An evaluation method of residual stress in water jet peening includes a step of creating an analytical model including meshes according to a water jet peening (WJP) object, the shape of a nozzle, and an injection distance, a step of inputting WJP execution conditions, a step of calculating the internal pressure pBi of a cavitation bubble and a bubble number density ngi through jet flow analysis for a jet flow jetting from the nozzle, a step of calculating cavitation energy according to the internal pressure pBi of a cavitation bubble and a bubble number density ngi (S4), a step of calculating the burst energy of cavitation bubbles from the cavitation energy C, and a step of calculating the compressive residual stress of the WJP object from the collapse pressure of cavitation bubbles. Accordingly, the residual stress of the WJP object can be evaluated precisely in a shorter time.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to an evaluation method of residual stress in water jet peening and a method of executing a water jet peening, and more particularly to a evaluation method of residual stress in water jet peening and a method of executing water jet peening suitable for applying to water jet peening executed in a boiling water reactor.
2. Background Art
In boiling water nuclear plants and pressurized water nuclear plants, stress corrosion cracks in a reactor internal, which is a structure member, are suppressed by executing, for example, water jet peening to convert tensile residual stress generated in the reactor internal during welding or machining to compressive residual stress. Water jet peening (hereinafter, referred to as WJP) is a technology to convert tensile residual stress generated in a surface of the reactor internal to compressive residual stress by applying WJP to the surface. In this WJP, water under high pressure is jetted from a nozzle in water to the surface of the reactor internal in a state in which the surface on which the WJP is executed is in contact with the water. When fine bubbles (cavitation bubbles) included in the jetted high-pressure water are collapsed, impulse waves are generated. The generated impulse waves impinge on the surface and the tensile residual stress generated in the surface is then converted to compressive residual stress (see "Noboru Saito et al., Development of Water Jet Peening Technology for Nuclear Plants and Incore Devices, Jet Flow Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2003), pp. 4-12, Water Jet Technology Society of Japan").
Some technologies to evaluate residual stress generated in a structure member on which WJP was executed (compressive residual stress, for example) are also proposed.
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2009-209792 describes a method of predicting erosion generated by cavitation on an internal flow path of a hydraulic machine. In this method, a piezoelectric device is provided on an inner surface of an internal flow path of an actual hydraulic machine (or a hydraulic machine model), and a light emitting device, which converts a voltage signal generated by the piezoelectric device to light, is provided at a predetermined position on the hydraulic machine. When cavitation is generated, the light emitting device emits light. The generated light is measured to predict an area of the internal flow path over which erosion occurs and to predict the amount of erosion.
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2008-155345 describes a method of evaluating residual stress on a surface to which water jet peening was executed. In this residual stress evaluation method, a whole area of water jet peening traces generated per unit area on a surface on which WJP was executed is measured, the whole peening trace area is substituted into a relational expression between the residual stress and the whole peening trace area, and the residual stress on the surface on which WJP was executed is evaluated according to the obtained calculation result.
In "Noboru Saito et al., Development of Water Jet Peening Technology for Nuclear Plants and Internal Equipments, Jet Flow Engineering, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2003), pp. 4-12, Water Jet Technology Society of Japan", residual stress is measured by an X-ray diffraction method to evaluate an effect of WJP executed on a structure member.
In "Masashi Fukaya et al., Development of Water Jet Peening (WJP) (3), Flow Behavior Evaluation in WJP, Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers No. 09-3, M&M 2009 Conference 0S1431, Jul. 24 to 26, 2009, pp. 333-334", the internal pressure pB of a cavitation bubble is calculated from equations (1) to (4) (see page 333) through jet flow analysis, and the calculated bubble's internal pressure pB is substituted into equation (5) (see page 333) to calculate cavitation strength I. In the paper written by Masashi Fukaya et al., the cavitation strength I is also used to predict compressive residual stress generated in a SUS plate after WJP execution.
In "Hisamitsu Hatou et al., Development of Water Jet Peening (WJP) (4), Residual Stress Improvement Behavior Evaluation in WJP), Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers No. 09-3, M&M 2009 Material & Mechanics Conference 2009, CD-ROM Transactions, 0S1431, Jul. 24 to 26, 2009, pp. 335-336" as well, a method of evaluating residual stress in the depth direction after WJP execution is described. In this evaluation method, residual stress in a depth direction after WJP execution is evaluated according to collapse pressure of cavitation.

Evaluation method of residual stress in water jet peening and method of executing water jet peening


A pool of resource units is configured using a structure having plural levels including first level and second level resource blocks. Each first level resource block corresponds to an individual resource unit, where an individual resource unit is the smallest resource that can be allocated from the resource pool. The first level resource blocks are provided in groups. Each second level resource block corresponds to one of the groups of the first level resource blocks. The second level resource blocks are also provided in groups forming a next higher level of the resource pool. If a request is made for a first level resource block, an available first level resource block is allocated. If a first level resource block is not available, then an available first level resource block is created by converting a second level resource block into a corresponding group of first level resource blocks. One of the converted first level resource blocks is then allocated to the request. Resource blocks are restored to the resource unit pool structure first to any incomplete first level resource block grouping. If that returned block completes the grouping, a new second level resource block is made available. The resource pool may be reconfigured as needed to ensure an efficient configuration.

In certain environments, data, signal, and communication processing resources may be dedicated for use by particular hardware elements, software elements (e.g., application programs), and human operators, each of which may be generally viewed as a "resource user." While such resource dedication is convenient and also ensures that the necessary or otherwise appropriate resources are available whenever the resource user requests them, this one-to-one, dedicated relationship between a resource and a resource user is inefficient. This inefficiency is primarily due to the fact that dedicated resources are most often underutilized since the resource user typically uses its dedicated resource less than 100% of the time.
The present invention employs a more efficient resource allocation approach in which resources are pooled and allocated on an "as needed" basis. In other words, in response to a resource request, a resource (if available) is "withdrawn" from a pool of resources and provided to the requesting resource user. When the resource user is finished using that resource, it is returned to the resource pool. Efficiency is increased because (1) the number of resource users may be considerably larger than the number of resources in the pool and (2) resources are removed from the pool only when they are actually used.
In order for a pooled resource system to work smoothly, the allocation and return of resources from and to the resource pool needs to be managed in an effective and efficient manner. Efficient management is more challenging when the pool of resources as well as the resource requests are not all the same. For instance, one resource request may be for a relatively small resource while another resource request might be for a relatively large resource. Moreover, resource requests may also differ in parameters other than size.
The present invention resolves these issues in part by imposing a structure on the resource pool including specific rules regarding how resources are to be allocated from the pool. Those rules may vary depending on the end application that requests and uses the resources. One example (but non-limiting) structure is the resource hierarchy shown in FIG. 1. The hierarchy includes a plurality of levels or tiers with each level having plural nodes representing a resource block at that level. The data structure is organized in such a way that it "mirrors" the physical resources in terms of how those physical resources are linked or grouped. The physical resources are configured, reconfigured, allocated, de-allocated, organized, and reorganized using the data structure.
The method of the present invention is general with respect to the number of lower level resource units that together forms a higher level resource unit. Level 1 resource blocks correspond as shown in FIG. 1 to one data processing resource unit, where a resource unit may comprise hardware and/or software. Each level 2 resource block corresponds to a group (in this example two) of consecutive level 1 resource blocks. Similarly, each level 3 resource block of the resource hierarchy corresponds to a group of consecutive level 2 resource blocks.
Thus, if a resource request requires four data processing resource units, a single level 3 resource block would be allocated to that request. A level 3 resource block corresponds, in this example, to two level 2 resource blocks which in turn corresponds to four level 1 resource blocks equivalent to the four data processing resource units.
While resources may be allocated from and returned to such a hierarchical structure in random fashion, such an approach may ultimately lead to inefficiencies. In particular, the initial, ordered structure of the resource hierarchy may become fragmented after several resource block allocations and returns. Unfortunately, because of the fragmentation, resource blocks at certain levels cannot be fully utilized. For example, FIG. 2 shows the resource hierarchy of FIG. 1 with a fragmented resource allocation configuration. Circled resource blocks correspond to a currently allocated resource block, and a square enclosing a resource block represents a currently-available resource block. Because level 1 resource block 14 is currently allocated, level 2 resource block 16, logically linked to both level 1 resource blocks 14 and 15, cannot be allocated. A "domino effect" occurs--since level 3 resource block 17 is linked to resource blocks 16 and 18, level 3 resource block 17 cannot be currently allocated even if level 2 resource block 18 were currently available.
On the other hand, if the currently-allocated resource block 19 had been allocated from currently-available resource block 15, the level resource block 18 would have been available for allocation. Similarly, if currently-allocated, level 1 resource block 21 was not allocated, and instead the currently-available level 1 resource block 23 was assigned to the resource request, the currently-unavailable level 2 resource block 21 would be available. The level 2 resource block 21 could then be combined with the level 2 resource block 25 to make available the level 3 resource block 26. Accordingly, as a result of fragmented/inefficient resource allocation at lower levels in the hierarchy, it may be difficult to provide a higher level resource block to a resource request even though there are sufficient, available resources in the resource pool to accommodate the higher level resource request.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to overcome this kind of inefficiency by providing a resource pool structure including a data structure reflecting the free resources in the pool and that permits organized and efficient but still flexible allocation and de-allocation of resources.
It is a further object of the present invention to ensure that resource units are evenly utilized in a resource pool.
It is another object of the present invention to selectively re-allocate resources among the resource users to free other resources that can be used to form higher level resource blocks in order to meet a particular resource demand or to simply make available higher level resource blocks.
It is another object of the present invention to determine and implement a resource pool structure data structure, mirroring the free resources in the resource pool, that best suits current resource demands.
The present invention configures a pool of resource units using a logical structure that includes first level and second level resource blocks. The terms "configure resources" or "configuration of resources" refer to a data structure which is organized to reflect or represent actual or physical resources. However, the actual resources themselves are not necessarily configured in a resource hierarchy like that shown in FIG. 1. Each first level resource block corresponds to an individual resource unit, where an individual resource unit is the smallest resource that a resource handler allocates from the resource pool. The first level resource blocks are provided in groups that form a lowest level of the resource pool structure. Each second level resource block corresponds to one of the groups of the first level resource blocks. For example, two first level resource blocks form a first level resource block group logically linked to a second level resource block. The second level resource blocks are provided in groups and form a next higher level of the resource pool structure.
Resources are allocated from the resource unit pool in an efficient manner. For example, if a request is made for a first level resource block, an available first level resource block is allocated from a partially-allocated, first level resource group where one or more first level resource blocks are currently already allocated. If a first resource block is not available, then an available first level resource block is created. In this case, a second level resource block is converted into a corresponding group of first level resource blocks, and one of the converted, first level resource blocks is then allocated to the request. A similar procedure is used at a next higher level, i.e., at third level resource blocks and groupings. In other words, if a first resource block is not available at the first level and cannot be obtained by conversion of a resource block at the second level, a third level resource block is converted into a corresponding group of second level resource blocks; a converted second level resource block is converted into a corresponding group of first level resource blocks; and one of the converted first level resource blocks is allocated.
Resource blocks are also restored to the resource unit pool structure efficiently. For example, a returned first level resource block is restored to a partially-allocated, first level resource block grouping. If that returned block completes that grouping, a new, second level resource block is made available. In one preferred embodiment, when a resource block is restored, the physical resource is restored to the same position in the resource array as from where it was originally allocated. However, the corresponding resource block in the data structure is placed last in a list of free resource blocks. This ensures that each of the physical resources in the pool is used about the same amount over time.
The resource pool is managed by a resource handler which stores in memory a data structure that mirrors the current status (free or occupied) of the resources in the resource pool. The resource pool structure represents and maintains the logical relation between resource units/blocks. For example, the data structure may include multiple lists, each list corresponding to a resource block level and each record/entry in the list representing one free resource unit. The list does not include allocated resource units.
To properly manage the resource unit pool or to otherwise meet a particular a resource request/demand, a resource handler may re-allocate resource units by moving a resource user from one resource block to another at that same level in order to create additional resource blocks at the next higher level. The resource handler may also receive traffic statistics about the number of requests for different level resource blocks collected by a statistics analyzer and determine which level in the resource unit pool structure receives the greatest number of requests, i.e., the most popular level. In an example communication system, assume the system capacity is eight voice calls or two data calls. Most of the calls in the system during busy hours are voice calls. During busy hours, if the whole system capacity is allocated for data calls, no voice calls can be made resulting in an insufficient subscriber service level in the area. By restricting the use of the transmission capacity, at least a minimum level of service for data calls and voice calls can be assured. The resource handler then re-allocates resource units in the current resource pool configuration to create additional resource blocks at the most popular level.
The present invention has particularly advantageous application to communications systems, and in particular, to radio communications systems. A preferred example embodiment of the present invention is disclosed in the context of a wide band, code division multiple access (WCDMA), spread spectrum, radio communications system. Of course, as evident from the above description, the present invention has general applicability and is not limited to communications environments. Various features and advantages of the present invention, some of which have been described above, will be disclosed in further detail in conjunction with the drawings and detailed description.

Method and apparatus for allocating processing resources


An antenna device includes a plurality of radiation elements, at least one or more reactance elements, and a changeover switcher for selectively switching over between one circuit pattern forming a first-type antenna such as a diversity antenna where a predetermined one of the plural radiation elements is used as a feed element, and another circuit pattern forming a second-type antenna such as an ESPAR antenna where one of the plural radiation elements is used as a feed element while the reactance elements are connected to the other radiation element. According to this antenna device, the receiving sensitivity can be improved by using a reduced number of radiation elements in a mobile communication apparatus such as a cellular telephone.

The present invention relates to an antenna device and, more particularly, to an improved device adapted for attaining a sufficiently high receiving sensitivity in a mobile communication apparatus or the like.
In a mobile communication apparatus, it has been demanded heretofore the achievement of a capability of receiving a desired wave signal from any unknown direction of transmission.
For this purpose, a variety of techniques are proposed currently to realize satisfactory reception of a desired wave signal.
One of such known techniques is a space diversity receiving system which employs a plurality of antennas and selectively uses the antenna considered to have the best receiving sensitivity with regard to the desired wave signal.
FIG. 11 is a block diagram showing a structure of a conventional antenna device based on a space diversity receiving system.
In the diversity antenna 100 shown in FIG. 11, there are employed two antenna elements ANT1 and ANT2. These antenna elements ANT1 and ANT2 are so arranged that either one antenna element ANT1 or the other antenna element ANT2 that is considered to have a higher receiving sensitivity to the desired wave signal is selectively connected to a receiver 102 via a changeover switch 101. And, after selection of the signal of a desired frequency band in the receiver 102, the signal obtained from the receiver 102 is processed in a predetermined manner in a signal processor 103 and then is outputted therefrom.
However, it is impossible in the diversity antenna 100 of FIG. 11 to perform the control of antenna directional characteristics. That is, since the antenna beam direction cannot be turned to the direction of arrival of a desired wave signal, it is considered impossible to form the antenna beam optimally for reception of the desired wave signal. Therefore, depending on the direction of arrival of the desired wave signal, a sufficiently high receiving sensitivity fails to be attained to raise consequently a problem that some other interference wave signals than the desired wave signal are also received.
In view of the above problem, there is proposed an antenna device termed an adaptive array antenna based on an array antenna system which employs a plurality of transmission/reception lines and utilizes an adaptive signal processing so as to be capable of controlling the antenna directional characteristics.
FIG. 12 is a block diagram showing a structure of an adaptive array antenna.
In the adaptive array antenna 110 of FIG. 12 also, there are employed two antenna elements ANT1 and ANT2.
In this case, the antenna element ANT1 is connected to a receiver 102, wherein radio waves of a desired frequency band are selected and outputted to a signal processor 103. Meanwhile the antenna element ANT2 is connected to a receiver 105, wherein radio waves of a desired frequency band are selected and outputted to the signal processor 103.
In the signal processor 103, the received signals inputted from the receivers 102 and 105 are weighted respectively, and after predetermined signal processing such as combining is executed, the desired wave signal is obtained.
As for the antenna device capable of controlling the antenna directional characteristics, there is further proposed an array antenna device including feed elements therein, such as an Electronically Steerable Passive Array Radiator Antenna (hereinafter referred to as ESPAR antenna) (as disclosed in Patent Document 1).
FIG. 13 is a block diagram showing a structure of such an ESPAR antenna.
In the ESPAR antenna 120 of FIG. 13, there are also employed two antenna elements ANT1 and ANT2. In this case, the antenna element ANT1 is connected to a receiver 102, wherein radio waves of a desired frequency band are selected and outputted to a signal processor 103. Meanwhile, the antenna element ANT2 is connected to a reactance element 106, whose reactance value is controlled by the signal processor 103.
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2001-24431
However, in the adaptive array antenna 110 shown in FIG. 12, there exists the necessity of employing many antenna elements to constitute the required structure for attaining sufficient directional characteristics of the antenna. Therefore, it has been difficult heretofore to adopt such antenna in a mobile communication apparatus, particularly in a mobile terminal device where the number of antenna elements is limited due to physical conditions in installation.
Further regarding the ESPAR antenna 120 shown in FIG. 13, although the directional characteristics thereof may be controlled by providing at least two antenna elements, it also has been necessary to employ many antenna elements for constituting the required structure where sufficient antenna directional characteristics are attainable in a mobile communication apparatus.


One embodiment provides a method of managing power in a datacenter having a plurality of servers. A number of policy settings are specified for the power center, including a power limit for the datacenter. The power consumption attributable to each of a plurality of applications executable as a job on one or more of the servers is determined. The power consumption attributable to each application may be further qualified according to the type of server on which the application is executed. Having determined the power consumption attributable to various applications executable as jobs, the applications may be executed on the servers as jobs such that the total power consumption attributable to the currently executed jobs remains within the selected datacenter power limit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to scheduling software jobs and managing power in a datacenter.
2. Background of the Related Art
The amount of power consumed by the equipment in a modern datacenters represents a significant expense, even in relation to the cost of the equipment itself. A modern datacenter may include as many as tens of hundreds of high-power, rack-mounted servers disposed in high-density enclosures. Management of the power consumed by this equipment is an important consideration in the design and operation of any datacenter.
Attempts to optimize power consumption may be multifaceted. On one level, for example, power consumption may be reduced by improving datacenter layout and component selection. On another level, the design of individual components can affect the overall efficiency of a server or other device. Power management solutions may include both hardware and software aspects aimed at improving various aspects of power utilization.

Power management using dynamic application scheduling

International Business Machines Corporation


Thiophene containing water-soluble oligomers were synthesized and characterized. The photophysical properties of these compounds were studied; transient absorption spectroscopy was used to probe the triplet excited state and their ability to sensitize singlet oxygen was spectroscopically monitored in deuterated methanol. The above compounds were tested for their light activated biocidal properties against S. aureus both under UV and visible radiation. Among the oligomers studied, the terthiophene derivative was found to kill the bacteria efficiently.

Controlling bacterial infections is of immense importance with applications ranging from health care setting to improving the quality of day to day life.1 The increase of bacterial resistance to available antibiotics emphasizes the need for robust and versatile antimicrobials in controlling pathogenic bacteria. Different strategies have been developed towards new antimicrobial agents and polymers have taken the central stage as they have the advantage of being fabricated on to variety of formats.2-5 We and others have explored and established the biocidal properties of cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs).2,6-8 Recently, we synthesized a series of cationic phenylene ethynylene oligomers (OPEs) with different lengths (repeat unit=1, 2, and 3) and examined structure-reactivity relationships between their photophysical photophysical properties and antibacterial activity.9-12 These studies show that OPEs possess profound light activated biocidal activity. Photophysical studies reveal the OPEs are efficient sensitizers for singlet oxygen which is believed to play an important role in the light induced biocidal activity. The absorption of the OPEs is limited to the near-UV region, extending towards the violet region of the visible spectrum as the number of repeat unit increases to 3.

Thiophene based oligomers as light activated biocides

University of Florida Research Foundation, Inc.


A packaging bag with a body for storing a plurality of articles to be packaged, wherein the body has a top surface part, a bottom surface part that opposes the top surface part in the vertical direction, and a plurality of lateral surface parts that are arranged between the top surface part and the bottom surface part; a slash part for opening is provided to at least one of the plurality of lateral surface parts; and the slash part has a first slit that extends from near the top surface part to near the bottom surface part in the vertical direction, and a second slit that is contiguous to one end of the first slit on the top surface part side and that extends in the traverse direction intersecting the vertical direction.

In recent years, there is a tendency that daily necessities which can be used for a long period of time and have a high accommodating property and stocking property are favored due to changes in lifestyles of consumers. For sanitary thin paper such as a kitchen towel, a lot of long length products in which a roll length of a roll is increased have been developed. For example, in a long length kitchen towel, it takes a certain amount of time to use up one kitchen towel. In addition, since foodstuff is handled in a kitchen in a lot of occasions, there is a need for a packaging bag that can hygienically store the kitchen towel. In addition, when the packaging bag for the kitchen towel is torn, the packaging bag may not be neatly torn in many cases, and there is also a demand for a packaging film that is easy to open.
For example, JP-A-2003-104449 (Patent Document 1) discloses a package for packaging roll-shaped kitchen paper. In this package, a perforation for opening is provided in a vertical direction on a front surface of the package.    Patent Document 1: JP-A-2003-104449


Disclosed is fluid rapid testing device, comprising: a box body having transparent side walls, a box cover cooperating with an opening of the box body, and a protection cover hinged to the box cover; wherein the testing device further comprises: a fluid sampling swab, a fluid collection chamber operable to accommodate the fluid sampling swab and collect a fluid on the fluid sampling swab, and a fluid collection groove in communication with a bottom of the fluid collection chamber; and a testing strip extending into the fluid collection groove is arranged on at least one inner wall of the box. The testing device according to the present invention has a simple structure and operation convenience. The box body of the testing device may be conveniently and quickly opened or closed, a small amount of fluid is needed, the sampling process is simplified, and the fluid may also be conveniently taken out for subsequently-desired tests.

In the fields of medical diagnosis and legal identification, a body fluid test is very commonly used. A sample of a liquid to be tested is collected by using a testing device or a testing cup, and it is judged whether the liquid sample contains an analyte, which is a customary method in the field. Such testing device or testing cup generally requires that the sample collected in a sample container. A testing technician inserts a testing reagent strip into the sample and make sure that the reagent strip is partially immersed in the sample, and takes out the reagent strip and reads a test result a period of time later. In such testing, the testing technician may contact the sample, which may cause hazards to the health or cause the sample to be contaminated. In addition, under special conditions, operations are hard to be completed.
Chinese Patent Application CN204514923U has disclosed a body fluid testing cup. The testing cup comprises: a cup body, a test paper card, and a cover film; wherein the test paper card is arranged inside the cup body and is provided with a test paper insertion groove for accommodating a test paper strip, and the cover film covers an opening face of the test paper insertion groove. The cup body is internally provided a limiting member for fixing the test paper card, wherein at least two limiting members are used. According to this patent application, the test paper card is more securely fixed, thereby preventing the test paper card from moving about in the cup body; and during reading of a test result from the outside of the cup body, visual error may not simply occur, and the reading of the test result is not affected. However, this testing cup needs a large volume of body liquid, and thus it is difficult to sample such less-produced body liquids as saliva. In addition, in case of a viscous liquid, the liquid has poor fluidity and thus the testing efficiency is low.


A method of identifying defects including producing, with an imaging system, an original image of a fabricated article having a feature thereon, the feature having an intended height and extracting a contour image from the original image, the contour image having an outline of those portions of the feature having a height approximate to the intended height. The method also includes producing a simulated image of the article based upon the contour and creating a defect image based on the differences between the simulated image and the original image, the defect image including any portions of the feature having a height less than the intended height.

The semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry has experienced rapid growth. In the course of IC evolution, functional density (i.e., the number of interconnected devices per chip area) has generally increased while geometry size (i.e., the smallest component (or line) that can be created using a fabrication process) has decreased. This scaling down process generally provides benefits by increasing production efficiency and lowering associated costs. Such scaling down has also increased the complexity of processing and manufacturing ICs and, for these advances to be realized, similar developments in IC manufacturing are needed.
For example, in semiconductor technologies, a plurality of photomasks (masks) are formed with predesigned IC patterns. The plurality of masks are used during lithography processes to transfer the predesigned IC patterns to multiple semiconductor wafers. The predesigned IC patterns formed on the masks are master patterns. Accordingly, any photomask defects will be transferred to multiple semiconductor wafers, causing yield issues. High precision processes are therefore utilized during mask fabrication, and fabricated masks are inspected for defects after mask fabrication. Conventional mask inspections are performed with scanning electron microscope systems such as electron-beam (e-beam) inspection tools. These imaging systems may produce images of defects on photomasks, but may not efficiently differentiate between different types of defects, such as full-height defects and non-full-height defects. Thus, although existing approaches have been satisfactory for their intended purposes, they have not been entirely satisfactory in all respects.

Method and apparatus for defect identification

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.


A new cultivar of Schizachyrium scoparium, ‘Standing Ovation’, that is characterized by its wide leaf blades, its foliage that is blue in color with red tips throughout the growing season and changing to red and maroon in fall, and turning brown very late in the season, and its upright and rigid plant habit that is retained without lodging when plants are grown in rich soils or during container production.

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Schizachyrium scoparium and will be referred to hereafter by its cultivar name, 'Standing Ovation'. 'Standing Ovation' represents a new cultivar of little bluestem, an ornamental grass grown for landscape use.
The new cultivar, 'Standing Ovation', was discovered by the Inventors as a naturally occurring whole plant mutation in a trail bed in Landenberg, Pa. in summer of 2003. The new cultivar was growing amongst plants of Schizachyrium scoparium 'The Blues' (not patented). The parentage is unknown, however 'The Blues' is thought to be a likely parent based on the characteristics of the new cultivar and its proximity.
Asexual reproduction of the new cultivar was first accomplished by one of the Inventors by division in Landenberg, Pa. in May of 2008. Asexual reproduction of the new cultivar by division and tissue culture has shown that the unique features are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations.


In order to determine the fuel quantity to be fed into an internal combustion engine during each stroke of the engine, the air mass sucked into each cylinder for combustion during each intake stroke is determined based on an intake-pipe pressure. A current air mass is determined using a measured value for the intake-pipe pressure. Subsequently, during a period in which there is no change in an air intake cross-section for each cylinder, the air mass is determined using a projected intake-pipe pressure, and the fuel quantity to be fed to each cylinder during the current and subsequent intake strokes is determined based on the air mass determinations and a wall film model.

Processes known from the state of the art are described hereafter with reference to the known arrangement illustrated in FIG. 11. This arrangement has a means 11 for determining the control values, a means 12 for determining non-stationary transition values, a regulating means 13 and an internal-combustion engine 14 with a throttle flap 15, injection-valve arrangement 16 and pressure sensor 17 in the intake pipe 18 and with a lambda probe 19 in the exhaust pipe 20. It will initially be assumed that the internal-combustion engine 14 is being operated in a controlled manner. In this case, only the signal from the means 11 for determining the control values acts on the injection-valve arrangement 16. Values of operating parameters, especially the set angle of the throttle flap 15 and the engine speed, are fed to the means 11 for determining the control values, whereupon the means 11 emits an injection-time signal. It is also possible for only the pressure signal from the intake-pipe pressure sensor 17 to be fed as an input signal to the means 11 for determining the control values. The injection time is then set essentially in proportion to the measured pressure. For the full-clad range, the signal is advantageously also corrected by means of values which are read out from a family of characteristics as a function of values of operating parameters.
Simply controlling the-injection time is often insufficient for achieving a desired exhaust-gas quality. This can be improved with the aid of the lambda probe 19 and the regulating means 13. For this purpose, the lambda actual value from the lambda probe 19 is compared with a lambda desired value in a comparator stage 21, and the difference value is fed as a control deviation to the regulating means 13 which, as a function of the control deviation, determines a set value in the form of a regulating factor RF which, in a set-value logic stage 22, is multiplied by the value emitted by the means 11 for determining the control values. The control circuit described guarantees that control values by which the desired lambda value cannot be obtained alone are corrected in such a way that this object is nevertheless achieved.
Irrespective of whether the fuel quantity to be injected is merely controlled or whether there is a pilot control with superposed regulation, it must be remembered that the values emitted by the means 11 for determining the control values are normally determined for stationary operating states. However, if, for example, acceleration takes place between a first stationary operating state and a secondary stationary operating state, an acceleration enrichment is required in the meantime. So that this non-stationary situation according to the example or even other non-stationary situations can be dealt with, the means 12 for determining non-stationary transition values is provided. If values of operating parameters change with a high time gradient, the means 12 for determining non-stationary transition values emits a time sequence of values which are logically linked to control values in a non-stationary correction stage 23.
The non-stationary correction can be present on controlled systems or on pilot-controlled systems with superposed regulation. In all the practical applications, particular problems arise in those situations in which plurality of non-stationary conditions respectively initiating new non-stationary transition functions are satisfied in a short time sequence. This often leads, practice, to overlaps which reinforce or cancel one another in an undesirable way.
To prevent overlaps of this type, attempts are made to determine the control values permanently by the same process, that is to say not to differentiate between stationary or non-stationary operating states. Such a process is described in: `Non-stationary behavior--a factor in engine tuning` by M. Theissen, H.-St. Braun and G. Kramer in Conference Volume 1 Aachener Conference, Vehicle and Engine Technology '87, Aachen October 1987. The errors occurring in the determination of control values in non-stationary processes when no special measures are taken are designated as updating errors, phase errors and wall-film errors.
The updating error is dealt with in a conventional way, namely in that, when a non-stationary event has occurred after the calculation of the fuel quantity to be fed during the next stroke and the new fuel quantity taking this event into account can be taken into account before the conclusion of the intake stroke, an after-injection takes place.
The wall-film error is calculated individually as a function of the values of various operating parameters.
The phase error is an error which originates particularly from the fact that an air-quantity meter measures not only the air sucked in for combustion, but also the air serving for increasing the pressure in the intake pipe. This phase error is compensated by adapting the slope of the signal from the air-quantity meter to the slope of the intake-pipe pressure. The intake-pipe pressure is therefore measured, and the air mass sucked in for combustion during each stroke is determined by means of the intake-pipe pressure.
Because the phase error is adjusted by adapting the slope of the signal from the air-mass meter to the slope of the signal from the pressure sensor, in a non-stationary situation this process behaves in a similar way to those standard processes in which the air mass sucked in for combustion is determined directly from the measured intake-pipe pressure. However, it is a known fact in these processes that they do not compensate in a fully satisfactory way for the phase error which occurs during a non-stationary process.
The object on which the invention is based is to provide a process for determining the fuel quantity to be fed to an internal-combustion engine during each stroke, by means of which phase errors can largely be prevented.


A new and distinct cultivar of Scaevola plant named ‘Wesscaetob’, characterized by its compact and mounded plant habit; freely branching habit; freely flowering habit; and violet blue-colored flowers.

The present invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Scaevola, botanically known as Scaevola aemula, and hereinafter referred to by the name 'Wesscaetob'.
The new Scaevola is a product of a planned breeding program conducted by the Inventor in Südlohn, Germany The objective of the breeding program is to create new compact and freely-flowering Scaevola cultivars.
The new Scaevola originated from a cross-pollination made by the Inventor in Südlohn, Germany in 2003 of the Scaevola aemula cultivar Brilliant, disclosed in U.S. Plant Pat. No. 12,099, as the female, or seed, parent with a proprietary selection of Scaevola aemula identified as code number 03P61, not patented, as the male, or pollen, parent. The cultivar Wesscaetob was discovered and selected by the Inventor as a flowering plant within the progeny of the stated cross-pollination in a controlled environment in Südlohn, Germany in 2004.
Asexual reproduction of the new Scaevola by terminal cuttings in a controlled environment in Südlohn, Germany since 2004, has shown that the unique features of this new Scaevola are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations.

Gartenbau und Spezialkuturen Westhoff GbR


A combination drawer assembly includes a combination drawer holder and one or a number of basket drawers. The combination drawer holder includes a bottom frame, and two support frames connected to the bottom frame in parallel. The support frames provide horizontally aligned seat tracks. Each basket drawer is slidably mounted in two horizontally aligned seat tracks, and prohibited by the respective seat tracks from falling out of the combination drawer holder.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a combination drawer structure, and more particularly to a combination drawer assembly that prohibits basket drawers from being pulled away from the combination drawer holder. The invention relates also to the assembly method of the combination drawer assembly.
2. Description of the Related Art
U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,270,245 and 6,508,376 disclose two different designs of combination drawer systems. In actual practice, combination drawer systems facilitate delivery and save transportation cost. However, according to these two patents, the drawer can easily be pulled away from the drawer holder. Thus, the storage materials or files can fall out of the drawer accidentally, causing trouble.

Combination drawer assembly and method of assembling the same

Dongguan Master United Plastic & Hardware Products Co., Ltd.


A storage system, including: one or more mass storage devices, coupled to store data at respective first ranges of logical addresses (LAs), and one or more interfaces, which are adapted to receive input/output (IO) requests from host processors directed to specified LAs. The system also includes a plurality of caches coupled to the one or more interfaces so as to receive the IO requests therefrom, each cache being assigned a respective second range of the LAs and being coupled to the one or more mass storage devices, the respective first ranges of which overlap the respective second range, so as to receive data from and provide data to the one or more mass storage devices, and being coupled to accept the IO requests within the respective second range directed thereto.

The slow access time, of the order of 5-10 ms, for an input/output (IO) transaction performed on a disk has led to the need for a caching system between a host generating the IO transaction and the disk. A cache, a fast access time medium, stores a portion of the data contained in the disk. The IO transaction is first routed to the cache, and if the data required by the transaction exists in the cache, it may be used without accessing the disk.
One goal of an efficient caching system is to achieve a high "hit" ratio, where a high proportion of the data requested by IO transactions already exists in the cache, so that access to the disk is minimized. Other desirable properties of an efficient caching system include scalability, the ability to maintain redundant caches and/or disks, and relatively few overhead management transactions.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,694,576 to Yamamoto, et al., whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a method for controlling writing from a cache to a disk by adding record identification information to a write request. The added information enables the cache to decide whether data written to the cache should or should not be written to the disk.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,457,102 to Lambright, et al., whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a system for storing data in a cache memory that is divided into a number of separate portions. Exclusive access to each of the portions is provided by software or hardware locks. The system may be used for choosing which data is to be erased from the cache in order to make room for new data.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,434,666 to Takahashi, et al., whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a caching system having a plurality of cache memories, and a memory control apparatus that selects the cache memory to be used. The memory control apparatus selects the cache so as to equalize use of the cache memories.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,490,615 to Dias, et al., whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a scalable cache having caches for storage servers. On receipt of a read request, the caches serve the request or communicate with each other to cooperatively serve the request.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,477,618 to Chilton, whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes an architecture of a data storage cluster. The cluster includes integrated cached disk arrays which are coupled by a cluster interconnect. A request to one of the arrays is routed, as necessary, to another of the arrays via the cluster interconnect.


A control device for a memory is provided. The control device includes a micro-control unit (MCU), a command queue, a command sequencer, and a table. The control device is coupled to the memory and is used for controlling the memory to execute an operation. In which, the MCU outputs a control signal according to the operation. The command sequencer sequentially stores command sets required by the execution of the operation according to the control signal, and each command set includes plural commands. The command queue sequentially stores command set contents according to the order of the corresponding command sets. The table stores a target address of the memory required by the execution of the operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is related to a control device for a memory, and more particularly, to a control device and control method with programmable memory protocol for elastically controlling memories from various suppliers.
2. Description of the Related Art
In various storage media, the use of pen drives is increasingly popular since they have features of small volume, big capacity, and convenience. Generally, the pen drive uses a nonvolatile memory, such as flash memory, as a storage unit. Manufacturers control the flash memories with appropriate memory protocols according to the flash memories from various suppliers.
The memory protocol means transmitting a command corresponding to the operations, such as data reading, writing, or erasing, defined by the memory suppliers to a given memory address. The memory protocols in general are implemented in software and hardware. For software, the micro controller unit (MCU) communicates with the flash memory via a memory interface, and each command is given by the MCU. In addition to increasing power consumption of the MCU, the entire working performance is reduced due to the MCU needs several cycles to execute each command.
For hardware, the MCU and some logic control circuitries communicate with the flash memory via the memory interface, and these logic control circuitries are, for example, state machine circuitries. However, because not all the commands or the ways of giving the commands to operate the flash memories from various suppliers are the same, for instance, a supplier may add operations and commands which other suppliers do not include to speed up reading and writing, the design of logic control circuitries have to be changed to meet the requirements of various suppliers. Therefore, logic gate counts need to be increased for the memory protocol, and the design lacks flexibility.

Control device and control method for memory


Certain disclosed embodiments use two substantially hemispherical illumination sources, mounted on a mount that allows the illumination sources to illuminate both sides of the reflector, allowing both halves of the reflector, with 2 pi rotation, to be used for generating the lighting distribution. This system and method both increases the amount of light collected and increases the efficiency of the illumination source.

In any lighting system, the illumination source and the optics used to direct and focus the light produced by the illumination source determine the lighting distribution produced by the lighting system. Likewise, to achieve a given lighting distribution there are only certain optics and illumination source combinations that will produce the desired lighting distribution. The design of the illumination source then governs the design of the optics that will produce the desired lighting distribution. The more specific the requirements are for the desired lighting distribution, the more difficulty is encountered in effectively controlling the lighting distribution.
Most of the current lighting technology uses a filament bulb as the source, with the optics consisting of a reflector, a lens, or a combination of a reflector and a lens. Reflectors that are designed for non-imaging optics use reflecting surfaces that are some form of second order polynomial or a conic surface. A parabolic reflector is the most common type and it will be used as an example herein, but the same principles apply to any conic reflector or piecewise conic reflector.
The shape of the illumination source determines the light distribution emitted from that illumination source. For example, a point source emits a spherical distribution. A filament emits a donut shape distribution for a simple straight filament. For a filament that curves or bends, the distribution is the sum of all the donut shaped distributions emitted in each straight section.
Since the package size, which is fixed by the allowable lamp geometry, is limited, the source location and design can improve the lamp efficiency. The value for the focal length of the reflector determines the depth and size of the reflector, which then determines the minimum size of an image in the distribution. The minimum illumination source image size is the smallest feature that is controllable in the lighting distribution. In some area lighting applications, this is not important. In applications with very specific lighting distributions, this can be critical.
This scaling of the reflector within a fixed size limit and lighting distribution directly affects the efficiency of the lamp. The efficiency of the lamp can be measured as the number of useable lumens (the amount of light) in the planned light distribution pattern divided by the number of lumens produced by the illumination source. The scaling of the focal length with a fixed size limit will produce one of three types of reflector.
Referring to FIG. 1, the depth and size of a reflector is determined by the focal length and the width limit for the lamp. A parabola with a long focal length will fill the available space without capturing all of the light, since the reflector does not extend as far as the latus rectum. The latus rectum 10 for a parabola 12 is a line through the focus 14 and perpendicular to the axis 16 of the parabola 12 (defined as parallel to directrix), as shown in FIG. 1. The width limit 18 of the lamp is dictated by the design criteria for the lamp. Since this reflector 12 would extend past the width limit 18 of the lamp before reaching the latus rectum 10, the width limit 18 prevents the use of a reflector 12 that would capture all of the light emitted by the hemispherical illumination source.
The next case has a decreased focal length so that the parabola 12 is deeper. The performance limit is the special case where the latus rectum 10 crosses the parabola 12 at the exact width limit 18 required for the lamp, as shown in FIG. 2. This reflector 12 would collect the maximum amount of light from the illumination source with no shaded areas. This gives the maximum collection of light for a hemispherical source but limits the light distribution that can be produced by the lamp since there is only one focal length for a given width. Unfortunately, the available space for a headlamp in practice rarely corresponds to this ideal situation. As illustrated in FIG. 3, the third case is to have a required focal length 14 that is less than that which is ideal for the width limit 18 of the lamp, resulting in all of the light from the illumination source being captured by the reflector 12, but much of the outer reaches of the reflector 12 receiving no light from the hemispherical illumination source.
For the case shown in FIG. 2, the maximum distance to the reflector 12 from the illumination source is at the latus rectum 10 and the shortest distance is at the vertex 20. The shortest distance to the reflector 12 determines the largest angle of projection of the source and the largest distance to the reflector 12 determines the smallest angle of projection of the source. For any given width in the case shown in FIG. 2, these distances and angles are fixed and can not be changed if they do not meet the requirements for a lamp. First, increasing the depth of the parabola 12 increases the light capture angle. Continuing to increase the depth of the parabola 12 eventually results in the sides of the reflector 12 extending beyond the latus rectum 10 of the parabola 12. Second, decreasing the distance between the illumination source and the reflector vertex 20 increases the angular size of the illumination source in the reflector 12, thus increasing the size of the image of the source in the design distribution. For a given focal length 14, the angular size of the illumination source in the reflector 12 decreases as the point of reflection moves from the vertex 20 to the latus rectum 10. This is because the cosine projected area of the illumination source is decreasing and the distance between the point of reflection and the illumination source is increasing, as shown in FIG. 4.
When the illumination source is a filament, continuing to move the illumination source past the latus rectum 10 initially increases the angular size of the source in the reflector 12 because the cosine projected area of the illumination source increases. However, eventually the increasing distance between the illumination source and the reflector 12 overcomes this and the angular size of the illumination source in the reflector 12 starts to decrease. (The cosine projected area of the illumination source reaches a minimum when the point of reflection is at the latus rectum 10 of the reflector 12.)
For general lighting, such as halogen bulb headlamps, the filament in the incandescent bulb can be oriented in any direction. In vehicular light applications, most bulbs have a straight filament that is oriented either Transverse or Axial. The Transverse Filament (TF) illumination source 22 has its wire or coil oriented perpendicular to the axis of symmetry 16 of the bulb (see FIG. 4). This in turn makes the filament 22 transverse or perpendicular to the optical axis. In most cases, since the bulb is usually viewed along the optical axis of the lamp, a TF source will project a different light distribution for reflection in the direction of the filament 22 than in the direction perpendicular to the axis of the filament 22.
As shown in FIG. 5, the filament 24 can also be mounted axially so that the focal length can be made as short as needed. However, even some of the emitted light 26 will never hit the parabolic reflector 12 and is therefore lost, as illustrated at 28 in FIG. 5. When using a hemispherical illumination source, such as an LED source, only half of the parabolic reflector 12 is in the hemisphere of emitted light 26. This is because LED light sources emit all of their light on one side of the source, into a hemisphere. The other side of an LED light source needs to be connected to a heat sink.
The image size produced from a section of a reflector 12 depends on the shape of the reflector 12 surface and the distance from the illumination source. The smallest image size is limited by the distance of the reflector 12 from the illumination source. Depending on the width limits 18 of the reflector 12, the maximum distance may be before the latus rectum 10, at it or beyond it. The focal length affects the shape and size of the reflecting surface. The longer the focal length, the larger the width of the reflector 12 becomes for a fixed distance from the vertex 20 or the latus rectum 10. The vertex 20 of the reflector 12 is the point where the optical axis 16 would cross the reflector 12. In the following figures, the maximum width will be fixed as it is in most practical cases. The lamp will stop at the point where the reflector parabola 12 crosses the vertical lines 18 (indicating the maximum allowed lamp width) in the figure.
Incandescent vehicle headlamps have been designed with two filaments in the bulb. Typically, one filament is used for the low beam and the other is used for the high beam. FIG. 6 illustrates several dual filament configurations for bulbs. Optical design techniques have been developed for a single reflector lamp that utilizes the offset of the filament sources to switch between low beam and high beam in the headlamp system. In the dual filament bulb, the filaments are offset from each other by a physical displacement. In most cases, one filament is designed to produce more light than the other. In the design of the optics, one filament is designed to be at the focus 14 and the other is offset from the focus 14 by some physical displacement distance. This offset in the illumination source position causes an offset in the light distributions produced by the two filaments. Such a lamp more effectively utilizes the reflector area for low and high beam operation.
Light emitting diode (LED) headlamps have used a combination of prior art techniques to project the image of LEDs into desired photometric distributions. Early designs used lens optics in conjunction with point sources. These proved to be difficult to design and manufacture, as the photometric distribution had to be constructed from point sources.
An advancement in LED packaging technology has since provided LEDs in an array. Examples of LED sources configured in arrays (linear and two-dimensional) are shown in FIGS. 7 and 8.
Prior art LED headlamps that use these arrays all use existing optical concepts currently used in incandescent or high intensity discharge (HID) lighting. These include lens optics, reflector optics, or a combination of the two. While no optical system can collect 100% of the emitted light, a good filament design can put 50% to 80% of the emitted light into the design distribution. As the currently disclosed technology focuses on reflector technology, the discussion of the prior art LED headlamps will address use of reflectors with LED arrays.
The current state of headlamp design is moving from incandescent bulbs to LED illumination sources. The orientation of the incandescent bulb's filament is either transverse or axial with respect to the optical axis of the illumination sources. The LED package (an array of dies or one single die) lends itself to a similar type of reflector design as the filament based lamps. The one major difference between a filament and an LED, however, is that a filament emits light in all directions when energized, while an LED emits light only in one hemisphere. Mounting an LED in one of the two standard axial or transverse orientations limits the collection efficiency or the size of the lamp, respectively. This has necessitated a different approach for LED forward lighting designs. One of those approaches has been to use lens-based optical systems, with the lens in front of the LED and directly imaging it onto the road. While this approach is mechanically simple, it is not very efficient at collecting all of the light from the LED. The most common reflector-based approach has been to use half of a reflector, with the LED mounted on the axis of the reflector and pointing to the side. This approach has the potential for high efficiency, but only by making the reflector very large or by sacrificing the ability to make a highly focused beam. Another reflector-based approach is to aim the LED directly back into the reflector. This has the advantage of being able to collect all of the light from the LED, but the disadvantage is that there is only one focal length for any given width and the LED mount blocks a significant portion of the light coming from the reflector. This disadvantage is made worse by the fact that it blocks the light coming from the center of the LED, which is where the highest light flux originates.
FIG. 9A illustrates the obvious disadvantage to mounting an LED array 24 in an axial position. Light in the area 28 misses the reflector 12. Light in the area 30 contacts the reflector 12 and contributes to the lighting distribution of the lamp. However, since light is only emitted on one side of the LED array 24 package, the reflector 12 on the other side provides no effect to the lighting distribution since it is in the region 32 where no light is emitted.
As shown in FIG. 9B, all of the light from a transverse mounted LED 22 can be collected as long as the reflective surface 12 fills the hemisphere 40 illuminated by the LED 22. The problem involves the relationship between the LED 22 location and the limits of the collecting optics. The sources 22 are usually placed at or near the focal point 14 of the optics. For an LED, the light stops at the latus rectum 10 since no light is emitted from the back side. Moving along the reflector 12 away from the optical axis, the image will shrink much faster for the LED than for the filament since the projected cross-section of the source is decreasing along with the increasing distance between the reflector surface and the illumination source, with the image eventually approaching zero. As the largest images will be produced from the vertex 20 of the reflector 12, this area is used for spread light. The small images near the latus rectum 10 are best used for the highly focused parts of the beam; however, in the transverse mounting condition, only a small amount of the luminous flux of the LED is emitted at such wide angles, limiting the brightness of the high intensity areas.
Therefore, there is a need for improved designs for headlamps. The present disclosure is directed toward meeting this need.


A method and apparatus is provided for processing acquired document data, using distributed scan management protocols, according to a security classification of the data. A scanning device through which the document data is acquired includes a distributed scan management service that implements a distributed scan device protocol and a distributed scan processing protocol. In embodiments of the invention, the distributed scan device protocol and the distributed scan processing protocol are implemented using Web services. The distributed scan management service is configured to receive information for post scan processing instructions. The scanning device also includes a scan service configured to scan a document and generate scan data based on the document scan. The scanning device further includes a security handler service that is configured to identify a security classification for the scan data, and perform one or more actions, associated with the security classification, for the scan data.

An enterprise scanning system implements protocols that allow for entities to route documents that enter the system via a scanning device according to rules determined by system administrators and/or users of scanning devices. An example enterprise scanning system is Distributed Scan Management (DSM) implemented by Microsoft and deployed in Windows 7/Windows 2008 Server R2.
An enterprise scanning system that is implemented using DSM (a "DSM system") allows a user to authenticate user data via a DSM scanning device and to select from one or more sets of post scan processing instructions that are made available to the user. A set of post scan processing instructions (PSP) contains instructions for routing acquired documents, including one or more destinations to which acquired document data should be sent. For example, a PSP may indicate that acquired document data should be emailed to one or more email addresses, copied to one or more specified file servers, uploaded to one or more specified websites, etc. A PSP may also include, among other things, settings for data acquisition such as color style, acquisition resolution, file format type, etc.
After a user is authenticated and has selected a PSP, the user may introduce a document to the system, e.g., by scanning document data into the system at a DSM scanning device. The DSM system routes the acquired document data according to the selected PSP.
DSM systems process and disseminate acquired document data regardless of a security classification of the data, which may be inappropriate if there is a security issue with the acquired data. To illustrate, because scanning currency is illegal, there is a security issue when a user scans currency. In this situation, it would be more appropriate to delete the scanned currency data than to disseminate the scanned currency data according to the PSP selected by the user for the scan data. Thus, it would be advantageous for a DSM system to allow administrators to manage acquired document data according to a security classification of the data.
The approaches described in this section are approaches that could be pursued, but not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, it should not be assumed that any of the approaches described in this section qualify as prior art merely by virtue of their inclusion in this section.

Content-based security processing using distributed scan management protocols


The invention relates to a process for rendering harmless sticky material adhering to cotton fibers, termed "honeydew". According to the process the cotton is heated for a brief period of time to a temperature adequate to render said honeydew hard and brittle, and this without adversely affecting the cotton fibers. There are also provided means for effecting such treatment of cotton fibers in a continuous manner.

The present invention relates to a new and improved construction of a device for processing cotton. Sticky contaminants, resulting from a variety of insects, and especially from the white fly (Bamessia), for instance, are frequently present on cotton when this is picked. Such contaminants, generally referred to as "honeydew" renders the cotton sticky, and this causes severe problems, especially during the drawing of the slivers: as these pass through the conventional pairs of rollers, the honeydew causes adhesion to these rollers, further fibers become attached and the end-result is a work stoppage and the necessity to clean the rollers. This results in a lack of uniformity of the slivers and yarns which are produced, in serious time losses and increase of production costs with a reduction of quality of the product.
Although the quantity of such honeydew quantified by the content of reducing sugars contained therein, is generally quite low (of the order of 0.1 to 1.5 percent by weight), it causes serious problems during the various steps of the processing of cotton, and especially in the spinning process. The present invention overcomes to a large extent the problem caused by such adhesive substances and renders them harmless.
The contamination of the cotton with honeydew or the like causes problems in the processing of the cotton, at its various stages.
It is clear that the process of the invention is applicable at any of the stages of the processing of the cotton, and an early stage is of course advantageous.
Serious problems are generally encountered with such contaminated cotton during the processing on the draw frame. In the spinning process of cotton, a web is formed on a carding machine. Separation of fiber tufts into individual fibers and forming the web are done on a revolving flat card, which is a particular type of carding machine. After leaving the card, the web is pulled through a funnel-shaped hole and thus there is formed a so-called card sliver. To produce a yarn, the sliver has to be attenuated, possibly combed, and finally twisted. Six to eight slivers are fed to a draw frame, and these are drawn into one, and this operation is accompanied by attenuation or drafting,

Shenkar College of Textile Technology and Fashion


In medical image recording apparatus, exposure unit forms a latent image on film by exposing based on a testing exposure data for correction of density characteristics of the leading edge and/or the trailing edge of film, and heat developer heat-develops the latent image and records it on film, and density measurer measures the density characteristics of the heat-developed testing exposure image, and then, controller determines the correction areas of the leading edge and/or the trailing edge of film based on the result of the density measurement and corrects the density characteristics of the leading edge and/or the trailing edge of film for the correction areas at the image recording stage of a diagnostic image data.

This invention relates to a medical image recording apparatus, a medical image correcting method and recording media.
Generally, when a diagnosis of a medical image obtained from an image creating apparatus such as CR(Computed Radiography) apparatus, FPD(Flat Panel Detector), CT(Computed Tomography) and MRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is carried out, a method of observing hardcopies of record of medical information recorded on transmission record media or reflection record media is often used. As an image recording apparatus recording medical images by forming them on recording media, the method of recording by laser exposure on transmission recording media employing silver salt recording material to form an image is often used. As an image recording apparatus, there is known a dry process type image recording apparatus, which conducts photosensitive heat developing image recording by using a photosensitive heat-developable recording material and a photo-thermosensitive recording material as well as an image recording apparatus using a silver salt recording material which needs a conventional wet type process. These recording materials (heat developable photosensitive ones) will be called films hereafter.
Regarding the abovementioned image recording apparatus, in order to output an image having a good gradation, wedge patterns (test pattern) of plural densities are exposed on the film when films are loaded or at constant intervals, and based on the result of the measurement of the density of the obtained pattern image by a densitometer, a calibration is carried out to correct the relationship between an input image data and the exposure amount of laser. For example, there is considered a structure which automatically corrects dispersion of photosensitive characteristics of heat developable photosensitive film and change of development characteristics of an apparatus (for example, see Patent Document 1).
The density of developed film is affected by the quantity of added heat by a heat roller to the exposed film and by timing of cooling. Especially it is known that the density is unstable on the leading edge and the trailing edge of a film because of the structure of film transportation of the heating means. Therefore, there is considered the structure, wherein a film on which a patch of single density is recorded in the center is used, and the rotating speed of heat roller is adjusted based on the result of the density measurement of the patch carried out to every film so as to correct dispersion of the sensitivity characteristics of the film (for example, see Patent Document 2).
[Patent Document 1] TOKKAIHEI6-233134
[Patent Document 2] TOKAI2003-136782
However, the conventional calibration can not carry out simultaneously the correction of tone characteristics by wedge patterns having plural density levels and the density correction of the leading edge and/or the trailing edge of a film.

Medical image recording apparatus, medical image correcting method and recording media


Disclosed is a 3-dimensional porous mono-polar electrode body that includes a 3-dimensional porous parent substance, which has a 3-dimensional structure including a side and a remaining side that communicate with each other via a plurality of pores arranged in multiple layers and which is made of a metal material to have dimensional stability, and an electrode catalyst layer applied on the 3-dimensional porous parent substance. The 3-dimensional porous mono-polar electrode body is used to remove microorganisms contained in treatment water to thus minimize the consumption of power, which is required to remove the microorganisms, prevent secondary pollution, and ensure the durability of an electrode.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a water treatment technology of removing microorganisms contained in treatment water, and more particularly to a 3-dimensional porous mono-polar electrode body, which is constituted to remove microorganisms contained in treatment water using an environmentally friendly process, an electric sterilization filter including the 3-dimensional porous mono-polar electrode body, and a water treatment method using the 3-dimensional porous mono-polar electrode body.
2. Description of the Related Art
As is well known to those skilled in the art, ballast water, well water, tap water, industrial water, pure water, ultra-pure water, bath water, swimming pool water, and industrial or domestic wastewater include various microorganisms, and a process of removing microorganisms has been introduced for the purposes of health and sanitation where necessary.
Korean Patent No. 10-1220891 discloses a 3-dimensional porous multi-polar electrode, an electric sterilization filter including the 3-dimensional porous multi-polar electrode, and a water treatment method using the 3-dimensional porous multi-polar electrode. The technology is characterized in that 3-dimensional electrodes are arranged in a multi-polar form. However, for this technology, since the 3-dimensional electrodes are arranged in a multi-polar arrangement, current leakage is nonlinearly amplified and generated, thereby reducing current efficiency. Further, due to leakage current, hydrogen generation stress, which is applied to a hydrogen electrode, occurs in a complicated manner so as to overlap a portion that is wider than the portion of an electrode to which hydrogen generation stress is originally intended to be applied. Accordingly, a catalyst coat is significantly lost due to hydrogen generation, and this loss occurs at a speed that is difficult to track.

3-dimensional porous mono-polar electrode body, electric sterilization filter including 3-dimensional porous mono-polar electrode body, and water treatment method using 3-dimensional porous mono-polar electrode body


Line segments are classified according to orientation to improve list mode reconstruction of tomography data using graphics processing units (GPUs). The new approach addresses challenges which include compute thread divergence and random memory access by exploiting GPU capabilities such as shared memory and atomic operations. The benefits of the GPU implementation are compared with a reference CPU-based code. When applied to positron emission tomography (PET) image reconstruction, the GPU implementation is 43× faster, and images are virtually identical. In particular, the deviation between the GPU and the CPU implementation is less than 0.08% (RMS) after five iterations of the reconstruction algorithm, which is of negligible consequence in typical clinical applications.

Several medical imaging modalities are based on the reconstruction of tomographic images from projective line-integral measurements. For these imaging modalities, typical iterative implementations spend most of the computation performing two line projection operations. The forward projection accumulates image data along projective lines. The back-projection distributes projection values back into the image data uniformly along the same lines. Both operations can include a weighting function called a "projection kernel", which defines how much any given voxel contributes to any given line. For instance, a simple projection kernel is 1 if the voxel is traversed by the line, zero otherwise.
As a result of the increasing complexity of medical scanner technology, the demand for fast computation in image reconstruction has exploded. Fortunately, line projection operations are independent across lines and voxels and are computable in parallel. Early after the introduction of the first graphics acceleration cards, texture mapping hardware was proposed as a powerful tool for accelerating the projection operations for sinogram datasets.
In a sinogram, projective lines are organized according to their distance from the isocenter and their angle. FIG. 2 shows an example of sinogram data. Here, a set of lines 204 emanates from a source 202 and passes through an object 104. Integrated responses along each of the lines are measured by numerous detectors (not shown) at the periphery of the system chamber 102. The linear mapping between the coordinates of a point in the reconstructed image and its projection in each sinogram view can be exploited using linear interpolation hardware built into the texture mapping units, which is the basis for almost every GPU implementation. The article by Xu et al., "Accelerating popular tomographic reconstruction algorithms on commodity PC graphics hardware" (IEEE Trans. Nuc. Sci. 52(3) (2005) p654) is an example of such a GPU approach.
While many tomographic imaging modalities such as X-ray computed tomography (CT) acquire projection data of inherent sinogram nature, others—in particular, positron emission tomography (PET)—are based on spatially-random measurements.
In clinical practice, PET scanners are used mainly in the management of cancer. The purpose of a PET scan is to estimate the biodistribution of a molecule of interest—for instance, a molecule retained by cancerous cells. A radioactive version of the molecule is administered to the patient and distributes throughout the body according to various biological processes. Radioactive decay followed by positron-electron annihilation results in the simultaneous emission of two anticollinear high-energy photons. These photons are registered by small detector elements arranged around the measurement field. Detection of two photons in near temporal coincidence indicates that a decay event likely occurred on the line (called line of response, or LOR) that joins the two detector elements involved. The stream of coincidence events is sent to a data acquisition computer for image reconstruction.
Some PET systems have so called time-of-flight (TOF) capabilities. In these systems, the difference in arrival time of the two high-energy photons is measured with high accuracy. This measurement is used to estimate the rough position of the radioactive decay along the LOR. Included in the image reconstruction, the TOF information can improve image quality and quantitative accuracy, thereby improving lesion detectability.
FIG. 1 shows an example of this kind of interaction geometry. Here object 104 is the patient, and it is assumed that a coincidence event is detected by detectors 110 and 112 of the system. Numerous other detectors (not shown) would be present at the periphery of chamber 102 in a real system. From this observation, the annihilation event is known to have occurred somewhere on the line of response 108, e.g., at point 106. Each registered coincidence event will have its corresponding line of response, and in general there will be no organization or pattern in the obtained lines of response. Positron absorption and emission are random events, and the line of response orientation from each electron-positron annihilation event is also random. A processor 120 is employed to reconstruct an image of object 104 from the measured data.
Although coincidence events provide line-integral measurements of the tracer distribution, histogramming these events into a sinogram is often inefficient because the number of events recorded is much smaller than the number of possible measurements, and, therefore, the sinogram is sparsely filled. Instead, reconstruction is performed directly from the list-mode data, using algorithms such as list-mode ordered-subsets expectation-maximization (OSEM), a variation of the popular OSEM algorithm, itself an accelerated version of the EM algorithm. List-mode OSEM computes the maximum likelihood estimate by iteratively applying a sequence of forward and back-projection operations along a list of lines. The forward and back-projection operations are performed along individual lines, taken from a list representing recorded coincidence events. The image is typically initialized with ones.
List-mode OSEM is a computationally-demanding algorithm that cannot be implemented using GPU texture-mapping approaches because the linear mapping between image space and projection space does not apply to a list of randomly-oriented lines. Instead, lines must be processed individually, which raises new, complex challenges for a GPU implementation.
A previous implementation of list-mode OSEM using a GPU is described in US patent publication 2007/0201611 and in an article by Pratx et al. "Fast, accurate and shift-varying line projections for iterative reconstruction using the GPU" (IEEE Trans. Med. Image 28(3) (2009) p435), both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In the cited work, the data write operations were performed by programming in the vertex shaders where the output is written. A rectangular polygon is drawn into the frame-buffer object so that it encompasses the intersection of the line with the slice.
However, it remains desirable to provide further improvements for list mode OSEM reconstruction implementations using GPUs.

Shift-varying line projection using graphics hardware


An apparatus can include an array of memory cells and control circuitry coupled to the array of memory cells. The control circuitry can be configured to store a number of trim settings and receive signaling indicative of a use of the array of memory cells. The control circuitry can be configured to determine an adjustment to the number of trim settings based at least in part on the signaling.

Trim settings can be stored on a memory device (e.g., a NAND memory device. The trim settings can be maintained in trim tables. Trim settings can include, but are not limited to, changes to voltage and/or timing settings used to perform various memory operations such as program (write) operations, erase operations, and read operations. Different trim settings can be used modify memory operations in response to errors occurring when other trim settings are used (e.g., an error occurs during power up of a NAND memory device). A trim table can be loaded to recover from errors during operation of a NAND memory device.

Adjustment to trim settings based on a use of a memory device


An imaging medium capable of being imaged to form a transparency comprises a substantially transparent support having a thickness of at least about 20 .mu.m, a color-forming layer superposed on the support and comprising a color-forming composition adapted to undergo a change of color upon increase in the temperature of the color-forming layer above a color-forming temperature for a color-forming time; and a bubble-suppressant layer superposed on the color-forming layer and having a thickness of at least about 10 .mu.m. Upon imagewise increase in the temperature of the color-forming layer above the color-forming temperature for the color-forming time, in heated regions the color-forming layer undergoes its change of color but remains essentially free from bubbles, thereby providing an image in which the colored regions are not blackened when viewed in transmission.

This invention relates to an imaging medium with a bubble-suppressant layer, and to an imaging process using such an imaging medium.
Imaging media are known which have at least one color-forming layer comprising a color-forming composition adapted to undergo a change of color (from colorless to colored, from colored to colorless, or from one color to another) upon increase in the temperature of the color-forming layer above a color-forming temperature for a color-forming time. The color change in such media need not be supplied by applying heat directly to the medium; the color-forming composition may comprise a color-forming compound which undergoes a change of color upon heating above a color-forming temperature, and an absorber capable of absorbing actinic radiation and thereby generating heat in the color-forming layer. When such a medium is exposed to appropriate actinic radiation, this radiation is absorbed by the absorber, thereby heating the color-forming compound and causing it to undergo its color change. Many such thermal imaging media have the advantage over conventional silver halide media of not requiring a post-exposure developing step. Such thermal imaging media also have the advantage that they are essentially insensitive to visible light, so that they can be handled under normal lighting conditions.
For example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,602,263 and 4,826,976 both describe thermal imaging systems for optical recording and particularly for forming color images. These thermal imaging systems rely upon the irreversible unimolecular fragmentation of one or more thermally unstable carbamate moieties of an organic compound to effect a visually discernible color shift. U.S. Pat. No. 4,720,449 describes a similar imaging system in which the color-developing component is a substantially colorless di- or triarylmethane imaging compound possessing within its di- or triarylmethane structure an aryl group substituted in the ortho position to the meso carbon atom with a moiety ring-closed on the meso carbon atom to form a 5- or 6-membered ring, said moiety possessing a nitrogen atom bonded directly to the meso carbon atom and the nitrogen atom being bound to a group with a masked acyl substituent that undergoes fragmentation upon heating to liberate the acyl group for effecting intramolecular acylation of the nitrogen atom to form a new group in the ortho position that cannot bond to the meso carbon atom, whereby the di- or triarylmethane compound is rendered colored. Other thermal imaging systems using di- or triarylmethane compounds are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,720,450 and 4,960,901, while U.S. Pat. No. 4,745,046 describes a thermal imaging system using as color-forming co-reactants a substantially colorless di- or triarylmethane compound possessing on the meso carbon atom within its di- or triarylmethane structure an aryl group substituted in the ortho position with a nucleophilic moiety which is ring-closed on the meso carbon atom, and an electrophilic reagent which upon heating and contacting the di- or triarylmethane compound undergoes a bimolecular nucleophilic substitution reaction with the nucleophilic moiety to form a colored, ring-opened di- or triarylmethane compound. Finally, the aforementioned U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,645 describes a thermal imaging system in which the color-forming component is a colorless precursor of a preformed image dye substituted with (a) at least one thermally removable protecting group that undergoes fragmentation from the precursor upon heating and (b) at least one leaving group that is irreversibly eliminated from the precursor upon heating, provided that neither the protecting group nor the leaving group is hydrogen, said protecting and leaving groups maintaining the precursor in its colorless form until heat is applied to effect removal of the protecting and leaving groups, whereby the colorless precursor is converted to an image dye.
The aforementioned patents describe a preferred form of imaging medium for forming multicolor images; in this preferred imaging medium, three separate color-forming layers, capable of forming yellow, cyan and magenta dyes respectively, are superposed on top of one another. Each of the three color-forming layers has an infra-red absorber associated therewith, these absorbers absorbing at differing wavelengths, for example 760, 820 and 880 nm. This medium is imagewise exposed simultaneously to three lasers having wavelengths of 760, 820 and 880 nm. (In the present state of technology, solid state diode lasers emitting at about 760 to 1000 nm provide the highest output per unit cost. Since most of the color-forming materials (also hereinafter referred to as "leuco dyes", with the understanding that the leuco dye may comprise more than one compound) described in the aforementioned patents do not have high extinction coefficients within this wavelength range, it is necessary to include the infra-red absorbers with the leuco dyes in order to ensure efficient absorption of the laser radiation and hence efficient heating of the leuco dye.) The resultant imagewise heating of the color-forming layers causes the leuco dyes to undergo color changes in the exposed areas, thereby producing a multicolored image, which needs no development.
This preferred type of imaging medium is capable of very high resolution images; for example, the medium can readily be used to produce a 2000 line 35 mm slide. However, it has now been found that, when this preferred type of imaging medium is used to produce a slide or other transparency, strongly colored areas of the image which appear to have the correct color when viewed in reflection against a white background appear essentially black when the image is projected (i.e., seen in transmission). This discrepancy between the appearance of the image in reflection and transmission will hereinafter be referred to as "blackening" of the image. The discrepancy can be dramatic; the present inventors have produced images with areas which appear chrome yellow in reflection but black in transmission.
It has now been found that this blackening of the image is due to the formation of bubbles in the color-forming layer(s) and can be reduced or eliminated by providing the imaging medium with a bubble-suppressant layer of appropriate thickness. (The term "bubbles" is used herein to refer to bubbles, voids, cracks, tears and similar artifacts which are present in the final image and which scatter visible light.)

Imaging medium with bubble-suppressant layer


A roller belt arrangement for caterpillar track-type vehicles and having several rotating belts that are connected via grippers that guarantee a positive drive and are secured to the belts via screw bolts. To prevent lateral bulging of the belt from occurring during securement of the grippers, which bulges lead to undesired shearing stresses in the belt body, in the vicinity of lateral edges of the gripper and/or their securement elements, the rubber cover layers are provided with notches that extend along the edges and prevent or reduce the stresses in the belt body caused by the bulging.

The present invention relates to a roller belt arrangement for a caterpillar track-type vehicle, especially a snowmobile, having one or more inextensible, rotating belts that extend parallel to one another and to which transversely extending driver or gripper means are secured via bolts, rivets, or the like that pass through the belts, whereby on that side of the belts remote from the gripper means the bolts, rivets, etc. act upon this inner side of the belts via contact elements, with the belts each comprising an inextensible core that is disposed between two protective cover layers that are made of rubber or the like and are secured thereto.
Such protective cover layers have the advantage that the gripper means and/or the contact elements do not act directly upon the core, which is comprised, for example, of woven material, but rather these parts rest upon the resiliently deformable cover layers, which thus serve as protection and at the same time also provide for a certain amount of resilience in the mounting of the gripper means. It is to be understood that upon securement of the gripper means, a deformation that conforms to the securing pressure must enter the cover layers. In so doing, parts of the layers that are subjected to pressure are displaced toward the side. However, a displacement also occurs for those portions of the core that are subjected to the pressure. Consequently, the body of the belt in the vicinity of the gripper means undergoes a bulging that can lead to shearing stresses within the belt body and can result in loosening and separation of the belt body.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to embody roller belt arrangements of the aforementioned general type in such a way that the unavoidable deformations of the belt body in the region of the gripper means cannot lead to disadvantageous effects, especially separations of the belt body.

Roller belt arrangement for caterpillar track-type vehicles