An information filtering process designed to sort through large volumes of dynamically generated textual information, incrementally learning process that learns as new text documents arrive and the user grades them by providing feedback. Text-based documents either dynamically retrieved from the Web or available in a textual repository on an Intranet are represented by applying key-word weighting""s after capturing the user reasoning for classifying the document as relevant or irrelevant. When a new item (document) arrives, the learning agent suggests a classification and also provides an explanation by pointing out the main features (key-phrases) of the item (document) responsible for its classification. The user looks at this and provides hints by showing a list of features (key-phrases) and are truly responsible for a particular way of classifying the document. This interaction method contributes to the learning process. The apparatus includes a feedback-based clustering scheme that models user""s interest profiles, a simple neural adaptation method for leaning the cluster centers to provide personalized information filtering for information seekers.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to online information filtering in general, and more particularly, information filtering of Web or Intranet searching results. The method employs a rich supervised learning paradigm by accepting relevance feedback to cluster the information and more particularly it employs an efficient user-interaction-based method of text representation and cluster neighbourhood analysis providing a personalized information filtering for online search applications.
2. The Background of the Invention
The problem of information overload is overwhelming almost every Web surfer or a user scouring information from an Intranet. Information seekers on the Internet go through one or the other search engine to research a topic they are interested in. It is estimated that there are over 2500 search services. Some are directory-based where the user would drill down various levels of pre-classified information to arrive at one or two documents they might be interested in. The others are keyword-driven search engines where the user specifies the keywords that drive the search process and the search engine brings up numerous results, which the user has to browse and find out where they are of any relevance. Most search services have a combination of both.
Most of these search engines offer little or no personalized features. The user would be treated as an anonymous visitor who gets inundated with a lot of irrelevant information. For instance, if the user is searching for information about the interest, Cricket, obviously all the documents that are related to the game of Cricket will be non-sense to the user. But most search engines have little or no feature to enable the user to specify and interact with the search facility such that they get the right type of information. Instead, if we could somehow recognise the user (as if we know his or her interests) under a Topic profile, it would be a lot more effective in getting accurate information seen by the user.
Another big limitation with most search engines is that the amount of time and expertise spent in researching a subject area is never remembered. There is nothing like a xe2x80x9cstop and resumexe2x80x9d interface. The work involved in researching and judging documents as relevant and irrelevant has to be repeated over and over each time the search engine is used to look for information in that subject area.
Publicly indexed information available to a Web user is exploding as days pass by. A typical search engine throws up hundreds of results for a user query. A very good document could be at the bottom of the pile. Not all of these hundreds of results will be useful to the user. Instead the user would like the information to be presented in a classified manner either by relevancy or by the nature of the concept the documents cover and the concepts the user likes.
Information filtering algorithms are designed to sort through large volumes of dynamically generated information and present the user with those that are likely to satisfy his/her information requirement. With the growth of the Internet and other networked information, research in the development of information filtering algorithms has exploded in recent years. A number of ideas and algorithms have emerged.
Some of the earlier approaches have adopted what is known as the classical supervised learning paradigm. In this paradigm, when a new icon (document) arrives, the learning agent suggests a classification, the supervisor (user) would provide a classification, and the difference is used to adjust parameters of the learning algorithm. In such a paradigm, the agent""s classification and the user""s classification can be independent processes. The user can also give a classification even before seeing the agent""s classification.
Learning itself can be either xe2x80x9csupervisedxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cunsupervisedxe2x80x9d. In supervised learning networks the input and the desired output are both submitted to the network and the network has to xe2x80x9clearnxe2x80x9d to produce answers as close as possible to the correct answer. In an unsupervised learning network the answer for each input is omitted and the networks have to learn the correlation between input data and to organise inputs into categories from these correlations.
Supervised learning is a process that incorporates an external teacher. It employs Artificial Neural Networks that are particularly good at dealing with such ill-structured documentation handling and classification tasks that are usually characterised by a lack of pre-defined rules. The network is given a set of training patterns and the outputs are compared with desired values. The weights are modified in order to minimise the output error. Supervised algorithms rely on the principle of minimal disturbance, trying to reduce the output error with minimal disturbance to responses already learned.
The application of supervised learning paradigms will improve the performance of a search system. While an unsupervised approach may be easier to implement, since it does not require external intervention, a supervised approach could provide much better results in situations where a thesaurus or a knowledge base already exists or when a human expert can interact with the system. The objective is to employ neural techniques to add the xe2x80x9cintelligencexe2x80x9d needed in order to fulfil the user requirements better. Systems employing these models exhibit some of the features of the biological prototypes such as the capability to learn by example and to generalise beyond the training data.
Both supervised and unsupervised approaches rely upon a technique of document representation. It is a numerical representation of the document, which is used to produce an ordered document map.
One of the standard practices of document representation in information retrieval (IR) systems is the Vector Space information paradigm. This approach encodes the document set to generate the vectors necessary to train the document map. Each document is represented as a vector (V) of weights of keywords identified in the document. The word weight is calculated using the Term Frequency*Inverse Document Frequency (TFIDF) scheme which calculates the xe2x80x9cinterestingnessxe2x80x9d value of the word. Such formulae are used to calculate word weights and used to train the networks to create the information map.
Document representation techniques are used in the classification of textual documents by grouping (or clustering) similar concepts/terms as a category or topic, a process calling for cluster analysis. Two approaches to cluster analysis exist: the serial, statistical approach and the parallel, neural network approach.
In the serial approach, classes of similar documents are basically found by doing pairwise comparisons among all of the key elements. This clustering technique is serial in nature in that pairwise comparisons are made one at a time and the classification structure is created in a serial order. The parallel neural network approach is based on establishing multiple connections among the documents and clusters of documents allowing for independent, parallel comparisons.
A significant number of text-based classification algorithms for documents are based on supervised learning techniques such as Bayesian probability, decision trees or rule induction, linear discriminant analysis, logistic regression, and backpropagation-like neural networks
In spite of so many complex techniques researched to solve the problem of information filtering, the process of Searching (esp. on the Internet) is yet an unresolved problem.
Accordingly it is the object of our invention to make an attempt and provide a more effective and efficient neural network based supervised learning process that learns incrementally as documents arrive and the user grades them by providing feedback to the learning agent. The technique described in this invention can be called Supervised Clustering Analysis.
There is a need for personalization of the information searching either on the Web environment or in an Intranet supporting user participation in grading and ranking documents.
There is a need for automatic learning agents, which build subject profiles in which a user""s feedback is captured and used to learn about the user""s interests for pushing the right information and collaborating with others.
These and other needs are attained by the present invention, where whenever a new document arrives, a learning agent suggests a classification and also provides an explanation by pointing out the main key-phrases of the document responsible for its classification.
The user looks at this, gives his/her classification and then provides hints by showing a list of key-phrases that according to the user, are truly responsible for the classification suggested by the user. In this way the user""s classification is truly of a feedback nature.
The algorithm behind the invention has three major parts.
Document Representation
Feedback and Learning
Classification
This information filtering process is designed to sort through large volumes of dynamically generated textual information, to incrementally learn as new text documents arrive and the user grades them by providing feedback.
Text-based documents either dynamically retrieved from the Web or available in a textual repository on an Intranet are represented by applying key-word weighting""s after capturing the user reasoning for classifying the document as relevant or irrelevant.
When a new item (document) arrives, the learning agent suggests a classification and also provides an explanation by pointing out the main features (key-phrases) of the item (document) responsible for its classification. The user looks at this and provides hints by showing a list of features (key-phrases) that are truly responsible for a particular way of classifying the document.
This interaction method contributes to the learning process. The apparatus includes a feedback-based clustering scheme that models user""s interest profiles, a simple neural adaptation method for learning the cluster centres to provide personalized information filtering for information seekers.

System and method for topic-based document analysis for information filtering

Satyam Computer Services Limited of Mayfair Centre


An engine with a positive pressure assisted brake booster is disclosed. In one example, an operator applying vehicle brakes is assisted by positive pressure provided by a compressor coupled to an engine of the vehicle. Operation of the vehicle brakes may be improved especially when engine vacuum is limited.

Vehicle fuel economy can be improved for some vehicles by lowering the vehicle's engine displacement and by boosting the air supplied to the engine. The air may be boosted via a turbocharger compressor or via a mechanically driven super charger. Engine pumping work can be decreased by reducing engine displacement, and boosting the engine air supply can allow a smaller displacement engine to have performance similar to a larger displacement engine. However, when engine displacement is lowered and intake air pressure boosted, it may be difficult to provide vacuum to assist an operator to apply vehicle brakes. For example, since engine displacement is reduced, a smaller displacement engine may have to operate at higher intake manifold pressures for longer periods of time as compared to larger displacement engines. Consequently, the engine may operate for less time at operating conditions where the engine produces vacuum in the engine intake manifold. As a result, the amount of engine vacuum produced may be less than is desirable to operate vehicle brakes.
The inventors herein have recognized the issues of vacuum assisted brakes in boosted engines and have developed a method for improving brake operation of a vehicle, comprising: generating a positive pressurized air referenced to atmospheric pressure; applying the positive pressurized air to a first chamber of a brake booster; and actuating a vehicle brake via a brake booster diaphragm, the brake booster diaphragm exposed to the first chamber.
By applying a positive pressure to the first chamber of a brake booster it is possible to deflect a diaphragm of the brake booster so that it is possible to assist an operator applying vehicle brakes even though the engine may be operating at conditions where little engine vacuum is available to actuate vehicle brakes. For example, a portion of pressurized air entering an engine via a compressor can be directed to a brake booster to actuate vehicle brakes.
In another example, engine vacuum may be provided to one chamber of a brake booster while a positive pressure is applied to another chamber of the brake booster diaphragm so that the operator may be assisted by vacuum and positive pressure. A diaphragm between the first and second chambers may deflect in response to a pressure differential across the diaphragm. In these ways, it is possible to assist an operator applying brakes of a downsized boosted engine.
The present description may provide several advantages. In particular, the approach may enhance vehicle brake assistance by augmenting vacuum assistance with positive pressure assistance. Further, the approach may provide improved brake actuator assistance during engine operating conditions when brake actuator assistance may otherwise be reduced. Further still, the approach may be useful to reduce brake booster size since more force may be applied to the brake booster diaphragm.
The above advantages and other advantages, and features of the present description will be readily apparent from the following Detailed Description when taken alone or in connection with the accompanying drawings.
It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.

Method and system for improving vehicle braking


In methods and apparatus for encoding a repetitive analog waveform as m n-bit digital words, p analog samples of the repetitive waveform are taken at each of m distinct sampling points, and q bits are derived from each distinct sample, where m, n, p and q are positive integers, p and q are less than n, and p.times.q=n. The methods and apparatus employ novel methods and apparatus for generating a pulse train having a precisely controlled duty cycle to define sampling times at which the samples are taken. The encoding methods and apparatus are useful for encoding high speed waveforms with relatively low speed circuitry.

In conventional methods and apparatus for digitally encoding repetitive analog waveforms, the analog waveforms are sampled at a plurality of sampling points, and each analog sample is encoded as a multi-bit digital word. The analog sample must be held for the duration of the complete multi-bit encoding operation.
Generally, a sample and hold circuit is provided to hold the analog sample during the multi-bit encoding operation. Sample and hold circuits suitable for sampling high frequency waveforms typically include high speed components such as Schottky bridges, step recovery diodes and pulse transformers which must be electromagnetically isolated from one another to prevent undesired cross-coupling. The requirement for electromagnetic isolation and the construction of some of the components (e.g. the pulse transformers) are not compatible with monolithic integration of the sample and hold circuits, so the cost of such sample and hold circuits can be quite high, particularly where many repetitive waveforms must be sampled and encoded in parallel.
The required holding time for the analog sample can be reduced by deriving all bits of the multi-bit digital word simultaneously as in "flash" analog to digital conversion. Unfortunately, flash analog to digital converters employ a large number of comparators connected in parallel to derive all bits of the multi-bit digital word simultaneously, and this parallel connection of comparators contributes a large parasitic capacitance which limits the maximum operating speed. Moreover, flash analog to digital converters are now rather expensive for applications in which several repetitive waveforms must be encoded in parallel.
For example, in a tester described in detail below, electromagnetic emissions are sensed simultaneously by over one thousand probes, and the resulting analog waveforms are digitally encoded in parallel. If relatively expensive sample and hold circuits or flash analog to digital converters are required for each encoding channel, the overall cost impact could be very significant.

Methods and apparatus for digitally encoding repetitive analog waveforms


A supply roller of a developing device for an image forming apparatus and a method of manufacturing the same are provided, which is small and exhibits excellent toner supply properties while preventing occurrence of the ghost phenomenon and toner-filming phenomenon, which cause a deterioration in image quality. The supply roller of the developing device for the image forming apparatus according to the present invention includes a shaft, and a conductive resilient member enclosing an outer circumference of the shaft. The conductive resilient member has a density of about 60 kg/m3 to about 120 kg/m3, and an outer diameter of about 8.0 mm to about 10.0 mm.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a supply roller of a developing device for an image forming apparatus, and to a method of manufacturing the supply roller. More particularly, the present invention relates to a supply roller of a developing device for an image forming apparatus, which is small and exhibits excellent toner supply properties while preventing occurrence of a ghost phenomenon and a toner-filming phenomenon which cause a deterioration in the image quality. The invention is further directed to a method of manufacturing the image forming apparatus and the supply roller.
2. Description of the Related Art
In image forming apparatuses, a latent image is formed on a photoreceptor using a light scanner, a toner is supplied from a developing device having toner composition to form an image, and the latent image is developed with toner to form an image. Image forming apparatuses comprise a plurality of rollers, which are necessary to perform various operations. Among these rollers, a supply roller supplies toner from the developing device to the other components such as the photoreceptor.
The general image forming operation in the image forming apparatus is described with reference to FIG. 1 as follows.
FIG. 1 is a view schematically illustrating a standard image forming apparatus.
First, a charging roller 16 charges a photoreceptor 11, and an electrostatic latent image to be developed is formed on the charged photoreceptor 11 by a laser scanning unit (LSU) 18.
A supply roller 13 supplies toner 14 from inside the developing device to a developing roller 12. The toner supplied to the developing roller 12 is thinned to a uniform thickness by a toner layer control apparatus 15, and at the same time is charged due to high friction caused by interaction between the developing roller 12 and the toner layer control apparatus 15.
When the toner passing through the toner layer control apparatus 15 comes into contact with the photoreceptor 11, the latent image formed on the photoreceptor 11 is developed. The developed toner is transferred onto print paper by a transfer roller 19, and then completely fixed onto the print paper so that an image is formed.
If the toner formed on the photoreceptor 11 remains after printing, the toner is cleaned by a cleaning blade 17. The toner separated from the photoreceptor 11 by the cleaning blade 17 is collected separately to be removed later.
The toner in the supply roller 13 in the image forming apparatus has a constant charge to mass ratio (Q/M) in association with the interaction between the developing roller 12 and the toner layer control apparatus 15. The supply roller 13 supplies the toner to the developing roller, and recovers remaining toner not used for the development of the latent image in the developing device.
The supply roller is usually formed from a polyurethane foam or silicone foam. Polyurethane foam has a lower hardness and price than silicone foam.
Recently, image forming apparatuses have been developed with reduced size, longer lifespan, low temperature fixing properties, and a capability of forming glossy images. In particular, color image forming apparatuses have been required to be increasingly miniaturized, because the color image forming apparatuses comprise developing devices containing different color toners.
However, in order to miniaturize the image forming apparatus, each constituent must be miniaturized, but problems arise when miniaturizing the supply roller. When the outer diameter of the supply roller is small, the toner supply properties are reduced and the ghost phenomenon and toner-filming phenomenon occur.
The ghost phenomenon is observed when toner is supplied by a small supply roller to cause unstable electrification of the toner, and as a result, a residual image is formed on the final image unintentionally.
Additionally, the toner-filming phenomenon means that a gap portion of the supply roller is filled with fine toner particles so that the supply roller has inferior supply properties. This problem caused by the toner-filming phenomenon stands out more clearly due to the miniaturization of the supply roller.
Therefore, supply rollers are required which can be manufactured in a small size in response to the need for the miniaturization of image forming apparatuses, and can overcome the above problems caused by miniaturization.

Supply roller of developing device for image forming apparatus and method of manufacturing the same


At least one example embodiment discloses a method of converting a vector corresponding to an input image. The method includes receiving first-dimensional vector data associated with an input image, the input image including an object and converting the received first-dimensional vector data to second-dimensional vector data based on a projection matrix with an associated rank. A first dimension of the first-dimensional vector data is higher than a second dimension of the second-dimensional vector data.

1. Field
At least some example embodiments relate to an apparatus and method for extracting a feature of an object from an image.
2. Description of the Related Art
In image processing and interpretation, a human face is an important factor in visual discrimination and identification. An analysis on face recognition and interpretation of facial expressions has been extensively developed since the early 1990s.
Recently, to identify a person and search for a face in a flow of images, moving picture experts group (MPEG)-7 face descriptors have been proposed. In comparison to a face recognition algorithm according to the related art, MPEG-7 face descriptors have a main function of more quickly and effectively searching for the same facial images as an asked image.
A face recognition technology may refer to a technology for identifying at least one person in a still image or a moving image based on a face database provided for a face of the person.

Apparatus and method for extracting feature of image including object


Apparatus and method for communicating control data indicative of the capability of RF receiver equipment in wireless telecommunications devices. The control data is then used to allocate transmission resources to the telecommunications devices (including MTC-type terminals). Where a virtual carrier is established to carry data for a given MTC-type device, the position of the centre frequency for that virtual carrier is assigned on the basis of both the capability of the RF receiver equipment of that terminal and the degree of traffic congestion on the frequency band at which the virtual carrier has been established.

The present invention relates to methods, systems and apparatus for allocating transmission resources and transmitting data in mobile telecommunication systems.
Embodiments of the present invention can for example allocate of transmission resources to machine type communication (MTC) devices in cellular telecommunications networks having orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) based radio access technology (such as WiMAX and LTE).
Certain classes of telecommunications device, such as MTC devices (e.g. semi-autonomous or autonomous wireless communication terminals), support "low capability" communication applications that are characterised, for instance, by the transmission of small amounts of data at relatively infrequent intervals.
In many scenarios, it is preferable to provide terminals dedicated to such "low capability" communication applications with a simple receiver unit (or transceiver unit) having capabilities more commensurate with the amount of data likely to be transmitted to (or from) the terminal. This more limited capability contrasts with the capabilities of the conventional mobile telecommunications terminals, such as smartphones, which share access to the same telecommunications networks.
To support MTC terminals, it has been proposed to introduce a "virtual carrier" operating within a bandwidth of one or more "host carriers": the proposed virtual carrier concept preferably integrates within the transmission resources of conventional OFDM based radio access technologies and subdivides frequency spectrum in a similar manner to OFDM. Unlike data transmitted on a conventional OFDM type downlink carrier, data transmitted on the virtual carrier can be received and decoded without needing to process the full bandwidth of the downlink OFDM host carrier. Accordingly, data transmitted on the virtual carrier can be received and decoded using a reduced complexity receiver unit: with concomitant benefits such as increased simplicity, increased reliability, reduced form-factor and lower manufacturing cost.
The virtual carrier concept is described in a number of co-pending patent applications (including GB 1101970.0 [2], GB 1101981.7 [3], GB 1101966.8 [4], GB 1101983.3 [5], GB 1101853.8 [6], GB 1101982.5 [7], GB 1101980.9 [8] and GB 1101972.6 [9]), the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
In one version of the virtual carrier concept a plurality of subcarriers are disposed at predetermined offsets from a central frequency, similar to the subcarrier structure in conventional OFDM: the central frequency may be viewed as characterising the whole virtual carrier. The virtual carrier central frequency is typically selected to be the central frequency of the host carrier.
Direct conversion receiver architectures are attractive for manufacturers of mass market communication devices, such as MTC devices, because of their simplicity and lower cost. The communications networks have therefore adapted their standards to permit the adoption of such architectures. One adaptation has been to stipulate that the standard should not use a frequency band where direct conversion receivers are likely to encounter disruptive levels of interference arising from imperfections in the receiver itself (i.e. self-mixing)—the unused frequency band is commonly referred to as the DC subcarrier, where DC stands for "direct current": non-use of a frequency band is typically achieved by not transmitting a carrier wave at the frequency band in downlink transmissions from a base station in the communications networks.
An efficient operation of a wireless telecommunications system for MTC devices is therefore desirable.


To minimize CPU processing requirements for preparing and transferring data to a graphics processor, a graphics command processor is provided that supports application-level commands and references to the data associated with these commands. The graphics command processor parses the application command and data reference parameters, and subsequently fetches the appropriate graphics data from memory directly, without requiring additional CPU resources. To optimize performance, the graphics command processor fetches the data in parallel with the parsing and processing of the application commands from the CPU. The graphics command processor also includes a processing unit that converts the data from the format used by the application program to the format used for rendering. The graphics command processor creates the commands and data sequences used by a graphics engine to render each object of the image. Because the graphics command processor is closely coupled with the graphics engine, a number of efficiency can be gained, particularly with regard to the transfer of related data items. The processing of the primitive graphic command and data sequences by the graphics engine is asynchronous with the receipt of subsequent commands from the CPU and the fetching of subsequent data associated with the commands from the memory. In this manner, the latency associated with the conventional sequential processing of graphics data is minimized.

A computer is known to include a central processing unit, system memory, video graphics circuitry, audio processing circuitry, and peripheral ports. In such a computer, the central processing unit functions as a host processor while the video graphics circuit functions as a loosely coupled co-processor. In general, the host processor executes application programs and, during execution, calls upon the co-processor to execute its particular function. For example, if the host central processing unit requires a drawing operation to be done, it requests, via a command through a command delivery system, the video graphics processor to perform the drawing function.
Graphics processors, in general, are designed to efficiently render graphic images consisting of a mosaic of triangular areas. The graphics processor receives the characteristics of the image at the vertices of the triangle, and thereafter fills in the triangular area by an interpolation of these characteristics. Conventionally, the CPU prepares the data for execution by the graphics processor and then submits a command and the associated data to the processor for execution. The commands and data generally consist of a series of "draw-triangle" commands, followed by, or preceded by, the data associated with each vertex of the triangle. In this manner, the CPU is able to create and manipulate complex images without computing the details associated with each picture element (pixel) of the displayed image.
During the execution of an application program, the CPU stores the graphics information that is generated by the application program in memory. For efficient programming and execution of the application program, this graphics information is not necessarily stored in memory in the same order or format as required by the graphics processor. There may be information stored in memory that is required by the application program, but irrelevant to the graphics processor, or unnecessary for a particular graphics command. For example, a user may request a display of an image in draft form, without texturing or other realism effects, to speed the process while editing the image. In this example, the CPU formulates the appropriate draw-triangle command and provides the graphics processor only the information required to render the image in the draft form. This process requires CPU processing time, as well as additional memory, to extract and prepare the data that is to be transferred to the graphics processor.
In preparing the data for execution by the graphics processor, the CPU often transforms the data from the format suitable for processing by the application program into the format suitable for processing by the graphics processor; for example, from a floating point format to an integer format. Because such conversion is commonly required, software drivers are generally provided to perform these conversions. The CPU provides the data in a first format to the software driver, receives the data in a second format, then formulates the command and data sequence required by the graphics processor. This sequence of data processing introduces latencies in the overall processing of graphics information as one process waits for another process to be completed. It also introduces a significant overhead in CPU processing, because the CPU must either wait for each process to complete its task, or provide for a polling or interrupt scheme to allow multiple processes to operate in parallel while still maintaining the required sequential ordering of the data processing.
Therefore, a need exists for a method and apparatus for processing video graphics data that minimizes the latencies associated with graphics command and data processing, minimizes the processing and memory requirements associated with the transfer of information to the graphics processor, and also minimizes the overhead burden on the CPU.

Method and apparatus for co-processing video graphics data


A method characterizes a customer line for data transmission. The method includes measuring electrical properties of the customer line from a central location, identifying a line model from the measurements, and identifying a modem model for a modem selected for use with the customer line. The modem model gives performance data for the selected modem. The method also predicts performance data for the customer line when operated with the selected modem by combining the line and modem models.

This application relates generally to communications networks and more particularly to predicting the performance of telephone lines for transmitting data.
As is known in the art, public switch telephone networks, i.e., so-called plain old telephone service (POTS) lines, were originally designed for voice communications which cover a limited frequency bandwidth (i.e., about 4 KHz). Today, it is desired to use the same POTS lines for data transmission. Data signals, however, generally have different frequency characteristics than voice signals. As a result, a POTS line that works well transmitting voice signals might not work well, or at all, for data signals. Telephone companies need to know which lines are suitable, i.e., qualify, and which lines are not suitable for data transmission. Telephone companies also need to know why particular lines are unable to support data transmissions and where such faults occur so they can determine whether the transmission line can be corrected.
The telephone network was originally designed for voice communication. Voice communication covers a limited frequency bandwidth. In some cases, telephone lines were optimized for signals in this frequency range. Even where the lines were not optimized for voice signals, there was no incentive to make the lines operate at other frequencies and often they did not.
Now, it is desired to use those same lines to carry data signals. The data signals generally have different frequency characteristics than the voice signals. As a result, a line that works very well transmitting voice signals might not work well or at all for data signals. Phone companies need to know which lines will work for data signals and use those lines for data.
Line Qualification is the overall ability to make statements about the quality of a subscriber loop as it relates to its ability to deliver voice communications (i.e. POTS), or data services. Disqualification is the ability to make a statement with a high degree of confidence that a subscriber loop will not support a data service without remedial actions. Pre-qualification is the ability to make a statement with a high degree of confidence that a subscriber loop will support a data service without remedial actions.
Telephone operating companies (TELCO's) have two problems to solve in qualifying subscriber loops for delivery of data. The first problem is strategic. Telco's are reluctant to deploy emerging technologies for the delivery of data (e.g., ISDN or ADSL) because there is uncertainty in their knowledge that sufficient of the subscriber loops are of high enough quality to make deployment economically successful. This discourages early adopters because there is significant risk in being first to deliver a technology that may not work in their access network. If Telco's could be given a technology to take much of this risk out of initial deployment, they can secure market share and lead in the face of competition.
The second problem is tactical and comes after a Telco has made a decision to deploy a particular technology. There is a need to qualify, either pro-actively or reactively, specific lines for service as that service is requested by subscribers or targeted by the Telco for delivery. For example, if a Telco is to market and deliver the new service, they would like to target those subscriber loops most likely to support the service out of the box and/or with a minimum of work. As another example, a Telco receiving a new service request from a subscriber desires information to either accept or reject that request for new service based on the condition of their line.
4TEL, a product sold by Teradyne, Inc., of Deerfield, Ill., USA, has been used in the past in support of line qualification for delivery of POTS. Techniques in 4TEL lend themselves to the accurate detection and location of conditions which impair both voice and FSK modems. Modern data transmission techniques (such as those used in V.34, V.90, ISDN, and ADSL) encode data in part by shifting the phase of the carrier frequency(s). As such, these technologies rely upon there being fixed end-to-end and differential transmission characteristics (e.g., phase and echo). The 4TEL line test product connected to telephone lines under test through a voice switch, sometimes called a class 5 switch, or a central office switch, allowing the 4TEL system to make single-ended measurements. Because such switches were designed for relatively low frequency voice signals, this approach has not heretofore been used for predicting performance of lines for carrying relatively high speed data services.
It would be desirable to provide a method or apparatus for easily qualifying lines for high speed data services.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Predicting performance of telephone lines for data services


A method of decreasing the concentration of certain contaminants in liquids by the chemical reduction of the contaminant using a hydride. A suitable reactor is charged with the contaminated liquid. An amount of catalyst and then an amount of hydride are added to the reactor. The hydride reacts with the contaminant in the liquid, chemically reducing and thus destroying a portion of the contaminant and thereby reducing the concentration of the contaminant in the liquid. Additional hydride can be added to further reduce the concentration to meet a desired level.

The task of removing chemicals from aqueous solution, especially when they are present at low concentration, has been a commercial engineering problem for many years. This has been one of the main problems in making biotechnology commercially effective for a wide array of products. These problems commonly contribute to the high cost of remediating water contaminated with toxic materials or materials that could be recycled and reused if collected from the water.
In a chemical process, the separation and purification of the desired chemical in the aqueous phase can easily reach 40% of the cost of the chemical production even after all filterable solids are removed from the solution. The cost is higher the lower the concentration of produced chemical. In the process of removing a contaminant from water, it can be the bulk of the cost.
Conventionally, resin beds using absorbent resins are frequently used for chemical separations. In this technology, the highly filtered aqueous solution is pushed under pressure through a bed of resin wherein the resin adsorbs the chemical. The chemical is then washed off the bed by another solution in a more concentrated form. The flow through the bed must be uniform and precise and the system requires considerable hydraulic pressure. The resin beads are usually on the order of 100 micrometers or so and do not have the high surface area of a colloidal particle bead or nanoparticle bead. If the particles are made too small, the pressures needed may be excessive.
In the case of remediation technology, expensive resins are not usually the choice. Activated carbon filters commonly are used and the carbon with contaminant is collected and subsequently burned in hazardous waste incinerators.
The use of nanoparticles for the adsorption of chemicals has been proposed for many years. Although recently renamed "nanotechnology", small particle chemistry has been known from the mid 19th century and in the 20th century these types of particle were included in the class of physical state covered by the discipline known as "colloid chemistry" or "colloid science". By either name, a common difficulty has always been the manipulation of particles that are difficult to handle, difficult to see and collect, and potentially hazardous in their dry and dusty state. See, e.g., "Separation and purification techniques in biotechnology" by Frederick J. Dechow, Reed & Carnrick Pharmaceuticals, Piscatawy, N.J., Noyes Publications, Park Ridge, N.J., 1989; "Biochemical Engineering" by James M. Lee, Washington State University, Prentice hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J., 1992; and "Separation, Recovery, and Purification in Biotechnology Recent Advances and Mathematical Modeling" by Juan A. Asenjo, EDITOR Columbia University, Juan Hong, EDITOR, Institute of Technology, Developed from a symposium sponsored by the Division of Microbial and Biochemical Technology at the 190th Meeting of the American Chemical Society, Chicago, Ill., Sep. 8-13, 1985, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. 1986, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in the entirety.
The higher surface area of such particles makes them a great candidate for improved separation and purification processes; however, their use has been extremely limited to date.
Reduction of Contaminants
In reclamation efforts it is often necessary to reduce the levels of contaminants in liquids for any number of reasons, including meeting discharge standards or preparing the liquid for reuse. It can be particularly costly to reduce concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons, metals and certain other contaminants.
Air stripping, for instance, is a previously disclosed method for treating chlorinated solvents in water. This process involves blowing air through contaminated water, by which the solvents in the water are rendered airborne. The airborne solvents can then be captured, such as by carbon filters, for later disposal or destruction by proper means. The use of aeration, carbon filters, and the need for disposal make this process time consuming and expensive. The treatment of metal contaminants is currently much more difficult than organic solvents, requiring ion exchange treatment or chemical transformation to forms that can be collected by filtration.
Hydrogenation can be an effective way by which to reduce numerous contaminants, such as chlorinated solvents and metals. Unfortunately, normal hydrogenation using gaseous hydrogen usually takes place at high temperatures (up to 400° C.) and high pressures (up to 5,000 psig or 341 atm). The vessels required for such hydrogenation are expensive and the process is relatively dangerous. However, several decades ago it was found that certain inorganic compounds such as NaBH4, CaH2, KBH4, LiAlH4 (collectively called hydrides) were capable of reducing various compounds by hydrogenation in less severe conditions than that required for hydrogen gas. The disclosed method uses hydrides to reduce the concentration of certain contaminants in liquids.
The subject matter of the present disclosure is directed to overcoming, or at least reducing the effects of one or more of the problems set forth above.

Method for destruction of reducible contaminants in waste or ground water


A device that can accurately detect clogging of a filter and that has a simple structure is provided. A device for measuring clogging of a filter in an air conditioner (2) having a blower (30) that blows gas (40), (42) through a duct (10) and a filter (20) that is provided in the duct (10) and filters dust floating in the gas, comprises a device (26) for measuring a sound pressure that is provided in the duct (10), a data processor (70) that extracts data on the sound pressure at a specific frequency from the data on the sound pressure that have been measured by means of the device (26) for measuring a sound pressure, and an estimating device (70) that estimates clogging of the filter based on the data on the sound pressure at the specific frequency that have been extracted by means of the data processor (70).

Equipment for cleaning air positioned along a curved path in an air conditioner is mainly composed of a blower that takes in and transports air and a filter that removes dust from the air. In the air conditioner, when the filter is clogged by dust so that a loss of the pressure increases, the required volume of air cannot be supplied. Thus, the filter must be periodically cleaned or replaced. The loss of the pressure is measured by using a differential pressure gauge that measures the pressure differential between the pressure at the upstream side and the pressure at the downstream side of the filter. However, since the loss of the pressure varies depending on the flow of the air to be transported, the loss of the pressure must be measured by adjusting the airflow to a standard airflow by means of a flow controller that adjusts the airflow and by means of a flowmeter that measures the airflow. Alternatively, the loss of the pressure that has been measured must be corrected based on the airflow that is measured. Since such a unit for detecting a loss of a pressure requires many devices, is expensive, and needs complicated maintenance, it would be utilized for only a large air conditioner. Thus, there is a request for a technology that can simply and directly measure clogging of a filter.
By the invention that is disclosed in Patent Literature 1, a reflective board for infrared rays is provided within an air filter. Infrared rays are irradiated from an infrared source that is located at the upstream side of the air filter. A sensor that senses infrared rays that have been reflected by the reflective board analyzes the shape of the reflected pattern, so as to measure the clogging of the air filter. By this invention, an infrared source must be provided to an air conditioner and a reflective board on which a pattern is formed must also be provided within the air filter. Thus, the device is complicated.
By the invention that is disclosed in Patent Literature 2, sections for receiving light that are provided upstream and downstream of an air filter receive ambient light. Clogging of the filter is measured based on the difference between the intensities of the received light. By this invention, since the result can be affected by the amount of the ambient light, the positions to measure clogging are limited.
Therefore, the present invention aims to provide a device to accurately measure clogging of a filter. The device has a simple structure.

Device for measuring clogging of filter in air conditioner and air conditioner


Systems, devices, and methods are provided for detecting anomalous events from categorical data using autoencoders. A system may receive a data set associated with actions requested within the computing environment, wherein the data set includes first categorical data indicative of anomalous activity in the computing environment. The system may train an autoencoder to reconstruct approximations of requests associated with the computing environment based on the received data set, wherein training the autoencoder includes using a beta divergence and a maximum mean discrepancy divergence. The trained system may receive a request to invoke an action within the computing environment, may generate a reconstruction of the request to invoke the action using the trained autoencoder, may determine a normalcy score based on a probability that the reconstruction of the request exists in the training data set, and, based on the calculated normalcy score, may determine whether requests indicate anomalous data.

Computer-based systems increasingly are being used to detect anomalous events in a distributed computing system. Users of a distributed computing system may perform actions within a distributed computing system according to a pattern of activity. Actions having attributes that are significantly different from the attributes of historical actions may constitute potentially anomalous activity. Some computer-based systems trained to detect anomalous actions in a distributed computing system may not be trained to analyze categorical data with significant cardinality, and may not account for the possible presence of anomalies in the training data used to train a computer-based system. Therefore, computer-based systems may benefit from enhanced detection of anomalous events.
Certain implementations will now be described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which various implementations and/or aspects are shown. However, various aspects may be implemented in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the implementations set forth herein; rather, these implementations are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Like numbers in the figures refer to like elements throughout. Hence, if a feature is used across several drawings, the number used to identify the feature in the drawing where the feature first appeared will be used in later drawings.

Detecting anomalous events from categorical data using autoencoders


A case for a mobile device includes a rear panel, a plurality of walls extending around the rear panel, a base portion having a jack configured to receive a power cord input, a first aperture configured to receive a first earbud, a first electrical contact of the first aperture configured to engage a first corresponding charging contact of the first earbud, a second aperture configured to receive a second earbud, a second electrical contact of the second aperture configured to engage a second corresponding charging contact of the second earbud, a first electrical connection configured to engage the jack with a power input port of the mobile device, and a second electrical connection configured to engage the jack with the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact.

This patent document relates to a mobile device case that serves as an electrical charger and storage dock for rechargeable wireless audio earbuds.
Wireless audio earbuds ("earbuds") are a convenient way to eliminate tangled wires that impede a user's full range of motion. Existing charging devices for wireless earbuds require users to carry external battery packs, storage devices, or dedicated plug-in charging devices. Wireless earbuds are commonly tethered together (although they communicate wirelessly with a mobile device) in order to prevent loss, given inadequate forms of storage for untethered earbuds. Maintaining wireless earbuds can be inconvenient to a user because they require regular electrical charge.
This document describes a device that address some or all of the issues described above.
Background prior art includes U.S. Patent Application No. 2012/0250914, titled "Detachable Wireless Listening Device"; U.S. Pat. No. 8,638,064, titled "Charger Device for a Portable Electronic Device"; and U.S. Pat. No. 8,180,078, titled "Systems and Methods Employing Multiple Individual Wireless Earbuds for a Common Audio Source." The disclosures of each of these documents are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.


A fabrication method for producing a hollow three dimensional object is disclosed. The method includes disposing a layer of adhesive over a top surface of an elastic material, disposing a layer of fabric to the top surface of the elastic material, such that the layer of adhesive secures the layer of fabric to the elastic material, applying a silkscreen stencil to the outward facing side of the layer of fabric, applying printable material to the outward facing side of the layer of fabric via the silkscreen stencil, applying heat to set the printable material to the layer of fabric, pressing an inside surface of a mold against the top surface of the elastic material, so as to produce a first three-dimensional object having an open end and removing excess elastic material from a rim of the open end of the first three-dimensional object.

The simplest method of forming a stylized, three-dimensional object, such as a lunchbox in the shape of a car, is simply to shape the lunchbox out of a suitable material, such as plastic. Once the shape of the object has been developed, any desired texture or art work, such as paint, may be added to the object's exterior. Thus, for example, many lunchboxes and other three-dimensional objects are formed by simply molding a plastic or latex material to a detailed three-dimensional surface and painting the convex exterior of the three-dimensional surface using a silk screening or similar process.
Early lunchboxes and other three-dimensional objects were formed from plastic, with engravings or other art work added to the exterior of the lunchbox for additional artistic effect. This task, however, has been greatly simplified in recent years with the advent of plastics and other synthetic compounds. Such material may be suitably molded and dried, producing the desired three-dimensional object, such as a car. Other materials require a precipitated chemical reaction during the molding process, to produce a rigid material from one that was originally soft or liquid. Alternatively, many such plastics exist as hard, rigid materials at room temperature, and are heated to allow the material to be deformed, and then cooled so that the deformed material regains its rigidity as a molded three-dimensional object. These processes are currently used to manufacture a vast number of goods used in contemporary living.
It is not uncommon for art work seen upon the exterior of the plastic to be added either before or after the molding process has been completed. These newer procedures generally employ a silk screen or lithographic process to apply the desired art work to flat sheets of plastic prior to molding. These procedures have enabled near-effortless production of thousands of identical products, using assembly-line techniques. For example, a particular lithographic or silk-screen design may be repeatedly used many thousands of times, assisted by automated vacuum-forming machinery, which rapidly molds and cuts the desired stylized, three-dimensional object from rolls of plastic.
However, the foregoing procedures are not without their limitations. In particular, the use of plastics, rubber and similar manufacturing materials involve difficulties associated with the necessity to melt the material into a liquid at a high temperature. In these cases, the associated manufacturing machines involve a high amount of maintenance and repairs. Additionally, dealing with potentially-hazardous, liquid manufacturing materials can involve spills, contamination and other undesirable situations. In addition, the heat-treatment of pre-stylized materials, such as plastics, results in distortion of the printed image during the deformation process. Thus, creating the silk screen and lithographic designs involves some labor in predicting and accounting for distortion in the actual design itself, so that the finished product accurately bears the desired art work. Furthermore, the foregoing procedures are limited to plastic molding processes. As consumers become more sophisticated, there is an increased need to mold products from alternative materials.
From the foregoing, it will be apparent that there exists a definite need for an apparatus and method which allows the practical, low-cost production of stylized, three-dimensional objects in a variety of materials.

Layered molding process for producing three dimensional objects


Apparatus and method for WS-Policy based web service controlling. The apparatus includes: a service policy repository for storing a plurality of Web Service policies; a service policy agent for receiving a request for a Web Service policy from a service consumer and for obtaining conditioning information that influences the Web Service policy; and a service policy conditioner for selecting corresponding Web Service policy from the service policy repository in accordance with the conditioning information. The service policy agent sends the Web Service policy to the service consumer. The Web Service policy-based service differentiation method decouples the service differentiation mechanism from the service provision and service invocation mechanism and can provide policy support in accordance with other nonfunctional conditions besides service functions.

Web service is a distributed computing environment, whose basic idea is to implement distributed software development, software engineering and software using on the Internet by using open standard techniques. Here, "service" means all kinds of software distributed on the Internet, and either an entity user or an individual user can invoke service software existing on the Internet by using Web service techniques to constitute their own application software in accordance with service needs. Application software of different entities can invoke each other with Web service techniques to support applications, such as e-business, client relationship model, etc. and so do the application software of entities and clients. Although the meaning of Web service is totally different from that of common Web that can only provide data service, the adopted protocol and interface thereof still fall into Web techniques that have been put into extensive use.
The basic technique of Web service lies in XML that is an extensible markup language defined by W3C to describe data. Different from Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), XML merely describes data contents per se without involving display of data, and thus it can be used to describe any content in broad sense. In Web service, it is XML that is used to describe remote invocation operations and implementation results thereof. The description is loaded in Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), and SOAP messages are usually transferred in the most common HTTP. Since XML text description is irrelevant to implementation, platforms that adopt different operating systems and different programming languages can interact with each other via Web service. The distribution and description of Web Service per se is also implemented using XML.
Web Service policy describes the requirements and abilities of a web service in its interactions with other web services or consumers, which is important to Service Level Agreement (SLA). The Web Services Policy (WS-Policy) Framework defined by IBM, BEA, Microsoft, etc., is the de facto standard for Web Service policy. It provides a general purpose model and corresponding syntax to describe the policies of a Web service. WS policy defines a set of base constructs that can be used and extended by other Web services specifications to describe a broad range of service requirements and capabilities. Based on WS policy, a standard set has been defined for different perspectives of system including WS-RM policy, WS-Security policy, WS-Atomic transactions, WS policy assertions, etc. Users can also define policy languages based on WS policy and related standards for their requests. Web Service policy is a standard protocol that can be easily extended and can be used to perform other functions.
In general, a Web service provider will disclose a policy to present conditions for service provisioning. The service provider defines and publishes a set of options in policy statements in different ways, such as via a service registration center (e.g. UDDI) or embedded in WSDL. A service consumer can use the policy to decide whether and how to use the service. Further, the service consumer can select any substitute option in the policy statements because each substitute option is an effective configuration capable of interacting with the service. Generally, the service consumer or other policy enforcement point choose an option in the policy statements and aggregate it with local policy statement to generate the effective policy that will be enforced during communication with the service provider.
Such a mechanism provides flexibility for the provider who provides client side application selection service. In this mechanism, after the service provider exposes all its acceptable options, the choice is actually in the requester's hand, and the service provider cannot control the service requester to choose which option. Thus, a certain policy option might be used by many requesters, while other options are seldom or hardly chosen, so that the load of the service provider is not balanced. For example, after the resource of a certain policy option is exhausted, if requesters still request the service provider to provide service in accordance with the policy option, then the service provider cannot provide service in accordance with the option. Meanwhile, if a requester requests other service, the service provider has resources to provide service in accordance with the option. Therefore, there is a need for a mechanism to enable a service provider to dynamically decide the disclosure of service policy in accordance with conditions, so as to prevent service consumers from blindly choosing service policy.
Another demand for Web service is to provide service differentiation. Efforts have been made by industry and academy to enable Web service differentiation. However, these methods are derived by extending IP differentiated service, and focus on service implementation itself and network transportation layer, such as a Web server.

Method and apparatus for WS-policy based web service controlling

International Business Machines Corporation


The present invention provides a method of preparing content with design in a presentation that is suitable for printing and/or electronic publishing. The method utilizes content data including alphanumeric and/or graphical elements, and design data including a rule or rules associated with a particular alphanumeric element or graphical element. This can be used to define a scoring system which defines a score dependent on a degree of conformance of layouts to the rules, with the layout being selected in accordance with the resulting score.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to an automated method of preparing content with design in a presentation that is suitable for printing and/or electronic publishing.
2. Description of the Related Art
The reference to any prior art in this specification is not, and should not be taken as, an acknowledgment or any form of suggestion that the prior art forms part of the common general knowledge.
Most document production is achieved without using any kind of structure or automation. In order to improve the efficiency of the document production process varying degrees of automation are available. Current electronic typesetting and document layout and publishing systems for printing and/or electronic publishing offer automation features that utilize different types of data to produce a completed work. The content is generally produced separately from the design or stylistic content which gives the finished work a particular appearance. This appearance may be common to a group of works across a series, lending the series a consistent format that is often designed to appeal to potential purchasers.
The creator of the content, hereinafter called the content creator, writes the text of the work. A particular work may also require the production of other material such as drawings and other graphical figures. These may be created or prepared by the content creator, who may be a content creator preparing the written content, or by another content creator such as a technical illustrator or an artist. The raw text and other material are hereinafter termed the content and are not necessarily formatted for the final appearance of the work.
The stylistic appearance is generally controlled by a graphic, document or Web designer. The designer is charged with the task of creating an aesthetically pleasing or efficient design that may be intended either for print or for electronic publishing in page form or in some other geometric space. We will henceforth refer to the output of the design as a partial page, a full page or a series of pages, although it may include other display spaces such as computer monitors or other display devices.
The designer typically prepares sample pages and/or produces written guidelines which dictate the finished appearance of the work. The sample pages and guidelines may be created using a known desktop publishing software package such as Adobe PageMaker, Adobe InDesign or QuarkXPress, Web page content creation software, or recorded using a word-processing system or other data-processing system. The stylistic information is hereinafter called the design.
Once the design has been approved, and the content has been completed, both are sent to an operator who prepares the presentation of the work by manually combining the content with the design and layout rules specified in the design. The process is a manually-intensive one, with scope for error and misunderstanding. A typical work such as a reference book containing several hundred pages may have a fairly complex layout including sidebars, drawings, photographs, graphs and tables, and may take an operator from several weeks to several months to prepare manually.
The process is very subjective, and even by using a number of positioning rules which define how the positions of certain objects interrelate, it is possible that two different operators working independently on the same material would produce two very different results.
On completion of this process the work is typically published in printed or electronic form by a publisher. The publisher may be a commercial publisher, a society, a corporation, an individual, or any other disseminator of the work.
The content and the design information created in this process are typically stored in a computer-readable file or files, a data stream, one or more database records, hereinafter called data sets, and in all instances may include structural tagging such as is present in XML, SGML, HTML and other tagging specifications.
The design generally includes several different parts that provide structure to the published work:
Paragraph styles: These are applied to paragraphs within the content and specify information such as the fonts and font sizes to be applied to various elements within the work including the main body text, section headings, sidebar headers, sidebar text, captions, running headers and lists. Type specifications may also be detailed separately from the paragraph styles and include rules to provide stylistic control to the typesetter such as the use of hyphens within the final document. Paragraph styles deal primarily with the format of the paragraph. They do not generally provide any guidance on the relative or absolute positioning of paragraphs, although a style may provide some control over the number of lines allowed to exist in isolation from the rest of the paragraph when a paragraph is forced to break into two or more parts. The latter is known within the art as "keep" options, or "widow/orphan" control. A paragraph style may also define relationships to the preceding or subsequent paragraph, or to specify whether the entire paragraph must appear on a single page.
Master pages: These are document specifications that are used as the template for a defined display area such as pages within a work. For example, in printed works master pages typically include elements whose positions and characteristics rarely if ever change, allowing these pages to be predefined. These pages may include background graphics used on part title pages, running heads and footers used on the main text pages, background shading behind page margins and placeholders for things such as page numbers and chapter titles. Many publication designs specify multiple master pages for different display styles.
Elements: These are items that change in terms of both position and content. They are defined by the designer, and may be illustrated with sample text and images (in the case of Figures, for example), and they may have associated positioning rules such as "always place at the top of the display area". Elements include logos, advertisements, menus, sidebars, tables, figures and other items relevant to the work's purpose and design.
Document DTDs (document type definition) and schemas are definitions of the structural tags that may be used to describe a particular type of content. DTDs and schemas generally are expressed as a sequential or nested series of structural entities that are then applied to the content. For example, a schema with a heading entity allows the content to be described as a heading entity. DTDs and schemas are typically derived in a manual analytical process or derived from other DTDs and schemas. They relate to both the content and the structural design of that content, but the act of preparing a DTD or schema is usually carried out as a separate process to that of preparing the design and the content.
Some content may be created and stored in a database system. This content may derive from secondary databases or may be entered directly into the database. This type of content typically includes information related to commercial products such as product descriptions and specifications. Some database systems are able to apply stylistic tags to the content in the database and/or publish that data in a structured fashion. Some of these database publishing systems include the ability to express dynamic data from multiple databases.
Related to database publishing systems is a class of automated software used primarily for report generation and transactional documents such as invoices, insurance documents and prospectuses. These systems are primarily focused on high-speed large volume data processing and have always been limited in their graphical sophistication. They are not suitable for high-quality commercial publishing applications.
Some document automation systems utilize software that augments the function of page layout applications such as QuarkXPress, Adobe PageMaker, or Adobe InDesign to allow them to function as database publishing systems. These systems are limited to highly structured data and have limited ability to deal with any variability in data length or appearance.
Several desktop publishing packages also offer automatic alignment features that can move an element, for example, to the top or bottom of a page, or maintain its position with a specific reference point in the content. These systems have limited capacity to resolve complex conflicting positional requirements. Many desktop publishing packages also offer scripting or other programmatic systems which allow a certain amount of control over the layout process to be exercised by a suitably skilled programmer. This functionality provides a method for developing a semi-automated or even a fully-automated layout system. However, there are drawbacks to these systems. A full layout can only be achieved if the intended result is relatively basic or with very significant programmatic development. More complex layouts can be achieved by skilled programmers, but each new design typically requires extensive additional development to accommodate features that are unique to that design. These limitations often render the scripting or programmatic method to be uneconomical when compared to the manual process, which it is intended to replace. Typically an automated template is only developed for books or documents whose basic design will be used in many titles, such as in a series of works, where the total. title count will number in the dozens or hundreds of examples.
Attempts have been made to fully automate the typesetting and/or layout process. These include the development of typesetting software systems such as TeX, Penta and Advent 3B2. These systems provide extensive programmatic support for defining automated templates. However, creating a template for a book that will be commercially-attractive can take up to several months of intensive development. These systems may also provide solutions where templates are rigidly defined using numerical constraints either defined using a series of often lengthy parametric dialog boxes within the user interface, or by some other expression of these parameters via a control file, or via a programmatic interface. There have been attempts to include a graphical user interface in these systems, but the complexity of the code structure makes the interaction with the interface limited in its functionality. The time and cost involved in developing a new specification for a complex template imbues the systems with a level of complexity that makes them inaccessible to the general graphic design and publishing market. The templates that are created for these systems are generally economically non-viable for one-off publications such as a unique book format with a short print run, and are difficult to adjust to the requirements of highly variable content. These systems are also very expensive, both in terms of software and the cost of training operators, and provide no significant cross-media functionality.
A related class of automated publishing system was created to deal primarily with office documents and some technical documentation. Examples include Interleaf and Adobe FrameMaker. These systems have been focused more on document management and production than on sophisticated graphic design presentation.
To support the requirements of complex technical document production a structural tagging system called SGML was developed. Some publishing systems began to support SGML often in a limited fashion and generally with disappointing results. The major drawback of SGML is its enormous complexity and the extent of the structures it tries to encode. A very small subset of SGML called HTML was then developed to enable publishing over the Internet. HTML is extremely limited in its capacity to support the structural requirements of complex documents and visual structures.
In an attempt to combine the benefits of SGML while reducing the complexity XML was developed by a committee of the W3C. XML and its derivatives have begun to drive a range of publishing systems but do not yet feature the graphical complexity and ease of use that would ensure its robust acceptance in the market. Typically XML publishing is driven by programmers rather than graphic designers. Future attempts to improve the interface to XML publishing systems are likely to increase its use. One direction being taken in XML publishing is via XSL-FO, a method of defining the appearance of structural elements within a defined space such as a printed page. XSL-FO is not yet able to provide the graphical sophistication required by most professional print and online publishers.
In summary, the current state of the art is defined by manual desktop publishing systems, semi-automated desktop publishing systems, and fully automated publishing systems. The content and the design information are both stored in data sets which may be a computer-readable file or files, a data stream, one or more database records, and in all instances may include XML or other tagging. In general these systems align along two axis: the simpler to use systems offer the highest and most flexible presentation sophistication but offer the lowest degree of automation; the most complex systems offer a high degree of automation traded off against a lower level of presentation sophistication.


A degree of nonlinearity based on intra-wave frequency modulation is proposed here with the value substantially between 0 and 1. The degree of nonlinearity is used for obtaining the state rather than a system. The data required for defining the degree of nonlinearity is the state of the motion or the observed data. For a complicate state with more than one IMF containing prominent energy density, the degree of nonlinearity has also considered the amplitude variations. The combination of the intra-wave frequency modulation and the amplitude variation gives the Combined Degree of nonlinearity. With the definitions of degree of nonlinearity, the nonlinearity characteristic can be quantified, and the discussion of nonlinear effects could be conducted more precisely.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to the degree of nonlinearity. More particularly, the present invention relates to quantifying the degree of nonlinearity.
2. Description of Related Art
The term 'nonlinearity' has been loosely used, in most cases, not to clarify but as a fig leaf to hide our ignorance. As a result, any anomaly without obvious and ready explanations is labeled as "nonlinear effect". Such an approach could certainly be right for some cases, but, at the best, the answer is is not complete, for the nonlinear effects could have many causes: For example, nonlinear effects could be the results of the intrinsic properties of the system and also arise from the various initial conditions. Unfortunately, under the present state of our understanding, no better solution is available. The central of the problem is that the definition of 'nonlinearity' is only qualitative. Let us review the definition of nonlinearity.
Currently the nonlinearity is defined based a system point of view. And the definition is not directly on nonlinearity, but on linearity; any system that is not linear would be nonlinear. The linearity is based on linear algebra: For any system L is linear, if for inputs x1 and x2 we have outputs y1 and y2 respectively as:L(x1)=y1;L(x2)=y2;  (1)
We should also haveL(αx1+βx2)=αy1+βy2  (2)
Any system does not satisfy this superposition and scaling rules given in Equation (1) and (2) is a nonlinear system. This definition is rigorous but qualitative, for the answer offer is 'yes' or 'no' without any quantitative measure. Furthermore, this system approach may not be very practical. For many phenomena, it might be difficult, if not impossible, to define the system in close form to test this input vs. out put approach. For example, many natural systems are so complicated that a closed system is hard to define. Even for those systems that we could find explicit analytic expression in closed form, the inputs and out puts could still be hard to define. For example, for the autonomous system, the state of the phenomena depends totally on the initial condition, which is hardly qualified as inputs. The motion or the flow of the system is also hard to be treated as output. Furthermore, for complicate system, there might not be a small parameter for us to track the progress of the system from linear to nonlinear as that parameter changes. All of these difficulties made the discussions of nonlinearity hard to quantify. Without quantification, however, it would be impossible to discuss the nonlinearity more precise and prevent its loose usage. A brief review of the state-of-the-arts nonlinearity tests is given first.
A Brief Review of the State-of-the-arts in Nonlinearity Tests
Even though the definition of nonlinearity used now is qualitative, to be able to determine whether a given set of data is or is not coming from a nonlinear process s still a highly desirable. Many tests have been proposed and used, most frequently in financial data (see, for example, Kantz and Schreiber, 1997 and Tsay, 2005); they all have some deficiencies. The current available nonlinearity teat is briefly summarized here:
a. Tests Based on Inputs and Outputs
As discussed above, the inputs and outputs are hard to define for most cases. There are, however, special occasions when this is possible in a closed system as in some engineering applications. Methods to identify the nonlinearity could be based on the inputs and outputs data. In principle, this is a much easier problem. This approach is best summarized by Bendat (1990). The main tools employed were the probability distribution functions and higher order Fourier spectral analysis. In theory, the approach would be possible, for the probability distribution changes from inputs to outputs could be well defined through the generalized theorem of probability, which states that known the distribution of a random variable, one could derive the distribution of any function of that variable. Either probability or the spectral approach all depends on the stationary assumption. Furthermore, when the processes are nonlinear, the Fourier spectral analysis could also generate spurious harmonics. Finally, the best result this approach could provide is still limited to qualitative ones. When the closed system is not available as is the rule rather than exception, this approach is totally infeasible. Therefore, we have to study the cases when only outputs data is available.
b. Tests Totally Based on Data.
One of the oldest nonlinearity test is the purely data based method of higher order spectral analysis (Nikias and Petropulu, 1993). The idea is to use cumulant spectra, such as the bispectra and the trispectra. There are two major problems for this approach: First, the cumulant spectra do not measure nonlinearity directly; they actually measure the departure from normalcy. For example, the total integration of a bispectrum gives the skewness and the integration of tri-spectrum, the kurtosis. Granted that linear processes are mostly Gaussian by virtue of the central limit theorem, but nonlinear process could also produce data with Gaussian distribution. The obvious case is the homogeneous turbulence, a phenomenon of the fluid motion produced through the instability of nonlinear flows and highly interactive cascade of eddies (Batchelor, 1953; Frisch, 1995), yet the distribution of its velocity is normal. Secondly, the computation employs the Fourier transform, which is under the assumption of stationarity. This will strongly restrict the applicability of the test and weaken its test results.
c. Nonparametric Tests
In this approach, all the tests are based on the hypothesis that the data from linear processes should have near linear residue from a properly defined linear model. Famous among the tests are the ones proposed by McLeod and Li (1983), where ARMA (p,q) model is used; Brock, Dechert and Scheikman (BDS, 1987), where 'correlation integral' is used to test the iid (independent, identical distribution) of the data distribution; and Theiler et al (1992), where an ensemble of linear surrogate sets of data is set up based on a null hypothesis then compare with the given data. Here, the BDS test is not designed for nonlinearity at all; it is for testing of whether the data is stochastic or chaotic. Theiler's tests depend on the null hypothesis and the ensemble of models so established. The ensemble could be extensive, but hardly exhaustive. All the tests are again qualitative: simply determining the process is or is not linear.
d. Parametric Tests
The parametric approach is based on a given model, such as auto-regression model. Ramsey (1969) first proposed a test for linear least square regression analysis. Although later generalization by Keenan (1985) and Tsay (1986) using different regressors, the test is limited to specific model.
For more detailed discussion, one should consult the original paper, or see Kantz and Schreiber (1997) and Tsay (2005). Critical shortcomings of all the tests are that most of the tests are limited to stationary processes, and also that all the answers are still qualitative in nature. Few problems could be answered satisfactorily with a qualitative answer. If nonlinearity is an issue, quantitative answer is imperative.

Method for quantifying and modeling degree of nonlinearity, combined nonlinearity, and nonstationarity


The present invention provides humanized antibodies that immunospecifically recognize the RGD sequence. Some of these antibodies inhibit the biological functions of the RGD proteins, thereby exhibiting therapeutic effects on various disorders or diseases that are associated with RGD proteins, including cancer, e.g., the growth and metastasis of a cancer cell, and inflammatory diseases, e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, hepatitis, endometriosis, bronchial asthma, fibrosis, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, multiple sclerosis, granuloma, an inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease), an autoimmune disease, and so forth.

Cell adhesion plays an important role in sustaining life of multicellular organisms. Cell adhesions of multicellular organisms are classified into cell-extracellular matrix (hereinafter abbreviated as "ECM") adhesion and cell-cell adhesion. It has been elucidated that cell-ECM adhesion is mediated by integrins and cell-cell adhesion is mediated by cadherins, claudins and nectins.
Transmembrane adhesion proteins, such as integrins, constitute cell-ECM adhesions. Integrin forms heterodimer of α and β chains. At least 18 types of α chain, 8 types of β chain and 24 types of αβ heterodimer have been identified and confirmed so far. Each type of integrin recognizes a specific ligand. Transmembrane adhesion proteins including integrins relate to, in addition to cell adhesions, intracellular signal transductions from ECM into a cell and regulation of proliferation, mobility and differentiation (F. G. Giancotti, et. al., Science, 285, 1028-1032, 1999).
Many proteins are known as ECM proteins which are classified into collagens (such as type I-XIX), non-collagenous glycoproteins (such as osteopontin (OPN), vitronectin, fibronectin, von Willebrand Factor, laminin, tenascin, fibrinogen, thrombospondin), elastins and proteoglycans. These ECM proteins bind to corresponding integrins and activate intracellular signal transduction pathways to regulate cytoskeletal organization, mobility, proliferation, differentiation, and the like. ECM protein-bound integrin regulates these signal activating pathways by transmitting specific signals depending on the type of ECM protein. The RGD sequence is commonly observed in cell adhesion region of many ECM proteins and exhibits various functions by binding to integrins. The RGD sequence of ECM proteins has been viewed as a possible target for drugs, and a number of small molecule compounds and artificial peptides have been provided.
Some types of integrins such as α3β1 integrin, α5β1 integrin, α8β1 integrin, αvβ1 integrin, αvβ3 integrin, αvβ5 integrin, αvβ6 integrin, αvβ8 integrin have been known to bind to the RGD sequence. The interaction between α5β1 integrin and its specific ligand fibronectin has inspired investigations into the mechanisms of integrin mediated signal transduction. Such investigations show that α5β1 integrin regulates not only cell adhesion and cell mobility, but also cell differentiation and cell mortality. (S. M. Frisch et al., Curr. Opin. Cell Biol., 9, 701-706, 1997). It has also been shown that α5β1 integrin is highly expressed on tumor cells and relates to malignant alteration of cancer. Each integrin mediated signal differs depending on binding ECM proteins, for example, stimulation by growth factor activates growth of fibronectin-bound endothelial cells, but inhibits growth of laminin-1 bound endothelial cells. Also, the signal transmitted from laminin-10/11 to α3β1 integrin is different from the signal transmitted from fibronectin to α5β1 integrin, and significantly enhances mobility of cancerous cells (J. Gu et al., J. Biol. Chem., 276, 27090-27097, 2001) and significantly avoids apoptosis by blood starvation (J. Gu et al., J. Biol. Chem., 277, 19922-19928, 2002). High expression of RGD sequence binding αv integrins has been observed in the osteoclastic cells and neovascular, and inhibition of the RGD sequence and the αv integrins has been viewed as a target for a therapeutic drug for osteoporosis and cancer. It has been indicated that α5β1 integrin is highly expressed on tumor cells and relates to malignant alteration of cancer. From these findings, anti-α5β1 integrin antibody (Volocimab), anti-α4 integrin antibody (Natalizumab), and anti-αvβ3 integrin antibody (Vitaxin) have been developed as antagonistic anti-integrin antibody drugs which inhibit interaction between integrin and ECM protein.
Meanwhile, some ECM proteins such as collagen, osteopontin (OPN), vitronectin, fibronectin, von Willebrand Factor, laminin, tenascin, fibrinogen and thrombospondin have been known to include RGD sequence. Also, some virus and some bacterium have been known to possess RGD sequence to adhere to cells. OPN is an acidic glycoprotein with binding properties to calcium which is contained rich in bone. It is reported that OPN plays an important role in cell adhesion, cell migration, tumor formation, immune response and complement mediated cellular lysis. Outcomes of OPN knockout mice and anti-OPN neutralizing antibodies indicate that OPN relates to hepatitis, autoimmune disease (such as rheumatoid arthritis), and metastasis of cancer. It has been noted that an inhibitor of binding of ECM proteins to cells may be used for treating osteoporosis or cancer. Thus, in addition to the above-mentioned antagonistic drugs targeted to integrins, antagonistic drugs targeted to the ECM proteins which are binding partner of the integrins have been developed.

Humanized antibodies specific for amino acid sequence RGD of an extracellular matrix protein and the uses thereof


New method to control the optical transmitter is disclosed. The optical transmitter provides both of the ATC feedback loop and the APC feedback loop. When a failure occurs in the ATC feedback loop and the temperature sensor is unable to output an adequate signal any longer, the optical transmitter cuts the APC loop and operates the LD in constant conditions. The output of the monitor PD is transferred to the ATC loop to control the TEC based on the optical output of the LD.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method to control a temperature of a laser diode (hereafter denoted as LD), in particular, the invention relates to a method to control a temperature of the LD when a failure occurs in a temperature sensor.
2. Related Prior Art
Various methods to set the optical output from an optical transmitter in stable have been known. Japanese Patent Application published as JP-2005-197984A has disclose an optical transmitter implemented with functions to keep the optical output of the LD in constant even an ambient temperature of the LD varies and to compensate the time degradation of the LD. The optical transmitter disclosed therein provides a look-up table that stores a set of driving currents for the LD each reflecting the temperature dependence of the LD, a differential circuit that compares the optical output of the LD with a reference level, a temperature sensor to sense the ambient temperature, a detector to detect a loss of the input signal, and a processor. The transmitter evaluates the degradation of the LD based on the bias current currently provided thereto, the ambient temperature and the current output of the LD; and may keep the optical output of the LD in constant.
Another prior patent, U.S. Pat. No. 7,056,035, has disclosed another method to maintain the optical output level of the LD and its output wavelength precisely in a long term. The optical transmitter disclosed therein is a type of, what is called as the external modulator, and provides an LD unit an external modulator, a unit of the auto-power control (hereafter denoted as APC) for the LD, an auto-wavelength control (hereafter denoted as AWC), an APC for the modulator, and a controller. The APC-LD unit controls the output of the LD in constant, while the APC-TX unit controls the output of the modulator in constant. The AWC maintains the wavelength of light output form the LD to a preset wavelength by adjusting a temperature of the LD. In a normal mode, the APC-LD control and the AWC control are independently and concurrently carried out as detecting a difference between the output power of the modulator and the preset reference. When this difference becomes larger than a critical level, the target power of the LD is changed.
Still another Japanese Patent Application published as JP-2003-198041A has disclosed a method to prevent an excess current flowing in a thermo-electric controller (hereafter denoted as TEC). The LD module disclosed therein estimates a maximum allowed current supplied to the TEC at which the temperature of the LD becomes less than the allowed highest temperature based on an ambient temperature and the driving current provided to the LD. The controller suppresses the current provided to the TEC less than thus evaluated maximum current.
However, such optical transmitters disclosed in those prior patent require a temperature sensor, typically a thermistor, to sense the temperature of the LD. When a failure occurs in this sensor, or interconnections to the sensor break, the transmitter could not control the optical output of the LD any longer. The present invention provides an optical transmitter able to keep the optical output thereof even when the temperature thereof becomes impossible to be adequately detectable.

Sumitomo Electric Device Innovations, Inc.


Disclosed herein are non-aqueous dentifrice compositions comprising (i) a whitening complex comprising crosslinked polyvinylpyrrolidone complexed with hydrogen peroxide; (ii) an off-gas reducing agent selected from sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, citric acid and clay; and (iii) an orally acceptable carrier. Methods of making and using the compositions are also provided.

Many individuals desire a "bright" smile and white teeth, and consider dull and stained teeth cosmetically unattractive. Thus, there is a desire for whiter teeth and one means to achieve whiter teeth is the use of tooth whitening products.
Teeth can become discolored by foods, drinks and tobacco use. Dental stains can be classified as either extrinsic, which occur on the outer surface of teeth, or intrinsic, which occur below the surface of enamel. Most abrasive containing toothpaste remove extrinsic stains. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can bleach both extrinsic and intrinsic stains and so provides fast and superior whitening efficacy. The peroxide can bleach the teeth, remove stains, and kill cariogenic bacteria. However, peroxide compounds are highly reactive, and consequently difficult to formulate. Moreover hydrogen peroxide can spontaneously decompose to form oxygen gas (O2) and water. The off-gas accumulation can be problematic as in storage, dentifrice containers may bloat, burst or leak, and the remaining formulation will not have enough peroxide remaining to clean and whiten teeth effectively.
To alleviate this, some dentifrices initially comprise very high levels of peroxide, which decomposes over time, so that the exact amount of peroxide delivered on application is variable and largely depends on how long and under what conditions the dentifrice has been stored. In alternative methods, the pH of the composition is decreased to an acidic range in order to increase H2O2 stability (see, for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,839,156).
Current oral care market products do not adequately address off-gassing resulting from hydrogen peroxide decomposition. Accordingly, there is a need for oral compositions having stable hydrogen peroxide formulations.

Oral care compositions and methods of use