A pilot seat ejection system for use in a number of environments, can be designated for automatic operation. A microprocessor, or other on-board computer, uses avionic sensors to sense an irreversible catastrophic or dangerous situation, thereby initiating automatic ejection. While the system is particularly applicable during vertical operation of an STOVL Aircraft, the present system can be used on a wide variety of different vehicles in a wide variety of different situations.

Modern high speed aircraft are equipped with escape systems with predetermined safe ejection envelopes as measured by acceptable speed, flight altitude, aircraft roll and pitch angles, and sink rate, as well as other factors such as seat and aircraft characteristics. If an ejection takes place within the safe ejection envelope of, for example, an ejection seat, aircrew can survive ejection even at the outer margins of an aircraft's flight envelope, including take-off, landing, and even zero altitude and zero air speed conditions. All existing aircraft escape systems are actuated manually, subsequent to aircrew evaluation of the circumstances leading to a decision to eject.
One of the most complex and demanding examples of vehicle escape system is found in high-speed military aircraft, such as jet fighters, attack craft and even bombers. In such military aircraft, the aircrew assesses a situation, and when ejection is believed to be warranted, one of the members of the crew will initiate the process of ejection. This will vary from aircraft to aircraft, depending upon the configuration of aircrew placement within the aircraft.
In conventional high-speed jet fighters, ejection is usually initiated by pulling on an ejection handle, squeezing an ejection handle or a similar device to initiate the ejection sequence.
Operation of the ejection process for a conventional ejection seat is highly automated after initiation of the ejection sequence by the aircrew. However, in conventional aircraft, ejection takes place only after the aircrew has gone through a decision-making process based upon perceived conditions of the aircraft or surrounding environment. This is crucial since the pilot (and other crew if the aircraft is so configured) must be able to clear the aircraft as quickly as possible, while at the same time avoiding hitting any part of the aircraft, or each other.
The relatively long aircrew decision process could be considerably shortened by an automatic ejection system. However, such systems have not been contemplated due to difficulties in providing a fail-safe against unintended ejections. Such ejections have severe consequences of leaving a plane without control, and endangering the ejected aircrew.
In certain types of modern aircraft various emergencies can develop so rapidly that aircrew have insufficient time to evaluate the situation and initiate ejection within the seat's safe ejection envelope. This is particularly relevant for short take-off vertical landing aircraft (STOVL) in "vertical" modes of flight (hover, short take-off, transition, vertical landing, when STOVL speed is less than control speed and aerodynamic forces are insufficient to support the aircraft in flight). Power plant or reaction control failures in these regimes lead to uncontrolled STOVL descent combined with violent rotation in roll and pitch. In such circumstances the time available for evaluation of the situation and initiation of ejection, within the ejection seat's safe ejection envelope, is not more than two or three seconds.
Another example of a rapidly developing emergency situation can be the failure of either the catapult or aircraft power plant during launch of aircraft carrier based aircraft. If the aircraft is insufficiently accelerated to achieve flight velocity, it settles into the water within 2 or 3 seconds after launch. Likewise, in conventional land based operations, while in transition just after take-off or prior to landing, the onset of rapidly developing emergencies that prevent or inhibit controlled flight, may not permit aircrew sufficient time to effect safe ejection.
Consequently, survival in rapidly developing irreversible emergencies could be significantly improved by the addition of an automatic system for initiating ejection from aircraft (as well as for a wide variety of vehicles). An automatic escape system, by providing an appropriate response for the detection of a catastrophic (irreversible, or unrecoverable) situation would eliminate the time required for pilot decision-making and ejection initiation from the ejection timeline.


The present invention provides an adapter apparatus and method for attaching a holster having at least one belt loop to a surface of another article. The adapter includes a flexible sheet having first and second surfaces. The sheet also has a longitudinally extending central panel with opposite ends. The width of the central panel is sized to pass through a holster belt loop. There is an end panel at each end of the central panel. The end panels have a transverse width greater than the width of the central panel. There are fastener components on the second surface corresponding to a complementary fastener component on a surface of another article. At least one end panel is foldable to a width for passage through the belt loop and then unfolded such that the fastener components will secure the sheet and holster to the surface of the other article.

A wide variety of holsters for carrying a handgun or other article at one's waistband are readily available and in common use. These include outside-the-waistband ("OWB") holsters or sleeves having one or more passageways through which a belt is threaded to support the holster and article within the holster. Other types of holsters, which provide concealment of the handgun or other article, are known which are positioned inside-the-waistband ("IWB") and include one or more attachment clips to suspend the holster along the waistband and/or belt.
There are other "holsters" and moveable pockets known which secure items inside an article of clothing or accessory article, such as a purse, briefcase, backpack, or book bag. The holsters designed to be worn on the user's waistband or belt, are not readily usable in or attachable to an article or pack.


A dolly specifically adapted to carry a snow plow blade having a mounting yoke and straight lower edge has a longitudinal beam elongated between front and rear extremities, a transverse beam orthogonally attached to the longitudinal beam and having an upwardly directed channel for receiving the straight lower edge of the plow blade, and a cross bar for supporting the mounting yoke. The cross bar is mounted atop a jack device which controls the elevation of the cross bar. Monodirectionally rotatable wheels are mounted beneath the extremities of the longitudinal beam. Omnidirectionally rotatable wheels are mounted beneath the extremities of the transverse beam.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to snow plows, and more particularly concerns a dolly adapted to support, transport and adjustably align a snowplow blade while dismounted from a plowing vehicle.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Snow plows are generally comprised of a horizontal elongated arcuate blade having an A-frame yoke support assembly which is engaged by a mounting bracket upon the plowing vehicle. The yoke generally has attachment means for a hydraulic lifting unit which is adapted to raise and lower the blade, thereby contacting the roadway and controlling the depth of swath plowed.
Numerous dollies have been disclosed in the prior art for supporting various types of agricultural, construction and industrial equipment, including snow plow blades. For example, U. S. Pat. No. 3,941,400 to Buttner discloses a dolly for a plow or other utility attachment having a connection yoke. It is comprised of an triangular horizontal framework having three wheels, a blade receiving member, and a vertically adjustable yoke supporting member. The Buttner dolly is adapted to be positioned beneath a suspended plow blade. The blade is then lowered upon the receiving member, and the yoke support is then raised to a position supporting the yoke. The plow blade may then be disconnected from its mounting brackets. The yoke may then be lowered to a position which is more stable for transport and storage. The position of the blade receiving member is located at one extremity of the dolly which, along with a three wheeled design, creates an unstable base for a plow. This may be quite dangerous, particularly in the case of larger blades which may weigh over 650 pounds. Moreover, the lifting mechanism consists of a pair of lifting screw means. Adjustment of yoke height by a single individual requires small incremental adjustments alternating between the two screw means in order to preclude tipping of the dolly. This process is time consuming and contributes to the instability of the design.
Another snow plow dolly is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,572,531 to Elia. This dolly suffers from similar design inadequacies to that of the Buttner dolly. Specifically it is comprised of a three wheeled base of T-shaped configuration. The plow blade rest, at the forward extremity, could allow the blade to tip forward when raised. The yoke supporting means consists of a bracket which is bolted to the base and is difficult to adjust. The user would have to reach under the A-frame in order to access the bolts. Even then some external lifting means would be necessary. Furthermore, both the aforesaid dollies present a small footprint area relative to the plow thereby contributing to an unstable condition.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a plow blade dolly adapted to store and transport a dismounted snow plow blade.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a dolly of the aforesaid nature which provides a stable base of support.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a dolly of the aforesaid nature having a yoke supporting means which may be easily height-adjusted.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide a dolly of the aforesaid nature which is durable, capable of accommodating snow plow blades of varied design, and amenable to low cost manufacture.
These and other beneficial objects and advantages will be apparent from the following description.


An apparatus, method and program product determines information indicative of a performance differential between operation of a computer with the standby resource activated and operation of the computer with the standby resource inactivated. The information is communicated to a user. The standby resource may be activated in response to the determination.

Computer resource requirements for commercial and government applications often fluctuate over time. For instance, a business may experience periods of peak activity that exceed comparable processing or memory requirements of other periods. In another scenario, sales or employee growth may similarly burden existing computing resources with increased requirements. When faced with these increased resource demands, a user would conventionally have to purchase new hardware resources capable of accommodating the elevated computing needs. Such purchase requirements can represent a major, if not preclusive, expenditure for a user, who may have insufficient capital or time to react to rapid growth requirements.
To this end, computing architectures such as the "capacity on demand" design, developed by International Business Machines Corporation, allow customers to effectively "rent" resources such as processors on an as-needed basis. More particularly, a customer may temporarily enable on demand resources, or standby processors, which are initially dormant within their machine. Where desired, the standby processors are not included in the up front, baseline cost of the machine. As such, for a relatively smaller initial capital investment, a customer may be able to purchase a comparatively more powerful machine, and then activate and deactivate standby processors as needed for an additional fee, thus reducing the total cost of ownership for the machine.
Such selective utilization of standby processors provides customers with another layer of customized processor access and optimized usage. Conversely, capacity on demand systems supply system providers with a creative way to satisfy customer performance and cost requirements, while additionally providing an increased revenue source.
Despite the flexibility provided by the capacity on demand applications, some potential efficiencies, sales and other benefits may remain unrealized. For instance, standby resources may not be activated in time to address a specific need. By the time a user realizes that standby resources are needed for a particular project, it may be too late for those resources to be effectively utilized for the project. For example, in a database environment, a sizable query may run poorly before a user becomes aware that additional resources may need to be activated. The delay in activation can cause the resource activation to be too late to help with processing the query for which its activation was intended, and the activated resource may subsequently be underutilized. Improved mechanisms are consequently needed for managing resources within capacity on demand systems.


An acoustic damper is fixed to a vibration source to be provided along an outer surface of the vibration source, forms a passage that takes in air vibration generated by the vibration source, and is provided with an acoustic portion having a partition member closing the downstream side of the passage with respect to the propagation of the air vibration to serve as resistance against the air vibration, in which the acoustic portion allows air vibration to propagate in a reverse direction, and has partition members arranged so as to serve as resistance against the air vibration in respective directions. This allows to prevent from generating stress due to pressure fluctuation caused when reducing vibration, and to achieve a relatively compact size.

In the related art, for example, in Patent Literature 1, in order to reduce vibration in a wide frequency band, an acoustic damper including a pipe line with a passage and including a resistor which applies resistance to a fluid flowing in the pipe line is disclosed. In the acoustic damper, the bent and small-sized pipe line and resistor are mounted on a bypass pipe mounted on a combustion chamber of a combustor, and the inside of the bypass pipe communicates with the inside of the pipe line through the passage of the pipe line.
In addition, in the related art, for example, in Patent Literature 2, in order to improve a damping performance and maintenance workability, a damping device including an acoustic liner including an acoustic liner resonance space including a porous plate and a housing, and an acoustic damper connected to the housing and including an acoustic damper resonance space communicating with the acoustic liner resonance space therein is disclosed. In the damping device, the acoustic liner is mounted in the vicinity of a transition piece of a combustor, and the acoustic damper is provided along an extending direction of the transition piece.

Acoustic damper, combustor, and gas turbine


The present invention relates to a mobile house comprising a sill (1) of inorganic material, at least four height-adjustable feet (2), a framework (3, 4, 5, 6) of inorganic material for walls and roofs, a plurality of floorboards (7), a plurality of wallboards (8), and a plurality of roof panels (9), the adjustable feet, in the assembled state, levelly supporting the sill at a distance from the underlying ground.

It is known to use tents, for example, to erect field camps having a plurality of tents as living quarters and to combine tents in order to provide field hospitals. An advantage of such tented field camps is that they are relatively simple to transport and do not need to be particularly costly. A major drawback with canvas field hospitals is, however, that if canvas is contaminated by blood, for example, the sterilization process is both time-consuming and expensive. During such a sterilization process, it is not possible to utilize the field hospital for its intended use. It is also known to use converted containers, for example, for the erection of field hospitals. An advantage of such field hospitals is that they are durable and are relatively easily sterilized. A major drawback with field hospitals made of containers is, however, that they are very costly and also bulky to transport.


The present disclosure relates to a method for providing a customized educational content by an electronic device, the method including: a step a of generating a set of tags of sub-learning elements by listing a learning element of a particular subject in a tree structure, and designating analysis groups of the tags; a step b of generating structural information of a question by indexing an incorrect-answer tag to each of distractors of the question; a step c of inquiring about a result of a user test so as to calculate a user conquest rate for each of the analysis groups; and a step d of providing a user-customized question by using at least one of the structural information of the question and the user conquest rate.

Until now, typically, an educational content has been provided in a package form. For example, a collection of questions printed on paper contains at least 700 questions per book. Also, an online or offline lecture is configured such that the amount of learning, which is to progress for at least one month in a unit of one or two hours, is collected therein, and is sold at a time.
However, since students involved with education are different from one another in their weak learning themes and their weak question types, there is a need for a customized content rather than a package-type content. This is because it is more efficient for a student to selectively learn a weak question type of his/her weak learning theme than in a case where he/she works out all 700 questions of a collection of questions.
However, it is highly difficult for students who receive education to understand their weak points for themselves. Further, the conventional educational industry, such as institutions and publishing companies, analyze students and questions, depending on subjective experiences and intuition, and thus, it is not easy for them to provide optimized questions to individual students.
As described above, in the conventional educational environment, it is not easy to provide a customized content which enables persons who receive education to achieve their learning results in the most efficient manner, and thus, a problem may arise in that students lose their sense of achievement and interests in package-type educational contents.

Method, apparatus, and computer program for providing personalized educational content


Lighting devices and methods for illuminating the interior of a building with natural daylight are disclosed. In some embodiments, a daylighting apparatus includes a tube having a sidewall with a reflective interior surface, an at least partially transparent light collector with one or more light turning elements, and a light reflector positioned to reflect daylight into the light collector. The one or more light turning elements can turn direct and indirect daylight into the tube so that it is available to illuminate the building. In some embodiments, the tube is disposed between the light collector and a diffuser positioned inside a target area of a building. In certain embodiments, the tube is configured to direct at least a portion of the daylight transmitted through the light collector towards the diffuser.

1. Field
This disclosure relates generally to light collectors and light collection methods used in daylighting.
2. Description of Related Art
Daylighting systems typically include windows, openings, and/or surfaces that provide natural light to the interior of a building. Examples of daylighting systems include skylights and tubular daylighting device (TDD) installations. In a TDD installation, a transparent cover can be mounted on a roof of a building or in another suitable location. TDDs can have various configurations. For example, an internally reflective tube can connect the cover to a diffuser mounted in a room or area to be illuminated. Natural light entering the cover on the roof can propagate through the tube and reach the diffuser, which disperses the natural light throughout a room or area inside of the building. Various devices and methods exist for receiving daylight into a TDD. Certain currently known devices and methods for receiving daylight into a TDD suffer from various drawbacks.


An external-force detecting sensor includes a sensor unit for commonly detecting angular velocity and acceleration; an angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal outputting unit for outputting an angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal comprised of an angular-velocity component in accordance with the magnitude of angular velocity and an acceleration component in accordance with the magnitude of acceleration that are detected by the sensor unit; and a signal separating unit for separating and extracting the angular-velocity component and the acceleration component from the angular velocity/acceleration mix signal to output as an angular-velocity signal and an acceleration signal.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to external-force detecting sensors capable of detecting angular velocity and acceleration.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 3 shows the top view of a structural example of a conventional sensor unit 2 constituting a gyroscope 1. The sensor unit 2 has a substrate 3. On the upper surface of the substrate 3, a supporting/fixing portion 4, comb-teeth-formed driving fixed-electrode portions 5 (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e, 5f, 5g, and 5h), and detecting fixed-electrode portions 6 (6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, 6e, and 6f) are disposed in a fixing manner. The supporting/fixing portion 4 is connected to an oscillating element 8 via supporting portions 7 (7a and 7b).
The oscillating element 8 is spaced from the top surface of the substrate 3 and can oscillate in two directions including an X direction and a Y direction shown in FIG. 3. The oscillating element 8 is constituted of drive beams 9 (9a, 9b, 9c, and 9d), an outer frame 10, comb-teeth-formed driving movable-electrode portions 11 (11a, 11b, 11c, 11d, 11e, 11f, 11g, and 11h), supporting portions 12 (12a and 12b), detecting beams 13 (13a, 13b, 13c, and 13d),an inner frame 14, and comb-teeth-formed detecting movable-electrode portions 15 (15a, 15b, 15c, 15d, 15e, and 15f).
That is, one end of the drive beam 9a and one end of the drive beam 9b are commonly connected to the supporting portion 7a. One end of the drive beam 9c and one end of the drive beam 9d are commonly connected to the supporting portion 7b.
The remaining ends of the drive beams 9a, 9b, 9c, and 9d are commonly connected to the outer frame 10.
Regarding the outer frame 10, comb-teeth-formed driving movable-electrode portions 11 are disposed in such a manner that they mesh with the corresponding comb-teeth-formed driving fixed-electrode portions 5 via distances therebetween. The pairs of the comb-teeth-formed driving fixed-electrode portions 5a, 5b, 5c, and 5d and the comb-teeth-formed driving movable electrode portions 11a, 11b, 11c, and 11d, which are mutually opposing, form a first driving section, and the pairs of the comb-teeth-formed driving fixed-electrode portions 5e, 5f, 5g, and 5h and the comb-teeth-formed driving movable-electrode portions 11e, 11f, 11g, and 11h form a second driving section.
In addition, regarding the outer frame 10, the supporting portions 12a and 12b are formed in an extended manner toward the inner side of the outer frame 10. The detecting beams 13a and 13b are extended from the top-end side of the supporting portion 12a, and the detecting beams 13c and 13d are extended from the supporting portion 12b.
The inner frame 14 is commonly connected to the extended top-end sides of the detecting beams 13a, 13b, 13c, and 13d. Regarding the inner frame 14, the comb-teeth-formed detecting movable-electrode portions 15 are disposed in such a manner that they mesh with the corresponding comb-teeth-formed detecting fixed-electrode portions 6 via distances therebetween. The pairs of the comb-teeth-formed detecting fixed-electrode portions 6a, 6b, and 6c and the comb-teeth-formed detecting movable-electrode portions 15a, 15b, and 15c, which are mutually opposing, form a first detecting section, and the pairs of the comb-teeth-formed detecting fixed-electrode portions 6d, 6e, and 6f and the comb-teeth-formed detecting movable-electrode portions 15d, 15e, and 15f, which are mutually opposing, form a second detecting section.
A conductive pattern for supplying electrical power from the outside to the driving fixed-electrode portions 5 and a conductive pattern electrically connected to the detecting fixed-electrode portions 6 are formed. However, this is not shown in the figure.
In the sensor unit 2, when an AC driving voltage (a driving signal) is applied between the driving fixed-electrode portions 5 and the driving movable-electrode portions 11, which are mutually opposing, according to changes in the magnitude of electrostatic power based on the driving voltage, the entire oscillating element 8 oscillates in the X direction shown in FIG. 3 by using the flexibility of the drive beams 9, with the supporting portions 7a and 7b serving as fulcrums.
In the state in which the oscillating element 8 oscillates in the X direction, when the oscillating element 8 rotates around a Z direction as a center axis (which is a direction perpendicular to the paper surface in FIG. 3), a Coriolis force occurs in a direction orthogonal both to the driving direction (X direction) ofthe oscillating element 8 and the central-axis direction (Z direction) of rotation, that is, in a Y direction. By the Coriolis force occurring in the Y direction, the inner frame 14 ofthe oscillating element 8 performs detection/oscillation in the Y direction relatively with respect to the outer frame 10 by using the flexibility of the detecting beams 13 with the supporting portions 12a and 12b as fulcrums.
The magnitude of angular velocity around the Z axis can be detected by detecting changes in capacitance between the detecting fixed-electrode portions 6 and the detecting movable-electrode portions 15 based on the detection oscillation in the Y direction.
The sensor unit 2, in order to avoid negative influences such as air damping, for example, is contained in a containing space formed of a glass member to be sealed therein in a reduced-pressure state. In this case, the driving fixed-electrode portions 5 and the detecting fixed-electrode portions 6 of the sensor unit 2 can be electrically connected to the outside via through-holes disposed in the glass member.
In FIG. 6, an example of a signal processing circuit connected to the sensor unit 2 is shown with the main part of the sensor unit 2. A signal processing circuit 20 is constituted of. a first detecting C-V conversion unit 21, a second detecting C-V conversion unit 22, a summing amplifier 23, a differential amplifier 24, an AGC (Auto Gain Control) unit 25, a phase inverter 26, and a synchronous detector 27. In the illustration shown in FIG. 6, in order to describe the structure of the signal processing circuit so as to facilitate understanding, the driving fixed-electrode portions 5, the detecting fixed-electrode portions 6, and the oscillating element 8 included in the sensor unit 2 are shown in a simplified manner.
The first detecting C-V conversion unit 21 converts the overall capacitance between the detecting fixed-electrode portions 6 (6a, 6b, and 6c) and the detecting movable-electrode portions 15 (15a, 15b, and 15c) forming the first detecting section of the sensor unit 2 into a voltage to output as a signal. In addition, the second detecting C-V conversion unit 22 converts the overall capacitance between the detecting fixed-electrode portions 6 (6d, 6e, and 6f) and the detecting movable-electrode portions 15 (15d, 15e, and 15f) forming the second detecting section into a voltage to output as a signal.
When the oscillating element 8 oscillates only in the X direction, the signal output from the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21, for example, is a signal A1 having a waveform as indicated by a dot-dash line A1 shown in FIG. 4A. The signal A1 produced due to the oscillation of the oscillating element 8 is 90xc2x0 out of phase with the driving signal applied between the driving fixed-electrode portions 5 and the driving movable-electrode portions 11 to allow the oscillating element 8 to oscillate.
In addition, when the inner frame 14 of the oscillating element 8 oscillates not only in the X direction but also in the Y direction due to angular velocity, the output signal of the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21 is a signal formed by superimposition of the above signal component A1 produced by the oscillation of the oscillating element 8 and a signal component B1 produced by angular velocity having a waveform indicated by a solid line B1 shown in FIG. 4A. The signal component B1 has the magnitude of amplitude in accordance with the magnitude of the angular velocity, and the phase of the signal component B1 deviates by 90xc2x0 from the phase of the signal component A1.
In addition, there is a case in which the inner frame 14 oscillates not only due to the angular velocity but also due to acceleration in the Y direction. In this situation, the output signal of the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21 is a signal formed by superimposition of the signal component A1 based on the oscillation of the oscillating element 8, the signal component B1 produced due to the angular velocity, and a signal component C1 produced due to acceleration having a waveform indicated by a dotted line C1 shown in FIG. 4A. The signal component C1 has the magnitude of amplitude in accordance with the magnitude of the acceleration, and the signal component C1 is in phase with the signal component A1.
Similarly, when the oscillating element 8 only oscillates in the X-direction, the signal output from the second detecting C-V conversion unit 22 is a signal A2 having a waveform indicated by a dot-dash line A2 shown in FIG. 4B. The signal A2 is a signal whose amplitude and phase are equal to those of the signal A1 output from the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21.
Moreover, when the inner frame 14 of the oscillating element 8 oscillates due to oscillation of the oscillating element 8 and angular velocity, the signal output from the second detecting C-V conversion unit 22 is a signal formed by superimposition of the signal component A2 produced due to the oscillation of the oscillating element 8 and a signal component B2 produced due to angular velocity having a waveform indicated by a solid line B2 shown in FIG. 4B. The signal component B2 has the magnitude of amplitude in accordance with the magnitude of the angular velocity. That is, the signal component B2 has the magnitude of amplitude, which is approximately equal to the magnitude of the amplitude of the signal component B1 in the signal output from the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21. The signal component B2 is 90xc2x0 out of phase with the signal component A2. In addition, the signal component B2 is 180xc2x0 out of phase with the signal component B1 of the output signal of the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21.
Moreover, when the inner frame 14 of the oscillating element 8 oscillates due to oscillation of the oscillating element 8, angular velocity, and acceleration, the signal output from the second detecting C-V conversion unit 22 is a signal formed by superimposition of the signal component A2 based on the drive-oscillation, the signal component B2 produced due to the angular velocity, and a signal component C2 produced due to an acceleration having a waveform indicated by a dotted line C2 shown in FIG. 4B. The signal component C2 has the magnitude of amplitude in accordance with the magnitude of the acceleration. That is, the signal component C2 has the magnitude of amplitude, which is approximately equal to the magnitude of the amplitude of the signal component C1 in the signal output from the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21. The signal component C2 is 180xc2x0 out of phase with the signal component A2 and the signal component C1.
As described above, the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21 and the second detecting C-V conversion unit 22 output signals in accordance with the status of oscillation of the oscillating element 8 to the summing amplifier 23 and the differential amplifier 24.
The summing amplifier 23 sums and amplifies the signal output from the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21 and the signal output from the second detecting C-V conversion unit 22. By summing of the signals performed by the summing amplifier 23, the signal component B1 in the signal output from the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21 produced due to the angular velocity and the signal component B2 in the signal output from the second detecting C-V conversion unit 22 are canceled and eliminated. Similarly, the signal component C1 and the signal component C2 produced due to the acceleration are canceled and eliminated. With this operation, the summing amplifier 23 outputs a signal only in accordance with the signal component produced by the oscillation of the oscillating element 8, in which the signal component Al and the signal component A2 are summed, as a drive detecting signal (a monitoring signal), to the AGC unit 25 and the synchronous detector 27. In other words, the summing amplifier 23 serves as a drive-oscillation detecting unit for outputting a drive detecting signal in accordance with the oscillation of the oscillating element 8 in the driving direction (the X direction).
The AGC unit 25 outputs a driving signal in such a manner that the output of the driving signal obtained when the oscillating element 8 oscillates at a resonant frequency is constantly fixed. The driving signal is applied exactly as it is to the driving section (the first driving section in the example shown in FIG. 6) in one of the pairs of the comb-teeth-formed driving fixed-electrode portions 5 (5a, 5b, 5c, and 5d) and the comb-teeth-formed driving movable-electrode portions 11 (11a, 11b, 11c, and 11d) forming the first driving section and the pairs of the comb-teeth-formed driving fixed-electrode portions 5 (5e, 5f, 5g, and 5h) and the comb-teeth-formed driving movable-electrode portions 11 (11e, 11f, 11g, and 11h) forming the second driving section, and a driving signal obtained by the phase inversion of the above driving signal performed by the phase inverter 26 is applied to the other driving section. Applying of the driving signal permits the oscillating element 8 to drive-oscillate as described above.
The differential amplifier 24 obtains a difference between the signal output from the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21 and the signal output from the second detecting C-V conversion unit 22. With the differential motion of the signal of the differential amplifier 24, the signal component A1 produced by the drive-oscillation in the output signal of the first detecting C-V conversion unit 21 and the signal component A2 produced by the drive-oscillation in the output signal of the second detecting C-V conversion unit 22 are canceled. With this arrangement, the differential amplifier 24 outputs an angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal based on a signal component B3 indicated by a solid line B3 shown in FIG. 5, which is formed by summing the signal component B1 and the signal component B2 produced due to the angular velocity and a signal component C3 indicated by a dotted line C3 shown in FIG. 5, which is formed by summing of the signal component C1 and the signal component C2 produced due to the acceleration.
In other words, the differential amplifier 24 serves as an angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal outputting unit for outputting the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal in which an angular-velocity component B3 in accordance with the magnitude of the angular velocity and an acceleration component C3 in accordance with the magnitude of the acceleration are mixed.
The synchronous detector 27 contains a phase shifter (not shown). With the phase shifter, the phase of the drive detecting signal output from the summing amplifier 23 is deviated by 90xc2x0 to generate an angular-velocity referring signal. The synchronous detector 27 uses the angular-velocity referring signal to perform synchronous detection of the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal output from the differential amplifier 24.
In other words, the angular-velocity referring signal is a signal in phase with the angular-velocity component B3 of the angular-velocity/acceleration mixed signal or. 180xc2x0 out of phase therewith. The synchronous detector 27 performs the integration of the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal (performs synchronous detection) in a division D1 in which the phase of the angular-velocity referring signal is between 0xc2x0 and 180xc2x0 and a division D2 in which the phase of the angular-velocity referring signal is between 180xc2x0 and 360xc2x0. The synchronous detection permits the acceleration component C3 of the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal to be eliminated. As a result, the synchronous detector 27 outputs a signal in accordance with the angular-velocity component B3 as an angular-velocity signal. The angular-velocity signal permits the magnitude of the angular velocity to be detected.
The gyroscope 1 having the sensor unit 2 shown in FIG. 3 and the signal processing circuit 20 shown in FIG. 6 can detect only angular velocity. Thus, when a sensor capable of detecting both angular velocity and acceleration is intended to be formed, besides the gyroscope 1, an acceleration sensor having an oscillating element for detecting acceleration is provided. Then, the gyroscope 1 and the acceleration sensor are combined to form a sensor capable of detecting both angular velocity and acceleration.
In such a sensor, since the two oscillating elements including an angular-velocity-detecting oscillating element and the acceleration-detecting oscillating element need to be accommodated, the size of the sensor is increased.
In addition, in the above gyroscope 1, when the synchronous detector 27 performs the synchronous detection of an angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal, there is a possibility that detection-angle deviation occurs in which the phase of an angular-velocity referring signal deviates from the angular-velocity component B3 in the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal. In this case, the synchronous detection of the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal is performed in divisions Dl and D2 which deviate from the regular divisions D1 and D2 shown in FIG. 5.
In this case, due to the detection-angle deviation, it is impossible to completely eliminate the acceleration component C3 of the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal, and the acceleration component C3 still remains. As a result, an acceleration noise component based on the acceleration component C3 rides on an angular-velocity signal output from the synchronous detector 27. Due to the acceleration noise component, the precise magnitude of angular velocity cannot be obtained.
The present invention is provided to solve the above problems. The first object of the invention is to provide a compact external-force detecting sensor capable of detecting both angular velocity and acceleration. The second object thereof is to provide an external-force detecting sensor capable of facilitating improvement in precision for detecting angular velocity and acceleration.
In order to accomplish the above objects, the present invention provides an arrangement in which there are disposed a sensor unit for commonly detecting angular velocity and acceleration; an angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal outputting unit for outputting an angular velocity/acceleration mix signal comprised of an angular velocity component in accordance with the magnitude of angular velocity and an acceleration component in accordance with the magnitude of acceleration that are detected by the sensor unit; and a signal separating unit for separating and extracting the angularvelocity component and the acceleration component from the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal to output as an angular-velocity signal and an acceleration signal.
In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the angular velocity component and the acceleration component included in the angular velocity/acceleration mix signal are AC components in which the angular-velocity component is 90xc2x0 out of phase with the acceleration component; the signal separating unit has an angular-velocity signal extracting unit and an acceleration signal extracting unit, the angular-velocity signal extracting unit uses an angular-velocity referring signal in phase with the angular-velocity component or 180xc2x0 out of phase therewith to synchronously detect the angular velocity/acceleration mix signal and eliminate the acceleration component so as to output an angular-velocity signal in accordance with an angular-velocity component, and the acceleration signal extracting units uses an acceleration referring signal in phase with the acceleration component or 180xc2x0 out of phase therewith to syrichronically detect the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal and eliminate the angular-velocity component so as to output an acceleration signal in accordance with the acceleration component.
In accordance with a second aspect of the present invention, the sensor unit has an oscillating element capable of freely oscillating in a direction in which angular velocity and acceleration are commonly detected, and the angular-velocity/acceleration signal outputting unit outputs an angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal comprised of an angular-velocity component based on the oscillation of the oscillating element in the detecting direction due to angular velocity and an acceleration component based on the oscillation of the oscillating element in the detecting direction due to acceleration.
In accordance with a third aspect of the present invention, the sensor unit has an oscillating element capable of freely oscillating both in a direction in which angular velocity and acceleration are commonly detected and in a driving direction orthogonal to the detecting direction, and has a drive-oscillation detecting unit for outputting a driving detecting signal in accordance with the oscillation of the oscillating element in the driving direction; the angular-velocity/acceleration signal outputting unit outputs an angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal comprised of an angular-velocity component based on the oscillation of the oscillating element in the detecting direction due to angular velocity and an acceleration component based on the oscillation of the oscillating element in the detecting direction due to acceleration; the angular-velocity referring signal is a signal of 90xc2x0 out of phase with the drive-detecting signal and the acceleration referring signal is a signal in phase with the drive-detecting signal or 180xc2x0 out of phase therewith.
In accordance with a fourth aspect of the present invention, each of the angular-velocity signal extracting units and the acceleration signal extracting units may have an attenuating unit for detecting and attenuating the remaining signal as a noise component, and a noise eliminating unit for taking out a signal obtained by the attenuating operation of the attenuating unit from the respective extracted signal to eliminate the noise component included in the extracted signal.
In the invention of the above arrangements, the signal separating unit obtains the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal output from the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal outputting unit, and separates an angular-velocity component and an acceleration component from the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal to extract as an angular-velocity signal and an acceleration signal.
By having the signal separating unit, with only one sensor unit for commonly detecting angular velocity and acceleration disposed, an angular-velocity signal according to the magnitude of angular velocity and an acceleration signal according to the magnitude of acceleration can be separately obtained. As a result, by disposing the single sensor unit, it is possible to detect both angular velocity and acceleration. With this arrangement, since it is unnecessary to dispose independent two sensor units such as an angular-velocity detecting sensor unit and an acceleration detecting sensor unit, the external-force detecting sensor capable of detecting both angular velocity and acceleration can be greatly miniaturized.
As described above, since the angular-velocity component and the acceleration component can be separately taken out from the angular-velocity/acceleration mix signal, for example, due to the detection-angle deviation, even though an acceleration noise component produced by the acceleration component rides on an angular-velocity signal, the acceleration noise component can be eliminated from the angular-velocity signal by using the detected acceleration signal. Similarly, a noise component with an angular-velocity component produced due to the detection-angle deviation can be eliminated from the acceleration signal. With this arrangement, the magnitudes of the angular velocity and the acceleration can be detected with high precision, with the result that the detecting precision of the external-force detecting sensor can be improved.
For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings several forms which are presently preferred, it being understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.


Disclosed are a method of manufacturing a field-effect transistor. The disclosed method includes: providing a semiconductor substrate; forming a source ohmic metal layer on one side of the semiconductor substrate; forming a drain ohmic metal layer on another side of the semiconductor substrate; forming a gate electrode between the source ohmic metal layer and the drain ohmic metal layer, on an upper portion of the semiconductor substrate; forming an insulating film on the semiconductor substrate's upper portion including the source ohmic metal layer, the drain ohmic metal layer and the gate electrode; and forming a plurality of field electrodes on an upper portion of the insulating film, wherein the insulating film below the respective field electrodes has different thicknesses.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a transistor, and more particularly to a field-effect transistor and a manufacturing method thereof, in which a separate lithography process and its corresponding additional process are not required, and insulating films below field electrodes have different thicknesses.
2. Description of the Prior Art
FIGS. 1A to 1H are views illustrating a method for manufacturing a field-effect transistor, according to a prior art.
As shown in FIG. 1A, on a semiconductor substrate 10 including gallium nitride (GaN), silicon (Si), silicon carbide (SiC), semi-insulating gallium arsenide (GaAs), etc., an active layer 11 and a cap layer 12 are sequentially formed. For example, in a case of a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) element using hetero junction of aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN) and gallium nitride (GaN), the active layer 11 includes a gallium nitride buffer layer and an aluminum gallium nitride barrier layer, and the cap layer 12 includes a gallium nitride (GaN) layer.
As shown in FIG. 1B, a region where a source•drain ohmic metal layer 13 is to be formed is defined as a source•drain pattern. On the upper surface of the cap layer 12, an ohmic metal is deposited and then the source•drain ohmic metal layer 13 is formed through rapid thermal annealing (RTA), etc. For example, in a manufacturing process of an HEMT element using a gallium nitride (GaN)-based compound semiconductor, as an ohmic metal, a metal layer formed by sequentially depositing a Ti film, an Al film, a Ni film, an Au film, etc. with a predetermined thickness is used. In a process of manufacturing an HEMT element, a metal semi-conductor field effect transistor (MESFET), or the like by using a gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based compound semiconductor, a metal layer formed by sequentially depositing an AuGe film, a Ni film, an Au film, etc. with a predetermined thickness is used as an ohmic metal.
As shown in FIG. 1C, on the cap layer 12 which has been subjected to an ohmic process, a photosensitive film is coated, and then gate patterns 14a, 14b and 14c formed with a T-shaped hole 15a are formed by using optical lithography, e-beam lithography or the like. Herein, the gate patterns 14a, 14b and 14c are used to manufacture a T-shaped gate electrode while reducing a gate width without an increase in a resistance of a gate electrode.
As shown in FIG. 1D, a gate recess process for etching the cap layer 12 exposed through the T-shaped hole 15a is performed so as to form a gate recess region 15b to be deposited with a gate metal. Herein, the gate recess process is the most critical step in manufacturing of an HEMT element or an MESFET element using a compound semiconductor, and is generally performed while measuring a current. Also, the process includes one or more steps including a wet process, a dry process or a combination of the wet and dry processes. The gate recess process is performed using a gas such as CF4, BCl3, Cl2 and SF6 in an apparatus for dry etching such as an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) or inductive coupled plasma (ICP). Herein, the process is carried out by using various wet etching solutions such as a phosphoric acid-based solution in which H3PO4, H2O2 and H2O applied to a gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based compound semiconductor element are mixed at a predetermined ratio.
As shown in FIG. 1E, a gate metal is deposited on the gate patterns 14a, 14b, and 14c, and the gate patterns 14a, 14b, and 14c are removed by a lift-off process, thereby forming a T-shaped gate electrode 16. For example, in the manufacturing process of the HEMT element using a gallium nitride (GaN)-based compound semiconductor, the gate electrode 16 is formed by sequentially depositing metal layers such as a Ni film, and an Au film to a predetermined thickness. In the manufacturing process of an HEMT element, an MESFET element, or the like using a gallium arsenide (GaAs)-based compound semiconductor, the gate electrode 16 is formed by sequentially depositing metal layers such as a Ti film, a Pt film, an Au film, etc. to a predetermined thickness.
As shown in FIG. 1F, after the gate electrode 16 is formed, on the cap layer 12's upper portion including the source•drain ohmic metal layer 13 and the T-shaped gate electrode 16, an insulating film 17 is deposited. Then, as shown in FIG. 1G, through the performance of a lithography process for forming a field electrode, a field electrode pattern 18 is formed.
As shown in FIG. 1H, after a metal is deposited on the field electrode pattern 18 for forming a field electrode, and the field electrode pattern 18 is removed by a lift-off process, thereby forming a plurality of field electrodes 19. In this case, for the plurality of field electrodes 19, the thickness of the insulating film 17 below the field electrodes 19 is fixed as a predetermined thickness. In a case where the thickness of the insulating film 17 below each of the field electrodes 19 is adjusted, a separate mask pattern for each of the field electrodes 19 is required and thus, a lithography process, an etching process, a metal-deposition process and a lift-off process are performed.
As described above, in a case of a conventional field-effect transistor including a field electrode, and a manufacturing method thereof, in manufacturing of the field electrode, a peak value may be reduced through field reduction in a region of a gate and a drain. Furthermore, it is possible to achieve a high breakdown voltage through a reduction of leakage current of a gate while maintaining high frequency performance and also it is expected that it is possible to reduce a capacitance between a gate and a drain through a shielding effect. Accordingly, it is possible to manufacture a power device which is capable of being driven at high voltage and high current.
However, in the case of a field-effect transistor including a field electrode, the thickness of an insulating film below field electrodes on one substrate is generally fixed. Thus, in order to adjust the thickness of the insulating film, a separate mask pattern is required for each of the field electrodes. Furthermore, for respective mask patterns, a lithography process, an etching process, a metal-deposition process, and a lift-off process have to be repeatedly performed.
For example, in an HEMT element manufactured using a compound semiconductor including GaN, GaAs, InP, etc., one or more field electrodes, besides a gate, are manufactured between a source and a drain. In the field electrodes manufactured using a mask pattern for forming the field electrodes, the thickness of an insulating film below the field electrodes on one substrate is generally fixed. Thus, in order to adjust the thickness of the insulating film below each of the field electrodes, a separate mask pattern is required for each of the field electrodes. Furthermore, for respective mask patterns, a lithography process, an etching process, a metal-deposition process, and a lift-off process have to be repeatedly performed.
Accordingly, in a case of a conventional manufacturing method of a field-effect transistor including a field electrode, it is impossible to apply different thicknesses of an insulating film below field electrodes, to the same element. Even when the thickness of an insulating film below field electrodes can be varied, a separate mask pattern is required for each of the field electrodes. Furthermore, for respective mask patterns, a lithography process, an etching process, a metal-deposition process and a lift-off process have to be repeatedly performed. This causes a problem such as an increase in a unit cost of a manufacturing process and a reduction of productivity.

Method of manufacturing a field-effect transistor

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


Methods and systems for spatially resolved spin resonance detection in a sample of material are disclosed. Also disclosed are methods and systems for spatially resolved impedance measurements in a sample of material. The disclosed methods and samples can be used in screening of plurality of biological, chemical and material samples.

In the discussion of the state of the art that follows, reference is made to certain structures and/or methods. However, the following references should not be construed as an admission that these structures and/or methods constitute prior art. Applicants expressly reserve the right to demonstrate that such structures and/or methods do not qualify as prior art against the present invention.
For many applications in materials and bioscience research, spatially resolved spin resonance detection with high sensitivity is desired. Conventional spin resonance detection experiments are usually performed by placing a sample in a microwave cavity or a pair of RF coils situated in a strong DC or substantially static magnetic field that is perpendicular to the microwave or RF magnetic field. High power microwave or RF radiation excites the coherent spin precession. Precessing spin-induced induction and absorption signals are picked up by a cavity or a coil and detected by a diode mixer. Although the intrinsic sensitivity is limited by cavity Johnson noise, which is near single-spin detection, this level of detection has never been possible practically. Primary limitations in a conventional experiment are large background noise from high power excitation signal generated by high-power klystron source (need to excite spin in bulk samples) and diode detector noise since a low noise amplifier cannot be employed before a diode detector without being saturated by high level excitation signal pick up at a detection port.
Detailed nano-scale, molecular-level knowledge of the relationships between structure, dynamics, and function of biological macromolecules is a prerequisite for and an integral part of the ability to proceed toward the understanding of the basic principles underlying the regulation of living cells. One major research interest in the biomedical community is how the structure and internal dynamics of proteins lead to biological function. Despite enormous progress in the past decades, there are still major unresolved questions regarding molecular events associated with protein folding. To identify the underlying biochemical processes, magnetic resonance technology has been regarded as an effective probe to determine the structure of proteins. Similar relationships and interests occur in chemistry and materials science.
Spectroscopy and imaging technologies based on magnetic resonance, e.g., electron magnetic resonance (ESR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), have in the past contributed to fundamental characterization of molecular structure as well as medical diagnosis. Dramatic advances in proteomics and biomedical science have raised challenging demands for nano-scale spatially resolved magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging technology with increased sensitivity.
Conventional NMR techniques can determine molecular structure of a large ensemble of homogenous molecules through precise measurement of a chemical shift of nuclear spin resonance in a uniform magnetic field. Non-uniformity of the magnetic field tends to smear out the small chemical shift and reduce, if not eliminate, the effectiveness of a NMR instrument in structure determination. In this situation, NMR machines only have the capability of structural determination for a large volume of homogenous specimen and do not have any spatial resolution.
In contrast, MRI techniques have the capability of imaging with certain spatial resolution (usually in mm range). This capability is realized through a high magnetic field gradient generated in the specimen and the spatial resolution is proportional to the degree of the gradient. The presence of a field gradient smears out chemical shifts and different resonance peaks become one broad peak. Consequently, conventional MRI imaging technique lacks the capability of spectroscopy and structural determination. In the meantime, chemical shifts in nuclear spin resonance also limit the spatial resolution of MRI (10 ppm of typical chemical shift determines that the MRI spatial resolution to be mm).


A molded polymeric lazy susan shelf comprising a horizontal support surface extending radially out from a central, post-receiving hub, a peripheral vertical rim at a outer periphery of the shelf and integral with the support surface, the peripheral rim having a radially inner panel and a radially outer panel spaced from each other and integrally joined by an upper surface, a plurality of vertical, generally cylindrical sleeves between the inner and outer panels at preselected spaced locations of said peripheral rim, each terminating at said upper surface so that said upper surface closes the upper ends of the sleeves, the sleeves having open bottom ends to receive and guide a drill bit inserted to drill an opening at said upper surface of selected ones of said sleeves to receive and provide lateral support for fence posts inserted therein, a plurality of radially extending support ribs beneath and integral with the support surface, and circumferential support rings intermediate the hub and peripheral rim, the rings being vertically oriented, interconnecting with the ribs, and integral with said ribs and the support surface.

This invention relates to a lazy susan shelf assembly and particularly a molded polymeric lazy susan shelf with special fence adaptation and unique strength characteristics.
There are three basic types of lazy susan shelf arrangements used in closed cupboard spaces, namely, the full round type, the kidney type, and the pie-cut, pass-through type. The full round type uses circular shaped shelves which are independent of the cabinet door or doors. The kidney type is also independent of the cabinet door, but is shaped with a recess at a circumferential location to accommodate the doors projecting radially inwardly of the shelf. This recess can cause the shelf to resemble a kidney, hence the name; although in recent years the recess has sometimes resembled a pie-cut. The pie-cut, pass-through type also has a recess, typically shaped like a cut piece of pie, to which is attached the door or doors which form part of the actual cupboard, so that the door passes through the opening in the cupboard when the lazy susan is revolved, hence the name pass-through.
The use of an upstanding fence attached to a lazy susan shelf is well known from prior commercial products. Fences have been used on wood lazy susan shelves for many years, either to separate portions of the shelf and/or to circumferentially encompass the shelf and thereby increase its effective height for retaining products on the shelf. Fences have also been used on polymeric lazy susan shelves in more recent years. These fences are typically clipped onto the shelf, or fence posts are inserted into holes drilled into the wood or plastic, and fence wires connected to the posts. There have been some difficulties in attaching fences in an exact, predetermined location, attaching such easily and yet securely to the shelf units.
Another concern with polymeric lazy susan shelves is that of achieving sufficient strength to accommodate loads a substantial distance from the center post, i.e., to prevent bowing and/or buckling of the shelf. It is common practice to employ radially extending support ribs on the underside of polymeric shelves for strength. However, there is a practical limit in the size and thickness of these ribs.


The present invention provides a radar simulation system with at least two counters. The first counter is a coarse counter 20/30 that counts a transmit pulse interpulse periods to provide a coarse return delay at the beginning of a radar look. The second counter is a fine counter 22/36 which counts, after the coarse counter has counted down to zero, from each subsequent transmit pulse to the time for the return pulse. Once the coarse counter has finished counting, the fine counter, which can be reset and reloaded during the look responsive to each transmit pulse, can provide return targets repeating at the same distance at the pulse repetition frequency. A cyclic counter 24 can also be added that produces the return pulses by cyclically counting the interpulse period one the fine counter has timed out. If the cyclic counter is used the fine counter is not reloaded during the look. If the target moves more than the range resolution of the radar during the radar look, a phase-in counter 70 and secondary return counter 66 adjust the delay of the return pulses to simulate target movement during the radar look.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a system that simulates radar targets, and more particularly, to a system in which pulse repetition frequency (PRF) targets in excess of 500KHz can be simulated.
2. Description of the Related Art
Radar systems must be tested before they are installed in the field. To perform this testing, simulators are used to simulate dynamic target returns that are consistent with real world expectations. Each simulated target return presented to the radar must have the following timing characteristics: 1. A return pulse should be generated for each transmit pulse regardless of the rate or pulse repetition frequency at which the transmit pulses occur. 2. Each return pulse should be delayed from its associated transmit pulse by a
time T=2R/C where R is the target range and C is the speed of light. The longest delay, T.sub.max, must be greater than or equal to the delay for real world targets located at the maximum range at which the targets are still detectable by the radar. 3. The target must be able to move smoothly with respect to the radar. To move the target digitally, the delay T must be adjusted by an amount plus or minus .DELTA.T periodically where the size of the incremental delay .DELTA.T is determined by the radar range resolution. If, for example, the radar can resolve target positions to within 10 feet, then the delay change can be no larger than 20 nanoseconds where the speed of light is assumed to be one foot per nanosecond. Early target simulators used relay selectable delay lines to simulate the delay between the transmit pulse and the return pulse. Depending on relay selection, when n delay lines are provided, the operator could select up to 2.sup.n different delays for each return pulse If the delay lines used are coaxial cable, a very significant amount of coaxial cable is necessary because each nanosecond of delay requires approximately one foot of coaxial cable. One shot multivibrators, discreet delay devices and coaxial cable lengths provide delays typically having a tolerance of three percent. With a delay network providing an approximately two millisecond delay sufficient to simulate returns for a target at 10.sup.6 feet from the radar, the variance in the delay can be as high as plus or minus 60 microseconds or plus or minus 30,000 feet. As a result, delay line simulators are inadequate to simulate targets for current radar systems.
Current simulators use a range return counter approach as exemplified by U.S. Pat. No. 4,168,502. Such current simulators are generally limited to 8 KHz pulse repetition frequency (PRF) In the range return counter approach, a series of counters act as digital delay elements in the production of target returns as exemplified by the delay circuit 37 in FIG. 3 of the above-identified patent. A more detailed reproduction of such a return counter delay circuit 8 is illustrated in FIG. 1 herein The inputs of these counters 10-19 are connected together and receive the present range from the target to the radar. As each transmit pulse occurs one of the range return counters is preloaded with the range and counted down For example, for the first transmit pulse, channel one might be enabled, for the secord pulse, channel two might be enabled and etc. In this manner up to N returns may be in some stage of processing at the same time The total number of counters necessary for this approach is a function of the highest radar PRF and the maximum radar range where N =CELL[2PRF.sub.m (R/C)] with R being the maximum range, C the speed of light, PRF.sub.m the maximum PRF and N the number of return counters in operation at the same time The range return counter approach has the following drawbacks. In this approach, returns are generated only for those transmit pulses having PRFs equal to or below PRF.sub.m, thus if the maximum PRF is doubled in a future radar system, twice the current number of return range counters will be required Doubling the maximum range of the radar also doubles the number of counters A radar simulator with 16 range return counters can operate at PRFs up to 16KHz for targets up to 80 nautical miles away. A typical range return counter requires 8 integrated circuits. In a radar with a PRF over 100 Khz with targets ranging up to 160 nautical miles at least 200 return range counters are required in the simulator requiring approximately 1,600 integrated circuits The range counter approach thus has severe practical limitations.


Technology for optimizing policy evaluation is disclosed. A policy may include an ordered rule set. When evaluated, the highest priority rule in the order that does not skip may control the outcome of the policy. Rules within a policy may have associated costs and an associated probability of not skipping. The rules of a policy may not need to be executed in a particular order for a system to determine the correct evaluation of the policy and groups of rules, or “batches,” may be run simultaneously. Technology is disclosed to optimize policy evaluation by creating batches and orderings of those batches which have a lower expected cost than other ordered sets of batches. The expected cost for each ordered set of batches may be calculated based on: rule costs, probabilities associated with one or more rules, the organization of the rules into batches, and the ordering of batches within sets.

As the Internet becomes integrated into almost every aspect of people's lives, the amount of content available is growing at an exponential rate. It is common for web providers to operate databases with petabytes of data, while leading content providers are already looking toward technology to handle exabyte implementations.
In addition, the tools used to access this vast resource are growing ever more sophisticated. Although users may believe that they are simply logging into a website, sophisticated server software may search through vast data stores of data to gather information relating to the users, for example based on their browsing history, preferences, data access permissions, location, demographics, etc. Simultaneously, the server may build a custom viewing experience for the users, e.g., using server-side languages. The result is often a fully interactive, media rich user experience. What information is analyzed and/or presented can be a function of various policies, e.g., data access policies, privacy policies, optimization policies, etc. (collectively, "policies"). Some of these policies are defined by software developers whereas other data can be provided by users.
These policies can be useful in social networking websites, e.g., to determine what advertising or other content to display to users, what actions users can take, etc. Analysis of all of the relevant policies to determine what subset of data to analyze and present can take considerable time. However, users can demand that this process occur with no perceptible delays, failing which they may simply navigate to a different web site. Therefore, determining what content will be gathered and how it may be presented is desirable to reduce web site delays caused by analyzing policies.


Provided is a composition comprising a phosphatidyl serine receptor ligand for use in immune therapy. The composition may include an antigen or allergen together with the phosphatidyl serine receptor ligand. The compositions may be used for any type of immune therapy, such as immune modulation to an environmental antigen or allergen, down regulation of immune hypersensitivity reactions, and stimulation of antigen or allergen specific IgA and/or IgG4.

The immune system has evolved specifically to detect and eliminate foreign or new material from a host. This material may be of viral, bacterial, or parasitic origin and may reside outside or within the cells of the host, or be of neoplastic origin.
The non-specific or innate immune system is usually the first line of defence to a new challenge. It comprises of barriers such as skin and mucous and specialist cells such as neutrophils and macrophages which are programmed to destroy foreign material by the secretion of enzymes or by engulfing it (phagocytosis). The innate immune system can be triggered by receptors on the surfaces of phagocytes (pattern receptors or Toll like receptors) which recognise general features of the foreign substances (PAMPS). At least 10 toll receptors are known, for example, TLR4 recognises lipopolysaccharides (LPS) from bacterial cell walls and TLR9 recognises the CpG DNA sequence. Phagocytes, when activated, release inflammatory cytokines which recruit cells involved with the primary specific immune response, such as T-cells. In addition many phagocytes can also act as antigen presenting cells (APC's) by internally processing foreign proteins and presenting fragments (epitopes) of them to the recruited specific cells of the acquired immune system as a prelude to the development of a specific immune response.
The specific immune response is generally either cell mediated, wherein killer T-cells destroy infected cells, or humoral, in which antibodies such as IgG bind to the foreign material and aid the process of destruction and removal from the body by the complement system and phagocytosis. In all cases, APCs present the epitopes to T-helper cells (Th) which, depending on the signalling cytokine profile from the APC and the T-helper cell type, produces a range of Th-cell responses. Th1 like responses are cell mediated and the T-cell secretes γ interferon as the primary cytokine. Th2 like responses are humoral and are mediated in part by the secreted cytokine interleukin 4. Activated Th2 cells help to activate resting B-cells ultimately resulting in antibody production. The specific immune response normally takes 10-14 days to develop.
In almost all primary specific immune responses acute inflammation is often found at the site of the lesion. IgG1 and IgE are known as inflammatory antibodies because they either activate the complement system or initiate the release of inflammatory cytokines from mast cells or basophils.
The complement system is a set of plasma proteins that act together to attack extracellular forms of pathogens. Complement results in the opsonization of pathogens, the recruitment of inflammatory cells and directs the killing of pathogens. The complement system can be activated by two different pathways: the classical complement pathway and the alternative complement pathway. The classical pathway is antibody-dependent and is activated by the binding of antibody molecules (specifically IgM and IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3) to a foreign particle. The role of complement in inflammation and tissue injury has become apparent through clinical investigations and discoveries that the pathogenesis of certain experimental inflammatory diseases is complement-dependent.
Mast cells, located in perivascular connective tissue throughout the body, are involved in Type I allergic disease. Type I Allergic disease is a disease of the developed world which affects up to 30% of the population of the USA and Europe. IgE mediated allergy is also implicated in asthma and over 70% of asthmatics are allergic to one or more allergen. The cost of allergic disease probably exceeds $10 billion in the USA alone. When inhaled or trapped on mucosal surfaces, pollens release proteins (allergens) which, in some individuals, results in an acute inflammatory response mediated by allergen specific IgE antibodies bound to mast cells. The allergic reaction is triggered when the allergens cross-link preformed IgE, bound to mast cells, resulting in de-granulation of the mast cell and the release of copious amount of inflammatory mediators including histamine. In severe cases allergic disease can result in asthma and anaphylaxis, a life threatening condition.
In contrast to the initiation of the immune response, much less is known about the resolution of inflammation following an antigen or allergen challenge. It is thought that another class of T-cell is involved, the so called regulatory T-cell or T-reg. These cells under the influence of anti-inflammatory cytokines TNFβ and interleukin 10, which are involved in dampening down the T-cell responses, switch the antibody responses to IgA and IgG4 both of which are non-inflammatory antibodies and do not activate the complement system. Secretory IgA (sIgA) is found on mucous membranes and has been shown to neutralize viruses and prevent their adherence to the epithelial cells lining the mucous. McCluskie et al., MICROBES INFECT. 1(9):685-98 (1999); Ogra et al., CLIN MICROBIOL REV. 14(2):430-45 (2001); Rosenthal et al., SEMIN IMMUNOL. 9(5):303-14 (1997); van Ginkel et al., EMERG INFECT DIS. 6(2):123-32 (2000).
Recent studies on the mechanism of removal of inflammatory cells such as neutrophils from the site of an inflammatory lesion have focused on the rapid turnover and apoptosis of these cells. Neutrophils are phagocytes and, after they have engulfed foreign material, a safe and effective way of their disposal is needed. Macrophages, having engulfed a dying neutrophil, undergo significant changes which alter their pattern of cytokine secretion (Fadok et al, J. CLIN. INVEST. 101:890-898 (1998)), switching production from inflammatory cytokine to anti-inflammatory cytokine synthesis which include, among others, TGFβ.
It has recently been shown that phosphatidylserine may be a general recognition marker for the removal of apoptotic cells, such as neutrophils, by phagocytes (Fadok et al., NATURE 405:85-90 (2000)), while U.S. Pat. No. 6,953,591 to Belyaysky et al. discloses the use of phosphatidylserine for treating T-cell-mediated diseases.

Composition comprising phosphatidyl serine and an antigen or allergen and the use thereof


A writing system is provided for use in both dry and wet environments and includes a holder adapted to be releasably supported by a wall surface and defining pen and note pad receptacles. The holder forms a perforate bottom wall permitting drainage of water from the receptacles. One receptacle supports a waterproof pen. The other receptacle receives a waterproof note pad composed of waterproof sheet material such as Tyvek paper-like material which are bound in assembly to form a note pad. To facilitate all weather use of written materials and writing materials, water-proof paper-like materials is employed on which is printed information with water-proof ink and/or written information with a water-proof writing instrument.

It is well known that thoughts and ideas come to mind during periods when the mind is relaxed and is not involved in concentration on specific tasks. For example, ideas often come to persons when they are sleeping or resting. When these ideas come, it is desirable to have immediate access to a writing instrument and writing paper in order that these thoughts may be subsequently remembered and placed into action For this reason, many persons who are involved in business maintain a pencil or pen and a pad of paper at a bedside table for immediate access when these ideas come to mind. Also, it is well known that ideas often come to mind while a person is involved with various aspects of personal hYgiene, such as while taking a shower or a bath, while shaving, etc. It is desirable, therefore, to have immediate access to writing materials in the bathroom environment, but such is typically not done because of the presence of water. If kept in a bathroom environment, therefore, such writing materials are typically stored inside a drawer or cabinet so as to be protected from contact by water. In such case, however, these writing materials are not readily available for use when needed. Further, because the person's hands may be wet when a novel idea comes to mind, writing the idea on paper is typically deferred until a more convenient time. Often, these thoughts are of rather fleeting nature and so the person, involved in other tasks, fails to write them down and ultimately loses the value of the thought. It is desirable, therefore, to provide a writing system that may be utilized under wet conditions and which is readily available for immediate use, even under circumstances where the person's hands are wet or when large quantities of water are present and can come into contact with the writing instrument and writing materials.
It has also been the practice to place note pads at or near the entry door of a home so that visitors may write notes to the home owner when the home owner is away. These pads are typically located in a protective enclosure to protect the paper from moisture. A pencil or other writing instrument is typically located in the enclosure and may be attached to the enclosure by a string, bead chain, etc. Various types of paper, polymer materials or combined paper and polymer materials are often employed under circumstances where these materials might come into contact with water For example, labels, shipping tags, temporary license plates, parking violation tickets, mail delivery notices and sheet material of like nature are often printed with data. Should these materials come into contact with water, such as during rain or become wet with dew or fog, the written material can become illegible. Polymer coated paper is often employed to protect the written or printed matter. Further, under circumstances where paper is used and the paper is intended to be written upon and located in an environment that may become wet, protective enclosures or packets are often employed to protect the paper from becoming wet. These protective packets are often composed of various water-proof polymer materials. It is desirable, therefore, to provide a paper or paper-like material that is of water-proof nature and to provide a writing instrument which may be employed to write information on the paper even when the paper is wet so that the paper will not be destroyed or deteriorate when it becomes wet and the written information will remain legible on the paper even when the paper becomes wet. It is desirable, therefore, to provide a paper-like material which is of water-proof nature and to provide a water-proof writing instrument that may be employed to place permanent written information on the water-proof paper even when the paper is wet so that both the paper and the written information will remain in good condition even when wet.

Writing article and holder system for wet environment


A method, machine readable storage medium, and system for providing personalized semantic controls for semantic systems. A semantic network may be set up with initial configuration. A business application user interface, including semantic controls, may be coupled to the semantic network to interact with the semantic network. Semantic objects and relations may be defined in the semantic network for business terminology. A user request for business data may be received. The semantic network may update the objects and relations for business terminology based on the request. The business application user interface may provide for personalized semantic controls based on the updated objects and relations.

A semantic network is a network that represents semantic relations among terms (e.g., concepts). A semantic network may be used as a form of knowledge representation, and therefore may be used to model business knowledge in companies and their various parts, for example, as enterprise knowledge and/or terminology.
Knowledge may be organized and belong to the same knowledge area or expertise area, for example: IT, finance, etc. The knowledge area or expertise area may be grouped into knowledge domains and may be used to specify the context of the required information and therefore deliver data with better quality. Typically the business knowledge and the terminology used are distributed throughout the entire company, experts within the company, management heads, and large volumes of documents, etc.
Modern business applications are built from business objects that group or encapsulate the definition of relevant business information. A business object structural model may contain one root node and zero to many business object nodes. The node's hierarchy (i.e., tree) may be built using associations between business object nodes that group semantically related attributes. Additionally, each attribute may be structurally defined by an underlying global data type—so-called element data type or global data type (centrally defined data type). Finally, the instances of business objects provide business-related terminology, e.g. a material business object provides the definition of material and the material names used and defined in a particular company.
Business-related terminology may evolve over time with new business trends, changing or discontinued product-lines, new technology, or any of a number of business, economic, social, and/or technology related changes. Given the ever-changing nature of business-related terminology, what is needed are controls for a semantic network that will adapt with usage to provide for better user/user-group-oriented interaction with the semantic network.

Personalized controls for a semantic system utilizing a central and a local semantic network


An artificial limb joint device for hinging adjoining body protecting members to turn on an axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axes of the body protecting members. The limb joint device comprises: a drive disc; a driven disc; a joint pin extending through the individual centers of the drive disc and the driven disc. The drive disc is detachably attached to one of the adjoining body protecting members and includes an outer flange, and an inner flange disposed radially inside of the outer flange and defining an annular groove in the end face of the drive disc together with the outer flange. The outer flange is formed with a through hole extending in a tangential direction of the annular groove. The driven disc is detachably attached to the other of the body protecting members and formed with such a raised segment at the end face confronting the drive disc as to engage in a sliding manner with the annular groove of the drive disc. Further comprised is a turning motion regulating pin inserted into the through hole to come into and out of the annular groove, for regulating the turning motions of the raised segment in the annular groove.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an artificial limb joint and a joint device using the limb joint and, more particularly, to an artificial limb joint and an artificial limb joint device, in which adjoining body protecting members are connected and borne in a manner to turn on an axis perpendicular to their longitudinal directions such that they can have their relative turning angle adjusted and fixed.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An artificial limb joint device according to the prior art is constructed, as shown in FIG. 27, so as to protect and aid the physical functions of a leg 110 by fixing the thigh above the knee by two bands 101 and 102, by protecting the knee by a protecting member 103, by fixing the calf below the knee by a band 104, by connecting the bands 101, 102 and 104 and the protecting member 103 by metal columns 105 and 106, and by connecting the metal columns 105 and 106 by a joint 107.
Shown in FIG. 28 is an artificial limb joint device 111 similar to the type manufactured by the United States Manufacturing Company which is constructed by attaching a joint 118 to an upper protecting member 112, which is applied to a portion 119 of a human body, by screws 115a and 115b, and by hinging the joint on a joint pin 118a between the upper protecting member 112 and a lower protecting member 113 attached by screws 116a and 116b. Thus, the limb joint device 111 is given a function to adjust the allowable range of the relative turning angle between the upper protecting member 112 and the lower protecting member 113.
However, the artificial limb joint device, as designated at 100 in FIG. 27, is accompanied by problems that its weight is increased because it is combined with the metal columns and that the allowable range determined at the manufacture time cannot be changed because the joint 107 does not have the function to adjust the allowable range of the relative turning angle between the metal column 105 and the metal column 106. This artificial limb joint device using such metal columns is further accompanied by another problem that undesired restrictions are exerted upon the motions between the human body and the joint device because the flexibility which might otherwise be achieved by the protecting members made of a synthetic resin is lost, to induce an abnormal walking manner and to trouble the daily activities.
On the other hand, the artificial limb joint device 111 as shown in FIG. 28, retains the function to adjust the allowable range of the relative turning angle, but this adjustment cannot be accomplished before the joint 118 is removed from the upper protecting member 112 and the lower protecting member 113 to have it parts replaced. In short, the adjustment cannot be attained with the joint device being applied to the human body.


The invention relates to an optical sensor module (1) for a measuring device. Said module comprises at least one optical sensor (2) including a diode laser (3) having a laser cavity for generating a measuring beam, the diode laser being attached to a substrate (12), converging means (5) (such as a lens). During measuring, such converging means (5) converges the measuring beam in an action plane and converges in the laser cavity the measuring beam radiation that has been back-scattered by an object to generate a self-mixing effect and means for measuring the self-mixing effect. Later means comprise a photo diode (4) and an associated signal processing circuitry. According to an essential aspect of the invention, that the diode laser (3) is configured to emit laser radiation of a wavelength for which the substrate (12) being attached to the diode laser (3) is transparent. This configuration leads to an essentially simple (and therefore cheap) sensor module.

An optical input device that uses the self-mixing effect is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,707,027, which has been filed in the name of Applicant. This document explains the measuring principle and describes several embodiments and applications of the sensor device, which may be included in a computer mouse, for example.
Laser self-mixing occurs if an external reflector, or object, is arranged in front of a diode laser so that an external cavity is obtained. In case of an input device, movement of the device and the object, which may be a human finger or a desk surface, with respect to each other causes tuning of the external cavity. Such tuning results in re-adjustment of the laser equilibrium conditions and thus in detectable changes in the laser output power. These changes, or undulations, are repetitive as a function of the displacement of the object over a distance equal to half the wavelength of the laser radiation. This means that that the frequency of the laser undulations becomes proportional to the speed of the object, i.e. the external reflector. A measuring device based on laser self-mixing shows high sensitivity and accuracy, which can be attributed to the fact that the back-scattered radiation re-entering the laser cavity determines the modulation frequency of the laser radiation and thus is amplified in the laser cavity. The laser acts as a phase sensitive detector and amplifier. In this way high receiver sensitivity is obtained without using additional means like optical filters or complex devices, such as interferometers.
An optical sensor module of this type equipped with two diode lasers allows measurement of movements of the input device, including such a module, and the object with respect to each other in two mutually perpendicular (X- and Y-) directions and any intermediate direction. Although such module can already detect motion in the Z-direction, it is preferred to use a 3rd diode laser, as a module having three diode lasers allow a more accurate detection of motion in the Z-direction. This can be achieved by mutually arranging the laser beams such that they are orthogonal or such that they make a 120 degree angle in the detection plane. Such an input device can be used to navigate, or move, a cursor across a display panel, for example to select an icon on the display.
Preferably, the diode laser used in the present input device is a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL). The length direction of the laser cavity and the radiation direction of such a laser are perpendicular to its substrate. Compared with the more conventional edge-emitting laser, a VCSEL shows the advantages that it can be fabricated at much smaller size and lower costs and that the cross section of the laser beam is circular, instead of oblong. Moreover the self-mixing effect is considerably stronger in this type of laser.
The concept of the above-described input device has proven to be very worthwhile and an optical computer mouse equipped with such a device has been successfully manufactured and introduced on the market. However, this computer mouse is of the high-end type. In view of its compactness, accuracy and reliability the optical sensor module is also very suitable for low-end computer mice and other mass applications. For such applications the costs of the optical sensor module becomes a main issue in view of the prices of existing devices having lower performance. Thus there is a strong need to reduce the cost of the optical sensor module considerably. Since the number of main elements of the module can not be reduced, cost reduction can only be realised by means of a cheaper manufacturing process.

Optical sensor module including a diode laser and a substrate transparent to radiation emitted by the diode laser and a method for manufacturing an optical sensor module


The present invention provides processes for the preparation of Ribociclib, as well as intermediates useful in the preparation thereof. In particular, processes are provided for the preparation of a compound of Formula (4), and its conversion to Ribociclib (1).

Ribociclib (1), or 7-cyclopentyl-N,N-dimethyl-2-{[5-(piperazin-1-yl) pyridin-2-yl]amino}-7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxamide, in the form of a succinate salt, is the active ingredient in KISQALI®, which is indicated, in combination with an aromatase inhibitor, as initial endocrine-based therapy for the treatment of postmenopausal women with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative, advanced or metastatic breast cancer.

One method of preparing Ribociclib (1) is described in WO 2010/020675 A1, which discloses a family of compounds that are stated to be useful in treatments and therapies for protein kinase-associated disorders. In this method, which is depicted in Scheme 1, Ribociclib (1) is prepared by Buchwald-type coupling of pyrrolopyrimidine (H1) with the heteroaryl amine (I) to form the compound of formula (J), followed by deprotection of the tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC)-protected piperazine ring. The pyrrolopyrimidine ring of intermediate (H1) is prepared by cyclization of intermediate (E1), formed from the respective displacement of the chloride and bromide substituents on the pyrrolidine ring of (A1) with cyclopentylamine (B) and masked propynal (C). Following hydrolysis of the acetal group of intermediate (E1), the resulting aldehyde (F1) is oxidized to the acid (G1), which then undergoes amidation with dimethylamine to provide the intermediate (H1).

A similar approach is reported in WO 2012/064805 A2, which uses propargyl alcohol rather than propargylaldehyde acetal (D) in formation of the pyrrolopyrimidine ring. Accordingly, subsequent steps to afford intermediate (H1) are altered and include an oxidation/amidation in the presence of manganese (IV) oxide, sodium cyanide and dimethylamine.
Although WO 2012/064805 A2 reports improved yields over WO 2010/020675 A1, and the elimination of chromatographic purification, these improvements necessitate the introduction of other disadvantages, such as the use of sodium cyanide, a highly toxic and hazardous substance requiring specialised transport, handling and disposal practices. Furthermore, the process requires a large excess of the oxidant, manganese (IV) oxide, which is a pigmented oxidant that stains surfaces and is notoriously difficult to remove from reactors and equipment. These factors lead to undue complexity and cost in the manufacture of Ribociclib (1) in a commercial setting.
A second strategy for the preparation of Ribociclib (1) is described in CN106749259 A. In this approach, which is exemplified in Scheme 2, Ribociclib (1) is prepared by displacement of the sulfonyl group of pyrrolopyrimidine (H2) with heteroaryl amine (I) to form the compound of formula (J), followed by deprotection of the tert-butoxycarbonyl (BOC)-protected piperazine ring. Unlike the prior approaches, the pyrrolopyrimidine ring of intermediate (H2) is prepared by an Aldol-type cyclization of intermediate (E2), which is formed from the displacement of the chloride substituent on the pyrrolidine ring of (A2) with cyclopentylamino ester (L). Following amidation of (F2) with dimethyl amine, the methyl sulfide is oxidized to the sulfone to afford intermediate (H2).
However, the use of chromatography for the purification of intermediate (J), and the use of excess amounts of hazardous and reactive reagents such as sodium hydride, meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (MCPBA), and lithium hexamethyldisilamide (LiHMDS), make this process impractical for use on a commercial scale.

Owing to the drawbacks of the existing processes, there remains a need for improved processes for the preparation of Ribociclib (1), and the intermediates used in such preparations, that are more amenable to scale-up and use on a commercial scale.

Processes for the preparation of Ribociclib and intermediates thereof