A developing device for an electrophotographic copier has a supply tank above a developing tank with an opening therebetween. A sealing member is removably attached to the rims of this opening before the developing device is ready to be used. An end part of this sealing member is attached to a take-up shaft and the sealing member is pulled or peeled off to be wound around the take-up shaft when the developing device is set in the copier and the shaft becomes connected to a motor in the copier.

This invention relates to a developing device for an electrophotographic copier, a laser printer and the like and more particularly to a developing device composed of a developing tank and a supply tank having an improved sealing means for sealing the supply outlet of the supply tank through which developing agent drops into the developing tank.
A developing device for a copier is detachably attached near the copier's photoreceptor and is comprised of a developing tank and a supply tank having a supply outlet through which developing agent is supplied into the developing tank. Since the developing tank itself is also provided with an opening through which toner can be applied to the photoreceptor, if the copier has its developing device filled with developing agent, it is difficult to prevent the developing agent from spilling out when the copier is transported. For this reason, a copier is shipped without any developing agent at all in the developing device or by closing the supply outlet with a removable sealing material and putting developing agent only in the supply tank. Such a sealing material is removed by the user when the copier is set and is ready to be used. FIGS. 1A and 1B show a prior art sealing means 3 used for such a purpose with one end 4 extending forward from the outlet 2 of the supply tank 1. After the copier is set, the user must pull the end 4 to remove the sealing means 3 from the supply outlet 2, but the surface of the sealing means 3 is usually covered with developing agent even after it is removed from the supply tank 1. The user usually finds it difficult to keep his or her hands clean after removing the sealing means 3. Another disadvantage of such prior art sealing means is that the user may forget to remove it before beginning to use the copier.

Developing device for copier with sealing means


An abrasive polishing pad for planarizing a substrate. In one embodiment, the abrasive polishing pad has a planarizing surface with a first planarizing region and a second planarizing region. The first planarizing region has a first abrasiveness and the second planarizing region has a second abrasiveness different than the first abrasiveness of the first region. The polishing pad preferably has a plurality of abrasive elements at the planarizing surface in at least one of the first or second planarizing regions. The abrasive elements may be abrasive particles fixedly suspended in a suspension medium, contact/non-contact regions on the pad, or other elements that mechanically remove material from the wafer. In operation of a preferred embodiment, the lesser abrasive of the first and second planarizing regions contacts a first area of the wafer where the relative velocity between the wafer and the polishing pad is relatively high, and the more abrasive of the first and second planarizing regions contacts a second area of the wafer where the relative velocity between the wafer and the polishing pad is relatively low. The different abrasivenesses of the first and second planarizing regions compensate for variations in relative velocities across the face of the wafer to more uniformly planarize the wafer.

Chemical-mechanical planarization ("CMP") processes remove material from the surface of semiconductor wafers or other substrates in the production of integrated circuits. FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a CMP machine 10 with a platen 20, a wafer carrier 30, and a polishing pad 40. The polishing pad 40 may be a conventional polishing pad made from a continuous phase matrix material (e.g., polyurethane), or it may be an abrasive polishing pad made from abrasive particles fixedly dispersed in a suspension medium. The planarizing liquid 44 may be a conventional CMP slurry with abrasive particles and chemicals that remove material from the wafer, or the planarizing liquid 44 may be a planarizing solution without abrasive particles. In most CMP applications, conventional CMP slurries are used on conventional polishing pads, but planarizing solutions without abrasive particles are used on abrasive polishing pads.
The CMP machine 10 also has an under pad 25 attached to an upper surface 22 of the platen 20 and the lower surface of the polishing pad 40. A drive assembly 26 rotates the platen 20 (as indicated by arrow A), or it reciprocates the platen back and forth (as indicated by arrow B). Since the polishing pad 40 is attached to the under pad 25, the polishing pad 40 moves with the platen 20.
The wafer carrier 30 has a lower surface 32 to which a wafer 12 may be attached, or the wafer 12 may be attached to a resilient pad 34 positioned between the wafer 12 and the lower surface 32. The wafer carrier 30 may be a weighted, free-floating wafer carrier; or an actuator assembly 36 may be attached to the wafer carrier 30 to impart axial and/or rotational motion (indicated by arrow C and arrow D, respectively).
To planarize the wafer 12 with the CMP machine 10, the wafer carrier 30 presses the wafer 12 face-downward against the polishing pad 40, and at least one of the platen 20 or the wafer carrier 30 moves relative to the other to move the wafer 12 across the planarizing surface 42. As the face of the wafer 12 moves across the planarizing surface 42, the polishing pad 40 and/or planarizing solution 44 continually remove material from the face of the wafer 12.
CMP processes must consistently and accurately produce a uniform planar surface on the wafer to enable precise circuit and device patterns to be formed with photolithography techniques. As the density of integrated circuits increases, it is often necessary to accurately focus the critical dimensions of the photo-patterns to within a tolerance of approximately 0.1 .mu.m. Focusing photo patterns to such small tolerances, however, is difficult when the planarized surface of the wafer is not uniformly planar. Thus, CMP processes must create a highly uniform planar surface.
One problem with the CMP processes is that the surface of the wafer may not be uniformly planar because the rate at which the thickness of the wafer decreases (the "polishing rate") may vary from one area of the wafer to another. The polishing rate depends, in part, on the relative linear velocity between the surface of the wafer and the portion of the planarizing surface contacting the wafer. The linear velocity of the planarizing surface of a circular, rotating polishing pad varies across the planarizing surface of the pad in proportion to the radial distance from the center of the pad. Similarly, the linear velocity also varies across the front face of the wafer in proportion to the radial distance from the center of the wafer. The variation of linear velocities across the face of the wafer and planarizing surface of the polishing pad creates a relative velocity gradient between the wafer and the polishing pad. In general, the relative velocity gradient between the wafer and the pad causes the polishing rate to vary across the face of the wafer in a center-to-edge profile where the perimeter of the wafer polishes faster than the center of the wafer.
Several devices and concepts have been developed to reduce the center-to-edge planarizing profile across wafers. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,283 to Tuttle discloses a non-abrasive polishing pad with voids in the surface of the pad. The area of the planarizing surface occupied by the voids increases with increasing radial distance to reduce the contact area between the wafer and an abrasive slurry on the surface of the polishing pad towards the perimeter of the pad. Thus, at the periphery of the pad where the linear velocity of the pad is high, the voids reduce the polishing rate of the wafer compared to a planarizing surface without voids.
Although the non-abrasive polishing pad of U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,283 reduces the nonuniformity in polishing rates across a wafer, it may not provide adequate control of the polishing rate to produce a uniformly planar surface on the wafer. The pad of U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,283 seeks to control the polishing rate across the wafer by reducing contact area between the wafer and the slurry at selected areas on the pad. However, the distribution of the slurry between the wafer and the pad may not be uniform under the wafer because the perimeter of the wafer wipes the slurry off the planarizing surface leaving less slurry under the center of the wafer. Thus, even though existing devices control the contact area between the wafer and the pad at selected regions of the pad, they may not effectively control the polishing rate across the face of the wafer.

Variable abrasive polishing pad for mechanical and chemical-mechanical planarization


A device for controlling fluid flow includes a conduit that defines a channel through which fluid flows opposing upstream and downstream directions of fluid flow. A rupture valve obliquely disposed in the channel to selectively prevent fluid flow through the channel, the rupture valve resisting rupture in response to pressure exerted on the rupture valve in the upstream direction and selectively rupturing in response to pressure exerted on the rupture valve in the downstream direction.

Process vessels, such as bioreactors, may provide a closed environment for creating mixtures, performing chemical reactions, and/or growing biological cells, among others. For example, bioreactors often are employed to produce pharmaceuticals from engineered cells grown in many liters of culture media. In some cases, the cells placed into a bioreactor may be mammalian cells that grow more slowly than potential sources of contamination, such as bacteria and fungi. In any event, effective sterilization of a process vessel may be fundamental to the successful use of the process vessel without interference from unwanted microorganisms.
Small devices and vessels may be sterilized via gamma irradiation, autoclaving, or other means. Typically, larger process vessels and devices may be sterilized using "steam-in-place" (SIP) sterilization. This sterilization approach may involve connecting a process vessel to a steam source, such as via a conduit(s) and valve(s), to expose the interior volume and interior surfaces of the process vessel to the lethal effect of steam without the need to move the process vessel. Furthermore, the sterilization may be performed repeatedly as different fluid sources are connected to the process vessel. However, the conduit(s) and valve(s) used in connecting the fluid sources may require cleaning and/or re-sterilization between uses, which may be costly and time consuming. Accordingly, new approaches for transferring fluids from fluid sources to process vessels would be beneficial.

Valve for controlling the flow of steam and other fluids


In a battery control device for controlling input to and output from a battery pack of the present invention, the battery pack includes a plurality of serially-connected battery blocks each including a plurality of serially-connected unit batteries. The device includes: an internal resistance measurement section for each battery block; and a first malfunctioning battery detection section for detecting the unit battery as a leakage malfunctioning battery based on an internal resistance variation measured for each battery block during a prescribed time interval of a charging operation, wherein detection information about the leakage malfunctioning battery is reflected in the control of charging and discharging operations.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a battery control device for controlling charging and discharging operations with respect to battery packs including alkaline storage batteries and mounted on, for example, devices driven by battery packs, such as electric vehicles including automated guided vehicles.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, as a low-pollution vehicle designed for the purpose of solving environmental problems and energy problems, an electric vehicle such as a HEV (hybrid electric vehicle) and a PEV (pure electric vehicle) has received a great deal of attention. The electric vehicle has a battery pack, which includes alkaline storage batteries, mounted therein, and the electric power of the battery pack drives an electric motor so as to run the electric vehicle.
The electric vehicle includes an inverter for controlling motor drive and a battery control device for obtaining an output state of the battery pack and controlling charging and discharging operations with respect to the battery pack according to the output state of the battery pack, so as to stably supply the electric power to the electric motor via the inverter.
Such a conventional battery control device measures voltage and current output by the battery pack so as to calculate a remaining capacity SOC (State Of Charge; a value representing how much electric power remains in the battery pack) of the battery pack based on the measurement results. For example, the conventional battery control device controls the charge and discharge operations with respect to the battery pack so as to keep the remaining capacity SOC of the battery pack within a prescribed range. When the remaining capacity SOC falls below the prescribed range, the conventional battery control device performs a charging operation on the battery pack while inhibiting a discharging operation.
The battery pack as described herein includes a plurality of serially-connected battery blocks. In the casewhere the conventional battery control device charges the battery pack so as to keep the remaining capacity SOC of the battery pack within a prescribed range, when the plurality of battery blocks are uneven in remaining capacity SOC some battery blocks are forced to be overcharged. Alternatively, in some cases, the conventional battery control device periodically overcharges the entire battery pack so as to realize evenness in state of charge between the plurality of battery blocks.
However, in the conventional battery control device, when a minute crack and/or a minute pinhole are/is made in a single alkaline storage battery included in the battery pack through long-time use, such a minute crack and/or a minute pinhole cannot be easily detected. When an alkaline storage battery is overcharged, water in an electrolyte contained in a unit-battery case of the single alkaline storage battery is electrolyzed, so that hydrogen and oxygen gasses are generated. Further, when the hydrogen gas is emitted through the minute crack and/or the minute pinhole to the outside of the single alkaline storage battery, the amount of the emitted hydrogen gas is small and the hydrogen gas is diffused due to cooling air from a battery cooling fan, thereby making it difficult to detect the minute crack and/or the minute pinhole in a unit battery.
Furthermore, when the unit battery is left with the minute crack and/or the minute pinhole, battery deterioration is accelerated, thereby significantly reducing the reliability of the battery pack. Examples of the battery deterioration include a rise in internal resistance due to loss in moisture content of the electrolyte or due to carbon dioxide absorbed into the electrolyte, a decrease in remaining capacity SOC due to hydrogen emitted from the unit-battery case (in the case where nickel-metal hydride batteries are used in place of the alkaline storage batteries), erosion of a negative electrode, etc.
According to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a battery control device for controlling input to and output from a battery pack, in which the battery pack includes a plurality of serially-connected battery blocks each including a plurality of serially-connected unit batteries, and the device includes: an internal resistance measurement section for each battery block; and a first malfunctioning battery detection section for detecting the unit battery as a leakage malfunctioning battery based on an internal resistance variation measured for each battery block during a prescribed time interval of a charging operation, wherein detection information about the leakage malfunctioning battery is reflected in the control of charging and discharging operations.
According to this structure, the first malfunctioning battery detection section detects a unit battery detection section detects a unit battery as a leakage malfunctioning battery based on internal resistance variation and detection information about the leakage malfunctioning battery is reflected in the control of the charge and discharge operations. Therefore, a battery block which includes a unit battery having a minute crack and/or a minute pinhole can be detected early enough, thereby preventing the reliability of a battery pack from being reduced.
In one embodiment of the invention, the first malfunctioning battery detection section determines that the unit battery is a leakage malfunctioning battery when a difference in internal resistance variation between the unit battery and a normal battery is greater than a constant obtained based on battery characteristics, and the internal resistance variation is an internal resistance difference, or a difference in internal resistance derivative value, measured during a prescribed time period.
According to this structure, a leakage malfunctioning battery can be precisely and readily detected.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a battery control device for controlling input to and output from a battery pack, in which the battery pack includes a plurality of serially-connected battery blocks each including a plurality of serially-connected unit batteries, and the device includes: a battery voltage measurement section for each battery block; and a second malfunctioning battery detection section for detecting the unit battery as a leakage malfunctioning battery based on a battery voltage variation measured for each battery block during a prescribed time interval of an overcharging operation, wherein detection information about the leakage malfunctioning battery is reflected in the control of charging and discharging operations.
According to this structure, the second malfunctioning battery detection section detects a unit battery as a leakage malfunctioning battery based on battery voltage variation and detection information about the leakage malfunctioning battery is reflected in the control of the charge and discharge operations. Therefore, a battery block which includes a unit battery having a minute crack and/or a minute pinhole can be detected early enough, thereby preventing the reliability of a battery pack from being reduced.
In one embodiment of the invention, the second malfunctioning battery detection section determines that the unit battery is a leakage malfunctioning battery when a difference in voltage variation between the unit battery and a normal battery is greater than a constant obtained based on battery characteristics, and the voltage variation is a voltage difference, or a difference in voltage derivative value, measured during a prescribed time period.
According to this structure, a leakage malfunctioning battery can be precisely and readily detected.
In one embodiment of the invention, the battery control device further includes a third malfunctioning battery detection section for detecting the unit battery as a leakage malfunctioning battery based on a battery temperature variation measured for each battery block during a prescribed time interval of the overcharging operation.
According to this structure, a unit battery is detected as a leakage malfunctioning battery based on both a battery internal resistance or battery voltage characteristic and a battery temperature characteristic, and therefore the leakage malfunctioning battery can be precisely detected. The detection of a leakage malfunctioning battery can be based only on the battery temperature characteristic. However, in such a case, it is necessary to provide a temperature sensor for each of a plurality of battery blocks. A battery voltage is measured for each battery block so as to be used in remaining capacity calculation, and therefore the battery voltage characteristic for use in the present invention can be readily obtained. Thus, it is desirable to detect the leakage malfunctioning battery based only on the battery internal resistance characteristic or the battery voltage characteristic, since the number of elements used in the battery controller can be reduced.
In one embodiment of the invention, the third malfunctioning battery detection section determines that the unit battery is a leakage malfunctioning battery when a difference in temperature variation between the unit battery and a normal battery is greater than a constant obtained based on battery characteristics, and the temperature variation is a temperature difference, or a difference in temperature derivative value, measured during a prescribed time period.
According to this structure, a leakage malfunctioning battery can be precisely and readily detected.
In one embodiment of the invention, the battery control device further includes a fourth malfunctioning battery detection section for detecting an internal resistance rise malfunctioning battery based on an internal resistance variation measured for each battery block during a prescribed time interval by measuring an internal resistance for each battery block during charging and discharging operations before or after detecting the leakage malfunctioning battery.
According to this structure, the abnormal battery detection section can detect abnormal batteries based on an open-circuit voltage difference measured during a prescribed time period so asto distinguish between the abnormal batteries and the other normal batteries, and therefore it is possible to readily detect a minor short-circuit malfunctioning battery, an internal resistance rise malfunctioning battery and a leakage malfunctioning battery.
In one embodiment of the invention, the battery control device further includes a fifth malfunctioning battery detection section for detecting a minor short-circuit malfunctioning battery based on reduction in battery voltage corresponding to a voltage of a single battery cell for each battery block during a charging operation before or after detecting the internal resistance rise malfunctioning battery.
According to this structure, a leakage malfunctioning battery can be precisely and readily detected.
In one embodiment of the invention, the battery control device further includes an abnormal battery detection section for detecting abnormal batteries based on a difference in open-circuit voltage measured during a prescribed time period before detecting at least any one of a minor short-circuit malfunctioning battery, an internal resistance rise malfunctioning battery and a leakage malfunctioning battery.
According to this structure, a unit battery having a minute crack and/or a minute pinhole is detected so as not to overcharge a battery block which includes the unit battery having a minute crack and/or a minute pinhole, and therefore water electrolysis is kept from occurring in that unit battery, thereby preventing the generation of hydrogen.
In one embodiment of the invention, the abnormal battery detection section determines that the unit battery is an abnormal battery when a difference in open-circuit voltage variation between the unit battery and a normal battery is greater than a constant obtained based on battery characteristics.
According to this structure, by providing, as an alarm, detection information about a unit battery as a malfunctioning battery by means display or sound immediately after the leakage malfunctioning battery is detected, a battery block which includes the unit battery having a minute crack and/or a minute pinhole can be detected early enough. By replacing the detected leakage malfunctioning battery with a normal battery, the reliability of the battery pack can be prevented from being reduced. Moreover, the detection information about the unit battery as a leakage malfunctioning battery can be stored in a storage section (internal memory) such that an informing section can obtain the detection information from the internal memory during a maintenance operation. By replacing the leakage malfunctioning battery with a normal battery in the maintenance operation, it is possible to ensure that the reliability of the battery pack is prevented from being reduced.
In one embodiment of the invention, the battery control device further includes an overcharge prohibition section for prohibiting a battery block including the unit battery as a leakage malfunctioning battery being overcharged during a charging operation.
In one embodiment of the invention, the battery control device further includes a storage section for storing detection information about the unit battery as a leakage malfunctioning battery such that an informing section can provide the detection information as an alarm.
Thus, the invention described herein makes possible the advantages of providing a battery control device for detecting a battery block, which includes a unit battery having a minute crack and/or a minute pinhole, early enough, so as to prevent the reliability of a battery pack from being reduced.
These and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading and understanding the following detailed description with reference to the accompanying figures.

Device for detecting a battery condition based on variations in batter voltage

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A process for fractionating the constituents of a solution obtained by extracting plant or animal material with an aqueous-organic solvent where the aqueous-organic solvent is a mixture of water and a water-miscible organic solvent, generally including the steps of contacting the solution with a near-critical fluid to produce a raffinate phase containing high polarity constituents and water, and a near-critical fluid phase containing low to medium polarity constituents, separating the near-critical fluid phase from the raffinate phase, and recovering the low to medium polarity constituents from the near-critical fluid phase and the high polarity constituents from the raffinate phase.

There is widespread use of extracts of plants, and tinctures (extracts of plants dissolved in an organic solvent, usually ethanol) of plants as natural health remedies. Extracts of plants are particularly desirable, for example, as the quantity to be ingested is decreased relative to using fresh plant material, and also the storage life is improved relative to the plant material. There is a desire to standardize the strength of the plant extracts against "marker compounds" with known or suspected bioactivity. The solvents most widely used to extract these plant materials are water and water+ethanol mixtures and to a lesser extent, water with other hydrophilic organic solvents, such as acetone and acetic acid. These solvent mixtures have high solvent strength but low selectivity, resulting in the extraction of all the desired physiologically active components and also a large amount of inactive or even undesirable components. There exists a need, therefore, for a separation process that can further fractionate the crude extracts obtained from plants using aqueous-organic solvent mixtures, to be able to increase the concentration of the desired bioactive or marker compounds and reduce or remove inactive and/or undesirable components.
The most common solvents for extracting plant materials to obtain biologically active extracts are mixtures of water and ethanol. The proportions can vary from 0 to 100% of each solvent component. These solvent mixtures are widely used, as they require relatively simple technology to perform extractions from plant material, and are acceptable for food grade processes. Other alcohols, such as isopropanol and propanol can be substituted for ethanol but the allowable concentrations in the final product are diminished relative to ethanol. The aqueous-organic solvent mixtures are not limited to water and ethanol mixtures. Numerous other hydrophilic organic solvents, such as acetone, acetic acid, dimethylsulfoxide and methanol may also be used.
Near-critical or supercritical CO2 is an alternative food-grade solvent possibility for the extraction of biologically active compounds because its critical temperature and pressure (31° C., 74 bar) is attained relatively easily and, furthermore, CO2 is inert, non-toxic, cheap and readily available. It is well known in the art that CO2 is a substantially weaker solvent than ethanol. The range of extractable physiologically active compounds using supercritical CO2 is limited in general to lipophilic (fat soluble), low to medium molecular mass molecules, such as flavour and fragrance compounds as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,632,837. Attempts to improve the solvent power have been described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,017,397 where pressures greater than 350 bar have been used, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,729 where plant material and CO2 insoluble molecules have been hydrolysed to break the molecules into extractable fragments.
The extraction of natural products from plant materials using a single phase mixture of CO2 and an organic solvent, known as a co-solvent, has been attempted to try and overcome the limitations of pure CO2. The co-solvent is usually used in a proportion of 5 to 20% by mass. Examples of patents that describe the use of CO2 and a co-solvent for the extraction of physiologically active compounds from plants include U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,729 (referred to above), U.S. Pat. No. 6,569,640, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,291,241. In addition, U.S. Pat. No. 6,326,504 describes a method for extracting plant material using an organic solvent with a near-critical fluid dissolved in it, where the near-critical fluid is less than 50%, and preferably between 7 to 26%, by weight of the total solvent mixture. Extraction is carried out at a pressure of 50-500 bar, and preferably 150-280 bar. The purported advantages are a reduction in viscosity and increase in diffusivity of the solvent mixture. A reduction in the solvent power of the mixture relative to the pure organic solvent is not noted, but is known in the art as described below. All of the aforementioned processes require the use of high pressure in the initial extraction of the plant material, which in turn requires large extraction vessel volumes. This gives rise to high capital costs of processing plant.
An alternative near-critical fluid to CO2 is dimethyl ether. Dimethyl ether with and without water has also been used to extract plant and animal materials, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,619, U.S. Pat. No. 4,157,404, U.S. Pat. No. 4,136,065, U.S. Pat. No. 4,069,351, U.S. Pat. No. 4,048,343, U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,288, U.S. Pat. No. 3,795,750, and JP 2001106636. However, none of the aforementioned patents describes a method for the extraction and fractionation of extracts of plants or animal products contained within an aqueous-organic solvent solution. Much lower pressures can be used to extract a wider variety of compounds with dimethyl ether compared to supercritical CO2, and drying of the plant material may not be required. However, large pressurized extractors are still required, along with large volumes of dimethyl ether, which can be a safety hazard. The range of compounds that can be extracted is also substantially less than aqueous-organic solvents.
The poor solvent properties of CO2 with respect to polar and/or large molecules can be used to produce fine powders. The CO2 GAS (Gas Anti-Solvent) precipitation process was first described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,360,478. A solid material can be recrystallised from systems comprising:                (i) a solute, which is the eventual material recrystallised;        (ii) a liquid, which is a suitable solvent for the solute; and        (iii) a gaseous component (CO2), which is soluble in the solvent and causes the solvent to approach or attain a supersaturated state, thereby precipitating the solute material.
A variation on the GAS process is the SAS (Supercritical Anti-Solvent) or PCA (Precipitation with a Compressed Anti-Solvent). Here, the organic solvent solution containing the solute to be recrystallised is mixed with a supercritical fluid under conditions where the solvent is completely miscible with the fluid, but the solute is insoluble in the new solvent mixture (WO 9003782). The solute precipitates to form a fine powder.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,349,084 describes a process for the purification of dicarboxylic acids using GAS fractionation following the production of crude acids in a fermentation process, extraction of the acids from the fermentation broth with hot water, reduction of the water content in the crude acid/water mixture to 3-30%, followed by re-extraction of the acids with an organic solvent. CO2 is used as an anti-solvent to precipitate unwanted compounds from solution. The pressure of the anti-solvent is below the critical point for CO2.
JP 6048952 describes a multi-step process where plant material is extracted with an organic solvent (usually ethanol) to yield a solution containing a fat soluble physiologically active component. The solution is mixed with a high pressure gas (CO2) under conditions where the gas dissolves to a large extent in the liquid solvent to precipitate polar compounds and/or a polar liquid fraction. The organic solution containing dissolved CO2 is then compressed to a pressure of 100-500 bar and mixed with further (supercritical) CO2 at the same pressure to dissolve further CO2 into the organic solvent to further reduce the solvent power of the organic solvent. The resultant solution is then passed into a column. The medium polarity component is precipitated into the base of the column, and the low polarity component remains dissolved in the new solution of organic solvent and CO2. This solution then passes through a pressure reduction valve and into a separator where the CO2 is separated from the organic solvent and low polarity component. The CO2 then passes through a further separator, under conditions where CO2 is a gas, to remove contaminants.
However, the process of JP 6048952 suffers from a number of disadvantages. The first disadvantage is that the first separation step results in a gas saturated organic solution that must be pumped to a higher pressure. This results in cavitation in the pump due to the release of gas. The second disadvantage is that CO2 gas has very poor solubility in aqueous-organic solutions, even at high pressures (the document states that an aqueous-ethanol solution may be used in the process, although no example is provided). The process is therefore limited to low water levels when the solvent is aqueous-organic. The third disadvantage is that recycling CO2 requires a gas compressor, due to the low pressure requirements for the first separation stage. The use of a gas compressor requires more energy than a pump.
A supercritical anti-solvent process for the fractionation of propolis tinctures is disclosed in O J Catchpole, J B Grey, K A Mitchell, J S Lan, J. Supercritical Fluids, 29, 97-106, 2004. Bees collect a resinous exudate from the leaves of some species of trees, and then mix this with beeswax to obtain propolis, which is then used to provide protection for the hive. Propolis is a complex resinous mixture of components including waxes, flavonoids, and detritus from the hive. The propolis is scraped from the hive, and a tincture is made by dissolving the propolis in ethanol or an ethanol and water mixture. This tincture is then further processed to remove waxes and detritus. The process described identifies conditions under which aglycone flavonoids (flavonoids without attached carbohydrate groups) can be extracted from the tincture using supercritical CO2 and other unidentified components can be precipitated. The process is efficient at recovering aglycone flavonoids from tinctures made using 95% ethanol, but the efficiency is decreased markedly when the ethanol content of the ethanol-water mixture is decreased to 70%, and water increased to 30%. There is no description of a process for the fractionation of plant or animal material that has been directly extracted with an aqueous-organic solution, nor a process for isolating chemical compounds other than aglycone flavonoids. Aglycone flavonoids are not normally found in hydroalcoholic extracts of leaf material, but much more polar glycosylated flavonoids can be found.
WO 2005/075614 describes a process for the extraction of olive leaf, followed by fractionation of the extract. Here the olive leaf is extracted either with hexane or ethanol, and then the crude extract has the majority of the solvent removed by vacuum fractionation and is filtered or clarified to remove precipitates. Hexane extracts only low polar compounds, while ethanol extracts low to medium polarity compounds from the leaf. The concentrated extract is then contacted with supercritical CO2 in a countercurrent packed column. A second, more polar organic solvent, up to a concentration of 10%, is added to the supercritical CO2 to improve the solubility of low to medium polarity compounds. The CO2 and organic co-solvent extracts all the remaining solvent and the low to medium polarity compounds in the extract, which can be recovered by two stage pressure reduction. Highly polar compounds are precipitated inside the column when using ethanol. The method for recovering these compounds is not described. A precipitate fraction is not obtained when using hexane as the primary extraction solvent. There is no description of a process in which the plant material is extracted with an aqueous-organic solvent mixture containing more than 5% water, nor a process in which the aqueous-organic mixture is contacted directly with the near-critical fluid (the solvent mixture is first partially evaporated).
The process described in WO 2005/075614 has several disadvantages. Firstly, the crude extract must be partially evaporated and filtered/clarified. This requires high energy costs to remove and recover the solvent, and requires more processing steps and process equipment. The most polar compounds are not extracted in the solvent extraction step because an aqueous-organic solvent has not been used. The highest polarity compounds that have been extracted are precipitated inside the column and can only be removed in a discontinuous manner by removing CO2 from the column, and then cleaning the column with an organic solvent. A further disadvantage is that a second organic solvent is required as a co-solvent to increase the solvent power of CO2 for low to medium polarity compounds.
The inventor has now made the surprising finding that a process for fractionating the constituents of a solution (obtained by extracting plant or animal material with an aqueous-organic solvent) by contacting the solution with a near-critical fluid followed by further processing overcomes or ameliorates one or more disadvantages of known processes.
It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a process for fractionating the constituents of a solution of components extracted from plant or animal material, or at least to provide a useful alternative process.


An integrated circuit RESURF LDMOS power transistor employs a source isolated, embedded gate MOS transistor with RESURF LDMOS technology to provide a source isolated high voltage power transistor with low "on" resistance for use in applications requiring electrical isolation between the source and substrate.

In the field of power integrated circuits much work has been done in the development of power transistors. Advancements were made enabling LDMOS power transistors (lateral double diffused MOS transistor) to exhibit low "on-resistance" (RDSon) and high breakdown capability concurrently through a reduced surface field (RESURF) technique (J. A. Appels and H. M. J. Vaes, "High Voltage Thin Layer Devices (RESURF Devices)", IEDM Tech. Digest, pp. 238-241, 1979).
In the past, RESURF LDMOS transistors commonly were used in low side driver applications because the transistor structure coupled the source to the substrate which in turn was coupled to ground. (A low side driver configuration consists of the source of the LDMOS transistor coupled to ground and the drain coupled to an output load.) Therefore, RESURF LDMOS transistors were not utilized in high side driver applications and other applications that mandated electrical isolation between the source and substrate. (A high side driver configuration consists of the LDMOS transistor drain coupled to circuitry or a power supply and the source coupled to an output load.)
It is an object of this invention to provide a high power integrated circuit device with electrical isolation between source and substrate. It is another object of this invention to provide a LDMOS transistor with an isolated source and RESURF drift region. Other objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having reference to the following specification together with the drawings herein.

High voltage structures with oxide isolated source and resurf drift region in bulk silicon


A three-dimensional facial shape estimating device (300) includes a face image acquiring unit (301) configured to acquire a plurality of image frames that capture a subject's face; a face information acquiring unit (302) having, preset therein, a predetermined number of facial feature points, the face information acquiring unit (302) being configured to acquire, for each of the plurality of image frames, face information that indicates a position of each of the predetermined number of facial feature points of the subject's face within the image frame; and a three-dimensional shape estimating unit (303) configured to perform mapping of each of the predetermined number of facial feature points of the subject's face between the plurality of image frames based on the face information of each of the plurality of image frames and to estimate the three-dimensional shape of the subject's face based on a result from the mapping.

There are some conceivable methods for estimating, from an image frame that is two-dimensional plane data, a three-dimensional shape of a subject's face captured in that image frame. In one example method, a plurality of image frames (a plurality of time-series image frames, a plurality of image frames captured from a plurality of different viewpoints, etc.) that capture a subject's face are acquired, facial feature points of the subject's face are mapped between the plurality of image frames, and a three-dimensional shape of the subject's face is estimated based on the result from the mapping. This method requires an operation of mapping the facial feature points of the subject between the plurality of image frames. Patent Literatures 1 to 3 listed below, for example, describe related techniques for mapping feature points of a target subject, such as a face, between a plurality of image frames.
In the related technique described in Patent Literature 1, to track feature points in time-series images, feature points in a preceding image frame are mapped to feature points in a current image frame. Specifically, in the related technique described in Patent Literature 1, the similarity between a rectangular region centered on a feature point in a preceding image frame and a rectangular region centered on a candidate feature point in a current image frame is calculated (matching processing is performed), and the candidate feature point, among the candidate feature points in the current image frame, that has a high similarity is mapped to the feature point in the preceding image frame.
In the related technique described in Patent Literature 2, temporally adjacent image frames are extracted from a captured image, a face region is detected in each of the adjacent image frames, and the pixels in the face regions are mapped between the adjacent image frames. The mapping employs a method for calculating optical flow. Optical flow is a two-dimensional vector that expresses the direction and the amount of a movement of a pixel from a given frame to the next image frame. In the related technique described in Patent Literature 2, the optical flow of each pixel is calculated in the face regions, and the pixels in the face regions are mapped between the adjacent image frames with the use of the calculated optical flow. Furthermore, in order to eliminate any influence of an error in the mapping of the pixels, any outlier in the optical flow is removed.
In the related technique described in Patent Literature 3, a BRIEF descriptor is generated for a feature point through a BRIEF algorithm, and feature points are mapped based on the BRIEF descriptors. In the BRIEF algorithm, two points around a feature point are extracted at random, and processing of comparing the brightness of the two points is repeated. A descriptor that describes the feature point in a binary string representing the result of the comparisons serves as the BRIEF descriptor.

Three-dimensional facial shape estimating device, three-dimensional facial shape estimating method, and non-transitory computer-readable medium


A lens barrel having a zoom lens system including a plurality of variable power lens groups which includes a switching lens group having two sub-lens groups which are optically operable in mutually close and distant positions, the lens barrel includes a first sub-lens group frame for supporting one sub-lens group; a second sub-lens group frame for supporting the other sub-lens group; a switching lens group frame for supporting the first and second sub-lens group frames; a shift mechanism for selectively moving the first and second sub-lens group frames in the switching lens group frame to the mutually close and distant positions; and a switching lens group frame moving mechanism for moving the switching lens group frame with the other variable power lens group(s) along a predetermined path to vary the focal length; wherein combined movement of the shift mechanism and the switching lens group frame moving mechanism provides a zoom path for the sub-lens groups.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lens barrel suitable for use with a zoom lens system such as that proposed by the assignee of the present application in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/534,307 (Japanese Patent Application No. Hei 11-79572).
2. Description of the Related Art
In a zoom lens system of the prior art, there are contradictory demands for a high zoom ratio and miniaturization. For example, in a two-lens-group zoom lens system which can be miniaturized, if the paths of the lens groups thereof (hereinafter, lens-group-moving paths) are determined (i.e., solutions for lens-group-moving paths) so that the zoom ratio becomes high, interference of the lens groups occurs on the telephoto side, or interference of a lens group and the image plane occurs on the wide-angle side. On the other hand, in a three-lens-group zoom lens system, the zoom ratio thereof can be made higher than that of a two-lens-group zoom lens system; however, miniaturization is difficult. Furthermore, if an attempt is made to obtain a higher zoom ratio, and if the power of these three lens groups is determined accordingly, precision on the operations of the system cannot be obtained due to the mechanical structure thereof.
The assignee of the present application has proposed an unprecedented zoom lens system that meets the contradictory demands of high zoom ratio and miniaturization (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/534,307). This zoom lens system has the following characteristics: it includes a plurality of movable lens groups for varying the focal length; at least one of the lens groups is a switching lens group which includes two sub-lens groups, one of the sub-lens groups being a movable sub-lens group that can be selectively positioned at either one movement extremities in the optical axis direction with respect to the other sub-lens group; the movable sub-lens group of the switching lens group is positioned at an extremity of a short-focal-length zooming range, from the short focal length extremity to an intermediate focal length, and at the opposite extremity of a long-focal-length zooming range, from the intermediate focal length to a long focal length extremity; and zoom paths of the switching lens group and the other lens groups are discontinuous at the intermediate focal length and are defined to focus on a predetermined image plane corresponding to the position of the movable sub-lens group. There may be one or more intermediate focal lengths.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a lens barrel suitable for use with a zoom lens system that includes the switching lens group as described above. It is another object of the present invention to provide a lens barrel for use with the switching lens group which is preferably used when the switching lens group forms a focus lens group which advances or retreats in the optical axis direction regardless of the zooming ranges.
In order to achieve the above-mentioned objects, a lens barrel having a zoom lens system is provided, the zoom lens system including a plurality of variable power lens groups which are movable in an optical axis direction for varying the focal length of the zoom lens system; wherein at least one of the variable power lens groups includes a switching lens group having two sub-lens groups, one of the sub-lens groups constituting a movable sub-lens group that is selectively positioned at one of two movement extremities, in the optical axis direction, with respect to the other of the sub-lens groups; the movable sub-lens group of the switching lens group is positioned at one of the movement extremities in a short-focal-length side zooming range from a short focal length extremity to an intermediate focal length, and at the other of the movement extremities in a long-focal-length side zooming range from the intermediate focal length to a long-focal-length extremity; zoom paths of the two sub-lens groups of the switching lens group and the other of the variable power lens groups are discontinuous at the intermediate focal length and are defined so that the zoom lens system forms an image on a predetermined image plane in accordance with a position of the movable sub-lens group; and the switching lens group is a focusing lens group which integrally advances and retreats in the optical axis direction regardless of the zooming range. The lens barrel includes a first sub-lens group frame for supporting the one of the sub-lens groups; a second sub-lens group frame for supporting the other of the sub-lens groups; a switching lens group frame for supporting the first sub-lens group frame and the second sub-lens group frame in a manner that allows the sub-lens groups to move in the optical axis direction; a shift mechanism for selectively moving the first sub-lens group frame and the second sub-lens group frame in the switching lens group frame to a mutually close position and to a mutually distant position, the mutually close position and the mutually distant position corresponding to one and the other of the movement extremities, respectively; and a switching lens group frame moving mechanism for moving the switching lens group frame with the other of the variable power lens groups along a predetermined path to vary the focal length. Combined movement of the shift mechanism and the switching lens group frame moving mechanism provides the zoom paths of the two sub-lens groups of the switching lens group.
Preferably, the shift mechanism also serves as a focusing mechanism that causes the first and second sub-lens group frames, when in one of the mutually close position and the mutually distant position, to integrally move forwardly or rearwardly in the optical axis direction.
In an embodiment, the shift mechanism and the switching lens group frame moving mechanism move the switching lens group frame and the second sub-lens group frame so that the zoom path of the second sub-lens group frame is not discontinuous between the short-focal-length side zooming range and the long-focal-length side zooming range, which extend on both sides of the intermediate focal length.
In an embodiment, stop positions at which the switching lens group frame, the first and second sub-lens group frames come to a stop upon photographic operation are determined in a stepwise manner along the zoom path.
Preferably, the shift mechanism includes an actuator ring rotatably supported in the switching lens group frame, the actuator ring providing relative rotation between the first sub-lens group frame and the second sub-lens group frame; and a shift cam mechanism provided on opposed surfaces of the first sub-lens group frame and the second sub-lens group frame, the shift cam mechanism causing the first and second lens group frames to come to the mutually close position and to the mutually distant position, in the optical axis direction, in accordance with the relative rotation between the first lens group frame and the second lens group frame.
Preferably, the switching lens group frame moving mechanism includes a zooming motor, and a rotatable cam ring which is rotatably driven by the zoom motor, the cam ring including at least one cam groove on an inner surface thereof for moving the switching lens group frame in the optical axis direction when the cam ring is rotated.
Preferably, the cam ring further includes another cam groove on the inner surface thereof for moving a variable power lens group frame, which differs from the switching lens group frame, in accordance with the rotation of the cam ring.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a lens barrel having a zoom lens system is provided, the zoom lens system including a plurality of variable power lens groups which are movable in an optical axis direction for varying the focal length of the zoom lens system, at least one of the variable power lens groups including a switching lens group having two sub-lens groups which are optically operable in a mutually close position and in a mutually distant position in the optical axis direction, the lens barrel includes a first sub-lens group frame for supporting one of the sub-lens groups; a second sub-lens group frame for supporting the other of the sub-lens groups; a switching lens group frame for supporting the first sub-lens group frame and the second sub-lens group frame in a manner that allows the sub-lens groups to move in the optical axis direction; a shift mechanism for selectively moving the first sub-lens group frame and the second sub-lens group frame in the switching lens group frame to the mutually close position and to the mutually distant position; and a switching lens group frame moving mechanism for moving the switching lens group frame with the other of the variable power lens groups along a predetermined path to vary the focal length. Combined movement of the shift mechanism and the switching lens group frame moving mechanism provides a zoom path for the two sub-lens groups of the switching lens group.
The present disclosure relates to subject matter contained in Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-288549 (filed on Sep. 22, 2000) which is expressly incorporated herein in its entirety.


A substituted N-fluoropyridiniumsulfonate of the formula: ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or haloalkyl group, and R.sup.2 is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkyl or haloalkyl group, which is an effective fluorinating agent.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a novel substituted N-fluoropyridiniumsulfonate having a lipophilic alkyl or haloalkyl group, intermediates for use in the preparation of said substituted N-fluoropyridiniumsulfonate and processes for preparing said substituted N-fluoropyridiniumsulfonate and said intermediates.
2. Description of the Related Art
For the fluorination of an organic compound, molecular fluorine (F.sub.2) is known and used. Since a reaction between the molecular fluorine and the organic compound proceeds vigorously different from reactions with chlorine, bromine or iodine, its control is very difficult. Therefore, a development of a mild fluorinating agent which can be used in place of the molecular fluorine is one of important subjects in the industry.
As mild fluorinating agents which can be used in place of the molecular fluorine, following compounds have been developed:
acetyl hypofluorite (J. Org. Chem., 48, 724 (1983)); 1-fluoro-2-pyridone (J. Org. Chem., 48, 761 (1983)); cesium fluorooxysulfate (Tetrahedron, 40, 189 (1984)); N-fluoro-N-alkyltoluenesulfonamide (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 106, 452 (1984)); halogen monofluoride (J. Org. Chem., 51, 222 (1986)); N-fluoropyridinium salts (Tetrahedron Lett., 27, 4465 (1986), J. Am. Chem. Soc., 112, 8563 (1990), Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 64, 1081 (1991), Japanese Patent Publication No. 33707/1990, Japanese Patent Kokai Publication Nos. 99062/1991 and 275859/1989, EP-A-393 462 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,996,320 and 4,935,519); N-fluoroquinuclidinium salts (J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I, 1988, 2805); N-fluorosaltum derivatives (Tetrahedron Lett., 29 6087 (1988)); N-fluoro-N,N-bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide (J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1991, 179); N-fluoro-3,3-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1,2-benzenethiazole-1,1-dioxide (Helv. Chim. Act., 72, 1248 (1989)); N-fluoro-N-(pentafluoropyridyl)trifluoromethanesulfonamide (J. Fluorine Chem., 46, 297 (1990)); N-fluorolactam (J. Org. Chem., 55, 3373 (1990)); N-fluoro-N,N-bis(benzenesulfonyl)amide (Synlett, 1991, 187); N-fluoro-o-benzenedisulfonimide (Tetrahedron Lett., 32, 1631 (1991)); N-fluoroperfluoropiperidine (J. Fluorine Chem., 52, 389 (1991)); methyl hypofluorite (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 2648 (1991)); and N-alkyl-N'-fluorotriethylenediammonium salts (J. Fluorine Chem., 54, 208 (1991)).
However, the above known fluorinating agents have some drawbacks in efficiency of fluorination, reaction selectivities, stability, handling properties, yields, reaction conditions, or regeneration efficiency of the fluorinating agents, and they do not satisfy the requirements of the industry. The regeneration of the fluorinating agent is a very important matter in view of economy and environmental pollution in the practical application of the fluorinating agent in the industry.


Embodiments of methods, apparatuses, devices and systems associated with combining or mixing digital media streams are disclosed.

Media devices, such as mobile phones, PDAs, computing platforms, etc., may, under some circumstances play or perform multiple streams of digital media data at least in part simultaneously or concurrently. For example, a mobile phone may, under some circumstances play audio streams corresponding to a music file, a voice call, an alert sound, a game sound, etc., or some combination thereof in an at least in part concurrent manner.

System, method or apparatus for combining multiple streams of media data


A method and system compensates for vertical deflection for parts manufactured by a numerically controlled (NC) machine. The (NC) machine has an application head position programmed to a plurality of nominal tool coordinates. Each nominal tool coordinate has a horizontal coordinate, a rotational coordinate, and a vertical coordinate. A tool used to manufacture the part is placed on the NC machine. The tool has a plurality of actual tool coordinates, each actual tool coordinate has a horizontal component, a rotational component, and a vertical sag component. A difference between each vertical sag component and a corresponding one of the nominal tool coordinates is calculated. Each difference is multiplied by a multiplier value providing an adjusted sag value. Each adjusted sag value is subtracted from the application head position for each actual tool horizontal or rotational coordinate to compensate the part for the vertical sag of the tool during manufacture.

The present invention relates in general to numerical control manufacture and more specifically to a system and method to compensate for vertical deflection during manufacture.
Some manufacturing processes, for example fiber placement, require exact definition of part location to be successful. The placement and orientation of individual fibers of a fiber part must be consistent and within the allowable limits of spacing between fibers or courses of fibers. Hand-lay up of fiber parts is typically performed for large or unusually shaped objects. When larger parts are required, and the number of individual fibers or fiber sheets increases because of the size of the part, the amount of time required to lay-up the fiber parts becomes prohibitive.
Manufacturing processes using numerically controlled (NC) machines have been used to manufacture fiber components. With the NC machines commonly used, improvements in speed and quality are achieved in smaller parts. When an NC machine is used, a mold or tool is placed on the machine about which the fibers are laid, before the fibers are heat treated to harden the part. The tool can be supported from one end (i.e., cantilevered) or supported from both ends. The tool will normally deflect both due to gravity along its unsupported length and based on its cross sectional shape. NC machines normally provide one or more supports to minimize sag from gravity deflection. It is undesirable, however, to support a fiber laminating tool at any location where the laminate is applied because the support must contact the tool, interfering with the laying of individual fibers on the part. Tool deflection during the lamination process therefore results in laminate being incorrectly applied.
Methods to identify and compensate for the amount of gravity induced deflection of the tool are known. In one method, a maximum deflection of the tool is calculated and the average deflection is used as an incremental change for the NC tool applying the individual laminate fibers. The use of an average deflection can over-compensate some areas of the component and under-compensate other areas of the component. By not properly compensating the amount of sag for the position the laminate application head of the NC machine is at, the fibers can be misplaced or spaced inappropriately causing part defects. In highly stressed components such as used in the commercial aircraft industry, fiber laminated components are used. Defective parts having fibers laminated with improper spacing or at an improper angle do not produce acceptable parts for high stress applications.
It is therefore desirable to provide a method and a system to compensate for the gravity-induced deflection of the tools used for laminate construction of laminated parts.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a method and system are provided to compensate for vertical deflection of the tools used for laminate manufacture. A numerical manufacturing model to manufacture a part is developed based on its nominal (i.e., non-deflected) dimensions and is loaded in a computer database as a plurality of motion statements. A set of material properties for the part including the number of laminate layers and laminate layer directions are also programmed into the computer. The part is typically laminated over a tool (acting as a mold) that is supported on at least one end, and a vertical deflection of the tool due to gravity results. The vertical deflection of the tool, hereinafter referred to as sag, is calculated or measured. A dimensional difference between the calculated or measured tool sag and the numerical manufacturing model is calculated. The calculated dimensional difference is applied as a compensation value during part manufacture to ensure the part dimensionally matches the numerical manufacturing model.
Because a variety of part shapes are manufactured using an NC machine, a variety of individual tools to support those shapes are also used. Each individual tool can sag differently over an unsupported length of the tool. The amount of sag is determined by calculation, or by measuring the actual tool, and a set of actual sag values is produced. A representative quantity of the actual sag values are input into a computer database in a lookup table. For each given motion statement, (i.e., for each nominal position along the part being manufactured) the computer interpolates between the representative values in the lookup table to produce a sag value for that nominal location. The sag value is applied to the given motion statement to direct the vertical position of a laminate application head of the NC machine. The laminate application head is thereby positioned to a tool actual location, allowing for tool sag, for each part nominal coordinate.
The lookup table provides the representative sag values based on C-axis rotation position and Z-axis position (i.e., horizontal position) on the tool. The number of representative sag values in the lookup table is controlled at the user""s discretion based on the geometry and length of the part being manufactured. A macro interrogates each motion statement for part coordinate values. The lookup table is entered using the part coordinate values and a sag value is calculated by interpolating between the Z-axis positions and the C-axis rotation positions closest to the part coordinate values. A Z-Index value is input by the user. The Z-Index value can be applied to each calculated sag value to index the lookup table values to a global tool horizontal position on the NC machine. A multiplier is also input by the user. The multiplier can be used to adjust up or down the calculated sag value generated by data derived from the lookup table. The above process is repeated for each subsequent motion statement until the end of the file is reached.
Further areas of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description provided hereinafter. It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating the preferred embodiment of the invention, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

Deflection compensation for numerical controlled manufacturing


The present disclosure discloses a method for preparing carbon-coated lithium titanate, and provides a method for preparing a carbon-coated lithium titanate anode material for a lithium battery. The method prepares a lithium titanate precursor first, then coats a polymer on the surface of the precursor through emulsion polymerization, and finally performs sintering, and obtaining a carbon-coated lithium titanate material. The present disclosure obtains a carbon source of the polymer through the emulsion polymerization. The carbon source is coated on the surface of lithium titanate uniformly and compactly with a better coating effect than a common mechanical mixing method. The polymer is coated while agglomeration of a lithium titanate crystal is prevented during the emulsion polymerization process, and an obtained product has a small particle size and a uniform size. The carbon-coated lithium titanate prepared by the present disclosure has excellent cycling performance during charging and discharging at a high rate.

Spinel lithium titanate (Li4Ti5O12) is a popular anode material for a lithium battery in recent years. The material, which has a relatively high potential (1.55V) for lithium, can neither react with a common electrolyte to form a Solid Electrolyte Interphase (SEI) layer, nor have lithium precipitation when overcharged. Lithium titanate, with a change in crystal cell volume smaller than 1% during intercalation and deintercalation of lithium ions, is called as a "zero strain" material with an extremely long theoretical cycle life. However, lithium titanate has a poor electronic conductivity, thus easily resulting in a capacity decrease during charging and discharging at a high rate. Therefore, carbon coating methods have been widely applied in modified synthesis of a lithium titanate materials in order to improve the electronic conductivity of lithium titanate.
In-situ polymerization disperses inorganic particles in a polymer monomer uniformly, and then polymerizes the monomer in a certain condition to form a compound particle. A polymer may be coated uniformly on the surface of an inorganic nanometer particle via in-situ emulsion polymerization, and the polymerization only needs to undergo polymerization and molding once without subsequent treatment and processing. The surface of a particle, including TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2, etc. may be coated using an acrylate monomer through emulsion polymerization. However, modification of lithium titanate using emulsion polymerization is rarely reported.
CN101944590A discloses a preparation method of carbon-coated lithium titanate. A lithium source and a titanium source are dispersed, and then long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acid is added and heated to prepare a precursor, and sintering is performed under the protection of an inert gas subsequently, and obtaining carbon-coated lithium titanate. A surface carbon layer is obtained by means of surface coordination of long-chain aliphatic carboxylic acid and lithium titanate, thereby improving the conductivity of lithium titanate.
CN102593444A discloses a preparation method of carbon-coated lithium titanate and a product thereof. A certain amount of commercial lithium titanate and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide are weighed and dispersed in deionized water. Resorcinol, formaldehyde and sodium carbonate are added. A precursor obtained after a reflux treatment is calcined in an inert atmosphere, and then the carbon-coated lithium titanate is obtained. A carbon layer is obtained by coating phenolic resin on the surface of the lithium titanate, thereby improving the performance of the lithium titanate.
Carbon coating is applied to a modification method of a lithium titanate material in the foregoing two patents in order to improve the conductivity of lithium titanate. However, the precursor is prepared using a hydrothermal method in CN101944590A, which requires a high temperature and a high pressure with a complicated process. Besides, the carbon source is introduced by adding and stirring directly, thus uniformity and compactness can be hardly guaranteed. In CN102593444A, the lithium titanate is coated by phenolic resin and the polymer is mixed with the lithium titanate directly. Although the carbon source is combined with the lithium titanate more closely than common mechanical mixing, the polymer is mixed in the lithium titanate irregularly, which results in poor uniformity and fails to prevent agglomeration of the lithium titanate.

Method for preparing carbon-coated lithium titanate


An electronic device comprising at least one heat-generating electronic component and a passive electronic component in association with the heat generating component. The passive component comprises a porous preform of green silicon carbide or polygranular graphite, and a metal filling the porosities of the preform which can be aluminum, an aluminum alloy, magnesium or a magnesium alloy. The preform forms about 50 to 90% by volume of the passive component.

The invention concerns a material for passive electronic components with high thermal conductivity, low density and low coefficient of thermal expansion.
The term "passive electronic components" here refers to those not directly involved in electronic activity. The invention relates more particularly to materials for making structures such as sinks, supports and pole pieces in power circuits, laser diode supports, heat sinks and encapsulating cases in hybrid microelectronic power circuits and ultra high frequency circuits. The term electronic also includes the optoelectronic field.
In the components in question these materials are known to be joined generally to insulating ceramic substances such as alumina or semiconductors such as silicon or gallium arsenide.
If the components include power elements, a large amount of heat is emitted when they operate. This has to be dissipated as rapidly as possible, to avoid damaging the components by excessive heating. A material of the highest possible thermal conductivity is therefore used.
The temperature nevertheless rises, and if the coefficient of thermal expansion of the material differs too much from that of the ceramic insulator or semi conductor substrate, the stresses which are set up in the substrate are greater than the resistance of the ceramic. The ceramic therefore breaks, impairing the efficiency of the whole unit. Thus it is also necessary for the material to have a coefficient which is compatible with that of alumina or silicon and preferably below 16.times.10.sup.-6 .multidot.K.sup.-1 in the 30.degree.-400.degree. C. temperature range.
The fact that these circuits may be used in vehicles driven by a source of energy has led to a search for materials with the lowest possible density, preferably below 3100 kg.m..sup.-3, in order to minimise the energy consumption required to propel the vehicles.
Since the circuits are affected by their surroundings, the material should also have a suitable amagnetic character and good resistance to the external environment.
A large amount of research has been carried out to find a material which would form a compromise between all these properties, and there have been more or less interesting findings.
Thus materials such as steel, beryllium and some aluminium alloys have been tried because of their good conductivity; but their relatively high modulus of elasticity and expansion capacity make it necessary to use joints or adhesives to accommodate the difference from the expansion capacity of the alumina, and this reduces the thermal conductivity of the whole unit.
Researchers then turned to materials with low expansion capacity, such as kovar (iron-nickel-cobalt alloy) or molybdenum or multi metal materials of the copper/invar/copper type as well as titanium and its alloys. But apart from molybdenum all these materials are handicapped by low conductivity, particularly in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the substrate. They all have high density also; the lowest density, that of titanium, is of the order of 4500 kg.m..sup.-3. In addition molybdenum is expensive and difficult to use because of its poor resistance to oxidation; as for kovar, it is tricky to machine as it is twisted by internal stresses, and many annealing operations are necessary if it is to be worked correctly.

Electronic device including a passive electronic component


A method, and system for a distributed artificial intelligence architecture may be shown and described. An embodiment may present an exemplary distributed explainable neural network (XNN) architecture, whereby multiple XNNs may be processed in parallel in order to increase performance. The distributed architecture may include a parallel execution step which may combine parallel XNNs into an aggregate model by calculating the average (or weighted average) from the parallel models. A distributed hybrid XNN/XAI architecture may include multiple independent models which can work independently without relying on the full distributed architecture. An exemplary architecture may be useful for large datasets where the training data cannot fit in the CPU/GPU memory of a single machine. The component XNNs can be standard plain XNNs or any XNN/XAI variants such as convolutional XNNs (CNN-XNNs), predictive XNNS (PR-XNNs), and the like, together with the white-box portions of grey-box models like INNs.

Ensemble learning methods implement diverse models to predict an outcome, either by using multiple modeling algorithms or by using different training data sets. The ensemble model aggregates the prediction of each base model, applying a prediction into one result. One exemplary ensemble method may utilize a voting classifier, whereby multiple classifiers are trained on a specific classification problem. The resulting ensemble classifier may include a voting classifier whereby each base model selects a class and submits it as a vote, and the resulting class is simply the class which receives the most votes.

Distributed architecture for explainable AI models


A stackable road delineator includes an upright conical portion with a detachable weighted base. The top conical end has a handle graspable by the fingers of a human hand. Also, this end has a conical hollow interior so that when it is stacked on top of another similar delineator, the handle will freely fit within this hollow interior to thus provide stackable delineators.

Road delineators are commonly formed of a cylindrical plastic upright portion which may be colored highway orange, for example, and with a weighted detachable plastic base. A delineator is normally distinguished from a traffic road cone because it is substantially higher by perhaps one to two feet. Thus, typical heights of a delineator might be 42" whereas a road cone is 28". Traffic road cones are primarily used as temporary or daytime markers whereas delineators are equipped with reflective bands and are used for day or night traffic control. Delineators in some cases replace barricades.
Some road cones include a weighted plastic base which is normally an integral part of the cone portion. Sometimes to provide extra weight an extra ring may be placed over the cone. Such cones are of course stackable. But with the weighted base, they are difficult to separate. In comparison, the normal highway cone without the weighted base may easily be stacked and then later easily pulled apart. In general, road cones--because of their generally unweighted nature and lower height of, for example, 28" with an 10" base--are used for different purposes than the higher cylindrical delineator. In general, cones have not been made of any greater height because of stability and handling problems.


In one general aspect, a dimmer power supply circuit is disclosed for use with single-pole dimmers that includes a first AC mains input line, second AC mains input line, and a rectification circuit responsive to the first and second AC mains input lines. A positive LED supply terminal responsive to the rectification circuit, and a negative LED supply terminal is responsive to the rectification circuit. At least one preload resistor is operatively connected in a first intermittent loading circuit path between two supply rails in the dimmer power supply circuit, and a peak detector is responsive to the first and second AC mains input lines. A first switching circuit includes a selectively enabled conduction path operatively connected in the first intermittent loading circuit path between the first and second supply rails and a control input that is responsive to the peak detector to selectively enable the switching element's conduction path when power detected across the first and second AC mains input lines is dimmed to below a predetermined level.

There is considerable attention being given to the use of high brightness LED (HBLED) technology as a light source to replace traditional incandescent lamps. The catalyst for introduction of white LEDs, first as indicators, and later for viable commercial illumination sources, has primarily been due to development and refinement of blue-LED material-science processes, in conjunction with appropriate yellow-phosphor coatings for what is termed secondary emission. The science of secondary emission has been long understood by those skilled in lighting technology and such science has previously provided the basis for fluorescent and most other gaseous discharge lamps.
In such a process of secondary emission, monochromatic light, generated within a phosphor-coated LED chip, causes the phosphor to emit light of different wavelengths. This has resulted in white HBLEDs, with rating of up to a few watts and lumen outputs, depending on color temperature, exceeding 90-100 lumens per watt.
The mechanism is much like that in a gaseous discharge tube lamp where ultraviolet light excites the phosphor coating on the inside of an evacuated glass tube to create visible white light. Interestingly, many of the difficulties in refining the technology of white LEDs relate to the same issues experienced with gaseous discharge lamps in mastering phosphor composition and deposition processes to achieve consistency and desired performance.
The fundamentals of incandescent lamp design have changed little in the last 75 years. Similarly, the design and performance of fluorescent lamps have not changed substantially in the last 40 years. That is to say, both incandescent and fluorescent lamp processes are considered to be mature technologies, with very little gain in efficacy (i.e., lumens per watt) expected in the near future.
High brightness LED's, on the other hand, are experiencing some gain in efficacy each year as scientists refine techniques for light extraction from the chip and slowly master the composition and deposition of phosphors. When many of these factors are better understood in the future and efficacy is further improved (a projection accepted by most industry experts) the LED lamps will be far more easily accepted and many of the present challenges will be mitigated. Until that happens, however, there are compelling reasons to develop novel techniques to enhance what now exists so as to accelerate commercial viability.
Two factors are driving the substantial interest in white-emitting HBLEDs as a candidate to replace incandescent lamps in a large number of general illumination applications: longevity and energy conservation.
The typical white HBLED chip, generally rated from one to three watts, if used properly, is expected to have a useful operating life of over 50,000 hours, dramatically longer than the 750-2,000 hours of a typical incandescent lamp and much longer than the typical 6,000 hours of a compact fluorescent lamp. Readily available HBLEDs can exhibit efficacies of more than 90 lumens per watt, 6-10 times better than either a regular or quartz-halogen version of an incandescent lamp.
While there is significant saving in bulb replacement expense over a number of years, it is the saving in electricity costs which presents the most significant benefit. In conditions of near-continual operation, such as in restaurants, hotels, stores, museums, or other commercial installations, the electricity savings can provide a very favorable return on investment, even with relatively high purchase prices, in 18-24 months. The potential for rapid payback is generally much more evident than for other highly publicized "green" technologies" such as hybrid vehicles, wind turbines, solar power etc.
There is widespread acceptance that white-light LED sources are attractive as possible incandescent replacement lamps, especially in those types where the LED lamp is at its best, namely as reflector-type lamps such as PAR 30, PAR 38, or MR16. LEDs are by their nature directional light sources in that their light is emitted typically in a conical 120-150 degree beam angle, whereas an incandescent lamp tends to radiate in a near 360-degree spherical pattern and needs loss-inducing reflectors to direct light. Compact fluorescent lamps, because they are very difficult to collimate, are very inefficient when used as directional light sources.
The LED lamp starts out in a better position in spot or flood lamp applications because of its inherent directionality. In fixtures for ceiling downlighting, outside security, or retail merchandise highlighting, the need is for directional lighting, a factor taking advantage of the LED lamp's inherent emission characteristics. Those with a reasonable knowledge of physics know that a point source of light is best for use with a reflector or collimator. A CFL, being the virtual opposite of a point source, is poor in this respect. An incandescent filament is much smaller but still needs a good-sized reflector. An LED chip, being typically no larger than a millimeter on a side, lends itself to many more options with much smaller reflectors and collimating lenses.
Consequently, while white HBLEDs may alone, or as a partner with the compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), replace incandescent filament lamps, it is in the reflector lamps where the performance and economics of white LEDs appear likely to have the more immediate impact. While the CFL has become widely commercialized, the LED lamp does have certain advantages, which over the long term could give it a substantial marketing edge. Specifically, compared to a CFL, the LED lamp is a) more compatible with standard lamp dimming methodologies b) can more easily operate in low temperature, c) has no mercury content d) retains its efficacy when dimmed e) is essentially immune to shock and vibration and f) is immune to the degradation which CFL's experience with repetitive on/off cycling.
Even with the apparent advantages of the white HBLED lamp and its assumed inevitability as a commercially successful product category, there has yet to be an acknowledged product-leadership candidate; that is, a product which meets the performance and cost criteria necessary for early-adopter, sophisticated, commercial users to accept it on a large scale.

Dimmable LED driver and methods with improved supplemental loading


The present invention relates to spiro 1,2,4-trioxanes of general formula 4. This invention more particularly relates to a process for the preparation of a series of spiro 1,2,4-trioxanes.

Malaria is a parasitic disease which is caused by various species of Plasmodium protozoa. Together with AIDS and TB, malaria is responsible for largest number of deaths annually. The high rate of mortality associated with malaria can be attributed to the increasing cases of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum, the most deadly of the four human infecting malarial parasites, to the contemporary antimalarial drugs. Chloroquine is one of the most inexpensive, readily available, and probably most prescribed drugs for the chemotherapy of malaria, it has been rendered ineffective in many parts of the world, due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant P. falciparum. Against this background, discovery of artemisinin as the active principle of Chinese traditional drug against malaria, Artemisia annua, is an important milestone in malaria chemotherapy. Artemisinin is active against both chloroquine sensitive and chloroquine resistant malaria.

Semisynthetic derivatives of artemisinin such as arteether, artemether and artesunic acid, are several times more potent than the parent compound.
The limited availability of artemisinin from malaria such as cerebral malaria [For reviews on artemisinin and its analogues see: (a) Klayman, D. L Science 1985, 228, 1049. (b) Bhattacharya, A. K.; Sharma, R. P. Heterocycles 1999, 51, 1681. (c) Borstnik, K.; Paik, I.; Shapiro, T. A.; Posner, G. H. Int. J Parasitol. 2002, 32, 1661. (d) Ploypradith, P. Acta Trop. 2004, 89, 329. (e) O'Neill, P. M.; Posner, G. H. J. Med. Chem. 2004, 47, 2945].natural source and recognition of endoperoxide linkage in the form of a 1,2,4-trioxane ring system as the antimalarial pharmacophore of these compounds, has led to the present efforts to develop structurally simple synthetic trioxanes as substitutes of artemisinin derivatives. Several of these synthetic 1,2,4-trioxanes have shown promising antimalarial activity [(a) Bhattacharya, A. K.; Sharma, R. P. Heterocycles 1999, 51, 1681. (b) Borstnik, K.; Paik, I.; Shapiro, T. A.; Posner, G. H. Int. J. Parasitol. 2002, 32, 1661. (c) Singh, C.; Misra, D.; Saxena, G.; Chandra, S. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1995, 5, 1913. (d) Singh, C.; Puri, S. K. U.S. Pat. No. 6,316,493 B1, 2001. (e) Singh, C.; Malik, H.; Puri, S. K. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2004, 14, 459. (f) Singh, C.; Gupta, N.; Puri, S. K. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2004, 12, 5553. (g) Singh, C.; Tiwari, P.; Puri, S. K. PCT Patent application No. PCT/1N02/00093, dated Mar. 28, 2002. (h) Singh, C. Malik, H.; Puri, S. K. PCT Patent application No. PCT/1N04/00413, dated Dec. 27, 2004].

Abstract: Wherein, Ar represents aryl groups such as phenyl, 4-biphenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-cyclohexylphenyl, 1-naphthyl, 2-naphthyl and the like and R represents hydrogen or the alkyl group such as methyl, ethyl and the like. Several of these compounds show high order of antimalarial activity against multidrug-resistant malaria in mice and thus hold promise as antimalarial agents against multidrug-resistant malaria.

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research


A device and method for positioning a catheter to establish a fluid access site into the vasculature of a patient includes a luer assembly having a cannula or catheter, a shuttle assembly having a stylet for stiffening the catheter, and a holder assembly having an actuator for providing controlled retraction into a handle. The safety catheter comprises a flash window that allows a clinician to view when the vasculature of a patient has been properly accessed and to confirm that the stylet has been fully retracted into a safe position.

Fluid access into the vasculature of a patient may be necessary, or desirable, for any of several different reasons. When such access is desirable, a fluid flow path is generally established between an extracorporeal fluid source and the vasculature. Moreover, when an infusion protocol is involved that requires periodic injections, an established fluid access site that can be repetitively used for a sequence of different injections may be required. Establishing such an access site, however, can be problematic.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


Aromatic hydrocarbons which are monosubstituted by straight-chain or branched C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl or by C.sub.3 -C.sub.8 -cycloalkyl can be chlorinated in the presence of Friedel-Crafts Catalysts in liquid phase on the aromatic ring if cyclic benzo-fused imines or benzo[f]-1,4-thiazepines are used as co-catalysts. This makes it possible to obtain a higher proportion of p-isomers.

The invention relates to a process for the ring chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons in the presence of Friedel-Crafts catalysts and in the presence of co-catalysts in liquid phase.
The reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons, such as toluene, in liquid phase with chlorine gas to give ring-substituted chlorinated derivatives, such as monochlorotoluene, is known (Ullmanns Enzyklopadie der technischen Chemie (Ullmann's Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry), 4th edition, Volume 9, page 499f.). In general this chlorination is carried out in the presence of Friedel-Crafts catalysts, such as iron (III) chloride, antimony chlorides or aluminum chloride. The chlorination product obtained is usually a mixture of isomeric monochlorinated and polychlorinated compounds. If FeCl.sub.3 is used, for example, a mixture of monochlorotoluenes and dichlorotoluenes is obtained from toluene; the main product of the monochlorotoluene fraction is o-chlorotoluene beside p-chlorotoluene and a small amount of m-chlorotoluene.
Since especially p-chloroalkylbenzenes, such as p-chlorotoluene, are useful intermediates, there has not been a lack of attempts in the past to control the chlorination in such a manner that the ratio of o- to p-chloroalkylbenzenes is lowered, that is, the attempt is made to find conditions which favour the formation of p-chloroalkylbenzenes.
It is known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,226,447 that by the addition of sulphur compounds having divalent sulphur to the Friedel-Crafts catalyst an o/p ratio of 1.2 can be obtained in the chlorination of toluene. The disadvantage of this process resides in the fact that this less than favourable ratio can only be achieved if antimony salts are used as Friedel-Crafts catalysts. Another disadvantage is that the required amounts of the catalyst components according to Example 16 of that application are very high, specifically 1% by weight for each of the two catalytic additives. As shown by the o/p ratio having a value of >1, the result is still more o- than p-chlorotoluene.
DE-OS (German Published Specification) No. 1,543,020 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,031,144 also describe the chlorination of toluene, for example, with FeCl.sub.3 and S.sub.2 Cl.sub.2. The ratio obtained of o/p=1.03-1.10 is still unsatisfactorily high.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,031,147, U.S. Pat. No. 4,069,263, U.S. Pat. No. 4,069,264 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,122 describe the chlorination of toluene with Friedel-Crafts catalysts with the addition of thianthrenes or substituted thianthrenes. The most favourable o/p ratios obtainable are around 0.7, which, however, are only obtained either by using antimony salts or, if iron salts are used, only at very low reaction temperatures of about 0.degree. C. Both situations are extremely unfavourable for practical applications. Thus, the co-catalytic action of the thianthrenes in combination with the use of antimony salts is greatly impaired by traces of iron, which is difficult to realize in practice. In addition the reaction is strongly exothermic to such an extent that removal of the heat is about 0.degree. C. by ice/salt cooling becomes very expensive. The thianthrenes are furthermore destroyed under conventional reaction conditions even by the ever-present traces of water and thus lose their efficiency.
Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 4,289,916, EP No. 63,384 and EP No. 173,222 disclose the chlorination of toluene in the presence of Lewis acids and phenoxathiines. The o/p ratio of 0.6 obtainable according to Example 1 from EP No. 173,222 is again achieved only by the use of antimony chloride and the high amount of 0.29% by weight of co-catalyst, which are extremely unfavourable for practical application. By using FeCl.sub.3 instead of antimony chloride, an o/p ratio of 0.68 is obtained, but again only at a low reaction temperature of 5.degree. C., which is extremely unfavourable for practical application. At a reaction temperature of 50.degree. C., which is advantageous for practical application, the o/p ratio increases to 0.88 in the presence of FeCl.sub.3 and the phenoxathiine derivative claimed in EP No. 173,222, as shown by experiments which we carried out (cf. Example 27). U.S. Pat. No. 4,289,916 and EP No. 63,384 mentioned describe a favourable o/p ratio of about 0.8. In this case, too, the o/p ratio can be lowered to 0.65 by using, instead of FeCl.sub.3, antimony chloride and a reaction temperature of 20.degree. C., that is, unfavourable conditions for practical application. In addition, phenoxathiines are destroyed in the presence of traces of water.
EP No. 126,669 discloses the chlorination of toluene in the presence of Friedel-Crafts catalysts and N-substituted phenothiazines. In this case, too, the o/p ratio of 0.84 is unfavourably high.
EP No. 112,722, EP No. 154,236 and EP No. 248,931 disclose the chlorination of toluene in the presence of certain zeolites, in which an o/p ratio of about 0.3 is achieved if, for example, halocarboxylic acid halides are added as moderators. The disadvantages of this process are the substantial amounts of 5% by weight of zeolite and 1% by weight of moderators. As our own experiments have shown, this result must be paid for by the substantial disadvantage that very large amounts (up to 8% by weight) of benzyl chlorides are formed in the mixtures obtained. The formation of benzyl chlorides interferes in the subsequent conventional workup by distillation quite extensively.

Process for the ring chlorination of aromatic hydrocarbons


A data processing device includes a gamma processor applying a gamma function to grayscale data including red grayscale data, green grayscale data, and blue grayscale data to generate luminance data including red luminance data, green luminance data, and blue luminance data, a first compensation coefficient generator generating a first compensation coefficient, a second compensation coefficient generator calculating a first grayscale ratio of the blue grayscale data and a second grayscale ratio of the red grayscale data, and generating a second compensation coefficient, a data compensation coefficient generator generating a data compensation coefficient by multiplying the first compensation coefficient and the second compensation coefficient, a data compensator generating compensation luminance data by adding the luminance data to a value of the data compensation coefficient multiplied by the luminance data, and an inverse processor generating compensation grayscale data.

1. Field
Embodiments relate to a display device, a data processing device for a display device, and a method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
An organic light emitting diode (OLED) display uses an organic light emitting diode (OLED) in which the luminance is controlled by a current or voltage. The organic light emitting diode (OLED) includes an anode layer and a cathode layer forming an electric field, and an organic light emitting material light-emitted by the electric field.
Typically, the organic light emitting diode (OLED) display is classified into a passive matrix OLED (PMOLED) and an active matrix OLED (AMOLED), depending on a mode for driving the organic light emitting diode (OLED). Among these, the AMOLED to be lighted according to the selection for each unit pixel is mainly used in terms of resolution, contrast, and operation speed.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Display device, data processing device for the same, and method thereof