A novel compound is disclosed for inhibiting the effects of oxytocin in a female mammal. As an analog of oxytocin the compound is named [(S)PMP.sup.1,D-Trp.sup.2,Pen.sup.6,Arg.sup.8 ] oxytocin. This compound can be administered to pregnant women to arrest premature labor while avoiding unwanted side effects due to antagonism of the antidiuretic hormone, vasopressin.

Preterm labor is the major cause of prenatal morbidity and mortality in the United States. Current methods of inhibiting preterm labor are not always successful and are often associated with significant side effects. Since the uterus is a target organ for oxytocin, and assuming that oxytocin is an important contributing factor to preterm labor, the development of a potent oxytocin antagonist would result in successful inhibition of preterm labor with few associated side effects.
Structurally, oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, are similar. Their comparative structures are illustrated below. ##STR1##
Various investigations in the literature have reported the synthesis of antagonists to ADH for the treatment of hypertension and the synthesis of antagonists to oxytocin. In 1960, Law, H. D. and V. DuVigneaud, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 82:4579, reported the first synthesis of an oxytocin antagonist (2-0-methyltyrosine-OT). In 1967, Chan, Fear and DuVigneaud, Endocrinology, 81:1267, reported the synthesis of 1-L-Penicillamine-oxytocin and 1-deaminopenicillamine-oxytocin. This was the first study to show an in vivo inhibitory effect of an oxytocin antagonist on uterine contractions and response to oxytocin in the anesthetized rat.
In 1980, Sawyer, et al., Endocrinology, 106:81, reported the synthesis of an oxytocin antagonist that combined the two important features of the antagonist of Law and DuVigneaud and of the antagonist of Chan, et al. The new antagonist was (1-deaminopenicillamine, 2-0-methyltyrosine) oxytocin. The new antagonist had a pA.sub.2 of 7.8 as determined by the oxytocic bioassay. The pA.sub.2 is the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of the antagonist that reduces the response to the antagonist by 1/2. It is defined by Schild, British J. Pharmacology, 26:189 (1947).
In 1983, Manning, et al., J. Med. Chem., 26:1607-161 reported the synthesis of a number of antagonists to ADH. One of these antagonists proved to have potential anti-oxytocic activity [.beta.,.beta.-pentamethylene-.beta.-mercaptopropionic acid.sup.1,D-Phe.sup.2,Ile.sup.4 ] arginine vasopressin with a pA.sub.2 of 8.2, or in other words, 2.5 times more potent than the antagonist reported by Sawyer, et al. in 1980 (see page 1610, Table I, compound no. 1). This oxytocin antagonist can be called [Pmp.sup.1,D-Phe.sup.2, Phe.sup.3, Ile.sup.4, Arg.sup.8 ] oxytocin. A related oxytocin antagonist, [Pmp.sup.1, D-Trp.sup.2, Phe.sup.3, Ile.sup.4, Arg.sup.8 ] oxytocin was disclosed by Wilson and Flouret, Abstract for Society for the Study of Reproduction Meeting Jul. 14-17, 1986.
In 1981, Melin, et al., Endocrinology, 88:173, developed an oxytocin antagonist for inhibiting preterm labor. They synthesized 1-deamino, ethyloxytocin which had a pA.sub.2 of 7.2. They also showed that this compound inhibited uterine contractions in rats in vivo and in humans in vitro and in vivo (Akerland, et al., Obstet. and Gynecol., 62:309, 1983). In 1985, Akerland, et al., Obstet. and Gynecol. Scand., 64:499, reported the synthesis of 1deamino[D-Tyr(OEt).sup.2, Thr.sup.4, Orn.sup.8 ] vasopressin with a pA.sub.2 of 8.3. They have tested this compound in vitro on human uterine tissue and have shown it to inhibit uterine contractions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,597,901 discloses the class of vasopressin antagonists in which cysteine-1 is present in both oxytocin and vasopressin and substituted with .beta.,.beta.-cylopentamethylene-.beta.-mercaptopropionic acid.
Other amino acids of vasopressin are substituted. The resulting class of compounds is said to be vasopressin antagonists the biological activity being manifested as water diuresis.


A mounting plate for attachment of a furniture fitting such as a hinge arm of a furniture hinge to a wall of a piece of furniture, includes a bottom plate having an end face intended for securement to an attachment surface of the wall; and a top plate configured for placement over the bottom plate and having throughholes for passage of screw fasteners and an adjustment member which is provided to allow displacement of the top plate relative to the bottom plate. The top plate has a central portion, which is in line with the end face of the bottom plate on the attachment surface, and a marginal area which is slightly set back relative to the attachment surface.

This application claims the priority of German Patent Application Serial No. 201 05 841.3, filed Apr. 3, 2001, pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 119(a)-(d), the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates, in general, to a mounting plate for securement of a furniture fitting, such as a hinge arm to a wall of a piece of furniture.
Typically, a mounting plate involved here includes a stationary bottom plate for attachment to the wall of the piece of furniture and a top plate, which is intended for covering the bottom plate and is provided with throughholes for passage of screw fasteners and an adjustment member by which the top plate can be shifted relative to the stationary bottom plate, when the bottom and top plates are mounted to one another.
Conventional mounting plates are endowed with drawbacks and shortcomings because the top plate rests so firmly against the wall of the piece of furniture that a displacement of the top plate relative to the bottom plate through actuation of the adjustment member is no longer possible, so that a certain loosening is necessary in order to enable a displacement of the top plate and thus an adjustment. Loosening of the securement is, however, risky because it may lead to an uncontrolled shift so that the adjustment depends essentially on the skill of the operator.
It would therefore be desirable and advantageous to provide an improved mounting plate which obviates prior art shortcomings and which enables a secure attachment of the top plate relative to a wall of a piece of furniture while still allowing a displacement thereof with the aid of the adjustment member.
According to one aspect of the present invention, a mounting plate for attachment of a furniture fitting such as a hinge arm of a furniture hinge to a wall of a piece of furniture, includes a stationary bottom plate having an end face intended for securement to an attachment surface of the wall; and a top plate configured for placement over the bottom plate and having throughholes for passage of screw fasteners and a throughhole for an adjustment member which is provided to allow displacement of the top plate relative to the bottom plate in a direction of displacement, wherein, as viewed in the direction of displacement, the top plate has a central portion, which is in line with the end face of the bottom plate on the attachment surface, and a marginal area which is slightly set back relative to the attachment surface.
The present invention resolves prior art problems by the configuration of the top plate in this simple way to attain a secure attachment of the top pate to the wall, while still permitting a displacement relative to the bottom plate in opposition to friction forces which are now small enough so as to allow an intended displacement and thus adjustment of the top plate.
According to another feature of the present invention, the top plate has an outer surface which is distal to the abutment surface, wherein the bottom plate may be formed with projecting skirts, which are situated in the area of the throughholes for the screw fasteners and have end faces extending in line with the outer surface of the top plate. In this way, excessive tightening of the top plate with respect to the wall of the piece of furniture is prevented.
According to another feature of the present invention, each screw fastener has a head portion and a pin-like portion which rests upon the bottom plate, when the head portion bears on the outer surface of the top plate. As an alternative or in addition, a washer may be placed between the top plate and the head portion of the screw fastener to compensate a spacing between the bottom plate and the outer surface of the top plate.

Mounting plate for fastening a furniture fitting, such as an arm of a hinge for a piece of furniture


A hybrid cable applicable in oil wells is disclosed, comprising a FIMT, a conductor layer formed by continuous laser welding and cylindrically covered the outer surface of the FIMT, the outer cylindrical surface of the conductor layer being covered with a high temperature resistant insulating layer by a continuous extrusion method or by wrapped helically with insulating tapes around the outer surface of the conductor layer and the external steel tube cylindrically covered the outer surface of the insulating layer. The conductor layer is coaxial with the FIMT, the inner space of the hybrid cable to accommodating excess length of the optical fiber for thermal expansions or the tensile stress of the optical cable. The thickness of the insulating layer cylindrically covered the outer surface of the conductor layer can be increased, thereby improving the insulating property. A method of manufacturing such hybrid cable is disclosed.

Hybrid cables are used for transmitting data in the oil and gas well survey. The excellent performance of optical fiber, such as anti-electromagnetic interference, small diameter, light weight, softness, high temperature resistance and corrosion resistance, etc., enable detectors with optical fiber sensing system to overcome the harsh environment in the oil well and measure environmental parameters accurately. Moreover, a detector of optical fiber sensing system with a small cross-sectional area is convenient to use in the well. When in use, the hybrid cable is placed in the well to collect sample data, and the detector receives optical signals and electricity through the hybrid cable. After the survey is completed, the cable is pulled out of the well. The hybrid cable can also be used for other downhole operations.
Design factors of hybrid cables for harsh environment of high pressure and high chemical corrosion (over 200° C., 100 MPa) include, but not limited to, selection of special optical fibers of corresponding temperature grades, and structure design of cables for protecting optical fibers. Existing hybrid cables generally have a number of fiber in the metal tube (FIMT) twisted with a number of circular insulated wires concentrically placed in the outer steel tube of the hybrid cable. The wall thickness of the outer steel tube is designed according to the downhole pressure requirement. Due to limitations on the outer diameter of the hybrid cable, the inner diameter of the steel tube in FIMT is also a fixed value when the outer diameter is constant. Since the thermal expansion coefficient of the metal is much higher than the thermal expansion coefficient of the optical fiber, the steel tube in FIMT becomes elongated when the FIMT is heated. If the optical fiber does not have sufficient excess length, the optical fiber will be stretched by the steel tube, which may result in fiber attenuation increases or even breakage, hence, affecting the efficiency and life expectancy of the fiber.
To provide excess length of the fiber, there must be space for the fiber to be curved. One solution is to increase the outer diameter of the FIMT. However, in the inner circular space defined by the inner diameter, increasing the outer diameter of the FIMT may cause the outer diameter of the insulating layer of the conductor to decrease. Thinning of the insulation layer causes a decrease in the insulation capacity of the conductor. The hybrid cable may not be able to supply power due to damage to the insulation of the wires in challenging environment.


A ceiling system for use in an interior building environment. In one aspect, the invention may be a ceiling system comprising: a frame comprising a plurality of struts; a plurality of modules, each of the modules comprising a panel and a plurality of hook members coupled to and extending from a top surface of the panel; each of the hook members comprising: an upstanding section; a hook portion at a top end of the upstanding section, the hook portion defining a downwardly-facing open slot; and an attachment flange at a bottom end of the upstanding section that couples the hook member to the top surface of the panel; and the modules mounted to the frame, and wherein for each of the modules, the hook portions of the hook members fit over and rest upon the struts, the struts located in the downwardly-facing open slots of the hook portions.

The present invention is directed to a canopy system, and, more particularly, a canopy system which provides mechanical alignment and registration of the canopy modules when grouped together.
Exposed structure types of spaces which utilize suspended ceiling islands or ceiling canopies are in increasing demand. Such systems provide architects and designers with the ability to create unique and dramatic visual effects not available with continuous, wall-to-wall ceiling systems.
For aesthetic purposes, it is desirable for the ceiling canopies to have clean, finished edges free of any exposed, unsightly edge detail or fastening means. One solution for providing this desired edge detail is shown and described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0033902, entitled "Suspension Systems" (hereinafter "the 2007/0033902 application publication").
Canopy systems have unique code requirements which dictate the placement of the individual canopies relative one another. For example, in areas which experience seismic activity, each independently hung canopy, when hung in the ceiling space, must be spaced 18 inches apart from one another, as well as 18 inches apart from any other building component.
Additionally, irrespective of the level of seismic activity, there are additional installation concerns, including concerns regarding alignment and registration of canopies when grouped together in the ceiling space. Alignment and registration are currently achieved through careful installation which is time consuming, which, in turn, adds cost to the system. Another concern with current canopy systems is that they currently require several attachment points to the overhead building structure. Reduction in the number of hanging points will reduce installation time and cost as well as eliminate points of electrical and mechanical interference.
Thus, the present invention is directed to a system that meets the seismic code requirements and provides a means to mechanically align and register the individual canopies with one another. Also provided is a system having a minimum number of attachment points to the overhead building structure.

Canopy system and group suspension system therefore


A color ambient light sensor may gather ambient light measurements during operation of an electronic device. The color ambient light sensor may have a color ambient light detector and an adjustable neutral density filter. The electronic device may have components such as a camera and display that are adjusted using ambient light information from the color ambient light sensor. The display may have a display cover layer. Pixels in an active area of the display may display images through the display cover layer. An inactive area of the display may have an opaque masking layer on an interior surface of the display cover layer. An opening in the opaque masking layer may form an ambient light sensor window for the color ambient light sensor. The adjustable neutral density filter may be interposed between the color ambient light detector and the ambient light sensor window.

This relates generally to electronic devices, and, more particularly, to light sensors for electronic devices.
Electronic devices such as laptop computers, cellular telephones, and other equipment are sometimes provided with light sensors. For example, ambient light sensors may be incorporated into a device to provide the device with information on current lighting conditions. Ambient light readings may be used in controlling the device. If, for example bright daylight conditions are detected, an electronic device may increase display brightness to compensate. Color ambient light sensors can detect changes in the color of ambient light so that compensating color cast adjustments can be made to displayed content.
It can be challenging to incorporate a color ambient light sensor into an electronic device. If care is not taken, a color ambient light sensor in an electronic device may not perform as accurately as desired or may be unsightly.

Color ambient light sensor with adjustable neutral density filter


A system comprising a multifunctional peripheral device comprising a processor and a display device, in which the display device presents to a user an electronic document, in which, with an editing module, the multifunctional peripheral device receives input indicating edits to be made to the electronic document, and in which the edits are saved as a separate image.

Multifunctional peripheral device (MFP device) incorporates the functionality of a number of devices such as a printer, a fax machine and a scanner. The combination of these devices into one device allows users to go to a single source to print, fax copy, and scan materials. An MFP device allows a user to send information to the MPF device in order to print off the material, make copies of that material, and/or fax that material to another without having to make multiple trips from his or her seat or interface with more than a single device.
Throughout the drawings, identical reference numbers designate similar, but not necessarily identical, elements.

Editing an electronic document on a multipurpose peripheral device

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A shoe assembly includes a front sole section, a rear sole section, a heel, and a hinge. The front sole section has a front sole section rear edge. The rear sole section includes a rear sole section front edge, a shank, and a release button. The heel may be removably attached to the shank and may be released from a locked position by the release button. The hinge connects the front sole section and the rear sole section. The hinge is perpendicular to a rear sole section axis.

This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.
Shoes as conventionally manufactured cannot transform into shoes with varying heel heights or no heel at all. The reason for this problem is the current manufacturing process. Currently high heels are permanently attached to the sole of the shoe. The heels cannot be removed unless they are broken away from the sole. A shoe with a broken high heel is unwearable for any walking distance.
Conversely shoes without heels or low style shoes cannot be transformed into high heels or any other heel height. Currently the manufacturing process does not allow for shoes to be transformed into any style shoe other then what they are. The walking motion of high heel shoes is different than the walking motion of low style shoes. The walking motion of high heel shoes involves putting more weight on the ball of the foot and toes. The toe portion of the shoe comes in contact with the floor surface at the same time as the heel. The downward pressure of the person's weight is thrust down on the ball and toes of the foot.
High heel shoes can only be worn for a limited time due to this said downward pressure on the ball and toes of the foot. A person can only wear high heel shoes for only so many hours. After a time, discomfort sets in. The downward pressure on the ball and toes of the foot cause this discomfort. The person either has to stop walking or take off the high heel shoes. After the person cannot wear the high heel shoes, they have either the choice of changing shoes or removing them and going barefoot.
Also, it is difficult for a person to wear high heel shoes on a bus, or a train, walking across a parking lot, getting in and out of a car, up and down staircases, on a slippery floor, outdoors in the rain or snow, etc. The surface area that comes in contact with the floor or ground of a high heel shoe is very small. The high heel surface area combined with the toe area of the shoe is very small as compared with that of a low style shoe. Also, when walking the downward pressure of the weight on the high heel can be very unstable on a slippery, wet, icy, uneven, or hilly surface. Wearing high heels on any of surfaces can be very difficult or even dangerous.
A high heel is used by people for certain occasions, and a low style shoe is used for other occasions. When a person goes out to a formal affair, they will need to wear high heel shoes. Formal affairs include weddings, concerts, dates, etc. The formal occasions usually include dancing. Women love to dance in high heels. Then, later that night their feet hurt and they cannot continue to wear the high heel shoes. The high heel shoes are taken off because of the discomfort. At the end of a night of dancing you see a lot of women walking around barefoot. The problem being a person has to carry two sets of shoes or walk around barefoot carrying the shoes.
Low style shoes are worn on other occasions. These other occasions usually involve a lot of walking or time spent on ones feet. These other occasions can include work, school, shopping, strolling, etc. The walking motion in a low style shoe involves making an initial contact of the walking surface with the heel. The heel the floor or ground first. The weight is then transferred to the toe portion of the shoe as each step is taken. This is a more natural motion of walking than that of a high heel shoe.
Arch support is required in the normal walking motion within the shoe. This occurs in a normal foot between the ball of the foot and the end of the heel area. There is an arch in a foot that must be supported. In conventional shoe design there is a raised arch in the sole of the shoe to support this natural arch in the foot. A high heel must absorb the downward weight of the person. When standing or walking in high heels the person's weight is concentrated on the central part of the heel and the ball of the foot.
High heel shoes can be worn for only a limited amount of time, but are require at certain occasions. Low style shoes can be worn for a much longer period of time and are worn for other occasions. The problem with conventional shoes is that a person needs two pairs of shoes and this is not always the case. An example of this situation is a person is at work wearing their low style shoes and receives an invitation to go to a formal affair that requires high heel shoes. The person needs to go home or shopping to obtain a pair of high heel shoes.
It would be desirable to have a transformable shoe having a sole that allows different height heels to be detached and/or attached easily.

Combination shoe that can be transformed into a shoe with different heel heights


In a fiber optic gyro in which a biasing phase modulator and a ramp phase modulator are provided at the one end and the other end of an optical fiber coil, a biasing voltage and a ramp voltage are applied to the phase modulators to induce a phase difference between two rays of light which propagate through the optical fiber coil in opposite directions, the interference light is detected by a photodetector, the phase difference component is obtained from the photodetector output by a synchronous detector, and the synchronous detector output is used to control the polarity and the frequency of the ramp voltage, an external signal is added to the synchronous detector, output to fluctuate the frequency of the ramp voltage, or a component of an image frequency spaced apart from the frequency of the biasing voltage by a value twice the intermediate frequency is removed by a subtractor from the synchronous detector output, thereby improving the scale factor of the fiber optic gyro.

The present invention relates to a fiber optic gyro of a zero serrodyne modulation system employing a linear phase ramp voltage.
There has been proposed a wide-dynamic-range, low-drift fiber optic gyro of the type having a biasing phase modulator and a ramp phase modulator connected to the one and the other end of an optical fiber coil, respectively. A biasing voltage and a ramp voltage are applied to the biasing phase modulator and the ramp phase modulator, respectively, to thereby provide a phase difference between two rays of light propagating through the optical fiber coil in opposite directions. The phase difference between the two rays of light which propagate through the optical fiber coil and interfere with each other is detected from the output of a photodetector. The detected output is used to control the polarity and the frequency of the ramp voltage so that the phase difference may assume a predetermined value.
FIG. 1 shows an example of such a conventional fiber optic gyro.
Light 12 emitted from a light source 11 is provided via an optical coupler 13 and a polarizer 14 to an optical coupler 15, wherein it is split into two rays of light 5a and 5b. The one light 5a and the other light 5b are supplied to an optical fiber coil 17 at the one and the other end 17a and 17b thereof, respectively, and propagate therethrough as right-handed light and left-handed light. The two rays of light 7a and 7b having thus propagated through the optical fiber coil 17 are supplied therefrom at the ends 17b and 17a to the optical coupler 15, wherein they interfere with each other. The resulting interference light 9 is provided via the polarizer 14 and the optical coupler 13 to a photodetector 19 for conversion into an electric signal as in ordinary fiber optic gyros.
A biasing phase modulator 21 is disposed between the optical coupler 15 and the one end 17a of the optical fiber coil 17 and a ramp phase modulator 22 between the optical coupler 15 and the other end 17b of the optical fiber coil 17. A biasing voltage Bi is applied from an oscillator 31 to the biasing phase modulator 21 for phase shifting the light 5a to be supplied to the optical fiber coil 17 at the one end 17a thereof and the light 7b having propagated through the optical fiber coil 17 from the other end 17b thereof and to be supplied to the optical coupler 15 from the one end 17a of the optical fiber coil 17. At the same time, a ramp voltage Ra is applied from a ramp voltage generator 40 to the ramp phase modulator 22 for phase shifting the light 5b to be supplied from the other end 17b of the optical fiber coil 17 and the light 7a having propagated through the optical fiber coil 17 from the one end 17 a thereof and to be supplied from the other end 17b of the optical fiber coil 17 to the optical coupler 15. The output Va of a photodetector 19 is applied to a phase difference detect/control section 50 described later, wherein the phase difference between the two rays of light 7a and 7b interfering with each other in the optical coupler 15 is detected as described later. The output Ve of the phase difference detect/control section 50 is applied to the ramp voltage generator 40 to control the polarity and the frequency of the ramp voltage Ra so that the above-mentioned phase difference may reach a predetermined value, that is, the sum .DELTA..phi. of a Sagnac phase difference .DELTA..phi..sub.s which is caused by the application of an angular rate .OMEGA. to the optical fiber coil 17 and the phase difference .DELTA..phi..sub.r which is caused by the application of the ramp voltage Ra to the ramp phase modulator 22 may be zero or an integral multiple of 2.pi. rad.
The biasing voltage Bi is a sine-wave voltage of a frequency f.sub.m the half period of which corresponds to the time .tau. necessary for the propagation of the two rays of light 5a and 5b through the optical fiber coil 17 as shown in FIG. 2. The phase modulation by the biasing phase modulator 21 supplied with such a biasing voltage is to provide a phase difference of .pi./2 rad. between the two rays of light 7a and 7b which have propagated through the optical fiber coil 17 in opposite directions and interfere with each other, thereby setting an operating point of the fiber optic gyro.
The ramp voltage Ra goes positive or negative as depicted in FIG. 3. By the phase modulation in the ramp phase modulator 22 supplied with such a ramp voltage the two rays of light 7a and 7b which have propagated through the optical fiber coil 17 in opposite directions and interfere with each other are phase shifted from 0 to 2 k.pi. rad. (where k=.+-.1, .+-.2, . . . ), up to .+-.2.pi. in practice, as indicated by .phi..sub.a and .phi..sub.b in FIG. 4. By controlling the period T of the ramp voltage Ra the changing ratios (i.e. gradients) of the phase shifts .phi..sub.a and .phi..sub.b of the two rays of light 7a and 7b are changed, by which the difference between the phase shifts .phi..sub.a and .phi..sub.b, that is, the phase difference .DELTA..phi..sub.r, is controlled to cancel the Sagnac phase difference .DELTA..phi..sub.s as mentioned above.
The difference between the phase difference between the two rays of light 7a and 7b interfering with each other in the optical coupler 15 and the phase difference between them introduced by the biasing phase modulator 21 is equal to the sum of the Sagnac phase difference .DELTA..phi..sub.s and the phase difference .DELTA..phi..sub.r introduced by the ramp phase modulator 22 as given below: EQU .DELTA..phi.=.DELTA..phi..sub.s +.DELTA..phi..sub.r ( 1)
As is well-known in the art, the Sagnac phase difference .DELTA..phi..sub.s is expressed as follows: ##EQU1## where R is the radius of the optical fiber coil 17, L is the length of the optical fiber coil 17, .lambda. is the wavelength of light which propagates through the optical fiber coil 17, and C is the velocity of light in a vacuum.
As described above, in the ramp phase modulator 22, the light 5b which is supplied to the optical fiber coil 17 at its one end 17b is subjected to the phase shift .phi..sub.b corresponding to the value of the ramp voltage Ra at that time and after the elapse of time .tau. the light 7a which has propagated through the optical fiber coil 17 from the end 17a thereof and is supplied to the optical coupler 15 through the end 17b of the optical fiber coil 17 is subjected to the phase shift .phi..sub.a corresponding to the value of the ramp voltage Ra at that time. When the angular rate .OMEGA. is applied clockwise and the Sagnac phase difference .DELTA..phi..sub.s goes negative, the ramp voltage Ra is controlled to be positive by the output Ve of the phase difference detect/control section 50 as shown at the left-hand side in FIG. 3. In this instance, the phase shifts .phi..sub.a and .phi..sub.b bear such a relationship as shown at the left-hand side in FIG. 4 and the phase difference .DELTA..phi..sub.r resulting from the application of the ramp voltage Ra to the ramp phase modulator 22 goes positive. Where the angular/rate .OMEGA. is applied counterclockwise and the Sagnac phase difference .DELTA..phi..sub.s goes positive, the ramp voltage Ra is made negative by the output Ve of the phase difference detect/control section 50 as shown at the right-hand side in FIG. 3, in consequence of which the phase shifts .phi..sub.a and .phi..sub.b bear such a relationship as depicted at the right-hand side in FIG. 4, rendering the phase difference .DELTA..phi..sub.r negative.
As will be seen from FIG. 4, letting the period and the frequency of the ramp voltage Ra be represented by T and f.sub.R, respectively, the following equation holds: ##EQU2## Letting the refractive index of light in the optical fiber coil 17 be represented by n, the following relationship exists: ##EQU3## Hence, substitution of Eq. (4) into Eq. (3) gives the following equation: ##EQU4## Thus, by controlling the polarity and the frequency f.sub.R of the ramp voltage Ra so that the phase difference .DELTA..phi. expressed by Eq. (1) may be reduced to zero, that is, EQU .DELTA..phi..sub.r =-.DELTA..phi..sub.s ( 6)
the frequency f.sub.R is obtained from Eqs. (2) and (5) as follows: ##EQU5## From Eq. (7) the input angular/rate .OMEGA. is expressed by the following equation: ##EQU6## In the case where the angular rate .OMEGA. is applied clockwise, i.e. in the negative direction and the ramp voltage Ra goes positive, k becomes +1, and in the case where the input angular rate .OMEGA. is applied counterclockwise, i.e. in the positive direction and the ramp voltage Ra goes negative, k becomes -1. Accordingly, the direction and the magnitude of the input angular rate .OMEGA. can be measured from the polarity and the frequency f.sub.R of the ramp voltage Ra. The actual fiber optic gyro includes a polarity detector for detecting the polarity of the ramp voltage Ra and a counting circuit for counting the frequency f.sub.R (or period T) of the ramp voltage Ra, but they are not shown in FIG. 1 for the sake of brevity. Incidentally, in the case where the angular rate .OMEGA. is applied to the optical fiber coil 17, the coil 17 makes one rotation in a time 2.pi./.OMEGA. and the number of ramp pulses which are generated in this period, 2.pi..multidot.f.sub.R /.OMEGA., becomes -4.pi.R/(kn .lambda.) from Eq. (7) and is constant irrespective of the input angular rate .OMEGA.. The number of pulses per rotation is referred to as a scale factor.
Letting the frequency and the angular frequency of the biasing voltage Bi be represented by f.sub.m and .omega..sub.m, respectively, the output Va of the photodetector 19 is expressed as follows: ##EQU7## In the above, Vdc is a DC component, Ka and Kb are constants, J.sub.2n (x) and J.sub.2n+1 (x) are Bessel functions of the first kind, the first term of Eq. (9) is a DC component, the second term is a component of a frequency which is an even-numbered multiple of the frequency f.sub.m of the biasing voltage Bi, and the third term is a component of a frequency which is an odd-numbered multiple of the frequency f.sub.m.
In the phase difference detect/control section 50, only that one of the components expressed in the third term of Eq. (9) which has the frequency f.sub.m when n=0 is extracted from the output Va of the photodetector 19, the component of the frequency f.sub.m is synchronously detected by a reference signal of the same frequency, and the following detected output is obtained as the output having detected the phase difference between the two rays of light 7a and 7b which interfere with each other in the optical coupler 15: EQU Vd=Kc.multidot.J.sub.1 (x)sin .DELTA..phi. (10)
where Kc is a constant.
Since the polarity and the frequency f.sub.R of the ramp voltage Ra is controlled so that the phase difference .DELTA..phi. may be reduced to zero as described previously, however, a component Vm of the frequency f.sub.m contained in the third term of Eq. (9) becomes very low in level as shown in FIG. 5, whereas a component Vs of a frequency 2f.sub.m contained in the second term of Eq. (9) becomes considerably higher in level as shown. In addition, the frequency f.sub.m of the biasing voltage Bi is usually set so that its half period corresponds to the time .tau. necessary for the propagation of light 5a and 5b through the optical fiber coil 17, as follows: EQU f.sub.m =1/2.tau. (11)
Substitution of Eq. (11) into Eq. (4) gives EQU f.sub.m =C/2nL (12)
More specifically, assuming, for example, that the refractive index n of light in the optical fiber coil 17 is 1.47 and the length L of the optical fiber coil 17 is 300 m, the frequency f.sub.m rises as high as about 430 kHz. In the case where the output Va of the photodetector 19 is applied directly to a band-pass filter whose center frequency is f.sub.m, its pass bandwidth becomes so wide that it is impossible to accurately eliminate the component Vs of the frequency 2f.sub.m from the output Va and extract only the component Vm of the frequency f.sub.m at a sufficient level.
To avoid this, the output Va of the photodetector 19 is mixed with a local signal of a frequency f.sub.ca =f.sub.m +f.sub.r or f.sub.cd =f.sub.m -f.sub.r, slightly different from the frequency f.sub.m, by which the component V.sub.m of the frequency f.sub.m is converted to an intermediate frequency f.sub.r sufficiently lower than the frequency f.sub.m. The mixed output is applied to a band-pass filter whose center frequency is the intermediate frequency f.sub.r and only the component of the intermediate frequency f.sub.r is obtained from the band-pass filter. This component is synchronously detected by a reference signal of the same frequency f.sub.r, by which the detected output Vd expressed by Eq. (10) is obtained.
This will be described with reference to FIG. 1. The output Va of the photodetector 19 is applied to a preamplifier 51, by which its DC component Vdc is removed and its AC component is amplified. The AC component is fed to a frequency mixer 52, in which it is mixed with a local signal Sca of the frequency f.sub.ca from an oscillator 32. The frequency f.sub.ca is a little higher than the frequency f.sub.m as shown in FIG. 5. The frequency mixer 52 produces an output Vc containing components Vr and Vh of the difference and the sum of the frequencies f.sub.m and f.sub.ca, a component Vl of the difference between the frequencies 2f.sub.m and f.sub.ca, etc. The output Vc of the frequency mixer 52 is applied to a band-pass filter 53 whose center frequency is the intermediate frequency f.sub.r. The intermediate frequency f.sub.r is selected to be 10 kHz, for instance. Since the center frequency f.sub.r of the band-pass filter 53 is selected to be markedly lower than the frequency f.sub.m, the pass bandwidth of the filter 53 can be made sufficiently narrow. Of the components contained in the output Vc of the frequency mixer 52, the components except for the component Vr of the frequency f.sub.r are of the frequencies higher than the frequency f.sub.cb (=f.sub.m -f.sub.r); so that the filter 53 provides only the component Vr of the frequency f.sub.r, that is, the component of the frequency f.sub.r converted from the component Vm of the frequency f.sub.m contained in the output Va of the photodetector 19.
The component Vr of the intermediate frequency f.sub.r thus provided from the band-pass filter 53 is amplified by an AC amplifier 54 to a sufficient level and is then supplied to a synchronous detector 55, in which it is synchronously detected by a reference signal Sr of the frequency f.sub.r and from which the detected output Vd expressed by Eq. (10) is obtained as the detected output of the phase difference between the light 7a and 7b interfering with each other in the optical coupler 15. The output Vd of the synchronous detector 55 is fed to a PID (Proportional plus Integral plus Derivative) filter 56, the output Ve of which is provided, as the output of the phase difference detect/control section 50, to the ramp voltage generator 40 to control the polarity and the frequency f.sub.R of the ramp voltage Ra so that the phase difference .DELTA..phi. may be reduced to zero.
In the frequency mixer 52 a local signal Scb of the frequency f.sub.cb =f.sub.m -f.sub.r may be used in place of the local signal Sca of the frequency f.sub.ca =f.sub.m +f.sub.r.
The reference signal Sr of the frequency f.sub.r for synchronous detection is produced as follows: The biasing voltage Bi of the frequency f.sub.m, yielded from the oscillator 31, and the local signal Sca or Scb of the frequency f.sub.ca =f.sub.m +f.sub.r or f.sub.cb =f.sub.m -f.sub.r, provided from the oscillator 32, are mixed together in a frequency mixer 33. The mixed output is supplied to a band-pass filter 34, from which only a signal of the intermediate frequency f.sub.r is obtained, and this signal is provided to a waveform shaping circuit 35, from which the reference signal Sr is obtained as a rectangular-wave signal of the frequency f.sub.r.
The ramp voltage Ra which is applied to the ramp phase modulator 22 is shown to be an ideal ramp voltage which has no fly-back time in FIG. 3, but in practice, it is impossible to reduce the fly-back time of the ramp voltage Ra to zero and the ramp voltage Ra has a fly-back time of tens of nanoseconds or more. Furthermore, it is also impossible, in practice, owing to the characteristics of the ramp voltage generator 40 and the ramp phase modulator 22 that the maximum values of the phase shifts .phi..sub.a and .phi..sub.b by the ramp phase modulator 22 are set accurately to .+-.2.pi. rad.
Since the fly-back time exists in the ramp voltage Ra and since the maximum values of the phase shift .phi..sub.a and .phi..sub.b do not become .+-.2.pi. rad accurately, the phase difference between the two rays of light 7a and 7b which have propagated through the optical fiber coil 17 in the opposite directions and interfere with each other has an error composed of the fundamental wave component of the frequency f.sub.R of the ramp voltage and harmonic components of frequencies which are integral multiples of the fundamental frequency. This error appears as upper and lower side-band components U1, U2, . . . and L1, L2, . . . of the component Vm of the frequency f.sub.m in the output Va of the photodetector 19, as shown in FIG. 7. In addition, since the frequency f.sub.R of the ramp voltage Ra varies with the input angular velocity .OMEGA., the frequencies of the upper and lower side-band wave components U1, U2, . . . and L1, L2, . . . also vary with the input angular velocity .OMEGA..
On this account, when the frequency f.sub.R is equal to a twofold value of the frequency f.sub.r of the reference signal Sr for the aforementioned synchronization in the phase difference detect/control section 50, the upper or lower side-band wave component U1 or L1 agrees with a frequency f.sub.ia =f.sub.m +2f.sub.r or f.sub.ib =f.sub.m- 2f.sub.r, respectively, as shown in FIG. 8 and when a threefold value of the frequency f.sub.R is equal to the twofold value of the frequency f.sub.r, the upper or lower side band wave component U3 or L3 agrees with the frequency f.sub.ia or f.sub.ib, respectively, as depicted in FIG. 9. In the presence of a specific input angular velocity which provides f.sub.R =f.sub.r /n (where n is 1, 2, 3, . . . ), any one of the upper side band wave components U1, U2, . . . or any one of the lower side band wave components L1, L2, . . . agrees with the image frequency f.sub.ia or f.sub.ib of the frequency f.sub.m corresponding to the frequency f.sub.ca or f.sub.cb of the local signal Sca or Scb. Hence, the upper or lower side-band wave is mixed with the local signal Sca or Scb in the frequency mixer 52, that is, the above-mentioned side-band wave is converted to the intermediate frequency f.sub.r together with the component Vm of the frequency f.sub.m. The side-band component thus converted to the intermediate frequency f.sub.r is provided via the band-pass filter 53 to the AC amplifier 54 and the amplified output is supplied to the synchronous detector 55, thus introducing a scale factor error into the output of the fiber optic gyro.
The scale factor error becomes maximum when the upper or lower side-band wave component U1 or L1 corresponding to the fundamental wave component of the frequency f.sub.R of the ramp voltage Ra agrees with the image frequency f.sub.ia or f.sub.ib, respectively, as shown in FIG. 8. On the other hand, when the upper or lower side-band wave component U3 or L3 corresponding to a harmonic component which is an integral multiple of the frequency f.sub.R agrees with the image frequency f.sub.ia or f.sub.ib, the scale factor error decreases in general as shown in FIG. 9.
The ramp phase modulator 22 usually has a single-mode optical waveguide formed as by diffusing titanium into an electro-optic crystal as of lithium niobate and a pair of electrodes disposed opposite across the optical waveguide. By the application of the ramp voltage Ra across the pair of electrodes the refractive index of the optical waveguide is changed to shift the phase of light passing therethrough. In this instance, a portion of the light passing through the optical waveguide leaks out therefrom in accordance with the value of the applied voltage, and consequently, the intensity of light passing through the optical waveguide is modulated by the ramp voltage Ra and variation in the light intensity appears, in the output Va of the photodetector 19, as a fundamental wave component R.sub.1 of the frequency f.sub.R of the ramp voltage Ra and harmonic wave components R.sub.2, . . . , R.sub.n, . . . of frequencies which are integral multiples of the frequency f.sub.R, as depicted in FIG. 10.
When the above-mentioned fundamental wave component R.sub.1 or harmonic wave components R.sub.2, . . . , R.sub.n, . . . agree with the image frequency f.sub.ia or f.sub.ib in the presence of a particular input angular rate, the fundamental wave component R.sub.1 or harmonic wave components R.sub.2, . . . , R.sub.n, . . . are mixed with the local signal Sca or Scb in the frequency mixer 52 of the phase difference detect/control section 50, by which the above-said component or components are converted to the intermediate frequency f.sub.r together with the component Vm of the frequency f.sub.m. The fundamental wave component or harmonic wave components thus converted to the intermediate frequency f.sub.r are provided via the band-pass filter 53 to the AC amplifier 54 and the amplified output is fed to the synchronous detector 55, thus producing a scale factor error in the output of the fiber optic gyro.
FIG. 11 shows the above-mentioned scale factor variations with the input angular rate .OMEGA. in the conventional fiber optic gyro shown in FIG. 1, the frequency f.sub.r being 10 kHz. The number of output pulses of the fiber optic gyro corresponding to the frequency f.sub.R of the ramp voltage Ra varies with the input angular rate .OMEGA., but the scale factor of the output from the fiber optic gyro, that is, the number of output pulses of the fiber optic gyro per rotation should be constant regardless of the input angular rate .OMEGA. as mentioned previously. However, as mentioned above, the maximun values of the phase shifts .phi..sub.a and .phi..sub.b do not accurately become 2.pi. rad. because of the presence of the fly-back time in the ramp voltage Ra or the characteristics of the ramp voltage generator 40 and the ramp phase modulator 22, or since the intensity of light passing through the optical waveguide is modulated by the ramp voltage Ra in the ramp phase modulator 22; so that the number of output pulses of the fiber optic gyro per rotation deviates from a predetermined value in the vicinity of a particular input angular rate as depicted in FIG. 11, inducing a scale factor error in the output of the fiber optic gyro. The reason for a particularly large scale factor error in the vicinity of an input angular rate of 34.degree./sec in FIG. 11 is that the upper or lower side-band wave component U1 or L1 corresponding to the fundamental wave component of the frequency f.sub.R of the ramp voltage Ra agrees with the image frequency f.sub.ia or f.sub.ib as referred to previously with respect to FIG. 8.

Japan Aviation Electronics Industry Limited


A new and improved game apparatus and method of using the game apparatus is disclosed. The game apparatus has a plurality of parts for use in betting and/or trading various parts of the game apparatus between players. The game apparatus comprises a plurality of sets of matching pieces, in which each piece within any given matching set has a geometric shape substantially matching all of the other pieces within the given matching set. Each piece also has an inside wall that defines a centrally disposed hole. Furthermore, each piece also has an sub-image embossed on at least one surface of each piece. Finally, each piece also has a logo marking marked on at least one surface of each piece. The method comprises the steps of obtaining, distributing, deciding, declaring, identifying, selecting, noting, determining, choosing, offering, accepting, attempting, winning, attaining, achieving, earning, getting, scoring, and transferring.

The present invention relates to games, more particularly to a game apparatus and a method of using the game apparatus for use in betting and/or trading various pieces of the game apparatus between the players.
Games of skill are desirable between two players because these games can be used to positively reinforce a mastery of the skills associated with playing these games. A wide variety of game apparatuses is currently available on the commercial market and an even larger number of these types of devices are known in the art of game apparatuses, for example, the board game having indicating playing pieces disclosed by Smith in U.S. Pat. No. 3,533,626; the game apparatus disclosed by Powell in U.S. Pat. No. 3,866,919; the game utilizing a chance selection device disclosed by Brotz in U.S. Pat. No. 5,524,896; the spinning disk game disclosed by Beck in U.S. Pat. No. 5,992,847; the ring-spinning games with game parts and methods of play disclosed by Escott and Escott in U.S. Pat. No. 6,182,965B1; and the game board disclosed by Alonco et al in U.S. Pat. No. D209,912.
While all of the above-described devices fulfill their respective, particular objectives and requirements, the aforementioned patents do not describe a game apparatus having pieces with an indicia affixed on each piece, a sub-image embossed on each piece and a logo marking marked on each piece. These elements makes it possible to allow the players to play with the various pieces of the game apparatus in a manner comprising the steps of obtaining, distributing, deciding, declaring, identifying, selecting, noting, determining, choosing, offering, accepting, attempting, winning, attaining, achieving, earning, getting, scoring, and transferring. The above-described patents make no provision for a game apparatus having pieces with an indicia affixed on each piece, a sub-image embossed on each piece and a logo marking marked on each piece.
Therefore, a need exist for a new and improved game apparatus that can be used for allowing the players to play with the various pieces of the game apparatus in a manner which comprising the steps of obtaining, distributing, deciding, declaring, identifying, selecting, noting, determining, choosing, offering, accepting, attempting, winning, attaining, achieving, earning, getting, scoring, and transferring. In this respect, the game apparatus according to the present invention substantially departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art, and in doing so provides an apparatus primarily developed for the purpose of providing a game apparatus having pieces with an indicia affixed on each piece, a sub-image embossed on each piece and a logo marking marked on each piece.
The present device, according to the principles of the present invention, overcomes the shortcomings of the prior art by providing a new and improved game apparatus and method of using the game apparatus is disclosed. The game apparatus has a plurality of parts for use in betting and/or trading various parts of the game apparatus between players. The game apparatus comprises a plurality of sets of matching pieces, in which each piece within any given matching set has a geometric shape substantially matching all of the other pieces within the given matching set. Each piece also has an inside wall that defines a centrally disposed hole. Furthermore, each piece also has an sub-image embossed on at least one surface of each piece. Finally, each piece also has a logo marking marked on at least one surface of each piece.
In view of the foregoing disadvantages inherent in the known type game apparatuses now present in the prior art, the present invention provides an improved game apparatus, which will be described subsequently in great detail, is to provide a new and improved game apparatus which is not anticipated, rendered obvious, suggested, or even implied by the prior art, either alone or in any combination thereof.
To attain this, the present invention essentially comprises a plurality of sets of matching pieces, in which each piece within any given matching set has a geometric shape substantially matching all of the other pieces within the given matching set. Each piece also has an inside wall that defines a centrally disposed hole. Furthermore, each piece also has an sub-image embossed on at least one surface of each piece. Finally, each piece also has a logo marking marked on at least one surface of each piece. The method comprises the steps of obtaining, distributing, deciding, declaring, identifying, selecting, noting, determining, choosing, offering, accepting, attempting, winning, attaining, achieving, earning, getting, scoring, and transferring.
There has thus been outlined, rather broadly, the more important features of the invention in order that the detailed description thereof that follows may be better understood, and in order that the present contribution of the art may be better appreciated.
Numerous objects, features and advantages of the present invention will be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading of the following detailed description of presently preferred, but nonetheless illustrative, embodiments of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompany drawings. In this respect, before explaining the current embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.
As such, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the conception, upon which this disclosure is based may readily be utilized as a basis for the designing of other structures, methods and systems for carrying out the several purposes of the present invention. It is important, therefore, that the claims be regarded as including such equivalent constructions insofar as they do not depart from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved game apparatus that has all the advantages of the prior art game apparatus and none of the disadvantages.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a new and improved game apparatus that may be easily and efficiently manufactured and marketed.
An even further object of the present invention is to provide a new and improved game apparatus that has a low cost of manufacture with regard to both materials and labor, and which accordingly is then susceptible of low prices of sale to the consuming public, thereby making such multipurpose storage unit and system economically available to the buying public.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a new game apparatus that provides in the apparatuses and methods of the prior art some of the advantages thererof, while simultaneously overcoming some of the disadvantages normally associated therewith.
Even still another object of the present invention is to provide a game apparatus having pieces with an indicia affixed on each piece, a sub-image embossed on each piece and a logo marking marked on each piece. This makes it possible to allow the users to play with the various pieces in a manner comprising the steps of obtaining, distributing, deciding, declaring, identifying, selecting, noting, determining, choosing, offering, accepting, attempting, winning, attaining, achieving, earning, getting, scoring, and transferring.
Lastly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a new and improved method of using the game apparatus in which the method comprises the steps of obtaining, distributing, deciding, declaring, identifying, selecting, noting, determining, choosing, offering, accepting, attempting, winning, attaining, achieving, earning, getting, scoring, and transferring.
Further, the purpose of the foregoing abstract is to enable the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office and the public generally, and especially the scientist, engineers and practitioners in the art who are not familiar with patent or legal terms or phraseology, to determine quickly from a cursory inspection the nature and essence of the technical disclosure of the application. The abstract is neither intended to define the invention of the application, which is measured by the claims, nor is it intended to be limiting as to the scope of the invention in any way.
These together with other objects of the invention, along with the various features of novelty that characterize the invention, are pointed out with particularity in the claims annexed to and forming a part of this disclosure. For a better understanding of the invention, its operating advantages and the specific objects attained by its uses, reference should be had to the accompany drawings and description matter in which there is illustrated preferred embodiments of the invention.


A lamp assembly including one or more light emitting diode (LED) arrays and a controller circuit to output a current to the one or more LED arrays. Each LED array includes at least one LED and defines a spatial radiation pattern having a first central axis. The lamp assembly also includes a lens array to redirect light received from the one or more LED arrays, a base and a light-transmissive cover. For each one of the one or more LED arrays, the lens array includes a total internal reflection (TIR) lens defining a second central axis aligned with the first central axis of the corresponding LED array. The TIR lens is configured to distribute light received from the LED array from an output face of the TIR lens such that the distributed light defines optical paths that are convergent, divergent or collimated with respect to the second central axis. The base includes a first surface to receive the one or more LED arrays, the controller circuit and the lens array. The base also includes a second surface structured to be removably received by a lamp holder. The light-transmissive cover is attached to the base and disposed over the first surface thereof such that the one or more LED arrays, the controller circuit and the lens array are contained between the cover and the base.

Virtually all types of commercial and private aircraft include external lights, such as taxiing lights and landing lights, to ensure suitable visibility of the aircraft in a wide range of natural lighting conditions. Requirements dictating the number and placement of such lights, among other things, are typically embodied in regulations relating to airworthiness standards, such as Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 23. External aircraft lights typically utilize incandescent filament technology. Due to large inrush currents and exposure to high degrees of vibration, incandescent filament lamps are particularly susceptible to failure in an aircraft environment, and the operational life of an incandescent filament lamp on an aircraft may be relatively short when compared to the operational lives of similar lamps used in less harsh environments. This relatively short operational life may entail significant maintenance costs at the very least, and, in the event of lamp failure during aircraft operation, may jeopardize aircraft and passenger safety.


An inflow indicator apparatus is for a well in an underground structure in which at least one tracer depot is arranged to be in contact with a partial fluid flow flowing from a producing structure into the well. The inflow indicator apparatus has a tubular body, a seal encircling a portion of the tubular body, arrangement of the at least one tracer depot externally on the tubular body, the seal being settable against an encircling wall, and the tubular body, the seal and the encircling wall defining an annulus forming a first flow path for the partial fluid flow which is separated from a second fluid flow path through the inflow indicator apparatus for a main fluid flow formed of a through fluid line in the tubular body, the first flow path extending from the seal to an end portion of the tubular body.

When monitoring the inflow into a production tubing from different production zones in an underground well, for example a hydrocarbon well, it is known to use tracers that are dissolved in the fluid flowing into the well and up through the production tubing. Tracers of different characteristics are often used in order to enable the formation of a picture of the inflow situation in different parts of the well. Typically, different types of tracers are used at different locations in the well to provide an overview of the inflow into different parts of the well, and tracers which can provide indications of what is flowing in to the different parts of the well, especially of whether a structure is only producing formation water, are used, by tracers reacting differently on contact with a fluid type being used, for example tracers that are dissolvable only in contact with water, but non-dissolvable in contact with hydrocarbons. Tracers can also be used to give an indication of whether decreasing inflow is due to beginning formation of deposits in the openings of the production tubing, or whether the decreasing inflow is due to the reservoir being in the process of being depleted.
The tracers are placed in apparatus that is lowered into the well before the measuring starts. The apparatus may constitute a permanent part of the well installation, for example in the form of a sand screen with integrated tracer depots in a production tubing, or the apparatus may have as its sole function to contain the tracers. The tracers are preferably formed as dissolvable salts that are typically contained in pores in a porous, non-dissolvable block material positioned in contact with the fluid flow passing through the apparatus. The tracers are thereby released gradually and over a long time.
It is a problem to provide a good overview of the inflow into a well from different production zones when the accumulated fluid flow is coming into contact with the tracers in all the portions of the well, that is to say all the production zones in the well.
US2011239754A1 discloses a system and a method for indicating inflow of water in a well producing hydrocarbons. Tracer depots that are dissolved by water, but not by hydrocarbons, are placed in the well by, for example, being arranged on downhole well components or casing at a production zone, being pumped into the well as part of a mixture which is used to prop a structure or as a gravel pack, for fracturing the structure, et cetera, or is forced into a structure surrounding the well in a perforation operation. The presence of a tracer in the production fluid from the well is registered by a sensor system with several sensors arranged at different locations in the well, the sensors being connected to a processing system at the surface via a communication line extending up through the borehole. Even though different production zones are isolated from each other by means of isolation devices, for example packers, the document teaches nothing about how production fluids from a production zone are prevented from coming into contact with tracers in a production zone lying above (downstream).
From US2015176396A1 a system and a method for estimating fluid flow rates for each one of several separate production zones in a multilayer reservoir to a well extending through the reservoir are known. Distinct tracer sources are placed in known positions in the inflow path of each inflow zone, which is defined from a so-called reservoir base line in the well by means of an entry point. The entry points may be provided by holes, openings in a completion, a pipe or a screen, or be provided as a valve. The tracers may have been placed in the reservoir during completion of the well or in well equipment, which has been installed in the well or reservoir later. The tracers may further be placed in the reservoir formation, in a completion, a casing, a liner or in equipment arranged in the well. The inflow zones represent completion zones, which are separated from each other by means of flow isolation (packers). It cannot be deduced how an inflow indicator apparatus may be constructed.


A semiconductor integrated circuit for intentionally and flexibly changing a monitoring subject bit if debugging is performed during software processing when a status change occurs. A replacement data register and a comparison address register, which are settable from a microprocessor, determine matching of an address input from the microprocessor and a comparison address value. When the addresses match in a test mode, instead of outputting normal status data, a predetermined value of the replacement data register is output in response to a read request from the microprocessor.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit, and more specifically to a microprocessor and its peripheral integrated circuits.
In an information processing device incorporating a microprocessor, normal and abnormal states of the device are monitored. This is accomplished by monitoring bits in a status register by executing a polling routine or an interrupt routine. One example of a normal state is a state in which a communication buffer is empty. An example of an abnormal state is a state in which there is CRC data or the like in received data. Software processing is performed accordingly based on this monitoring. In this way, debugging is necessary when developing a device, and a change in the status bit caused by an error that should not occur in a normal state must be checked. Therefore, an equivalent register space is prepared in the system memory, and this memory space is assumed to be a status register. The value of the status register is re-written to cause a change in status register in a falsified manner and perform debugging of the monitoring subject.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2005-006394 describes a technique providing a memory chip for reducing the testing time and testing cost of memory cells. In this technique, a semiconductor memory chip includes a memory array of test memory devices, a pattern generator for providing reference data that is input and stored in the memory array, and a comparator formed on the memory chip to compare the stored data from the memory array with the reference data. The comparator includes a logic circuit for comparing the reference data and the stored data and generating a comparison result that indicates whether the data match, a plurality of latches shifted between first and second states and receiving comparison results from the logic circuit, and registers for storing and outputting the first and second states of the latches to generate test results.
A test circuit such as that shown in FIG. 4 is incorporated in part of a semiconductor integrated circuit to check the legitimacy of a detection function related to abnormal errors. Debugging is performed by partially changing a status bit with this function. The circuit includes a data error insertion unit 11, a data write processing unit 12, a receiving buffer 13, a CRC inspection unit 14, and a packet length inspection unit 15, a CRC test register 110, packet length test register 111, CRC error status register 120, and packet length error status register 121. In the data error insertion unit 11, the data stored in the CRC test register 110 is added to the received data. The data stored in the packet length test register 111 is added in the data write processing unit 12. When a CRC error is detected in the CRC inspection unit 14, the result is stored in the CRC error status register 120. When a packet length error is detected in the packet length inspection unit 15, the result is stored in the packet length error status register 121.
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2003-178596 describes a semiconductor integrated circuit capable of resolving a deficiency quickly and inexpensively even when a bug is found in a final manufacturing stage. The semiconductor integrated circuit includes a ROM for storing a program, a microprocessor for executing a program code read from the ROM, a substitution code register for storing a substitution code that is substituted for the program code, and a substitution address designation register for storing an address substituted for the program code. The comparator compares the read address output to an address bus with the address stored in the substitution address designation register. Based on the comparison result, a selector selects whether to provide the program code executed by the microprocessor from the ROM or from the substitution code register side.
As described above, in a method for temporarily allocating a status register in a memory, it is necessary to perform many program rewrites for software debugging.
Further, there is a possibility of contamination by new bugs when returning to the original state after debugging is completed.
Furthermore, since status changes occur in a system memory, there is a possibility of overlooking problems that occur between the microprocessor and the actual semiconductor integrated circuit. This affects the inspection quality of the hardware and software as a whole. Although test circuits may be prepared for the entire status register space in the semiconductor integrated circuit when a new semiconductor integrated circuit is designed, this would increase the test circuit scale. Further, in the limited register space, much space would be occupied for testing.


A method for parametric image reconstruction and motion correction using whole-body motion fields includes receiving a nuclear imaging data set including a set of dynamic frames and generating at least one of a whole-body forward motion field and/or a whole-body inverse motion field for at least one frame in the set of frames. An iterative loop is applied to update at least one parameter used in a direct parametric reconstruction and at least one parametric image is generated based on the at least one parameter updated by the iterative loop. The iterative loop includes calculating a frame emission image for the at least one frame, generating a motion-corrected frame emission image based on the at least one whole-body forward motion field or a whole-body inverse motion field, and updating at least one parameter by applying a fit to the motion-corrected frame emission image.

Current whole-body PET parametric imaging uses multiple passes or frames to acquire dynamic data so that activity change over time in each image voxel can be captured. To evaluate tracer kinetics accurately, ideally each voxel contains the same tissue for the duration of the scan. However, the dynamic data acquisition time span for each region of interest may be longer than the static standard uptake values (SUV) imaging and patients may move during a scan, resulting in motion artifacts in a reconstructed parametric image.
Typical motion includes head motion, respiratory motion, and bulk motion. In order to reduce motion artifacts, different dynamic frames need to be registered to the same reference frame with motion fields before the kinetics parameters are calculated.

Inter-frame motion correction in whole-body direct parametric image reconstruction


A high performance filter element is provided, which filter element comprises a wound sheet of apertured material formed by hydroentangling webs of disparate fibrous materials. In a most preferred embodiment, the fibrous material disposed upstream of fluid flow should have a fiber diameter smaller than that disposed downstream.

The present invention relates to a high performance filter element. The filter element according to the present invention is particularly useful as the principal component in an automotive lube oil filter assembly.
The performance of filter elements for use in automotive lube oil filter assemblies is evaluated based on a number of parameters. These include (1) the grams of test dust that can be filtered per pound of filter material, (2) the grams of test dust that can be filtered by a given filter cartridge and (3) the weight average efficiency of the filter material. The weight average efficiency (WAE) is the percentage of suspended solids retained by the filter material relative to total solids suspended in the fluid filtered. Parameter (2) above is often simply called the "capacity" of the filter cartridge.
It will be appreciated that the ideal filter will deliver both high efficiency and high capacity, but that these typically are competing parameters. That is, the higher a filter's efficiency, the sooner it will become clogged and thus the lower its capacity. Conversely, the higher a filter's capacity, the coarser it must be to enjoy a long life without clogging, and thus the more particulate that will pass through. Nonetheless, it is possible to design filter elements that have both higher capacity and higher efficiency than competing products. In this regard, however, it is very difficult to predict in advance what combinations of materials, processing conditions and physical characteristics will deliver a filter element having particularly advantageous performance parameters.
Hydroentangling is a process for producing nonwoven fabrics by impinging a plurality of fine columnar streams of water onto a fibrous web carried by an apertured or patterned conveying means. There is thus produced a felt-like material in which even relatively short fibers can be mechanically intertwined without the damaging effects of needling. One example of a patent describing hydroentangling is U.S. Pat. No. 3,485,706, the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference, to the extent not inconsistent herewith. In this patent, an apertured hydroentangled fabric is produced wherein the apertures in the fabric correspond to knuckles in the wire screen used to support and convey the fibrous web. Patterned supporting means are disclosed for imparting to the resulting hydroentangled fabric a desired ornamental appearance.
Similarly, U.S. Pat. No. 2,862,251 discloses the formation of a hydroentangled/apertured gauze-like web (col. 10, lines 17-25). At column 37, line 59 of this patent, it is suggested that the products produced thereby may be useful as filter materials.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,237 applies hydroentangling technology to produce filter media. Specifically, this patent discloses a hydroentangled felt comprising a uniformly dispersed sheet-like structure containing poly(tetrafluoroethylene) fibers and glass fibers hydraulically entangled onto a supporting scrim.


Disclosed is a dispensing package that has a plastic backing for maintaining the package in a substantially flat orientation. The plastic backing is adapted to have a label placed on its surface. A score through the label, which extends into the plastic backing, causes the package to open upon flexure. At least one additional score on the opposite side provides at least one metered opening in the package, where the number of scores and metered openings depends on the contents being dispensed. An additional seal can be placed over the score to prevent accidental opening or provide resealing of the package. Promotional pieces can be used as the additional seal. Absorbent material can be placed adjacent or over the score to provide controlled dispensing and application of the contents. The ends of the plastic backing can be configured as an applicator and/or a handle.

a. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally pertains to packaging and more specifically pertains to dispensing packages.
b. Description of the Background
Various techniques have been used in the past for providing packaging of various types of materials. Prior devices, however, have generally been unable to provide packages that are capable of dispensing liquids, gels, creams, pastes and other types of fluid and semi-fluid materials in a controlled fashion using a low cost, easy to use package. In addition, many packages require the use of two hands to open a package. Further, many packages require application of fine dexterity or the use of fingernails to peel off coverings to access the contents of the package. Opening these types of packages may require additional time, and may require skills not possessed by certain segments of the population, such as young children, elderly individuals, handicapped persons, etc.
Exemplary packaging dispensers that can be opened with one hand are shown and described in DeVries U.S. Pat. No. 4,140,409; Kaufman U.S. Pat. No. 4,430,013; and Koptis U.S. Pat. No. 6,007,264 all incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. The '409 patent discloses a disposable liquid applicator including a pre-scored container such that a liquid within the applicator is dispensed into an absorbent material positioned on the exterior of the applicator at a point where the applicator snaps open when two opposing ends are bent away from the pre-scored portion. The '409 patent discloses two opposing large raised portions that contain the liquid and are interconnected by a pair of narrow raised channels. The applicator is then pre-scored along the portion of the package having the narrow raised channels. By using two narrow channels to join the opposing large raised portions, the volume of the liquid contained in the applicator is substantially contained in the large raised portions. Because of this, these applicators have irregular shapes with varying vertical thicknesses causing packaging and shipping problems. In addition, these applicators create problems for users because they are bulky to store and transport and the large raised portions are vulnerable to puncture whereby the liquid can leak out of the applicator. Thus, there exists a need for a dispensing package that provides controlled dispensing and application of a substance in the package while providing uniform dimensions for ease and safety in packaging, transporting and using the package without the risk of puncturing the package such that the contents leaks.
The '013 patent discloses an applicator package with a foam applicator attached to a backing member having at least one reservoir formed of a flat sheet material for containing a material to be applied. The flat sheet material has a slit or weakened portion under the foam applicator so that, when the distal ends of the package are forced toward one another, the package ruptures along the slit or weakened portion thereby dispensing the material into the foam applicator. In addition to this embodiment, the '013 patent discloses several embodiments of the package designed for controlled dispensing and application of the material, including foam contained within the reservoir, a "Band Aid" style opening, scrubbing bristles attached to the exterior of the package, and neck-down receptacles (similar to the design of the '409 patent). Despite the modifications proposed in the '013 patent, there still exists a need for a dispensing package that provides controlled dispensing and application of a wide variety of substances with varying viscosities while providing durability and uniformity in shape and size of the packages.
The '264 patent to Koptis discloses a pouch-like container for dispensing ingredients via built-in outwardly pivoting flaps. In order to dispense the material within the container, the user must break apart the flaps. The pouch-like container is created and remains in a folded position. The '264 patent discloses filling the container with a needle filler, as is known in the art. Problems associated with needle fillers include delivering imprecise volumes of material within the container, creating an additional puncture point in the container and being limited to materials with certain viscosities. Additionally, these containers suffer from a very high moisture vapor transmission (MVT) rate thereby allowing product to evaporate and dry out. Accordingly, there is a need for an efficient and cost-effective method of creating and filling dispensing packages with a variety of materials having varying viscosities, where the package size can be easily varied and the risk of moisture vapor transmission reduced.
For these reasons, a simple and easy to use, low cost package is needed that allows the user to open a package with one hand and dispense the contents of the package in a controlled manner.


The present invention relates to an optical system supporting mechanism of an image processing equipment featuring that at least two first guide members which move along a guide shaft and second guide members which are respectively placed corresponding to the first guide members, putting the guide shaft therebetween, are provided at a moving unit which supports an optical system that can travel along the guide shaft, arms rotatable centering around the shaft placed with the right angle to the axis of the guide shaft are provided at the moving unit, corresponding to the second guide members, the second guide members are attached to the end portions of the arms, and the arms are so energy-charged that the second guide members can be pushed against the guide shaft, thereby causing the tightening and fixing condition of the guide shaft between the first and the second guide members to be adjusted by the simple operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical system supporting mechanism for moving the optical system by which a document of a document reading device in an image processing equipment such as a copying machine or a printer is exposed to light and scanned.
2. Description of the Prior Art
The general construction and the principle of a document reading device are explained with reference to FIG. 6. According to FIG. 6, a document 53 placed on a document set plate 52 is exposed to the light source 51 and scanned thereby.
The light source 51 and the first mirror 54 are so composed that they can move as a body from the position shown with the solid lines to that shown with the dashed lines in FIG. 6.
The second mirror 55 and the third mirror 56 are also so composed that they can move as a body from the position shown with the solid lines to that shown with the dotted lines in FIG. 6.
When the light source 51 and the first mirror 54 move in the direction of an arrow "A" from the position shown with the solid lines in FIG. 6, the second mirror 55 and the third mirror 56 also move at half the speed of the light source 51 and etc. in the same direction from the position shown with the solid lines in FIG. 6, while accompanying with the light source 51 and the first mirror 54.
Such an optical system as shown in the above is supported on the guide shaft 65 movably along therewith by means of the moving units 60a and 60b respectively shown in FIG. 7. Namely, the light source 51 and the first mirror 54 are mounted at one moving unit 60a, and furthermore the second mirror 55 and the third mirror 56 are mounted on the other moving unit 60b. Thus, the optical system travels along the guide shaft 65.
However, the moving unit 60a on which the light source 51, etc. are placed is so composed that the unit 60a can travel at a speed two times that of the moving unit 60b on which the second mirror 55, etc. are placed.
As the document reading device 59 is so composed as being shown in the above, the reflection light which is produced according to the result of shedding light on the document 52 by the light source 51 forms an image on the line sensor 58 consisting of CCD, etc. with the inclusion of the first mirror 54, the second mirror 55, the third mirror 56, and lens 57 which can collect this reflection light.
FIG. 7 shows the moving units 60a and 60b (hereinafter merely called the moving unit 60, including the moving units 60a and 60b) of the conventional optical system supporting mechanism which supports the optical system and moves along the guide shaft 65.
The conventional moving unit 60 is provided with at least two guide rollers 63, which are one of the examples of the first guide members and which move along the guide shaft 65.
Also, the pusher rollers 64 and 64 which are one of the examples of the second guide members are provided so that they can be placed in the opposite side of the guide rollers 63 and 63, putting the guide shaft 65 therebetween.
In addition, the moving unit 60 is provided with arms 67 rotatable around the arm supporting shafts 66 which are placed with the right angle to the guide shaft 65, corresponding to the pusher rollers 64, respectively. And the pusher rollers 64 are attached to the end portions of the arms 67.
Furthermore, these arms 67 are elastically energy-charged by means of springs 68 so that the pusher rollers 64 can be pushed against the guide shaft 65.
Therefore, as the guide shaft 65 is between the guide rollers 63 and the pusher rollers 64, the travelling unit 60 can be so supported by these rollers as the unit 60 can freely move along the guide shaft 65.
Also in the case that the guide rollers 63 and the pusher rollers 64 are worn and made small in diameter due to aging changes, etc., the pusher rollers 64 are pushed against the guide shaft 65 by means of the springs 68, and the guide shaft 65 is accordingly between the guide rollers 63 and the pusher rollers 64. Therefore, also in this case, the travelling unit 60 can be so supported by these rollers that the unit 60 can freely travel along the guide shaft 65.
It is necessry for the travelling unit 60 to be so composed that the travelling unit 60 can not be parted from the guide shaft 65, in order to prevent image reading from adverse influence which may be produced by large vibration which occurs due to reciprocating movements of the optical system having a considerable weight. For this reason, in order to control the direction of rotation of the arms 67 which moves around the arm supporting shafts 66, one-way clutches 69a and 69b which can permit normal rotation thereof but can not permit reverse rotation thereof are installed at the arm supporting shafts 66 and 66, thereby causing the pressure thereof against the guide shaft 65 to be enhanced. (However, the permitted direction or the prevented direction of the one-way clutch 69a and another one-way clutch 69b becomes reversed to each other).
Therefore, when the spring 68 is about to be elongated as a result of vibrations by the moving unit 60 due to starting and stopping of moving thereof, the arms 67 can move only in the contracting direction of the spring 68 by means of the one-way clutches 69a and 69b.
Therefore, the moving unit 60 can be supported without any rise due to the above vibrations.
Such an optical system supporting mechanism as shown in the above is disclosed by, for instance, the Japanese Laid-Open Pat. Pub. Sho-61-158350.
In the optical system supporting mechanism of the conventional image processing equipment, as one-way clutches are provided in order to prevent the above rising phenomena, the structure thereof may become complicated, thereby causing the cost of production to be increased.
Also, in the case that the moving unit is removed from the guide shaft as the one-way clutch inherently rotates in one direction, the moving unit must be removed together with the arms, etc., at the same time. Therefore, it may become difficult to carry out the maintenance through disassembling.
Furthermore, as usually an one-way clutch has some play, it is difficult for vibration to be sufficiently suppressed.

Optical system supporting mechanism for an image processing equipment


Provided is a method for manufacturing a high-strength galvanized steel sheet. Heating in a first half of oxidizing treatment is performed at a temperature of 400° C. to 750° C. in an atmosphere having a particular O2 concentration and a particular H2O concentration, and heating in a second half of the oxidizing treatment is performed at a temperature of 600° C. to 850° C. in an atmosphere having a particular O2 concentration and a particular H2O concentration. Subsequently, heating in a heating zone for reduction annealing is performed to a temperature of 650° C. to 900° C. at a particular heating rate in an atmosphere having a particular H2 concentration and a particular H2O concentration with the balance being N2 and inevitable impurities, and soaking in a soaking zone for the reduction annealing is performed in an atmosphere having a particular H2 concentration and a particular H2O concentration with the balance being N2 and inevitable impurities.

Nowadays, a surface-treated steel sheet, which is manufactured by providing a raw material steel sheet with rust prevention capability, in particular, a galvanized steel sheet or a galvannealed steel sheet having excellent rust prevention capability, is used in industrial fields of, for example, automobiles, home electric appliances, and building materials. In addition, from the viewpoint of improving the fuel efficiency and collision safety of automobiles, there is a trend toward using a high-strength steel sheet for automobiles to decrease the weight of automobile bodies while increasing the strength of the bodies by decreasing the thickness of a material for automobile bodies as a result of increasing the strength of the material.
Generally, a galvanized steel sheet is manufactured by using a thin steel sheet, which is manufactured by performing hot rolling and cold rolling on a slab, as a base material, by performing recrystallization annealing on the base steel sheet by using an annealing furnace in a CGL, and by performing a galvanizing treatment on the annealed steel sheet. In addition, a galvannealed steel sheet is manufactured by further performing an alloying treatment on the galvanized steel sheet.
To increase the strength of the steel sheet, adding Si and Mn to the steel sheet is effective. However, when continuous annealing is performed, since Si and Mn are oxidized even if annealing is performed in a reducing atmosphere of N2+H2 gas in which the oxidation of Fe does not occur (that is, oxidized Fe is reduced), oxides of Si and Mn are formed in the outermost surface layer of the steel sheet. Since the oxides of Si and Mn cause a deterioration in wettability between molten zinc and the base steel sheet when a galvanizing treatment is performed, a bare spot often occurs in a steel sheet containing Si and Mn. In addition, even if a bare spot does not occur, there is a problem of poor coating adhesiveness.
As an example of a method for manufacturing a galvanized steel sheet which is manufactured by using a high-strength steel sheet containing large amounts of Si and Mn as a base material, Patent Literature 1 discloses a method in which reduction annealing is performed after an oxide film is formed on the surface of a steel sheet. However, in the case of Patent Literature 1, it is not possible to stably achieve good coating adhesiveness.
In response to such a problem, Patent Literature 2 through Patent Literature 8 disclose techniques for stably realizing the effect by specifying oxidization rate and reduction degree or by controlling oxidation conditions and reduction conditions on the basis of the thickness of an oxide film determined in an oxidation zone.
In addition, Patent Literature 9 through Patent Literature 12 disclose techniques in which gas components of an atmosphere such as O2, H2, and H2O are specified in an redox process.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Method for manufacturing high-strength galvanized steel sheet


The present invention relates to macrolactam compounds, intermediates useful in the preparation of macrolactams, methods for preparing the intermediates, and methods for preparing and modifying macrolactams. One use of the compounds and methods described herein is in the production of macrolactam compounds able to inhibit HCV NS3 protease activity. An example of an HCV inhibitory compound that can be synthesized using the procedures described herein is Compound A and derivative thereof.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major health problem that leads to chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, in a substantial number of infected individuals. Current treatments for HCV infection include immunotherapy with recombinant interferon-α alone or in combination with the nucleoside analog ribavirin.
Several virally-encoded enzymes are putative targets for therapeutic intervention, including a metalloprotease (NS2-3), a serine protease (NS3), a helicase (NS3), and an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B). The NS3 protease is located in the N-terminal domain of the NS3 protein. NS4A provides a cofactor for NS3 activity.
Potential treatments for HCV infection have been discussed in different references including Balsano, Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 8(4):307-318, 2008, Rönn et al., Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 8: 533-562, 2008, Sheldon et al., Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 16(8):1171-1181, 2007, and De Francesco et al., Antiviral Research 58:1-16, 2003.
Examples of publications describing macrolactam compounds able to inhibit HCV protease activity include: Holloway et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,470,664, Harper et al., WO2010011566; Liverton et al., WO2009134624; McCauley et al., WO2009108507; Liverton et al., WO2009010804; Liverton et al., WO2008057209; Liverton et al., WO2008051477; Liverton et al., WO2008051514; Liverton et al., WO2008057208; Crescenzi et al., WO2007148135; Di Francesco et al., WO2007131966; Holloway et al., WO2007015855; Holloway et al., WO2007015787; Holloway et al., WO2007016441; Holloway et al., WO2006119061; Liverton et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 130:4607-4609, 2008; McCauley et al., Abstracts of Papers, 235th ACS National Meeting, New Orleans, La., United States, Apr. 6-10, 2008; Liverton et al., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54:305-311, 2009 (published online); and McCauley et al., Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 53(6):2443-2463, 2010.

Process and intermediates for preparing macrolactams