The drive mechanism for the oscillating tool has a transmission device comprising a band, rope or the like oscillating longitudinally under tension. This transmission device is driven by a connecting rod driven by an eccentric pin which is drivable with an electric motor. To reduce manufacturing expenses and lengthen service life as well as provide a higher operating performance, the connecting rod is pivotally connected to rocker member, with whose free end the transmission device, e.g. a band, extending transverse to it, is connected. To accomplish this the free end of the rocker member is provided with a clamping device for the transmission device and a coupling bolt on which an eye of the connecting rod is engaged.

German Pat. No. 33 12 133 describes a drive mechanism for an oscillating tool, e.g. for a saw blade used in a foam shaping and cutting machine.
The mechanism comprises a transmission device, e.g. a guided band under tension connected at its ends with both ends of the tool (the blade). The transmission device connected with the tool is oscillated by a connecting rod driven by a power-driven eccentric pin.
The foam shaping and cutting machine of this patent has its oscillating cutting band formed like a saw blade and used as the tool. The blade is held at both ends pivotably in a clamping device and is held by a band or rope guided under tension on a polygon-like course over rollers under tension.
This band simultaneously transmits the oscillating drive motion. This motion is caused by an eccentric pin mounted directly on one end of the shaft of an electric motor. The eccentric pin is engaged by the bearing of a connecting rod which is moved along a guide defining a slide which is connected with a driven band under tension.
Because of this slide transmission mechanism, lateral wandering of the band or rope extending centrally through the guide is strictly precluded.
However this system is very expensive and the drive mechanism is subject to a high degree of wear. The performance of this kind of drive mechanism is limited. Thus it can be used with an electric motor having a rotation speed of 1250 revolutions per minute and the displacement, adjustable by the eccentricity, may not exceed 20 mm.

Drive mechanism for an oscillating tool, especially a saw blade

Albrecht Baumer K.G., Spezialmaschinenfabrik


A method of detecting vehicle speed sensor failures is disclosed. The method is intended to prevent or discourage tampering with a vehicle's speed limiting system. The method includes the steps of determining whether the transmission is in neutral or whether the transmission is in its converter mode to prevent false indications of speed sensor failure under certain circumstances.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to vehicle speed sensor failure detection diagnostics.
2. Background Art
In the heavy duty vehicle industry there is widespread interest in limiting vehicle speed to improve fuel efficiency. In particular, trucking fleets can reduce costs and encourage safe vehicle operation by limiting the maximum allowable speed of a vehicle. Vehicle operators generally oppose and resist use of vehicle speed limiting systems because they tend to increase the time required to transport shipments that may marginally reduce their efficiency and productivity. Some operators have been known to attempt to frustrate the vehicle speed limiting devices and systems by damaging, disconnecting or modifying such devices and systems.
Governors were originally proposed for speed limiting that were integrated with vehicle fuel systems to limit the quantity of fuel supplied to a vehicle engine. These systems were easy to remove or re-calibrate rendering them ineffective.
With the introduction of electronically controlled engines more sophisticated approaches to vehicle speed limiting have been developed. Algorithms have been proposed for such control systems that provide effective vehicle speed limiting without limiting the engine speed so that the full engine power is available in low gear ranges. These sophisticated systems require multiple inputs that make it substantially more difficult to disable or override vehicle speed limiting systems.
One approach to vehicle speed limiting systems is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,896,083 to Weisman that is assigned to the assignee of the present application. The Weisman speed limiting system monitors the vehicle speed, engine speed and transmission and gear selection to provide a vehicle speed limiting system that may be easily implemented in electronically controlled engines. One problem with this proposed solution is that the system is subject to false indication of system inoperability or tampering at low vehicle speeds.
Another approach to vehicle speed limiting is proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,573,827 to McKenzie that is also assigned to applicant's assignee. This patent proposes the use of a global positioning system (GPS) to monitor vehicle speeds. A first GPS signal indicating vehicle location is checked and then compared to a second GPS signal at a subsequent predetermined time period. If the time required to travel from the first GPS location to the second GPS location indicates that the vehicle is proceeding at a greater rate of speed then the maximum allowable speed, the engine control can be used to limit the engine speed to prevent the vehicle from traveling at a speed that is greater than the maximum allowable speed. This is a complicated system that requires the use of global positioning signals that communicate with the GPS of the vehicle. It may also be subject to false indications of tampering or the like if the GPS signal is subject to signal interference.
Inaccurate vehicle speed fault logging can also occur as a result of some vehicle service procedures. When a fault is logged by an engine control system the source of the fault must be determined that requires additional service operations. For example, in some instances a stall test may be performed in which the engine is checked to determine if the engine is producing rated power output. In the stall test the engine is run with the transmission in its converter mode to determine if a speed range target may be attained within a set time period. When a stall test is run on a vehicle a false vehicle speed fault code may be logged in the engine control system.
Another service operation that may result in false vehicle speed fault code logging is an engine air restriction test. Air restriction tests may be used to verify proper engine operation upon completion of a service procedure. After replacing an air filter, the service facility may conduct the restriction test by placing the transmission in neutral while the engine is operated through a specified engine speed level. According to the air restriction test procedure, the engine is run at the specified speed to activate an engine diagnostic parameter that may eliminate the need to conduct a road test to verify that the service operation has been successful. Previously, erroneous vehicle speed default codes were logged for the vehicle speed limiting system when conducting restriction tests.
False vehicle speed limiting system errors may also be generated when a vehicle is operated in the converter mode (when the torque converter is not locked up). This may occur when a vehicle is operating in off road conditions in which sand, snow, ice, or mud may result in the wheels slipping that in turn causes the transmission to be shifted into its converter mode. When in the converter mode the engine speed and fueling rate may be sufficient to trigger an erroneous fault log if the vehicle speed is below a predetermined level.
These and other problems are addressed by applicant's invention as summarized below.

Method of detecting vehicle speed sensor failure


An automated dispenser device for medical items such as hospital isolation gowns and methods of dispensing the medical equipment using these dispensers are disclosed. The dispenser optionally includes a touch-less dispensing mechanism to reduce the potential for contamination. The invention also includes a hospital isolation gown adapted for use with the automated dispenser device and various arrays or assemblies of such gowns for bulk loading into the automated dispenser device.

Multi-drug resistant bacteria and viruses, or "superbugs", are causing serious concerns about safety and illness at hospitals worldwide. The resistance rates of common organisms to standard antibiotic regimens are rapidly increasing, causing risks to patient health and safety both within and outside hospitals. It is also causing treatment costs and the length of hospital stays to increase significantly. Staphylococcus Aureus, an organism which causes many common infections, is now classified as multi-drug resistant in more than 50% of cases in hospitals. According to the US Center for Disease Control, 1.7 million people per year are infected with "health-care related infections" at hospitals in the US alone, and that 99,000 people per year die from these infections. This is an existential crisis for hospitals—the superbugs are prevalent in the one place where people are most vulnerable to their attack.
The fight against superbugs has been likened to an "arms race" that will be difficult, if not impossible to win with drugs alone. The superbugs evolve very quickly to become resistant to new drugs. Currently, two primary methods are used to prevent infection: development of new antibiotics and increased use of sanitary measures in hospitals.
However, the pharmaceutical companies have little economic incentive to develop antibiotics and antivirals because of the low profitability when compared to drugs that can be developed and administered repeatedly to patients with chronic health issues. As a result, the development of new antibiotic and antiviral drugs to combat superbugs, although a major issue, receives less attention from the drug companies than it should.
A main strategy in combating the spread of these infections is through increased use of sanitary measures. The measures used by healthcare workers (HCW) to protect their patients from contracting such an infection include hand washing, use of latex gloves, respiratory masks, barrier gowns and strict physical isolation of patients. "Contact precautions" (wearing both gloves and gowns while touching a patient) is one modality that is increasingly employed in the fight.
These hospital isolation gowns are paper barrier gowns worn by HCW's when they come into contact with patients who are suspected of having a multi-drug resistant infection. The gowns are one-size-fits-all and they come in plastic packages of 8-12 gowns. They are sometimes put into "dispensers", which are no more than metal boxes on a hospital room wall, or sometimes they are just left in the packaging on a table in or near the infected room.
HCW's often fail to be 100% compliant with the wearing of hospital isolation gowns, and even when they comply, the gowns are not necessarily effective. Many reasons contribute to this finding: the gowns are often difficult to locate as they are stored only in central areas of medical wards; the gowns are time-consuming and awkward to open, unfold, and enter into; even when they are used, they often fail to prevent contamination because they are stored in bundles on open tables allowing multiple HCW's to contaminate the gowns when handling the packaging. Finally, the opening of the gown prior to entering into the gown also allows for contamination of the outer surface of the gown by often contacting the hands and clothes of the wearer
In addition to the basic non-compliance with contact precautions inherent in the current system, the method of donning hospital isolation gowns is time-consuming and causes delays in the increasingly busy day of the HCW. Because the hospital isolation gowns are often not near the rooms where they are supposed to be worn, HCW's often do not wear the gowns if they will not be touching the patient (a violation of contact precautions as the entire patient room is considered to be contaminated so any contact with items in the room allows for contamination of clothing). Overcoming these limitations is an important step in preventing the further rise of MDR infections.
It is to the provision of an apparatus and method for dispensing one or more hospital isolation gowns and/or other items meeting these and other needs that the present invention is primarily directed.


An improved process or method of synthesis of carfentanil and other potent opioid analgesics of the N-alkyl 4-substituted 4-piperidinylamide class which can be used as morphine substitutes.

4-Anilidopiperidine analgesics developed by Janssen Pharmaceuticals are a class of clinically important synthetic opiates. These include Carfentanil, Sufentanil, Alfentanil, and Remifentanil.

The syntheses of these compounds have been disclosed in the patent and open literature. A partial general synthetic scheme is shown below.

With R1═PhCH2, commercially available 1-benzyl-4-piperidinone is subjected to a Strecker reaction with aniline to form an amino nitrile. The conversion of the nitrile group to the methyl ester occurs as follows. The nitrile is converted to an amide under strongly acidic conditions. The amide is then converted to a carboxylic acid under strongly basic conditions. The resulting acid is then converted to the intermediate anilino methyl ester either via carboxylic acid or its sodium salt. The intermediate anilino methyl ester can be transformed, after numerous divergent steps, into Carfentanil, Sufentanil, Alfentanil, or Remifentanil.
With R2═PhCH2CH2, the yield of the hydrolysis of the nitrile under high acidic conditions, e.g. sulfuric acid, to the corresponding amide is very low (about 14% or less). Non-acidic conditions also yield less than satisfactory results.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,983 (Reiff, et al.), 4-anilidopiperidine analgesics as above described are produced by the series of reactions as noted above including a Strecker synthesis to give an aminonitrile and the nitrile is then converted to a formamide with formic acid and acetic anhydride. This compound is hydrolyzed to an imidate with refluxing methanolic hydrogen chloride. Decomposition of this in dilute base gives an amide. The net yield for these three steps which substitutes for the acid hydrolysis of the nitrile is about 47%. This three step procedure to replace the sulfuric acid hydrolysis is tedious.

Synthesis of intermediate anilino methyl esters used in the production of synthetic opioid analgesics

The United States of America as Represented by the Secretary of the Army


According to one embodiment, an image display apparatus includes a rearranging module, a scaling module, a display, and a parallax controller. The rearranging module is configured to rearrange a plurality of first parallax image signals in series in accordance with colors of the first parallax image signals to generate a second parallax image signal. The scaling module is configured to scale the second parallax image signal in a horizontal direction to generate a third parallax image signal. The display is configured to display at least a part of the third parallax image signal. The parallax controller is configured to output light emitted from the display to a specific direction.

In recent years, stereoscopic image display apparatuses which display video signals stereoscopically have been widely used. In a stereoscopic image display apparatus, parallax images viewed from different viewpoints are displayed, and different parallax images are viewed with the left eye and the right eye. Accordingly, video signals can be stereoscopically viewed.
According to an autostereoscopic manner, which is one of the techniques for displaying stereoscopic images, parallax images are simultaneously displayed on a liquid crystal display, for example, and a lenticular lens is placed on the liquid crystal display. By viewing the liquid crystal display through the lenticular lens, the viewer can view different parallax images with the left eye and the right eye. By the autostereoscopic manner, however, the region where images are stereoscopically viewed cannot be made sufficiently large.

Image display apparatus, image processing device, and image processing method


A serial access memory consists of two or more memory cell arrays fabricated as a single integrated circuit. A serial input port is provided for input of data to one of the memory cell arrays. Separate serial output ports are provided for output of data from each of the memory cell arrays. Data are transferred among the memory cell arrays in parallel form by one or more internal transfer circuits.

This invention relates to a serial-access memory device having a plurality of memory cell arrays in which data can be stored and among which data can be transferred.
The prior art abounds in serial-access memory devices with single memory cell arrays, ranging from the video random-access memory (VRAM) and multiport dynamic random-access memory (multiport DRAM) used in the frame buffers of workstations and personal computers to the first-in-first-out (FIFO) devices used in the field memories of digital television, facsimile machines, copy machines, and assorted video equipment. VRAM and multiport DRAM permit both random access to an arbitrary address and serial access starting from an arbitrary address. FIFO memories simply store serial input data starting at address zero and output the same serial data again from address zero.
Applications of serial-access memories are expected to increase with the rising performance requirements of workstations and personal computers, and the emergence of high-definition television (HDTV) and other advanced television technology. In many of these applications, and particularly in applications that implement complex data-processing functions, serial-access memory devices must be interconnected so that data can be transferred from one storage location to another.
Mutual interconnections among existing serial-access memories, however, require intermediary buffers and other peripheral devices. A large number of control signals must be provided to control both the memory devices themselves and their peripheral devices. The design of the memory system becomes unduly complex.
In many cases the memory system must also operate at very high speed. At present this is especially true in computer and workstation applications, but the need for high-speed memory is becoming more general because of the development of HDTV and advanced electronic office equipment. It is not easy to make a large and complex set of control signals meet high-speed timing requirements. Design of a high-speed memory system therefore becomes exacting, difficult, and expensive.


An object of the present invention is to provide a zeolite membrane composite satisfying both the treating amount and the separation performance at a practically sufficient level, which can be applied even in the presence of an organic material and can separate/concentrate an organic material-containing gas or liquid mixture and which is economic without requiring a high energy cost and is not limited in its application range; a production method thereof; and a separation or concentration method using the same. The present invention is an inorganic porous support-zeolite membrane composite, wherein the inorganic porous support contains a ceramic sintered body and the inorganic porous support-zeolite membrane composite has, as a zeolite membrane, a CHA-type zeolite crystal layer on the inorganic porous support surface.

Heretofore, in the separation or concentration of an organic material-containing gas or liquid mixture, for example, a distillation method, an azeotropic distillation method, a solvent extraction/distillation method, and a separation method using an adsorbent are being performed. However, these conventional methods are disadvantageous in that a lot of energy is required or the target range to which separation or concentration can be applied is limited.
In recent years, a membrane separation or concentration method using a membrane such as polymer membrane has been proposed as a separation method replacing such a conventional separation method. The polymer membrane has excellent processability and includes, for example, a flat membrane and a hollow yarn membrane. However, the polymer membrane is disadvantageously low in the heat resistance. Also, many of polymer membranes exhibit poor resistance to chemicals and swell upon contact particularly with an organic material such as organic solvent and organic acid, and the target range to which separation or concentration can be applied is limited.
On the other hand, a membrane separation or concentration method using a membrane formed of an inorganic material such as zeolite membrane has been proposed. The zeolite membrane used for separation or concentration is generally a zeolite membrane composite obtained by membranously forming a zeolite on a support. For example, a mixture of an organic material and water is flowed to the zeolite membrane composite, and water is selectively allowed to permeate therethrough, whereby the organic material can be separated or concentrated. In the membrane separation or concentration using an inorganic material membrane, the amount of energy used can be reduced as compared with separation by distillation or an adsorbent and additionally, the separation or concentration can be performed in a wider temperature range than that with the polymer membrane and furthermore, can be applied also to the separation of an organic material-containing mixture.
As for the separation using a zeolite membrane, a method where a zeolite having hydrophilicity is utilized for selective permeation of water has been proposed. For example, there have been proposed a method of allowing selective permeation of water by using an A-type zeolite membrane composite to concentrate an alcohol (Patent Document 1), a method of allowing selective permeation of water from a mixed system of an alcohol and water by using a mordenite-type zeolite membrane composite to concentrate the alcohol (Patent Document 2), and a method of allowing selective permeation of water from a mixed system of acetic acid and water by using a ferrierite-type zeolite membrane composite to separate/concentrate the acetic acid (Patent Document 3).

Inorganic porous support-zeolite membrane composite, production method thereof, and separation method using the composite


A central position detection section has a detection width in which the central position has a median value along one axial direction. When the direction from a position, which is located at the time at which returning is started toward the central position is defined as a go direction, the control section commands that a drive mechanism should sequentially perform following operations: a first operation of driving a projection lens assembly in the go direction; a second operation of allowing the projection lens assembly to travel in a return direction at least by the detection width; and a third operation of allowing the projection lens assembly to travel in the detection width in the go direction by ½ of the detection width traveled in the go direction.

A projector as a projection image display device includes a device configured to shift a position of a projection lens in a predetermined range by the use of, for example, a motor so as to adjust a position of a projection screen. For example, Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. 2004-62000 (Patent Literature 1) discloses a configuration as a shift control method of a projection lens in which the projection lens or a movable member integrated with the projection lens is provided, a sensor that senses arrival of the projection lens or the movable member is disposed in the vicinity of an end portion of the shift range, and when the sensor senses the arrival of the projection lens or the movable member during shifting of the projection lens, a speed switching unit decreases driving force of the motor to a predetermined value. In Patent Literature 1, such a configuration prevents the projection lens or the movable member from strongly colliding with the other fixing member to be locked to the end portion in the shift range during a shift operation of the projection lens.

Lens shift mechanism and projection image display device

Panasonic Intellectual Property Management Co., Ltd.


A fixing device includes: a fixing unit that transports a recording medium as nipped between a pressure rotary member and a heating rotary member, to thereby fix a developer image on the recording medium; temperature detectors that detect temperatures of regions of the pressure rotary member; cooling units that cool the detected regions; and a controller that controls the cooling units to, if a temperature difference between the regions is more than a set temperature difference, execute first cooling for reducing the temperature difference to the set temperature difference or less, and to, if a width of the recording medium perpendicular to a transport direction thereof used in an immediately preceding image formation is equal to or less than a preset width, execute, subsequently to the first cooling, second cooling for cooling the pressure rotary member for a preset time.

(i) Technical Field
The present invention relates to a fixing device, an image forming apparatus, and a fixing method.
(ii) Related Art
In an image forming apparatus, such as a copier and a printer, a roller pair system or a belt system is known as a fixing device which fixes a toner image (developer image) on, for example, a sheet (recording medium). The roller pair system is configured by a heating roller (heating rotary member) and a pressure roller (pressure rotary member). The belt system is configured by a heating unit (heating rotary member), which is formed by a heating roller and an endless heating belt driven to rotate by the heating roller, and a pressure roller (pressure rotary member).
Further, the heating rotary member, such as the heating roller and the heating unit, is provided with a heater serving as a heating source.
In such a fixing device, a sheet having an unfixed toner image transferred thereto is sent to a fixing nip part formed between mutually facing portions of a roller pair or the like, and is applied with heat and pressure. Thereby, the toner image is fixed on the sheet.
In this process, the heat of the heating rotary member is also transmitted to the pressure roller. Thus, the pressure roller is thermally deformed.

Fixing device, image forming apparatus, and fixing method


According to one implementation, a system for performing automated salience assessment of pixel anomalies includes a computing platform having a hardware processor and a system memory storing a software code. The hardware processor is configured to execute the software code to analyze an image for a presence of a pixel anomaly in the image, obtain a salience criteria for the image when the analysis of the image detects the presence of the pixel anomaly, and classify the pixel anomaly as one of a salient anomaly or an innocuous anomaly based on the salience criteria for the image. The hardware processor is further configured to execute the software code to disregard the pixel anomaly when the pixel anomaly is classified as an innocuous anomaly, and to flag the pixel anomaly when the pixel anomaly is classified as a salient anomaly.

Pixel errors in images occur with regularity but can be difficult and costly to identify and correct. For example, anomalous pixels in video frames can be introduced by many different processes within a video production pipeline. A final quality procedure for detecting and correcting such errors is typically done before the video undergoes final release.
In the conventional art, anomalous pixel detection is usually performed by human inspectors. Generally, those human inspectors are tasked with checking every single frame of each video several hundreds of times before its final distribution. Due to this intense reliance on human participation, the conventional approach to pixel error detection and correction is undesirably expensive and time consuming. Moreover, not all pixel anomalies require correction. For example, depending on its position within an image, as well as its relationship to particularly important features within the image, some pixel anomalies may reasonably be disregarded. That is to say, not all pixel errors are sufficiently salient to justify the costs associated with their correction. Accordingly, there is a need in the art for an automated solution enabling the accurate assessment of the salience of anomalous pixel errors detected in an image.

Automated salience assessment of pixel anomalies


An automatically concealed urinal housed in a cabinet which can be mounted on the wall, semi- or fully recessed in the wall or located under counter or in another suitable location. The urinal becomes operative when a person stands in front of urinal at a distance of one or more feet, which action activates the sensor placed in the wall above the cabinet, simultaneously causing the door or doors to open on the cabinet and the urinal bowl which is on a support structure will tilt forward at an approximate angle of 15.degree., more or less, at which time the flushing fluid is directed to the urinal bowl by a hydraulic actuator, thoroughly flushing bowl interior as long as bowl is in use. Waste fluid along with flushing fluid will follow a preferred path through support structure to the sewer connection. Urinal will return to cabinet with doors closing automatically when individual steps away from predetermined position. Urinal can also be manually positioned and preset in a fixed position. Adjustment means permits lowering or raising upper support section, if necessary.

1. Field Of Invention
This invention relates to urinals for males, specifically to automatically concealed urinals for bathrooms, restrooms, or wherever facilities for males are required.
2. Description Of Prior Art
There have been a variety of urinals proposed for both home and public facility. Following are some examples:
One of the prior art patents is U.S. Pat. No. 4,488,321, 12/18/84, to B. Brunton, which discloses an opening cut in wall for a receptacle attached to a waste pipe, with a flushing means and door to cover opening. Brunton's design is also called a concealed urinal, but is entirely different in concept from the preferred embodiment of this invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,549,321, 10/29/85, to R. Douillard, is comprised of intricate metal works attached to an ordinary toilet seat lid, requiring the use of hands to position operationally, and to return the gears, levers and urinal to a flattened position against underside of lid. This concept does not relate to the automatic urinal, which can be preset, if necessary, but which operates without handling urinal device in most instances.


A method includes forming a gate electrode structure above a channel region defined in a semiconductor material. The semiconductor material is recessed in a source/drain region. A first material is epitaxially grown in the source/drain region. The first material includes a dopant species having a first concentration. A diffusion blocking layer is formed in the source/drain region above the first material. A second material is epitaxially grown in the source/drain region above the diffusion blocking layer. The second material comprises the dopant species having a second concentration greater than the first concentration.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure generally relates to the fabrication of semiconductor devices, and, more particularly, to a device with a diffusion blocking layer in a source/drain region.
2. Description of the Related Art
The fabrication of advanced integrated circuits, such as CPU's, storage devices, ASIC's (application specific integrated circuits) and the like, requires the formation of a large number of circuit elements in a given chip area according to a specified circuit layout, wherein so-called metal oxide field effect transistors (MOSFETs or FETs) represent one important type of circuit element that substantially determines performance of the integrated circuits. A FET is a planar device that typically includes a source region, a drain region, a channel region that is positioned between the source region and the drain region, and a gate electrode positioned above the channel region. Current flow through the FET is controlled by controlling the voltage applied to the gate electrode. If there is no voltage applied to the gate electrode, then there is no current flow through the device (ignoring undesirable leakage currents, which are relatively small). However, when an appropriate voltage is applied to the gate electrode, the channel region becomes conductive, and electrical current is permitted to flow between the source region and the drain region through the conductive channel region.
To improve the operating speed of FETs, and to increase the density of FETs on an integrated circuit device, device designers have greatly reduced the physical size of FETs over the years. More specifically, the channel length of FETs has been significantly decreased, which has resulted in improving the switching speed of FETs. However, decreasing the channel length of a FET also decreases the distance between the source region and the drain region. In some cases, this decrease in the separation between the source and the drain makes it difficult to efficiently inhibit the electrical potential of the source region and the channel from being adversely affected by the electrical potential of the drain. This is sometimes referred to as a so-called short channel effect, wherein the characteristic of the FET as an active switch is degraded.
In contrast to a FET, which has a planar structure, there are so-called 3D devices, such as an illustrative FinFET device, which is a three-dimensional structure. More specifically, in a FinFET, a generally vertically positioned fin-shaped active area is formed and a gate electrode encloses both sides and an upper surface of the fin-shaped active area to form a tri-gate structure so as to use a channel having a three-dimensional structure instead of a planar structure. In some cases, an insulating cap layer, e.g., silicon nitride, is positioned at the top of the fin and the FinFET device only has a dual-gate structure. Unlike a planar FET, in a FinFET device, a channel is formed perpendicular to a surface of the semiconducting substrate so as to reduce the physical size of the semiconductor device. Also, in a FinFET, the junction capacitance at the drain region of the device is greatly reduced, which tends to reduce at least some short channel effects.
Device designers have recently employed channel stress engineering techniques on FETs to improve the electrical performance of such devices, i.e., to improve the mobility of the charge carriers. More specifically, such stress engineering techniques generally involve creating a compressive stress in the channel region for a PMOS transistor. In general, stress engineering techniques for finFETs have generally involved forming stress-inducing layers of material over or within the source and drain regions of the FinFET. As noted above, a FinFET is a three-dimensional device where stress engineering techniques may be very complex to implement. For NMOS transistors, stressed materials are typically not used. Instead, the performance profile for NMOS devices is generally achieved by junction doping. However, it is difficult to increase the activated dopant levels without introducing degradation from an increase in short channel effects.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an illustrative prior art integrated circuit product 100 that is formed above a semiconductor substrate 105. In this example, the product 100 includes five illustrative fins 110, 115, a shared gate structure 120, a sidewall spacer 125, and a gate cap 130. The product 100 implements two different FinFET transistor devices (N-type and P-type) with a shared gate structure. The gate structure 120 is typically comprised of a layer of insulating material (not separately shown), e.g., a layer of high-k insulating material or silicon dioxide, and one or more conductive material layers (e.g., metal and/or polysilicon) that serve as the gate electrode for the transistors on the product 100. The fins 110, 115 have a three-dimensional configuration. The portions of the fins 110, 115 covered by the gate structure 120 define the channel regions of the FinFET transistor devices on the product 100. An isolation structure 135 is formed between the fins 110, 115. The fins 110 are associated with a transistor device of a first type (e.g., N-type), and the fins 115 are associated with a transistor device of a complementary type (e.g., P-type). The gate structure 120 is shared by the N-type and P-type transistors, a common configuration for memory products, such as static random access memory (SRAM) cells.
The present disclosure is directed to various methods and resulting devices that may avoid, or at least reduce, the effects of one or more of the problems identified above.

Device with diffusion blocking layer in source/drain region


Variable compression ratio engines and methods for homogeneous charge, compression ignition operation. The engines effectively premix the fuel and air well before compression ignition. Various embodiments are disclosed including embodiments that include two stages of compression to obtain compression ratios well above the mechanical compression ratio of the engine cylinders for compression ignition of difficult to ignite fuels, and a controllable combustion chamber volume for limiting the maximum temperature during combustion. Energy storage with energy management are also disclosed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of compression ignition engines.
2. Prior Art
Compression ignition engines are well known in the prior art. While such engines can potentially operate on a wide range of liquid and gaseous fuels, commercially available compression ignition engines are limited to operation on diesel fuel and biodiesel fuels. Historically, diesel engines emitted substantial quantities of unburned hydrocarbons and NOX. Such emission levels are no longer considered acceptable. Accordingly, recent developments have been incorporated to clean up the exhaust of diesel engines so that the same are competitive with currently available gasoline engines. However, adoption of alternate fuels for compression ignition engines has heretofore not succeeded, not because compression ignition cannot be achieved but because compression ignition is very difficult to achieve, and when achieved, the pressure and temperature spike that results raises the temperature in the combustion chamber to well above that at which NOX forms. Also, very high mechanical compression ratios (the ratio of maximum to minimum combustion chamber volume) are usually required to obtain compression ignition for other fuels, making the design of such engines difficult. In particular, high mechanical compression ratios mean that the combustion chamber volume when the piston is at top dead center must be very small, and since that volume is spread over an area at least as large as the piston, the thickness of the volume in the combustion chamber when the piston is at top dead center is small, which among other things results in substantial heat transfer from the very hot gasses in the combustion chamber to the surfaces defining that volume, and further provides a large area for a given combustion chamber volume which can thermally quench and prevent combustion of a fuel/air mixture immediately adjacent that relatively large surface area.
Two fuels that have interesting possibilities for use in combustion ignition engines are ammonia and natural gas. Ammonia is of interest because it can be manufactured from other sources of energy, particularly non-polluting sources such as wind and solar, and when burned, merely exhausts nitrogen (assuming the temperature below which NOX will form is not exceeded) and steam which merely condenses to water vapor. Thus the products of combustion of ammonia are simply nitrogen, which already makes up approximately 80% of the atmosphere, and harmless water vapor. On the other hand, natural gas, while still a hydrocarbon, is of interest primarily because of its quantity and low cost, which therefore has the potential of substantially reducing the U.S. dependence on foreign oil.
Fuels like ammonia and natural gas have a combination of problems. First, the high or very high mechanical compression ratios required to obtain ignition, and second, the tendency of the combustion to exceed the temperatures at which NOX is formed once ignition is obtained. Also, for a gaseous fuel, injection of the gas into a combustion chamber in sufficient quantities for immediate ignition at the temperatures and pressures adequate for self ignition is near impossible. Consequently for gaseous fuels, the fuel needs to be mixed with the intake air, premixed so to speak, so control of the piston position (generally crankshaft angle for all except free piston engine embodiments) for ignition is very important, generally requiring a very versatile and controllable engine. Also even for liquid fuels, better mixing of the fuel and air is achievable to reduce combustion hot spots if the fuel and air are similarly premixed.
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,964,452, a spark ignition engine is disclosed that actually has a variable mechanical compression ratio. In particular, either a separate, spring loaded piston is provided in the engine head for each combustion chamber, or the engine piston itself is spring loaded so it can deflect downward when necessary. For both embodiments, once ignition is achieved and the pressure and temperature in the combustion chamber begin to spike, the spring loaded piston deflects, actually increasing the combustion chamber volume, which limits the pressure spike and most importantly the temperature spike.
The advantages of operating a compression ignition engine as an HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition) engine are well known in the prior art. In accordance with such operation, fuel is pre-mixed with air, either by injection of the fuel into the combustion chamber early in the compression stroke, or mixed with air in the intake manifold. This allows time for vaporization of liquid fuel, and for thorough mixing of the air and fuel, whether a liquid fuel or a gaseous fuel is being used. Consequently, ideally on ignition, combustion is uniform without the creation of hot spots, and combustion is complete because of the absence of fuel rich locations in the combustion chamber which do not thoroughly burn. Consequently, a compression ignition engine operating in an HCCI mode is particularly clean and highly efficient. The difficulty, however, that is commonly encountered in the prior art is that the amount of fuel (fuel/air ratio) that may be effectively used is quite limited, thereby limiting the power output of a particular engine to much less than the engine potentially could produce. The problem with adding more fuel to get more power from an engine operating as an HCCI engine is that all of the fuel that will be injected into the combustion chamber is already present in the combustion chamber at the time of ignition. Thus, unless the fuel/air ratio is kept relatively low, there will be a large spike in pressure and temperature, resulting in temperatures at which nitrous oxides are formed.
One approach for addressing this problem is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,910,459 entitled "HCCI Engine with Combustion-Tailoring Chamber". In accordance with that patent, for each cylinder of the engine, an auxiliary combustion chamber and an inlet passage between the main combustion chamber and the auxiliary combustion chamber are formed in the engine head, with a control valve controlling communication between the main combustion chamber and the auxiliary chamber. Two embodiments are actually disclosed, though both use a conventional inlet (intake) valve operating system so that the inlet valve is driven between open and closed positions in a fixed relationship with the rotation of the crankshaft. Both embodiments also use a single auxiliary combustion chamber. The control valve, on the other hand, is electro-hydraulically controlled so as to allow variable timing with respect to crankshaft rotation.

Variable compression ratio engines and methods for HCCI compression ignition operation


An optical transceiver system is provided that comprises multiple parallel transceiver modules that are mounted on a card. The transceiver card is small in terms of spatial dimensions, has very good heat dissipation characteristics, and is capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving data at a rate equal to or greater than approximately one Tb per second (1 Tb/s). A plurality of the transceiver systems may be interconnected to achieve a communications hub system having even higher bandwidths. In addition, the transceiver system may be configured such that each card has a routing controller mounted thereon for performing router functions. The router functions include, for example: causing signals received by one transceiver module on the card to be routed to and transmitted by another of the transceiver modules; causing signals received by one transceiver module on the card to be retransmitted by the same transceiver module over one of it's optical transmit channels; and causing signals received by one transceiver module on the card to be routed to and transmitted by a transceiver module on a different card.

FIG. 1 illustrates a block diagram of a parallel transceiver module 2 currently used in optical communications, which has multiple transmit and receive channels. The transceiver module 2 includes a transmitter portion 3 a receiver portion 4. The transmitter and receiver portions 3 and 4 are controlled by a transceiver controller 6. The transmitter portion 3 comprises components for transmitting data in the form of amplitude modulated optical signals over multiple fibers (not shown). The transmitter portion includes a laser driver 11 and a plurality of laser diodes 12. The laser driver 11 outputs electrical signals to the laser diodes 12 to modulate them. When the laser diodes 12 are modulated, they output optical signals that have power levels corresponding to logic 1s and logic 0s. An optics system (not shown) of the transceiver module 2 focuses the optical signals produced by the laser diodes 12 into the ends of respective transmit optical fibers (not shown) held within a connector (not shown) that mates with the transceiver module.
Typically, a plurality of monitor photodiodes 14 monitor the output power levels of the respective laser diodes 12 and produce respective electrical feedback signals that are fed back to the transceiver controller 6, which processes them to obtain respective average output power levels for the respective laser diodes 12. The controller 6 outputs controls signals to the laser driver 11 that cause it to adjust the bias current signals output to the respective laser diodes 12 such that the average output power levels of the laser diodes are maintained at relatively constant levels.
The receiver portion 4 includes a plurality of receive photodiodes 21 that receive incoming optical signals output from the ends of respective receive optical fibers (not shown) held in the connector. The optics system (not shown) of the transceiver module 2 focuses the light output from the ends of the receive optical fibers onto the respective receive photodiodes 21. The receive photodiodes 21 convert the incoming optical signals into electrical analog signals. The transceiver controller 6 and/or other circuitry (not shown) of the transceiver module 2 processes the electrical signals to recover the data represented by the signals.
There is an ever-increasing demand in the optical communications industry for transceiver systems that are capable of simultaneously transmitting and receiving larger amounts of information. To accomplish this, it is known to combine multiple parallel transceiver modules of the type described above with reference to FIG. 1 to produce transceiver systems that have increased bandwidth. A variety of parallel transceiver modules are used in the optical communications industry for this purpose. For example, one known transceiver module of the type described above with reference to FIG. 1 includes a multi-fiber connector module known in the industry as the MTP® connector. The MTP connector module plugs into a receptacle of the transceiver module. The MTP connector module receives a duplex fiber ribbon (transmit and receive optical fibers) having a total of 4, 8, 12 or 24 optical fibers. When the MTP connector module is plugged into the receptacle, electrical contacts of the connector module are electrically connected with electrical contacts of a printed circuit board (PCB) of the transceiver module. The laser diodes and the photodiodes are integrated circuits (ICs) that are mounted on the PCB.
It is known that multiple transceiver modules of the type that use the MTP connector can be arranged in an array to provide a transceiver system that has an overall bandwidth that is generally equal to the sum of the bandwidths of the individual transceiver modules. One of the problems associated with such an array is that the MTP connectors are edge-mounted and the transceiver modules are stacked in racks. Although this type of array is a suitable solution in some scenarios for obtaining a transceiver system that has an increased bandwidth, there are limitations on the ability of such an array to achieve very large increases in bandwidth. For example, in order to obtain a transceiver system having the ability to simultaneously transmit and receive one terabit of data per second (Tb/s), the racks and cabling needed to accommodate the transceiver modules would consume so much space that the solution would be impractical in most cases. In addition, an array of this type would present heat dissipation problems, and in most cases would be prohibitively expensive.
Another parallel transceiver module that has multiple transmit and multiple receive channels is known in the optical transceiver industry as the Snap 12 transceiver module. The Snap 12 transceiver module comprises a 12-channel transmit module and a 12-channel receive module. The transmit and receive modules are mechanically coupled and electrically connected to a host PCB. Typically, the transmit and receive modules are mounted side by side on the host PCB. Each module has an array of 100 input/output (I/O) pins that plugs into a 100-pin ball grid array (BGA) of the host PCB. This type of BGA connection is commonly referred to as a mid-plane mounting connection due to the fact that I/O pins of the modules and the I/O pads of the BGA interconnect in the plane of the host PCB, or in a plane that is generally parallel to the plane of the host PCB. Thus, a mid-plane mounting connection is different from the edge-mounting connection described above with reference to the MTP connector.
The Snap 12 transceiver system has a bandwidth of 10 Gigabits (Gbs) per channel, and has a total bandwidth of 100 GB per second (Gb/s). The system is typically mounted in a box, which is connected to multiple electrical cables, which, in turn, are connected to multiple router ICs. In order to increase the total bandwidth of a Snap 12 system, multiple boxes may be used. Each of the boxes is connected to multiple cables, which, in turn, are connected to multiple router ICs. The boxes are mounted in racks. For example, to obtain a system having a total bandwidth of ½ Tb/s, a total of five Snap 12 boxes would be needed. The racks needed to accommodate this many boxes and the cables needed to interconnect the boxes to the router ICs consume a large amount of space and generate a large amount of heat. The space consumption and heat generation problems must be dealt with in order to make the system operate properly.
In addition, the Snap 12 transmit and receive modules are relatively tall (approximately 15 mm in height), which often results in the occurrence of relatively large impedance disturbances in the modules. These impedance disturbances reduce signal integrity, which limits the bandwidth efficiency of the system. In addition, each Snap 12 box is sold as a stand-alone part that is relatively expensive. Consequently, a system that is constructed of multiple boxes in order to achieve an increased bandwidth is generally very expensive.
A need exists for a transceiver system that has multiple parallel transceiver modules and that is capable of achieving large bandwidths of at least one Tb/s. A need also exists for such a transceiver system that is efficient in terms of space consumption, heat dissipation and costs. A further need exists for a transceiver system that is suitable for use as a router.

Transceiver system on a card for simultaneously transmitting and receiving information at a rate equal to or greater than approximately one terabit per second

Avago Technologies General IP (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.


A printing control system for a facsimile receiver of the type having a printhead which scans across the page and prints multiple lines of the facsimile image simultaneously. The system includes a first in-first out memory for storing incoming facsimile data which arrives more rapidly than the printing system can accommodate. The stored incoming data is transferred to one or more scan buffers as needed, and then sequentially to the printhead drivers.

In a previously filed U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 338,330, the present inventors described a facsimile receiver which uses a "drop on demand" type of ink jet printhead to print facsimile images on plain paper. Printing on plain paper has obvious advantages over printing on thermal paper (which is the most common type of paper used in facsimile receivers), and the use of an ink jet type of printhead permits a receiver to be made at low cost. The printhead described in the previous application is one which has multiple ink jet nozzles arranged in two columns. Under electronic control, ejectors cause drops of ink to be ejected from these nozzles as needed to form the desired image. This arrangement results in a number of rows or lines of the facsimile image being printed simultaneously as the printhead scans across the page. Since facsimile signals are received in serial fashion and the printhead inherently utilizes a parallel data format, a certain amount of buffer memory and logic are necessary to allow the printhead ink ejectors to be driven.
So long as the printhead scanning speed is sufficient to print an image corresponding to the incoming facsimile data at least as fast as the data arrives (on average), the design of appropriate memory/logic systems is relatively straightforward. For example, two memory banks could be used as buffers between the incoming data stream and the printhead. These memory banks, called "scan buffers", should each be capable of storing the data for one scan of the printhead. Using this configuration, as the printhead scans across the page, one of the scan buffers outputs previously received data to the printhead ejector drivers, while the other accepts current incoming data. Before the second scan buffer is full, the printhead will have completed its travel across the page and be ready to start back to print the next group of lines. The printhead pauses until the second scan buffer is full, and then starts back across the page. On this pass of the printhead, the two scan buffers change places, the second outputting its data to the ejector drivers while the first is receiving data corresponding to the next scan. This alternating of scan buffers continues until the facsimile image is complete.
If the speed of scanning is slower than the rate of incoming data, the situation is not so simple. Under such conditions, the printhead will still be engaged in its first scan across the page after all of the data has been received for the second. Since facsimile data are transmitted continuously, data for the third scan of the printhead will be arriving while the printhead is still printing on its first scan. Therefore, the arriving data for the third scan, which should be stored in the scan buffer which is at that time outputting its contents to the printhead (and hence is not available to receive data), will be lost.
The present invention provides a system for handling incoming facsimile data which obviates the possibility of data loss.

Printing control system for facsimile receiver


An assembly and techniques for employing multiple motors to drive an oilfield injector. The injector is configured to drive a well access line such as coiled tubing and the motors may be electric in nature. Additionally, the motors are configured to operate at substantially sufficient cooling speeds for electric motors. Nevertheless, the motors are coupled through a common differential mechanism such that a range of differential speeds may be derived via comparison of the operating speeds of the motors. Thus, a wide array of injection speeds may be employed without requiring the motors to operate at dangerously low speeds in terms of electric motor cooling.

While a hydrocarbon well is often no more than a foot in diameter, overall operations at an oilfield may be quite massive. The amount of manpower, expense, and equipment involved may be daunting when considering all that is involved in drilling, completing and managing a productive well. Indeed, for ease of management, the amount of footspace available and the desire to keep separate equipment in close proximity to one another may also be significant issues. This may be particularly true in the case of offshore operations, with footspace limited to a discernable platform.
Along these lines, in the area of coiled tubing assemblies, efforts have been made to minimize footspace requirements and provide a less cumbersome equipment set-up. For example, a conventional coiled tubing assembly includes an injector for driving up to several thousand feet of pipe from a reel and into a well at rates of between about an inch a minute to about 150 feet per minute. In addition to extensive depth, the coiled tubing may be driven through challenging well architecture such as highly deviated sections. Thus, power is generally obtained from a large diesel engine which powers a hydraulic pump that in turn drives the coiled tubing injector. This conventional set-up requires a large amount of footspace in addition to presenting management issues in terms of the presence of hydraulic oil and large, relatively stiff hoses. Indeed, mismanagement of the oil or failure of a hose may lead to failure of the entire assembly. Further, ensuring that the equipment is safely explosion-proofed presents its own set of challenges, particularly as emissions reduction requirements for the engine become more strict over time.
As indicated above, in light of the drawbacks to the conventional coiled tubing assembly set-up, efforts have been made to avoid use of the diesel engine or other hydraulic motors as a power source. For example, it has been proposed that the diesel engine be replaced with a 200 kW or so electric motor. This would eliminate the presence of hydraulic oil and hoses along with the failure modes associated with such aspects of internal combustion engines. Indeed, explosion proofing of an electric power source would be inherently improved over that of a diesel engine. Additionally, assuming the power supply is sufficient, use of a hydraulic pump may be eliminated and the amount of footspace required would be dramatically reduced.
Unfortunately, while well suited for operating at high rpm and power output, due to internal cooling limitations, an electric motor is not configured for operating at speeds that are dramatically variable. That is, as noted above, coiled tubing advancement may take place over a range of different speeds, from 150 feet per minute down to an inch a minute, for example. However, as the electric motor slows from directing a rate of 150 feet per minute to only an inch a minute, the cooling capacity of the motor also reduces. This is because the cooling system of an electric motor is tied to the rpm of the motor. Thus, even though speed is slowed, the current utilized is increased so as to ensure sufficient torque is employed throughout the operation. Therefore, the reduction in cooling capacity may lead to failure of the motor.
Efforts may be taken in order to address cooling issues with the electric motor when operating at a high torque/low speed ratio as noted above. For example, as opposed to relying solely on an internal cooling mechanism tied to motor rpm, liquid coolant may be introduced within the motor. However, this presents much of the same drawbacks as are found with hydraulic oil as described above. Furthermore, in the case of an electric motor which is configured to operate substantially friction free, the coolant introduces the inefficiency of a significant amount of drag.
Alternatively, electric motor cooling issues may be addressed by the introduction of added external cooling devices which may be coupled to the motor. However, this adds to the overall equipment size and footprint. Additionally, in order to ensure adequate safety and explosion proofing, an added level of complexity is introduced by the incorporation of flame traps between the external cooling devices and the motor. Thus, on the whole, options are available to help address heating issues of electric motors operating at variable and lower speeds. However, as such measures are undertaken, much of the potential benefit of employing an electric motor becomes lost. Indeed, as a practical matter, coiled tubing assemblies remain almost exclusively powered by diesel engines in spite of the smaller footprint and management advantages that are generally available from electric motors.

Electrically driven coiled tubing injector assembly


A motor controlling device for an AC/DC driven motor is used for an AC and DC motor. The motor controlling device comprises an AC/DC converting unit, a voltage stabilizing unit, a phase detecting/controlling unit, and a high voltage driving unit. The AC/DC converting unit receives an AC power source to convert the AC power source into a high voltage DC voltage. The voltage stabilizing unit receives the high voltage DC voltage to convert it into a low voltage DC voltage. The phase detecting/controlling unit detects a polarity of the permanent magnet to output a first detecting and a second detecting signals accordingly, so as to provide automatically a shut down protection when the motor is locked. The high voltage driving unit receives the first detecting and the second detecting signals to drive the motor accordingly.

This application incorporates by reference Taiwan application Serial No. 090125720, filed Oct. 17, 2001.
1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates in general to a controlling device for a motor. More particularly, the invention relates to a controlling device for a motor capable of being driven by an AC power source or a DC power source.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional AC (alternative current) fan uses an AC power source as its working power source, so that the coil wiring of the stator or the rotor is to form an induced magnetic field to operate the motor. However, since the rotational speed of the motor is proportional to the frequency of the AC power source, the rotational speed of the motor cannot be increased due to too low frequency of the AC power source. For some situations requiring a high wind flow, the motor cannot increase its rotational speed because the conventional fan""s motor uses the AC power source. The formula of fan speed expressed as follow: r.p.m.=(N*f/2)*(60 sec.), wherein r.p.m. is the round-per-minute speed, N is the pole of wirings, and f is the frequency of AC power source.
Conventionally, in order to obtain a high wind flow by using the AC motor, multiple motor sets are combined to achieve an output of high wind flow. An alternative method is to increase the number of pole wirings within the AC motor, so that the motor""s rotational speed is increased to arise the wind flow. However, to increase the number of pole wirings is not only that the coil wirings are very difficult, but the motor""s manufacturing cost is also increased. Therefore, these solutions do not meet the economic requirements.
In addition to the above defects, the inductance of coil is always in an high impedance if the fan working in AC mode, which is because the current of coil is alternatively changed. The working current of the AC motor can be expressed as followed.
I=V/Zxe2x80x83xe2x80x83(1)
Where I is the working current of the AC motor, V is the voltage provided by the power source, and Z is the impedance of the coil. From the formula (1), the impedance Z of the coil is expressed below.
Z={square root over (R2+XL2)}xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(2)
where XL is an AC inductance, XL=2xcfx80f L. Therefore, when the motor coil is from the static status to the operation status, it needs a sufficient current to make the coil to create a sufficient starting torque. In addition, the current is proportional to the voltage, and therefore, the starting voltage for the motor is also very high. Accordingly, the low voltage characteristic of the AC motor is very worse. Moreover, when the conventional AC motor is locked, because no break protection device, the temperature increases will damage the fan.
As a result, for the current fan using the AC motor, its rotational speed, starting up approach, protection device and manufacturing cost are restricted by the AC power source, and therefore cannot overcome the aforementioned defects. Therefore, to further improve the AC motor structure is demanded.
In light of the foregoing description, it is an object of the present invention is to provide a motor controlling device, wherein an AC power source is used and the rotational speed of the motor of the fan can be effectively increased.
According to the object(s) mentioned above, the present invention provides a motor controlling device for an AC/DC driven motor. This controlling device is used for an AC/DC driven motor. The motor comprises plural coils, and the motor controlling device comprises an AC/DC converting unit, a voltage stabilizing unit, a phase detecting/controlling unit, and a high voltage driving unit. The AC/DC converting unit is inputted an AC power source to convert the AC power source into a high voltage DC voltage. The voltage stabilizing unit is coupled to the AC/DC converting unit, for receiving the high voltage DC voltage to convert it into a low voltage DC voltage. The phase detecting/controlling unit is coupled to the motor and the voltage stabilizing unit, for receiving the low voltage DC voltage as a work voltage, and for detecting a polarity of the permanent magnet to output a first detecting and a second detecting signals accordingly, so as to provide a shut down protection when the motor is locked. The high voltage driving unit is coupled to the AC/DC converting unit, the phase detecting/controlling unit, and the motor, for receiving the high voltage DC voltage as a work voltage, and for receiving the first detecting and the second detecting signals to output accordingly a first driving and a second driving signals so as to drive the motor.

Controlling device for AC/DC driven motor

No. 7, Alley 1, Lane 21, Minsheng 8th St., Gueiren Shiang


In a network of communication systems, a communication resource allocator of any of the communication systems may reclaim system resources from inactive communication systems. This may be accomplished by having the communication resource allocator transmit at least one polling message to the communication unit to determine whether the communication unit is in need of the at least one system resource. If the communication unit does not respond to the polling message, the communication resource allocator determines whether the communication unit is inactive. If the communication unit is inactive, the communication resource allocator reclaims the at least one system resource from the communication unit.

Communication systems are known to comprise a plurality of communication units, a limited number of communication resources that are transceived via a predetermined number of repeaters, and a communication resource allocator that allocates the limited number of communication resources among the plurality of communication units. It is also known that communication units may roam from one communication system to another communication system and operate therein. When a communication unit roams into a new communication system, it transmits a registration packet to the communication resource allocator of the new system. Once the communication resource allocator processes the registration packet, it informs the communication unit whether it can register with the communication system or not. If the communication resource allocator allows the communication unit to register with the system, it allocates the communication unit at least one system resource. A system resource may be a temporary unit identification code, a talk group affiliation code, telephone access code or any other service that that communication system is capable of performing.
A difficulty arises when a communication unit that has been temporarily assigned system resources leaves the communication system. A communication unit may leave the communication system either by roaming out of range of the communication system or turning its power off. Under these conditions, the system resources that have been allocated to that communication unit remain assigned to that communication unit even though it is no longer active within the communication system. Thus, preventing other communication units from utilizing these system resources.
Therefore, a need exists for a method that will allow the communication resource allocator to reclaim system resources from inactive communication units.

Method for reclaiming unused system resources


A front loading lock system for office furniture including a lockheader having two openings, a reinforcing channel member attached to the lockheader and also having an opening and a bracing lip, a plastic lock housing which is snap fitted into one of the openings in the lockheader and a lock which is axially inserted into the other of the openings in the lockheader, and into an opening in the lock housing, where the lock is supported by both the lock housing and braced by the bracing lip.

Not applicable.
Not applicable.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a front loading lock system and more particularly to a strongly braced front loading lock system for office furniture which lock system is structurally simply and easily installed.
2. Description of the Related Art
One way to reduce costs of a product is to simplify its structure and lessen the time needed for assembly. The front loading lock system described here is simply constructed and allows speedy assembly to reduce the cost of production. An important aspect of the disclosed lock system is a lock housing that may be inserted into an opening in a furniture cabinet from outside the cabinet and xe2x80x9csnappedxe2x80x9d into engagement with the cabinet. Thereafter, a lock including a barrel and a lock bar may also be inserted through a hole in the furniture cabinet and through a hole in the lock housing and then also xe2x80x9csnappedxe2x80x9d into engagement with the lock housing.
An object of the present invention is to provide a strong, well supported front lock system for office furniture that is simple in structure and is easily and quickly assembled to a piece of office furniture.
What is described here is a strongly braced front loading lock system for office furniture comprising in combination a furniture cabinet, a lockheader forming part of the cabinet, the lockheader having a first opening and a second opening, a reinforcing structure connected to the lockheader, the reinforcing structure having an opening and a support flange, a lock housing connected to the lockheader through the first opening, the lock housing having a body portion with a central opening, a projection and structure for an interference fit with a flange surrounding the first opening of the lockheader, and a lock mounted flush in the second opening of the lockheader and mounted in the central opening of the lock housing, the lock having structure for causing an interference fit between the lock housing and the lock, and the support flange of the reinforcing structure for bracing the lock.
A more complete understanding of the present invention and other objects, advantages and features thereof will be gained from a consideration of the following description of a preferred embodiment read in conjunction with the accompanying drawing provided herein. The preferred embodiment represents an example of the invention which is described here in compliance with Title 35 U.S.C. section 112 (first paragraph), but the invention itself is defined by the attached claims.

Braced front loading lock system for office furniture


The present invention provides a method of manufacturing a thin film transistor of a top-contact structure with suppressed deterioration by a process which is easy and suitable for increase in area without damaging an organic semiconductor pattern. The organic semiconductor pattern is formed on a substrate. An electrode material film is formed on the substrate so as to cover the organic semiconductor pattern. A resist pattern is formed on the electrode material film. By wet etching using the resist pattern as a mask, the electrode material film is patterned. By the process, a source electrode and a drain electrode are formed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a thin film transistor, a thin film transistor, and an electronic device. More particularly, the invention relates to a method of manufacturing a thin film transistor in which fine source and drain electrodes are formed over an organic semiconductor pattern, a thin film transistor obtained by the method, and an electronic device using the thin film transistor.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, attention is paid to a thin film transistor (TFT) using an organic semiconductor as a channel layer, a so-called organic TFT. Since the organic TFT is formed by applying a channel layer made of organic semiconductor at low temperature, it is advantageous to reduction of cost. The organic TFT is also formed on a flexible substrate having no heat resistance property such as a plastic substrate. It is known that, in an organic TFT having a top-contact bottom-gate structure, deterioration in characteristics due to stress of heat or the like is suppressed as compared with an organic TFT having a bottom-contact structure.
In manufacture of such an organic TFT of the top-contact bottom-gate structure, a method of patterning a source electrode and a drain electrode with high precision on an organic semiconductor pattern is being examined. For example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2006-216718 discloses a method of providing an intersecting part which halves a space above a substrate, forming an organic semiconductor pattern by vapor deposition from two directions, and vapor-depositing a metal material so as to be divided by the intersecting part, thereby forming a source electrode and a drain electrode.

Thin film transistor and method for producing the same


A PAPR reduction method using bit reallocation is disclosed, which is applied in a multi-carrier system. The lowest total transmission power P is achieved by a bit loading algorithm conditioned on the requirement of total D transmission bits per block. When the PAPR (peak to average power ratio) of the block is larger than a predetermined value A, the bit reallocation is performed to add Δd-bit transmitting data to one sub-carrier and subtract Δd-bit transmitting data from another sub-carrier, thereby continuing bit reallocation until the PAPR meets with the system requirement or an iteration number reaches a predetermined maximal number of iteration L.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction method and, more particularly, to a peak to average power ratio (PAPR) reduction method using bit reallocation, adapted for fields including a multi-carrier system or an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system and the like.
2. Description of Related Art
In recent years, because a multi-carrier system, such as an OFDM system, can overcome multi-path interference and also increase spectral efficiency without using complicated transmitters and receivers, it is widely applied in many communication systems such as ADSL, DAB, DVB, WLAN (IEEE 802.11a, HiperLAN/2), WMAN (IEEE 802.16a) and the like.
A bit loading technique is typically used to increase the capacity of a multi-carrier system. Namely, after power allocation for transmissions at different sub-carriers (sub-channels) is determined, the transmissible information (i.e., the number of bits) and a mechanism of corresponding signal constellations at different sub-carriers are determined. FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating a typical Water-filling technique used for power allocation to achieve channel capacity and best spectral efficiency in a frequency selective channel. As shown in FIG. 1, for an AWGN channel, its frequency response is constant at all sub-carriers. Thus, information carried at each sub-carrier is allocated with same power to achieve channel capacity. However, for a multi-path frequency selective fading channel or any time varying channel, the channel capacity may not be achieved by the cited constant power allocation. Accordingly, a Water-filling technique is applied for transmissions over these channels.
As shown in FIG. 1, the frequency response of a frequency selective channel is divided into N frequency segments. The frequency response of each segment can be regarded to be constant for a multi-carrier system. Furthermore, in a multi-carrier system, one sub-carrier carries information over one frequency segment. If the frequency response is h1, h2, . . . , hN respectively at the N sub-carriers and the power spectrum density (PSD) of noise is σ12, σ22, . . . σN2 respectively in the N sub-carriers, the channel signal to noise ratio (CNR) can be defined as:
            γ      i        =                                                  h            i                                    2                    σ        i        2              ,      i    =    1    ,  2  ,  ⋯            ,      N    .
For a
  1      γ    i  to frequency graph as shown in FIG. 1, assumed that water is injected into along the curve, the amount of water at the peak of the curve is less than that at the valleys. At this point, the amount of water represents the transmission power Pi at each sub-carrier to be allocated.
After power allocation for transmissions at all sub-carriers is determined, a bit loading technique is applied to determine the transmissible number of bits at different sub-carriers. FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of functional blocks of a transmitting end in which an adaptive bit loading technique is applied. In FIG. 2, the transmitting end includes an adaptive constellation mapping unit 11, an adaptive bit loading unit 12, a serial to parallel (S/P) unit 13, an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) unit 14, and a parallel to serial (P/S) unit 15. As shown in FIG. 2, the number of bits carried at different sub-carriers can be adjusted in dynamic against a time varying channel. Let B be the system transmission bandwidth, Δf be the frequency difference between any two adjacent sub-carriers and N be the number of sub-carriers, thusB=N*Δf.
The total transmission power P for the system can be computed by the equation of:
      P    =                  ∑                  i          =          1                N                                                    P        i              ,where Pi is the transmission power at the i-th sub-carrier and 1≦i≦N. In addition, the total number of bits R per signal block transmitted by the system with transmission bandwidth B is:
      R    =                  ∑                  i          =          1                N                                                    R        i              ,where Ri is the number of bits per signal block carried by the i-th sub-carrier. Given conditions upon channel features (channel frequency response and frequency spectrum density of noise), power allocation, modulated signaling (such as QAM, the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), bit error rate (BER) requirement, and power margin, the maximum number of bits Ri per signal block transmissible by the i-th sub-carrier can be computed by the well-known equation [ref] of:
            R      i        =                  log        2                          (                  1          +                                                    P                i                                                          γ                i                                                                    γ                m                                                          γ                b                                                    )              ,where γm is the power margin for overcoming abrupt attenuation or additional noise appearing at the sub-carriers of a time varying channel and γb is the "SNR gap" in the well-known "gap approximation" [ref]. For example, γb=9 dB if a theoretical limit bit error rate ε=10−7.
To maximize the total number of transmission bits, D, of one signal block in a multi-carrier system without violating the system constraint of maximal transmission power Pmax, the mathematical expressions are given below:
                    max                          {                                                    ∑                0                                  N                  -                  1                                                                                d                i                                      =            D                    }                                        subject                                                  to                                                                        {                                                            ∑                  0                                      N                    -                    1                                                                                P                  i                                            ≤                              P                max                                      }                    .
As cited, Campello's first bit loading algorithm could be applied in the prior art to achieve the purpose. Let Pi(di) represent the transmission power allocated at the i-th sub-carrier with di bits, Δd represent the number of bit increment of one adjustment (for example, in the Campello's first algorithm, Δd=1) for bit loading, and ΔPi(di) represent the power increment required for increasing the number of transmission bits from (di−Δd) to di. Then, ΔPi(di) can be represented by the following equation,
      Δ                                        P        i                          (                  d          i                )              =      {                                                                      P                i                                                          (                                  d                  i                                )                                      -                                          P                i                                                          (                                                      d                    i                                    -                                      Δ                                                                                d                                                  )                                                              if                                                    d              i                        ≥                          Δ                                                                                d                                                                                P                i                                                          (                                  d                  i                                )                                      -                                          P                i                                                          (                0                )                                                              if                                                    d              i                        <                          Δ                                                                                d                .
The cited bit allocation at each sub-carrier is not adjusted until both the following conditions are met:
                                          Condition                                                                          1                                      :                                                                                Δ                                                                                P                i                                                          (                                  d                  i                                )                                              <                      Δ                                                                                P                j                                                          (                                                      d                    j                                    +                                      Δ                                                                                d                                                  )                                                    ,                  ∀          i                ,                  j          ∈                      {                          1              ,              2              ,              ⋯                                                                        ,              N                        }                          ,        and                                          Condition                                                              2                                :                                                                        0                ≤                              P            max                    -                                    ∑                              i                =                1                            N                                                                  P                i                                                          (                                  d                  i                                )                                                    <                              min            j                                          Δ                                                                                P                  j                                                                  (                                                            d                      j                                        +                                          Δ                                                                                d                                                        )                                            .
In fact, the aforementioned purpose can also be achieved by means of any bit loading algorithm in a multi-carrier system.
However, a high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) possibly occurs not only before applying any bit loading algorithm but also after doing that. An OFDM system or a multi-carrier system with high PAPR usually incurs incremental complexity and reduced efficiency on the application of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC), digital-to-analog converter (DAC), power amplifier (PA) or line driver (LD).
Therefore, it is desirable to provide an improved PAPR reduction method to mitigate and/or obviate the aforementioned problems.

Industrial Technology Research Institute


The described implementations relate to machine learning. One implementation provides a technique involving logging data that includes outcomes and values of first and second parameters that are associated with the outcomes. The technique can also include determining an equation that includes a first coefficient for the first parameter and a second coefficient for the second parameter, normalizing the first coefficient based on the values of the first parameter, and normalizing the second coefficient based on the values of the second parameter. The first parameter and the second parameter can be ranked in order of contribution to the outcomes based on the normalized first and second coefficients.

Automated techniques can be used to determine solutions based on an underlying data set, such as a set of measurements. As a specific example, machine learning techniques can be applied to such a data set to determine a "best fit" equation. More generally, machine learning solutions may be represented as mathematical or logical constructs that approximate theoretically ideal solutions. Once a solution has been derived using such automated techniques, it is often relatively straightforward to apply the solution to an existing problem. For example, a best fit equation may be used to estimate future measurements simply by evaluating the equation for a given set of parameters.
Automated solutions may also reflect some information about the nature of the underlying problem to which they are applied. However, this information may not be readily apparent from simply observing such an automated solution. As an example, a machine learning solution represented as an equation may include coefficients that are learned by the machine learning algorithm. While the coefficients may be effective for accurately estimating future outcomes based on the set of parameters, it may not be apparent to a human observer how these coefficients reflect the relative contribution of the various parameters to the outcomes.

System and method for parameter evaluation


An aircraft structure and its method of construction avoids the inefficiencies involved in current methods of constructing the aircraft structure, reduces the manufacturing time required for constructing the aircraft structure and reduces the cost involved in constructing the aircraft structure. The aircraft structure and its method of construction is comprised of a geodesic or multi-grid framework of intersecting thermoplastic composite strips that are joined to an interior surface of a thermoplastic composite fuselage skin panel through overmolding/co-consolidation of the grid framework and the skin panel.

In conventional, basic aircraft construction, the skin panels of the aircraft that make up the fuselage of the aircraft are attached over and supported on a stiffening framework. The framework often has a general rectangular configuration comprised of frames that extend around the circumference of the fuselage, and stringers that may be attached to the frames and run in the longitudinal direction of the fuselage. The skin panels that form the aircraft fuselage are attached to the stringers by fasteners, by adhesives, by co-curing or by other equivalent means. The stringers help carry the bending loads in the fuselage and support the skin panels to prevent them from buckling. The stringers may also transfer loads from the skin panels of the aircraft fuselage to the frames of the aircraft framework if they are connected to the frames.
The costs of constructing an aircraft with a framework comprised of stringers and frames contributes significantly to the overall cost of the aircraft. Stringers and frames often have to be formed over complex contours, which in case of a composite structure may take several manufacturing steps and may require extra attention to avoid wrinkles. Positioning and attaching the stringers and frames relative to each other and to the skin panels of the fuselage contribute substantially to the time required for constructing the aircraft, and thereby contribute to the overall cost of the aircraft.
Constructing the framework of the aircraft from the frames and stringers also requires that the frames and stringers be constructed with intricate patterns, following the irregular inner surface of the fuselage skin. This contributes significantly to the engineering time and tooling cost required for constructing the aircraft. Additionally, fasteners used to connect stringers, frames and skins contribute significantly to the assembly time of the aircraft and the weight of the aircraft.
Still further, with the framework of frames and stringers having a general, rectangular configuration, integrating window openings or other generally circular openings into the framework can be a problem. It is often necessary that window frames or circular opening frames be bolted to the framework after the framework is constructed. Other penetrations, such as for drain masts or antennas require local reinforcements of the skin, which are accomplished by including small piles in the composite layup. This adds more time required for the aircraft construction and more weight to the aircraft construction.

Thermoplastic multi-grid overmolded/co-consolidated aircraft fuselage structure


There are provided measures for enabling an inter-cell device discovery in device-to-device communication. Such measures may exemplarily include observing, at a device residing in a cell representing a serving cell of said device, a device-to-device discovery signal from another device residing in another cell representing a non-serving cell of said device, and modifying at least one of one or more cell reselection parameters referring to the serving cell of said device and one or more cell selection parameters referring to the non-serving cell of said device on the basis of the observed device-to-device discovery signal.

In modern and future communication systems, device-to-device (D2D) communication constitutes an issue which is currently under study. Typically, in a D2D communication, two or more devices, such as terminals, mobile stations or user equipments, directly communicate with each other without involving a network entity or any network infrastructure, such as a base station or an access node of a cellular communication network. In this regard, it is currently expected that such D2D communication is capable of intercepting the demand for proximity-based applications in modern and future communication systems. Currently, D2D communication is being studied for example in the context of LTE and LTE-A cellular systems.
In the context of D2D communication, aspects such as device discovery, communication link setup, etc. are studied in terms of enhancements of radio-related layers, and system and security aspects, etc. are studied in terms of enhancements of the overall network architecture. As a result, devices shall be enabled to discover each other and potentially communicate directly over the air interface, when this makes sense from a system management point of view, upon appropriate network supervision. Also, such radio-based discovery and communication process shall be coupled with a system architecture and a security architecture that enables operators to retain control of the device behavior, for example which device can emit discovery signals, when and where discovery signals can be emitted, what information discovery signals shall carry, and what devices should do once they discover each other.
Service requirements and use cases for/in proximity device discovery and D2D communication, which shall be supported, are currently under development. In this regard, it is proposed that proximity device discovery and D2D communication shall be supported across cell borders, i.e. in an inter-cell manner.
For/in such inter-cell or cell border crossing proximity device discovery and D2D communication, problems arise from the situation that the devices reside in different cells, i.e. are served by different cells or base stations/access nodes thereof, while it would be beneficial if these devices were served by the same cell or base station/access node thereof, e.g. from a radio resource control (RRC) point of view. Such problems exemplarily involve problems in D2D communication link setup, e.g. a possibility of unnecessary handovers when routing devices, while setting up a D2D communication link.
Accordingly, in terms of proximity device discovery and D2D communication, there is a desire to improve inter-cell device discovery in D2D communication.

Inter-cell device discovery in device-to-device communication