A method and system for detecting fraud may redirect a user from a phishing message to an education message. The phishing message may include a phishing website that mimics a target entity. A user may be convinced to disclose sensitive information to a fraudster operating the phishing website. The phishing website may be maintained through a service provider and the target entity may request that the service provider disable the phishing website. During evaluation of the target entity's request by the service provider, a user may be directed to an education website that may be displayed until the phishing website may be permanently disabled. The education website may include information or identify a source of information that may help educate the user on fraud prevention, phishing, the target entity, the targeted industry, future prevention tips and suggestions, and other related information.

Computer networks, specifically the Internet, have become a central and lively place for conducting business. Many financial transactions are conducted on the Internet and large quantities of personal information are stored on the Internet. Conducting business and personal affairs has become very common and communication between people and entities has been streamlined as a result of the advancements in communications technology, such as the Internet.
Almost as quickly as the Internet developed, fraudsters began preying on users and consumers. Fraudsters capitalized on the opportunity to fool users and consumers into disclosing personal and financial information. For example, fraudsters create websites that mimic an entity requesting personal or financial information from a user and/or consumer. Phishing arose quickly as a means of acquiring sensitive information such as usernames, passwords, credit card information, social security numbers, and other unique information that may be associated with a user's online account with a target entity. Due to the sensitive nature of the information that is oftentimes required to access an online user account at a financial institution, a user is usually required to enter a username and password to be permitted to access the user's online account where the user may conduct financial transactions, pay bills, transfer money, and the like.
Many fraudulent activities, including phishing, carry criminal and civil punishments in most countries. Further, some users refrain from using online services due to the risk of the identity, financial, or other personal misappropriation that may be result in identity theft, stolen money, and other serious financial and personal injuries. In response to an increasing demand from consumers and users, many entities offer online services to streamline the customer's and user's experience in transacting business. In offering online services, the entity must protect its customers and users and must set up security precautions to prevent the user's personal and financial information from being accessed, seen, or stolen by a fraudster.
Fraudsters may target specific industries and thus may target individual entities, such as financial institutions offering online banking services. The target entity may have control over the disclosure of a user's personal or financial information that may be controlled or maintained by the target entity (e.g., such as encrypting data communicated over a computer network that contains a user's sensitive information). However, the fraudsters implementing a phishing attack may send a phishing message containing a link to or a pointer for a phishing website that emulates the website of the target entity. Once the target entity detects a phishing website, the target entity requests that the service provider disable the phishing website (i.e., the entity maintaining the phishing website and through which the fraudster may display the phishing website to users). The request usually takes some time to evaluate the request and confirm that the request is valid.
Meanwhile, users may access the phishing website and continue to be exposed to fraud during the evaluation process. The service provider for the phishing website may display an error message in place of the phishing website or may direct or point the user's request to an error message website. During this evaluation period, the users are still exposed to the fraud and the fraudsters may continue to prey on users.
When a user receives an error message, the user is oftentimes confused and may conclude that the legitimate target entity website is not operating properly. Further, the user may be alerted that suspicious activities are present and may lose confidence in accessing online user accounts and in conducting business and/or financial transactions with the target entity. Therefore, a method of detecting fraud is needed that is capable of educating a user and helping to prevent fraud that occurs outside of the control of the security measures that may be implemented by a target entity.

Phishing redirect for consumer education: fraud detection


A multi-sport athletic training device is provided, which is comprised of an elongate hollow container and a packing material. The elongate hollow container has a first end and a second end and is made of a flexible material. The first and second ends are closed to maintain the packing material within the elongate hollow container. The elongate hollow container is at least partially filled with the packing material such that the elongate hollow container absorbs impact and provides resistance. In exemplary embodiments, the packing material is sand. Exemplary embodiments of an athletic training device may further comprise two steel plates closing the first or second end of the container. Methods of manufacturing an athletic training device are also provided. A stand assembly for mounting an athletic training device is also provided.

The sports and fitness industries include various sports such as baseball, golf, hockey, to mention a few, which require specialized training. However, many existing training methods are not portable, durable, or reasonably priced. In most of these sports, the intention is to deliver smooth coordinated and consistent power. Also, many existing training tools introduce variables and distractions such as balls, which may be extraneous when a coach or instructor is attempting to properly assess an athlete's body position, point of contact, and follow-through. Furthermore, some sports require other individuals to effectively learn and practice skills.
In the study of martial arts, one of the foundational principals is self-awareness and preparedness. Until this point is reached, within the individual and system application, many hours days and years of dedication are required. Knowing where your strengths and weaknesses are can provide greater consistencies to performance. However, a training partner is not always available to a martial arts practitioner, in general, or at a convenient time or location. Acquiring the skills could be very costly, not to mention time-consuming.
Thus, there is a need for multi-sport training devices, systems, and methods that are portable, durable, and provided at a reasonable price point. There is also a need for athletic training devices, systems, and methods that do not require a ball or puck or a partner to learn and practice skills.

Multi-sport training devices, systems, and methods and stands for mounting multi-sport training devices


A lighting system for video conferencing includes a reflector structure positioned in an enclosure and having one or more light sources positioned therein to reflect light in a selected direction. A diffuser lens plate overlies the reflector structure to diffuse light emanating from the reflector structure. The reflector structure may include a plurality of parabolic reflectors having the shape of circular paraboloids. The light sources may include LED's positioned at the parabolic foci of the reflectors. The diffuser lens plate is translucent and may be colored yellow to filter light from the LED's. The diffuser has a surface texture which diffuses light from the LED's.

The present invention is broadly concerned with improvements in illumination devices and, more particularly, to improved lighting units for use in video conferencing type activities.
Video conferencing has become an useful form of communication between parties for remotely conducting various forms of business, corporate meetings, training, and the like without traveling for face-to-face meetings. On a smaller or personal scale, videophone service or videotelephony enables individuals to communicate vocally and visually using special equipment. Early videophone devices used slow scan imaging techniques resulting in the periodic exchange of still images. More recent imaging techniques approach full motion, real-time video imaging.
Inexpensive video cameras and microphones have been developed for interfacing to personal computers to enable vocal and visual communication over the Internet. Web cameras or webcams can be attached to LCD (liquid crystal display) monitors, directed at the user, and interfaced to the computer through a USB (universal serial bus) port for acquiring live images of the computer user. A microphone mounted on a desk or the monitor is connected to a microphone input of the computer to receive the user's voice input. Many portable computer devices such as laptops, notebooks, netbooks, tablet computers, pad computers, and the like are provided with built-in video cameras and microphones. Most cellular or cell phones also have cameras capable of recording still or moving images. Such cameras and microphones enable computer users to engage in an informal kind of vocal and visual communication over the Internet, which is sometimes referred to as "video chatting".
One problem which often occurs with the types of video cameras provided on and for personal computers is that the color response of such cameras and the color of ambient lighting combine to result in an unflattering facial coloring of the person imaged by the cameras. Such color rendering problems occurred previously with color film imaging and were generally overcome by the use color correction filters which could be attached to the lens of the camera. Some degree of color correction could also be applied during printing of photographs from the developed color film. However, color correction filters are not generally available for aftermarket video cameras and video cameras built into computer devices and cell phones. In most cases, the aftermarket and built-in video cameras are not adapted to have color correction filters mounted thereon.


Vinylidene fluoride polymers are produced by using a C3-C5 hydrocarbon as a chain transfer agent in the free radical polymerization process.

This invention relates to the use of a C3-C5 hydrocarbon such as propane as a chain transfer agent in the preparation of fluoropolymers, especially to the free radical polymerization of vinylidene fluoride monomer optionally conducted in the presence of other fluorinated olefins.
Various efforts have been tried over the years to find a suitable chain transfer agent for such polymerizations, as disclosed in the background section of U.S. patent application Publication 2002/0147289 A1. For example, the emulsion polymerization at moderate pressure of vinylidene fluoride using fluorinated surfactant and, as a free-radical initiator. diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate (hereinafter referred to as IPP) is taught in U.S. Pat. No. 3,475,396. The same patent teaches that the amount of fluorinated surfactant necessary in the system can be reduced if a chain transfer agent is present in the reaction system. U.S. Pat. No. 4,569,978 discloses the use of trichlorofluoromethane (CFC-11) as a chain transfer agent to reduce or eliminate the discoloration and cavity formation phenomenon but this CFC is an ozone depleting material and its use is being, banned worldwide. U.S. Pat. No. 3,635,926 discloses an aqueous process for making tetralluoroethylene/fluorovinyl ether (TFE/FVE) copolymers in the presence of chain transfer agents such as hydrogen and methane in combination with CFCs and HCFCs. In this patent only perfiltoromonomers (mainly TFE) were considered and methane was the most preferred chain transfer agent since it exhibited a reasonable chain transfer activity in the polymerization of perfluoromonomers; however, high alkanes were reported to be too active to be used in polymerization due to undesired (slowing) effect on the polymerization rate.
The aforesaid Application 2002/0147289 discloses the use of ethane as a chain transfer agent in a free radical polymerization of vinylidene fluoride. However, higher alkanes, including propane, were reported to be too active to be used due to an undesired slowing effect on the polymerization rate.
In contrast to above disclosures regarding fluorinated monomers, it has surprisingly been found that the use of C3-C5 hydrocarbons such as propane as a chain transfer agent in the vinylidene fluoride polymerization process results, particularly in the case of vinylidene fluoride homopolymers, in a product with good color which resists discoloration at elevated temperatures. In fact, propane has been found to be about ten times as efficient as CFC-11 and about three times as efficient as ethane. Indeed, among all hydrocarbons, propane surprisingly provides the highest polymerization rate per initiator consumption at a given degree of polymerization. Propane is also inexpensive and non-hazardous.
In a process for the free radical polymerization of vinylidene fluoride monomer, optionally in the presence of other fluorinated olefins, this invention provides the improvement comprising the use of a C3-C5 hydrocarbon such as pentane, butane or, preferably, propane as the chain transfer agent. The amount of hydrocarbon can vary widely, but, in the case of propane, less is required than with previous agents such as ethane. The hydrocarbon can be added in batch or continuous feed, depending on the desired molecular weight distribution. The polymerization media normally comprises water or carbon dioxide (such as supercritical and/or liquid carbon dioxide). The preferred free radical initiators are di-n-propyl peroxydicarbonate or di-isopropyl peroxydicarbonate. In another preferred process aspect, vinylidene fluoride homopolymer is produced.


An information center calculates, from a specific departure point to a specific destination, (i) an optimal route for an in-vehicle terminal when a request terminal of a route search request is the in-vehicle terminal and (ii) an optimal route for a mobile terminal when the request terminal of the route search request is the mobile terminal, respectively. The calculated optimal route for the in-vehicle terminal is different from the calculated optimal route for the mobile terminal.

[Patent document 1] JP 2001-124569 A
Conventionally, as disclosed in the patent document 1, a route calculation apparatus is known for searching for and calculating a route from a departure point to a destination using public transportation (i.e., railway trains and buses) and a vehicle other than a public vehicle that belongs to the public transportation. Searching for a route using multiple modes of transportation is referred to as multimodal route search.


A method for using location-based services for service management is discussed. The method includes receiving, at a server, a user request from a user device at a geographical location. The method includes accessing a store search to determine a store reference based on the user request and a user location corresponding to the geographical location, the store reference indicating tenant(s) accessible to the user via a user interface (UI) of the user device. The method includes accessing location data for the user device based on the store reference and a user account associated with the user, the location data indicating a service accessible via the UI and associated with a certain tenant. The method includes providing, to the user device and based on the location data, an user experience for accessing the service via the UI.

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication systems and, more particularly, to managing how user experiences are managed and communicated to user devices.
User devices are used to provide user experiencers to users for various scenarios. For example, a user device can provide, via its graphical user interface (GUI), a certain on-line or in-store shopping experience to the user. For example, the user device can provide, via a dedicated mobile application, a certain shopping GUI for the user, to access various services and/or products that are offered by a merchant associated with the dedicated mobile application. Similarly, a dedicated shopping experience can be provided to the user via a web browser that accesses a dedicated web page that is associated with the merchant. However, the use of dedicated mobile applications and/or dedicated websites can be very resource intensive on a solution provider.
For example, a solution provider may need to develop separate dedicated mobile applications and/or separate dedicated web pages for each of multiple merchants and/or service providers. The development, testing, and/or communication with the plurality of dedicated mobile applications and/or service providers can be a resource-intensive burden on the solution provider. Furthermore, the installation and/or use of these many dedicated mobile applications and/or service providers can impose memory and/or processing resource issues on the user devices.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Locations platform for managing and providing of user experiences


The invention relates to a method for producing non-grain-oriented hot-rolled magnetic steel sheet in which from a raw material such as cast slabs, strip, roughed strip or thin slabs produced from a steel comprising (in weight %) C: 0.0001-0.05%; Si: xe2x89xa61.5%; Al: xe2x89xa60.5%, wherein [% Si]+2[% Al]xe2x89xa61.8; Mn: 0.1-1.2%; if necessary up to a total of 1.5% of alloying additions such as P, Sn, Sb, Zr, V, Ti, N, Ni, Co, Nb and/or B, with the remainder being iron and the usual impurities, in a finishing roll line at temperatures above the Ar1 temperature, a hot strip with a thickness xe2x89xa61.5 mm is rolled, wherein at least the last forming pass of hot rolling is carried out in the mixed region austenite/ferrite and wherein the total deformation xcex5H achieved during rolling in the mixed region austenite/ferrite is  less than 35%. With the method according to the invention, it is possible in particular to economically produce thicker magnetic steel sheet which is not grain-oriented and which has good magnetic properties.

The invention relates to a method for producing non-grain-oriented magnetic steel sheet. In this document, xe2x80x9cnon-grain-oriented magnetic steel sheetxe2x80x9d refers to magnetic steel sheet as defined in DIN EN 10106 (xe2x80x9cfinally-annealed magnetic steel sheetxe2x80x9d) and DIN EN 10165 (xe2x80x9cmagnetic sheet which has not been finally-annealedxe2x80x9d). Furthermore, this also includes more strongly anisotropic types, provided they are not deemed to be grain-oriented magnetic steel sheet.
Non-grain-oriented magnetic steel sheets with a thickness ranging from 0.65 to 1 mm are for example used in the production of motors which are only switched on for a short time of operation. Typically, such motors are used in the field of domestic appliances or equipment, or as auxiliary drives in motor vehicles. Such motors are intended to produce high performance, while energy consumption only plays a subordinate role.
A first method for producing non-grain-oriented hot-rolled magnetic steel sheet is known from DE 198 07 122.A1. In the known method, a raw material comprising (in mass per cent) 0.001 to 0.1% C, 0.05 to 3.0% Si, up to 0.85% Al, wherein % Si+2Alxe2x89xa63.0%, and 0.5-2.0% Mn, with the remainder being iron and the usual impurities, is hot rolled, either directly from the casting heat or after reheating, to a temperature of at least 900xc2x0 C. During hot-rolling, two or more forming passes are carried out in a targeted way in the two-phase region austenite/ferrite. In this way, if necessary a cold-rolled and finally-treated magnetic steel sheet can be produced in a manner which saves time and energy, said magnetic steel sheet having improved magnetic characteristics when compared to conventional sheet of this type.
In the conventional production of non-grain-oriented magnetic steel sheet, as is for example described in EP 0 897 993 A1, usually a slab or thin slab cast from a steel of a particular composition, is rough rolled to form a roughed strip. This roughed strip is subsequently hot-rolled in several passes. If required, the hot-rolled strip is annealed and subsequently coiled. After coiling, as a rule, pickling and further annealing of the hot strip take place, said hot strip being finally cold-rolled to final thickness in one step, or in several steps with intermediate annealing. If required, supplementary skin-pass rolling is carried out. If required by the end user, the cold-rolled strip is also subjected to final annealing.
Instead of rough rolling a roughed strip from a cast slab, it is also possible to use thin slabs or to use cast roughed strip directly to produce magnetic sheets. When using cast roughed strip, there is also the option of casting extremely thin strip with dimensions which approximate the dimensions of the hot strip to be produced. Technological advantages and cost advantages can be achieved by integrating casting of such a roughed strip and hot-rolling of such a strip in a continuous process.
Each of the individual processing steps during the production has an influence on the magnetic characteristics of the end product. For this reason for example, the pass sequence and the state of the microstructure in the hot strip during each roll pass are set during hot-rolling, depending on the transformation behaviour of the steel which is governed by the composition of the steel by way of the temperature at the beginning of rolling and the cooling carried out between the individual roll passes, such that the desired magnetic characteristics of the end product are achieved. Likewise, the characteristics of the end product are determined by the annealing temperatures, the coiling temperature and the deformation during cold rolling.
Due to the large number of production steps, the production of magnetic steel sheet is technically demanding and expensive. This is a disadvantage in particular in the case of sheet of increased thickness.
It is thus the object of the invention to provide a method which makes it possible in particular to economically produce thicker magnetic steel sheet which is not grain-oriented and which has good magnetic properties.
This object is met by a method for producing non-grain-oriented hot-rolled magnetic steel sheet in which from a raw material such as cast slabs, strip, roughed strip or thin slabs, said raw material comprising a steel with (in weight per cent)
C: 0.0001-0.05%;
SI: xe2x89xa61.5%;
Al: xe2x89xa60.5%; wherein [%Si]+2[% Al]xe2x89xa61.8;
Mn: 0.1-1.2%;
with the remainder being iron as well as the usual impurities;
is produced; in a finishing roll line at temperatures which are above the Ar1-temperature, a hot strip of a thickness xe2x89xa61.5 mm is rolled, wherein at least the last forming pass of hot rolling is carried out in the mixed region austenite/ferrite, and wherein the total deformation xcex5H achieved during rolling in the mixed region austenite/ferrite is xe2x89xa635%. Optionally, the steel used according to the invention can comprise up to a total of 1.5% of alloying additions, such as P, Sn, Sb, Zr, V, Ti, N, Ni, Co, Nb and/or B.

Method for producing non-grain-oriented magnetic steel sheet


A device for supporting a strip in the wound or spooled condition, includes two half-hubs each having at least one flange (1A, 2A) made by molding with the half-hub, these half-hubs being assembleable together to form a spool. At least one of the half-hubs, called reversible, has a flange (2A) off centered in the direction of the length of the half-hub and is shaped to connect to the other half-hub (1) by either one of its ends (3A, 3B) as a function of the spacing desired between flanges (1 A, 2A).

The present invention relates to a device for supporting a strip in the wound or spooled condition, of the type constituting two half-hubs each bearing at least one flange made by molding with the half-hub, these half-hubs being assembled together to form a spool.
It relates more particularly to a device for supporting a transparent film strip present in the form of alignment of panels disposed side by side and connected to each other by a connection with a rupture starter, each panel being adapted to cover a pre-printed plastic card so as to protect it, this panel being held secured to the card by hot pressing. Until now, this type of strip is wound on a simple hub such that an offset of the edges of the strip cannot be prevented during transport or handling of the hub loaded with the strip. This offset ultimately generates imperfect covering of the card.
To solve this problem, it has been decided to use a spool whose flanges guide the edges of the strip and prevent offset of said edges. However, the strips exist in at least two widths. The design of a device for supporting the strip in the form of a monobloc assembly thus requires providing two stocks of spools.
There are moreover known, as shown in particular in U.S. Pat. No. 6,130,699, spools of which one of the flanges is axially movable along a hub to adapt to different lengths of strip. Such a design requires for each spool a precise adjustment of the flange and immobilization generally by screwing the flange on said hub. These different operations require long assembly time for the spool.
An object of the present invention is thus to overcome the mentioned drawbacks by providing a support device for a strip whose design permits its rapid adaptation to at least two widths of strip.
To this end, the invention has for its object a device for supporting a strip in the wound or spooled condition, of the type constituted by two half-hubs each comprising at least one flange made by molding with the half-hub, these half-hubs being assembleable together to form a spool, characterized in that at least one of the half-hubs, so called reversible, has a flange off center in the direction of the length of the half-hub and is shaped to connect to the other half-hub by one or the other of its ends as a function of the desired spacing between the flanges.

Device for supporting a strip in the wound or spooled condition


A stainless steel flux-cored welding wire for zinc-coated steel sheet welding use which gives a weld zone where no zinc embrittlement cracking occurs and the corrosion resistance and ductility are excellent and which is good in weld work efficiency and a welding method using the same, the welding wire characterized in that total amounts of elements which are included as metals or alloy compositions in the sheath and flux are, by mass % with respect to a total mass of the welding wire, C: 0.01 to 0.05%, Si: 0.1 to 1.5%, Mn: 0.5 to 3.0%, Ni: 7.0 to 10.0%, and Cr: 26.0 to 30.0%, an F value is 30 to 50 in range, further, the wire contains, as slag forming agents, in the flux, by mass % with respect to the total mass of the wire, TiO2: 3.8 to 6.8%, SiO2: 1.8 to 3.2%, ZrO2: 1.3% or less, and Al2O3: 0.5% or less, a total amount of the slag forming agent and other slag forming agents is 7.5 to 10.5%, furthermore, the TiO2 satisfies, by mass % with respect to the total amount of slag forming agents, TiO2: 50 to 65%, and a balance of the sheath and flux is Fe and unavoidable impurities.

Zinc-coated steel sheet is being broadly used in the fields of construction, automobiles, etc. from the viewpoint of improvement of the corrosion resistance of structural members. For improvement of the corrosion resistance in conventional structures, the method has been used of welding together non-plated members, then dipping the assembly in a zinc bath to make zinc deposit on the surface of the steel material and weld zone and secure the corrosion resistance of the structure as a whole. However, with this method, since the plating is performed after welding, the productivity is inferior. Also, a plating bath and other facilities become necessary. This became a cause of increase of the manufacturing costs.
To avoid this, the method of producing a structure by welding together zinc-coated steel sheets which have been plated in advance has come to be applied. Further, recently, to better improve the corrosion resistance of structural members, the practice has been to produce welded structures by welding together zinc-based alloy coated steel sheets given a Zn—Al—Mg—Si-based alloy plating or other zinc-based alloy coating on the surface of the steel sheets so as to further raise the corrosion resistance compared with general zinc-coated steel sheet (for example, see PLT 1).
As a unique problem when producing a welded structure by welding together zinc-coated steel sheets or zinc-based alloy coated steel sheets, it has been known in the past that liquid metal embrittlement cracking due to hot dip plating (below, referred to as "zinc embrittlement cracking") easily occurs in the weld metal and base metal heat affected zone.
Zinc embrittlement cracking is believed to be mainly due to the zinc plating components, which remain in a molten state at the surface of the base metal heat affected zone present near the weld zone, penetrating to the crystal grain boundaries at the weld zone. Note that, the zinc plating which was present at the surface of the weld zone is dispersed away by the welding, so it is believed that this does not become the cause of weld embrittlement cracking.
On the other hand, for the welding of stainless steel structures from which corrosion resistance was demanded in the past, an alloy welding material of stainless steel has been used. In this case, even with weld metal of stainless steel components which is formed at the joined parts of the stainless steel with itself or stainless steel and carbon steel, an excellent corrosion resistance is obtained in the same way as the base material part of stainless steel.
However, according to the results of confirmation tests by the inventors, to obtain a weld metal with a good corrosion resistance when welding zinc-coated steel sheet, for example, it was confirmed that even if using a SUS309-based or SUS329-based stainless steel welding material or other welding material, a large number of zinc embrittlement cracks occur at the weld metal and therefore application becomes difficult.
As the method for solving the problem of the zinc embrittlement cracking of weld metal, the inventors proposed to control the amounts of C, Si, Mn, Ni, and Cr obtain a suitable area percentage of ferrite structures in the weld metal and tensile strength and furthermore to control the amount of TiO2 in the slag forming agent etc. in flux-cored welding wire to suitable values to prevent zinc embrittlement cracking in the weld metal (see PLT 2).
However, when using this method to weld zinc-based alloy coated steel sheet, depending on the welding conditions, zinc embrittlement cracking of the weld metal often occurs. It was not possible to stably prevent this. Further, there were the problems that the welded metal obtained by this method was low in ductility and further the arc stability in weld work efficiency was low and the slag detachability was poor.
To deal with this, the inventors engaged in further in-depth research on welded joints preventing weld embrittlement cracking and proposed the means of defining the weld metal components of the joint so as to suppress zinc embrittlement cracking occurring at the weld metal (see PLT 3). Furthermore, in that PLT, they proposed the means of defining the alloy composition of the welding wire so as to adjust the weld metal components of the joint to targeted ranges.

Stainless steel flux-cored welding wire for welding of zinc-coated steel sheet and arc welding method of zinc-coated steel sheet using same

Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation


Provided are a biaxial actuator and a method of manufacturing the same. The biaxial actuator includes: a stage unit seesawing in a first direction; a first support unit supporting the stage unit; a stage unit driving unit including first driving comb electrodes outwardly extending from opposite sides of the stage unit in the first direction, and first fixed comb electrodes extending from the first support unit facing the first driving comb electrodes such that the first driving and fixed comb electrodes alternate with each other; a second support unit supporting the first support unit such that the first support unit seesaws in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; and a first support unit driving unit including second driving comb electrodes installed at the first support unit, and second fixed comb electrodes corresponding to the second driving comb electrodes, wherein the first and second driving comb electrodes and the stage unit are formed at a first level, and the first and second fixed comb electrodes are formed at a second level lower than the first level such that the first and second fixed comb electrodes do not overlap with the first and second driving comb electrodes at a vertical plane.

This application claims the priority of Korean Patent Application No. 10-2004-0083537, filed on Oct. 19, 2004, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.
1. Field of the Disclosure
The disclosure relates to a biaxial micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) actuator and a method of manufacturing the same, and more particularly to a biaxial actuator for seesaw driving in two directions and a method of manufacturing the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Optical scanners including biaxial actuators can be used for large displays. The driving speed of a biaxial actuator relates to the resolution of a display device, and the driving angle of the biaxial actuator relates to the screen size of the display device. That is, as the driving speed of a micro mirror increases, resolution is improved. Also, as the driving angle of the micro mirror increases, the screen size of the display device increases. Accordingly, in order to realize large display devices with high resolution, optical scanners including biaxial actuators need to operate at high speed and have a high driving angle.
However, since the driving speed and the driving angle of the micro mirror are in a trade-off relation, there is a limitation in increasing both the driving speed and the driving angle of the biaxial actuator.
Optical scanners used for display devices need to operate at high speed, that is, operate at a resonant frequency during horizontal scanning, but need to operate linearly, that is, operate at a non-resonant frequency during vertical scanning.
Conventional actuators designed for resonant driving are hard to operate at a non-resonant frequency.

Biaxial actuators with comb electrodes having separated vertical positions


Provided is an electrochemical device which is compatible with high-temperature reflow soldering using lead-free solder. An electric double-layer capacitor 10-1 has a structure in which a positive terminal 12 and a negative terminal 13 are led out of a package 14 where an electric storage element 11 is sealed. The entire package 14 and the bases of led-out portions of the positive terminal 12 and the negative terminal 13 are covered by a thermal insulation material layer 16 having a thermal conductivity lower than that of the package 14.

Among electrochemical devices, such as electric double-layer capacitors, lithium ion capacitors, redox capacitors, lithium ion batteries and the like, there exists one which is provided with a structure in which at least a pair of terminals is led out of a package where an electric storage element is sealed.
For example, an electric double-layer capacitor as mentioned above is provided with a structure in which an electric storage element which is composed of positive electrodes and negative electrodes stacked in sequence with separators being interposed therebetween, one end of a positive terminal which is electrically connected to the positive electrodes of the electric storage element, one end of a negative terminal which is electrically connected to the negative electrodes of the electric storage element, and an electrolyte solution are sealed in a package, while the other end of the positive terminal and the other end of the negative terminal are led out of the package. The package is formed of a laminated film having, for example, a plastic protective layer, a metal barrier layer and a plastic heat seal layer in sequence. The package is formed, for example, by bending and folding over a sheet of rectangular film of a predetermined size, and then heat sealing the three sides thereof (at the overlaid portion of the heat seal layer).
As recent electrochemical devices including the above exemplified electric double-layer capacitor have been reduced in size, the electrochemical devices are desired to be mounted on a substrate or the like with high-temperature reflow soldering using lead-free solder, in the same manner as general electronic components are mounted. In other words, the need for electrochemical devices which are compatible with high-temperature reflow soldering using lead-free solder has increased.
However, the conventional electrochemical devices are not compatible with high-temperature reflow soldering using lead-free solder, therefore it is difficult to meet the need for mounting the electrochemical devices on a substrate or the like with high-temperature reflow soldering using lead-free solder, in the same manner as general electronic components are mounted.
The furnace temperature in a reflow furnace used for reflow soldering using lead-free solder reaches a maximum of approximately 250° C., for example. As a result, when a conventional electrochemical device is placed in the reflow furnace to perform reflow soldering, heat flows through and enters the package which is directly exposed to a furnace atmosphere of the reflow furnace. Then, heat may cause a failure such as heat-deterioration of the electric storage element in the package, and significant reduction of the electrical properties of the electrochemical device or the like.
Patent Document 1 discloses a structure in which an electrochemical device is housed in a casing; however, the casing is not adapted to actively suppress heat from being transferred to the package, therefore a failure similar to that described above may occur.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2000-286171

Electrochemical device and packaging structure thereof


A plastic-molded semiconductor device comprises a semiconductor pellet having an insulating substrate and an integrated circuit formed on the insulating substrate, and a pellet mounting member on which the semiconductor pellet is mounted. The pellet mounting member is not provided with any conductive portion at least under the center of the insulating substrate. The distance between the interconnection layer of the integrated circuit and the conductive portion of the pellet mounting member is relatively long, so the semiconductor device has a small parasitic capacitance. This results in a high speed and a low power dissipation.

The present invention relates to a plastic-molded semiconductor device, which comprises a semiconductor pellet having an insulating substrate such as a sapphire substrate and an integrated circuit formed on the insulating substrate, and a pellet mounting member on which the semiconductor pellet is mounted.
Recently the SOS (Silicon On Sapphire) technique and the SOI (Silicon On Insulator) technique have been developed, because they improve the performance of an integrated circuit. Using these techniques, a single crystal silicon is vapour-deposited on an insulating substrate, such as a sapphire substrate, and an integrated circuit is formed on the single crystal silicon. The integrated circuit has the characteristic that its interconnection layer has a smaller parasitic capacitance and a higher insulating resistance than an integrated circuit on a bulk substrate. This results in a high speed and a low power dissipation.
However, when the semiconductor pellet manufactured by the SOS or SOI technique is mounted on the conductor of the mounting bed of a lead frame, a considerable parasitic capacitance is produced, because the interconnection layer, the conductor of the mounting bed, the insulating substrate, and an SiO.sub.2 layer constitute a capacitor. This capacitance makes it difficult for the integrated circuit to operate at a high speed.


The punching and riveting tool includes a pipe shaft, an energy storage spring, a weight control rod, a front cap, a collision head, a punching head, a rear cap, a pressing button, a binding spring and a lock nut. The pipe shaft is in the shape of a hollow pipe, and two ends of the energy storage spring are linked with the weight control rod and the collision head respectively. The collision head is configured with a collision part on the upper end, and a binding slot on the lower end, and the punching head is configured on the bottom end of the collision head. The pressing button is configured with a go-through part and a binding part, and the binding spring with the pressing button are configured in the counterbore of the rear cap. The lock nut is linked onto the tail end of the weight control rod.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a punching and riveting tool structure, and more particularly to a punching and riveting tool that can punch a hole through materials like paperboard, leather, cloth etc., and can also rivet nails like eyelet rivets or hollow rivets through paperboard, leather, cloth etc.
2. Description of Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 37 CFR 1.98
For strengthening, decorating or other various purposes, sheet materials like paperboard, leather or cloth, etc. often need to be punched or bound with eyelet rivets or hollow rivets. As shown in FIGS. 6, 7, 8, the structure of prior-art punching and riveting tools comprises a pipe shaft 10, a weight 11, a collision spring 12, a rear cap 13, an eccentric spring 14, an eccentric rod 15, an expansion link 16, a front cap 17 and a punching head 18. The pipe shaft 10 is in the shape of a hollow pipe. Inside the hole, a smaller guiding hole 101 is configured in the middle section. In the center of the weight 11, there is an impact hole 111 that is aligned to the guiding hole 101. The collision spring 12 is configured inside the upper hollow space of the pipe shaft 10, and is positioned behind the weight 11, so that it can push the weight 11 forward. The rear cap 13 functions to lock and seal the upper hollow space of the pipe shaft 10 and to fix the weight 11 and the collision spring 12. The eccentric spring 14 is bound with the eccentric rod 15 with deflection to one side. In the upper section of the eccentric rod 15, there is a pushing part 151 with small diameter. In the middle section, there is a guiding slant 152, and in the lower section, there is a binding head 153 that binds with the eccentric spring 14. On the upper end of the expansion link 16, there is a stopping block 161, and the lower section is a slender protrusion. The expansion link 16 is configured within the front cap 17, while the front cap 17 is locked onto the lower section of the pipe shaft 10, so as to fix the eccentric spring 14, the eccentric rod 15 and the expansion link 16. At the end of the front cap 17, there is a punch hole 171 so that the expansion link 16 can stretch out. The stopping block 161 can retain the expansion link 16 inside the pipe. The punching head 18 is attached to the protrusion of the expansion link 16. The punching head 18 may change to different shapes and sizes depending on different punching or riveting actions.
The mechanical principle of the prior-art punching and riveting tool structure is disclosed in FIGS. 9 and 10. The whole tool is pressed down. When the collision spring 12 is compressed to a certain degree, it instantly releases the accumulated pressure force to generate an impulse and collision with the expansion link 16, resulting in a punching or riveting action of the punching head 18. The instant release of accumulated pressure is accomplished through the following manner. When the tool is pressed down, the expansion link 16 is pushed inward to push the eccentric rod 15, so that the pushing part 151 of the eccentric rod 15 pushes the weight 11 with deflection to one side and compresses the collision spring 12. When pushed to a certain depth, the guiding slant 152 of the eccentric rod 15 will contact the guiding hole 101 of the pipe shaft 10. As a result, the eccentric rod 15 originally deflected to one side is now guided to the center. When the eccentric rod 15 is guided to the pushing part 151 and aligned to the impact hole 111, the whole pushing part 151 will instantly drop into the impact hole 111, and the collision spring 12 will instantly release the pressing force along the space of this length, causing the weight 11 to strike the eccentric rod 15, the expansion link 16, and the punching head 18, which impacts the processed material.
However, owing to the short stroke of the pressing action, the collision spring 12 is configured to be thick and requires a strong pressing force. Hence, because of the force is solely exerted by the user, sufficient force by the user is necessary. Otherwise, the collision spring 12 cannot be compressed to the degree for instant release of the pressure. For this reason, there are cases including young-aged people with insufficient force, who cannot or can hardly press down the tool. Therefore, such prior art punching and riveting tools are not easy and convenient to use. Moreover, the eccentric function is realized mainly through a specially processed eccentric spring 14, which is very difficult to produce and is not cost-effective.
Thus, to overcome the aforementioned problems of the prior art, it would be an advancement in the art to provide an improved structure that can significantly improve efficacy.
To this end, the inventor has provided the present invention of practicability after deliberate design and evaluation based on years of experience in the production, development and design of related products.


An evacuation sled for non-ambulatory patients preferably including a sheet having a plurality of handholds disposed about the left and right side edges of the sheet, each handhold comprising an opening with a reinforcement above the opening. A plurality of patient retention straps are coupled to the sheet and are configured to secure a patient in the sheet when the sheet is curved upward about the patient. A pull strap is coupled through a head of the sheet and is configured to permit a person to drag the patient strapped to the sheet. Preferably, a foot strap is affixed to the head pull strap and coupled to the foot of the sheet. The foot strap is configured to cause, when tension is applied to the head pull strap, at least one portion of the plastic sheet foot to raise upward and at least partially enclose the feet of the patient.

Evacuation sleds are used by hospitals, assisted living facilities, emergency services, etc., to rapidly and safely evacuate patients from danger zones, such as flood areas. The patient is typically transferred from a bed into the sled, lowered to the floor, and then evacuated by pulling or dragging. An efficient evacuation sled can be deployed and used by a single nurse or other first responder. An evacuation mattress is disclosed in International Application Number PCT/NL 86/00015, published Dec. 18, 1986 under No. WO 86/07253, based on a Netherlands application filed Jun. 12, 1985. The mattress is characterized by belts or ropes to be put around the patient, which are permanently fastened to the mattress. Such a mattress, while very useful, may be relatively expensive to buy, store, and maintain.
While many sleigh-type patient evacuation sleds are known (such as the evacuation sled disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0278754 to Walkingshaw), these sleds require several caregivers to transfer the patient into the sled for evacuation. The sled is then dragged through the hospital, down numerous flights of stairs, and then to an evacuation center where the patient waits (often for hours) for transportation to a hospital, where the patient must be removed from the sled and placed in a bed (again requiring several caregivers). This leads to problems such as patient contusions from being bounced down steps, patient hypothermia, and the necessity for many caregivers to perform the multiple patient-transfer steps.
Other known structures for evacuating non-ambulatory persons include boards or mats to support the patient. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,008 to Johansson discloses rigid mats with straps, respectively placed beneath the patient's chest and thighs. A relatively complicated Rescue Transportation Mattress is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,736,474 to Moran et al., wherein an inflatable support member and crossed straps are used to secure the person being transported. Again, such solutions do little for a quick, safe, and warm evacuation of a patient from a facility during an emergency.
A child restraint device with removable semi-rigid support is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,627,428 issued Dec. 9, 1986 to Brooks. It includes a semi-rigid base and a cover attachable to the base so as to secure the child between the base and the cover. A restraining harness on top of the cover secures the entire arrangement to a transporting device.
There are numerous other patents and patent applications employing rigid or semi-rigid supports and belts or straps to secure the person transported, for example: U.S. Pat. No. 7,422,220, issued Sep. 8, 2008 to Walkingshaw; U.S. Pat. No. 6,871,368, issued Mar. 29, 2005 to Calkin; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 1006006104b0, published Mar. 23, 2006 to Wolf. One disadvantage with such sleds relates to the difficulty in securely and reliably gripping the sled for transport. Another disadvantage is that dragging the patient and sled across a rough surface, such as concrete, is difficult for all but the hardiest of nurses.
Thus, what is needed is an economical emergency sled for injured persons in areas with limited access that is capable of operation by a single caregiver, provides a warm and secure cocoon for the patient, allows easy transport over any type of surface, provides proper support for all of the patient's body, allows the patient to feel a high degree of comfort in what is otherwise a very stressful situation, and provides securing means (such as straps) to firmly hold the patient in place during transit.


A leaky coaxial cable is arranged to meander on a ceiling of an indoor space where a wireless LAN is to be worked. One end of the leaky coaxial cable is connected to a wireless base station unit and the other end thereof is connected to a terminator. The wireless base station unit makes wireless communication with a wireless terminal unit through the leaky coaxial cable by modulation and demodulation in orthogonal frequency division multiplex modulation (OFDM).

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a wireless communication system making indoor wireless communication between a wireless base station unit and a wireless terminal unit.
2. Description of the Related Art
A wireless communication system making indoor wireless communication between a wireless base station unit and a wireless terminal unit in an indoor space as shown in FIG. 14 has been known. A plurality of wireless base station units 2 are arranged on a ceiling of an indoor space 1 where a wireless LAN is to be worked, and a LAN cable 3 and a power supply cable 4 are connected to the wireless base station units 2 from the outside.
Each of the wireless base station units 2 makes wireless communication with a wireless terminal unit 6 located in a cell 5 which is regarded as a wireless communication range. For this reason, the cells 5 need to be arranged to cover an entire floor surface of the indoor space 1. The wireless base station units 2 are arranged such that the cell overlaps the others to some extent in view of safety. For example, a radius of the cell 5 on the floor formed by the wireless base station unit 2 is set at approximately 20 m. Therefore, if the floor surface is 50 m square, at least four wireless base station units 2 need to be arranged.
In addition, a wireless communication system disclosed in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 06-188821 is also known. In this system, a base station comprises antenna transmitting and receiving means for making wireless communication with a terminal station located in a service area and coaxial cable transmitting and receiving means having a comparatively large output to make wireless communication with a terminal station having a blind area that a radio wave irradiated from the base station does not reach effectively. Inside the blind area, an antenna or a leaky coaxial cable is arranged in accordance with the shape of the blind area. The antenna or leaky coaxial cable and the feeder transmitting and receiving means of the base station are connected to each other by a feeder having a predetermined attenuation constant and a predetermined length. An output level of the radio wave irradiated from the antenna or leaky coaxial cable is therefore set not to exceed a level of the radio wave from the antenna transmitting and receiving means of the base station.
In a cell division scheme such as the former case, however, more wireless base station units need to be arranged to remove the blind areas caused by furniture and fixtures, in the indoor environment where there are a number of furniture and fixtures as disturbances of the radio wave propagation. For this reason, the total number of employed wireless base station units is increased, the number of installation works of the wireless base station units is increased in accordance with the increased number thereof, and the entire installation costs are increased.
Moreover, if the number of arranged wireless base station units is increased, incoming waves from the wireless base station units cause interference that carrier waves erase each other, at the receiving antenna. For this reason, no effect can be obtained even if a modulation and demodulation scheme resistant to the multipath interference such as the orthogonal frequency division multiplex modulation (hereinafter referred to as OFDM) scheme is applied. Therefore, a problem arises that even if all the wireless base station units simultaneously emit the radio waves, broadcast transmission cannot be executed for all the wireless terminal units. In addition, transmission can be executed to the wireless base station units one after one by time division. In this case, however, much time is spent to complete the entire information transmission.
In the latter scheme, leaky coaxial cables are further arranged in the blind area besides the wireless LAN system including general base stations, and wireless installations serving as the feeder transmitting and receiving means exclusive for the leaky coaxial cables. For this reason, the system becomes large in size and the total installation costs are increased.
The object of the present invention is to provide a wireless communication system which can prevent generation of the indoor blind areas, and which can implement high-speed broadcast transmission causing no intersymbol interference at small costs.


A method, computer program, and computer system is provided for text error identification and correction. A text input having a phonetic component and a glyphic component is received. Information corresponding to the phonetic component and the glyphic component is coded as a fixed-length sequence. One or more candidate replacement words corresponding to the fixed-length sequence are identified. At least a portion of the text input is replaced with a candidate replacement word from among the one or more candidate replacement words.

Unlike many other languages like English, the Chinese writing system is based on logograms and its characters do not represent phonemes directly. In other words, people recognize and understand the meaning of a text in Chinese through the glyph features of Chinese characters. On the other hand, Pinyin, a phonetic-based system for Chinese romanization, has also been developed and widely used in everyday life.
Chinese input methods may fall into one of two categories: phonetic readings or root shapes. Methods under the phonetic category such as Pinyin, Latin characters are collected directly from a user's input via a physical or a virtual keyboard, and thus typing errors could be introduced during the typing process. After typing, the user has to select the glyphic correct ones from a list of phonetically similar characters.

Framework for chinese text error identification and correction


Provided is a system for testing a wireless terminal. The wireless terminal is configured as a device under test. The system includes: a test antenna; a reflecting surface, configured to totally reflect one or more first wireless signals emitted by the device under test; an absorbing screen, configured to absorb one or more second wireless signals emitted by the device under test, in which the one or more second wireless signals are emitted by the device under test toward a direction of the test antenna without reflection through the reflecting surface; a controller, coupled to the device under test and configured to control the device under test to emit the one or more first and second wireless signals; a power detection device, configured to detect a power of the one or more first wireless signals reflected by the reflecting surface and received by the test antenna.

In radiated performance test of a wireless terminal, radiation signals and receiver sensitivities in a plurality of directions should be measured, and a total radiated power (TRP for short) and a total isotropic sensitivity (TIS for short) are obtained by mathematical calculation based on the measured data. Since an antenna of a mobile wireless communication terminal is usually not directional, but radiates to all directions of space, when testing wireless performance of the mobile terminal, a basic idea is to put a device under test at a center of a sphere, measure signal strengths at a plurality of positions on surface of the sphere by test antennas, and calculate a total radiated intensity after obtaining measured values of all positions.
At present, according to a test standard of CTIA (Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association), a great circle test method is used mainly. A mobile terminal under test is put on a center of a three dimensional turntable, and may rotate around two axes with the turntable. By using one test antenna and setting both the mobile terminal and the test antenna in an anechoic chamber, the direct signal emitted to the test antenna by the mobile terminal under test is received by the test antenna, and the radiation signals emitted to other directions by the mobile terminal are absorbed by absorbing material set in the anechoic chamber. When testing, the mobile terminal is rotated with a preset angle interval according to a test demand. The mobile terminal is stopped to measure the signal strength when rotated to each position. A test duration may be reduced by adjusting the angle interval. After the radiation signals in all directions are tested, a test result is generated by integration and other data processing accordingly.
However, a test speed of this system is low, and it is needed that a distance between the test antenna and the device under test to be larger than a far field distance, thus causing a huge volume, a high manufacturing cost, and a small application scope of the test system.


A positive resist composition satisfying high sensitivity, high resolution and good line edge roughness at the same time, and a pattern forming method using the resist composition are provided, which are a positive resist composition comprising (A) a resin which becomes soluble in alkali developer increases under the action of an acid, the resin having two kinds of repeating units each having a specific styrene skeleton, (B) a compound of generating an acid upon irradiation with actinic rays or radiation, and (C) an organic basic compound, and a pattern forming method using the resist composition.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a positive resist composition suitably used in the ultramicrolithography process of producing, for example, VLSI or high-capacity microchip or in other photofabrication processes. More specifically, the present invention relates to a positive photoresist capable of forming a highly refined pattern with use of electron beam, X-ray, EUV light or the like, that is, a positive resist composition suitably usable for fine processing of a semiconductor device, where electron beam, X-ray or EUV light (wavelength: around 13 nm) is used.
2. Background Art
In the process of producing a semiconductor device such as IC and LSI, fine processing by lithography using a resist composition has been conventionally performed. Recently, the integration degree of integrated circuits is becoming higher and formation of an ultrafine pattern in the sub-micron or quarter-micron region is required. To cope with this requirement, the exposure wavelength also tends to become shorter, for example, from g line to i line or further to KrF excimer laser light. At present, development of lithography using electron beam, X ray or EUV light other than the excimer laser light is proceeding.
In particular, the electron beam lithography is positioned as a pattern forming technique of the next generation or second next generation and a high-sensitivity and high-resolution positive resist is being demanded. In the positive resist for use with electron beam, when higher elevation is sought for, not only reduction of resolution but also worsening of line edge roughness are brought about and development of a resist satisfying these properties at the same time is strongly demanded. The line edge roughness as used herein means that the edge of resist at the interface between the pattern and the substrate irregularly fluctuates in the direction perpendicular to the line direction due to the resist property and when the pattern is viewed from right above, the edge gives an uneven appearance. This unevenness is transferred in the etching step using the resist as a mask and causes deterioration of electric properties, giving rise to decrease in the yield. Particularly, in the ultrafine region of 0.25 μm or less, the improvement of line edge roughness is a very important problem to be solved. It is very important how to satisfy high resolution and good line edge roughness at the same time.
In the case of using EUV as a light source, the light is at a wavelength belonging to an extreme ultraviolet region and has a high energy and therefore, in corporation with a photochemical reaction such as negative conversion ascribable to EUV light, there arises a problem such as reduction of contrast. Accordingly, also in the lithography using X-ray or EUV light, an important problem to be solved is to satisfy high sensitivity as well as high resolution and the like at the same time. These problems are in need of solution.
As for the resist suitable for such lithography process using electron beam, X-ray or EUV light, a chemical amplification-type resist utilizing an acid catalytic reaction is mainly used from the standpoint of elevating the sensitivity and in the case of a positive resist, a chemical amplification-type resist composition mainly comprising an acid generator and a phenolic polymer which is insoluble or sparingly soluble in an alkali developer but becomes soluble in an alkali developer under the action of an acid (hereinafter simply referred to as a "phenolic acid-decomposable resin") is being effectively used.
With respect to this positive resist for use with electron beam, X-ray or EUV, some resist compositions containing a phenolic acid-decomposable resin have been heretofore known (see, for example, Patent Documents 1 to 6: JP-A-2002-323768 (the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application"), JP-A-6-41221, Japanese Patent No. 3,173,368, JP-A-2000-122291, JP-A-2001-114825, and JP-A-2001-206917, respectively).
However, it is impossible at present by any combination of these techniques to satisfy high resolution and good line edge roughness in an ultrafine region at the same time.

Positive resist composition and pattern forming method using the same


Embodiments of the present disclosure describe methods, apparatuses, storage media, and systems for cell identification (ID) and beam ID detections in new radio (NR). The detections comprise NR primary synchronization signal (PSS)/secondary synchronization signal (SSS) detection, PBCH DMRS detection, SS reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, and slot/SS burst boundary timing acquiring. Various embodiments describe how to detect a cell ID and a beam ID in millimeter wave (mmWave) operation. Other embodiments describe further details regarding how to detect NR cell and beam ID during intra-frequency measurements.

The background description provided herein is for the purpose of generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the presently named inventors, to the extent it is described in this background section, as well as aspects of the description that may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the present disclosure. Unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in the present disclosure and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
An existing cell identification (ID) detection procedure may not be adequate in developing wireless networks. New solutions are needed in this regard.

Techniques for NR cell/beam identification


A sensor element is provided for sensing accelerations in three spatial directions, which furnishes reliable measurement results and moreover can be implemented economically and with a small configuration. The sensor element encompasses at least one seismic mass deflectable in three spatial directions, a diaphragm structure that functions as a suspension mount for the seismic mass, and at least one stationary counterelectrode for capacitive sensing of the deflections of the diaphragm structure. According to the exemplary embodiments and/or exemplary methods of the present invention, the diaphragm structure encompasses at least four electrode regions, electrically separated from one another, that are mechanically coupled via the seismic mass.

In the consumer sector in particular, there is an increasing demand for economical acceleration sensors for all three spatial directions having a small configuration and the lowest possible energy consumption.
Gang Li et al., "Design and fabrication of a highly symmetrical capacitive triaxial accelerometer," Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering 11 (2001) 48-54, describe a micromechanical sensor element of the kind cited initially with which accelerations in all three spatial directions can be sensed. The known sensor element encompasses a seismic mass of truncated pyramidal shape, having a square base surface, which is suspended in a frame via four struts so that it is deflectable in all three spatial dimensions. The seismic mass is patterned out of a semiconductor substrate, while the four struts are configured only in a surface layer of this substrate. As a result of corresponding doping, this surface layer functions as an electrode. The configuration of the known sensor element further encompasses a rigid glass wafer that spans across the suspension struts and the seismic mass but is disposed at a distance from the doped substrate surface. The surface of the glass wafer facing toward the doped substrate surface is equipped with multiple counterelectrodes. The individual directional components of an acceleration acting on the seismic mass are ascertained here by evaluating the capacitances that are sensed between the substrate-side electrode and the individual glass-wafer-side counterelectrodes.
The above-discussed sensor element thus encompasses a seismic mass having only one movable electrode but multiple stationary counterelectrodes disposed at a distance from one another on a glass wafer, so that multiple electrode pairs are available for capacitive signal sensing.
Manufacture of the this sensor element is comparatively complex, since the glass wafer and the semiconductor substrate must be processed independently of one another, and then joined to one another in aligned fashion. In addition, the semiconductor substrate must be processed on two sides. Patterning of the back side, in particular, in order to disengage the seismic mass, requires special method steps. In addition, the space requirement of a component structure produced using bulk micromechanics is relatively large.

Sensor element for sensing accelerations in three spatial directions


A bipolar type of semiconductor integrated circuit device is provided with U-shaped grooves which are formed by cutting a main surface of a semiconductor body to form isolation regions between bipolar transistors. A silicon oxide film can be formed in the U-shaped grooves by thermal oxidation simultaneously with the formation of a silicon oxide film used to form isolation regions between each collector contact region and base region. No separate step is needed for forming the silicon oxide film between the collector contact region and the base region. The thickness of the silicon oxide film can be controlled, and has a sufficient thickness even at its two edges, i.e., at its boundaries with the U-shaped grooves, so that the bipolar transistors exhibit good electrical characteristics. Namely, the collector resistance thereof does not increase, and the breakdown voltage at the pn junction between the collector region and the base region does not decrease. The U-shaped grooves can each comprise narrow and deep sub-grooves, with thick oxide films formed on the surfaces of the sub-grooves and a thick oxide film formed on a surface of an area between the sub-grooves, and with wiring formed on the oxide on the area between the sub-grooves.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor device and semiconductor fabrication techniques. More particularly, the present invention relates to a semiconductor device in which a plurality of semiconductor elements and/or regions are electrically isolated from each other by grooves formed in a semiconductor substrate, and to a technique of isolating elements which can be effectively utilized for the formation of element-isolating regions in a semiconductor integrated circuit device.
Elements in semiconductor integrated circuit devices are isolated by a pn junction isolation method using diffusion layers or by an oxidation film isolation method utilizing local oxidation films formed over the surface of the substrate. With these isolation methods, however, the widths of the isolation regions are relatively wide. As the size of the elements becomes smaller, therefore, the isolation regions occupy proportionally larger areas. This makes it difficult to obtain LSI (large-scale integrated) circuits in a very densely integrated form. The applicants have therefore proposed an isolation technique called the U-groove isolation method in which portions that act as isolation regions between active regions of elements are cut to form U-shaped grooves (moats or trenches, hereinafter referred to as U-grooves). A silicon dioxide film is formed within the U-grooves which are then filled with polycrystalline silicon. These form element-isolating regions.
This technique has been disclosed in, for example, the journal "NIKKEI ELECTRONICS", Mar. 29, 1982, No. 287, pp. 90-101.
Such isolation method of isolating semiconductor devices by forming grooves in semiconductor substrate and filling the grooves with insulative material requires a smaller space and attains a smaller parasitic capacitance than a pn junction isolation method and it is suitable to a high integration and high speed LSI. However, in this method, if the grooves on the surface after the insulating material has been filled in the grooves are wide, it is difficult to flatten the surface and a very complex process is required to flatten the surface. Accordingly, the width of the grooves is restricted to facilitate the flattening. However, when the width of the isolation grooves is restricted, parasitic active regions are created in the devices on the opposite sides of the groove and wiring capacitance increases. This results in a reduction of operation speed of the circuit.
The fact that a propagation delay time of 0.3 ns/gate with an isolation capacitance of 0.2 pF is attained by forming grooves in a semiconductor integrated circuit substrate is disclosed in an article Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 21 (1982) Supplemental 21-1, pages 37-40.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,396,460, directed to subject matter invented by the authors of the above article and filed on May 21, 1982, discloses a method for flattening an area of a wide isolation groove.
Bipolar transistors are the main elements in the construction of a bipolar type of semiconductor integrated circuit device. However, bipolar transistors must be isolated from each other by U-grooves when they are very densely arranged on a semiconductor substrate.
To reduce the size of a bipolar transistor, however, an n.sup.+ -type semiconductor region that acts as a collector contact region must be isolated by an insulating material from a p.sup.+ -type base region.

Process of manufacturing semiconductor integrated circuit device and product formed thereby


Processes and systems for preparing pipe for machine processing to form pin and box ends for assembly into pipelines using mechanical press-fit pipe joints that are fully measured and documented during both manufacturing and assembly. Installed pipelines include pipeline data monitoring systems coupled to a pipeline data management center for receiving, archiving, and analysis of the data records to aid in administration, operation and management, and troubleshooting of pipelines.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to mechanical press fit pipe joints, and more particularly to a computer-implemented system and method for measuring and monitoring parameters of press fit mechanical pipe joints during both manufacturing and assembly of pipe segments, the construction of pipelines, monitoring environmental conditions and stresses experienced by the mechanical press-fit pipe joints, and utilizing the data produced thereby to formulate standards for mechanically joined pipe segments.
2. Background of the Invention and Description of the Prior Art Pipelines for conveying commodities and other substances—typically fluid materials, including oil and liquid products refined therefrom, as well as natural gas, compressed gas, and CO2 to name some examples—over long distances are subject to a variety of conditions and forces that can act to cause failures in the pipeline such as breaks, ruptures, or leaks. These failures may be expressed by tension or compression forces exerted on the joint, or by bending, twisting, or vibration of the pipeline, etc., generally due to excessive internal pressures or geological or meteorological conditions present at the location of the pipeline. A pipeline is typically constructed of sections of pipe joined together end-to-end by various means. The utility, integrity, and longevity of the pipeline in the widely varying conditions noted above depends critically on the quality of the joints. A variety of methods are used to join the pipe sections together, including but not limited to welding, threaded joints, cemented joints, and mechanical joints.
While capable of providing secure, reliable, and durable joints, the more common methods of welding, threading, and cementing involve relatively time-consuming, labor-intensive operations during manufacture or preparation such as the welding operation itself, machining the pipe ends to cut the threads, honing and cleaning the surfaces to be joined when cements or epoxy materials are used to join the sections together. These operations may extend the time to install a pipeline, and increase the costs of construction, thereby reducing the productivity of the enterprise. Mechanical press fit joints, on the other hand, offer the potential for rapid construction at much lower costs, eliminating a substantial portion of the labor-intensive work of the traditional methods of joining pipe sections together. In a mechanical joint the end of one section of pipe, slightly enlarged (called a "bell" or "box" end) is forced—i.e., press fit—over the adjoining end of the other section, which may be slightly tapered (called a "pin" end) to accommodate the passage of the box end over the pin end. Typically the ends thus pre-shaped are aligned and hydraulically pressed together until a prescribed amount of overlap of the box end of a first pipe segment over the pin end of the adjoining pipe segment is achieved. Mechanical joints thus formed are rapidly made, resulting in much less time to construct a pipeline, usually involving fewer workers.
However, mechanical joints rely principally on the uniformity and area of contact along the interface between the pipe ends pressed together, one over the other, to provide and maintain the leak-proof integrity of the joints. To an observer during assembly of mechanical pipe joints, the only parameter of interest appears to be the amount of overlap of the two pipe ends under the pressure employed to assemble the joint, which is not subject to measurement during assembly. However, this parameter does not take into account variations in the tooling (e.g., due to wear or failure to maintain dimensions within tolerance), deformation of the pin or box ends of the pipe sections as may be caused by dropping the pipe sections on end during loading or unloading, defects in the surface of the contact areas of the pipe sections to be joined (e.g., scratches or corrosion), the ambient temperature at the site of joint making, or the temperature of the pipe sections at the time of joint making, for example. Moreover, typical assembly practices include no significant preparation of the pipe ends such as cleaning, inspecting, etc. to ensure that the pipe joint will have adequate strength and integrity over its useful life.
As a result, mechanical joints are found less often in pipelines designed for conveying flammable or toxic materials, for example, where failures may be catastrophic, damaging the environment, causing injury, disease, or death, etc. Moreover, the conventional method of gauging the correct assembly of box-to-pin ends of pipe sections—marking the pin end of one section to be joined with paint, wax, or chalk a few inches from the end to indicate how far the box end of the other section to be joined should overlap the pin end—leaves much to be desired in terms of repeatability and consistency because of the reliance on a single, hand-applied mark and the manual coordination of the operators that inscribe the mark, and apply the pressure to join the sections. While this method is quick, the margin of potential error is substantial, and likely insufficient to guarantee the integrity of the joint under all field conditions, particularly if the pipe sections are out of spec as to their dimensions, have defects or anomalies due to corrosion, deformation (e.g., departure from roundness), scoring, etc. More importantly, there is no measure of the integrity of the joint, no traceable record or data of the joint or its assembly, no direct and verifiable relationship between the proximity of the end of the box section to the mark on the pin section and the ability of the joint thus formed to withstand the conditions of use in the pipeline.
Some potential for errors can be reduced through testing of sample joints in a laboratory, using tests for pressure, tension, compression, bending, and perhaps twisting, temperature cycling, or vibration for example. Assembly workers can measure the distance of the internal shoulder in the box or bell end from the end of the pipe (if one has been machined therein) and use that dimension to place the mark in the pin end. However, even though such tests may be performed under controlled conditions, it is impractical to simulate all of the variables that can occur in an actual installed pipeline, over the life of the pipeline. Because press fit mechanically joined pipe tends to lack the same degree of metal-to-metal contact that is considered inherent in welded or threaded joints, ways to demonstrate the integrity and strength of press fit joints are needed so that mechanically joined pipe can compete effectively with the traditional methods.
In the face of such simplicity and potential for error, and the lack of performance measures for mechanical pipe joints, what is needed are improved methods for mechanically joining pipe sections together and improvements in the methods for measuring the relevant parameters of a mechanical joint to ensure that a joint of high quality, integrity, and consistency is formed at each joint in a pipeline, and that enable the retrievable collection of data about the joints thus formed both as to the original assembly of the joints and the performance of the joints in situ over time. Improvements must demonstrate superior performance at substantially reduced costs to become viable alternatives to the traditional methods of welding, screw threads, or cementing the pipe sections together.

Apparatus and method for assembling, measuring, and monitoring integrity of mechanical pipe joints


Systems and methods of video transcoding that employ perceptual processing techniques for enhancing the perceptual quality of transcoded video information, communications, entertainment, and other video content. Such systems and methods of video transcoding are operative to perform perceptual processing of an input video bitstream using predetermined information carried by the input bitstream. Having performed such perceptual processing of the input bitstream, the perceptual quality of transcoded video delivered to an end user is significantly improved.

Systems and methods of video encoding are known that employ quantization techniques for reducing the bits from video encoders. Such video encoders frequently employ quantization with varying step-sizes that can have substantial effects on the output bit rates of the video encoders, and on the perceptual quality (also referred to herein as a/the "quality of experience" or "QoE") of encoded video information, communications, entertainment, and other video content (also referred to herein as an/the "encoded video"). For example, such video encoders can employ larger quantization step-sizes to perform coarser quantization, which can decrease the output bit rates of the video encoders and diminish the QoE for the encoded video. Further, such video encoders can employ smaller quantization step-sizes to perform finer quantization, which can increase the output bit rates of the video encoders and enhance the QoE for the encoded video. Accordingly, in such video encoders, it is generally considered desirable to employ quantization step-sizes that are large enough to constrain the output bit rates of the video encoders within a given bit budget, while at the same time providing the best possible QoE for the encoded video delivered to an end user.
In such video encoders, it is also generally considered desirable to maintain a consistent QoE throughout a sequence of video frames (also referred to herein as a/the "video sequence"), without having the QoE for the video sequence vary widely from video frame to video frame. Because the end user is typically a human in most video applications, prior attempts to maintain a consistent QoE throughout a video sequence have exploited the perceptual insensitivity characteristics of the human visual system (also referred to herein as a/the "HVS"). For example, a conventional approach employed in such video encoders for maintaining a consistent QoE in a video sequence, known as "perceptual quantization," typically includes performing coarser quantization in areas of video frames where distortion is generally less perceptible to the HVS, and performing finer quantization in areas of the video frames where distortion may be more perceptible to the HVS. Using a conventional perceptual quantization approach, such video encoders typically classify each macroblock (also referred to herein as a/the "MB") of each video frame in a video sequence as one of a plurality of distortion imperceptibility levels, based on a spatial variation for the MB, (typically represented as the sum of the mean removed absolute difference of pixel values in the MB), a temporal variation for the MB (typically represented as the magnitude of motion vector(s) for the MB), and a brightness of the MB (typically represented as the mean of pixel values in the MB). Having classified each MB of a video frame as one of the plurality of distortion imperceptibility levels, such video encoders typically employ a lower quantization parameter (also referred to herein as a/the "QP") or a higher QP for the MB, based on the distortion imperceptibility level of the respective MB. For example, such video encoders typically employ a lower QP for MBs having lower spatial and temporal variations and lower brightness, where the HVS can generally perceive distortion more easily. Further, such video encoders typically employ a higher QP for MBs having higher spatial and temporal variations and higher brightness, where the HVS is less likely to perceive such distortion.
Video transcoders have been increasingly employed due to the proliferation and diversity of multimedia applications, video coding standards, networks, displays, etc. In such video transcoders, video streams can be translated or "transcoded" into signal streams compressed according to coding formats supported by the networks that carry the video streams, and/or endpoint devices that receive the video streams, such as traditional personal computers (PCs), mobile PCs, personal digital assistants (PDAs), video-enabled mobile phones, mobile televisions (TVs), third and fourth generation (3G and 4G) phone sets, or any other suitable multimedia systems or devices. Such coding formats include the H.264 coding format (also referred to herein as the "MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) standard"), which has generally improved the efficiency of video encoding, resulting in an increased need for video transcoders that can support the H.264 coding format in real-time video communications applications, video streaming applications, etc.
As in video encoders, it is generally considered desirable in video transcoders to provide the best possible QoE for transcoded video information, communications, entertainment, and other video content (also referred to herein as a/the "transcoded video") delivered to the end user. However, perceptual quantization approaches typically employed by video encoders for maintaining a consistent QoE in video sequences have drawbacks when employed in conjunction with video transcoders. For example, a video encoder typically receives a relatively high quality video input, whereas a video transcoder receives a video input that has already been encoded by an external video encoder, and may therefore be of lower quality. Further, the characteristics of the external video encoder that encoded the video input may be unknown to the video transcoder. Because the video input of a video transcoder has typically already been encoded by an external video encoder with possibly unknown characteristics, the video transcoder employing a conventional perceptual quantization approach may classify the MBs of video frames from the video input based on inaccurate spatial variation, temporal variation, and/or brightness information for the respective MBs, resulting in the use of QPs that may not provide the best possible QoE for the transcoded video delivered to the end user. For example, such problems with the classification of MBs of video frames within the video transcoder may be more likely to occur if the external video encoder has employed higher QPs for MBs that have higher spatial variation, higher temporal variation, and/or higher brightness. Such use of higher QPs can significantly reduce the spatial variation, and can cause a video transcoder employing a conventional perceptual quantization approach to use a smaller QP when encoding such MBs, resulting in a waste of bits where the HVS is less likely to perceive such distortion.
Moreover, the video input received at a video transcoder, and/or the output of a video decoder within the video transcoder, can carry information that may be useful in the classification of the MBs of video frames from the video input. For example, if an external video encoder from which the video transcoder received the video input employed perceptual quantization in the encoding of the video, then such information may be useful in classifying the MBs of the video frames within the video transcoder. However, a video transcoder employing a conventional perceptual quantization approach may not take into account such information when classifying the MBs. Information about the QPs employed for MBs encoded by the external video encoder using a skip coding mode may also be useful in the classification of the MBs within the video transcoder. However, video frames compressed according to the H.264 coding format do not generally carry such QP information for the MBs of video frames. Further, a video transcoder employing a conventional perceptual quantization approach may not have the capability of estimating the QPs for such MBs of video frames compressed according to the H.264 coding format when the skip coding mode is employed.
It would therefore be desirable to have systems and methods of video transcoding that employ perceptual processing techniques which avoid at least some of the drawbacks of the conventional perceptual quantization approaches described above.

Perceptual processing techniques for video transcoding


A structural member can be used alone or paired with a like member for use as an upright or cross member of a support structure. This structural member has particular application in greenhouse structures where a support structure is formed for retaining transparent panels. The structural members are preferably made of rolled steel and are of a generally `T` configuration with a pair of retaining flanges. The structure simplifies manufacturing by accommodating punching of various fastening ports or forming of securing flanges prior to the rolling operation. Any shaping of the members is easier as the shaping may be carried out on individual members prior to pairing of the members to form an upright or cross member.

Greenhouse assemblies have been known for many years and typically includes extruded aluminum members of various shapes for forming greenhouse structural members. In order to provide smooth curves, the aluminum members may be bent, however, as the cross sectional area of the upright members increase, bending becomes much more difficult and costly. In addition, most greehouse assemblies use a host of different extruded members and there remains a need for a simple more cost effective alternative.