The present invention also relates to process for the preparation of N-(4-(6,7-dimethoxy quinolin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-N′-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide (S)-malate compound of formula-1a and its polymorphs thereof, represented by the following structural:

Cabozantinib (S)-malate is a kinase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of patients with progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer and advanced renal cell carcinoma in people who have received prior anti-angiogenic therapy.
Cabozantinib has been approved by the US FDA as COMETRIQ for the treatment of patients with progressive, metastatic medullary thyroid cancer.
COMETRIQ has also been approved by the European Commission for the Treatment of adult patients with progressive, unresectable locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid carcinoma.
Cabozantinib chemically known as N-{4-[(6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yloxy]phenyl}-M-(4-fluorophenyl) cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxamide.
International (PCT) publication No. WO 2005030140 A1 first disclosed Cabozantinib and process for its preparation.
International (PCT) publication No. WO 2010083414 A1 discloses amorphous forms of Cabozantinib L- and D-malate as well as the N-1 and N-2 polymorphs of crystalline Cabozantinib L- and D-malate and process for its preparation.
International (PCT) publication No. WO 2016150966 A1 discloses crystalline Cabozantinib hydrochloride as well as crystalline Cabozantinib phosphate and process for its preparation.
CN104961680 A discloses crystal A and crystal 13 of hydrochloride salt of Cabozantinib and process for its preparation.
CN194961681 A discloses various acid addition salts of Cabozantinib and process for its preparation.

Process for the preparation of N-(4-(6,7-dimethoxyquinolin-4-yloxy)phenyl)-N′-(4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropane-1, 1-dicarboxamide, (2S)-hydroxybutanedioate and its polymorphs thereof

MSN LABORATORIES PRIVATE LIMITED, R&D CENTER


A semiconductor input protective device has an NPN type blpolar transistor and an N-channel MOS transistor. In the NPN type bipolar transistor, the collector is connected to a signal line and the emitter and the base are commonly connected to a ground line. In the N-channel MOS transistor, either the drain or the source is connected to the signal line and the other of either the drain or the source is connected to the signal line and the gate is connected to either the signal line or the power source line. The N-channel MOS transistor has a threshold voltage higher than the power source voltage. The NPN type bipolar transistor and the N-channel MOS transistor having a thick gate insulation film are used as input protection elements so that, even when a high voltage interface is effected, the function of the protective MOS transistor is not interfered with.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor input protective device, and more particularly to a semiconductor input protective device for protecting internal circuits against an abnormal voltage (hereinafter referred to as a "surge voltage") externally applied to a signal line.
(2) Description of the Related Art
A conventional semiconductor input protective device has CMOS semiconductor device, of the kind to which the present invention relates, is shown in FIG. 1A. As shown therein, the semiconductor input protective device is constituted by an N-channel MOS transistor M1 having a drain (an N-type diffusion layer 103-1) connected to a signal line 8 which is in turn connected to a pad 9, a source (an N-type diffusion layer 103-2) and a gate electrode 5N both connected to a ground line 6, and a P-channel MOS transistor M2 having a drain (a P-type diffusion layer 102-2) connected to the signal line 8, a source (a P-type diffusion layer 102-1) and a gate electrode 5P both connected to a power source line 7. FIG. 1B is an equivalent circuit diagram of the above semiconductor input protective device.
The above conventional input protective device operates as follows. When a surge voltage positive with respect to the ground line 6 is applied to the signal line 8, the surge voltage is released or discharged to the ground line 6 by the lateral NPN bipolar action of the N-channel MOS transistor M1 and, when a negative surge voltage is applied to the signal line 8, a parasitic PN-diode D1 existing between the drain 103-1 of the MOS transistor M1 and a P-type silicon substrate 1 is forwardly biased, so that the surge voltage can be released to the ground line 6.
Similarly, when a surge voltage positive with respect to the power source line 7 is applied to the signal line 8, a parasitic PN-diode D2 existing between the drain 102-2 of the P-channel MOS transistor M2 and an N-well 10 is forwardly biased, so that the surge voltage can be released to the power source line 7. On the other hand, when a negative surge voltage is applied to the signal line 8, the surge voltage can be released to the power source line 7 due to a drain breakdown of the P-channel MOS transistor M2.
The MOS semiconductor device used in the above conventional semiconductor input protective device normally has a gate oxide film the thickness of which is the same as that in the MOS semiconductor device of an internal circuit. Therefore, assuming that, for example, the thickness of the gate oxide film is 10 nm, the operating voltage is 3.3 V and the input signal has a TTL (Transistor-Transistor-Logic) level of 5 V, the gate oxide film 11 of the protective MOS semiconductor device will be subjected constantly to an electric field at a maximum of 5.5 MV/cm, thereby allowing the flow of the tunnel current (Fowler-Nordheim current) through the semiconductor device concerned. This state constantly continues during the operation of the semiconductor device, so that the gate oxide film gradually deteriorates, thereby leading eventually to insulation breakdown and to the inability of the MOS semiconductor device to function as a protective device. This is one of the problems in the conventional semiconductor input protective device which is to be solved by the present invention.

Semiconductor input protective device against external surge voltage


A scanning electron microscope includes: an electron optical column, arranged to generate electron beams and focus the electron beams on a specimen; a first detector, arranged to receive electrons generated by the electron beams acting on the specimen; and a second detector, arranged to receive photons generated by the electron beams acting on the specimen. The second detector includes a reflector and a photon detector. The reflector is in a ring shape and is arranged to cover the perimeter of the specimen. The reflector reflects the photons generated on the specimen onto the photon detector. The scanning electron microscope provided by the present disclosure can collect photons in a wide range, and the photon detector has a high reception efficiency.

In the related art, a cathode fluorescence signal generated by electron beams acting on a specimen is an electromagnetic wave in ultraviolet, infrared or visible spectra, emitted when the electron beams bombard the surface of the specimen, in addition to secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, Auger electrons and X-ray. The basic principle is that electrons inside the specimen are excited to a high energy state by incident electrons, and then transit back to a low energy state after a certain relaxation time and release energy, and during the energy releasing, part of the energy is emitted in the form of electromagnetic radiation. The physical process in which the specimen generates cathode fluorescence under the excitation of electron beams is determined by the electron structure of the specimen, while the electron structure is related to element composition, lattice structure and defects, as well as mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic environments and other factors. Therefore, an electron beam excited cathode fluorescence spectrum can reflect physical properties of a material through the electron structure of the material.
The detection and processing of an electron beam excited cathode fluorescence signal is usually combined with a scanning electron microscope, which can realize a combined research of morphology observation, structure and composition analysis, and electron beam excited cathode fluorescence spectrum. At present, cathode fluorescence detection is realized by a side-type cathode fluorescence detector, which, however, has a small receiving space angle, and a low collection efficiency. Moreover, the side-type cathode fluorescence detector has a relatively large footprint, and blocks the path of reflection electrons, such as the secondary electrons and the backscattered electrons, which makes it impossible for the scanning electron microscopy to detect the cathode fluorescence and the reflection electrons simultaneously.
In view of this, the present disclosure is proposed.

FOCUS-EBEAM TECHNOLOGY (BEIJING) CO., LTD.


A method of an electronic device is provided. The electronic device includes a display, a memory storing instructions, and at least one processor electrically coupled with the display and the memory. The at least one processor is configured to control to display at least one content in a first area, control display a first tag mapped to a first content in a second area, in response to detecting an input on the first content included in the at least one content, control to display a second tag distinguished from the first tag, in a third area, and map the second tag to the first content, in response to detecting an input to move the second tag to the second area, the second tag being displayed in the third area.

Portable electronic devices, such as smart phones, tablet personal computers (PCs), and the like, generate or download from an external electronic device and store various content, for example, audio files, video files, documents, images, text, and the like.
A user uploads stored content to a social networking service (SNS) application or the like. In this instance, the user may input the feature of the uploaded content as a tag. The user may readily search for the uploaded content from the SNS application using the input tag.
The above information is presented as background information only to assist with an understanding of the present disclosure. No determination has been made, and no assertion is made, as to whether any of the above might be applicable as prior art with regard to the present disclosure.

Tag input device of electronic device and control method thereof


An antenna structure utilizing metal housing of a wireless communication device as antenna includes first, second, and third metallic members, and a feed portion. A first gap is between the first and second metallic members. A second gap is between the second and third metallic members. The current feed portion is connected to the second metallic member, and current entering the second metallic member flows towards the first gap and the second gap respectively to excite radiation signals in a first frequency band. The first and third metallic members obtain the current by coupling and excite radiation signals in a second and a third frequency bands respectively. Frequencies of the third frequency band are higher than frequencies of the second frequency band, which are higher than the frequencies of the first frequency band. A wireless communication device using the antenna structure is provided.

Metal housings, for example, metallic backboards, are widely used for wireless communication devices, such as mobile phones or personal digital assistants (PDAs). Antennas are also important components in wireless communication devices for receiving and transmitting wireless signals at different frequencies, such as wireless signals in Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) frequency bands. However, the metal housing can work against the antenna signals by shielding them. This can degrade the operation of the wireless communication device. Additionally, other metal elements in the metal housing and a limited space in the metal housing for placing the antenna may also affect the performance of the antenna.
Therefore, there is room for improvement in the art.

Antenna structure and wireless communication device using same


A manhole cover lifting tool is provided which includes a lever having a handle end and a working end, wherein a first tool head is mounted on the working end, the first tool head including a pair of optionally usable manhole cover lifting tools. A second tool head is provided with a substantially identical pair of optionally usable manhole cover lifting tools, the second tool head being operatively connected to a sleeve freely slidably mounted on the lever by means of a fixed length flexible chain extending between the second tool head and the sleeve.

The present invention relates to an improved manhole cover lifting tool. More specifically, the invention relates to a lever-type manual tool for lifting and maneuvering manhole covers of various sizes away from respective manholes, wherein a freely slidable sleeve mounted on the lever permits a virtually infinite range of adjustments of the distance between the fulcrum and the sleeve, thereby enabling the tool to be used with any size manhole cover while maximizing the available leverage.
There are a number of manhole cover lifting devices disclosed in the prior art. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,076,217, a lever is combined with scissors-type lifting means for lifting a manhole cover and pivoting the raised cover away from the manhole in a horizontal plane.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,181,290, a lever-type manhole cover lifting tool is combined with a hydraulic jack, hydraulic cylinder, or pulley cable to facilitate lifting of the cover and thereafter pivoting the cover away from the manhole.
In U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,482,182; 2,846,259; 2,832,628; and 2,086,318, manually operated lever-type lifting tools are disclosed in which one or more points of attachment for a member connected to the manhole cover are fixed along the length of the lever. In the '259 and '628 patents, flexible chains are connected between the selected, fixed points of attachment on the lever and lifting elements attached to the manhole cover. However, because the attachment points are fixed, the chain must be adjustable in length to accommodate manhole covers of different diameter This arrangement is unsatisfactory since it is not possible to maximize leverage, and additional hardware is often required to insure secure attachment of the chain links to the various fixed points of attachment.
Manhole cover diameters are typically 22", 24" or 26". Increasingly, however, even larger manhole covers of up to 30" diameter are being utilized, particularly to facilitate ingress and egress of personnel into the manhole. Accordingly, there is a need for a manhole cover lifter tool which is simple and easy to use, which maximizes leverage, and which accommodates all of the above manhole cover sizes.
The present invention provides a simplified and easily manipulable tool for lifting manhole covers of various diameters and which allows the user to maximize available leverage.
In one exemplary embodiment, the invention includes an elongated lever having one free end which comprises a handle, and another free end which comprises a working end, to which is attached a first tool head. The tool head itself is provided with a pair of alternatively useable manhole cover lifting tools. The choice of lifting tool is determined by the shape of an aperture or slot typically provided in manhole covers for lifting purposes. A second tool head is provided at one end of a flexible chain and includes alternatively usable tools substantially identical to those of the first tool head. The chain is attached at its other end to a sleeve which is slidably mounted on the lever. In the present invention, the flexible chain has a single, fixed, length, i.e., the length is not intended to be adjusted for manhole covers of different diameter. Rather, the freely slidable sleeve performs the function of adapting the device to manhole covers of different diameters while at the same time, permitting maximum leverage to be applied during lifting.
In the present invention, the manhole cover lifting tools are first engaged within the appropriate slots, apertures or the like provided in the manhole cover, with the sleeve being adjusted along the length of the lever to the extent necessary to allow attachment of one of the lifting tools of the second tool head to the manhole cover. Thereafter, the sleeve may be slidably adjusted along the length of the lever until the chain is taut and the lever is at an angle of inclination which is most comfortable for the user, and/or which maximizes the available leverage, i.e., by moving the sleeve as far as possible toward the fulcrum.
Once the lifting operation has commenced, the sleeve frictionally binds against the lever, and effectively prevents any further sliding movement of the sleeve during the lifting operation.
In a further aspect of the invention, the unused tool fixed to the first tool head at the working end of the lever serves as the fulcrum point by which the manhole cover is lifted and subsequently pivoted substantially horizontally away from the manhole.
Further objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description of the invention which follows below.


A developing apparatus includes a developer bearing member configured to bear a developer on a surface, a regulating member that regulates layer thickness of the developer on the developer bearing member, and a developer conveying member. In addition, a frame has a development chamber in which the developer bearing member and the regulating member are provided, a storage chamber in which the conveying member is provided and the developer is stored, and an opening through which the developer passes into the development chamber. The developing apparatus collects the developer remaining on the developer bearing member into the storage chamber after the developer on the developer bearing member is transferred onto a transfer material. The regulating material includes a step portion that forms a gap between the regulating member and the developer bearing member.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a developing apparatus, a cartridge, a process cartridge, and an image forming apparatus. The developing apparatus includes at least a developer bearing member that bears a developer. The developing apparatus sometimes includes, for example, a frame body for storing the developer and a conveying member that conveys the developer. The cartridge is a component in which a plurality of components in the image forming apparatus are integrated to be detachably attached to an image forming apparatus main body. The process cartridge includes at least an image bearing member that bears a developer image. In particular, a component in which the image bearing member and process means acting on the image bearing member are integrated is called a process cartridge. The image forming apparatus is an apparatus that forms an image on a recording material (a transfer material), and in particular, an apparatus that adopts an electrophotographic system.
Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, in image forming apparatuses such as an electrophotographic apparatus and an electrostatic recording apparatus, from the viewpoint of simplification of apparatus configurations and elimination of wastes, a cleaner-less system (a toner recycle system) has been proposed. In the cleaner-less system, a dedicated drum cleaner, which is surface cleaning means after a transfer process of a photosensitive body, in an image forming apparatus of a transfer system is removed. Therefore, an untransferred toner on the photosensitive body after the transfer process is cleaned and removed from the photosensitive body by a developing apparatus and collected into the developing apparatus.
In particular, cleaning performed simultaneously with development in the developing apparatus is called development simultaneously cleaning. The development simultaneous cleaning is a method of collecting the toner remaining on the photosensitive body after the transfer process with fog removing bias (a fog removing potential difference Vback, which is a potential difference between a direct-current voltage applied to the developing apparatus and the surface potential of the photosensitive body) during development in the next and subsequent processes. With this method, the untransferred toner is collected into the developing apparatus and reused in the next and subsequent processes. Therefore, it is possible to eliminate a waste toner and reduce labor required for maintenance. Since the image forming apparatus is cleaner-less, a cleaner mechanism is not separately provided. There is a significant advantage in terms of space. It is possible to greatly reduce the size of the image forming apparatus (Japanese Patent No. 4510493, Japanese Patent No. 4785407, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2004-354978, and Japanese Patent No. 4630707 (FIG. 14)).
When the cleaner-less system is adopted, when the toner is recycled, it is likely that foreign matters such as paper powder enter the developing apparatus and an image failure is caused by the foreign matters. For example, a representative image failure is a streak-like image failure that occurs because the paper powder and the foreign matters are held between a regulating blade and a developing sleeve and a uniform toner layer is disturbed. Besides, it is also likely that black spots occur in a white background portion of paper or, conversely, white spots occur in a printed portion because the paper powder is developed together with the toner.
Therefore, as the developing apparatus adopted in the cleaner-less system, a one-component magnetic contact developing system is proposed (Japanese Patent No. 4510493). In this system, a magnetic developer (a magnetic toner) is born on a developing sleeve (a developer conveying member), which includes magnetic field generating means, and brought into contact with the surface of a photosensitive member to perform development. The magnetic toner in the developing apparatus is carried to the vicinity of the developing sleeve by a mechanical supplying mechanism or the gravity and finally supplied to the developing sleeve by magnetism. The magnetic toner supplied to the developing sleeve is regulated to a proper amount by the regulating blade disposed in contact with the developing sleeve and forms a uniform toner layer. DC bias is applied between developing rollers.
In such a developing apparatus, the magnetic toner is supplied to the developing sleeve using the magnetism. Therefore, it is possible to more preferentially supply the toner to the developing sleeve than the paper powder that does not have magnetism. Therefore, an image is less easily affected by the paper powder than in a cleaner-less system that adopts a non-magnetic contact developing method.
On the other hand, when it is attempted to increase the life of the cleaner-less system, fogging performance is sometimes deteriorated by recycling of the toner. While an image forming process is repeated, triboelectric charging characteristics of the toner are deteriorated. Proper electric charges cannot be applied to the toner by the regulating blade. As a result, fogging is sometimes worsened. The fogging means an image failure in which the toner is slightly developed in a white portion (an unexposed portion) that is originally not printed.
On the other hand, there is proposed a method of applying, to the regulating blade, bias (blade bias) on the same polarity side as the toner with respect to developing bias and providing a potential difference between the regulating blade and the developing sleeve to facilitate application of electric charges to the toner with an electric field in a contact region (Japanese Patent No. 4785407). The application of electric charges to the toner is facilitated by the blade bias. Even after a long period of use, the appropriate electric charges are applied to the toner. The fogging is less easily worsened.
On the other hand, a cleaner-less system that adopts a contact charging system, in which a charging roller is used, is proposed (Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2004-354978). When the contact charging system is used in the cleaner-less system, a charging failure is caused by adhesion of the toner to the charging roller, which is a charging member. As a method of reducing the adhesion of the toner to the charging member, it is known to drive the charging member to provide a circumferential speed difference between the charging member and a photosensitive drum. It is also known to provide optical discharging means in view of stability of a charging process and memory removal.

Developing apparatus having a layer thickness regulation member, cartridge, and image forming apparatus


A mobile communications system is proposed in which a two stage procedure is used for setting up Radio Bearers within a mobile communications device and UTRAN. In the first stage, both the mobile device and UTRAN perform ciphering based on an old Start value. In the second stage, the mobile device and UTRAN perform ciphering based on a new Start value. In this way, data communication using the Radio Bearers can start without waiting for the mobile device to confirm completion of the setup procedure.

In mobile telecommunication networks, when User Equipment (UE) wants to send data to or receive data from the network, the network initially sends configuration data to the UE so that it can communicate with the network using the correct parameters. The configuration data includes, among other things, when the UE should start to cipher the uplink data it sends to the network (Activation Time). In response to receiving the configuration data, the UE configures its internal resources accordingly and sends a message back to the network confirming that the configuration was successful. The network then starts to cipher downlink data after receiving this confirmation message. However, in practice, this confirmation message may not be sent until after the Activation Time and in this case, any uplink data sent from the UE to the network or downlink data sent from the network to the UE, before the network has received the configuration confirmation message, can not be deciphered properly.
3GPP standard TS 25.331 V8.1.0 (the content of which is incorporated herein by reference) defines how this configuration should be performed in UTRAN (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network).
The present invention aims to provide an alternative arrangement which will at least alleviate this problem.


In a method and a device for selecting transport format in a User Equipment transmitting data in a cellular radio system using an Enhanced Uplink (EUL) with Discontinuous Reception (DRX) the determination of whether or not to transmit data in the next Transmission Time Interval (TTI) is based on the amount of data in the User Equipment transmission buffer.

Recently, the specifications for High Speed Packed Access (HSPA) have included Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) and Discontinuous Reception (DRX) in the context of the Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) functionality, see the standards third generation partnership project (3GPP) TS 25.308 "High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA); Overall description; Stage 2". Rel-7, version 7.2.0 and 3GPP TR 25.903 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC) for Packet Data Users, Release 7. The deployment of DTX and DRX in HSPA is motivated by i.a. power saving and reduction of the Uu instantaneous interference. The Uu interface provides interconnection between the Radio Network Controller (RNC) and User Terminal via the Node B.
Furthermore, on Medium Access Control (MAC) level, the DRX functionality as described in the standard TS 25.308 can be used for frame bundling. The result of the inclusion of DRX on the MAC level is that:                The DTX functions are active as a pre-condition        The User Equipment (UE) is forced to buffer certain quantity of Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol Data Units (PDUs) which are expected to be received in regular time intervals        The PDUs are deployed in big size transport formats in few Transmission Time intervals (TTIs)        Transmission is stopped when buffering, and        Retransmissions are allowed at any time.
The Enhanced Uplink (EUL) DRX works by restricting the start of Enhanced-Dedicated Channel (E-DCH) transmissions to a cycle pattern. The cycle pattern is called MAC_DTX_cycle and the beginning of the cycle coincides with the beginning of the UE_DTX_cycle—1 specified to support the DTX functionality. The values of these cycles are signaled to the UE using a Radio Resource Control Protocol (RRC).
The transmissions are restricted when it has passed a configurable number of TTIs called UE_Inactivity_Threshold where the UE have not had a transmission (for example, because its buffer is empty). Then the UE does not transmit again until a new MAC_DTX_cycle starts. The UE_Inactivy_Threshold is signaled to the UE by RRC. The values for the UE_Inactivy_Threshold allowed by TS 25.331 in Release 7 (10.3.6.34a) are in the range from 0 to 512.
In addition, to start the transmission a configurable offset is applied. The offset is called UE_DTX_DRX_Offset which is RRC signaled to the UE.so that new transmission can be performed after the offset has being applied to the time of the beginning of the cycle, if there is need for one.
If a UE has transmitted in one E-DCH Transmission Time Interval (TTI), then the UE is allowed to use subsequent TTIs for E-DCH transmission as long as its transmission is continued (re-started) within UE_Inactivity_Threshold TTIs. In other word the UE can transmit continuously without being interrupted by the DRX feature. But if the UE stops the transmissions by the same number of TTIs that is configured with the threshold value, then the UE can not transmit even when it has data in the buffer until the condition for transmitting is fulfill again.
If there is need for Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) retransmissions, those can be done in the correspondent HARQ process without being affected by the DRX model, independently of the value of the Inactivity threshold and the current UE activity. An exemplary transmission performed in accordance with the existing transmission protocol is illustrated in FIG. 1.
With the current DRX specified functionality, some frame bundling can be achieved with the correct tuning of the parameters: UE_Inactivity_threshold and MAC_DTX_CYCLE, especially with 2 ms TTI. But for 10 ms TTI the situation is more difficult, because the longer HARQ RTT and the longer delay between transmission can lead to data received in such a way that restrict the DRX cycles heavily.
Hence there exist a need for a transmission method for EUL DTX that provides a more efficient use of resources and also can achieve an improved transmission.

Transport format selection in enhanced UL


The invention is directed to a guide bar which includes a fill body in the guide groove thereof. The fill body is disposed in the region of a lubricating bore and bridges the gap between the bottom of the groove and the rakers of the drive links of the saw chain. The fill body raises the bottom of the groove in the region where lubricant is supplied to the saw chain through the lubricating bore. The fill body has a recess formed at the location of the lubricating bore for receiving lubricant therein. With the invention, the take along of the lubricant by the rakers of the drive links of the saw chain is improved thereby reducing the quantity of lubricant which would otherwise be lost. A method and an apparatus for forming the fill body in the guide groove of the guide bar are also disclosed.

Guide bars of this kind are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,581,783 and 4,693,005. The fill body disposed within the guide groove and arranged in the region of the lubricating bore is provided to bridge the gap between the rakers of the drive links and the groove bottom. This gap is present because of manufacturing reasons and assures a jam-free passage of the drive links through the guide groove. The fill body defines an elevated segment of the groove bottom in the region of the lubricating bore so that the supplied lubricant is taken up by the rakers as completely as possible and thereafter is directed to the pivot joints of the saw chain. It is intended to prevent the accumulation of large quantities of lubricant on the groove bottom in this manner which would otherwise be lost for the purpose of lubrication.
In known guide bars, the fill body is configured so that it partially overlaps the lubricating bore within the guide groove whereby the metering of lubricant is made difficult. The fill body disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,581,783 is configured to be convex at its end face directed outwardly whereby the lubricant, which is usually lubricating oil, runs off in the direction toward the groove bottom at both sides of the lubricating bore. In this way, a considerable quantity of the lubricating oil reaches the groove bottom without being grasped by the rakers of the drive links.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,693,005 discloses an embodiment wherein the end face of the fill body which defines the elevated segment of the groove bottom is level and by means of which an improved take-along function of the drive links is achieved. However, because of the very rapid movement of the saw chain, a part of the lubricating oil is nonetheless directed to the groove bottom because the rakers of the drive links displace the lubricating oil on the end face of the fill body directly after the oil exits through the lubricating bore toward the groove bottom.
A further problem in the manufacture of the guide bar is that the depth of the guide groove varies within very large manufacturing tolerances. In contrast thereto, the fill body has the same elevation for all guide bars of the same type because of manufacturing reasons so that in dependence upon the manufacturing tolerances of the guide bar, a more or less large gap exists between the rakers of the drive links and the end face of the fill body defining the elevated segment of the groove bottom. The intended effect of the take-along of lubricating oil is therefore subjected to large variations among guide bars and this effect can become lost in dependence upon the particular guide bar. A gap of a certain width between the raker of the drive link and the end face of the fill body is to be deliberately provided because the drive links dip deeper into the guide groove in dependence upon increasing wear of the side links of the saw chain so that the fill body can then become a restriction for the through-passage of the drive links.

Guide bar for the saw chain of a motor-driven chain saw and a method and apparatus for producing the same


A method of sputtering with sputtering apparatus is for depositing a layer upon a substrate. The apparatus includes a sputter target with a face exposed to the substrate and a magnetron providing a magnetic field that moves relative to the target face. The speed of movement of the field is controlled such that the uniformity of the deposition on the substrate is enhanced. A particular method includes monitoring uniformity verses speed, selecting the speed that gives the preferred uniformity and controlling the field to the selected speed. The selected speed may vary over the life of the target, with increased speeds becoming desirable as the target thins.

1. Field of Invention
This invention relates to a method of sputtering with a sputtering apparatus for depositing a layer upon a substrate having a sputter target with a face exposed to substrate(s) and a magnetron providing a magnetic field that moves relative to the target face.
2. Description of Related Art
In most deposition processes that take place, for example in the formation of films on semiconductor wafers, one of the key manufacturing criteria is that there should be uniformity of deposited film thickness across the wafer. In particular for acoustic resonators, film thickness affects resonant frequency and therefore for all resonators upon a wafer to resonate at the same frequency, film thickness must be the same.
One of the key elements to achieve good uniformity of deposition upon a substrate from a closely spaced magnetron sputtering target assembly is the way in which the magnetic field moves with respect to the substrate (the alternative being large source-to-substrate distances approximating to a point source, but at the cost of low sputtering efficiency).
This may be achieved by moving the substrates past a static magnetron/target assembly. More recently, and particularly as substrate sizes have increased, the preference has been for the substrate to remain static and the magnetic field to move such as by physical rotation of the magnetron (or by suitable electrical switching causing the field of a fixed coil array to sweep across the face of the target). It is also known to move the field-creating element (e.g. a rotating magnet) laterally over a target and also to change target to magnetron spacing to improve uniformity of materials deposition thickness through target life (substrate to substrate repeatability). Whilst good results have been achieved using these techniques, and other techniques developed by the Applicants, lack of uniformity has still proved a significant problem in reactive sputtering processes.
It is important to recognise that it is the relative motion of magnetron to substrate that improves the deposition uniformity upon the substrate (by moving the point of erosion from the target—moving the source of sputtered material) not the motion of magnetron relative to the target—which achieves improved target consumption.
In the case of single wafer close coupled magnetron sputtering (as is commonplace in metallisation upon 100 mm-300 mm silicon wafers) there is generally a target little larger than the wafer (to minimise chamber size and target materials inventory) close coupled (to maximise efficiency of target utilisation) with a moving magnetron sweeping a magnetic field to gain uniformity of film deposition upon the substrate (and uniformity of target erosion).


A cooled blade of a small gas turbine engine can enhance cooling performance without increasing the amount of cooling air in a simple configuration. A cooled turbine blade is provided with a cooling passageway 12 formed inside thereof, making the cooling air flow therein. Film-cooling holes 13 penetrate from an inner wall surface 111 to an external wall surface 112 and form a cooling film. An impingement cooling member 2 has a multiple number of small holes 21 ejecting the cooling air. A gap t made by the inner wall surface 111 and the impingement cooling member 2 has a sealing portion 14 mounted thereon which divides the gap in a blade chord direction.

Nowadays gas turbines are used as a power source of many kinds of machinery and equipment. For example, they are used for power plant applications by connecting a generator to their main shaft, or used as engines utilizing the gas turbines as a power source of transportation such as airplanes and the like.
FIG. 18 is a schematic drawing of a gas turbine engine. A gas turbine engine GT shown in FIG. 18 has an intake fan Kf installed to an air intake port; a compressor Cp compressing the intake air; a combustor Bs burning fuels by using the air compressed by the compressor Cp; a turbine Tb driven by combustion gas ejected from the combustor Bs; and a nozzle Nz ejecting combustion gas to generate thrust. The intake fan Kf, the compressor Cp and the turbine Tb are connected to each other by the same rotating shaft. Driving the turbine Tb with combustion gas turns the rotating shaft, driving the intake fan Kf and the compressor Cp.
The turbine Tb has stationary vanes and rotating blades. The stationary vanes rectify flow of the combustion gas blown thereto, while the rotating blades rotate with the rotating shaft at their center by having the combustion gas blow thereto. Combustion gas blowing to the stationary vanes and the rotating blades is very high temperature gas, thus generating nonconformances such as thermal deformation, damage and the like due to heat. In order to prevent these nonconformances from occurring, the blades are cooled.
A method of cooling the blades is disclosed in which a part of the compressed air, which is compressed by the compressor Cp and supplied to the combustor Bs, is supplied to the turbine Tb to be utilized as a refrigerant for cooling of the blades. In this method, the blades are cooled by having the cooling air flow inside the blades. Among methods of cooling the blades are a film cooling method, an impingement cooling method, a transpiration cooling method and the like.
In order to cool turbine blades of high temperature gas turbine engines, after implementation of the impingement cooling method, the film cooling method is also used. FIG. 19 shows a cross-sectional view of a cooled blade of a high temperature gas turbine engine. The cooled turbine blade B shown in FIG. 19 has a cooling passageway 91 formed inside thereof where the cooling air flows. Inside the cooling passageway 91 is mounted an insert 92, having a multiple number of small holes for ejecting the cooling air, leaving a space apart from an inner wall surface 901 of a blade wall 90. The cooling air flowing into the cooling passageway 91 is blown approximately uniformly to the inner wall surface 901 of the cooling passageway 91 through small holes 921 in the insert 92 and cools the inner wall surface 901 and the neighborhood of the inner wall, which is so-called an impingement cooling
Additionally, the cooled blade B has film-cooling holes 93 formed therein, penetrating from the cooling passageway 91 to the outside. As a result, the cooling air which completes the impingement cooling will be ejected to an external wall surface 902 of the cooled turbine blade B through the film-cooling holes 93, forming a cooling seal and cooling the cooled turbine blade B from the outside.
The above-mentioned cooling methods are widely adopted to gas turbines for industrial use, such as gas turbines used in power plant applications and the like.
Table 1 shows a comparison of various kinds of parameters of cooled blades of a small type of gas turbine engine used for airplanes and the like with those of cooled blades of gas turbines for industrial use such as power generation and the like. Parameters shown in Table 1 include hole diameter d of film-cooling holes, chord length C, blade wall thickness 6 (See FIG. 19 and FIG. 21 described later.), ratio d/C of the film hole diameter versus the chord length and ratio d/δ of the film-cooling hole diameter versus the blade wall thickness. FIG. 20 shows a cross-sectional view of a blade and a graph showing a distribution of static pressure around the blade. The distribution of static pressure around a blade as shown in the graph is for a blade of no dimensions.
TABLE 1Small Type of GasGas TurbinesTurbine Enginesfor Industrial UseFilm Hole Diameter0.40.8d (mm)Chord Length30200C (mm)Blade Wall Thicknessδ (mm)1.25.0d/C0.0130.004d/δ0.330.16
As shown in Table 1, in gas turbines for industrial use, the ratio d/C of the film-cooling hole diameter versus the chord length is 0.004, while in small type of gas turbine engines, the ratio is 0.013, which is a large value. In the graph in FIG. 8, blades are of no dimensions, and the ratio of film-cooling holes of small gas turbine engines and the ratio of those of gas turbines for industrial use are depicted as 81 and 82 in the graph. From the graph, it can be seen that the ratio 81 of the film-cooling holes of small gas turbine engines versus blades is larger than the ratio 82 of those of gas turbines for industrial use versus blades, and it also can be seen that pressure fluctuation at the outlet of the film-cooling holes of small gas turbine engines becomes higher. As a result, combustion gas becomes easier to flow reversely through the film-cooling holes. Therefore, in order to prevent a back flow, it is necessary to increase a margin for the back flow. Namely, it is necessary to make a large amount of the cooling air flow.
FIG. 21 shows a cross-sectional view of a film-cooling hole. A film-cooling hole 93 is formed so as to incline to the blade wall 90 at a predetermined angle. In the neighborhood of an inner wall surface 901 of a curved surface 931 on the inner wall side of the film-cooling hole 93, exfoliation of the cooling air occurs, wherein the cooling air flows away from the curved surface 931 on the inner wall side of the film-cooling hole 93, and subsequently, flow of the cooling air re-adheres to the curved surface 931 on the inner wall side of the film-cooling hole 93 in the proximity of the external wall surface 902 of the film-cooling hole 93.
When the film-cooling hole 93 does not have a sufficient length longer than a predetermined length, the flow of the cooling air does not re-adhere to the film-cooling hole 93, and high temperature working fluid flows reversely from the outside to a portion where the exfoliation of the cooling air flow occurs. This diminishes cooling performance.
Gas turbines for industrial use have a ratio d/δ of the film-cooling hole diameter versus the blade wall thickness which is 0.16, while small gas turbine engines has a ratio of 0.33, which is a large value. Therefore, the film-cooling hole 93 has a difficulty in having a sufficient length for the cooling air flow to re-adhere thereto, and there is a high potentiality of occurrence of a back flow, thus giving an adverse effect on cooling performance of the film cooling. Additionally, it is difficult to apply shaped cooling holes.
Also, as shown in FIG. 20, static pressure around the blade becomes lower toward the downstream side of the flow around the blade. As a result, the working fluid flowing into the inside of the cooled turbine blade B flows toward the downstream side through a gap between the insert 92 and the inner wall 901 of the cooling passageway 91, thereby significantly deteriorating cooling performance of the impingement cooling.

Turbine cooling vane of gas turbine engine


The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing an antenna for a radio frequency (RFID) tag. A web of material is provided to at least one cutting station in which a first pattern is generated in the web of material. A further cutting may occur to create additional modifications in order to provide a microchip attachment location and to selectively tune an antenna for a particular end use application. The cutting may be performed by a laser, die cutting, stamping or combinations thereof.

The use of radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is well known. RFID tags are commonly used in a wide variety of fields such as security-locks for automobiles, to control access to buildings, other security applications, to track and manage inventory, and to provide identification to tagged items.
Typical RFID tags have a microprocessor electrically connected to an antenna. When used to track or manage inventory, the microprocessor stores unique identifying data associated with the inventory. An operator can use an external receiver/reader to retrieve the stored data and process the inventory.
Recently, the demand for RFID tags has increased as companies explore alternative business processes to maintain and/or increase profitability. Traditionally, companies have attempted to predict the sales volume of a particular item at a store and then ship a set number or amount of goods to the store based on the sales volume prediction. This business process has the potential to reduce company profitability, as the sales volume prediction may over estimate the demand, resulting in the store having to inventory and maintain the item for a longer time period than desired. A store may even be forced to mark down the price of an item once the item's saleable life is nearing an end or, in the case of food, expiration is near or been reached (e.g. perishable goods, seasonal items, fashion trends, etc.). Alternatively, the sales volume prediction may underestimate the demand, thereby reducing company sales and impacting profitability as consumers are forced to shop elsewhere to purchase an out of stock product.
RFID tags have the potential to increase company profitability by allowing the company to continuously monitor the supply of a product at a store. Using RFID tags allows a company to quickly respond to low store inventory without having to take physical inventory counts to ensure an adequate supply of goods while avoiding the risks associated overstocking a product. Additionally, a company can monitor the sales rate of a product at a store, which can help the company predict future sales trends so that the company can make alterations within the supply chain as necessary to maintain an appropriate supply and ready availability of goods.
The increased demand for RFID tags has created a need for a manufacturing method that can quickly and efficiently produce RFID tag antennas. One such method is disclosed in U.S. Patent Application No. 2007/0171129 A1. This method includes the steps of, first, providing a reinforced metal foil laminate which includes a foil bonded to a reinforcement layer, and a carrier layer bonded to the metal foil laminate. The method then includes the step of using a rotary die cutter to cut an antenna pattern through the metal foil laminated to the carrier layer. The method concludes with the step of removing an undesired matrix portion of the reinforced metal foil laminate to provide a metal foil laminate antenna disposed on the carrier layer. An RFID tag 5 created by this method is shown in FIG. 1.
Publications, patents and patent applications are referred to throughout this disclosure. All references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference.
With reference to FIG. 1, the RFID tag 5 has an antenna structure 10 formed out of a reinforced conductive layer. The antenna structure has a generally T-shaped opening 15 that defines a first antenna contact end 20 and a second antenna contact end 25 spaced apart from one another by a gap 30. A first contact extension 35 and a second contact extension 40 substantially extend from the first antenna contact end 20 and the second contact end 25, respectively, toward the gap and allow a microprocessor 45 to be electrically coupled to the antenna structure 5. It should be understood that any shape may be suitable for the antenna opening and the reference to a "T" shaped opening is used for exemplary illustrative purposes only.
A rotary die cutter to cut an RFID antenna pattern is advantageous because rotary die cutting is both fast and inexpensive. However, rotary die cutters have poor resolution, and are limited to having a minimum distance between cut lines of 1 mm. Accordingly, the gap 30 of the RFID tag 1 in FIG. 1 creates, at a minimum, a 1 mm void between the first contact antenna end 20 and the second contact antenna end 25. This distance is too great for the microprocessor chip 45 to bridge. As such, the chip 45 cannot be directly coupled to the antenna structure 10. Rather, the first contact extension 35 and the second contact extension 40 must be used to substantially bridge the gap 30 before the chip 45 can be electrically coupled to the antenna structure 10.
An additional problem with using a rotary die cutter to cut a RFID antenna pattern is that the cylindrical die used by the rotary die cutter cannot be quickly or easily changed. Accordingly, the antenna design is not readily changeable, and thus it is often not economically feasible to produce small batches of a particular antenna design due to the constant need to change out die heads. Furthermore, any change in an antenna design would require a large lead-time, as a new cylindrical die must be manufactured each time the antenna design is changed. This can create a large inventory of die heads. The storage of which can occupy valuable factory floor space.
What is needed is an improved method of manufacturing RFID tags that eliminates the respective disadvantages of prior process.

Method of manufacturing a radio frequency identification device

AVERY DENNISON RETAIL INFORMATION SERVICES, LLC


An electronic apparatus comprises a battery pack that comprising a first battery cell and a second battery cell that are arranged in a first direction and store energy for enabling operation of electronic components; and a battery holder that houses the battery pack. The battery holder comprises a projecting part in a first face that configures the battery holder and covers the battery pack while the battery pack is provided with a slit that is fitted with the projecting part in a second face that is opposed to the first face. Furthermore, the first direction intersects a boundary direction extending between the first battery cell and the second battery cell, and the slit is formed to extend along the first direction in the second face.

In recent years, it has become a common procedure for a user to carry a portable information terminal such as a notebook personal computer. On the other hand, it has been proposed to install a TV receiver in a wall-hung manner rather than a stationary manner. Such electronic apparatus are strongly required by users to be reduced in size, weight, or thickness. However, to reduce the size, weight, or thickness of an electronic apparatus, the strength of the case of the electronic apparatus should be increased.
For example, JP-A-2005-275123 discloses an electronic apparatus having a display panel in which the display panel is reinforced and held by holding members in which lightweight, first to third reinforcement structures (beams) are formed at a low cost by pressing.
Another document, JP-A-2006-260255, discloses an electronic apparatus in which a case of a battery unit has a thin portion that is thinner than its battery cell housing portion. The battery unit is disposed in such a manner that the thin portion and a pointing device are arranged in the thickness direction of the electronic apparatus so as to overlap with each other.
However, JP-A-2005-275123 only intends to increase the productivity by decreasing the number of working steps for producing the holding members and to reinforce the display panel with the holding members. No consideration is given to influence of interference between the projected faces of the reinforcement beams and other members.
To reduce the thickness of the electronic apparatus, JP-A-2006-206255 merely employs the structure that the case of the battery unit is made thin in the thickness direction of the electronic apparatus in the region where the battery unit overlaps with the pointing device. Therefore, no consideration is given to increasing the strength of the thickness-reduced portion of the case of the electronic apparatus main body.
That is, conventionally, an electronic apparatus may be difficult to be made thinner while the strength of the case of the electronic apparatus main body is increased.


A method and system for controlling a diesel particulate filter includes a particulate matter load determination module determining a particulate matter load in a diesel particulate filter (DPF), a desired oxygen level determination module determining a desired exhaust gas oxygen level based on the particulate matter load, an oxygen comparison module comparing the desired exhaust gas oxygen level and a measured exhaust gas oxygen level and generating a comparison signal and an electric DPF control module controlling an electrically heated catalyst in response to the comparison signal.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure.
Diesel engine operation involves combustion that generates exhaust gas. During combustion, an air/fuel mixture is delivered through an intake valve to cylinders and is combusted therein. After combustion, the piston forces the exhaust gas in the cylinders into an exhaust system. The exhaust gas may contain emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO).
An exhaust treatment system is typically used to reduce vehicle emissions. A control module monitors engine operation and a dosing system selectively injects urea into the exhaust upstream from a catalyst. The treated exhaust reacts with the catalyst. A chemical reaction occurs that heats the catalyst and reduces emissions in the exhaust. More specifically, the chemical reaction decomposes the NOx and urea into separate elements. NOx decomposes into nitrogen and water. The urea decomposes into ammonia, which is stored on the surface of the catalyst.
A diesel particulate filter is also used in the exhaust system for diesel engines. The diesel particulate filter removes particulate matter from the exhaust gases. The particulate matter is often referred to as soot. A diesel-powered vehicle equipped with a functioning filter will emit no visible smoke from its exhaust pipe.
In addition to collecting the particulate matter, a method for cleaning the filter must exist. Some filters are disposable and must be removed. Other filters are designed to oxidize the accumulated particulate matter. One way to clean the filter is to operate the engine in a pre-determined way so that the exhaust gas temperatures are heated to a level above the soot combustion temperature. This is known as filter regeneration.
The diesel particulate filter is sensitive to overheating. If a diesel particulate filter is overheated, cracking or other damage to the particulate filter may occur.

Method and system for controlling an electrically heated particulate filter


A system and method that produces a uniformly magnified three-dimensional image of a three-dimensional scene. The system and method use integral photography along with a scaling-up process for magnification. In one embodiment, an integral photograph representative of a three-dimensional scene is created using an input imaging array. The integral photograph is enlarged by a magnification factor. A uniformly magnified three-dimensional image is reconstructed using an output imaging array that has been scaled-up from the first input array by the magnification factor according to the scaling-up process. In a second embodiment, no input array is used. Instead, a prepared integral frame representative of the three-dimensional scene is presented for magnification. In an embodiment, the integral frame is drawn, printed, or electronically prepared by geometric projection with the same properties as though a magnified three-dimensional scene were to be presented to a virtual imaging array (i.e., using ray tracing). This embodiment may be used to produce a magnified three-dimensional cartoon. Use of the scaling-up process permits the use of generalized imaging arrays composed of generalized imaging elements, where adjacent imaging elements may or may not touch each other.

The Claimed Priority Patents and Applications disclosed a system, apparatus, and method to produce a uniformly magnified three-dimensional image of a three-dimensional scene in such manner as to preserve the depth to height and width relationship of the image as it existed prior to magnification. This method requires the three-dimensional image prior to magnification to be rendered as an array of two-dimensional images by some form of matrix lens array, such as a fly's eye lens. This array of two-dimensional images is called an integral frame. Were this integral frame to be magnified by some magnification factor, and then viewed or projected through a new matrix lens array that has been scaled up from the lens array that produced the original array of two-dimensional images, such that the scaling factor is equal to the magnification (i.e., the focal length and diameter of each lenslet must be multiplied by the same magnification factor), a new three-dimensional image would be produced that would be magnified by the same magnification factor, and all image dimensions would be magnified by the same factor such that all dimensions of the final three-dimensional image would be proportional to the dimensions of the original image. The utility of magnifying three-dimensional images using this method would be the ability to enlarge holograms or integral photographs or other media from which three-dimensional images are produced, or to project still or moving three-dimensional images before a large audience.
The magnification principle is illustrated in FIG. 1. Object 1 is photographed by matrix lens array 2, thereby producing integral photograph 3. Integral photograph 3 is then magnified to give integral photograph 4 which is then placed behind matrix lens array 5. This combination yields magnified image 6.
It must be noted here, that during scaling-up, the (F/#) of the lenslets remains constant. In this case, the equation for (F/#) is:(F/#)=f/dwhere                f=the focal length of a lenslet; and        d=the diameter of a lenslet.
Examples of several different traditional matrix lens arrays are disclosed, and in all cases the focal lengths and diameters of the lenslets are scaled-up uniformly by the magnification factor. In one embodiment, an array of cylindrical lenslets is used. This type of array is known as a lenticular sheet or a Bonnet screen. In this case, the lenslet diameter is a meaningless term. Instead, the focal lengths and horizontal widths of the lenslets are scaled-up uniformly.
All of the examples of matrix lens arrays disclosed in the Claimed Priority Patents and Applications are configured such that adjacent lenslets touch each other. If the lenslets do not touch, maintaining the (F/#) constant during the scaling-up process will not work. In this case, the equation for (F/#) is the same as above, where d is known as the aperture.
It would be desirable to have a system and method for uniformly magnifying three-dimensional images where any imaging array could be used. In the general case, imaging elements substitute for lenslets, although imaging elements may comprise lenslets. They could be holographic optical elements or they could even be pinholes. Adjacent imaging elements may or may not touch each other. Such an imaging array should be able to be comprised of different types of elements within the same array. The imaging arrays could have a matrix arrangement of imaging elements, a linear arrangement of imaging elements, or any other arrangement of imaging elements. They should be able to have local arrangements of imaging elements that are different from other local arrangements on the same array. The arrays need not be planar. The original imaging array that captures an image of the three-dimensional scene need not necessarily have the same types of imaging elements as the array that reconstructs the magnified three-dimensional image. The only requirement is that the imaging arrays have a fixed geometric relationship to each other. Similarly, they must also have a fixed geometric relationship to the integral frames upon which they operate. Finally, one should be able to draw or print the elemental images of the integral frame without the requirement of a first imaging array to capture an image of the three-dimensional scene. For example, this technique would be used to produce three-dimensional cartoons.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

System and method for producing a uniformly magnified three-dimensional image of a three-dimensional scene


A method of controlling a copy-back operation of a flash memory device including multi-level cells. In the method, the copy-back operation can be executed even without an additional storage space. Accordingly, a program time can be shortened and operational performance of a flash memory device can be improved.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to flash memory devices, and more particularly, to a method of controlling a copy-back operation of a flash memory device.
2. Discussion of Related Art
In general, a flash memory device includes a page buffer for programming or reading a large quantity of data for a short period of time. Accordingly, the program or read operation of the flash memory device is executed by the page buffer on a page by page basis.
Recently, to further improve the degree of integration of the flash memory device, a flash memory device including Multi-Level Cells (MLCs) capable of storing plural bits of data has been developed. In general, since 2-bit data can be programmed into a MLC, one MLC can store any one of four data values, i.e., [11], [10], [00] and [01]. The MLC has a threshold voltage (one of Vt1 to Vt4) corresponding to the stored data (one of [11], [10], [00] and [01]).
A memory cell capable of storing single bit data is generally referred to as a Single Level Cell (SLC). A flash memory device including these SLCs basically supports the copy-back operation.
The copy-back operation includes storing data, which are stored in memory cells of a source page (i.e., one address), in a page buffer, and programming the stored data (without or with change) into memory cells of a target page (i.e., the other address). However, a flash memory device including the MLCs does not support the copy-back operation.
Accordingly, in the flash memory device including the MLCs, one method of copying data of a source page to a desired target page is to read the data from the source page, store the read data in a storage unit external to a flash memory chip and then program the stored data into the target page. Another method is to read the data from the source page, store the read data in a storage space within a chip and then program the stored data in the target page.
However, these methods are problematic in that they are ineffective since additional storage spaces other than the page buffer are required and a programming time of the target page is long. In addition, if the additional storage space is disposed within the flash memory device, a problem arises because the size of the flash memory device is increased.

Method of controlling copy-back operation of flash memory device including multi-level cells


A method for providing a digital content is disclosed. In accordance with the present invention, a playback information package generated according to a playback sequence of a main digital content and an auxiliary digital content is used to facilitate a configuration of a playback apparatus supporting a BD-J specification.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for providing a digital content, and more particularly to a method for providing a digital content wherein a playback information package generated according to a playback sequence of a main digital content and an auxiliary digital content is used to facilitate a configuration of a playback apparatus supporting a BD-J specification.
2. Description of the Related Art
A Blu-ray specification is designed by Blu-ray Disc Association ("BDA"), whose members include Sony, Hitachi and Sharp. The Blu-ray specification includes a specification of a Blu-ray disk which is an optical disc that may be read and recorded using a blue laser.
While a diameter and a thickness of the Blu-ray disk, which are 12 cm and 1.2 mm, respectively, are same as those of conventional CD (Compact Disc) and DVD (Digital Versatile Disc), a storage capacity thereof is larger than those of the conventional CD and DVD.
Because the blue laser having a wavelength of 405 nm is used for reading the Blu-ray disk instead of a red laser having a wavelength of 650 nm used for reading the DVD, more data can be stored in the Blu-ray disk than the DVD.
Specifically, a single layer Blu-ray disk is capable of storing up to 25 GB of a data and a dual layer Blu-ray disk is capable of storing up to 50 GB of the data. This means that the Blu-ray disk can store five times more data than the DVD.
Moreover, a quad layer Blu-ray disk and an octal layer Blu-ray disk can store up to 100 GB and 200 GB, respectively.
The Blu-ray disk supports a video compression codec of MPEG-2 which is widely used in the DVD. Moreover, BDA standard specification requires the Blu-ray disk to use H.264/AVC or VC-1 as the video compression codec which provides improved compression ratio compared to MPEG-2.
In addition, the Blu-ray disk supports audio formats such as Dolby Digital Plus, Dolby TrueHD and DTS-HD Master Audio as well as PCM (Pulse-code modulation), Dolby Digital and DTS.
A Blu-ray player supporting a BD-J specification supports an interactive service based on JAVA. Moreover, the Blu-ray player supporting the BD-J specification supports a network connectivity, a PIP (Picture-In-Picture) and a connection to a local storage.
A Blu-ray player supporting a BD-Live specification is capable of playing a digital content received through a network communication in addition to capabilities of the Blu-ray player supporting a BD-J specification.
A Virtual File System ("VFS") enables a playback of a data which is not stored on the Blu-ray disk. Specifically, the VFS configures a virtual package on the Blu-ray player to enable the Blu-ray player to play the data stored in other than the Blu-ray disk. For instance, the digital content received through a USB or the network communication may be played as if the digital content is stored in the Blu-ray disk.
Hereinafter, "a playback apparatus supporting the BD-J specification" includes the Blu-ray player supporting the BD-J specification or an apparatus using a middleware supporting the BD-J specification such as a TV, a set-top box, a PMP (Portable Multimedia Player), a video game console, a PC (Personal Computer) and a PVR (Personal Video Recorder).
The apparatus using the middleware supporting the BD-J specification is not required to have a Blu-ray disk reading capability.
FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a configuration for receiving a digital content via a network in a conventional playback apparatus supporting a BD-J specification.
A digital content providing server generates a BUMF (Binding Unit Manifest File) information, an SF (Signature File) information, a playlist information, movie clips and a clip information associated with each of the movie clips according to the BD-J specification.
The BUMF information defines a configuration of a virtual package in XML (Extensible Markup Language) format. For instance, the BUMF information includes a file name information and a binding information on the movie clips included in the digital content received from the digital content providing server.
The SF information is used for verifying a validity of the BUMF information. The SF information uses SHA (Secure Hash algorithm)-1.
The playlist information includes an information on the digital content to be played. For instance, the playlist information includes a playback sequence information, a PlayItem information and a PlayListMark information on the movie clips included in the digital content.
The clip information includes an information required for playing the movie clips. For instance, the clip information includes a stream format information of the corresponding clip, a number of packets included in the corresponding clip, an encoding specification of the corresponding clip and a time stamp information.
The playback apparatus stores the BUMF information, the SF information, the playlist information and the clip information received from the digital content providing server in a BUDA (Binding Unit Data Area). The playback apparatus carries out a package update from a disk package to the virtual package based on the BUMF information, the SF information, the playlist information and the clip information stored in the BUDA. That is, the playback apparatus is configured to play the digital content received from the digital content providing server instead of playing a data stored in the Blu-ray disk.
When the playback apparatus is fully configured, the playback apparatus receives and plays the digital content from the digital content providing server.
In order to play the digital content received from the digital content providing server, the playback apparatus must identify a size of the digital content, the number of clips included in the digital content, a encoding algorithm of the clip and a validity verification information by receiving the BUMF information, the SF information, the playlist information and the clip information from the digital content providing server.
In addition, the playback apparatus may provide an auxiliary digital content from an auxiliary digital content providing server.
That is, when a user selects a main digital content, the digital content providing server transmits the selected main digital content along with the auxiliary digital content to the playback apparatus.
For instance, when the user selects one of movies via a VOD (video on demand), the digital content providing server transmits the auxiliary digital content such as a pre-roll advertisement provided prior to the playback of the selected movie and post-roll advertisement provided after the playback of the selected movie to the user as well as the main digital content, i.e. the selected movie. Preferably, in order to provide a user-specific auxiliary digital content, a separate server for providing the auxiliary digital content, i.e. the auxiliary digital content providing server is employed to enable a transmission of the auxiliary digital content to the playback apparatus.
Therefore, the playback apparatus must carry out a package update for the auxiliary digital content as well as the main digital content in order to play both the main digital content and the auxiliary digital content received from the digital content providing server.
That is, the playback apparatus stores the BUMF information, the SF information, the playlist information and the clip information on each of the main digital content and the auxiliary digital content received from the digital content providing server in a BUDA (Binding Unit Data Area). The playback apparatus carries out a package update from a disk package to the virtual package based on the BUMF informations, the SF informations, the playlist informations and the clip informations stored in the BUDA. When the playback apparatus is fully configured, the playback apparatus sequentially receives and plays the main digital content and the auxiliary digital content including the movie clips.
FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example for configuring a virtual package according to a main digital content and an auxiliary digital content in a conventional playback apparatus supporting a BD-J specification.
The digital content providing server stores a the main information on the main digital content. For instance, when the digital content providing server stores a plurality of movie data, the digital content providing server also stores the main information such as the BUMF information, the SF information, the playlist information and the clip information of each movie data in the XML format. Mov—1.xml through mov_m.xml shown in FIG. 2 represent the main information on the main digital content.
In addition, the digital content providing server or the auxiliary digital content providing server stores the auxiliary information on the auxiliary digital content. For instance, when the auxiliary digital content providing server stores a plurality of advertisement data, the auxiliary digital content providing server also stores the auxiliary information such as the BUMF information, the SF information, the playlist information and the clip information of each advertisement data in the XML format. Ad—1.xml through ad_n.xml shown in FIG. 2 represent the auxiliary information on the auxiliary digital content.
For instance, when the user selects one of the movies corresponding to mov—2.xml, the digital content providing server provides the advertisement data corresponding to ad—1.xml provided prior to the playback of mov—2.xml, and the advertisement data corresponding to ad—2.xml provided after the playback of mov—2.xml.
Accordingly, the playback apparatus configures the virtual package based on ad—1.xml which is the pre-roll advertisement, and the playback apparatus then receives, from the digital content providing server or the auxiliary digital content providing server, and plays the pre-roll advertisement.
Thereafter, the playback apparatus configures the virtual package based on mov—2.xml which is the selected movie, and the playback apparatus then receives, from the digital content providing server, and plays the selected movie.
Thereafter, the playback apparatus configures the virtual package based on ad—2.xml which is the post-roll advertisement, and the playback apparatus then receives, from the digital content providing server or the auxiliary digital content providing server, and plays the post-roll advertisement.
Therefore, a conventional playback apparatus shown in FIG. 2 configures the virtual package three times in order to play the main digital content and the auxiliary digital content received from the digital content providing server and the auxiliary digital content providing server.
That is, a long time is required to provide the main digital content selected by the user since the conventional playback apparatus is required to configure the virtual package for each of the main digital content and the auxiliary digital content.


A method and a power wrench for detecting the attainment of a target torque level in a screw joint tightening process, wherein an override type torque responsive release clutch (17) is used in the power wrench for defining the target torque level, comprising a microphone (22) mounted in the power wrench for recording the xe2x80x9cclickxe2x80x9d sound developed in the clutch (17) during the release movement, and a control unit (20) including motor operation governing means, and a signal identifying device is connected to the microphone (22) for recognizing the release xe2x80x9cclickxe2x80x9d sound and delivering a stop signal for interrupting the power supply to and braking the power wrench motor (15) as the clutch (17) has released and the target torque level is reached.

Target torque detection at power wrenches having mechanical release clutch.
The invention relates to a method for detecting the attainment of a predetermined target torque level when tightening screw joints by means of a power wrench having a mechanical override type release clutch, and a power wrench including that type of clutch as well as means for detecting the release of the clutch and, hence, the attainment of the predetermined target torque level.
In one type of prior art power wrenches, as shown for instance in U.S. Pat. No. 5,201,374, a predetermined release torque level is detected by a mechanical device connected to one of the clutch halves for transferring a release movement to a power shut-off device. This mechanical type of target torque detection suffers from the drawback of an undesirable mechanical influence on the clutch operation in that the release torque level to some extent is dependent on the frictional resistance in the release detecting mechanism.
In another type of prior art wrenches, as shown in for instance U.S. Pat. No. 5,868,208, the attainment of a predetermined target torque level is indicated by a micro switch indicating a release movement of one of the clutch parts. The switch is usually connected to an electric control unit for initiating power shut-off as a clutch release is indicated. This type of clutch release sensing device is disadvantageous in that it is exposed to a mechanical wear thereby having a limited service life.
In still another type of prior art wrenches the clutch release is indicated by a Hall-element located close to the clutch for detecting the release movement of one part of the clutch and delivering an electric signal in response thereto. This type of release detection, however, requires a specific clutch design providing an extended or amplified release movement for ensuring a proper activation of the Hall-element.
In order to avoid the problems and drawbacks of the above described previous devices for detecting the target torque level and clutch release point the invention provides a technique which does not have any influence mechanically or otherwise on the release movement of the clutch and which requires very little space and which does not require any special clutch design.
A general object of the invention is to provide a technique where the actual release of the clutch is detected. This is in contrast to most other methods where the change in position of a moving part of the clutch is detected, which might not correctly reflect the fact that the clutch has actually released. Especially at low output shaft rotation speed the inertia of the motor and gear mechanism might not be enough to ensure clutch release after a specific position for the clutch has been detected.
So, the main object of the invention is to provide a method and a power wrench where the attainment of a predetermined target torque is detected as a release sound of a torque responsive release clutch of the override type comprised in the power wrench.
Further objects of the invention will appear from the following specification and claims.


An electromagnetic switch comprises an outer casing, a cylindrical bobbin which is arranged in the outer casing, which has a magnetic core and which has an exciting coil wound thereon, a plunger arranged in an inner passage of the bobbin so as to be slidable under the action of magnetic attraction force, a rod which moves associating with the plunger, a movable contact which is carried on the rod, and which gets in contact with a fixed contact when the plunger moves in one direction, the fixed contact being arranged at a predetermined position, a cutout formed in an outer peripheral portion of the core, a channel-like lead-out portion which is formed to project from one end of the bobbin in the axial direction, which is fit in the cutout, and which is open in a radial direction outwardly, a mounting opening formed in the outer casing to confront to the cutout, and a terminal member which is press-fit into the mounting opening and which includes a terminal plate connected in the lead-out portion to one of the opposite leads of the exciting coil.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electromagnetic switch and is more particularly concerned with an electromagnetic switch which is particularly suited for use in a coaxial type starter for starting the engine of a vehicle.
2. Discussion of Background
A coaxial type starter for starting an engine has been constructed as disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Utility Model Publication No. 105461/1988. The structure of the electromagnetic switch in such conventional coaxial type starter will be explained with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7.
The coaxial type starter includes a d.c. motor 1 having an output rotary shaft 2, and an electromagnetic switch 3. The electromagnetic switch 3 can be arranged at the rear end of the d.c. motor 1 to slide the output rotary shaft 2, and to supply power from a battery to the d.c. motor 1 when the key switch (not shown) of the vehicle is closed. The electromagnetic switch 3 is mainly constituted by a casing 4, a forward and a backward core 5a and 5b forming a magnetic path together with the casing 4, a plastic bobbin 6 supported by the cores, an exciting coil 7 wound on the bobbin 6, and a plastic cylindrical plunger 8 slidably arranged in the inner passage of the bobbin 6.
The cylindrical plunger 8 has its inner side integrally provided with an inner plate 8a. The inner plate 8a has its central portion connected to one end of a plunger rod 9. The plunger rod 9 has its other end inserted from the rear end of the d.c. motor 1 into a hollow armature rotary shaft of the d.c. motor 1. The plunger rod 9 works to transmit the shifting force of the plunger 8 to the output rotary shaft 2 through a spring 10 which is arranged in the bore of the output rotary shaft 2. The plunger rod 9 has a sleeve 11 mounted thereon at the side where the plunger rod 9 is connected to the inner plate 8a of the plunger 8. On the sleeve 11, a movable contact 13 is slidably carried through an insulating member 12.
In such electromagnetic switch 3, the connecting terminal portion (switch terminal) of the exciting coil 7 to the key switch in general has such structure that a rear bracket 14 of the starter is provided with a cutout at the side facing the electromagnetic switch to position at the front side, i.e., the d.c. motor side of the forward core 5a a terminal molded member 16 prepared by molding a terminal plate 15 as shown in FIG. 7. The terminal molded member 16 is fitted into the cutout, the inner end of the terminal plate 15 is connected to one of the opposite leads of the exciting coil 7 led out forwardly through e.g. an opening formed in the forward core 5a, and the outer end 15a of the terminal plate 15 is connected to leads from the key switch.
The conventional switch terminal structure as stated earlier has a problem wherein the entire axial length of the electromagnetic switch is great because the terminal molded member 16 is arranged closer to the d.c. motor 1 than the forward core 5a in terms of space.


A copying machine of the present invention is constructed such that, when a toner in a toner containing portion provided in a developing unit is emptied, a toner supply container whose opening for supplying toner is sealed is mounted in the toner containing portion. An opening member for unsealing the opening for supplying the toner of the toner supply container is included in the toner containing portion, so that the toner can be replenished without staining the surroundings, and since the toner can be replenished only at frequencies restricted in advance, deterioration of copying quality can be avoided.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an electrophotographic copying machine including a developing unit using a toner as a developer and toner supply container therefor.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A personal or domestic small-sized copying machine which is used relatively infrequently is popularized. As a method of supplying a toner to a developing unit installed in such a copying machine, for example, generally a used toner cartridge is removed from the developing unit and replaced with a new toner cartridge, or the toner is replenished to the removed toner cartridge. In recent years, taking a serious view on simple maintenance, a detachable replacement type developing unit has been developed in which a one-way developing unit is used and replaced with a new developing unit when the toner has to be replenished
Now, when replacing the toner cartridge or replenishing only the toner, though it is advantageous in restraining the running cost, a problem is encountered in that the copying machine body, the developing unit or an operator's hands and clothes, and the like are stained with the toner scattered during operation.
Though it may be possible to increase the amount of toner to be charged to suppress the replenishing frequencies, the amount is limited due to enlargement of the machine size. Furthermore, in a two-component type developing unit, when only the toner is replenished for a long duration of use, the copying quality may be deteriorated due to wear and stain of a carrier.
In consideration of such circumstances, a system of restraining deterioration of the copying quality as well as avoiding stains due to the toner at replenishment by replacing the developing unit itself has been devised. However, in this system, since the entire developing unit has to be replaced when the toner is emptied, there is a problem that the cost for one copy or the copying cost is high.

Copying machine and toner supply container therefor


There is provided method and apparatus for creating a longitudinally disposed, sharp pulse of liquid, useful for pulseback renewal of liquid-entry faces of a panel-bed liquid filter or a panel-bed liquid-powder contactor. Perforations are disposed along the wall of a tank in a path generally parallel to the tank's axis. Stoppers are provided for stoppering the perforations. With the perforations so stoppered, a liquid is introduced at high pressure into the tank. Thereafter, a quick unstoppering of the perforations releases the liquid from the tank in form of a longitudinally disposed, sharp pulse of liquid moving in a direction perpendicular to the tank's axis. If the tank is placed vertically alongside or within a space that in normal operation receives liquid from a panel bed, the sharp pulse can effectively pulseback the panel bed.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,000,066 (Dec. 28, 1976) broadly discusses two significant uses of a panel bed of granular material: (1) for filtering powdery matter from a liquid, the filtration being assisted by an accumulation of powdery matter deposits (filter cakes) upon fluid-entry faces of the granular material; (2) for countercurrent contacting of the granular material with a liquid. See also "Granular-bed filtration assisted by filter-cake formation: 5. Treating a liquid in a panel bed with pulseback renewal of liquid-entry granular-bed faces," by J.-S. Yang, D. R. Whitmire, and A. M. Squires, Powder Technology, vol. 155, pp. 134-138, 2005.
The referenced patent discloses means for renewing liquid-entry faces of a panel bed of a granular material in which vertically disposed louvers (resembling slats of a Venetian blind) support the material: i.e., to provide a "reverse" surge flow of liquid toward the liquid-entry faces (a "pulseback"). This surge flow produces a body movement of the granular material toward the faces, spilling moieties of the material from the faces and concomitantly exposing previously underlying material, thereby renewing the faces.

Method and apparatus for longitudinally disposed, sharp pulse of liquid


A method for measuring a quality of a wireless link and a user equipment are provided. The method includes obtaining a probability that a base station successfully transmits a DRS; detecting a CRS in each subframe in a predetermined assessment period to obtain a subframe status of each subframe, the subframe status including a status that the CRS is detected and a status that the DRS is not detected in a wireless link measurement window; determining a status generation reason of a subframe having the status that the DRS is not detected in the wireless link measurement window, according to the probability; and performing a predetermined detection to the quality of the wireless link in the predetermined assessment period according to the status generation reason and the subframe status of the subframe, so as to determine a state of the wireless link.

MulteFire is a new radio access technology based on a Long Term Evolution (LTE), and may operate in a non-licensed frequency band without an aid of a licensed frequency band. The MulteFire expands the LTE into the non-licensed frequency band. A mechanism similar to a carrier sense technique in a Wireless Fidelity (WiFi) is introduced for a physical layer of the MulteFire, called Listen Before Talk (LBT), so as to fairly contend channel resources in the non-licensed frequency band with a WiFi device. In case that a Base Station (BS) or a User Equipment (UE) senses that a channel in the non-licensed frequency band is occupied, i.e. in case that the LBT fails, the BS or the UE stops transmitting a signal; in case that the BS or the UE senses that the channel is free, i.e., in case that the LBT succeeds, the BS or the UE transmits a signal.
In a LTE system, each downlink subframe includes a Cell Specific Reference Signal (CRS). If the CRS is not detected by the UF, the UE determines that a channel quality at this sample is poor. However, if a Discovery Reference Signal (DRS) is not detected in a MulteFire system, a reason thereof may be that the BS does not transmit the DRS in a DRS Transmission Window (DTxW) due to failure of the LBT; the reason thereof is probably also not the failure of the LBT, but that the UE does not detect the DRS due to a poor downlink channel quality. In case that the BS does not transmit the DRS due to the failure of the LBT in the DTxW, it cannot be determined that a channel quality of a subframe in which the DRS is not detected is poor. A Sample in which the DRS is not detected is a factor needing to be considered in in-sync detection or out-of-sync detection of a wireless link. In a related art, a Reference Signal Receiving Quality (RSRQ) of a reference signal of the Sample in which the DRS is not detected is considered to be low. This may incur that an assessed receiving signal quality in the in-sync detection or the out-of-sync detection of the UE is lower than an actual receiving signal quality. Additionally, the BS in the MulteFire system only transmits the CRS in a subframe in which the DRS exists or in another subframe including transmission of a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), but does not transmit the CRS in other subframes. Therefore, the UE may not use any subframe as the Sample for detecting a wireless link. A result of the in-sync detection or the out-of-sync detection of a wireless link in the MulteFire system using the method in the LTE system in the related art is not accurate.

Method for measuring wireless link quality and user equipment


‘GrüNeu 25’ is a new variety of New Guinea Impatiens that exhibits large, salmon-rose colored flowers.

The present invention comprises a new and distinct cultivar of Impatiens hawkeri known by the varietal name 'GrüNeu 25'. The new variety was discovered in The Netherlands. The new variety is a result of cross breeding Seedling #2-15 (female parent) (unpatented) and Seedling #2-07 (male parent) (unpatented). The purpose of the breeding program was to develop a cultivar that exhibited large flowers. The new variety is similar in growth habit to its parents, but differs in flower color, size and quantity. The new variety was first asexually reproduced by vegetative propagation by cutting in The Netherlands. The new variety has been trial and field tested and has been found to retain its distinctive characteristics and remain true to type through successive asexual propagations. Characteristics that distinguish the new variety from others known to the breeder include:                Flower color;        Flower size;        Growing habit; and        Flower quantity.
The new variety was grown in a 11-19 cm container in The Netherlands. The new variety initiates roots in 8 days at 16° C. A rooted plant is produced in 21 days at an average temperature of 16-21° C. Its rooting habit is round and freely branching.

New Guinea impatiens plant named ‘GruNeu 25’


An electrode substrate for a transparent light emitting device display according to an embodiment of the this application comprises: a transparent substrate; (M rows×N columns) light emitting device pad portions provided on the transparent substrate as a matrix; and a first common electrode wiring portion, a second common electrode wiring portion, and a signal electrode wiring portion which are provided on the transparent substrate and connected to the light emitting device pad portions, respectively, in which each of the first common electrode wiring portion, the second common electrode wiring portion, and the signal electrode wiring portion comprises a metal mesh pattern, and line resistance of the first common electrode wiring portion or the second common electrode wiring portion connected to the light emitting device pad portions constituting one row among the light emitting device pad portions satisfies Equation 1 above.

Recently in Korea, only colorful signs and a variety of outdoor lighting are produced in parks and downtown through the fusion of advanced ICT technologies and LED technologies to provide information and attractions to citizens. In particular, a transparent LED display using a transparent electrode material in which an LED is applied between two glass layers can produce luxurious effects by invisible wires. As a result, the transparent LED is used for an interior design in hotels, department stores, etc., and has a growing importance in implementing media facades of exterior walls of buildings.
A demand for a transparent electrode which is transparent and is electrically charged and is used for a touch screen exponentially increases as smart devices are spread and a transparent electrode which is most commonly used among the transparent electrodes is indium tin oxide (ITO) which is an oxide of indium and tin. However, indium which is a main raw material of an ITO transparent electrode material is not widely available in worldwide reserves, and is produced only in some countries such as China, and the like, and has high production cost. Further, a resistance value is high and is not constantly applied to the ITO, and as a result, LED light is not expressed at a desired luminance and is not constant. As a result, the transparent LED utilizing the ITO has a limit in being used as a transparent electrode material having high performance and low cost.
It is true that ITO is the most commonly used transparent electrode material, but research and technology development utilizing a new material is continuously made due to economic limits and limited performance. A transparent electrode material that is attracting attention as a next-generation new material can comprise a metal mesh (Mesh Metal), a nanowire (Ag nanowire), carbon nanotubes (CNT), a conductive polymer, graphene, and the like. Among them, the metal mesh as a new material, which accounts for 85% of materials to replace the ITO, has low cost and high conductivity, and as a result, a market of the metal mesh has been expanded in terms of utilization.
The transparent LED display utilizing the metal mesh is excellent in conductivity, is easier to maintain, contributes to resource saving and prevents environmental contamination, and is economical due to reduction of manufacturing cost compared with the existing transparent display. Further, the transparent LED display can be expanded and applied to various uses, and as a result, there is a possibility in applying and utilizing the transparent LED display to and for various products as a new transparent electrode material.

Electrode substrate for transparent light-emitting diode display device, and transparent light-emitting diode display device comprising same