Telecommunication service is regulated in a confined area in which telecommunication is restricted. Regulation includes control of wireless resources and access thereto, and monitoring wireless activity and locating sources thereof within the confined area. Regulation can be accomplished through networked femtocell access points and distributed antenna systems. Control of wireless resources is accomplished through selective jamming within the confined area; selective jamming can be updated based on performance metrics of telecommunication service. Configurable lists that authorize mobile device(s) to consume wireless service within the confined area control access to wireless resources. Access can be granted, or denied statically or dynamically. Monitoring of wireless activity within the confined area includes tracking and recordation of signaling or traffic activity. The monitoring of signaling activity can enable location of a source of wireless activity, while monitoring of traffic can lead to identification of a user thereof.

Unauthorized wireless use is a major problem in restricted areas. The problem is particularly exacerbated in restricted areas in which telecommunication can lead to illicit activities or can cause harm to wireless user or third party. Various issues can originate from unauthorized wireless use. Using short message service (SMS), prisoners in correctional facility may control illegal outside activities. Accessing messaging applications in mobile device may enable students to misrepresent knowledge or ability in examinations. Industrial or governmental spies may collect and deliver classified or proprietary information. Air controller that diverts attention from control activities to attend to cellphone call may cause aircraft collision with possible loss of life. Inconsiderate wireless users may disturb others in confined settings such as a theater, a church, a library, or the like.
To mitigate unauthorized wireless communication in restricted areas, typically adopted solutions relay primarily on negation of wireless resources (e.g., electromagnetic spectrum bandwidth) through deliberate spectral interference; such solutions are commonly known as radio jamming. Even though radio jamming is widely available and employed, it generally displays a number of utility inefficiencies: (1) Lack of spectral selectivity. For a specific block of EM spectrum, all radio frequencies, users, and calls sessions including emergency (e.g., E911) calls are blocked. The latter may lead to safety issues for users in the restricted areas. (2) Inability to allow for user tracing or location. Radio jammed calls cannot be traced or located. (3) Substantial implementation costs. Conventional radio jamming exploits considerable, expensive equipment and consumes significant power to negate wireless resources in wide blocks of EM spectrum. Such inefficiencies typically result in inadequate solutions for preventing unauthorized wireless communication in restricted areas.

Regulation of service in restricted telecommunication service area


A gate latch release mechanism has a cylindrical tubular guide having a first length, a mechanism to firmly fasten the tubular guide in a hole through a gate member, a compression spring having a length less than the first length of the tubular guide, the compression spring positioned within the tubular guide and having a first end bearing on a shoulder at a first end of the tubular guide, a flexible line of a length substantially longer than the tubular guide, the line passing through the compression spring and the tubular guide, and having a handle on one end and a coupling interface on an opposite end, and a planar element securely fastened to the line within the tubular guide, with the planar element bearing on a second end of the compression spring within the tubular guide.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is in the field of fencing hardware including gate latches and pertains particularly to methods and apparatus for latching a gate.
2. Discussion of the State of the Art
In the art of fence construction, gate-latching apparatus are used to affect latching between a swing gate and a gatepost. The most common latches are vertical latches that, with the aid gravity and a passive bar grabbing design function to latch gates to prevent entrance to or egress from a fenced area.
Many vertical latch assemblies include a flat mounting plate and latch housing with a pivotally mounted latching plate disposed within the latch housing. Gravity keeps the latch plate in the closed position. A rounded front face on the latch plate allows a latch bar to be inserted into the latching position of the assembly, such action lifting the latch plate just enough to accept the bar. Gravity then urges the latch plate down over the latch bar providing a latched gate.
A challenge with these latches is that there are no operational components for opening and closing the latch. A user swings the gate closed to affect latching and manually lifts up on the latch to release the gate. This is not practical if the gatepost and gate are very tall because the user generally has to reach over the top of the gate to reach the latch assembly in order to unlatch the gate.
In some cases, a hole is drilled through the gatepost and a wooden handle and rope or string is used to connect to the latch assembly through the gatepost to the handle that can be used to pull the latch plate upward, thus releasing the gate. A problem with this approach is that a wooden handle hanging from a string is not aesthetic. Likewise, the latch plate may kink, become slightly rusted, etc. which may prevent gravity from re-closing the latch plate when the string or rope handle is released. Moreover, the rope or string connecting the latch plate to the handle can be easily compromised by wear and tear, rot, or other compromising condition rendering the method less effective at opening and closing the gate.
Therefore, what is clearly needed is a vertical gate latch that solves the above limitations.


A terminal is disclosed including a transmitter that transmits a demodulation reference signal for an uplink control channel; a receiver that receives: frequency hopping information indicating that frequency hopping of the uplink control channel is enabled, and information regarding a resource block index corresponding to a first frequency hop and a resource block index corresponding to a second frequency hop; and a processor that determines a sequence of the demodulation reference signal based on the frequency hopping information regardless of whether a distance between the first frequency hop and the second frequency hop is zero. In other aspects, a radio communication method, a base station, and a system are also disclosed.

In the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) network, the specifications of Long Term Evolution (LTE) have been drafted for the purpose of further increasing high speed data rates, providing lower latency and so on (see Non-Patent Literature 1). Further, for the purpose of further widening a bandwidth and increasing the speed in comparison with LTE, the succeeding systems of LTE (which are also referred to as, for example, LTE-A (LTE-Advanced), FRA (Future Radio Access), 4G, 5G, 5G+ (plus), NR (New RAT), LTE Rel. 14, Rel. 15 and later versions, or the like) are also under study.
In the existing LTE systems (for example, LTE Rel. 8 to Rel. 13), downlink (DL) and/or uplink (UL) communication is performed by using a subframe (also referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI) or the like) of 1 ms. The subframe is a transmission time unit of one channel-coded data packet, and is a processing unit of scheduling, link adaptation, retransmission control (HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest)), or the like.
Further, in the existing LTE systems (for example, LTE Rel. 8 to Rel. 13), a user terminal transmits uplink control information (UCI) by using an uplink control channel (for example, a PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)) or an uplink data channel (for example, a PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)). A configuration (format) of the uplink control channel is referred to as a PUCCH format (PF) or the like.
Further, in the existing LTE systems, a user terminal multiplexes a UL channel and a DMRS (Demodulation Reference Signal) and transmits the multiplexed data within a TTI of 1 ms. A plurality of DMRSs in different layers of one user terminal (or of different user terminals) are orthogonal-multiplexed within a TTI of 1 ms, by using a cyclic shift (CS) and/or an orthogonal spreading code (for example, an orthogonal cover code (OCC)).

Terminal, radio communication method, base station, and system


An improved illuminated sign for adhesive bonding to the inner surface of a pane of transparent material such as the glass of an automotive window comprises a backing panel, a planar electroluminescent lamp, and an indicia-bearing member. The indicia-bearing member is smaller in planar extent than an assembly of the backing panel and the lamp. Strips of double-sided adhesive tape are applied to the border of the backing panel. The second adhesive surface of the tape is used to bond the assembly of the backing panel, the lamp and the indicia-bearing member to the inner surface of an automobile window or the like.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a low cost, readily manufacturable, easily assembled, illuminated sign for convenient adhesive mounting on panes of transparent material, such as the inside surfaces of automobile windows.
2. Discussion of the prior art
Illuminated signs employing flat panel electroluminescent lamps typically include a flat layer of phosphor material and two electrodes such that when coupled with an appropriate alternating-current power supply the lamp provides a flat, lighted panel of low cost and high efficiency. A neat and attractive lighted sign using such an electroluminescent lamp can be made by covering the luminous surface of the lamp with an indicia-bearing member, such as a sheet of opaque plastic material cut-out to define indicia through which the lighted panel is visible. The cut-out indicia can be colored by placing translucent colored plastic sheet material or the like over the cut-out indicia.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,005,306 to Kinstler, No. 4,138,620 to Dickson and No. 3,680,237 to Finnerty are representative of prior art signs formed of electroluminescent panels and overlying indicia-bearing members for external application to motor vehicles and for use as illuminated house numbers. Such prior art signs are relatively expensive to manufacture and assemble, include an excessive number of components, and are not easily mounted on support surfaces.


Techniques for dynamically selecting warm-up time for a wireless device operating in the idle mode are described. At each active interval, conditions affecting warm-up of the wireless device at a next active interval are determined. The conditions may pertain to channel conditions, operating conditions, and/or hardware configuration. A warm-up time is selected based on the determined conditions. A wake-up time for the next active interval is determined based on the selected warm-up time. The wireless device then goes to sleep until the wake-up time. In one scheme, the strongest pilot acquired in each active interval is identified, and its pilot strength is averaged to obtain an average pilot strength. The average pilot strength is compared against at least one threshold, and one of at least two possible time durations is selected for the warm-up time based on the comparison result.

I. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to communication, and more specifically to techniques for receiving data at a wireless device in an idle mode.
II. Background
A wireless device (e.g., a cellular phone) in a wireless communication system may operate in one of several modes, such as "active" and "idle", at any given moment. In the active mode, the wireless device may actively exchange data with one or more base stations in the system, e.g., for a voice and/or data call. In the idle mode, the wireless device may monitor a paging channel for messages applicable to the device. Such messages may include page messages that alert the wireless device to the presence of an incoming call and overhead messages that carry system and other information for the device.
In the idle mode, the wireless device continues to consume power to sustain circuitry used to process the paging channel. The wireless device may be portable and powered by an internal battery. Power consumption by the wireless device in the idle mode decreases the available battery power, which then shortens the standby time between battery recharges and the talk time when a call is placed or received. Therefore, it is highly desirable to minimize power consumption in the idle mode in order to increase battery life.
There is therefore a need in the art for techniques to operate in a power efficient manner in the idle mode.

Dynamic warm-up time for a wireless device in idle mode


One aspect the present subject matter is directed to a nozzle segment including a stator component having an airfoil. The airfoil includes a leading edge portion, a trailing edge portion, a pressure side wall and a suction side wall and a plurality of film holes in fluid communication with the radial cooling channel. A strut is disposed within the radial cooling channel and defines an inner radial cooling passage within the radial cooling channel. The strut defines a plurality of apertures that provide for fluid communication from the inner radial cooling passage to the radial cooling channel and the plurality of film holes provide for bore cooling of the airfoil of at least one of the pressure side wall or the suction side wall and provide for film cooling of the trailing edge portion of the airfoil between about fifty percent and one hundred percent of the chord length.

A turbofan type gas turbine engine includes a gas turbine core having a low pressure compressor, high pressure compressor, combustor, a high pressure turbine and a low pressure turbine in serial flow relationship. The gas turbine is operable in a known manner to generate a primary gas flow. The high pressure turbine and the low pressure turbine generally include annular arrays ("rows") of stationary vanes or nozzles that direct combustion gases exiting the combustor downstream into a corresponding row of rotating turbine blades or buckets. Collectively, one row of nozzles and one row of turbine blades make up a "stage". Typically two or more stages are used in serial flow relationship.
The rows of stationary vanes and turbine blades operate at extremely high temperatures and must be cooled by air flow or other cooling medium to ensure adequate service life. The stationary vanes are often configured as an annular array of stator component having airfoils or airfoil-shaped vanes that extend radially between annular inner and outer bands which at least partially define a primary flow or hot gas path through the nozzle.
Due to the extreme operating temperatures within the gas turbine engine, it is desirable to utilize materials with a low coefficient of thermal expansion for the airfoils and/or the inner and outer bands. For example, to operate effectively in such strenuous temperature and pressure conditions, composite materials have been suggested, in particular for example, ceramic matrix composite (CMC) materials. The relatively low coefficient of thermal expansion CMC materials have higher temperature capability than metallic parts, thus allowing for higher operating temperatures within the engine resulting in higher engine efficiency.
As with metallic materials, CMC materials have a maximum temperature limit that is below the max combustion temperature of current commercial gas turbine engine. As a result, the stationary vanes formed from the CMC material must be cooled via a cooling medium such as compressed air that is routed through various cooling circuits defined within the stator components. If the cooling scheme or system is not configured correctly so as to properly control the flow of the cooling medium against the inner side of the airfoil, undesirable chordwise and/or through-wall thermal gradients may result. Therefore, an improved system for cooling the airfoil portion of the stator vane component formed from a CMC material would be desirable.


A data processing system receives a continuous stream of real time transactional data regarding market transactions of fixed income securities. The incoming data is qualified and then used to determine the term structure of interest rates based on price information. The system provides linear interpolation techniques to complete an operative data set. This set is updated with current trade data, with term structure shifting using pivot points from newly qualified data. An index value for a pre-select portfolio of securities is then calculated and expressed in terms of price relative to par, yield to maturity and duration.

The present invention generally relates to data processing systems for tracking and manipulating data corresponding to fixed income portfolios and, more particularly, to data processing methods and apparatus directed to the real time determination of selected fixed income indices for use in accurately gauging interest rate profiles in real time and managing a specifically delineated set of automated transactions relating thereto.
2. Background of the Invention
A sizable portion of investment vehicles available in today""s financial markets are universally characterized as fixed income securities. Exemplary fixed income securities will encompass government bonds, bills and notes auctioned at regular intervals by the U.S. and other foreign governments to finance governmental activities. These, of course, are some of many types of fixed income securities, others include corporate bonds, municipal bonds, etc. The common thread running between all fixed income securities is the payment of a set return to the investor over the life span of the security.
There are two forms of fixed income return to the investor. The first involves the provision of coupon payments at regular intervals, at the stated interest rate of the security. For example, a ten-year note may specify an 8% rate of interest on a $1,000 par value with coupons coming due twice each year for ten years. This translates to two $40 payments to the holder of the note for ten years with a final payment of $1040 (principal and interest). The other form of bond is called a zero coupon, or discount bond which provides no payment except for the final return of the face value of the bond at a specified date (e.g. ten years from issuance). The discount bond is sold at some fraction of its face value, with the interest rate discount being a function of this and the term of the bond.
The fixed income securities distributed by the United States Government are known as U.S. treasuries. These instruments span maturity terms of 13 to 52 weeks (T-bills), one to ten years (notes), and up to 30 years (bonds). The T-bills are pure discount securities having no coupons. All other treasuries having longer terms are coupon notes or bonds, with a defined payment cycle of semi-annual payments to the holder.
Treasuries have characteristic properties that make them especially useful for the purposes of the present invention and, therefore, are used exclusively in the following discussions, with the fundamental tenet that the principles may be applied to other types of fixed income securities without departing from the inventive concepts. One important attribute of treasuries, in the context of the present invention, is the minimal and uniform default risk; the issuance of U.S. government paper removes the default risk as a defining criteria in the relative pricing of treasuries in the market place.
Treasuries are auctioned by the U.S. government at pre-established auction dates. The price for the treasuries having a face value with a set coupon rate will define the actual yield of the security. After the auction, the treasuries enter the secondary market and are traded typically xe2x80x9cover the counterxe2x80x9d, i.e., without a defined exchange. As inflation expectations and market conditions change, the prices of the recently auctioned treasuries fluctuate. These price changes are reflected by competing bid and ask prices communicated among brokers and dealers in the secondary market. For example, the yield of a given treasury increases as its price drops in the market reflecting an overall increase in the interest rates for that term of security.
The newly auctioned securities are traded with and in conjunction with the securities issued in earlier auctions. In this context, some securities are traded more often than others and are called the xe2x80x9cactivesxe2x80x9d; these usually correspond to the recent issues as opposed to the older securities in the market. Indeed, some older securities are infrequently traded, creating an illiquid market that may or may not reflect the true market determined interest rate for that maturity length security.
In January, 1992, there was a total of approximately $1.7 trillion of U.S. notes and bonds outstanding. The majority of issues in dollar terms are short term. The profile of maturities (i.e., the expiration date of the security) indicates that $730 billion or 43% of the total will mature over the period between 1994 and 2002 (2 to 10 years out). Another 34% will mature in 1993 and 1994 and about 3% from 2003 and 2005 and 20% maturing between 2006 to 2021. In this context, the period between 2 and 10 years out in time incorporates a concentrated portion of the entire market.
Treasuries are sold by the government to fund projects, mandated payments and make strategic investments that cannot be paid by current receipts. Treasuries are purchased by individuals and institutions for a variety of reasons, including the protection of principal with a low risk investment vehicle and the generation of known future cash flows to fund the needs of, e.g., pension participants.
As can be realized by the foregoing description, the very size and diversity of the treasury market implicates an unprecedented level of sophistication by market participants in the pricing and transactions involving these securities. The very complexity associated with the transactions and the scale of trading undertaken by institutional participants necessitates a rigidly structured approach in trading. The capital at stake and the fluidity of future commitments make it critical to have a method of measuring the performance of portfolio managers, so that plan sponsors for the pension plans and the like can precisely determine whether the capital under their control is properly invested.
In the past, the only barometer for fixed income investing was the stated price and yield for one or more specific instruments such as the 30 year treasury bond. These yield values would be quoted on an ad hoc basis as a general measure of market position and direction. More recently, several large brokerage houses have developed different indices to track the fixed income market beyond the single price issue. For example, Shearson-Lehman American Express has developed a T-Bond index value that calculates a weighted average of every bond in circulation. Other indices exist with similar mechanisms for tracking the credit marketplace.
There are several significant drawbacks to the use of these forms of indices. The actual value is calculated at the close of the financial markets and, therefore, is not a real time determination, and, in fact, rapidly becomes stale as trading continues overseas and during the next trading day in the United States.
Other problems also exist; taking the entire market into account necessarily includes lightly traded issues that skew the final value from extant market conditions. This is so as these lightly traded issues do not accurately reflect the term structure of interest rates as other investment criteria, e.g., tax implications, control their market price.
There has also been a significant need for a hedging instrument on fixed income investing. In this context, an investor might purchase a portfolio of long term bonds that are sensitive to small changes in interest rates; to hedge this investment, this investor would enter a futures contract to sell instruments at a specific date in the future. Alternatively and more desirably, the hedge could be made with an index corresponding to a defined set of securities. This is not practical with the presently available indices due to their reliance on a broad spectrum of securities in the defining basket; this precludes effective utilization of these indices as a basis for trading futures or option contracts.
From the above, it is apparent that there remains a substantial void in the credit markets and a corresponding need for a real time barometer of the fixed income securities marketplace for the evaluation of portfolio performance, the trends and current market conditions, and the trading of indexed future and option contracts for fixed income securities.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a system for selectively reducing a substantial amount of market data into a simplified index instrument for use to measure the characteristics of the credit markets associated with the trading of fixed income securities.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide a system for collecting in real time information on current market activity in fixed income securities and processing this information to quantify the term structure of interest rates in real time.
It is another object of the present invention to provide an apparatus for the select processing of several types of data wherein data is qualified prior to use and translating the qualified data into a term structure of interest rates for a hypothetical portfolio of predetermined fixed income securities.
It is still another object of the present invention to provide a system for generating a real time barometer of the fixed income market and delineating an index value associated with a basket of fixed income securities for use in support of automated trading in futures and options contracts.
The above and other objects of the present invention are realized in a specific illustrative data processing system for the compilation of large quantities of disparate market data into discrete data files of varying reliability. The data is thereafter qualified and then processed to calculate on an iterative basis the term structure of interest rates in real time for a defined cross-section of the fixed income securities marketplace. These values are then used to price a select, specifically delineated portfolio of fixed income securities having varying terms to bridge an appreciable cross-section of the active market in fixed income securities. The forgoing portfolio is characterized in terms of an index value having a current market price (discount or premium from par), a true yield to maturity value (YTM) and a quantified duration. As market conditions change, the processor selectively updates some or all of the governing securities and based thereon modifies the index pursuant to a pre-established criteria.
In accordance with the varying aspects of the present invention, the system further includes an automated trading module for receiving market qualified buy and sell instructions for futures and options contracts tied to the basket of securities forming the index.


The invention concerns a process for freezing an article, such as a food according to which said article is contacted with the surface of a porous support which is impregnated with a cryogenic liquid. The invention also concerns a device for freezing an article including a conveyor of porous material, which is insulated by means of an enclosure as well as means for impregnating said conveyor with a cryogenic liquid.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns a process and a device for freezing articles, such as foods, which are in solid, pasty or liquid form.
(b) Description of Prior Art
The freezing of an article by complete or incomplete immersion in a bath of a cryogenic liquid such as liquid nitrogen, is well known. Thus, patent application GB 2,092,880 describes a process for freezing articles which are liquid, for example blood, or pasty for example butter, yogurt, white cheese or chocolate, according to which the product to be frozen is dropped into a bath of liquid nitrogen and is recovered in the form of solid pellets.
The articles which are introduced into the bath of cryogenic liquid are normally at room temperature or in any case, at a temperature which is much higher than that of the cryogenic liquid.
For this reason, a phenomenon of calefaction takes place. Thus, as soon as they come into contact with the cryogenic liquid, these articles heat the latter at the level of the point of contact, which contributes to convert the cryogenic liquid into gaseous state. This gas forms a layer which surrounds the article and then constitutes a slowing of the heat transfer between the article and the cryogenic liquid. This phenomenon produces a longer heat transfer between the article and the bath of cryogenic liquid and therefore it slows down the freezing of the article. Moreover, heat transfer between the article and cryogenic liquids is not ensured homogeneously, which may cause the frozen articles to be fragile.
Patent application WO 90/06693 describes a process for freezing the surface of an article according to which said article is disposed on the cooled surface of a metallic plate, which is provided with a vibratory movement. The surface of the plate is cooled by passage under the plate of a cryogenic liquid. With this type of process, the article to be frozen is not in direct contact with the cryogenic liquid and therefore does not suffer from the disadvantages mentioned above. However, it has also been observed that this type of process may also result in disadvantages for example during the treatment of pasty products such as balls of mashed vegetables or liquids. Thus, these articles adhere to the surface of the plate until their surface has been sufficiently cooled, which induces a period of latency, delaying the treatment of the articles upstream of the production line. This period of latency therefore results in a sometimes important lowering of productivity.

L'Air Liquide, Societe Anonyme pour l'Etude et l'Exploitation des Procedes


A maintenance-free electrical bus assembly is provided for a switchgear cabinet. The maintenance-free electrical bus assembly is coupled to a switchgear device in the cabinet, and includes electrical bus members, at least one bus joint comprising an electrical connection of two or more electrical bus members, and a fastener assembly fastening the bus joint and maintaining the electrical connection between the electrical bus members thereof. The fastener assembly includes at least one first fastening element having a plurality of first threads, and at least one second fastening element having a plurality of second threads. The second threads threadably engage the first threads of a corresponding first fastening element, in order to perpetually secure the first threads and the corresponding first fastening element, and to resist undesirable loosening of the bus joint once the fastener assembly has been fastened. Thus, inaccessible bus joints within the cabinet do not need to be inspected.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to switchgear devices and, more particularly, to maintenance-free electrical bus assemblies. The invention further relates to electrical enclosures having a maintenance-free electrical bus assembly.
2. Background Information
Electrical bus assemblies for switchgear devices (e.g., without limitation, electrical switching apparatus, such as circuit switching devices and circuit interrupters such as circuit breakers, contactors, motor starters, motor controllers and other load controllers), which are mounted in an electrical enclosure, must be routinely inspected.
Specifically, preventative maintenance (PM) inspections are required to ensure that fastener assemblies which electrically couple the various bus joints of the electrical bus assembly together, have not loosened over time. A loose electrical bus assembly could result in substantial damage to electrical equipment, electrical system failure, and perhaps even human injury. Accordingly, industry standards and regulations require that PM inspections of electrical bus assemblies be performed as often as every six months, and in some instances, even more frequently.
In a switchgear cabinet, for example, the electrical bus assembly for the switchgear devices housed within the cabinet is generally disposed toward the back of the cabinet. Thus, in order to perform the aforementioned PM inspections of the electrical bus assembly, access to the back of the cabinet is required. However, in certain applications access to the back of the cabinet is limited or altogether unavailable, such as, for example, where the cabinet is disposed with the back of the cabinet adjacent a wall. Under such circumstances access to the electrical bus assembly is limited to that which is available through the front of the cabinet, if any. Some of the bus joints of the bus assembly are not accessible for the PM inspections.
By way of example, FIG. 1 shows an electrical bus assembly 2 which comprises a typical bus joint 4 for electrically connecting two electrical bus members such as the first and second power bus bars 6, 8, shown. Specifically, the second power bus bar 8 is electrically connected to the first power bus bar 6 by a fastener assembly 10. In the example of FIG. 1, the fastener assembly 10 comprises a hexagonal head bolt 12, a pair of washers 14, lock washer 15, and a hexagonal nut 16, with the first and second power bus bars 6, 8 being secured between the bolt 12 and nut 16, as shown. Over time, one or more components 12, 16 of the fastener assembly 10, typically the nut 16, can become loose, undesirably creating an associated electrical hot spot at the loosened bus joint 4. Such loosening can arise as a consequence of the particular application in which the electrical bus assembly 2 is employed, such as where the bus assembly 2 is exposed to vibration, or as the result of various other contributing factors, such as, for example, due to thermal changes experienced by the bus assembly 2.
Fastener locking mechanisms (e.g., without limitation, prevailing torque-type nuts) and fastener securing techniques, such as, for example, the use of chemical additives such as LOCTITE®, which are commonly employed to secure various non-electrical fastener assemblies, are generally not acceptable in electrical applications. Specifically, some prevailing torque-type nuts include an insert made of a material, such as, for example, nylon, which becomes soft when heated, and defeats the prevailing torque function and plastically deforms such that the desired preload of the components being fastened cannot be maintained. Other prevailing torque-type nuts rely upon a relatively small mechanical deformation (e.g., dent) to generate a restraining torque to prevent turning. Such known prevailing torque-type nuts exhibit an unpredictable amount of torque to be overcome when installing the nut, which in turn can create a joint that may not be sufficiently tight for optimum electrical conductivity without "over-tightening" the fastening system. Likewise, chemical additives for securing fastener assemblies often break down when exposed to elevated temperatures, and lose their locking effect, for example, becoming loose due to vibration. They can also disrupt electrical conductivity.
In view of the foregoing, one prior proposal has been to weld the bus joints of the electrical bus assembly which cannot be accessed for routine inspection, as opposed to using mechanical fasteners (e.g., bolts; nuts; a combination of bolts, washers, and nuts). However, welding undesirably increases the manufacturing costs and complexity of the electrical bus assembly. It also renders the bus assembly incapable of being readily modified in the future.
There is a need, therefore, for an electrical bus assembly which is substantially maintenance-free (i.e., it does not require periodic inspection and/or maintenance), without requiring welding of the electrical bus members comprising the bus assembly.
There is, therefore, room for improvement in electrical bus assemblies, and in electrical enclosures having electrical bus assemblies.

Maintenance-free electrical bus assembly and electrical enclosure employing the same


A light source system and a projection apparatus using the same are provided. The light source system comprises a light guide module, a light emitting module and a wavelength conversion element. The light guide module has a first side and a second side. The light emitting module is configured to generate a first light, a second light, a third light and a fourth light. The wavelength conversion element, disposed beside the second side of the light guide module, is configured to receive the second light and the fourth light, and to generate a fifth light according to the second light and the fourth light. The second light and the fourth light are guided to the wavelength conversion element via the light guide module. The first light, the third light and the fifth light are guided to the first side via the light guide module.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a light source system and a projection apparatus using the light source system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a light source system featuring both high luminance and a miniaturized profile and a projection apparatus using the light source system.
2. Descriptions of the Related Art
In recent years, owing to such advantages of light emitting diodes (LEDs) as a long service life, a low operating temperature and the capability of being instantaneously switched on and off, they have gradually replaced ultra high pressure (UHP) mercury bulbs as light sources of projection apparatuses.
However, light being emitted from the LEDs is divergent light. Therefore, when an LED is used as a light source in a projection apparatus, the image of the projection apparatus will have too low luminance as the light from the LED is insufficiently concentrated. Moreover, if a color wheel is further used as a dichroic device in the projection apparatus in which an LED is used as a light source, then the light from the LED will further decrease in the luminance of the image of the projection apparatus. Because the luminance of the image of the projection apparatus is directly affected by the light source of the projection apparatus, projection apparatus manufactures have proposed many methods for improving the luminance of the image of the projection apparatus.
One common method is to use a plurality of condensing lenses to concentrate light emitted from a light source of a projection apparatus so that the divergent light can be concentrated by the condensing lenses to improve the luminance of the image of the projection apparatus. However, concentrating the light from the light source in this way causes loss of the light energy when the light passes through the condensing lenses. Furthermore, arrangement of too many lenses also leads to a significantly increased volume of the projection apparatus.
Another common method is to directly use multiple LEDs of the red color, the blue color or the green color as light sources in order to improve the overall luminance by increasing the number of light sources. However, LEDs for generating the green light have a lower light emitting efficiency than the other two kinds of LED light sources (i.e., the red LEDs and the blue LEDs) due to limitations in the manufacturing process thereof. Therefore, when the three kinds of LEDs (i.e., red LEDs, blue LEDs and green LEDs) are used at the same time, a particular attention must be paid to arrangement thereof to avoid the problem of color non-uniformity of the image due to different intensities of the light sources of different colors. Furthermore, if too many light sources are arranged in the projection apparatus, waste of energy and difficulty in heat dissipation will be caused.
Accordingly, an urgent need exists in the art to provide a projection apparatus which has an efficient light source system and a small volume and, meanwhile, can reduce waste of energy and avoid the problem of color non-uniformity of the image.

Light source system with high luminance and miniaturized profile and projection apparatus using the same


Blends of 20-99 parts by weight of a multi-block copolyester thermoplastic elastomer melting above 100.degree. C. with 80-1 parts by weight of a polyacrylate elastomer.

For many applications, for example in gaskets, seals and tubing employed in the petroleum industry or in proximity to internal combustion engines, there is a need for economical elastomeric materials with a low degree of swell when exposed at elevated temperatures to low aniline point oils similar to ASTM #3 oil. For gaskets and seals there is a particular need for oil-resistant elastomeric materials which are low in hardness and resistant to compression set.