Application discovery from access patterns is disclosed. Access histories from multiple servers are collected and stored at a warehouse, which may be part of a data protection system. A time series analysis is performed on the access history to identify consistency groups and applications from the perspective of devices and storage arrays. Data protection operations such as backup operations can then be performed on the basis of devices or storage in storage arrays or other arrangements that pertain to specific consistency groups or to specific applications.

Applications and data are a core aspect of many computing systems. As a result, care is taken to ensure that the applications and data are protected. However, the manner in which applications and data are stored has evolved and protecting applications and data must also evolve. Applications and their data, for example, may be distributed across multiple servers and their data/state can be stored in multiple devices across multiple storage arrays.
Distributed applications can be difficult to backup because of their distributed nature. In fact, the distributed nature of these applications makes it difficult to perform backup operations efficiently. More specifically, even assuming that a storage array is able to identify data that has changed, the storage array has no way to associate the changed data with a specific application. One consequence is that backup systems may be required to process data that is not specifically associated with an application. Further, more data than necessary may be backed up. Thus, backing up applications such as distributed applications can be inefficient.

Application discovery using access pattern history


A controller for purging an optimal amount of vaporized fuel in accordance with the operating conditions of an engine. The controller presumes the flow rate of the purged gas to be that when a purge valve is fully opened and uses the presumed value to calculate a target flow rate ratio. The controller than uses the target flow rate ratio and the actual intake pressure to calculate a duty ratio. This achieves a purged gas flow rate which compensates for a deviation that results from a characteristic of the purge valve.

The present invention relates to a vaporized fuel purge controller for an engine that purges vaporized fuel, which is produced in a fuel tank and adsorbed in a canister, into an intake passage of the engine.
Japanese Laid-Opened Patent Publication No. 6-93900 describes a first prior art example of a vaporized fuel purge controller. In the first prior art example, the purged amount of the vaporized fuel is adjusted by changing the duty ratio of a drive signal, which drives a purge valve arranged between a canister and an intake passage. The duty ratio is calculated in accordance with characteristics of the purge valve.
When the drive voltage of the purge valve decreases in the duty-controlled purge valve, the amount that the purge valve opens relative to the duty ratio changes. In this case, the same flow rate of vaporized fuel may not be obtained even though the purge valve is controlled with the same duty ratio.
When there is a delay in the timing in which the purge valve is opened, a compensation duty ratio is added to the basic duty ratio to compensate for the delay. The purge valve drive voltage (battery voltage) and temperature are referred to when determining the compensation duty ratio. The compensation duty ratio increases as the purge valve drive voltage (battery voltage) decreases and increases as the temperature of the purge valve increases.
FIG. 8 is a graph used to calculate the duty ratio of the drive signal from the target flow rate ratio of the purged gas. The duty signal is sent to the purge valve to duty-control the purge valve. The ideal duty characteristic of the purge valve would be plotted along line La having a slope of 1 in which the duty ratio is 100% (purge valve being fully opened) when the target purged gas flow rate ratio is 100%.
However, electric response delays occur in the actual purge valve. This produces an invalid activation time (valve opening delay) from when the purge valve is activated to when the purge valve starts to open. Thus, the target purged gas flow rate ratio is not achieved even when the purge valve is driven under a duty ratio that is in the vicinity of 0%. Accordingly, in the prior art, a predetermined minimum duty ratio is set. Line Lb1, which is shown in FIG. 8, is used so that a duty ratio that is lower than the minimum duty ratio is not used. In line Lb1, the duty ratio is 0% when the invalid activation time ends.
In this specification, the term xe2x80x9cpurging ratexe2x80x9d refers to the percentage (%) of the amount of purged gas relative to the amount of intake air flowing through the intake passage. The term xe2x80x9cvapor concentrationxe2x80x9d refers to the percentage (%) of the vaporized fuel included in the purged gas when the purging rate is 1%. The term xe2x80x9ctarget purged gas flow rate ratioxe2x80x9d refers to the percentage (%) of the target purged gas flow rate relative to the flow rate of the purged gas when the purge valve is fully opened.
In an engine provided with a vaporized fuel purge controller, changes in the operating conditions of the engine, such as intake pressure, affects the linearity of the relationship between the target purged gas flow rate ratio and the duty ratio. When the linearity of the relationship is lost, the actual purged gas flow rate does not match the target purged gas flow rate. This has an undesirable influence on the purge control air-fuel ratio control.
Referring to FIG. 9, when there is a change in an operating condition of the engine, such as the intake pressure, the duty ratio and the purged gas flow rate ratio (purged gas flow rate/purged gas flow rate when purge valve is fully opened) deviate from their targets (curves Lb2 and Lb3). Due to such a decrease in the flow rate linearity, even if the purge valve is driven using the target duty ratio that is determined in correspondence with the target purged gas flow amount, a purged gas flow rate corresponding to the target duty ratio is not obtained. As a result, the requirements of various types of controls in the engine are not satisfied (i.e., purge control capability decreases). Further, the actual purged gas flow rate deviates from the flow rate that is expected from the target duty ratio. Thus, the vapor concentration that is expected by analysis deviates from the actual vapor concentration. As a result, the actual purged gas flow rate is not accurately predicted and the air-fuel ratio control capability decreases.
This problem is more prominent when employing a purge valve having a valve body that closes the purge valve with a larger force as the intake pressure decreases (as the intake negative pressure increases). Such a purge valve has a characteristic in which it becomes difficult to close the valve at low duty ratios as the difference between the intake pressure (i.e., the pressure at a location immediately downstream of the purge valve) and the atmospheric pressure (i.e., the pressure at a location immediately upstream of the purge valve) increases. Due to this characteristic, it becomes difficult to obtain a purged gas flow rate corresponding to the duty ratio. This tendency becomes prominent when the drive voltage decreases.
The above problem also occurs when employing an electromagnetic valve (hereafter referred to as solenoid type purge valve) that is controlled in accordance with the current value of the drive signal. This is because a change in the intake pressure causes the actual opened amount of the purge valve to deviate from the target opened amount.
The deviation of the duty ratio from the flow rate ratio (i.e., decrease in the flow rate linearity), which results from changes in the operating condition of the engine, also occurs when employing a duty control type purge valve or solenoid type purge valve. These valves have a characteristic in which the opened amount of the purge valve increases as the negative intake pressure increases. In each valve, as the negative intake pressure increases, a force that is applied to the valve body in a direction closing the valve decreases.
Further, in the first prior art example, due to electric response delays when activating or deactivating the purge valve, the relationship between the purged gas flow rate ratio and the duty ratio is as shown by curve Lb4 in FIG. 10. Changes in the purged gas flow rate ratio decreases when the duty ratio is in the proximity of 0%, and changes in the purged gas flow rate ratio increases when the duty ratio is in the proximity of 100%. Thus, even if the influence of the invalid activation time is corrected, the actual purged gas flow rate cannot be accurately calculated based on the ideal line La. As a result, the fuel injection amount cannot be accurately corrected. This has an undesirable effect on air-fuel ratio control.
Japanese Laid-Opened Patent Publication 2000-27718 describes a second prior art example. In the second prior art example, the opened amount of the purge valve is determined by referring to an interpolation value map generated from the intake pressure and the target purged gas flow rate. In the map, the set opened amount of the purge valve decreases as the intake pressure decreases (i.e., negative pressure increases), and the set opened amount of the purge valve also decreases as the target purged gas flow rate decreases. However, as the intake pressure decreases, it becomes difficult for the purge valve closed by negative pressure to open at a low duty ratio. Thus, in the second prior art example, when using such a purge valve, the target purged gas flow rate corresponding to the duty ratio cannot be achieved.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a vaporized fuel purge controller for an engine that facilitates purge control and air-fuel ratio control and improves drivability.
To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a purge controller for controlling a vaporized fuel processing mechanism in an engine. The vaporized fuel processing mechanism has a canister and a purge valve for controlling flow of purged gas, which includes air and vaporized fuel adsorbed by the canister, into an intake system of the engine. The engine undergoes purge control and air-fuel ratio control, and the purge valve is driven in accordance with the level of a drive signal. The purge controller includes a target level calculating means for calculating a target level of the drive signal. The target level calculating means uses a parameter representing the operating condition of the engine and a predetermined flow rate ratio of purged gas to presume the deviation between the purged gas flow rate ratio and the level of the drive signal that results from a characteristic of the purge valve and calculates the target level in accordance with the presumed deviation.
A further aspect of the present invention is a purge controller for controlling a vaporized fuel processing mechanism of an engine that has an intake passage and undergoes air-fuel control. The vaporized fuel processing mechanism has a purge valve to introduce into the intake passage a controlled amount of purged gas, which includes air and the vaporized fuel, and the purge valve is driven in accordance with the level of a drive signal. The controller includes a sensor for detecting an operating condition of the engine and a computer for calculating a level of the drive signal. The computer presumes a fully opened flow rate of the purged gas introduced into the intake passage which is the purged gas flow rate when the purge valve is fully opened during the present engine operating condition detected by the sensor. The computer also calculates a ratio between the presumed fully opened flow rate and a target flow rate designated by the air-fuel control. Further, the computer calculates the level of the drive signal based on the ratio and the present engine operating condition.
A further aspect of the present invention is a purge control method for controlling a vaporized fuel processing mechanism of an engine that has an intake passage and undergoes air-fuel control. The vaporized fuel processing mechanism has a purge valve to introduce into the intake passage a controlled amount of purged gas, which includes air and vaporized fuel. The purge valve is driven in accordance with the level of a drive signal. The method includes detecting a present operating condition of the engine, presuming a fully opened flow rate of the purged gas introduced into the intake passage, which is the purged gas flow rate when the purge valve is fully opened during the present engine operating condition, calculating a ratio between the presumed fully opened flow rate and a target flow rate designated through the air-fuel control, calculating a level of the drive signal from the ratio and the present engine operating condition, and providing the purge valve with drive signal having the calculated level.
Other aspects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, illustrating by way of example the principles of the invention.

Vaporized fuel purge controller for engine


A system and method of summarizing text comprising performing structural summarization of a source text and compressing at least one relationship in the structural summarization.

Documents in digital form are pervasive, especially on the World Wide Web where ubiquitous access has made it possible to retrieve vast numbers of documents with only a few key strokes. However, this capability is hindered without the ability to automatically generate accurate and concise text summaries to aid in the selection and categorization of documents. Ubiquitous access also implies that documents are viewed on many kinds of devices (e.g., mobile computers, personal digital assistants, hand-held computers, wrist computers, cellular telephones, etc.) having a variety of display formats from large to very small. Documents that are easily viewed on large displays become unmanageable on small ones. Here, text summarization is needed to reduce the size of documents to accommodate different display formats.
One approach to summarizing text is to extract sentences from a source text using a structural analysis technique. Structural analysis techniques employ the semantic structure of text to rank sentences for inclusion in a final summary. The structural summarization method is also well suited for producing summaries of varying sizes to accommodate a wide variety of display formats. However, the resulting summaries may include information that could be reasonably omitted or generalized without a significant loss of information content. Post processing to suppress some information is one effective method of reducing summary text size, although some loss of readability may result. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce the size of text summaries generated by structural analysis techniques while preserving readability and fidelity to the source text.

System and method for summarization combining natural language generation with structural analysis


A fluid bed processing apparatus in which a series of individual fluid bed modules are arranged horizontally alongside each other in a linear or circular configuration with the bed material overflowing weirs between each module in moving from the feed stock input module to a discharge module.

Fluidization has been successfully applied to a large number of unit operations as well as to catalytic reactions. A conventional fluidized bed is characterized by very rapid solids mixing, vertically, horizontally, and radially, so that the bed remains homogeneous in particle size, product composition, and temperature. However, in some industrial or chemical processes this very high overall mixing is not desirable since it reduces the efficiency of the process. In those particular cases it would be preferable to attain such uniformity and homogeneity within small layered segments of the bed. This can be achieved with a controllable plug flow of solids from laYer to layer to attain the desired stepped size distribution, product composition, or temperature gradient.
In the past such small layered bed segments have been manifested as a superposed series of fluidized beds, one above the other, with solids overflowing into downcomer tubes leading to a lower bed. A disadvantage of this stacked bed arrangement is that the fluidizing gas bearing entrained material flows upwardly from one bed through the support grid of the following bed above with the result that all the upper stages or beds are enriched in the finest particle sizes while the lower stages are enriched in the coarsest particle sizes. This in turn results in an internal gradient which may be detrimental to the reaction process, particularly if the particles constitute a catalyst. In order to reduce this inevitable size gradient phenomenon, the beds must be separated by at least the transport disengaging height (TDH) distance, and this leads to undesirably tall reaction vessels if a large number of fluidized bed stages is necessary.
A further disadvantage of reaction vessels comprising vertically stacked fluidized beds is that pressure drop limitations caused by a backup of material in downcomers preclude operation with deep beds (which may be desired to provide the requisite processing time in the bed) unless there are commensurate large bed to bed spacings. Moreover, downcomers between superposed beds are often unstable with respect to solids flow and are prone to pluggage if the material is not free flowing.
Another disadvantage of vertically stacked fluidized beds is that the grids supporting higher beds are subject to pluggage by the solids entrained in the fluidizing gas from the bed below. Also, stacked beds generally exhibit large pressure drops so that high pumping energy is required for the fluidizing gas.

Particle fractionator employing multiple fluidized bed modules


An active cancellation unit is disclosed for improving the noise cancellation between a transmitter and a receiver which are connected to an antenna using a duplexer, the unit comprising a coupler sampling a signal to transmit provided by the transmitter, a cancellation duplexer having characteristics similar to the duplexer and receiving the sampled signal to provide a simulated signal and an active component receiving the simulated signal and providing an amplified signal having a phase 180 degree shifted with respect to the simulated signal; and a coupler for injecting the simulated signal at the receiver.

FIG. 1 shows a prior art active signal cancellation loop 8 added to a filter-based duplexer 12 to improve isolation between a transmitter TX and a receiver RX. More precisely, the cancellation loop 8 comprises a first coupler 10, a unit 14 comprising a variable attenuator and a phase shifter, and a second coupler 16.
The first coupler 10 samples a signal generated by the transmitter TX. The variable attenuator controls the amplitude of the sampled signal generated to provide a signal which is then shifted in phase using the phase shifter. The resulting signal shifted in phase is then injected at the receiver using the second coupler 16. The skilled addressee will appreciate that as the phase is shifted by 180 degrees, the second coupler 16 acts as a subtraction unit which removes a signal leaking from the transmitter TX to the receiver RX.
The skilled addressee will appreciate that in order to cancel the signal leaking from the transmitter TX to the receiver RX, it is necessary that the resulting signal shifted in phase and injected by the second coupler 16 has an amplitude equal to the amplitude of the signal leaking and a phase shifted by 180 degrees. Unfortunately, the skilled addressee will appreciate that such condition is only achieved for a given frequency with the apparatus disclosed in FIG. 1. This topology is therefore inherently narrow band and is highly sensitive to the phase response of the duplexer path. The phase response is particularly problematic in the case of SAW filters. Therefore, if the topology of FIG. 1 is used, the transmitter TX receiver RX isolation is expected to be improved over a very narrow band. Such improvement may be significant but would have to be adjusted dynamically through the control of the variable attenuator and the phase shifter by the cell phone to place the cancellation null at the user's exact frequency in the case where the transmitter and the receiver are embedded in a cell phone. Such type of improvement has already been demonstrated with other filters and is reproduced here using a commercial duplexer (part number 856356 from SawTek). It has also been contemplated that if the antenna to which the transmitter and the receiver are connected is not well adapted, the cancellation loop 8 has only a limited effect on the signal leaking from the transmitter to the receiver.
The results are shown in FIGS. 9a, 9b, 10a and 10b. As illustrated, FIGS. 9a, 9b, 10a and 10b show that a high level of isolation may be achieved over a narrow bandwidth, which is typically around 1-2 MHz. It will be appreciated that this cancellation may be tuned to the desired frequency by adjusting mainly the phase shifter. While this topology is simple, the access to active tuning and the adaptive control of the tuning require the interface to the digital processing power of the receiver.
Referring to FIG. 2, there is shown another embodiment of a prior art active signal cancellation loop 17 added to a circulator-based duplexer 24 to improve isolation between a transmitter TX and a receiver RX. More precisely, the cancellation loop 17 comprises a first coupler 18, a unit 17 comprising a variable attenuator and a phase shifter, and a second coupler 22.
The first coupler 18 samples a signal generated by the transmitter TX. The variable attenuator controls the amplitude of the sampled signal generated to provide a signal which is shifted in phase using the phase shifter. The resulting signal shifted in phase is injected at the receiver using the second coupler 22. The skilled addressee will appreciate that as the phase is shifted by 180 degrees, the second coupler 22 acts as a subtraction unit which removes a signal leaking from the transmitter TX to the receiver RX. The skilled addressee will appreciate that the circulator-based duplexer 24 provides a less important transmitter receiver isolation which therefore cause a greater signal leaking. The cancellation loop 17 therefore brings an improvement while still suffering from the same drawbacks outlined in the embodiment disclosed in FIG. 1.
There is a need for a method and apparatus that will overcome at least one of the above-identified drawbacks.
Features of the invention will be apparent from review of the disclosure, drawings and description of the invention below.


A method by which an application (22a 21a) on an origin server (22), or any other intermediary entity in an end-to-end network architecture connecting a client device (20) to a content provider entity, provides content to the client device (20) adapted to the client device (20) based on profile information regarding the client device (20), characterized by: the application (22a 21a) providing a request (M3′ M3″) for the profile information and including in the request profile-reducing information for indicating only a subset of all the profile information; and a filter (22b′ 21c) parsing the profile information based on the profile-reducing information, so as to provide as a response (M6′ M6″) the indicated subset of all the profile information. The invention provides a document object module (DOM) filtering language (DFL) and corresponding application DFL parser (22b′ 21c) for determining the reduced profile information, given an indication of what profile information is needed by the application (22a 21a).

The growth over the last few years in use of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the Internet by users using desktop computers has been followed by increasing use by users using mobile terminals, including wireless terminals, and, for wireless terminals, has led to the development of the wireless access protocol (WAP). Recently, new kinds of mobile devices such as pagers, cellular phones, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) all with some form of Internet browsing capability have been introduced and many more kinds of mobile devices with various browsing capabilities are under development. With so many so-called client devices (i.e. client devices of servers providing content over the Internet) of such diverse browsing capability (many with very limited capability compared to desktop computers), a server of content, called here an origin server, must take into account the sometimes limited browsing capability of a client device so that the content that is provided is appropriate for the client device in that it can be rendered intelligibly.
While there are means to tailor the content for a client device by transforming the content so that it is appropriate for the client device, before a server can carry out such a content transformation, it must know the capability of the browser hosted by the client device.
CC/PP is a WWW Consortium (W3C) working draft that addresses the exchange between a client device and an origin server of information about the browser capability of the client device asking for Content from the origin server. The browser capability information so provided is called Capability Preference Information (CPI). (See Composite Capabilities/Preference Profiles: Requirements and Architecture; W3C Working Draft 21 Jul. 2000; at http://www.w3.org/TR/CCPP-ra/ on the World Wide Web.) The so-called WAP Forum has come out with a corresponding standard, the so-called UAProf (User Agent Profile) standard, that addresses the same issues in the wireless environment. UAProf has additionally defined the capability information vocabulary specific to wireless environments and transport protocols to be employed for communicating the capability information. However, UAProf is seamlessly interoperable with CC/PP. (See the User Agent Profile specifications made available at http://www.wapforum.org/what/technical.htm on the World Wide Web.) The goal of the CC/PP framework is to specify how client devices or intermediary network elements express their capabilities and preferences (the user agent profile) to the server that originates content (the origin server). The origin server uses the "user agent profile" to produce and deliver content appropriate to the client device. In addition to computer-based client devices, particular attention is paid to other kinds of devices, such as mobile phones.
The basic problem that the CC/PP framework addresses is to create a structured and universal format for how a client device tells an origin server about its user agent profile. CC/PP provides a high level mechanism for communicating profile information and profile difference information (relative to a default profile). However, CC/PP is protocol independent, and leaves open the issue of transport protocol. The CC/PP framework describes a standardized set of CC/PP attributes, i.e. it provides a vocabulary that can be used to express a user agent profile in terms of capabilities of the client device, and also to express the user's preferences for the use of the capabilities. The framework makes use of the XML (Extensible Markup Language) application RDF (Resource Description Framework) Model and Syntax Specification for the purpose of defining client capability information. Both XML and the RDF Model and Syntax Specification are provided by W3C. This enables the framework to be flexible, extensible, and decentralized. RDF is used to express the client device's user agent profile. The client device may be a workstation, personal computer, mobile terminal, or set-top box. When used in a request-response protocol like HTTP, the user agent profile is sent to the origin server which, subsequently, produces content that satisfies the constraints and preferences expressed in the user agent profile. The CC/PP framework may be used to convey to the client device what variations in the requested content are available from the origin server. Fundamentally, the CC/PP framework starts with RDF and then overlays a CC/PP-defined set of semantics that describe profiles. The CC/PP framework specifies the RDF usage and associated semantics that should be applied to all profiles that are being exchanged.
In the wireless environment, to accommodate client devices of varying capability, various UAProf-aware elements in the WAP end-to-end architecture, such as a WAP gateway element, an HTTP Proxy element, a PPG (push proxy gateway) element, an origin server element, and a PI (push initiator) element, can perform value-added content transformation (to tailor the content to the intended client device) and then send the transformed content to the WAP client. In order to make content transformation decisions for a WAP client, the elements rely on the CPI provided to the elements by the WAP client via the UAProf or CC/PP protocol.
According to the prior art, when a UAProf (or CC/PP profile) aware client device sends (UAProf or CC/PP profile) capability profile information (i.e. a reference to the CPI for the device) to a content transformation entity/ content adaptor in the WAP end-to-end architecture, the CPI contains a superset of capability information needed by the content transformation entity; the CPI contains, for example, information on the client device hardware, software, the browser used by the client device, networking, and WAP characteristics of the client device.
As an example, consider a simple content adaptor situated on the WAP gateway providing content to a WAP client, content provided typically over the Internet by an origin server distinct from the WAP client. Since the WAP client does not understand HTML (hypertext markup language) but only WML (wireless markup language), the primary function of the gateway content adaptor here is to perform HTML to WML conversion. In order to provide a pleasant visual appearance on the client device, the gateway content adaptor needs to know about the so-called WML deck size (a parameter indicating the maximum amount of data in bytes that a WAP client is capable of receiving for WML browsing) the client device supports. Based on the WML deck size, the gateway content adaptor can split translated HTML content requested from the origin server by the WAP client device into smaller decks so that the content appears properly when seen on the requesting WAP client device, including having proper forward and backward navigation hyperlinks. The deck size is provided by the UAProf attribute named WmlDeckSize. Therefore, the adaptor needs to access the UAProf profile for the requesting WAP client device. Even though the adaptor needs to know only a single attribute, it has to parse the full UAProf profile, which might contain more than three dozen attributes.
A client provides a reference to the full CPI since it does not know what specific information is needed by the content transformation entity/content adaptor. Once a content adapter has received an RDF profile (or its URL), it can use an XML parser to compile a so-called document object model (DOM) object for the capability profile, i.e. an expression of the RDF in XML. Since a CPI typically contains a large number of attributes, the corresponding DOM object occupies a correspondingly large amount of memory in the content adapter. A full DOM tree for a client device, i.e. a DOM tree 10 corresponding to the full UAProf profile for a client device, not tailored to only what is needed by the content adaptor, is shown in FIG. 1A. The UAProf profile/DOM tree includes a root element 10a. The root element might contain one or more component elements 10b (such as WAPCharacteristics and TerminalHardware), which can themselves have one or more attributes 10c (such as the number of pixels of the video screen in two orthogonal directions, indicated by the UAProf attribute named ScreenSize), indicated as the leafs of the DOM tree 10. FIG. 1B illustrates what a reduced DOM tree 11 derived from the DOM tree 10 of FIG. 1A, i.e. the DOM tree 10 after being pared down (or filtered) so as to include only the attributes 10c needed by a content adaptor. For the gateway content adaptor discussed above, the DOM tree in FIG. 1B would be even further pared down to provide a further reduced DOM tree, containing a root node, one intermediate node corresponding to WAPCharacteristics, and one leaf node representing the 'WmlDeckSize' attribute.
If a full DOM object/tree were to be used once and discarded, the waste of memory would be bad enough, but DOM objects are often cached in memory for faster response in handling subsequent requests. Even if it is assumed that there are only about a hundred different UAProf profiles (covering different terminals or terminal variants), caching of the DOM objects for such a number of UAProf profiles would consume a huge amount of memory resources of the content adaptor. Additionally, the time to access a particular UAProf attribute in the full DOM tree for a client device would most likely be more than the access time for the same attribute in a filtered tree, i.e. a tree pared down to what is actually needed by the content adaptor/content transformation entity, because with a full DOM tree, some time is likely to be wasted in browsing through sibling nodes while searching for a particular attribute. Thus, the use of a full CPI/full DOM object/tree results in larger memory requirements and increases the response time needed by a content adaptor for getting UAProf attributes for a client device from a DOM object.
FIG. 2 shows the context for a scenario in which a WAP client device 20 provides CPI to an origin server 22 via a RAN 21 including a WAP gateway 21a, in accord with the prior art in the situation in which only the origin server (and not also the WAP gateway) adapts content requested by the WAP client device. In the scenario, the client device 20 first sends a message M1, communicated using WSP, requesting content from the origin server 22; the message M1 includes either a reference to the profile/CPI for the WAP client device 20 (i.e. by providing a URL for the profile) or includes a reference to a default profile and indicates the difference in the CPI for the client device 20 compared to the default profile. The request is received by the RAN (radio access network) element 21, and more specifically by the WAP gateway 21a. When the WAP gateway receives the request and the profile reference (message M1), it passes the request on to the proxy cache 21b, which then provides the request (as message M2) to the application 22a on the origin server 22. When the application 22a receives the message M2, it formulates a query based on the profile reference and passes the query (as message M3) to an XML parser 22b. The XML parser 22b then communicates the query (as message M4) to a CC/PP profile repository 24 (perhaps at least in part via the World Wide Web if the CC/PP profile repository 24 is connected to the Internet). (It is assumed here that an XML parser is capable of automatically downloading an XML file from the Internet, since the XML file must be downloaded before the XML parser can initiate parsing the XML into the DOM form. If the XML parser is not able to download by itself, then the application 22 a would have to download the profile directly, meaning that message M3 would flow from 22a to the profile repository 24 and as a result of this, application 22a would directly receive the profile. Next, the application 22a would invoke the XML parser 22b, passing it the previously downloaded profile and the parser would return (as in a called function returning a value) to the application 22a the DOM tree corresponding to the XML.)
In response to the message M4, the CC/PP repository in turn provides the requested profile information (as message M5); the profile information so provided corresponds to a full DOM tree, and so includes, in general, more information about the WAP client 20 than is needed by the application 22a to tailor its content to the WAP client 20. When the XML parser 22b receives the complete profile information for the WAP client, it parses it so as to provide a full DOM tree, and provides the full DOM tree to the application 22a (as message M6).
It is important to understand the difference between message M5 and message M6. The message M5 is a HTTP response message with the body of the message containing profile in the RDF text format. When the XML parser 22b receives the RDF(XML) text as message M5, it parses the text and starts building a tree object out of the various elements and attributes present in the RDF. Once the full DOM tree has been compiled (built), the XML parser 22b passes it back to the application 22a as message M6.
Then, the application 22a of the origin server (in message M7) provides a response, using HTTP, including the requested content, but adapted to the WAP client device 20; the proxy cache 21b receives the adapted content and provides it to the WAP gateway element 21a, which then sends the adapted content (as message MB) to the WAP client device 20 using WSP.
The prior art also allows for the WAP gateway to interface with an XML parser so as to obtain a full DOM tree for the client device 20 and so also tailor content (provided by the origin server 22 or provided by itself). In addition, the prior art allows for having only a WAP gateway interfacing with an XML parser to adapt content, instead of having an XML parser interfacing with the application 22a to adapt content either alone or in combination or in addition to a WAP gateway interfacing with an XML parser.
To address the problem of wasting memory resources by using a full DOM tree, the prior art teaches using DOM tree post processing, and, alternatively, using a global hash table. (A dictionary in which keys are mapped to array positions by a so-called hash function.) In DOM post processing, once an XML parser has parsed the RDF profile into a DOM object/tree, post processing is performed to remove at least some of the extra nodes/leafs of the DOM tree (i.e. the attributes) by making use of the DOM interface. (The W3C DOM specification provides a language and platform independent interface for accessing or manipulating XML content. A DOM parser is used to compile a DOM tree 10 (FIG. 1A) corresponding to an XML document. Each node or leaf 10c in a DOM tree is represented by a number of DOM interfaces, like 'Node,' which is quite generic. The different interfaces allow operations such as accessing, adding, deleting and modifying the various nodes, making it possible to prune a DOM tree. For More information about DOM, refer to http://www.w3c.org/DOM/)
A variant of the DOM tree post processing approach is to reduce the RDF/XML to desired form using XSLT (extensible stylesheet language, transformation part), a specification for converting a document from one type/schema to another, consisting of a set of rules that describe exactly how and where a piece of content in a first document type should appear in a second document type, rules that are described in XML themselves, or in other words, a language for specifying how to transform an XML document of one type to another type. After the XLST processing is complete, an XML parser is invoked to compile the reduced RDF into the DOM object.
Another implementation approach that can be adopted by content adaptors is to use selected attributes in a hash table. In this approach, the RDF profile is first parsed into a (normal) DOM tree object. Then the relevant UAProf attributes are retrieved and added to a global hash table or to an individual hash table corresponding to a given profile. The hash table is used thereafter, instead of the DOM tree.
The above implementations are all in accord with the CC/PP framework and UAProf specification, because the CC/PP framework and UAProf specification describe the transport, format and attribute vocabulary for a CPI but leave open how to read and update profiles, i.e. how an entity inside a WAP end-to-end chain reads and updates profiles is not specified. However, when an entity communicates with another entity, the communicated profile must be in RDF format to be in accord with the CC/PP framework and UAProf specification.
What is needed is a more efficient mechanism for providing, for a client device, a DOM object/tree including only the attributes needed by an origin server, or any other intermediary element that serves as content adaptor, in providing content to the client device.

Method and apparatus for DOM filtering in UAProf or CC/PP profiles


An apparatus and method are provided for transferring data between address ranges in memory. The apparatus comprises a data transfer controller, that is responsive to a data transfer request received by the apparatus from a processing element, to perform a transfer operation to transfer data from at least one source address range in memory to at least one destination address range in the memory. A redirect controller is then arranged, whilst the transfer operation is being performed, to intercept an access request that specifies a target address within a target address range, and to perform a memory redirection operation so as to cause the access request to be processed without awaiting completion of the transfer operation. Via such an approach, the apparatus can effectively hide from the source of the access request the fact that the transfer operation is in progress, and hence the transfer operation can be arranged to occur in the background, and in a manner that is transparent to the software executing on the source that has issued the access request.

The present technique relates to an apparatus and method for transferring data between address ranges in memory.
Within data processing systems, situations may arise where it is desired to move blocks of data between different physical locations in memory. For example, often the memory system will be arranged as a series of pages, and it may be desired to migrate data from one page to another page, to merge multiple smaller pages into a larger page, etc.
Often, the operating system running on a processor within the system may be used to manage the transfer of the data between the different physical locations in memory. However, the process of transferring the data under such software control can take a significant period of time. This not only consumes significant processor resources, but also requires steps to be taken during that period to ensure that any attempted accesses to the data that is being subjected to the transfer operation do not give rise to inconsistencies in the data. Often this may require write accesses to be blocked until the transfer operation is complete.
Furthermore, when performing such data migration tasks under operating system control, the process typically requires multiple memory management operations, which can also give rise to performance issues due to the time taken to perform those memory management operations.
It would hence be desirable to provide an improved mechanism for handling the transferring of data between address ranges in the memory.

Apparatus and method for transferring data between address ranges in memory


Deblocking of amino terminal N-acetyl serine and N-acetyl threonine residue in proteins and peptides to allow sequencing by the Edman degradation technique is carried out by reacting blocked protein or peptide with anhydrous trifluoracetic acid for 1 to 15 minutes at 30.degree. to 60.degree. C., removing the remaining trifluoroacetic acid and maintaining reacting mixture from which trifluoroacetic acid has been removed at 30.degree. to 100.degree. C. for 60 minutes to 5 days.

An important method for determining the sequence of amino acids in proteins and peptides is known as the Edman degradation process. This process was first described in Edman, P., Acta Chem. Scand. 4, 283(1950). The process involves coupling the N-terminal amino acid of the protein or peptide in a basic environment to phenylisothiocyanate (PITC) to form phenylthiocarbamyl (PTC) derivative, then cleaving the PTC derivative using anhydrous strong acid, such as trifluoroacetic acid, to form an anilinothiazolinone (ATZ) derivative of the N-terminal amino acid and free peptide which is the original protein or peptide with the N-terminal amino acid residue removed, then converting the (ATZ) amino acid derivative to a phenylthiohydantoin (PTH) amino acid derivative which can be analyzed by chromatography and repeating the steps for each amino acid residue that becomes the terminal residue as a result of the cleavage step.
One problem frequently encountered is that the N-terminal residue is modified in such a way that it does not react with the Edman reagent, phenylisothiocyanate, that is that the N-terminal residue is blocked. The most frequently encountered blocked N-terminal residue is an N-acetylamino acid residue. Evidence has been presented that about 80% of the soluble proteins in mammalian cells have acetylated N-terminal amino acids. (Brown, J. L., et al, J. Biol. Chem. 251, 1009-1014, 1976).
The need to remove blocking groups to convert the N-terminal residue to free N-terminal amino acid before sequencing can begin is mentioned in Kent et al U.S. Pat. No. 4,548,904. Previous attempts to remove blocking groups have involved enzymatic or limited HCl hydrolysis.
Nakamura, S., et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 58, 250-256 (1974) report use of rat liver peptidase to remove N-acetyl serine from the N-terminal peptide released from thrombin by bovine Factor XIII. Kobayashi, K., et al, J. Biol. Chem. 262, 11435-11445 (1987) and Jones, W. M., et al, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 139, 244-250 (1986) report use of rat liver peptidase and a similar enzyme from human erythrocytes to split off N-acetyl serine from .alpha.-melanocyte stimulating hormone. However, the applicability of the enzyme deblocking method is limited by the restricted specificity of the enzymes.
Fordyce, A. M., et al, Biochem. Soc. Trans. 7, 721-723 (1979) and Chin, C.C.Q., et al, Bioscience Rep. 5, 847-854 (1985) report some success in removing N-acetyl groups from peptides by limited HCl hydrolysis. The disadvantage of this method is that other bonds may be split besides the bond between the terminal acetyl and the nitrogen to which it is attached thereby providing a plurality of different end groups.
It is an object herein to provide a method of deblocking amino terminal N-acetyl serine and N-acetyl threonine residues in peptides and proteins to allow sequencing, with improved specificity compared to enzyme deblocking and wherein the disadvantages of hydrolysis are minimized. A survey of N-acetylated proteins by Persson, B., et al, Eur. J. Biochem. 152, 523-527 (1985) found that of the known proteins in this class, about 41% have an N-terminal acetylated serine and another 2% have an N-terminal acetylated threonine.

Deblocking amino terminal N-acetyl serine and N-acetyl threonine residues in peptides and proteins to allow sequencing


A a stereoscopic image display includes: a liquid crystal display panel including a 3D control line to which a 3D control voltage is applied, and a plurality of pixels, each of the pixels being divided into a main pixel portion and an active black stripe; and a 3D control voltage generation circuit that supplies a 3D control voltage to the 3D control line and discharges a voltage of the active black stripe down to a black gray voltage.

1. Field
This document relates to a stereoscopic image display.
2. Related Art
Glass type stereoscopic image displays are divided into a polarization glasses type and a shutter glasses type. The polarization glasses type requires a polarization separation device, such as a patterned retarder, to be bonded to a display panel. The patterned retarder separates the polarizations of a left-eye image and a right-eye image displayed on the display panel. A viewer wears polarization glasses when viewing a stereoscopic image on the polarization glasses type stereoscopic image display to see the polarization of the left-eye image through a left-eye filter of the polarization glasses and the polarization of the right-eye image through a right-eye filter of the polarization glasses, thereby giving a stereoscopic feeling.
The display panel of the conventional polarization glasses type stereoscopic image display may be a liquid crystal display panel. A parallax is generated between a pixel array of the liquid crystal display panel and the patterned retarder due to the thickness of an upper glass substrate of the liquid crystal display panel and the thickness of an upper polarization substrate, and this leads to a poor vertical viewing angle. When the viewer views a stereoscopic image displayed on the polarization glasses type stereoscopic image display at a vertical viewing angle higher or lower than the front surface of the liquid crystal display panel, they may feel a 3D crosstalk where the left eye image and the right eye image overlap each other when viewing them with a single eye (left eye or right eye).
In order to solve the problem of 3D crosstalk at vertical viewing angle in the polarization glasses type stereoscopic image display, Japanese Laid Open Publication NO. 2002-185983 proposed a method for forming black stripes on a patterned retarder (or 3D film) of a stereoscopic image display. In a method different from this method, the width of black matrices formed on a liquid crystal display panel can be increased. However, the formation of black stripes on the patterned retarder may result in a reduction in luminance of 2D/3D images, and the black matrices may interact with the black stripes, thereby generating moiré. Also, an increase in the width of black matrices may reduce aperture ratio, thereby degrading luminance of 2D/3D images.
The present applicant proposed the technique of dividing each of pixels of a display panel into two parts and using one of the two parts by an active black stripe in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/536,031 (Aug. 5, 2009). The stereoscopic image display proposed by the present applicant can provide more excellent display quality than the existing stereoscopic image display, by offering the advantages of preventing a reduction in luminance of a 2D image by dividing each of the pixels into the two parts and writing 2D image data to each of the divided pixels in a 2D mode, and improving the visibility of both the 2D and 3D images by widening a vertical viewing angle in a 3D image. The active black stripe may include a thin film transistor (hereinafter, "TFT") and a liquid crystal cell.
The active black stripe technology proposed by the present applicant requires discharging of the voltage of a liquid crystal cell to a black gray voltage. To this end, a relatively high voltage may be applied to a gate of the TFT included in the active black stripe so that on current flows in the TFT during a predetermined period of time. In this case, the TFT of the active black stripe may undergo degradation in driving characteristics, including a threshold voltage shift caused by a gate bias stress. To increase the completeness of the active black stripe technology in the 3D mode, it is necessary to guarantee enough discharging time of active black stripes across the entire screen so that the active black stripes on the entire screen can represent a black gray scale.


A multiple PLL oscillator for oscillating and outputting a plurality of frequencies having a predetermined step frequency, comprising a first and a second reference frequency sources, a switch for selecting the ore of outputs of the first and the second reference frequency sources alternatively and at predetermined time interval, and a PLL frequency synthesizer generating a millimeter wave oscillation output corresponding to each of the first and second reference frequency sources.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multiple PLL oscillator and, more particularly, to a multiple PLL oscillator suitable as an oscillator requiring both a higher transmitting frequency and reduction of phase noise in a radar performing a scan in a multiple millimeter CW radar.
2. Description of the Related Art
The principle configuration of a PLL oscillator is, as shown in FIG. 11, that the phase of a signal of a reference frequency fr and the phase of an output signal of a frequency divider 4 as a loop feedback signal are compared with each other by a phase comparator 1, the result is integrated and converted to a voltage signal by a low pass filter 2, and a voltage controlled oscillator 3 is controlled by the voltage signal. A part of an output of the voltage controlled oscillator 3 is divided by the frequency divider 4 to 1/N, the resultant is supplied as a signal to be compared to the phase comparator 1. The frequency-divided output frequency is compared with the reference frequency fr, thereby obtaining a PLL oscillator output of a desired frequency fout (=frxc3x97N). A multiple PLL oscillator obtaining a number of oscillation frequency outputs by changing the dividing number N of frequency is constructed.
From viewpoints of making the device simpler, making the band of an operation frequency wider, shortening time required for an oscillation frequency of a PLL circuit to reach a desired frequency (lock-up time), and the like in the actual configuration of a PLL oscillator, various PLL oscillators have been proposed.
Particularly, as a PLL oscillator adapted for use in telephones such as a mobile telephone and a portable telephone, a radio receiver, and a transceiver, having a relatively simple circuit configuration, realizing an oscillation output which is a high frequency, simultaneously, capable of varying an output frequency with short lock-up time and narrow frequency interval (frequency step), a PLL circuit as shown in FIG. 12 has been proposed (Japanese Unexamined Patent Application No. Hei-9-64734).
In the PLL circuit shown in FIG. 12, an oscillation output (oscillation frequency f1) of a first variable frequency oscillating circuit 16 and an oscillation output of a second variable frequency oscillating circuit 24 having an oscillation frequency f2 lower than that of the variable frequency oscillating circuit 16 are mixed by a mixer 59. A signal indicative of a sum of the oscillation frequencies of the variable frequency oscillating circuits 16 and 24 and a signal indicative of a difference between the oscillation frequencies are supplied as an oscillation output signal of the PLL circuit and an input signal of a feedback loop via filters 57 and 58. The feedback loop has a frequency divider 19 for dividing an oscillation signal of the frequency the difference. The phase of an output signal of the frequency divider 19 is compared with that of the signal of the reference frequency fr by a phase comparator 14. An output of the phase comparator 14 controls the oscillation frequencies of the variable frequency oscillating circuits 16 and 24 via a low pass filter 18.
The oscillation frequency of each of the variable frequency oscillating circuits 16 and 24 can be about the half of an output oscillation frequency fn of the PLL circuit, and the dividing number of the frequency divider can be reduced by feeding back an oscillation frequency difference fd between the variable frequency oscillating circuits 16 and 24 to the frequency divider 19 and mixing down a feedback signal of the loop to a lower frequency. Consequently, the lock-up time can be shortened and, simultaneously, the oscillation output can be changed at low frequency intervals also in a high frequency band.
In the PLL oscillating circuit shown in FIG. 12, a problem which occurs in a use where the circuit operates at the frequency interval of tens to hundreds kHz of the oscillation frequency in the millimeter wave band is not considered. For example, in a two frequency CW radar using millimeter waves which operates in a millimeter wave band, the frequency is switched at predetermined time intervals, and a distance and relative speed to an obstacle are detected on the basis of a Doppler shift and a phase difference of two received waves. Consequently, a reflected wave observed during a period in which an output frequency of a multiple PLL circuit is unstable due to increase in the lock-up time is handled as an indeterminate signal. The S/N ratio (=the signal of the radarxe2x88x92noise level) deteriorates by an amount corresponding to decrease in the total energy of the reflected wave. The more the frequency step is narrowed, the more the lock-up time increases, so that the two frequency CW radar using millimeter waves does not function at worst. In the case where the time of switching the frequency is increased so as to sufficiently observe the reflected wave, the frequency upper limit at the time of FFT (Fourier transform) in an A/D sampling period is suppressed, and an obstacle which moves at high speed cannot be detected.
In the proposed PLL circuit, the reference frequency is equal to or proportional to the frequency interval (frequency step) of the oscillation output. Therefore, the narrower the frequency interval is set, the narrower the loop band of the PLL becomes, so that the lock-up time to reach the desired frequency increases. In the case where a step frequency is hundreds kHz, the loop band of the PLL circuit is a faction of the frequency step so that the reference frequency component does not directly propagate to a voltage controlled oscillator, and lock-up time inversely proportional to the loop band is about tens xcexcsec.
In the PLL circuit shown in FIG. 12, the voltage controlled oscillating circuits 16 and 24 are disposed in parallel in a single PLL loop, and the oscillation frequency difference between the oscillating circuits computed by the mixer 59 is supplied as a loop feedback signal of the PLL circuit to the frequency divider 19. By increase in a loop gain K by reduction in the dividing number of frequency and shortened logic delay time of the frequency divider, the lock-up time is shortened.
Particularly, the PLL circuit is constructed by using the single reference frequency fr, and the output oscillation frequency fn of the PLL oscillating circuit is determined only by the reference frequency fr and the dividing number N of frequency of the frequency divider. Therefore, in the case of using the PLL circuit for a two waves millimeter wave radar of a millimeter wave band oscillation frequency and a step frequency of hundreds kHz, the dividing number of frequency becomes an enormous figure, so that it is impossible to main stability of the PLL circuit and shorten the lock-up time.
Since flicker caused by heat and external factors in the oscillating circuits 16 and 24 is absorbed as oscillation frequency variations in the PLL loop, an oscillation output in which the flicker is added and multiplied is observed. When two voltage controlled oscillators are constructed in the PLL loop, it is estimated that the state is similar to a state where a single feedback system has a plurality of oscillators, an oscillation like a double pendulum movement occurs, and the lock-up time becomes longer than lock-up time calculated from a loop band and a loop gain.
Further, since ratios of change of the oscillation frequencies f1 and f2 with respect to a control voltage Vc of the two voltage controlled oscillating circuits 16 and 24 are different from each other, to realize the PLL oscillating circuit, the ratios of change of the voltage controlled oscillating circuits 16 and 24 with respect to the control voltage Vc have to be constant and the frequency difference has to increase monotonously. Since the PLL loop performs a feedback control only on the frequency difference, even when the PLL operation is normally performed in the PLL loop, the frequency step of the oscillation frequency is not always correct. Generally, a voltage controlled oscillating circuit controls a depletion-layer capacitance of a structure of a semiconductor diode to specify the oscillation frequency. In an oscillating circuit in a millimeter wave band, in consideration of existence of stray capacitance, heat, and external factors which cannot be expressed in numerical values, it is difficult to make the change ratio difference between the oscillation frequency and the control voltage increase monotonously.
Since main targets of the PLL oscillating circuit of FIG. 12 are telephones such as a mobile telephone and a portable telephone, radio receivers, and transceivers, there is a tendency that the dividing number of frequency is increased to widen the variable range of the oscillation frequency. Consequently, the logic delay time in the frequency divider in the PLL loop is long, and it is also a factor of increasing the lock-up time.
An object of the invention is therefore to realize a multiple PLL oscillator having an oscillation output in a millimeter wave band and a simple configuration, with shortened lock-up time realized by decreasing the dividing number of frequency of a frequency divider provided for a PLL loop.
Another object of the invention is to realize a multiple millimeter CW radar for a vehicle, using a signal in a millimeter band, using a signal for generating signals of a plurality of frequencies having a relatively small transmission frequency difference (step frequency) at a predetermined interval, economically constructed, and operating stably.
To achieve the object, a multiple PLL oscillator of the invention includes: a plurality of reference frequency sources; a switch for selecting one of outputs of the plurality of reference frequency sources; a feedback loop circuit; a phase comparator for comparing the phase of a signal of a reference frequency selected by the switch with that of a signal from the feedback loop circuit; a voltage controlled oscillator controlled by an output of the phase comparator; a mixer for mixing an output of the voltage controlled oscillator with an output signal of a locked reference frequency source of another locked frequency; and an output unit for outputting an upper side band frequency of the mixer as an output. The feedback loop circuit has a frequency divider for receiving a lower side band frequency of the mixer and dividing the frequency of the input signal.
The multiple PLL oscillator of the invention includes: a plurality of reference frequency sources; a switch for selecting one of outputs of the plurality of reference frequency sources to thereby obtain a signal of a reference frequency; and a frequency synthesizer for setting a signal selected by the switch as a reference frequency. The frequency synthesizer is constructed to generate an oscillation output of the frequency corresponding to each of the plurality of reference frequency sources.
In the multiple PLL oscillator according to the invention, a plurality of output frequencies in the millimeter wave band having a frequency step are switched and output in a short period, and the frequency step is realized by switching operation of the switch for the plurality of reference frequency sources irrespective of a frequency divider. The frequency difference of the reference frequency sources is used, and signals indicative of sum and different of frequencies obtained by the mixer are used as an output signal of the multiple PLL oscillator and a loop feedback signal of the PLL loop, respectively, so that the dividing number of frequency of the frequency divider is decreased, and widening of the loop band, increase in the loop gain, and shortening of the lock-up time of the PLL circuit can be realized. Specifically, the lock-up time of the PLL circuit is proportional to a damping factor xcex6. The damping factor xcex6 is expressed as follows   ζ  =                    1        2                                    N                      τ                                      xe2x80x83                                    K                                =          1              2                          xe2x80x83                        T                          xe2x80x83                        ω                          xe2x80x83                        n
where N denotes the dividing number of frequency of the frequency divider, K denotes a loop gain, xcfx84 denotes a time constant of a low pass filter, and xcfx89n indicates a natural angular frequency. By decreasing the dividing number N of frequency, the lock-up time can be shortened.
As a result, by also forming the oscillator of a high frequency band of millimeter waves and the like in the form of a PLL circuit, various characteristics such as physical processing precision and a temperature characteristic accompanying disturbance can be controlled, so that the high frequency output signal of millimeter waves and the step frequency can be stably set with high precision. Particularly, a multiple CW oscillator for periodically stepping a frequency in short time is realized in a millimeter radar employing a two frequency CW radar system, and the stability of an output signal is increased. Consequently, improvements in various performances of the radar such as detected distance and angular information are realized, and a stable, high-performance, and cheap CW radar can be achieved.
These and objects, feature and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent in view of the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Multiple PLL oscillator and multiple CW radar used therefore


A system, in some embodiments, comprises: a first surface of a lead frame; a second surface of the lead frame, opposite the first surface, said second surface having been etched; and one or more holes passing through said lead frame and coincident with the first and second surfaces, wherein said one or more holes are adapted to control fluid flow on said first surface.

Semiconductor packages include various components, such as lead frames, die, and different types of bonds. Often, these and other such components are coupled together using solder or a similar, viscous substance. Controlling the flow of solder on component surfaces is important, because insufficient solder in certain locations results in poor electrical connections, and because the presence of solder in other locations results in electrical shorts or other problems. Such control over solder flow, however, is difficult to achieve.

Holes and dimples to control solder flow

SEMICONDUCTOR COMPONENTS INDUSTRIES, LLC


An apparatus for generating X-rays from electron synchrotron radiation or beams of accelerated ions for ion radiography or ion therapy includes a source of electrons and a source of ions, both of which are connectable to preaccelerators. The preaccelerators supply the appropriate type of charged particle to a synchrotron accelerator which accelerates ions to an energy level that is appropriate for radiography or therapy and which accelerates electrons to a level that generates X-rays by synchrotron radiation in a useful frequency range. The accelerator system also includes a storage ring into which particles are switched and circulated for later use. Electrons are extracted from the synchrotron and injected into the storage ring by fast extraction using a kicker magnet and a septum magnet. They then circulate in the storage ring for periods of hours generating X-rays which may be used for lithography of computer chips with submicron resolution. The energy loss because of this radiation is continuously replaced by a radio-frequency acceleration system. During the period that electrons are circulating in the storage ring, the synchrotron may be utilized to accelerate ions for ion radiography or ion therapy with beam extracted from the synchrotron by stripping extraction through thin foils. Other simultaneous uses for the ions or electrons from the preaccelerator may prove advantageous.

This invention relates to particle accelerators that are usable for multiple purposes, to the simultaneous use of getter strips for two important functions in electron storage rings, to much enhanced flexibility of magnet arrangements in synchrotrons and storage rings, and to several unique and novel accelerator concepts that relate to the use of negative ions. The latter include stretcher rings, accumulator rings for ions, accelerator rings of unusually low residual activity, novel methods of accelerator alignment and tuneup, and a novel method of precision local vacuum measurement in rings under high vacuum. A stretcher ring is well known to be a storage ring in which a circulating pulse of particles that is bunched in space is caused to be stretched in time by repeated extraction of small portions of the circulating pulse. An accumulator ring is well known to be a storage ring in which a number of pulses has been loaded into the ring to produce a number of circulating particles that can be extracted to produce a pulse having more particles than the individual loading pulses.
The use of accelerators for multiple purposes. relates, in particular, to a particle accelerator system that can be used to store electrons to produce X-rays by synchrotron radiation, and also accelerate protons or other ions to be used for tissue therapy or radiography. An important use of the X-rays that are produced by the circulating electron beam will be in the lithography of integrated circuits.
The methods presently used for making integrated circuits involve the preparation of masks that are used with visible or ultraviolet light to create patterns on semiconductor materials. These patterns are etched or otherwise treated to produce desired patterns on the semiconductor material. Line spacings of the order of one micron are being produced by this method. However, such spacings are approaching the limit of resolution of visible and ultraviolet light. This resolution can be increased by the use of X-rays because of their shorter wave length. Conventional methods of generating X-rays such as the Coolidge tube produce X-rays by the impact of an electron beam on a metal target. Such devices do not produce X-rays of sufficient intensity for use in producing integrated circuits, and they produce X-rays in beams that are not sufficiently precisely defined for the purpose of making semiconductors.
One technique that has been used to expose semiconductors to X-radiation is to generate synchrotron radiation by accelerating electrons in a particle accelerator. A summary of the status of research approaches to the use of synchrotron radiation for this and other purposes is given in a publication entitled "Construction and Commissioning of Dedicated Synchrotron Radiation Facilities: Proceedings of Workshop, Oct., 1985". This is Publication BNL 51959 of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. This publication describes the status of several such facilities, including the National Synchrotron Light Source which is located at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The National Synchrotron Light Source, the Synchrotron Radiation Center at the University of Wisconsin and the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) Synchrotron Radiation Center in Palo Alto represent large-scale laboratories devoted to producing synchrotron radiation for research. Comparable facilities are reported in the publication described above in Japan, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, France, The People's Republic of China, Denmark and Brazil. Two third-generation synchrotron sources, featuring much higher X-ray intensities that can be achieved by insertion devices, are either under construction or in the final stages of design in the U.S. These are the Advanced Light Source at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory and the 7-GeV Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. These and each of the facilities described in the Proceedings of the Workshop represents an electron storage ring with an injector that is used only occasionally to fill the ring. Each represents a research installation of major scope, served by numbers of buildings and staffs of substantial size. Such facilities are costly to build and costly to operate. They are permanently emplaced so that users must come to them to obtain the synchrotron radiation for any purpose.
In contrast to the electron storage rings described above, proton synchrotrons and cyclotrons have been and are being used in medical applications. An example of such an accelerator concept for proton radiography is shown in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,026, entitled "Apparatus for Proton Radiography," which is incorporated here by reference as if set forth fully. Proton therapy has been carried out for more than ten years at the Harvard Cyclotron Laboratory by physicians from the Massachusetts General Hospital utilizing the Harvard 160 MeV cyclotron. Proton therapy is carried out at facilities designed for physics use in many other parts of the world including Japan, Sweden, and the USSR, while the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory has utilized helium ions and heavier ions for this purpose.
Proton radiography and proton therapy are normally carried out using protons in an energy range of the order of 70-250 MeV (250 MeV per nucleon, or 1000 MeV for helium ions). This energy range is sufficiently low in comparison to the design energy ranges of most present research proton accelerators that most of the experimental work done to date using protons for radiography or therapy has been performed with beams diverted from accelerators that serve large proton physics facilities. It is therefore necessary to bring the patient to the accelerator as it is difficult or impossible to locate the research accelerator at a site that is convenient to a hospital or medical facility. Similarly, the large research electron synchrotrons that are used to produce X-rays by synchrotron radiation cannot be taken to an industrial location, but instead require that the work be brought to them. It is important to design accelerators that are simple, reliable, inexpensive, and able to be utilized near a hospital or industrial location.
Several small electron storage rings have been designed specifically for production of X-rays for lithography of computer chips. These include designs from Cosy Microtech in Berlin, a compact superconducting ring; Oxford Instruments in England, a compact superconducting ring; a room-temperature ring at Brookhaven National Laboratory; a storage ring proposed by Maxwell Laboratories/Brobeck Associates in California; and several such designs in Japan. All use curved magnets, and none are suitable for alternative uses with ions or for dual uses of the injector. Such dual use has not been proposed. All of the units described above use injectors only sporadically to refill the storage ring.
A proton synchrotron of 250 MeV dedicated to proton therapy has been designed by Fermi National Laboratory in Batavia, Ill., for use at Loma Linda University Medical Center in Loma Linda, Calif., and is presently under construction. This machine is not suited for negative hydrogen ions (by reason of vacuum and peak magnetic field), has curved magnets, and with electrons would not give adequately short wavelength of synchrotron light to be useful for the lithography application. No dual use of this machine has been proposed.
In many of the electron storage rings that have been built, a problem that has placed a severe limit on the intensity of the beam achieved and the ability to maintain that beam over long periods of time, at least initially, is the trapping of positive ions in the beam. The negative charge of the electron beam represents a potential well for positive ions. These ions are produced by the ionization of the residual gas by the electron beam. They overfocus the electrons and limit the current. The problem is thus sensitive to the achievable vacuum and is exacerbated by desorption of gas from the walls of the vacuum chamber by irradiation with the X-rays produced by the electrons. A long period of time, measured in tens of Ampere-hours of beam divided by the peak achievable beam current, has often been required to reduce the desorption to the point that high currents can be accumulated or maintained. For some installations this has taken as long as a year. This problem has presented such a limit on some operations that designers of systems for producing X-rays through synchrotron radiation have turned to the acceleration of positrons. This eliminates the trapping of positive ions in the beam. However, the use of positrons as particles to be accelerated introduces considerable complexity into the operation of such an accelerator and limits its use to the type of large university facility or national laboratory described above.
The feasibility of using clearing fields to solve the ion-electron problem was demonstrated at the Aladdin facility in Wisconsin. This permitted that facility to overcome a severe current limit of a few milliamperes of stored beam. They also reported the success of single asymmetrical electrodes for this purpose, and the effectiveness of an RF voltage applied between the electrode and the accelerator wall.
The use of non-evaporable getter strips composed of an alloy of zirconium and aluminum was proposed in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,026 entitled "Apparatus for Proton Radiography," previously incorporated by reference. Its use was based on very successful experiments in both Europe and the United States, although such strips have not been used in any synchrotron or storage ring to date. The very high distributed pumping speed, 1 liter/sec per square centimeter of pump surface area, can lead to very high vacuum, and the use of such strips has been proposed for the 7 GeV Advanced Photon Source at Argonne and the Large Electron-Positron (LEP) collider in CERN, Switzerland. There has not been any suggestion of the use of such strips for both high-speed vacuum pumping and to provide clearing fields to eliminate the ion-electron problem.
The acceleration of negative hydrogen ions to 250 MeV in a small, weak-field synchrotron and using charge-exchange stripping extraction to utilize the protons for cancer therapy was first proposed by me at a meeting of the Proton Therapy Cooperative Group (PTCOG) at Fermilab in 1985. Slow extraction was required in order to carry out raster scanning of a tumor site and obtain nearly 100% utilization of the extracted beam. This permits keeping the required beam current to 3 nA, with the synchrotron operating at 1 Hz, including 0.4 sec. each pulse for beam extraction. This current is adequate for treatment of the majority of the cancer sites to which proton therapy is applicable in a period of 2 minutes per fraction. A fraction is that portion of a total radiation dose that is administered in a single sitting. From the point of view of economics, it is very important to keep the circulating current as low as tolerable. However, for the larger tumor sizes, radiotherapists would prefer beams of 20-30 nA. The accelerator designer could significantly increase the injection energy or the magnet aperture to meet this new requirement. Both of these alternatives would significantly increase the cost to the point that the facility would be no longer economically feasible. A more economic alternative is the use of a beam stretcher ring. The synchrotron is cycled at 10 Hz, beam is transferred as negative hydrogen ions to the stretcher ring at the peak of the synchrotron cycle, and beam is extracted for therapy from the stretcher ring for 90 of the 100 milliseconds between injection pulses.
The concept of stretcher rings for quite different purposes is not new, although all proposed have included higher field superconducting magnets. A superconducting storage ring in the ZGS tunnel at Argonne National Laboratory was proposed to save electrical power and to increase the duty cycle of experimental use of the proton beam from the existing 25% to nearly 100%. The "Energy Saver/Doubler" at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory was built to double the energy of the existing ring by having a higher field superconducting ring at 5T in the same tunnel, and to save operating electrical energy by having very long (60-second) pulses at full field. The latter requires very little energy for the superconductors, and cycles the synchrotron much less frequently than previously. This is quite the opposite purpose proposed here. The facility is presently called the TEVATRON.
At one of the later meetings of PTCOG, a desire was expressed to carry out the fractionated cancer treatment with protons in the time that the therapist could ask a patient to hold his breath (10-15 seconds), rather than the two minutes previously discussed. The rationale for this request was that to make use of the higher precision of dose localization available with protons, patient motion could not longer be tolerated. To accomplish this order of magnitude increase in instantaneous rate with a synchrotron has seemed out of question in terms of economic feasibility. However, a combination of two accepted techniques appear to solve even this problem. These are the acceleration of negative hydrogen or deuterium ions in a rapid-cycling synchrotron, fast extraction from the synchrotron, and charge-exchange (stripping) injection into the accumulator ring. By this technique, a large number of synchrotron pulses (200-400) can be injected into the accumulator ring until enough protons for the complete irradiation are accumulated. These protons can then be extracted in less than 10 seconds in any of the standard ways. The high injection energy (up to 250 Mev) insures that the space-charge limit of the accumulator ring will be high enough to contain an adequate number of protons.
Charge-exchange injection by stripping H.sup.- ions in a thin foil to reach high intensity in a small ring is presently a very commonly used technique. It was first carried out in an operational way on the ZGS at Argonne National Laboratory, the Rapid Cycling Synchrotron of the Argonne Intense Pulsed Neutron Source, the Booster Synchrotron at Fermilab, the Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) at Brookhaven, the KEK (Japan) Booster Synchrotron, the Los Alamos Proton Storage Ring, and the Rutherford (England) Intense Neutron Source. All of these facilities are physics facilities having expensive injectors, not economically suited for the present application. In all of these facilities, the H.sup.- ion beam is produced from a linear accelerator (linac); no transfer from one synchrotron to another has been proposed before.
Most dipole magnets used in synchrotrons and storage rings are curved magnets. The only exception to this practice seems to be those rings whose circumference is so large that the sagitta of long straight magnets is small enough that it does not present a problem. The sagitta is defined as the distance along a radius of a circle from the perpendicular intersection of the radius with a chord to the circumference of the circle. Examples are the rings at Fermilab (1000 magnets in a circumference of about 3 miles) and equivalent rings in Switzerland and the USSR. Two of the advantages of short, straight magnets, that of simplicity of construction and cost were recognized in my U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,026, cited above. A very significant advantage of that choice, however, that of the flexibility of arrangement of the dipoles and quadruples for many different applications, including lithography, was not obvious or recognized at the time. This flexibility has recently allowed me to propose a facility for synchrotron radiation in which the same dipole magnets were arranged into a full energy storage ring, and a smaller number into a smaller and lower energy injector synchrotron.
Negative ions are presently in common use for rather specific applications. Sources of negative ions are required as inputs to tandem accelerators, with polarity changing from negative to positive in the high-voltage terminal to achieve additional acceleration from that terminal back to ground potential. Negative hydrogen ions are accelerated in the sector focussed cyclotron, TRIUMPF, in Vancouver, British Columbia, where they are passed through a movable foil at high energy to provide protons of variable energy outside the accelerator. No means of direct extraction of the negative hydrogen ions is provided. Intense negative ion sources at energies of 100-200 keV, with neutralization to produce neutral beams for injection into Tokamaks are in use or under development. The widespread use of H.sup.- ions for change exchange injection into synchrotrons or storage rings as a superior injection process has been discussed above. My U.S. Pat. No. 3,986,026 suggested acceleration of negative hydrogen ions to the 100-200 MeV energy range with change-exchange extraction to utilize protons in the radiographic work station. There has not to date been any suggestion of utilizing high energy (100-200 MeV) negative hydrogen ions, or any other negative ions, directly in work stations. The recent emphasis of Neutral Particle Beams (NPB) with these high energies for the Strategic Defense Initiative, in which negative ions are accelerated and then must be neutralized, has introduced a need for such ions (including H.sup.-, D.sup.-, and other negative ions) for research. Other applications not presently obvious may also emerge. Production of negative ions of these energies at relatively low intensity (and low cost) requires the concept proposed here: very high vacuum and relatively low magnetic fields to avoid removing the loosely bound electron during the acceleration process, flexible arrangement of bending and focusing magnets to accommodate a variety of possible application requirements, and low residual activity synchrotrons, especially with negative deuterium ions, for easy personnel access.
Also not recognized in the earlier concepts were the advantages of the short magnets when negative ions are circulated in the ring. These include rings with low residual activity, and the possibility of utilizing stripping extraction in many places for precision alignment and tuneup. The negative ions can also be used for local gas measurements.

Apparatus for acceleration and application of negative ions and electrons


An image-receiving element, adapted to the production of a diffusion transfer photograph adhesively bondable to a substrate material, comprises first and second separable sheet-like support members adhesively bonded to one another by a layer of adhesive therebetween, the adhesivity of the first sheet-like support to the adhesive layer being less than the adhesivity of the second sheet-like support to the adhesive and less than the cohesivity of the adhesive layer. The second sheet-like support member carries on the side thereof opposed from the adhesive layer at least a water-permeable and dyeable image-receiving layer which receives a photographic dye image by diffusion transfer processing. Subsequent to diffusion transfer processing, the first sheet-like member carrying the photographic image is separated from the second sheet-like member with the adhesive layer being preferentially adhered to the opposed side of the second sheet-like member, thereby to provide a diffusion transfer photograph which is adhesively bondable to a substrate material for the enhancement of the decorative or information content thereof.

This invention relates to an image-receiving element and to diffusion transfer photographic film units. More particularly, it relates to image-receiving elements for use in so-called "peel-apart" diffusion transfer film units and to the production of diffusion transfer photographs which can be adhesively bonded to any of a variety of substrate materials.
The application of pictures, designs, patterns and the like to various substrate materials, to impart a decorative or informational content to the substrate material, has been well known. Thus, using known methods, pictures and designs in the form of decals have been applied from a paper or other carrier material to a permanent substrate of metal, glass, paper, china or the like. Photographic images, including those prepared by conventional processing on photographic papers and by diffusion transfer processing, have also been applied to substrate materials of the aforedescribed type. Examples of methods for affixing photographic image layers from a photographic support material to another substrate material can be found, for example, in U.S. Pat. 3,520,682 (issued July 14, 1970 to Wilson Gross); in U.S. Pat. 4,033,770 (issued July 5, 1977 to L.M. DeHaes et al.); in U.S. Pat. 4,464,454 (issued August 7, 1984 to W. Vogt); and in Disclosure No. 20040, in Research Disclosure, Dec. 1980, pages 569-571.
While there are a variety of methods for applying a photographic layer from one support layer to another substrate material, such methods oftentimes are attended by cumbersome or inefficient operations. Such methods may involve, for example, a soaking or immersion step which is conducted to remove the photographic image layer from its support, as is described, for example, in the aforementioned U.S. Pat. 3,520,682. In addition, there are manipulative problems associated with the handling of the thin and unsupported image layer and the uniform application of the image layer to the permanent substrate. The layer should be applied evenly, without wrinkles or entrapment of air, so as to appear to be an integral part of the permanent substrate.
Methods for affixing a photographic layer to a permanent substrate material oftentimes involve the transfer of a photographic image layer from the support on which the image is formed to another support material. This is accomplished by bringing an image layer (carried on a photographic paper or other support) into adhesive contact with a second support and, then, removing the photographic support by stripping or peeling. Such methods are described, for example, in the aforementioned Research Disclosure and in U.S. Pat. 4,033,770. These methods provide a transferred image which is reversed from the original. This necessitates camera modifications (e.g., mirror reversal modifications) to produce an image which, when viewed from reverse direction, appears to correspond with the original subject. Transfer of the reversed image layer to the permanent substrate also dictates that the original photographic support be transparent so that the image layer can be viewed through the support for correct positioning of the photographic layer onto the permanent support.
A method for transferring an image by decalcomania from a photographic print to a final support so that the transferred image on the final support is not reversed with respect to the original--and so that reverse printing of the original is avoided--is also described in the aforementioned Research Disclosure No. 20040. The method requires adhesion of the emulsion side of a photograph to a temporary support and a soaking or dipping operation for removal of the original support. A second transfer operation is then required to transfer the image layer (for non-reversed viewing) from the temporary support to the permanent carrier.
In the method of aforementioned U.S. Pat. 4,463,454, an information carrier in the form of a card is prepared by bringing an adhesive-coated plastic carrier foil into adhesive contact with the emulsion side of an auxiliary carrier carrying an image-bearing emulsion layer, and removing the auxiliary carrier. A further prepared plastic foil is applied to the side of the emulsion layer previously bonded to the auxiliary carrier, to provide a card comprising the emulsion layer between a pair of plastic foil layers. The method requires, prior to transfer of the emulsion layer, that the auxiliary carrier be pretreated to permit subsequent transfer of the emulsion layer from the auxiliary carrier to the adhesive carrier foil. In addition, the emulsion layer carried by the auxiliary carrier must, for image formation be first exposed, developed, fixed and dried.
It will be appreciated that there will be considerable advantage to an image-receiving element for a film unit which permits the production, by resort to "instant" diffusion transfer processing, of a thin, adhesively bondable photograph which can be simply and reliably affixed to any of a variety of substrate materials for enhancement of the decorative and/or informational content thereof.

Image-receiving element for adhesively bondable diffusion transfer photograph


A method for manufacturing a printed wiring board includes forming on a support board a first resin insulation layer, forming a second resin insulation layer on the first resin insulation layer, forming in the second resin insulation layer an opening portion in which an electronic component having an electrode is mounted, accommodating the electronic component in the opening portion of the second resin insulation layer such that the electrode of the electronic component faces an opposite side of the first resin insulation layer, forming on the first surface of the second resin insulation layer and the electronic component an interlayer resin insulation layer, and forming in the interlayer resin insulation layer a via conductor reaching to the electrode of the electronic component.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a printed wiring board which does not contain a core substrate and into which an electronic component is built.
2. Discussion of the Background
Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2006-222164 describes embedding a semiconductor element in an insulation layer to obtain a thinner device without using a core substrate. Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2006-222164 describes a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device including mounting a semiconductor element on a support board, forming a buildup layer on the support board and the semiconductor element, and detaching the support board from the buildup layer. In Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2006-222164, a manufacturing method including the following process is described (see FIGS. 19 and 20 of Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2006-222164). A semiconductor element is covered with an insulation layer. Then, the insulation layer is polished until electrodes of the semiconductor element are exposed, and openings reaching pads on the support board are formed in the insulation layer. Then, via conductors are formed by filling the openings with plating. The contents of this publication are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Method for manufacturing printed wiring board


The modular boat has an improved assembly which is more compact when disassembled and is more solid when assembled. The boat comprises two side cockpit members, a transverse bow member, a transverse stern member and a middle member covering an opening between the side members. The side members each provide a middle portion of a hull with the bow portion and stern portion of each hull being provided by the bow member and the stern member respectively.

Collapsible and modular water crafts are known in the art for the purposes of providing small pleasure craft able to be transported more easily in a disassembled form and reassembled before use. It is known to provide hull constructions in which independent floating hull sections are assembled to form a larger continuous hull as is disclosed in the June 1954 issue of Popular Science at page 121 and in Dutch patent publication NL 7,802,634. It is also known in British patent publication GB 2,119,721 to build a catamaran in which bow and stern portions of each pontoon or hull are connected together to form a pair of floats. The floats are then interconnected by a member which supports a seat.
In the prior art configurations, the modules making up the boat are not very compact as individual units, and transport of the boat before assembly requires the transport of one or more elements of relatively large dimensions.


A mobile terminal includes: a main device having a display unit and performing a mobile communication function, and a sub-device having an input unit, communicating with the main device, and detachably coupled to the main device, wherein the input unit includes a transparent touch panel, and at least a portion of the transparent touch panel overlaps with the display unit in a state that the main device and the sub-device are coupled. The main device and the sub-device communicate with each other when they are coupled or separated to remotely control each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mobile terminal that allows a sub-device to be attached thereto or detached therefrom.
2. Description of the Related Art
Terminals may be divided into a mobile terminal (portable terminal) and a stationary terminal according to whether the terminal is portable or not. The mobile terminals may be divided into a handheld terminal that can be directly carried around and a vehicle mount terminal.
According to diversification of functions, the terminals are implemented in the form of multimedia players having complex functions such as capturing images or video, reproducing music or video files, playing games, receiving broadcasts, etc.
In order to support and increase the functions of the terminals, modification of structural parts and/or software parts of the terminals may be taken into consideration. As the functions of the terminals are diversified, the volume and weight of the terminals are inevitably increased, failing to meet the demand of users who want light and compact terminals.

Mobile terminal with detachably coupled sub-device