A display device includes a signal supply part, a substrate including a display region and a second region having a width increase section, a display line on the display region and through which a signal for display is transmitted, a line on the first region and through which a signal is transmitted, a signal receive part on the second region, a display lead line connected to the signal supply part and an end of the display line close to the signal supply part, a first lead line connected to the signal supply part and an end of the line close to the signal supply part, and a second lead line connected to the signal receive part and another end of the line opposite from the end of the line close to the signal supply part.

Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2015-210811 discloses an example of a known display device including a display panel having an in-cell touch panel function. The display panel disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2015-210811 includes signal lines connected to pixels, and sensor lines connected to touch sensors. The display panel also includes a first feeding unit that supplies a common voltage to the first end of each sensor line during a display driving period and supplies a touch driving signal to the first end of each sensor line during a touch sensor driving period. The display panel also includes a second feeding unit that connects the sensor lines to short-circuit the touch sensors and supplies the common voltage to the second end of each sensor line during the display driving period. The second feeding unit isolates the sensor lines during the touch sensor driving period.
The display device disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2015-210811 makes uniform the common voltage applied to the pixels, and therefore produces an effect of improving touch sensitivity and touch recognition accuracy. The display panel disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2015-210811 has a display region of which the plane shape is a rectangular shape. In addition, there are display panels having a display region of which the plane shape is a shape other than the rectangular shape. For example, there is a display panel including a wide portion having a width increasing as being distanced from a driver serving as a signal supply source. In such a display panel, there is a tendency to increase a creepage distance of lead lines for connecting sensor lines to the driver near the wide portion. Moreover, lead lines for connecting data lines to the driver are disposed between the driver and the wide portion, in addition to the lead lines connected to the sensor lines, resulting in higher wiring density. Owing to this arrangement, a line width between the lead lines connected to the sensor lines is apt to become narrow, which may cause occurrence of a disconnection.


There is disclosed a ribbon cartridge for an electronic typewriter. The cartridge includes a case for containing the ribbon, a supplying spool for supplying the ribbon, a winding spool for winding the ribbon supplied from the supplying spool, a tension member for tensioning the ribbon, a resiliently pressing means for contacting the winding spool with the winding gear, and a guide roll for guiding the ribbon. The tension member comprises an L-shaped spring, whose middle curved portion is supported on the spindle of the supplying spool. A first branch of the L-shaped spring is fixed on a corner structure, while a second branch thereof holds the ribbon to tension it. The resilient pressing means includes a pin spring resiliently pressing the spindle of the winding spool toward the winding gear. The side of the guide roll is tapered bidirecionally from the center line between the both ends thereof toward the both ends so that the ribbon is guided without being folded longitudinally.

The present invention concerns a ribbon cartridge for an electronic typewriter, and more particularly means for winding the ribbon with suitable tensioning and without the ribbon being folded.
In an electronic typewriter, if the hammer mounted on a carrier movable along a platen strokes a spoke of a print wheel, the character formed on the spoke collides along with an inked ribbon with a paper on the platen, thereby printing the character thereon. The ribbon is received into a cartridge, and mounted on the cartridge holder of the carrier. As the carrier moves along the platen, a ratchet mechanism causes the ribbon to be wound in a given direction.
Conventionally, a ribbon cartridge includes a supplying spool for supplying the ribbon and a winding spool for winding the ribbon supplied from the supplying spool. The drawbacks of the conventional ribbon cartridge are as follows:
First, the ribbon wound around the winding spool is frequently folded so that the contact of the winding spool and winding gear is adversely affected, thereby resulting in improper supplying of the ribbon;
Second, the construction of the resilient pressing means for forcefully contacting the moving winding spool, as the volume of the ribbon wound increases, with a winding gear is complicated;
Third, it is impossible to adjust the resilient force of the tension spring for tensioning the ribbon released from the supplying spool in accordance with the material and the width of the ribbon; and
Fourth, the ribbon is plastically strained and becomes loosely elongated by the hammer stroking. If the elongated ribbon is loosely positioned in front of the hammer, the stroked portion of the ribbon can not pass the position of the hammer and therefore, the next character printed becomes dimmer.

Ribbon cartridge for an electronic typewriter


A voltage reference circuit provides a precision voltage reference output without requiring a filter capacitor. The voltage reference output is generated by a digitally-controlled source, which has a value set by the output of a digital filter that filters the output of a comparison circuit that compares the voltage reference output to another reference. A selectable mode can be provided to provide a fast response during a startup/reset period and an optional hold or narrowband response after startup. The mode selection may also offer selection of an externally-supplied digital control value and/or a resistor divider type voltage reference as an alternative to the digitally-controlled source.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to DC voltage reference circuits, and more specifically, to low-noise voltage reference circuits and techniques that do not require large filter capacitors.
2. Background of the Invention
Voltage references are needed in most mixed-signal applications such as digital-to-analog converter (DAC) circuits and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) circuits, among others. In order to provide a low-noise and precise voltage reference, an indicator of the value of the DC output voltage of the reference is typically compared to another reference voltage, such as the output voltage of a bandgap circuit. In order to make such a comparison, and in order to provide a low noise reference voltage output in general, the DC output voltage of the reference is typically filtered to remove noise and other variations such as power supply ripple that affect the instantaneous value of the DC output voltage. The filter is typically a capacitor (or multiple parallel capacitors) having a low equivalent series resistance (esr), and often, an external terminal is required for integrated circuit (IC) voltage references, so that a suitable filter capacitor can be provided external to the IC die.
Terminals are always at a premium in IC designs and may determine the size and cost of the IC due to package selection. Also, an external capacitor adds cost to the circuit. Alternatively, if a suitable capacitor can be provided on a die, the real estate required usually will burden the design and is therefore undesirable.
Therefore, it would be desirable to provide a low-noise voltage reference that does not require a large internal or external filter capacitor for low noise operation.

Low-noise voltage reference generator with digitally-filtered reference matching


An imaging lens, an optical apparatus equipped therewith, and a method for manufacturing the imaging lens are disclosed. An imaging lens consists of, in order from an object, a front group having negative power, and a rear group including a sub-lens group having negative power. At least a portion of the sub-lens group is movable in a direction including a component substantially perpendicular to an optical axis. The sub-lens group includes, in order from the object, a first negative component having negative power, a second negative component having negative power and a positive component having positive power. The shape of an air lens formed by the first negative component and the second negative component is a double convex shape. An antireflection coating is applied on at least one optical surface of the front group, and the antireflection coating including at least one layer formed by use of a wet process.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an imaging lens, an optical apparatus equipped with the imaging lens and a method for manufacturing the imaging lens.
2. Related Background Art
A zoom lens having a first lens group with negative refractive power suitable for wide-angle photography and having a vibration reduction function has been proposed, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-152002.
With making a third lens group having negative refractive power as a vibration reduction lens group, the zoom lens has excellent vibration reduction performance. Moreover, in recent years, increased strictness about ghost images and flare defined as one of factors, which affect not only aberration correction performance but also optical performance, has been requested to such a zoom lens. Therefore, a request for the higher performance is given also to an antireflection coating formed on a lens surface, and a multi-layered film design technique and a multi-layered film forming technique continue their developments (refer to, e.g., Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-356704).
However, in such a zoom lens having the first lens group with negative refractive power, there has been a problem that a zoom lens making the third lens group with negative refractive power as a vibration reduction lens group is difficult to keep high optical performance in comparison with a conventional zoom lens. Moreover, there has been a problem that optical surfaces of such a zoom lens tend to generate reflection light producing ghost images and flare.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Imaging lens, optical apparatus equipped therewith, and method for manufacturing imaging lens


A method of operating a digitally modulated solid state laser is disclosed. The laser is optically pumped by a current-supply driven diode-laser radiation and with output-power stabilized at a desired value by a light regulator cooperative with a power monitor and the current source is disclosed. When the laser is turned on, the current-source is enabled and the light-regulator is disabled. A current regulator allows current from the current-supply to increase until the monitored power reaches the desired value. At this point, the light regulator is enabled and the light regulator assumes control of the current-supply for maintaining the output-power at the desired level.

In diode-laser pumped, digitally modulated, solid-state lasers and OPS lasers a predetermined output power level is set and analog-controlled automatically by monitoring power output of the laser, comparing that monitored power with a preset level, and adjusting optical pump power by adjusting the drive current of the diode-laser (or array thereof) to maintain the output power at the pre-set level. The laser is digitally modulated by switching the diode-laser current on and off with the "on" current value being that corresponding to the preset power level.
FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a typical arrangement 10 of such a diode-laser pumped, digitally modulated, solid-state laser. Here, laser-radiation paths are designated by fine lines, and electrical connections are designated by bold lines. Arrangement 10 includes a laser optics unit 12, including a laser resonator 14. Resonator 14 includes a solid-state gain medium (not shown) which is energized (pumped) by radiation RP from a diode-laser radiation source 16. Source 16 can be a single diode-laser or an array of such diode lasers.
In response to the energizing (pumping), laser resonator 14 delivers radiation RF having a fundamental wavelength characteristic of the gain medium to an optional frequency convertor 18. The frequency convertor can include one or more optically nonlinear crystals arranged to convert radiation RF to radiation RC having a wavelength different from the fundamental wavelength. By way of example, the frequency convertor can include one crystal arranged to convert the fundamental-wavelength radiation to second-harmonic (2H) radiation, or two crystals arranged to convert the fundamental-wavelength radiation to third-harmonic (3H) or fourth-harmonic (4H) radiation. Alternatively, frequency-conversion can be carried out by one or more crystals located within the laser resonator. In either case, the frequency-converted radiation provides the laser output-radiation.
A pick-off mirror 20 directs a sample 22, for example about 1%, of the output radiation to a photo-detector (photo-diode) 24 the output of which is connected to a detector calibration circuit 26. The detector calibration circuit 26 sends a signal 27 representative of the instant actual laser output power to light (output radiation) regulation circuitry 28. Light regulation circuitry 28 receives an input signal 29 representative of a desired laser output power. Based on a comparison of signals 27 and 29, light regulation circuitry 28 communicates a signal 30 to a diode-laser current-source 32 which varies the output current 38 of the current-source until the actual output power laser 12 matches the desired output power.
Modulation of the output of laser 12 is achieved by switching the output of the current-source between zero or some predetermined bias (minimum) current 36 and a maximum value determined instantaneously by the signal from the light regulator circuitry. Switching is accomplished by a digital modulation input signal 34 (going low-to-high or high-to-low) from an external source (not shown) such as a microprocessor or a PC. Bias current 36 provides for faster switching (modulation) of laser 12 from an "off" condition to an on condition at the expense of a lower modulation depth or contrast ratio of the laser output.
FIG. 2 is a functional circuit diagram schematically illustrating details of one example 40 of the light regulation and modulation circuitry of FIG. 1. Here detector calibration circuit 26 includes a variable resistor R1 connected in series with photo-diode 24 of FIG. 1. Signal 27 from the calibration circuitry is connected via a fixed resistor R2 to one input of an operational amplifier 42. The set power signal 29 is connected to the other input of the operational amplifier. Amplifier 42, here, is configured as an integrator, using the combination of R3 and C1 as a feedback loop, to optimize gain at low modulation frequencies. Output 30 of the operational amplifier is communicated to the diode-laser current source 32.
A principal disadvantage of the light-regulation and modulation method of FIGS. 1 and 2 is that the time required for the power output to stabilize at the set level after modulation "turn-on" is inversely dependent on the set level value. By way of example, a diode-laser pumped, external cavity surface-emitting semiconductor laser (OPS laser) having a fundamental wavelength of 976 nm intra-cavity frequency-doubled to provide output radiation having a wavelength 488 nm was tested to determine stabilization time as a function of set-power. Intra-cavity frequency doubling was achieved using a lithium borate (LBO) crystal. At a set output level of 20 milliwatts (mW) power stabilized at the set level at about 20 microseconds (μs) after turn-on. When the set level was reduced to 3 mW, about 200 μs were required for the output to stabilize at the set level.
A primary reason for this inverse dependence of stabilizing time on set-power level is that the gain (response time) of the light regulation circuit is limited by the laser build-up time, thereby reducing the maximum possible gain for higher modulation frequencies. The build-up time is essentially dead time for the light regulation circuit, limiting the rise time of the circuitry.
FIG. 3A, FIG. 3B, and FIG. 3C together form a timing diagram schematically illustrating the operation of the apparatus of FIGS. 1 and 2 for one cycle of digital modulation turned on at time t0 and off at time t1. Light regulation is in operation during the whole digital modulation cycle. It can be seen that for a low set-level of laser power current ramp-up and corresponding output power ramp-up to stabilized values take longer than for a higher set-level. This is because the gain of the light regulator amplifier is proportional to the difference between the actual power and the set power.
This, unfortunately, means that stabilized power is delivered for a shorter time during any fixed digital modulation cycle the lower the desired power level. This is unfortunate, because in a digitally modulated laser the modulation frequency is often required to be the same for both low peak power and high peak power.
There is a need for a method of operating a digitally modulated diode-laser pumped solid-state laser such that the delivery time for stabilized laser power is about the same for any desired output power of the laser, and stabilized power is delivered through most of the digital modulation cycle. Preferably, high modulation frequency should be possible, independent of the stabilized level of laser output power.

Modulation method for diode-laser pumped lasers


A method and apparatus for dispensing a relatively viscous composition to a wound site at a location within a mammalian body requiring a relatively long and thin catheter for access includes filling a distal tip of the catheter with the composition, directing the distal tip to the wound site, dispensing the composition onto the wound site and then inflating a balloon against the applied composition to enable same to congeal enough so that the composition remains fixed to the wound site after the catheter is removed from the body. In an embodiment the balloon is secured to the catheter such that when air is applied through the catheter to the balloon, the balloon expands longitudinally and distally past a distal end of the catheter.

The present invention relates generally to cross-linked polymeric compositions and to a method of application of such compositions.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,061, owned by eventual the assignee of the present invention, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein expressly by reference, describes biocompatible polymeric compositions for application at target sites in a patient's body. The reference describes that one particular use of the compositions is for preventing or inhibiting the formation of tissue adhesions, such as spinal tissue adhesions, following surgery and traumatic injury.
The compositions include a molecular, cross-linked hydrogel, which is configured to enhance its flowability (e.g. the ability to be extruded through a syringe) and its ability to flow onto and conform to sites on or in tissue, including tissue surfaces and defined cavities, e.g. intravertebral spaces, tissue divots, holes, pockets, and the like.
In particular, the gel is taught to flow when the compositions are subjected to stresses above a threshold level, for example when extruded through an orifice or cannula or when packed into a delivery site using a spatula, or the like. The threshold stresses are specified to be in a range from 3×104 Pa to 5×105 Pa. The compositions, however, remain generally immobile when subjected to stresses below the specified levels.
The gels are taught to be packed in a syringe, for example, prior to mechanical disruption. The materials are mechanically disrupted as they are applied through the syringe to the tissue target site. Alternatively, the material is taught to be a cross-linked polymeric material that is stored in a dry form prior to use. The dry material is then loaded into a syringe, for example, hydrated within the syringe, and mechanically disrupted as the material is delivered to the target site.
While the above-described composition has been used effectively in applications that may be reached via a syringe or spatula, e.g., inhibiting tissue adhesions at the spine, the composition is too viscous to be delivered through a long, narrow catheter. Accordingly, the composition has not been used in a typical way for applications requiring such long, narrow catheters, such as wounds, abrasions, cuts or lesions located inside a person's gastrointestinal track.
It is therefore desirable to provide an apparatus and method for supplying the above-described composition, and other target site compositions of similar viscosity, to locations and applications in a mammalian body that require a relatively long and narrow catheter or other passageway for access.

Gastrointestinal applicator and method of using same


In order to achieve the dispersion of a processing load between communication devices that perform information transmission, an information communication system according to an exemplary aspect of the present invention includes a first transmission system configured to transmit information in a direction from a first communication device to a second communication device; and a second transmission system configured to transmit information in a direction opposite to the direction of the first transmission system, wherein part of transmission information is received as received information in each of the first transmission system and the second transmission system.

In a data transmission between communication devices, not all of information transmitted from a transmission side is received at a receiving end. For example, it is known that a packet loss occurs due to a load state or the like of a network, and, in addition, there is a communication system in which only a part of transmitted data reaches to the receiver as characteristics of a transmission system including a transmitter, a receiver, and a channel that connects them. As an example of such communication system, a quantum key distribution (QKD) system will be described briefly.
It is necessary to share a shared key required for encryption and decryption of information between a transmission end and a receiving end as secret information, and QKD technology is regarded to be promising as a technology to generate and share such secret information. According to the QKD technology, contrary to a conventional optical communication, it is possible to generate and share a common key between a transmitter and a receiver by transmitting a random number with the number of photons per bit equal to one or less. The QKD technology has the security that is based on the principle of quantum mechanics that a photon observed once cannot be completely returned to the quantum state before the observation, not the security that is based on conventional computational complexity.
It is necessary in the QKD technology to carry out several steps before an encryption key used for cryptographic communication is generated. Hereinafter, a generation process of a typical encryption key will be described with reference to FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 1, in a single photon transmission, a random number is transmitted through a quantum channel by a weak optical pulse train with the number of photons per bit equal to one or less, as mentioned above. As the QKD method, a BB84 method using four quantum states is widely known (Non Patent Literature 1), for example. When a transmitter transmits an original random number by a single photon transmission, most of it is lost due to the loss or the like of a transmission line; and bits that can be received by a receiver become a very small part of the transmitted bits, which is called a raw key. For example, the data volume that can be received by a receiver is about 1/1000 of the transmitted data volume.
Subsequently, a basis reconciliation, error correction, and privacy amplification processing are performed on the raw key that is received with most of the transmitted random numbers having been lost due to the quantum channel transmission, using a communication channel with normal optical intensity (classical channel). In each step of the basis reconciliation, error correction and, privacy amplification processing, a bit elimination is carried out to eliminate bits disclosed to the other side and the possibility of wiretapping. Thus, in a transmission system in which most of transmitting data is lost in a transmission channel, and data elimination is performed in subsequent processes, a received data volume finally obtained becomes very small compared with the transmitted data volume.

Information communication system, information communication method and device


A system and method for managing a well site having a subterranean formation. The method comprises determining a first spectral attenuation of a first seismic wave measured from a first location, determining a second spectral attenuation of a second seismic wave measured from a second location, determining a reservoir attenuation anisotropy from a comparison of the first spectral attenuation to the second spectral attenuation, and determining at least one fracture parameter of the subterranean formation from a comparison of the first seismic wave to the second seismic wave.

The present invention relates to techniques for performing oilfield operations. More particularly, the present invention relates to techniques for performing fracture operations, such as stimulation, on a subterranean formation having at least one reservoir therein.
Oilfield operations are typically performed to locate and gather valuable downhole fluids. Typical oilfield operations may include, for example, surveying, drilling, wireline testing, completions, production, planning, and oilfield analysis. One such oilfield operation is a fracture operation used to facilitate production of fluids from a reservoir positioned in a subterranean formation. The fracture operation may involve, for example, fracturing, stimulation, seismic wave generation, measurement, testing and/or analysis. Fracturing typically involves the injection of a fracturing fluid into a subterranean formation to create or expand existing fractures in the reservoir.
In some cases, the fracturing fluid may contain proppants, such as sand grains, ceramic grains and/or other small particles, for creating a high conductivity drain in the formation. The fractures generated during a fracture operation may be simple fractures (e.g., bi-wing), or a complex networks of fractures that extend through the formation. These fractures create pathways between the reservoir and the wellbore to enable fluids to flow to the surface.
In performing fracture operations, it is often helpful to know certain fracture parameters, such as the hydraulic conductivity, the fracture width, fracture density, fracture porosity, local stress field, reservoir attenuation anisotropy, fracture velocities, the fluid pressure, the fracture length, fracture permeability, and/or the fracture conductivity. These fracture parameters may also include parameters of the reservoir, formation and/or other portions of the well site. Techniques have been developed to measure and/or map fractures as described, for example, in U.S. Patent/Application Nos. 7,134,492 and 2009/0166029. In some cases, seismic tools may be used to measure well site parameters. The use of downhole seismic techniques have been as described, for example, in PCT application PCT/GB2008/002271 and US Patent Application No. 2009/0168599.
Despite the advancements in fracture and seismic techniques, there remains a need to enhance fracture operations in subterranean formations and reservoirs contained therein. It is desirable that such techniques involve a more accurate determination of fracture parameters for simple and complex fractures. It is further desirable that such techniques consider the effects of stimulation of the subterranean formation and/or reservoir. Preferably, such techniques enable, one or more of the following, among others: mapping simple and/or complex fracture networks, determining fracture parameters, stimulating the formation, providing images of the fracture(s), providing calibrations, monitoring and/or interpreting microseismic events.

System and method for managing a subterranean formation


A mount for an optical element in an optical imaging device, in particular in a lens system (4) for semiconductor lithography, has at least one mounting ring (2) which bears the optical element (6). The mounting ring (2) is of at least partially hollow design in cross section.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a mount for an optical element in an optical imaging device, having at least one mounting ring which bears the optical element according to the preamble of claim 1.
2. Description of the Related Art
It is known from DE 198 59 634 A1 and DE 199 04 152 A1, for example, that mounting rings for optical elements, in particular for optical elements for semiconductor lithography, where correspondingly high levels of accuracy are required, are designed such that an inner mount is attached to an outer ring of the mount via elastic elements. These elastic attachments allow precision adjustment of the position of the optical element, together with a certain isolation of the latter from deformation caused by this precision adjustment. The elastic attachment, however, gives rise to a system which can vibrate, very small eigenfrequencies being produced as a result of a correspondingly large mass of the combination of optical element and inner ring. The optical element can thus, disadvantageously, very easily be caused to vibrate.
It is also disadvantageous that, via the elastic attachments, the outer ring can be subjected to deformation which occurs, for example, when the outer ring is mounted on other mounts or when the lens-system structures connected firmly to the outer ring are mounted on the housing of the lens system. This deformation is then transmitted to the inner ring, in part, by the elastic attachments and may result there in undesired deformation of the optical element. The deformation of the inner ring is manifested here predominantly by bending in the radial and axial directions and by torsion in the tangential direction. In order for this deformation, which can then be transmitted from the inner ring to the optical element, to be kept to as low a level as possible, the inner ring may be designed to be very rigid in relation to this deformation. This inevitably results, however, in comparatively large and heavy inner rings, which further worsen the above-mentioned problems in respect of the low eigenfrequencies.
The object of the invention is thus to avoid the above-mentioned disadvantages and to provide a lightweight and stable mounting ring which has a very high level of rigidity in respect of radial and axial bending and torsion in the tangential direction.
This object is achieved according to the invention by a mount, wherein the mounting ring is of at least partially hollow design in cross section.
Using a mounting ring which is of at least partially hollow design in cross section can achieve the situation where, with minimal use of mass, a very high geometrical moment of inertia about the radial and axial axes and a high torsional moment of inertia about the tangential axis are achieved. This construction thus makes it possible, according to the invention, to provide a lightweight and nevertheless stable mounting ring and developments.
A particularly favorable embodiment of the invention here provides that the mounting ring, which bears the optical element, forms an inner ring of the mount, said inner ring being connected to an outer ring of the mount via a plurality of elastic elements.
In the case of such a combination which provides a construction which can vibrate, the abovementioned advantages of the mounting ring according to the invention come into play to very good effect. Since the mounting ring, despite its very high level of rigidity, may be of very lightweight design, there is an increase in the eigenfrequency of the combination of optical element and mount when the mounting ring is attached via elastic elements. Since the mounting ring, at the same time, has the very high level of rigidity, which has already been mentioned a number of times, deformation transmitted to it via the elastic attachments is only transmitted to a minimal extent, if at all, to the optical element.
In a further favorable embodiment of the mount, the mounting ring is designed as a hollow profile with a gap-free border region throughout.
Such a design of the hollow profile allows the highest geometrical moments of inertia with the smallest possible amount of material being used. Since the continuous border region does not have any gap, slit or the like, it is thus also possible to optimize, in addition to the two geometrical moments of inertia in respect to radial and axial bending, the torsional moment of inertia in respect of the mass of material used.
Furthermore, the inventors have found that, in a particularly favorable development of the invention, the mounting ring should have a ratio between its radial width and its axial height of from 0.25 to 1.
Dimensions which have such a ratio of width to height of from 0.25 to 1 make it possible to achieve the highest geometrical moments of inertia for the design of the mounting ring. It is more or less immaterial here as to whether the cross section is rectangular or round in shape.
Further advantageous configurations of the invention can be gathered from the rest of the subclaims and from the exemplary embodiments illustrated hereinbelow with reference to the drawing, in which:

Mount for an optical element in an optical imaging device

Carl Zeiss Semiconductor Manufacturing Technologies AG


A compensation method for an electroluminescent display panel, a driving device, a display device, and a storage medium are provided. The compensation method includes: receiving a first display data signal; performing an optical compensation operation on the first display data signal to obtain a second display data signal; performing an electrical compensation operation on the second display data signal to obtain a third display data signal; and outputting the third display data signal for display.

As current-type light emitting devices, electroluminescent elements have been increasingly used in display panels. Due to the self-luminous property, electroluminescent display panels do not need a backlight source, and have the advantages of high contrast ratio, thin thickness, wide viewing angle, fast response speed, flexibility, simple structure and process, and the like. Therefore, the electroluminescent display panels gradually become the mainstream display panels of the next generation.

Compensation method for display panel, driving device, display device, and storage medium


A probe calibration device that includes a first offset element having a substantially rectangular first aperture. The probe calibration device includes a tuned pass element disposed adjacent to the first offset element. The tuned pass element has a non-rectangular second aperture. The probe calibration device includes a second offset element disposed adjacent to the tuned pass element and on a side opposite the first offset element. The second offset element has a substantially rectangular third aperture. The probe calibration device includes a backing element disposed adjacent to the second offset element. The first offset element, the tuned pass element, the second offset element and the backing element form a cavity.

An impedance/conductivity cavity probe can be formed using a rectangular waveguide. A closed rectangular cavity has six metal walls with a small iris located in the center of one of the walls. Electromagnetic energy (e.g., radio frequency (RF) or microwave energy) may be coupled into and out of the cavity via the iris. The iris will couple energy at a particular frequency (e.g., a resonant frequency) into the cavity while not coupling energy at frequencies other than the particular frequency. Thus, as energy is fed to the impedance/conductivity cavity probe over a band of frequencies, most of the energy will be returned except at the resonant frequency. If one plots the returned energy as a function of frequency, a sharp null will be located at the resonant frequency.
An open-ended cavity probe may be formed by removing one of the six walls of the closed rectangular cavity, resulting in a cavity with five walls (e.g., an open-ended cavity). The open-ended cavity probe may be used to measure properties of a sample by placing the sample proximate to the open end of the open-ended cavity, thereby effectively closing the open-ended cavity.
In some examples, the sample may be a conductive material. Closing the open-ended cavity probe with the conductive material sample may result in a null at the resonant frequency of the chamber including one wall corresponding to the sample. For a sample with conductivity close to that of a metallic surface, the null may have the same depth as if the original metal wall (e.g., of the closed rectangular cavity) was still in place. If the material is less conductive than a metallic surface, then the null may still be located at the resonant frequency, but it may not be as deep. As the material becomes less conductive, the null may become shallower until it completely disappears.
The open-ended cavity probe can be used to measure the conductivity of a given sample based on a relationship between the null depth and conductivity. The open-ended cavity probe may be calibrated by measuring probe responses to conductive material samples, referred to as materials standards, and establishing a relationship between the probe responses (e.g., null depth of the probe responses) and the known constitutive properties of the materials standards (e.g., conductivity).
In other examples, the sample may include a conductive material coated by a non-conductive (e.g. dielectric) layer. The open-ended cavity probe may still be used to measure conductivity/impedance of samples that include a thin dielectric topcoat, although a different calibration/relationship needs to be established than when the samples do not include a dielectric topcoat. For example, the null depth returned by the open-ended cavity probe when closed by a sample including a conductive material coated by a non-conductive layer may still be related to the conductivity of the sample (as with a purely conductive material), but the relationship between null depth and conductivity may be modified somewhat by the presence of the dielectric topcoat. In addition, the null measured when the open-ended cavity probe is closed by a sample including a conductive material coated by a non-conductive layer may no longer present at the same resonant frequency as when the sample is a purely conductive material. The amount of shift may be influenced by the thickness of the dielectric topcoat. A cavity probe is typically calibrated to measure conductivity/impedance of samples that include a dielectric topcoat using different materials standards (e.g., samples) formed of different conductive materials in combination with two thickness of a dielectric for the purposes of performing the calibration. However, this can be problematic in a field or mobile environment as the samples can get damaged or lost. In addition, the materials of the samples can degrade with time, and it may be problematic to make materials consistently.


The present invention relates to compounds of the following general formula (I) or (II): or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt and/or solvate thereof, for use in the treatment and/or in the prevention of ErbB2 dependent cancers, and pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women worldwide, accounting for 23% (1.38 million) of the total new cancer cases and 14% (458,400) of the total cancer deaths in 2008. About half the breast cancer cases and 60% of the deaths are estimated to occur in economically developing countries. The rate of incidence observed in France is among the strongest in Europe and is in constant increase.
20-30% of primary human breast cancers are due to the deregulated expression of ErbB2/HER2 or the expression of mutated or truncated forms of ErbB2/HER2: it represents approximately 8,000 patients a year in France and 450,000 patients a year worldwide. ErbB2/HER2 overexpression or abnormally activated is associated with a poor diagnosis, tumors with deregulated ErbB2/HER2 having been shown to grow faster, to be more aggressive and to be less sensitive to chemotherapy or to hormonotherapy. ErbB2/HER2 deregulation is also associated with disease recurrence. Then, so called ErbB2/HER2 dependent cancers constitute a very specific group of cancer of an utmost interest in public health. Only 25% of the treated patients respond to the actual therapies. The actual strategies aiming at targeting the extracellular domain (anti-HER2 antibody therapies Herceptin/trastuzumab and pertuzumab from Roche/Genentech, USA) or the kinase activity of the receptor (small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, lapatinib/Tykerb, GSK, USA) have proven to exhibit limited actions. In particular, these molecules have no potent action on the mutated and truncated forms of HER2. Concerning trastuzumab, 66% to 88% of treated patients never respond to treatment (i.e. present a "primary resistance") and among the one-third of the treated patients that respond to this agent, a disease progression on average in less than one year (i.e. develop an "acquired resistance") is generally observed. Trastuzumab emtansine (also known as T-DM1) has been recently developed and is a novel antibody-drug conjugate that contains the antibody trastuzumab and DM1, a microtubule-inhibitory maytansinoid, linked through a thioether bond. Upon binding to HER2, T-DM1 is then internalized and degraded in lysosomes to release DM1-containing cytotoxic components which cause inhibition of cell division and cell growth, and eventually cell death. Primary resistance of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer to T-DM1 appears to be relatively infrequent, but most patients treated with T-DM1 develop acquired drug resistance, by mechanisms related to trastuzumab resistance combined to some related to DM1 resistance (upregulation of multi-drug resistance transporters or altered microtubule dynamics for examples) (Li G et al. Trastuzumab-DM1: mechanisms of action and mechanisms of resistance 2010).
Treatments with small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (e.g. lapatinib) are often associated to increased toxicity due to a non-specific inhibition of promiscuous ErbB and non-ErbB kinases by these agents, limiting the extent to which they can be used safely. The median duration of response to lapatinib was less than one year, and a majority of trastuzumab-pre-treated patients (˜80%) failed to respond.
The efficacy of current treatments is limited by the development of therapeutic resistance mainly attributed to the expression of p95HER2, as this highly active truncated form of HER2 lacks the recognition site for trastuzumab. However, therapeutic resistance to HER2 specific treatment or occurrence of metastasis can also be due to point mutations in HER2 protein sequence: for instance, K753E mutation and resistance to lapatinib or V777L and resistance to trastuzumab [Zuo et al. Clin Cancer Res 2016, 22(19), 4859-4869].
There is therefore an urgent need for the development of alternative approaches that would specifically target ErbB2/HER2 to reduce the risk of toxicity and also work efficiently on mutated and truncated forms of ErbB2 resistant to the current treatments of ErbB2 cancers.
It was previously shown that interaction of the FERM domain of the ERM family members (Ezrin, Moesin, Radixin) and of the related member Merlin with the juxtamembrane domain of ErbB2 prevents ErbB2 activation. This interaction stabilizes ErbB2 in a catalytically repressed state by exerting a molecular constraint on the juxtamembrane domain of ErbB2, restricting access of the kinase domain to substrate tyrosines (WO/2011/036211). A High Throughput Screening assay based on the disruption of the interaction between the juxtamembrane domain of HER2 and the Ezrin FERM domain was then set up to identify small molecule inhibitors which will behave as the FERM domain to actively block ErbB2 (FR1452246).

Zuclopenthixol hydrochloride derivatives and Ebselen derivatives as ErbB2 inhibitors

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM)


A radon exhaust system comprising an exhaust side with a vent housing, a diagnostic bypass filter apparatus providing observation windows, a removable observation window, internal ice and object filter, internal ribbon flow indicators, internal water gutter with drain spout, an exhaust fan and a suction side coupled together to form a conduit through which gaseous fluid may be conveyed. The diagnostic bypass filter apparatus provides an enlarged elliptical air passage bulge and angular bend configuration having three observation windows, a fourth removable observation window, an internal ice and object filter, ribbon flow indicators, and an internal water gutter with drain spout for providing protection of the exhaust fan from falling ice, water and objects and visual inspection for flow in the exhaust system and access to the filter for cleaning.

1. Field
Radon is a cancer causing radioactive gas fluid that has been found in homes all over the United States. Radon typically moves up through the ground to the air above and into a building through cracks and other holes in the floor. You cannot see, smell or taste radon.
Sub-slab depressurization is the most common radon mitigation technique which requires several installation steps.
The radon mitigation system is a continuous piping system beginning under a house concrete basement slab, and terminating outside and above the house.
An inline radon fan is installed in the piping system to draw the radon laced air from under the basement concrete slab to the outside and above the house.
The radon-laced air is pulled from under the basement concrete floor slab by the radon fan and pushed up the exhaust pipe and dispersed harmlessly into the atmosphere.
The radon-laced air is at earth temperature of about 50 degrees Fahrenheit with a high percent of moisture content. This produces air with high humidity content being vented through the radon mitigation system. Radon mitigation protocol requires that radon mitigation systems be operational continuously. The radon mitigation system continues to operate during warm periods of the year and winter freezing periods of the year. During warmer periods, the humid air will turn to condensate and fall back into the radon fan in the form of water which causes damage to the radon fan.
Freezing temperatures in the atmosphere during the winter causes condensate to turn to ice in the radon mitigation system exhaust pipe. As more moist air is blown into the exhaust pipe, ice continues to build and restrict air movement in the upper portion of the exhaust pipe. as the exhaust pipe becomes blocked with ice, the radon mitigation system becomes inoperative. During the warmer periods the ice breaks apart from the exhaust pipe and falls into the radon fan, causing fan damage. It is common for winter nights to freeze and winter days to thaw, resulting in many freeze-thaw cycles during a winter season.
Adding to the ice build-up problem is the birds and animals and debris screen-cap, which often installed at the top end of the exhaust pipe where the humid air is exposed to the freezing temperature of the atmosphere. The screen-cap, installed at the top of the exhaust pipe is directly exposed to freezing temperatures, thus the screen compounds the ice build-up problem as it catches moisture from the air passing through the screen and increases ice build-up. The ice will partially melt, and pieces will break off and drop down into the radon fan, causing damage. The damage to the radon fan from falling ice is a health and economic problem because when the radon fan is not operating, radon is not being removed from the house.
Therefore, for the health and welfare of building occupants it would desirable to provide a means to correct these issues.
2. Prior Art
Currently a radon fan can be somewhat protected from returning water with a condensate bypass apparatus U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,005 issued to Weaver, Mar. 4, 2003. However U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,005 does not provide a means to eliminate the birds and animals screen at the exit point of the exhaust pipe which contributes to undesirable ice build-up. U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,005 does not provide a means to stop ice, birds and animals, debris or rain water from falling into the radon fan. U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,005 does not provide a means for an access port to allow cleaning, inspections or maintenance or a closure device, such as a closure plug, for its access port. U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,005 does not provide a means for an angled shaped housing. U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,005 claim 1, limits the condensate trap to a conically shaped sloping outer surface configuration.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,005 states in claim 4 that an exhaust fan apparatus comprising a housing having an exhaust port.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,005 states in claim 4 that the exhaust conduit is coupled to said exhaust port.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,005 states in claim 4 that a condensate trap located within said exhaust conduit. U.S. Pat. No. 6,527,005 claim number 5 states that the condensate trap is integral with said housing of said exhaust fan apparatus.
Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/068,620 by Bailey (self) May 16, 2011
Application No. 1306820, does not address the issue of the screen, gutter and trough creating air resistance that reduces the amount of air passing through the separator housing.
Application No. 1306820, does not include observation windows within the cap.
Application No. 1306820 does not include observation windows on the sides of the separator housing.
Application No. 1306820 does not include non-mechanical air flow indicators within the separator housing.
Application No. 1306820 does not include mechanical air flow indicators within the separator housing.
Application No. 1306820 does not include an enlarger air passage bulge area within the separator housing to address air resistance.
Application No. 1306820 does not prevent rain water from entering the radon mitigation system.
Application No. 1306820 does not address the issue of moist air originating from the damp sub-soil freezing on the metal surface of the birds and animals screen.
Application No. 1306820 does not include a screen support and gutter floor combined as one and additionally combined as one with the separator housing wall, making the gutter floor, screen support and separator housing to be one unit.
Traditionally steel mesh screen has been installed at the end of the exhaust pipe to keep birds and animals from entering the exhaust pipe. Several problems arise when using a metal screen mesh.
The first problem is that the screen will cause air passage restrictions because of the blockage of air, which can reduce the efficiency of an active mitigation system's fan.
The second problem is the location of the steel screen at the top of the exhaust pipe, where the freezing winter temperatures has a direct freezing effect on the metal wire of the screen causing it to be frozen.
The radon laced air being drawn from under the building concrete slab is often 100% humidity, this means that on some days as much as one gallon of water passes through the mitigation exhaust pipe and through the metal screen. As the humid air comes in contact with the frozen metal screen, ice begins to build up and can choke off the air passage completely. This can cause the active radon mitigation system to have unnecessary strain or shut down, causing harm to the fan and putting the building occupants at a health risk.
The same problems can exist in a passive radon mitigation system even though there is no fan in a passive radon mitigation system.
The third problem with the traditional metal screen at the top of the exhaust pipe is that rain water is allowed to enter the exhaust pipe, possibly causing damage to the radon mitigation fan. Fan manufactures recommend that water not be allow within the fan housing.

Radon exhaust system with a diagnostic bypass filter apparatus


The fluorescent characteristics of a polymer material are modified by the addition of a fluorescent dye which is fluorescent in response to light in a particular portion of the spectrum to render it fluorescent in response to light in that particular portion of the spectrum.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of polymers, and more particularly, to polymer dielectrics for use in electronic applications.
2. Background Information
There are a wide variety of polymer materials which may be used as dielectric layers and for other purposes in electronic and other applications. Each polymer composition has a set of physical properties such as density, water absorption tendency, dielectric constant, melting point or softening point, color, susceptibility to laser ablation, and so forth. A high density interconnect (HDI) system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,783,695 to C. W. Eichelberger et al. Methods of fabricating such high density interconnect structures are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,714,516 and 4,835,704 to C. W. Eichelberger et al. This high density interconnect structure comprises integrated circuit chips having contact pads thereon mounted on a substrate with a dielectric layer adhesive bonded thereover. Via holes are formed through the dielectric layers and a patterned metallization layer is disposed on top of the dielectric layer and extends into the via holes to make electrical contact to the contact pads of the circuit chips.
This structure places special requirements on the dielectric materials. In particular, in order for the final structure to be usable over a wide temperature range, the dielectric layers must have high melting points and high thermal stability. They must also be laser ablatable by ultraviolet light in order to form the via holes through which different layers of metallization are connected. In the HDI system, laser processing (ablation, photoresist exposure, etc.) is normally done with one, or at most, two passes of the laser beam with a power ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 watts with a preferred maximum power level being about 1.5 watts. Thus, when a dielectric layer is characterized as being laser ablatable, it means that such a layer can be totally removed by one or two passes of a laser beam of this power level and when it is characterized as not being laser ablatable, it means that a layer is not completely removed by one or two passes of such a laser beam.
To minimize the complexity and cost of equipment for fabricating such high density interconnect structures, it is considered desired to be able to do all laser processing at a single frequency in order that only a single laser is required. Accordingly, preferred materials are those which may be processed at a laser frequency of 351 nm. This frequency was selected in accordance with the characteristics of desirable dielectric layers such as KAPTON.RTM. polyimide available from DuPont de Nemours and the fact that there are commercial photoresists which can be processed at this frequency. ULTEM.RTM. polyetherimide resin available from General Electric Company has been used as an adhesive layer in this high density interconnect structure for bonding KAPTON.RTM. to the underlying structures. The ULTEM.RTM. resin is laser ablatable at 351 nm. The ULTEM.RTM. material has a melting point in the neighborhood of 220.degree. C. or higher, depending on its specific formulation. This ULTEM.RTM. high temperature adhesive layer is suitable for use in permanent structures.
The high density interconnect structure referred to above has many fine line electrical conductors in its metallization pattern. These electrical conductors preferably range from 1/2 mil to 2 mil in width and may be as long as several inches. The dielectric layers in this HDI structure are typically 1/2 mil to 1 mil thick. During the fabrication process, errors in the metallization pattern can be corrected without additional rework if they are discovered and corrected before the next dielectric layer is applied on top of the metallization layer containing the errors. Metallization which is disposed in a location where no metallization is desired may be removed by direct laser ablation, photoassisted etching operations or by the use of photoresist and plasma or wet etching of the undesired metal. Where gaps in the desired metal are present, additional metal may be deposited in those locations by laser induced deposition by decomposition of organometallic compounds where the deposition takes place only where the laser illuminates the dielectric layer.
If errors in the metallization pattern are not discovered until after deposition of successive dielectric and possibly metallization layers, then the structure may be repaired by removing the entire dielectric overlay structure and starting over. It is this repair process which must be used when errors in the metallization pattern are not found until electrical testing of the overall structure is undertaken. Consequently, there is the desire to accurately inspect each metallization layer prior to the application of the next dielectric layer. Printed circuit boards which have conductors which are typically 5 to 10 mils wide and may be as long as 20 inches or so, and have dielectric layers typically 2 to 7 mils thick, that is, 2 to 14 times thicker than the dielectric layers in an HDI structure can be inspected by using the model 2020 inspection apparatus which is commercially available from Lincoln Laser in Phoenix, Ariz. Unfortunately, such testing apparatus is at present incapable of properly inspecting HDI layers because of their extremely narrow conductors. The above Model 2020 inspection system relies on inherent luminescence of the dielectric materials used in circuit boards to produce a fluorescent output which is sufficient to enable the system to clearly distinguish between conductors and dielectric material. Many of the dielectric materials which are suitable for use in an HDI system are either non-fluorescent or so weakly fluorescent as to not provide a usable contrast ratio between dielectric and metal regions in the thicknesses in which those dielectrics are used in an HDI structure.
Unfortunately, because of the low level of fluorescence present in some of the dielectric layers in an HDI structure, this equipment is incapable of inspecting such structures accurately.
Consequently, improved methods of inspection for fine line multilayer conductor structures of the type present in an HDI system are needed.

Enhanced fluorescence polymers and interconnect structures using them


A television tuner includes a mixer circuit for receiving a television signal or an FM signal, and a local oscillator circuit for generating an oscillation signal received by the mixer circuit. When the television signal is received, a television intermediate-frequency signal is generated by the mixer circuit. When the FM broadcast signal is received, an FM intermediate-frequency signal having a frequency converted to about 10.7 MHz is generated by the mixer circuit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a television tuner capable of receiving FM broadcast signals.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 5 illustrates a television tuner capable of receiving FM broadcast signals. A television signal, represented by TV, or an FM broadcast signal, represented by FM, is received by an input tuner circuit 21. The input signal is conditioned by a first mixer circuit 24, a radio frequency (RF) amplifier circuit 22, and an interstage tuner circuit 23.
The first mixer circuit 24 receives a local oscillation signal from a first local oscillator circuit 25. The tuned frequency of the input tuner circuit 21, the interstage tuner circuit 23, and the frequency (local oscillating frequency) of the first local oscillator circuit 25 are controlled by a channel select signal S received by a phase-locked loop (PLL) circuit 26. Generally, the local oscillating frequency is higher than the tuned frequency.
When receiving a television signal, a television intermediate-frequency signal having a video intermediate-frequency, according to US standards, e.g., a video intermediate-frequency of 45.75 MHz, is generated by the first mixer circuit 24. When necessary, an FM broadcast signal (hereinafter referred to as the xe2x80x9cfirst FM IF signalxe2x80x9d) is converted to a television intermediate-frequency signal by the first mixer circuit 24. The television intermediate-frequency signal generated by the first mixer circuit 24 is passed to a subsequent intermediate-frequency circuit (not shown) through a first intermediate-frequency filter 27 for further processing.
The first FM IF signal generated by the first mixer circuit 24 is also received by a second mixer circuit 29 through a second intermediate-frequency filter 28. The second mixer circuit 29 receives a local oscillation signal from a second local oscillator circuit 30. The frequency of the local oscillation signal generated by the second local oscillator circuit 30 is 10.7 MHz higher in frequency than the frequency of the first FM IF signal. Therefore, an FM broadcast signal (hereinafter referred to as the xe2x80x9csecond FM IF signalxe2x80x9d) having a frequency converted to a 10.7 MHz signal is generated by the second mixer circuit 29. The second FM IF signal is received by a demodulator circuit (not shown) through a third intermediate-frequency filter 31.
Accordingly, a television tuner can include two mixer circuits 24 and 29, and two local oscillator circuits 25 and 30 that achieve a two-stage frequency conversion in which an FM broadcast signal is first frequency-converted to a television intermediate-frequency signal before being converted to an intermediate-frequency signal of 10.7 MHz used in a conventional FM receiver. This two-stage structure creates beat disturbances between the two local oscillation signals, which interferes with reception.
A television tuner preferably includes a single mixer circuit and a single local oscillator circuit which provides a simplified layout that is immune to a wide range of interference such as beat disturbances.
In one aspect, a television tuner includes a mixer coupled to a local oscillator circuit. Preferably, the mixer is configured to receive a television signal and an FM broadcast signal. The local oscillator circuit generates a local oscillation signal received by the mixer circuit. When a television signal is received, a television intermediate-frequency signal is generated by the mixer circuit. When an FM broadcast signal is received, an FM intermediate-frequency signal converted to 10.7 MHz is generated by the mixer circuit. Only a single local oscillator circuit is used to obtain a television intermediate-frequency signal and an FM intermediate-frequency signal converted to about 10.7 MHz.
Preferably, the television signal or the FM broadcast signal is received by a tuner circuit that includes a mixer circuit. The local oscillation frequency and the tuned frequency of the tuner circuit can be adjusted when the local oscillation frequency is higher than the tuned frequency of the tuner circuit by a frequency of a television intermediate-frequency signal. In embodiments where the frequency of the local oscillation signal is about 10.7 MHz higher than the frequency of the FM broadcast signal, the tuned frequency may be adjusted so that the difference between the tuned frequency and the frequency of the local oscillation signal is about 10.7 MHz. Therefore, when the television signal is received, a television intermediate-frequency signal is generated by the mixer circuit, and when the FM broadcast signal is received, an FM intermediate-frequency signal having a frequency converted to about 10.7 MHz is generated by the mixer circuit.
In another aspect, the television tuner includes a first varactor diode and the local oscillator circuit includes a second varactor diode. Preferably, the frequency of the local oscillation signal is higher than the tuned frequency of the tuner circuit by a frequency of the television intermediate-frequency signal when a common voltage is applied to the first varactor diode and to the second varactor diode. In applications where the frequency of the local oscillation signal is about 10.7 MHz higher than the frequency of the FM broadcast signal, a higher voltage is applied to the first varactor diode than to the second varactor diode. The difference between the tuned frequency and the frequency of the local oscillation signal may thus be about 10.7 MHz.
The television tuner may include a phase lock loop (PLL) circuit for generating a tuning voltage that is applied to the first varactor diode and to the second varactor diode. The television tuner further includes a voltage adder circuit, and a voltage supply that supplies a positive voltage. Preferably, the tuning voltage is applied to a cathode of the second varactor diode and to an input of the voltage adder circuit. Preferably, a positive voltage is applied to the voltage adder circuit only when an FM broadcast signal is received. The positive voltage is added to the tuning voltage to generate a voltage that is applied to the cathode of the first varactor diode.
Alternatively, the television tuner may include a PLL circuit for generating a tuning voltage that is applied to the first varactor diode and to the second varactor diode and a voltage supply that supplies a negative voltage. Preferably, the tuning voltage is applied to the cathode of the first varactor diode and to the cathode of the second varactor diode, and the negative voltage is applied to an anode of the first varactor diode only when the FM broadcast signal is received. Accordingly, a higher voltage is applied to the first varactor diode.
Preferably, the television signal or the FM broadcast signal is received by a tuner circuit before the signal is conditioned by the mixer circuit. Preferably, the frequency of the local oscillation signal and the tuned frequency of the tuner circuit can be adjusted while the frequency of the local oscillation signal is higher than the tuned frequency of the tuner circuit by a frequency of the television intermediate-frequency signal. In applications where the tuned frequency corresponds to the frequency of the FM broadcast signal, the frequency of the local oscillation signal is adjusted so that the difference between the tuned frequency and the frequency of the local oscillation signal is about 10.7 MHz. Therefore, when the television signal is received, a television intermediate-frequency signal is generated by the mixer circuit. When the FM broadcast signal is received, an FM intermediate-frequency signal having a frequency converted to about 10.7 MHz is generated by the mixer circuit.
Preferably, the television tuner includes a first varactor diode and the local oscillator circuit includes a second varactor diode. Preferably, the frequency of the local oscillation signal is higher than the tuned frequency by the frequency of the television intermediate-frequency signal while a common voltage is applied to the first varactor diode and to the second varactor diode. In applications where the tuned frequency corresponds to the frequency of the FM broadcast signal, a lower voltage is applied to the second varactor diode than to the first varactor diode. The difference between the tuned frequency and the frequency of the local oscillation signal may thus be about 10.7 MHz.
The television tuner may include a PLL circuit for generating a tuning voltage that is applied to the first varactor diode and to the second varactor diode. The television tuner further includes a voltage subtractor circuit and a voltage for supplying a positive voltage. Preferably, the tuning voltage is applied to the cathode of the first varactor diode and to an input of the voltage subtractor circuit. Preferably, a positive voltage is applied to the voltage subtractor circuit only when the FM broadcast signal is received. The voltage subtractor circuit subtracts the positive voltage from the tuning voltage, to generate a voltage that is applied to the cathode of the second varactor diode.
Alternatively, the television tuner may include a PLL circuit for generating a tuning voltage that is applied to the first varactor diode and to the second varactor diode, and a voltage supply that supplies a positive voltage. Preferably, the tuning voltage is applied to the cathode of the first varactor diode and to the cathode of the second varactor diode, and the positive voltage is applied to the anode of the second varactor diode only when the FM broadcast signal is received. Accordingly, a lower voltage is applied to the second varactor diode.

Television tuner having simple layout and capable of receiving FM broadcast signals without interference


A magnetic device (2) containing a soft magnetic yoke member (3) in its magnetic circuit. The yoke member carries a magnetic flux (.PHI.) produced by a magnetic-field-generating device (7,8) and generates a magnetic stray field (H.sub.s). To reduce this stray field, the present invention surrounds a section (3c) of the yoke member (3) by a compensating-field winding (13), which is electrically excited so that, in addition to the flux (.PHI.) produced by the device (7,8) in the yoke member (3), a supplemental flux (.PHI.') of such magnitude is created that the magnetic dipole moment of the yoke member (3) that produces the stray field (H.sub.s) is at least partially compensated for.

The present invention relates to a device having a magnetic circuit which interacts with a yoke member made of soft magnetic material. The yoke member carries a magnetic flux produced by a magnetic-field-generating device and generates a magnetic stray field. This type of magnetic device is described in the German Published Patent Application 37 37 133.
Homogeneous field magnets which generate magnetic basic fields in nuclear spin tomography systems (nuclear magnetic resonance tomography, imaging or spectroscopy) are known. The magnetic field of this type of basic field magnet must be sufficiently homogeneous in an imaging or examination area (useful volume) and must generate a predetermined magnetic induction B.sub.o in that area. For this purpose, normal-conducting coils or permanent magnets are provided as a magnetic-field-generating device. They are mounted, for example, on a C-shaped yoke :member of soft magnetic material. This yoke member carries the generated magnetic flux outside of the useful volume situated between the pole faces of opposite pole shoes.
The magnetic circuit can in fact be substantially closed with this type of yoke member. However, such a yoke member creates a magnetic stray field that is relatively far-reaching. Such stray fields are undesirable, particularly in nuclear spin tomography.
Therefore, the object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic device having the characteristics mentioned at the outset with a reduced stray field produced by the yoke member.

Magnetic device having a yoke member for generating a magnetic stray field


A solar panel in which the bus-and-interconnect structures are visually masked, to improve not only aesthetics but also the operational characteristics of the panel. A transparent superstrate for the panel has on a surface juxtaposed to the radiation-receiving surfaces of the cells a pattern masking material just sufficient, with manufacturing tolerances, to mask the generally non-symmetrical interconnect structure in a substantially more uniform, symmetrical manner. The masking material may be matte-finish (paint) or highly reflective (a metallic deposit), and in either case may be applied by the same process (e.g., silk screen). The reflective mask structure inhibits heat build-up in the panel; and the matte-finish mask structure is generally unobtrusive and aesthetically pleasing, as required for example, in vehicular applications. A redundant bus structure yields surprisingly compact interconnects, with increased versatility in arrangement of grid patterns of collector electrodes, and is highly compatible with the masking structures and techniques.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to solar cells and arrays of such solar cells, and more particularly, to the covers or superstrates for such arrays.
2. Description of the Related Art
Solar cells are connected in parallel and in series to obtain voltage and current of any value desired by the manufacturer of the panel.
FIG. 1 illustrates a typical prior art array of such cells, generally referred to as 10. Such a prior art array consists of a transparent cover, 16, solar cells, 11, a means of electrically connecting the cells known as an interconnect, 12, tabs for attaching wires to the panel, 13, transparent adhesive to hold the panel together 15, a back cover 17, and wires 14. A photocopy of the panel FIG. 1 was drawn from is given as FIG. 3.
FIG. 2 illustrates the solar cells which form a part of the solar panel shown in FIG. 1. The solar cell shown, generally referred to as 11, has a front contact or bus, 22, to which an interconnect may be attached. The solar cell typically has grids of collecting electrodes, 21 which conduct electricity from the front surface of the cell to the front contact.
The area on the front of the cells which is covered by the contact does not produce power, unlike those areas of the cell which are not covered by the contact or the grids. These covered areas otherwise serve no function. Similarly, the areas of the panel between cells and outside the periphery of the cells do not function.
In addition to the above considerations, the solar cells and the interconnects are typically not in alignment even though care is taken to achieve alignment, as may be seen in FIG. 3.
Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to solve the alignment problem. It is also an object of the invention to cool the panel and make it operate more efficiently. This object arises because cool solar cells operate more efficiently than warm solar cells.
It is a further object of the present invention to provide a cover to the solar panel which will provide the appearance of having the solar cells and busses more perfectly aligned.

Solar panel with interconnects and masking structure, and method


An interconnection substrate including: a first insulating film made of a silicon compound, an adhesion enhancing layer formed on the first insulating film, and a second insulting film made of a silicon compound and formed on the adhesion enhancing layer, wherein the first insulating film and the second insulating film are combined together with a component having a structure represented by General Formula (1) described below:Si—CXHY—Si  General Formula (1)where y is equal to 2x and is an even integer.

Multilayer interconnection structures for semiconductor device include a Cu interconnection (wiring) and interlayer insulating films. In the multilayer interconnections, a reduction in signal propagation speed is determined by the interconnection resistance and parasitic capacities between interconnections. In recent years, with increased packaging densities of semiconductor integrated circuits, interconnection width and interconnection pitch are becoming narrower, causing an increase in interconnection resistance and an increase in parasitic capacities. The volume of insulating films can be reduced by reducing the wiring thickness so as to reduce the cross-section area thereof. However, a reduction in wiring thickness causes a further increase in interconnection resistance, making it impossible to increase the response speed of semiconductor devices. Therefore, a reduction in electrical resistance of interconnections and a reduction in dielectric constant of insulating films are effective to achieve the increase in response speed. Further, it is expected that the reduction in electrical resistance of interconnections and reduction in dielectric constant of insulating films will be major factors that control the performance of semiconductor devices. However, when the amount of organic groups is increased to make insulating films have low dielectric constant, insulating films are hydrophobized, causing a decrease in adhesion of the insulating films.
As described above, when the adhesion between laminated insulating films decreases, film rupture occurs among these films, resulting in a reduction in yield and a decrease in reliability. To avoid this problem, there have been studied materials for enhancing the adhesion and methods using plasma, and ozone. However, the problem has not yet been adequately solved.
As described above, when interlayer insulating films having low dielectric constant are used in a multilayer interconnection, it is important to improve the adhesion between these films.
In addition, the technique for irradiating an electron beam to insulating films is disclosed.

Interconnection substrate having first and second insulating films with an adhesion enhancing layer therebetween


A sensor pattern for capacitive sensing includes a first electrode and a multitude of second electrodes capacitively coupled to the first electrode. The first electrode includes a strip extending in a vertical direction across the sensor pattern. The multitude of second electrodes include a first subset and a second subset. The first subset of the multitude of second electrodes is arranged in a first column, the first column extending in a vertical direction. The second subset of the multitude of second electrodes is arranged in a second column, the second column extending in the vertical direction. The first subset and the second subset of the multitude of electrodes are disposed adjacent to the first electrode on opposing sides of the first electrode.

Touch displays are widely used in a variety of electronic systems. A touch display typically includes a sensing region provided by a proximity sensor device that overlaps with a display screen. In the sensing region, the proximity sensor device determines the presence, location and/or motion of one or more input objects. Touch displays may be included in electronic devices ranging from small (e.g., in a smartwatch, cellular phone, etc.) to large (e.g., in a tablet, laptop, television screen, etc.) Touch displays may be used to provide interfaces for the electronic system. The display screen may provide an output interface, and the proximity sensor device may provide an input interface.
When the display screen and the proximity sensor device are highly integrated, with relatively little spatial separation between the display screen and the proximity sensor device, in some proximity sensor device designs, a large capacitive coupling between sensor electrodes of the proximity sensor device and components of the display screen may reduce the signal to noise ratio for touch sensing. This may be particularly the case in larger touch displays where the increased surface area results in an increased capacitive coupling. The increased capacitive coupling may limit the achievable sensing speed in an undesirable manner, due to the resulting high RC time constant associated with the capacitive coupling and a resistive component. In some proximity sensor device designs, long routing traces result in an increased ohmic resistance, thereby also contributing to a high RC time constant. Further, in some proximity sensor device designs, a routing trace is required for each of numerous sensing pads. The number of sensing pads and associated routing traces may scale quadratically with the surface area, potentially resulting in an undesirably high number of routing traces that are costly and/or difficult or impossible to accommodate.
It may be desirable to combine different types of proximity sensor designs to achieve the desirable characteristics such as, for example, a reduced capacitive coupling, a reduced ohmic resistance, a reduced number of routing traces, and or a tradeoff between these characteristics.

Sensor patterns for capacitive imaging sensors in touch displays


AB and ABA block copolymers of acrylics and acrylic amines are useful as oil additives to diminish sediment and color formation. The copolymers are preferably formed by group transfer polymerization.

Fuel oils such as home heating fuels, automotive fuel oils, gas turbine fuels, and heavy fuels used for industrial heating purposes and for slow and medium speed diesels, as well as lubricating oils for engines and other uses, are susceptible to deterioration during storage, resulting in the formation of insoluble sludge, sediment, and discoloration. The invention is concerned with stabilized fuels and additive compositions for stabilizing such fuel oils. The additives act as combined antioxidants and as dispersants.
A wide variety of additives, especially various amines, have been proposed and widely used to prevent discoloration and sediment formation by interfering with the formation of these colorants or insoluble materials during storage or when thermally stressed, for example, N,N-dimethylcyclohexyl amine, U.S. Pat. No. 3,490,882. Other additives are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,186,810, and 2,737,452 for use in fuel oils and U.S. Pat. No. 2,737,496 for use in lubricating oils. These additives use diethyl aminoethylmethacrylate, styrene and alkylmethacrylate.
A variety of polymeric materials have also been proposed and widely used to prevent sedimentation of insoluble sludge by dispersant action. These materials generally do not prevent the formation of color or insoluble material but prevent detrimental effects such as clogged filters, nozzles, injectors, heat exchangers, and fouling of other parts of fuel distribution or use systems with insoluble sludge formed during storage or by thermal stressing. However, ideal oil additives have not been found. Improvements are always needed.
Group transfer polymerization is known to be useful for producing acrylic and methacrylic polymers having desirable features.
O. W. Webster, U.S. Pat. No. 4,417,034 (Nov. 22, 1983) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,508,880 (Apr. 2, 1985), and W. B. Farnham and D. Y. Sogah, U.S. Pat. No. 4,414,372 (Nov. 8, 1983) and U.S. Pat. No. 4,524,196 (June 18, 1985) showed that acrylic copolymers can be prepared via group transfer polymerization. (GTP). GTP applications and techniques have also been described in European Patent Application No. 184,692, Quirk et al., published June 18, 1986, and in the literature including F. Bandermann and H. Speikamp (of the Institute fur Technische Chemie, UniversitatGesamthochschule Essen) "Group Transfer polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate" Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 6,335-339 (1985). Oxyanion catalysts for GTP processes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,588,795, Dicker et al., granted May 13, 1986. AB block copolymers of acrylics and oxirane-containing acrylics are the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 4,656,226 issued Apr. 7, 1987 Hutchins et al. Polymers made by GTP have been suggested to be generally useable as oil additives in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 4,656,226 issued Apr. 7, 1987.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,388,448, Melby, discusses low temperature anionic polymerization to make epoxy block copolymers.
The above patents and publications are incorporated herein by reference.


A gas turbine engine includes a fan, a compressor, a combustor, and a turbine. The compressor compresses gases entering the gas turbine engine. The combustor receives the compressed gases from the compressor and mixes fuel with the compressed gases. The turbine receives the hot, high pressure combustion products created by the combustor by igniting the fuel mixed with the compressed gases. The turbine extracts mechanical work from the hot, high pressure combustion products to drive the fan and compressor.

Gas turbine engines are used to power aircraft, watercraft, power generators, and the like. Gas turbine engines typically include a compressor, a combustor, and a turbine. The compressor compresses air drawn into the engine and delivers high pressure air to the combustor. In the combustor, fuel is mixed with the high pressure air and is ignited. Products of the combustion reaction in the combustor are directed into the turbine where work is extracted to drive the compressor and, sometimes, an output shaft. Left-over products of the combustion are exhausted out of the turbine and may provide thrust in some applications.
Some gas turbine engines include compressors with one or more stages of axial and/or centrifugal compression. Cooling or avoiding heat generation in compressors may improve component lifetime and performance. Some compressors may be cooled using bleed air that is subsequently discarded, sacrificing both the temperature and pressure of that cooling air.

Turbine engine with centrifugal compressor having impeller backplate offtake