, will be necessary to identify new drug targets for the development of targeted chemotherapies. For example, a model system is needed, which does not require an a priori knowledge of the specific target. Target elucidation may be accomplished after the modulating target drug or agent is demonstrated safe and effective, which, thus, saves both time and expense in the drug discovery process.
A further understanding of the cellular and molecular genetic features of various disease states such as the cancers listed above are needed. An appropriate animal model would be invaluable to elucidate the multistep process of genetic mutations, as well as to develop more effective drugs. The present invention addresses these needs.


A film mode detection method and corresponding relatively non complex hardware implementation compares the amplitudes of pixels of corresponding image areas of three successive field to determine if the pixel amplitudes are monotonically increasing or decreasing. Depending on the comparison a positive or negative polarity indication is generated and these indications are combined within each field to generate a polarity indication representing each respective field. The field sequence of such field polarity indications are thereafter compared with a predetermined pattern to determine whether the video signal is from a film or video-mode source.

Certain high end television receivers include apparatus to enhance the apparent resolution of reproduced images by, for example, converting interlaced scanned images to non-interlace scanned images. Apparatus of this type typically introduces image artifacts in areas of image motion. These artifacts can be significantly reduced with knowledge of whether the source material was originally generated as video or as film. In addition video signal compression systems, particularly for use with NTSC video signals, can realize a twenty percent compression bonus if the source video can be determined to have been originated as film and converted to video by the technique known as 3:2 pull down. Video signal generated via 3:2 pulldown includes one duplicated field in every 5 field sequences, which duplicate fields may be excised to realize the compression bonus.

Method and device for film-mode detection


An operation device driven by an internal battery includes: a casing; an operation element; a mechanical switch; a pressing part; and a support part. The operation element is located on a plane continuing from a front surface of the casing. The mechanical switch is disposed in the casing such that a distance between the mechanical switch and the operation element is fixed. The mechanical switch has a flexible region located to oppose to a rear surface of the casing. The pressing part is located between the mechanical switch and an attachment surface, and presses the flexible region from a side opposite from the operation element. The support part supports the casing such that a distance between the operation element and the attachment surface is changeable.

An apparatus is operated through an operation device such as a remote control for television, which is used by a hand of a user. JP 2014-190566 A describes an operation device for air-conditioner, which is used in a state where the operation device is attached to an attachment surface such as a wall.


Electro-optic modulator includes a substrate, a waveguide formed in a top surface of the substrate, first modulating electrodes and second modulating electrodes. The waveguide includes a Y-shaped incident member, a Y-shaped output member, and first and second connection members. The Y-shaped incident member includes an incident portion, first and second incident branches. The Y-shaped output member includes an output portion, a first and second output branches. The first connection member includes a first branch and a second branch. The second connection member includes a third branch and a fourth branch. The first branch and the second branch are interconnected between the first incident branch and the first output branch and arranged in parallel. The third branch and the fourth branch are interconnected between the second incident branch and the second output branch and arranged in parallel.

Electro-optic modulators change refractive index of a branch of a waveguide (hereinafter the modulated branch) by an electro-optic effect of a modulating electric field. Thus, the electro-optic modulator can alter a phase of light waves traversing the modulated branch. As a result, a phase shift is generated between the light waves traversing the modulated branch and light waves traversing another branch of the waveguide (hereinafter the non-modulated branch). The light waves traversing the modulated branch interface with light waves traversing the non-modulated branch. Output energy of the light waves of the waveguide is modulated as the output energy depends on the phase shift, which in turn depends on the modulating electric field. The light waves have transverse electric wave (hereinafter the TE mode) and transverse magnetic waves (hereinafter the TM mode). A modulating efficiency of the electro-optic modulator is determined by modulating the TE mode and the TM mode.


An alignment structure of individual printed circuit board and method thereof are disclosed. The alignment structure of individual printed circuit board includes a panel body and an assembling part. An aligned part having a geometric feature is disposed on an inner side of the panel body. The assembling part coupled with an individual printed circuit board is similar to the geometric feature of the aligned part so that the individual printed circuit board is combined with the panel body.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to an alignment structure and a method thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to an alignment structure and a method thereof for an individual printed circuit board to be assembled in a panel in place.
2. Description of Related Art
A printed circuit board (PCB) is obtained by patterning a copper layer on a substrate to form a transmission path between devices according to a predefined layout. PCBs support electronic components for installation and interconnection, which is applied in electronic products for information, communication and consumer electronic industries.
For mass production, PCB manufacturers combine several individual boards into a single panel. FIG. 1 illustrates a conventional PCB panel structure. Each individual board 100a is connected with a PCB panel 100 by a bonding structure 102 which takes the form of V-cut or V-notch.
However, when one or more individual boards fail due to a circuit defect such as an incorrect circuit pattern during the process, the whole panel has to be discarded, which wastes other functional boards and creates pollution.
For the foregoing reasons, there is a need for an improved design capable of fully utilizing remaining functional boards in a panel when a defective board is caused in the panel, so that the problems of resource waste and pollution can be avoided.

Method and apparatus for positioning a printed circuit board in a circuit board panel


As there is disclosed a cemented carbide body comprising WC with an average grain size of <10 .mu.m in a binder phase. In the cemented carbide body the WC grains can be classified in at least two groups in which a group of smaller grains has a maximum grain size a.sub.max and a group of larger grains has a minimum grain size b.sub.min and each group contains at least 10 % of the total amount of WC grains. According to the invention b.sub.min -a.sub.max >0.5 .mu.m and the difference in grain size within each group is >1 .mu.m.

The present invention relates to coated cemented carbide bodies particularly useful in tools for turning, milling and drilling of steels and stainless steels.
Cemented carbide bodies are manufactured according to powder metallurgical methods including milling, pressing and sintering. The milling operation is an intensive mechanical milling in mills of different sizes and with the aid of milling bodies. The milling time is of the order of several hours up to days. Such processing is believed to be necessary in order to obtain a uniform distribution of the binder phase in the milled mixture, but it results in a wide WC grain size distribution.
In U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,505,902 and 5,529,804 methods of making cemented carbide are disclosed according to which the milling is essentially excluded. Instead, in order to obtain a uniform distribution of the binder phase in the powder mixture, the hard constituent grains are precoated with the binder phase, the mixture is further wet mixed with pressing agent dried, pressed and sintered. In the first mentioned patent the coating is made by a SOL-GEL method and in the second, a polyol is used.
EP-A-665 308 discloses a coated cutting insert with a bimodal distribution of WC grain size with WC grains in two groups 0.1-1 .mu.m and 3-10 .mu.m. The insert according to this application is produced with conventional milling technique resulting in a broadening of the WC grain size distribution.

Cemented carbide body with increased wear resistance


A chip structure having a redistribution layer includes: a chip with electrode pads disposed on an active surface thereof; a first passivation layer formed on the active surface and the electrode pads; a redistribution layer formed on the first passivation layer and having a plurality of wiring units, wherein each of the wiring units has a conductive pad, a conductive via and a conductive trace connecting the conductive pad and the conductive via, the conductive trace having at least a first through opening for exposing a portion of the first passivation layer; and a second passivation layer disposed on the first passivation layer and the redistribution layer, the second passivation layer being filled in the first through opening such that the first and second passivation layers are bonded to each other with the conductive trace sandwiched therebetween, thereby preventing delamination of the conductive trace from the second passivation layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to chip structures and fabrication methods thereof, and more particularly, to a chip structure having a redistribution layer and a fabrication method thereof.
2. Description of Related Art
Along with the development of electronic industries, electronic products have a trend towards multi-function and high performance. Currently, packaging substrates for carrying semiconductor chips can be such as wire bonding packaging substrates, chip scale packaging (CSP) substrates, flip chip ball grid array (FCBGA) packaging substrates and so on. To meet operational demands of microprocessors, chipsets and graphic chips, it is necessary to improve functions of the packaging substrates in chip signal transmission, improving bandwidth and controlling impedance so as to meet the development of packages with high I/O count.
Conventionally, a semiconductor chip with a plurality of electrode pads on a surface thereof is disposed to a packaging substrate with a plurality of conductive pads corresponding to the electrode pads, and a plurality of conductive bumps or other conductive adhesive material or gold wires are disposed between the semiconductor chip and the packaging substrate so as to electrically connect the semiconductor chip to the packaging substrate.
Further, a plurality of semiconductor packages can be stacked together to meet requirements for multi-function and high operating efficiency. In addition, redistribution layer (RDL) technology can be used to effectively utilize chip area so as to improve performance.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,170,160 discloses a chip structure having a redistribution layer, wherein a plurality of chips is stacked together and electrically connected to each other through bonding wires.
FIG. 1A is an upper view of the chip structure as disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 7,170,160, and FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of the chip structure. Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a chip 10 with a plurality of electrode pads 11 disposed on a surface thereof is provided; a first passivation layer 12a is formed to cover the chip 10 and the electrode pads 11, and a plurality of first openings 120a is formed in the first passivation layer 12a for exposing the electrode pads 11, respectively; a redistribution layer 13 is formed on the first passivation layer 12a and conductive vias 130 are formed in the first openings 120a for electrically connecting to the electrode pads 11, respectively, wherein the redistribution layer 13 has a plurality of conductive pads 131 and widened portions 132, the widened portions 132 being used for improving the electrical performance of the structure; further, a second passivation layer 12b is formed to cover the first passivation layer 12a and the redistribution layer 13 and has a plurality of second openings 120b for exposing the conductive pads 131, respectively.
However, since the widened portions 132 having a large area are made of a metal material while the first passivation layer 12a or the second passivation layer 12b is made of a non-metal material, the bonding between the widened portion 132 and the second passivation layer 12b is quite poor, which easily results in delamination of the widened portions 132 from the second passivation layer 12b and thus reduces the quality of the electrical connection.
Therefore, it is imperative to provide a chip structure having a redistribution layer and a fabrication method thereof so as to overcome the above-described drawback.

Chip structure having redistribution layer

Siliconware Precision Industries Co., Ltd.


A track ball base structure comprises a single-piece body having a housing being composed of a plurality of standing plates in the top of the body with extruding portions in the upper end of which to get secure connection to a cover, a central circular recess with an opening bottom to hold a ball therein, a plurality of ball bearing holes evenly distributed around the upper rim of the circular panel in the housing with an inner rectangular plate inside the uppermost of each hole for admitting ball bearings therein and at the same time holding them in place, multiple pairs of locking means and slots in both sides of the body for locking the detecting system as well as fixing the body substantially onto an integrated circuit plate. The present invention is characterized by providing a track ball base structure in a non-assembly manner. Therefore, the number of component parts required for the track ball is reduced and clearly any damage occurring under interconnection for each part can be eliminated.

Conventionally, a track ball assembly includes a cover, a ball, a housing to admit the ball, a plurality of ball bearings which are evenly distributed around an inner surface of the housing to support the ball, a seat having locking means thereon and an encoder wheel which is incorporated with a photoemitter as well as a photodetector together to form a detecting system to control the movement of a visual cursor on a monitor.
But some disadvantages exist in the aforementioned design. First, the thorough base structure assembly consisting of a housing and a seat to hold the encoder wheel and the ball is accomplished by linking several parts and may suffer damages from any mistake trying to interconnect each part. Second, it is known that the ball bearing is kept partially inside a hole in order to provide an anti-friction interface to support and permit the ball rotate freely in the housing. But, the problem is the whole ball bearing will be pushed down into the hole and then get jammed if acted upon by a excessive force. Third, the encoder wheel and the housing are connected together to the seat by spring biasing means while this arrangement is cumbersome. Finally, a block on which a photoemitter and a photodetector are located in pair is only releasably engaged with the seat.


A system and method remotely monitor a plurality of meters in a non-wireless service network using a wireless system transmitting short message service messages separate from the non-wireless service network. The system includes a query computer for generating a query message including a command to a selected meter of the plurality of meters, for processing a reply message from the selected meter, with the reply message including a response to the command from the selected meter, and for storing the response in a memory; and a wireless telecommunications network for transmitting completely wirelessly the query message and for transmitting the reply message completely wirelessly from the selected meter to the query computer, for remotely and wirelessly monitoring at least the selected meter in the non-wireless service network. The response in the reply message includes data in a SMS message in a Global System for Mobile Communications format.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to telecommunications, and in particular to a system and method for utilizing existing telecommunications resources of a mobile network to provide additional services to an existing second network of a utility through the transferring of utility meter readings completely wirelessly over a mobile network.
2. Description of the Related Art
Service applications such as utilities typically employ land-line based networks to convey the services, such as electricity, gas, or water. However, usage by customers of such services is monitored by human operators dispatched to the individual location or residence of the customers to read a meter associated with usage of the services. Such human operators are prone to error in recording the usage, and the timing of their recordation is random, depending on their routes, the weather, and other human factors.
A need exists for a remote meter reading system which does not depend on human operators.
In a mobile telecommunications switching network, mobile stations may be used in static applications such as telemetry of components in the network. Digital cellular networks provide full national coverage of a designated served area, and similar coverage applies for any utility services representing a land line network, as in electricity, gas, or water. A Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) is one example of such mobile telecommunications networks which provides services other than cellular voice services. One of these important services is known as Short Message Service (SMS). In general, the SMS uses short message packets that are employed for the same aim as that of a signaling mechanism.
Once deployed, telecommunication systems are limited by their intended use determined by their infrastructure. Accordingly, to provide new or additional services to enhance functionality for users and to compete with newer systems and new technologies, existing telecommunication systems must be significantly altered at considerable cost and with increased complexity.
Similarly, existing applications using a second network, such as a communication infrastructure of an application, such as utilities, are also limited by their intended use determined by their infrastructure. Accordingly, such applications are unable to provide new or additional services to enhance functionality for users without significant alteration at considerable cost and with increased complexity.
A need exists for adapting existing and limited telecommunication systems to provide new and/or additional services to a second network of an application without significantly altering the established infrastructures, without incurring considerable costs for implementing such services, and without significantly increasing the complexity of the telecommunication system.

Remote meter reading using the existing mobile network


A ghost removal method includes steps of detecting, estimating and excluding. In the detecting, a position and a relative speed of a target moving object, and a position of a surrounding stationary object are detected with radio waves. In the estimating, a position and a relative speed of a ghost by the target moving object are estimated based on the detected position and relative speed of the target moving object and the position of the surrounding stationary object. In the excluding, a detected point where the estimated position and the relative speed of the ghost are detected is excluded from a candidate detection point of a moving object which is detected with radio waves.

The present invention relates to a ghost removal method and a radar device, for example, a ghost removal technique of an in-vehicle radar device.
In the related art, an inter-vehicle distance sensor equipped with a radar device for detecting a target such as a preceding vehicle has been used for an automatic travel control system (ACC) or the like. The radar device included in this inter-vehicle distance sensor irradiates a front side of a vehicle with millimeter-wave radio waves, receives the reflected radio wave from a target, and mixes the received signal generated from the received radio wave with the transmission signal, thereby detecting a relative distance, a relative speed and the like. However, if the radar device erroneously recognizes the ghost generated by the reflection of radio waves as an actual target, there was a possibility that the target could not be recognized correctly.
This ghost will be explained with reference to FIG. 1. In the inter-vehicle distance sensor based on the millimeter wave radar, when a radio wave 12 reflected by a preceding vehicle 11 is reflected by a wall 13 such as a tunnel wall, a soundproof wall, a guard rail, or the like, it may be erroneously recognized that the ghost 14 is traveling in the wall. In order to prevent this erroneous recognition, the conventional inter-vehicle distance sensor copes with the erroneous recognition by recognizing only the vehicle traveling in front of an own-vehicle 15. However, even with such countermeasures, on a curved road or the like, there is a case where a ghost is erroneously recognized as a vehicle traveling in front of the own-vehicle.
As a radar device that prevents ghost from being erroneously recognized as an actual target, for example, there are devices disclosed in Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2.
In the radar device disclosed in Patent Document 1, a line corresponding to the wall 13 is obtained from a stationary object or the like continuously detected, and all targets located outside the line are deemed as ghosts and erased. In the radar device disclosed in Patent Document 2, a virtual wall is set, and another target at a position symmetrical to the virtual wall is determined to be a ghost.
[Patent Document 1] JP-A-2001-116839
[Patent Document 2] JP-A-2009-133761
[Patent Document 3] JP-A-2008-82974


It is an object to provide a recombinant antibody that is an anti-CDH3 antibody having cytotoxicity on CDH3-expressing cells, which is anticipated to have fewer side effects than antibodies derived from animals other than humans and to maintain its therapeutic effects for a long period of time. The present invention provides a recombinant antibody which specifically reacts with an epitope existing in the amino acids at positions 108 to 131 or at positions 551 to 654 of the amino acid sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 38 that is the extracellular region of human CDH3, and has cytotoxicity against CDH3-expressing cells.

Cancer is a serious disease that accounts for a major cause of death. However, therapeutic needs therefor have not yet been met. In recent years, in order to overcome the problem of conventional chemotherapy that causes damage even to normal cells, studies have been intensively conducted regarding cancer therapy using molecularly targeted agents, in which a drug targeting a specific molecule that is expressed specifically in a cancer cell is designed, and the therapy is then carried out using the drug.
CDH3 is a molecule in cancer cells that can be a target of molecular therapeutic agents (Non Patent Documents 1 and 2). CDH3 is a membrane protein that has been discovered as a molecule that is calcium-dependently associated with hemophilic cell adhesion (Non Patent Document 3). A protein, which has cadherin repeats (ECs) consisting of approximately 110 amino acid residues having high homology to one another, is referred to as a "cadherin superfamily." There are 120 or more types of such proteins, and they play an important role in the maintenance of multicellular organization. CDH3 is a member belonging to such a cadherin superfamily.
It has been reported that the expression of CDH3 in cancer tissues is higher than that in normal tissues (Non Patent Documents 1, 2, and 4). In cancer therapy, it has been studied to use a drug formed by binding an anticancer agent to an anti-human CDH3 antibody or an antibody having antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) for cancer cells in which the expression level of CDH3 is high (Patent Documents 1 to 3).
In recent years, many antibody drugs for cancer therapy have been actually on the market as molecular targeted drugs, and these drugs have provided therapeutic effects. The principal modes of action of these drugs include inhibition of signals associated with cell survival or cell growth and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).
It has been generally known that when an antibody derived from an animal other than a human, such as a mouse antibody, is administered to a human, the administered antibody is recognized as a foreign substance, so that a human antibody against the mouse antibody (Human Anti Mouse Antibody: hereinafter referred to as "HAMA") is induced in the human body. It has been known that the HAMA reacts with the administered mouse antibody, and causes side effects (Non Patent Documents 5 to 8) or accelerates the disappearance of the administered mouse antibody from the body (Non Patent Documents 6, 9 and 10), thereby reducing the therapeutic effects of the mouse antibody (Non Patent Documents 11 and 12).
In order to overcome these problems, an attempt has been made to produce humanized antibodies, such as humanized chimeric antibodies or humanized complementarity determining region (hereinafter referred to as CDR)-grafted antibodies, from antibodies of animals other than humans by utilizing gene recombination technology. The humanized chimeric antibody means an antibody, in which the variable region (hereinafter referred to as a "V region") is the antibody of an animal other than a human and the constant region (hereinafter referred to as a "C region") is a human antibody (Non Patent Document 13). The humanized CDR-grafted antibody means an antibody, in which the amino acid sequence of CDR in the V region of the antibody of an animal other than a human is grafted into a suitable position of a human antibody (Non Patent Document 14). When compared with antibodies derived from animals other than humans, such as a mouse antibody, such humanized antibodies have various advantages for clinical application to humans. For example, with regard to immunogenicity and stability in blood, it has been reported that, upon administration of a humanized chimeric antibody to a human, the half-life in blood of the humanized chimeric antibody had been longer than that of a mouse antibody by approximately 6 times (Non Patent Document 15). In an experiment using monkeys, it has been reported that the immunogenicity of a humanized CDR-grafted antibody had been lower than that of a mouse antibody, and that the half-life in blood of the humanized CDR-grafted antibody had been longer than that of the mouse antibody by approximately 4 to 5 times (Non Patent Document 16). That is to say, a humanized antibody is anticipated to have fewer side effects than antibodies derived from animals other than humans and to maintain its therapeutic effects for a long period of time. In addition, cytotoxicity mediated by an Fc region of an antibody (a region that follows a hinge region on the heavy chain of an antibody), such as complement-dependent cytotoxicity (hereinafter referred to as "CDC activity") or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (hereinafter referred to as "ADCC activity"), is important to achieve therapeutic effects. Since the Fc region of a human antibody has a higher affinity for a human complement component or for an Fc receptor present on the surface of a human immune system effector cell as compared with the Fc region of a mouse antibody, it can be anticipated to provide more therapeutic effects. For instance, an increase in tumor cytotoxicity by human effector cells has been reported with regard to a humanized chimeric antibody in which the Fc region of a mouse antibody against GD2 is replaced with the Fc region of a human antibody (Non Patent Document 17). In addition, the same results as described above have been reported regarding a humanized CDR-grafted antibody against a CAMPATH-1 antigen (Non Patent Document 18). The aforementioned results demonstrate that a recombinant antibody is more preferable as an antibody for use in clinical application to humans, than an antibody derived from an animal other than a human.
Further, as a result of recent advances in the protein engineering and the genetic engineering, it has become possible to produce antibody fragments each having a small molecular weight, such as Fab, Fab′, F(ab)2, a single-chain antibody (hereinafter referred to as an "scFv") (Non Patent Document 19), and a disulfide-stabilized V region fragment (hereinafter referred to as a "dsFV") (Non Patent Document 20). Since these fragments have a molecular weight smaller than that of a complete antibody molecule, they are excellent in terms of transitivity to target tissues (Non Patent Document 21). Regarding these antibody fragments as well, a fragment derived from a recombinant antibody is more preferable as an antibody for use in clinical application to humans.

Anti-human P-cadherin (CDH3) recombinant antibody


A bicycle free wheel has a first annular body, at least partially ferromagnetic, configured to be rotatable with sprockets of a bicycle and comprising a first crown gear. A second annular body configured to be rotatable with a rear wheel of a bicycle has a second crown gear matching with and facing towards the first crown gear. The first annular body is axially mobile with respect to the second annular body between an engagement condition in which the first crown gear is coupled with the second crown gear and a disengagement condition where they are decoupled. At least one magnetic body is arranged radially externally with respect to the first annular body, so that the first annular body in the disengagement condition is at least partially contained in the axial space occupied by the magnetic body.

The motion transmission system of a bicycle comprises a pair of pedal cranks, on which the cyclist exerts a propulsive thrust, one or more guiding toothed wheels, set in rotation by direct coupling with the pedal cranks, and a plurality of driven toothed wheels, also called sprockets, of different dimensions, set in rotation by the guiding toothed wheels through a transmission chain.
The sprockets are coupled with the rear wheel of the bicycle through a hub. The hub is rigidly connected to the rim of the bicycle through spokes, and is coupled with the sprockets through a mechanism in the jargon called "free wheel".
The free wheel makes it possible to transmit the rotation of the sprockets to the rear wheel when the rotation speed of the sprockets is equal to the rotation speed of the rear wheel and makes it possible to decouple the movement between the sprockets and the rear wheel when the rotation speed of the sprockets is different from that of the wheel.
The free wheel thus allows the integral movement between sprockets and rear wheel only when the sprockets are set in rotation in the direction of rotation of the rear wheel and at the same speed as the wheel, whereas in the opposite direction or for rotation speeds lower than those of the wheel it does not produce any effect on the rear wheel that continues in its rotation by inertia and does not force the cyclist to keep the legs moving to follow the rotation of the rear wheel.
One type of free wheel provides for an annular body rotatably integral with the sprockets and an annular body rotatably integral with the rear wheel. The two annular bodies rotate around the same rotation axis substantially coinciding with the rotation axis of the hub of the rear wheel.
The two annular bodies have respective mutually facing axial toothings. Such toothings are shaped so that, when in mutual axial engagement, transmit a drive torque from the annular body connected to the sprockets to the annular body connected to the rear wheel when the sprockets rotate in a first angular direction, thus transmitting the rotation of the sprockets to the rear wheel when the cyclist exerts a propulsive action on the pedals. The axial toothings are unable to transmit any drive torque between the two annular bodies when the rotation speed of the sprockets in the first angular direction is less than the angular speed of the rear wheel or when the sprockets rotate in a second angular direction, thus allowing the free rotation of the rear wheel when the cyclist stops the propulsive action on the pedals or when actuates the pedals in the opposite direction to the propulsion direction.
Usually, the aforementioned axial toothings are configured according to a circumferential track comprising a sequence of inclined planes separated by substantially axial planes, to form a substantially a "sawtooth wave" geometry. During rotations in the first angular direction, the axial planes of the annular body integral with the sprockets are in abutment against the axial planes of the annular body integral with the rear wheel, transmitting the motion of the sprockets to the rear wheel. During rotations in the second angular direction of the sprockets or when the rotation speed in the first angular direction of the sprockets is less than the angular speed of the rear wheel, the inclined planes of the annular body integral with the sprockets slide on the inclined planes of the annular body integral with to the rear wheel, interrupting the transmission of motion between sprockets and rear wheel.
Following the sliding between the inclined planes, the two annular bodies axially move apart and the axial toothings loss mutual contact.
In order to recouple the axial toothings with one another (condition necessary to transmit the motion from the sprockets to the rear wheel), the free wheel comprises return members usually made from elastic or magnetic elements arranged in the radial space occupied by one of the annular bodies and that exert a constant or intermittent axial thrust action on one of the annular bodies towards the other annular body.
Such an axial thrusting action recouples the annular bodies when the cyclist restarts the propulsive action.
Examples of magnetic return members are described in documents US 2014/0062164 and US 2017/0015137.

Bicycle free wheel and wheel hub comprising such a free wheel


A winding head arrangement for an electric rotating machine includes a base body including an electrically conductive material having an electrically insulating coating, and a plurality of conductors made from a first metal material and connected to the base body via the electrically insulating coating by a first additive production method.

The invention relates to a winding head arrangement for an electric rotating machine.
The invention further relates to a stator for an electric rotating machine that has a magnetic field-guiding stator element and at least one winding head arrangement of this type.
The invention moreover relates to an electric rotating machine having at least one stator of this type.
Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for producing a winding head arrangement for an electric rotating machine.
Generally, the stator windings of an electric rotating machine of this type, which can be operated at a power of at least one megawatt, are embodied as formed coils. Formed coils are produced by means of drawing, casting or powder metallurgy for example. A winding head is located on the ends of the formed coils and said winding head is provided by means of bending and angling the conductors of the formed coils. This winding head requires a considerable axial installation space. Ohmic losses occur as a result of the additional inactive conductor length of the winding head and said ohmic losses reduce the efficiency of the electric rotating machine. Furthermore, it is necessary to cool the winding heads. Further installation space is required for the cooling.
In particular in the case of rapid-running low pole machines, the bearing distance that is enlarged by means of the winding heads has a detrimental effect on the rotor dynamics. Moreover, additional complex reinforcing measures are required on account of the large conductor lengths in order to prevent unacceptable oscillations and deformations during operation. Furthermore, the entire length and the weight of the electric rotating machine increases. In particular in the case of a modular construction of large machines in which multiple partial machines in an axial direction form an entire machine, considerable lengths that are not utilized electrically occur on account of the winding heads.
The winding heads of the formed coils are produced with a great deal of complexity in a semi-automated manner, for example in that copper conductors are bent in such a manner that they can be placed fitting into the grooves. A subsequent connection of the respective copper conductors, an insulation of the connecting sites and a reinforcement of the copper conductors with respect to one another is performed manually with a great deal of complexity. In principle, it is only possible to realize different conductor geometries in the grooves and in the winding heads with a great deal of complexity, for example, using different conductor lengths that are connected by soldering.
In the case of toothed coil windings, in particular in a flat wire embodiment, it is possible for the distance between adjacent grooves to only be as small as is rendered possible by the bending radius, which is to be maintained, of the insulated copper conductor.
The patent specification DE 10 2009 032 882 33 describes a method for producing a formed coil for a tier winding of a dynamo electric machine and also a formed coil that is produced by means of the aforementioned method. In order to simplify the production of the formed coil, this formed coil is produced from a blank coil, wherein the blank coil has two longitudinal sides that are provided for the purpose of being placed into grooves of a stator or a rotor of the dynamo electric machine. The blank coil has two winding head sides that are provided for the purpose of in each case forming a winding head of the formed coil, wherein the longitudinal sides are bent by 90° in such a manner in order to place the longitudinal sides into the grooves and to angle the winding head sides from the longitudinal sides.
The patent specification EP 1 742 330 B1 describes a stator winding head for a stator part of a turbo generator. The stator winding head is formed in the shape of a disc having a central opening for feeding through an armature, wherein the disc has an insulating base body and an electrical connection is integrated into said base body so as to contact a stator conductor. The contacting arrangement is produced in the form of a plug connection and/or using via arrangements.
The unexamined patent application EP 3 297 131 A1 describes a stator for an electric rotating machine that has a stator laminated core having stator rods and at least one stator winding head board having an insulating base body. In order to reduce the axial length of the stator, it is proposed that conductor tracks are integrated into the insulating base body, wherein the at least one stator winding head board lies on an end face of the stator laminated core and wherein the conductor tracks are connected to the coil rods in a materially bonded manner.
The object of the invention is to disclose a winding head arrangement for an electric rotating machine and said winding head arrangement is to be simpler and more cost-effective to produce in comparison with the prior art.

Winding head arrangement for an electric rotating machine


The present invention provides a pixel arrangement structure, a vapor deposition mask and an irregular-shaped display screen. The pixel arrangement structure is used for irregular-shaped display of an irregular-shaped display screen, the pixel arrangement structure is provided with several rows and/or several columns of pixel display units, wherein neighboring rows and/or neighboring columns of the pixel display units are arranged in parallel within an irregular-shaped display region (105). By arranging the pixel display units within the irregular-shaped display region (105) in such a way that the neighboring rows and/or neighboring columns of the pixel display units are parallel rows or columns, a confusion phenomenon at the interface between an irregular-shaped display region (105) and a non-display region (107) on an edge of the irregular-shaped display region (105) can be eliminated.

Organic Light-Emitting Display (OLED) devices have the advantages such as active light-emitting, light-and-thin, a wide viewing angle, fast response speed, energy-saving, a large range of temperature tolerance, ability to realize flexible display as well as transparent display, and thus is regarded as the next-generation most potential new flat panel display technology.
With people's various demands increase in the field of display, irregular-shaped display devices are becoming more and more popular. Because the pixel arrangement structure in prior arts is a lattice arrangement, an edge of an irregular-shaped display region would have a stepwise arrangement of pixels that does not have a regular pattern and would usually exceed the display region to a relatively large extent, this causes waste of materials for other layers, and meanwhile it is difficult to narrow the rim portion of the irregular-shaped display screen, which causes confusion at the interface between a display region and a non-display region.

Pixel arrangement structure, vapor deposition mask and irregular-shaped display screen

Kunshan New Flat Panel Display Technology Center Co., Ltd.

Kunshan Go-Visionox Opto-Electronics Co., Ltd.


A generally diamond-shaped detection electrode is formed in the approximate center of the piezoelectric element. The strain resulting from the bending secondary vibration mode in the vicinity of the detection electrode is minimized because the detection electrode is formed in such a manner as to include a vibrational node of the longitudinal primary vibrational mode and a vibrational node of the bending secondary vibrational mode. As a result, when the phase difference between the drive signal and the detection signal is detected, the effect of vibration in the bending secondary vibration mode on the detected phase difference can be suppressed and a single drive frequency can be determined with respect to a prescribed phase difference. Thus, the drive performance of the vibrating body with respect to a driven body (i.e., a body driven by the vibrating body) can be reliably improved because, by controlling the drive frequency such that the phase difference equals a prescribed value, the vibrating body can be made to vibrate at a desired frequency and vibrate in such a manner that the desired vibration components are achieved in each vibration mode.

Some piezoelectric actuators that drive a driven body by means of the vibration of a piezoelectric element are configured to excite a plurality of vibration modes of the piezoelectric element and utilize a combination of these vibration modes to drive the driven body. In order to obtain the desired vibrational path and drive force, such piezoelectric actuators must be designed to maintain the vibration components of each vibration mode in an appropriate manner. As a means of satisfying this requirement, methods have been proposed whereby the drive signal applied to the piezoelectric element is controlled based on a phase difference between the drive signal and a detection signal obtained by detecting the vibrations of the piezoelectric element (see Patent Document 1, for example). The piezoelectric actuator in Patent Document 1 is provided with a detection electrode so that the phase difference between the drive signal applied to the piezoelectric element and the detection signal detected from the detection electrode can be monitored. By adjusting the drive frequency of the drive signal applied to the piezoelectric element such that a prescribed phase difference value is obtained, the vibration components of the different vibration modes of the piezoelectric actuator are controlled appropriately and the driven body is driven in an efficient manner.
[Patent Document 1] Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2002-291264 (pages 12 and 13, FIGS. 26 and 27)


An alcoholic beverage is confined in a containment vessel having an internal wall of inorganic material (glass, stone, ceramic, enamel, cement, metal) exposed to the beverage. The vessel contains additional interfacing elements of inorganic material so as to increase the surface area of the solid-beverage interface which has been found to irreversibly artificially accelerate the process of aging of the alcoholic beverage.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to equipment and a method for accelerated aging of alcoholic beverages.
2. Prior Art
Some alcoholic beverages such as distilled alcoholic beverages do not appeal to the pallet without aging. "Natural" aging can take several years. For example, natural aging for the famous Chinese liquor Xi-feng requires three years. Mao-tai liquor requires three to five years for natural aging. Some varieties of French cognac are said to have been aged for a century.
Various methods have been proposed for the aging of alcoholic beverages. The devices and methods of the following patents are representative:
U.S. Pat. No. 818,478, issued Apr. 24, 1906 (Shwayder); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 2,017,235, issued Oct. 15, 1935 (Drew); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 2,086,073, issued July 6, 1937 (Francescon) PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 2,088,337, issued July 27, 1937 (Plume); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 2,108,661, issued Feb. 15, 1938 (Farrier et al.); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 2,132,435, issued Oct. 11, 1938 (Reiman); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 2,135,622, issued Nov. 8, 1938 (Nagle); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 2,196,193, issued Apr. 9, 1940 (Chambers et al.); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 2,663,745, issued Dec. 22, 1953 (Wilson); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 3,021,780, issued Feb. 20, 1962 (Bobbe); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 3,222,180, issued Dec. 7, 1965 (Sucietto); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 3,942,423, issued Mar. 9, 1976 (Herzfeld); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 4,073,955, issued Feb. 14, 1978 (Koppelman); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 4,173,656, issued Nov. 6, 1979 (Duggins); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 4,558,639, issued Dec. 17, 1985 (Hojnoski); PA0 U.S. Pat. No. 4,576,824, issued Mar. 18, 1986 (Gubiev et al.).
In addition, other more exotic methods have been proposed, including subjecting the beverages to irradiation, ultrasonic scanning, microwaving and magnetization. Sometimes such a method may result in accelerated aging but within a few days the beverage may revert to its previous sensory qualities. Similarly, "biochemical" accelerated aging has been proposed utilizing bacteria, but liquor with an alcohol content higher than about 16 percent may be fatal to the bacteria.
Up to now, there is no known effective manner of greatly accelerating the aging process, particularly for alcoholic beverages of superior quality.

301, 3rd Building, Gangzhongcun, Hefei Iron and Steel Company


A power supply device for electric discharge machining apparatus, for supplying power to a gap formed between a workpiece and a tool electrode comprises a d.c. power source, a bridge circuit supplied with d.c. voltage from the d.c. power source and having switching transistors provided on each side, and a control circuit for controlling the on/off switching operation of switching transistors of the bridge circuit so that a.c. voltage pulses are applied from the bridge circuit to the gap. A first resistor limits current flowing when the workpiece is negatively poled and the tool electrode is positively poled. A second resistor having a larger value than the first resistor limits current flowing when the workpiece is positively poled and the tool electrode is negatively poled.

When power is applied from a d.c. or a.c. power supply to a small gap formed between a tool electrode of an electric discharge machining apparatus and a conductive workpiece, simply known as a "gap", the resistance of dielectric fluid across the gap is reduced. Then, when the insulation properties of the dielectric fluid are broken down, electric discharge is generated and "on-time" begins. During a controlled on-time, discharge current flows through the gap resulting in vaporization or melting of the workpiece material. When the on-time is completed, application of power is suspended during a controlled "off-time" in order to restore the insulation properties of the dielectric fluid. Decrease in on-time, in other words reduction in energy for one electric discharge, is known to contribute to improvements in surface roughness.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,931 discloses a power supply device for electric discharge machining, for applying a high frequency a.c. voltage from an a.c. power source to a gap, under the condition that series resonance, known as "gap resonance" is caused to occur between an capacitance component across the gap and a distributed inductance of a power supply circuit. If this gap resonance is maintained, electric discharge can occur in the gap even with high frequency a.c. voltage of 7 MHz or more. A low energy electric discharge generated in this way enables a shiny finished surface of 0.2 (m.mu.Rmax or less. High frequency a.c. voltage of 7 MHz or more can cause electric discharge to be generated only when gap resonance is maintained. In order to maintain this gap resonance, the power supply device of U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,931 varies the frequency of the a.c. power source in response to variation in impedance of the gap. The resonant frequency F0 is expressed by the equation F0=1/2.multidot..pi..multidot.(LmCg).sup.1/2. Lm represents the distributed inductance of the wiring, and Cg represents capacitance between the workpiece and the tool electrode. However, if the resonant frequency F0 changes significantly due to changes in machining area, the surface roughness will vary. For example, in an extreme case, when a workpiece changing in thickness from 1 mm to 50 mm is machined using a wire electrode, the capacitance Cg is increased by 50 times and the resonant frequency F0 varies by about 1/7. In this case, the surface roughness is increased in proportion to increase in thickness of the workpiece. The length of a wire for transmitting power into the gap also differs depending on the type of electric discharge machine, which means that the distributed inductance LM, and hence the surface roughness of the workpiece, differ depending on the type of the machine.

Power supply device for electric discharge machining apparatus


Under the present invention, a work request is received on one of the systems put into an application queue that corresponds to a process needed to fulfill the work request. Thereafter, an index enque queue is attempted to be allocated to the work request. If no such queue can be allocated in a predetermined amount of time, the work request can be re-routed to another system. If, however, the index enque queue is allocated within the predetermined amount of time, information relating to the work request is stored in a base enque queue, and a working directory with an output subdirectory is created. Data from the work request is stored in the working directory, and the process needed to fulfill the work request is selected and launched. Results of the fulfillment are stored in the output subdirectory for subsequent transfer back to system that originally sent the work request.

In many current computing environments, it is common to implement a plurality of heterogeneous computing systems whereby several different platforms/operating systems are implemented. For example, in an environment having eight computing systems (e.g., one mainframe and seven clients), it could be the case that the mainframe contains a z/OS operating system, while three clients contain AIX operating systems, and the four other clients contain Windows-based operating systems. With such platform disparity, performing basic tasks such as data conversion can often be complex and work intensive.
For example, assume that there is a requirement in the above environment to have Computer-Aided Design (CAD) data transformed/converted between data formats. For example, original CAD data could have to be converted to Postscript and then to PDF. Under current implementations, the data could have to be moved between all three platforms for complete transformation to occur. That is, to accomplish such a transformation under existing systems, the original CAD data could have to be moved from the z/OS-based mainframe to one of the AIX-based clients so that Postscript conversion can occur. Next, the resulting Postscript data would have to be moved to one of the Windows-based client so that PDF conversion can occur. No existing system minimizes the number of movements that must occur while controlling how many processes run on each machine.
In view of the foregoing, there exists a need for a method, system and program product for managing a workload on a plurality of heterogeneous computing systems. Specifically, a need exists for managing a workload in a cluster of computing systems having multiple different platforms, whereby the number of data movements is minimized. A further need exists for such a system to control a number of processes that execute (in parallel) on each system.

Method, system and program product for managing a workload on a plurality of heterogeneous computing systems


The present invention provides an internal combustion engine comprising an engine body 100, an overhang 101 projecting from a cylinder row end the engine body 100 and extending from an intake side 21 to an exhaust side 23 of the engine body, and an EGR pipe 41 disposed in a space 102 defined under the overhang 101 with a gap 103 between the EGR pipe 41 and the cylinder row end of the engine body, thereby avoiding the excessive cooling of EGR gas passing through the EGR pipe 41 while reducing a length of a passage defined by the EGR pipe 41, and preventing members disposed near the EGR pipe 41 from being damaged by heat.

An internal combustion engine used for automobiles generally comprises a plurality of cylinders defined in an engine body which consists of a cylinder block and a cylinder head, an intake manifold or an intake air passage member provided on an intake side of the engine body defined on one side of the engine body with respect to a cylinder row direction, and an exhaust manifold or an exhaust air passage member provided on an exhaust side of the engine body with respect to the cylinder row direction.
In order to improve the exhaust gas performance, internal combustion engines which conduct exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) are provided with exhaust gas recirculating passage members for recirculating the exhaust gas from the exhaust side to the intake side.
As one example of the exhaust gas recirculating passage, there is a passage defined by an exhaust gas recirculating pipe (EGR pipe) disposed so as to pass beside a cylinder row end of the engine body or over the cylinder head cover, communicating the passage defined by the intake manifold with the passage defined by the exhaust manifold (for example, see Japanese patent application publication No. H8-218950). Another example of the exhaust gas recirculating passage is a passage with its main part being an internal passage passing through the cylinder head from the intake side to the exhaust side (for example, see Japanese patent application publication H11-82185).


A cathode ray tube having degaussing coils attached to an outer side of a glass vessel of a funnel part of a main body of the cathode ray tube, in which the degaussing coils each include a flattened part, extended along the outer front surface at a front side of a funnel part, a circular part having a circular cross-section and a transition part interconnecting the end parts of the flattened part and the circular part and changed in cross-section shape from a flattened rectangle to a circle. The degaussing coil may has shape flattened partially to reduce the outer size of the cathode ray tube and includes a plastic case for retaining the coil in the flattened shape. The degaussing coil is stabilized in shape and is not deformed during transport while its attachability with respect to the cathode ray tube may be improved.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a cathode ray tube employed in a system used for displaying video data such as a television receiver and a degaussing coil used in the tube. More particularly it relates to a cathode ray tube in which the degaussing coil is attached to the outer periphery of a funnel of the tube and is fed with an alternating current for degaussing the magnetic components provided outside and inside of the main body of the tube such as the aperture grill or frame.
2. Description of Prior Art
In a cathode ray tube, an aperture grill or a frame of a magnetic material, arranged on the inner and outer sides of the main tube body, tend to be magnetized under the influence of terrestrial magnetism. If the aperture grill or frame is magnetized, the three beams of R, G and B radiated from the electron guns cannot be converged each at a point on a phosphor screen, as a result of which the displayed picture suffers from color deviations or distortions.
For preventing such failure in convergence caused by terrestrial magnetism, a cathode ray tube is employed in which a degaussing coil is mounted on the outer side of a funnel for degaussing the magnetic components arranged on the inner and outer sides of the main tube body.
FIG.1 shows an illustrative arrangement of this type of cathode ray tube.
The cathode ray tube shown in FIG. 1 includes degaussing coils 103, 104 attached on the outer periphery of a funnel 102 of a main tube body 101. These degaussing coils 103, 104 are connected to a degaussing circuit, not shown, from which the coils are fed with alternating current which is decreased with lapse of time for degaussing the main tube body 101.
The degaussing coils 103, 104, used for the cathode ray tube, each consist in a copper wire bent into a ring and subsequently wrapped in its entirety with an electrically insulating tape, known as a UL tape, formed of an electrically insulating material, such as polyvinyl chloride, by way of an operation known as forming, so that it has a circular cross-sectional shape.
Since the conventional degaussing coil is circular in cross-section, it is partially protruded from the outer surface of the cathode ray tube, when attached thereto, thereby increasing the outer size of the cathode ray tube.
Besides, since the forming is achieved by simply wrapping the UL tape around the copper wire, a problem is raised in operability that the coil tends to be deformed during transport so that it becomes necessary to perform re-forming prior to attachment to the cathode ray tube.

Cathode ray tube and degaussing coil employed therein