A vehicle driver is provided with a display interface a smartphone, tablet, PC, or any telematics or in-vehicle device installed in the vehicle. The display interface presents a real-time target for the driver to follow to maximize fuel economy and safety, achieved by modulating the accelerator pedal appropriately.

1. Technical Field
This disclosure relates generally to applications and methods that may be implemented in or using a mobile device to teach, measure and reward motor vehicle drivers to operate their vehicles in a fuel-efficient and safe manner.
2. Background of the Related Art
Mobile devices, such as a smartphone or tablet, have become ubiquitous in today's society. Faster processors, more memory, higher quality gesture-based multi-touch screens, availability of mobile broadband data, and integration of multi-media and GPS chips along with open interface mobile operating systems, have opened the door for creation of a large variety of mobile applications.
With the price of fuel hovering around $4 per gallon in the US, fuel has grown to be one of the largest costs of running a vehicle. Most commercial fleets consider fuel to be over 35% of operating expenses. As fuel prices continue to increase, this challenge becomes even greater. Commercial fleets are most competitive when they are best at overall freight efficiency, which is largely enabled by managing fuel cost.
Alternative vehicle technologies (truck-level features to improve aerodynamics, decrease rolling resistance, C/L NG engines and hybrid/electric drivetrains) are currently offered to fleet owners and managers to help control the fuel costs. These solutions are expensive but somewhat effective in increasing fuel mileage and therefore lowering fuel costs. These capital intensive solutions drive a challenging return on investment (ROI) and an extended payback period to the fleet operator. Furthermore, these solutions are ignoring a potentially simpler opportunity, namely, changing driver behavior to improve fuel mileage, Fleets and OEM's agree on a difference of more than 30% in fuel mileage between a fleet's best and worst driver with respect to MPG. Furthermore, drivers with low MPG's tend to have a higher accident rate.
Additionally, and another challenge, is that the profession of truck driving is rife with high turnover, as many drivers opt to move to a new fleet once a year or more, chasing a better route, better pay, or improved lifestyle.
Of course, the challenge of changing driver behavior to improve efficiency very likely pre-dates the internal combustion engine. Highly-skilled "teamsters" managed draft animals to maximize freight efficiency. Since those days, there have been primarily two tools utilized to improve driver behavior and efficiency, namely, education and incentive programs. For example, many fleets send all drivers to training on a regular basis to improve techniques for efficient driving. Others offer fuel mileage or other bonuses for good behavior and results. Both programs find limited success. Education and training programs are costly and the benefits tend to wane over time, or drivers move on to a different fleet; incentives and bonuses tend to reward the top tier of drivers, and if a driver knows he/she will not receive it, they refuse to try.
Most modern trucks have a fuel mileage gauge in-dash. The most sophisticated of these gauges report instantaneous mpg, average mpg, and trending details in some graphical format. These gauges are somewhat effective in improving a driver's fuel mileage, however, they are by nature hind-ward looking and are generally providing negative feedback. For example, when the driver begins a journey, the fuel economy value is often as "good as it will get" and declines as the driver is faced with externalities beyond his or her control (i.e. traffic jams, rerouting, truck maintenance issues, hills, etc). This is frustrating and discouraging to the driver, and human tendency in these instances is to disregard, turn-off, or look away from the gauge. Furthermore, the industry generally recognizes a 15-20% error in reading the fuel mileage from the Engine Control Unit. Such a significant inaccuracy makes it difficult to know if the driver is doing better or worse than the previous journey, mile, or minute. In-dash and other MPG gauges use ECU calculation of mileage and are therefore neither accurate nor precise.
Since the advent of cellular and mobile technologies, the "telematics" industry has evolved into a mature market with many solutions and key players (Qualcomm, PeopleNet, Telogis, Xata, and others). Their solutions primarily offer truck-specific GPS routing, navigation, compliance with FMCSA and NHTSA legislation (such as Hours of Service, Electronic On-Board Recording, and Compliance, Safety and Accountability (CSA)) and back-office integration with accounting, payroll, and fuel tax reporting. These incumbent technologies are just now beginning to extend their solutions to help "change driver behavior to improve fuel economy". As of today, their driver behavior solutions are limited to anti-speeding and anti-idling programs, with a monthly driver scorecard. For example, they set targets (no speed violations, X % of time spent idling), measure, and report to the driver their performance on a periodic basis (usually monthly).
There also exists a solution targeting improving driver safety, known as GreenRoad. This is a dash-mounted device that uses an array of accelerometers, a red-yellow-green light and a mobile data connection. When a driver maneuver exceeds a certain threshold as measured by the accelerometers, the light changes, from green to yellow, and then to red, in a progressive fashion. This real-time feedback attempts to limit hard acceleration/deceleration and hard cornering, which have been directly correlated to increased rate of safety incidents. GreenRoad has also recognized that limiting hard acceleration and deceleration events leads to improved fuel mileage. The fleets have access to an online reporting system that can be used by the fleet manager to train drivers.

Driver measurement and incentive system for improving fuel-efficiency


A fast operating, combined packet and circuit switch. The switch includes a number of units which are distributed locally and which are mutually connected by means of physical links. In a packet-switched network, which is comprised of packet handlers and the links, each connected unit affects at least one control-time-slot. In this way, each unit is able to operate the circuit switch so as, for instance, to establish and release circuit-switched connections, in response to control commands transmitted on the packet-switched network. As a result of the packet switch, the whole of the switch can be configured at a cold start and during operation, therewith satisfying the individual bandwidth requirement of each connected unit.

In the case of one known telecommunication network, the terminal units are connected to the switch by means of a number of links. Various means, such as subscriber lines, tone-code receiving circuits, ring generators, etc., are connected to the terminal units. A regional processor monitors several terminal units and is connected to said units via separate signal lines. Another regional processor monitors other terminal units and is connected with these units via separate signal lines. Thus, the system includes a number of regional processors which monitor the activity of the terminal units. A regional processor also monitors the activity of the switch. The regional processors are connected by means of a signal bus line to a main central processor which controls the telecommunication network and which also controls the establishment of a connection through the switch on the basis of a subscriber-number list stored in the memory of the central processor. When a connection is to be established between two subscribers, line signalling is effected via the aforesaid signal lines, also called signal links, whereas the actual transfer of information, i.e. speech in the case of a speech connection or the transmission of digital data when two computers communicate with each other, is effected via those links which enter the switch from respective terminal units.
Each terminal unit has a local processor which monitors the activity of the devices or means connected to the terminal unit. When one device in a terminal unit wishes to establish a connection through the switch to a device in another terminal unit, the local processor signals a request to be connected to its regional processor, which in turn signals the request to the central processor, which carries out a number analyses and assigns idle multiple positions in the switch to the two devices.
One drawback with this known telecommunication system is that separate signal links are required downstream of the line terminating circuits. Communication equipment for signalling over the signal links is also required, in addition to the signal links. The signal links are expensive in themselves and require separate maintenance. Those links over which information is transmitted must also have their own communication equipment and also need to be maintained individually. The two information-transmission and line-signalling communication systems must be adapted so that they will function together.
When using known circuit switches, it takes a relatively long time to establish and release, or terminate, a connection. It can be mentioned by way of example that the time taken to establish a connection and to terminate said connection are each in the order of 10 milliseconds. This is disadvantageous when only a small amount of information is to be transmitted over the circuit-switched connection. When the connection is established between two processors and one of the processors is intended merely to send a confirmation signal to the other processor, the time taken to set-up the connection and to terminate the connection is relatively long in relation to the connection data phase, i.e. the time taken to transmit the information from one processor to the other.
Another drawback with the known switch is that the devices and terminal units connected thereto are allocated a fixed bandwidth which cannot be changed without undertaking comprehensive modification of the terminal units.

Fast operating program controlled digital uniswitch


Systems and methods for performing intra-zone and inter-zone security management in a network are provided. According to one embodiment, an association is formed by a network security device between a first zone including a first set of devices and a first set of security policies defining a first type of security scanning to be performed on packets originated within the first zone and between a second zone including a second set of devices and a second set of security policies defining a second type of security scanning to be performed on packets originated within the second zone. A first zone packet is received by the network security device. It is determined whether the destination is within the first zone. If so, then the first type of security scanning is performed. A second zone packet is received by the network security device. It is determined whether the destination is within the second zone. If so, then the second type of security scanning is performed.

Field
Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to providing security in a network. In particular, embodiments of the present disclosure relate to providing inter-zone and intra-zone security in a network.
Description of the Related Art
With ever increasing security threats, network security devices are becoming increasingly important nowadays. Today's security devices provide security solutions such as firewall, Virtual Private Network (VPN), antivirus, Intrusion Prevention (IPS), web filtering, anti-spam, antispyware, traffic shaping, etc. The security solutions provided by the network security devices can be configured according to the requirements of a network. Generally, a network security device can be configured in only one profile and provides the same type of security to the whole network.
However, today's networking environment generally comprises of multiple sub-networks or zones catering to various sub-groups of users, for example, in a company's network, human resources department may form one sub-network, finance department may form another sub-network, and the like, or employees of a company working in one city may belong to a first zone and those working in a second city may belong to a second zone. In this way it is possible to sub-divide a network into sub-networks and zones. It may be required that each sub-network or zone may have a different security profile, for example, financial sites may be accessible to the finance department but not to the human resources department. Therefore, there exists a need to provide a network security device that may be able to configure multiple profiles within the same network security device. Such a network device is required for both a virtual as well as a physical environment.
In addition, until now firewall/unified threat management vendors have used Application Program Interface (API) to provide security in a virtual environment. These APIs are provided by hypervisor companies. However, these APIs are not scalable and not available on all hypervisors.
Therefore, in view of the foregoing, there exists an opportunity for providing a method for securing inter-zone and intra-zone traffic in a virtual as well as a physical network.

Security system for physical or virtual environments


A method for producing a reinforcing component from different materials, wherein, in a first step, the component is produced in a first mould by plastics injection-moulding with foaming of the plastics material used and by reducing large cross sections of the component by insert parts of the same plastics material, wherein, in a second step, at least one type of fibre is wound around the component, and wherein, in the third method step, the component as a whole is overmoulded with plastic of a second plastics material in a second mould.

This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art.
Because of their high specific properties, fibre composite materials offer great potential for lightweight construction. Especially in the aeronautics and aerospace industry, carbon-fibre reinforced plastics have been used for decades. With the increasing market demand of the last decade, reinforcing fibres have become available at a price that also makes them of interest for mechanical engineering and construction and for the automobile sector. The high mechanical load-bearing properties of fibre composite materials together with their low density are prime motivating factors for using this new material.
They allow structures to be made more lightweight, and consequently used more efficiently. In classic lightweight construction, hollow profiles are usually used, but also foamed profiles.
Complexly shaped components are today mostly produced in a two-shell type of construction and later bonded together. Examples of this can be found in large numbers in the automobile sector. A problem with them however is the severing or discontinuity of the load-bearing fibres. The positive properties of the fibres therefore cannot be fully exploited, which leads to greater weight and lower fatigue strength.
An example from the automobile sector is that of vehicle tailgates. These tailgates, which were formerly produced from metal and provided on the inside with a plastic liner, are increasingly being made from plastic. In the prior art, metal frame structures connected to a sheet-like support part of plastic are still used for stiffening. The frame structures are preferably adhesively bonded. The support part with the frame structure is subsequently combined with trim parts and a rear window.

Method for producing a reinforcing component and component


A time domain multiplexed (TDM) routing schedule for a wireless mesh network can be generated using a Markov chain process. In particular, synchronized paths between access nodes and gateways in the mesh network can be added to, and removed from, the TDM routing schedule in an iterative fashion according to each individual state in a state progression of a Markov chain, with each state of the Markov chain mapping a different combination of synchronized paths to the TDM routing schedule. In some embodiments, transitioning between states of a Markov chain is performed according to a proportionally fair transition rate.

Next-generation wireless networks may adopt millimeter wave (mmWave) wireless mesh backhaul networks in place of, or addition to, traditional wireline (e.g., fiber optic) backhaul networks. In general, mmWave signals refer to wireless transmissions over carrier frequencies between 6 Gigahertz (GHz) and 300 GHz. Due to the free space path loss of carrier frequencies exceeding 6 GHz, mmWave signals tend to exhibit high, oftentimes unacceptable, packet loss rates when transmitted over relatively long distances. Beamforming may be used to extend the range of mmWave signals to a distance that is suitable for implementation in mesh backhaul networks. However, the highly directional nature of beamformed mmWave signals may have the unintended consequence of "pass through interference" between the nodes (e.g., access points, gateways, etc.) forming the mesh backhaul network.


An improved one-way fluid valve construction is provided. A valve housing (102) includes one or more valve ports (108) and control ports (110). A control member (304) is disposed within the control port (110). The control member (304) is movable within the control port (110) between a first position and a second position. A control rod (302) can extend between the control member (304) and a portion of the valve port (108). A control rod coupling (402) interacts with the control member (304) to cause a rotational or pivotal movement the control rod (302) through a predetermined angular arc in response to movement of the control member (304). A sealing face (404) formed on a second portion of the control rod (302) advantageously forms a seal with an orifice (316) that separates an input side of the valve port (108) from an output side. The seal can be formed when the control rod (302) is in a control rod sealed position. When the control rod (302) is rotated to a control rod unsealed position, the sealing face unseals from the orifice (316).

1. Statement of the Technical Field
The invention relates generally to check valves, and more particularly to an improved straight flow one-way valve for use as an intake or discharge (or delivery) valve in fluid compressors.
2. Description of the Related Art
Fluid compressors are used in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications. Some types of fluid compressor, such as reciprocating piston systems, typically require the use of some type of valve to control a flow of air. One type of valve that is commonly used in fluid compressors is called a check valve. Check valves generally allow a fluid, such as air, to pass in a first direction, but do not allow fluid to flow in an opposite direction. For example, such valves are often positioned so that a first valve allows fluid to flow into a cylinder of a reciprocating piston compressor during an intake stroke. A second valve is typically positioned for allowing fluid to flow out of the cylinder during a compression stroke.
A variety of different check valve designs have been proposed over the years. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,036,251 to Hartwick et al. discloses such a check valve. Still, there are a number of key design criteria for check valves that are subject to improvement. One design goal is increasing the equivalent orifice size of the check valve. Equivalent orifice is a term that compares the resistance that a fluid encounters passing through a valve opening to the resistance of a circular opening in a thin plate through which the same quantity of fluid flows under the same pressure. Another design goal is to improve reliability and longevity of the valve. Yet another design goal is to improve the manufacturability of high flow check valves.


A cable assembly and associated connector are provided. The cable assembly includes a connector and a length of cable for conducting an electrical current. The connector includes a connector body and a cap threadably engaging the connector body. The cap and connector body each include abutment surfaces arranged to interact with one another to provide a retention feature such that the cap is not inadvertently removed from the connector body.

Medical devices often use multi-polar electrode configurations in order to measure electrophysiological signals (such as those produced by muscle activity) and in order to send impulses into tissue (such as those used for muscle stimulation). The electrodes connected to the patient transmit impulses from generators to patients and/or physiological signals of patients to measuring devices. The proximal conductive extremities of many medical electrodes are pins. The electrode proximal pins often connect directly to devices and in some situations cables or extensions are connected to electrodes at one end and to devices at the other.
One method of connection to the aforementioned pins uses a cap that when screwed down reduces the diameter described by threaded claws contained internally within the cap. The claws are used to form a contact with the pin. To remove the connector from the pin, one simply unscrews the cap to increase the diameter described by the claws therein. As a result, a diametrical clearance is provided between the pin and the claws, allowing the pin to slide out of the claws.
While such a connection style has proven quite useful, when the connector is intended to be used repeatedly, unintended removal and loss of the above-described cap prevents reliable clamping and good contact. Absence of the cap thus compromises electrical conduction. The consequence of this may be failure of the medical device system due to poor electrode to device conductivity.
As such, there is a need in the art for a connector which overcomes the above deficiencies. These and other advantages of the invention, as well as additional inventive features, will be apparent from the description of the invention provided herein.


A digital filter has a plurality of filters, wherein each filter performs coefficient multiplication and delay processing for an input signal and an output signal, obtains the output signal from the input signal, and includes a plurality of coefficient multipliers for multiplying a signal by a predetermined coefficient. The digital filter also includes a plurality of delay circuits for delaying a signal, and an adder for adding a plurality of signals. A first RAM stores a plurality of sets of coefficient data for a plurality of coefficient multipliers of the first filter and stores delay data for the delay circuit of the second filter. A second RAM stores a plurality of sets of coefficient data for a plurality of coefficient multipliers of the second filter and stores delay data for the delay circuit of the first filter.

1. Technical Field
One or more embodiments of the present invention relate to an efficient utilization of memory in a digital filter.
2. Background Art
Digital processing is widely used in various types of signal processing and various types of digital filters are used.
FIG. 2 shows a first-order IIR filter as an example of a digital filter. An input signal In is multiplied by a coefficient a at a coefficient multiplier 10 after which a·In is input by an adder 12. The input signal In is delayed by a delay circuit 14, multiplied by a coefficient b at a coefficient multiplier 16, then input as b·Z1 by the adder 12.
An output of the adder 12 is output as an output signal Out and also delayed by a delay circuit 18, multiplied by a coefficient c at a coefficient multiplier 20, then input as c·Z2 by the adder 12.
Therefore, an operation of Out=a·In +b·Z1+c·Z2 is performed at the digital filter.
Here, coefficient data a, b, c and delay data Z1, Z2 are stored in memory (RAM), such as SRAM, and read therefrom. On the other hand, the operations of (1) a·In, (2) b·Z1, and (3) c·Z2 are performed for the abovementioned operation in one clock cycle. Thus, it is necessary for the coefficient data and the delay data to be respectively read simultaneously.
In this sort of instance, operational efficiency is better in a configuration having separate RAM units where the coefficients a, b, c are stored into a coefficient RAM and the delay data Z1, Z2 are stored into a delay RAM.
Here, when implementing the digital filter in hardware, there is often a restriction (capacity restriction) in the minimum value of RAM capacity. Namely, the RAM is a general-purpose storage member and the use of readily available RAM as a general-purpose circuit is unavoidable because the cost becomes high if one is fabricated for a special purpose. Accordingly, there may be instances where the coefficient RAM and the delay RAM have a capacity larger than necessary.
As a solution, one method uses a dual port SRAM, which is a single RAM capable of being simultaneously read from two ports. However, the dual port SRAM has a large area, which is inefficient, compared to a single port SRAM having the same capacity.

Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC


The invention relates to a method of manufacturing triazine, pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives of formula (I)

WO 2010/052569 describes certain triazine, pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives having PI3K and mTOR inhibiting properties, their use as pharmaceuticals and manufacturing processes thereof. The manufacturing methods described are suitable to produce the described compounds reliably, but only in laboratory size.
One particular triazine compound disclosed in WO 2010/052569 is the dual phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/mTOR inhibitor compound 5-(4,6-dimorpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine 1.

There remains a need for new solid forms for compound 1 suitable as active ingredients for medicaments, since this compound has hitherto only been available as an oil with low purity.
Biaryl structures such as compound 1 are often prepared using cross-coupling reactions. Among them, the Suzuki reaction is generally preferred due to the availability and the stability of organoboron reagents. However, organoboron reagents containing free amines present a particular challenge for cross-couplings since they are capable of poisoning the palladium-based catalyst and therefore diminishing the yield of desired product. In addition, the presence of a free amine generally leads to oily reagents that are not easy to isolate in pure form and above all difficult to handle in large scale syntheses.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Manufacturing process for triazine, pyrimidine and pyridine derivatives

Abstract: wherein U, V, W and Z are nitrogen or carbon atoms, whereby at least one of U, V and W is nitrogen, and the other substituents are defined as in the specification, by condensing a corresponding halo-triazine, pyrimidine or pyridine in a type of Suzuki coupling with a pyridyl- or pyrimidinyl-borane, wherein the amino function is protected as a formamidine. The invention further relates to suitable intermediates and methods of manufacturing of such intermediates. Furthermore the invention relates to pure 5-(4,6-dimorpholino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-amine in solid form.


A clutch arrangement includes a first shaft, a second shaft arranged coaxially to the first shaft, and a clutch for connecting the first shaft to the second shaft without play. An axis of rotation is defined in accordance with the two shafts, a circumferential direction is defined around the axis of rotation, and a radial direction is defined perpendicularly to the axis of rotation. In addition, the clutch includes at least one displacement element and at least one clutch element which is displaceable relative to the two shafts in the circumferential direction and/or in the radial direction, and wherein the displacement element is designed to press the clutch element against the first and/or second shaft without play in the circumferential direction and/or in the radial direction in order to compensate for play between the two shafts in circumferential direction and for inevitable manufacturing tolerances of axial and angular offsets of the two shafts.

The present invention relates to a coupling arrangement for the coaxial connection of two shafts. In particular, a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine is connected coaxially to an armature shaft of an electric machine. The invention also relates to a method for the mounting of the coupling arrangement.
Various arrangements for connecting an internal combustion engine to an electric machine and a motor vehicle are known from the prior art. In the prior art, use is normally made of belt drives for connecting the crankshaft to the armature shaft. In this case, the belt pulleys serve for compensation of torque fluctuations and for transmission of power without play. The use of the belt drive, and consequently also the non-coaxial arrangement of the electric machine with respect to the internal combustion engine, lead to a bulky construction. Furthermore, the belt drive requires maintenance.
It is an object of the present invention to specify a coupling arrangement for the coaxial connection of two shafts, which coupling arrangement, while being inexpensive with regard to production and mounting, requires little maintenance and operates quietly. It is also an object of the present invention to specify a corresponding method for the mounting of the coupling arrangement. The connection additionally has the task of compensating for coaxiality errors (angular and axial offsets) between the internal combustion engine and electric machine.
The object is achieved by means of the features of the independent claims. The dependent claims relate to advantageous refinements of the invention.
Thus, the object is achieved by means of a coupling arrangement comprising a first shaft, a second shaft and a coupling. The first shaft is in particular a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine in a motor vehicle. The second shaft is in particular an armature shaft of an electric machine. The electric machine is preferably operated as a high-voltage generator for generating electrical energy. Furthermore, the electric machine may also be used as an electric motor for starting the internal combustion engine. The case of the electric machine is preferably connected directly to the crankshaft case or the case of the internal combustion engine. The two shafts are arranged coaxially. This very compact and space-saving arrangement of the internal combustion engine and of the electric machine requires a special design of the coupling. To ensure quiet operation of the coupling with a low maintenance requirement, it is necessary to ensure transmission of power between the two shafts, in particular in both directions of rotation, without play. The coupling therefore comprises at least one motion element and one coupling element. The coupling element is arranged so as to be movable in a circumferential direction and/or in a radial direction. The motion element ensures that the coupling element abuts, or is pressed, against the respective shaft without play in a circumferential direction or a radial direction. Owing to the play-free abutment of the coupling element against the respective shaft, a torque can be transmitted between the two shafts without play.
It is provided in particular that the motion element is a spring and/or a hydraulic pressure chamber. The spring and/or the hydraulic pressure chamber is arranged in the coupling and presses the coupling element against the first or second shaft, so as to permit the play-free abutment and thus also the play-free transmission of power. Axial movements are also possible.
According to the invention, with regard to the exact design of the coupling arrangement, three variants are provided:
In the first variant, the coupling comprises a first toothed shaft, a second toothed shaft and a third toothed shaft. The three toothed shafts form coupling elements. The first toothed shaft is spaced apart from the second toothed shaft. The third toothed shaft is situated between the first toothed shaft and the second toothed shaft. The three toothed shafts are arranged coaxially along the axis of rotation. The first toothed shaft is connected to the second toothed shaft by way of a torsion spring. Accordingly, the first toothed shaft and the second toothed shaft are each connected rotationally conjointly, for example by way of a polygonal formation, to the torsion spring. In this variant, the torsion spring forms the motion element. The torsion spring causes the first toothed shaft to abut without play against the first shaft and the second toothed shaft to abut without play against the second shaft; this is achieved by virtue of the power flow between the two shafts being established via the third toothed shaft.
In particular, it is provided that the first shaft comprises a first shaft toothing and the second shaft comprises a second shaft toothing. The two shaft toothings are, in particular, internal toothings on the crankshaft and on the armature shaft. In the mounted state of the coupling arrangement, the first shaft toothing meshes both with the first toothed shaft and with the third toothed shaft, and the second shaft toothing meshes with the second toothed shaft and simultaneously with the third toothed shaft.
For the compensation of manufacturing-induced errors with regard to axial offset and angle, the toothing is of flank-centered configuration and is of crowned form at both ends of the toothed shaft.
The third toothed shaft is preferably of internally hollow form. In this way, it is possible for the torsion spring to extend through the third toothed shaft. The first toothed shaft and the second toothed shaft are seated on the two ends of the torsion spring. The third toothed shaft is preferably arranged so as to be rotatable relative to the torsion spring.
The first toothed shaft and the second toothed shaft are preferably rotated relative to one another, such that the torsion spring is braced. The first shaft, in particular the first shaft toothing, abuts either against the first toothed shaft or against the third toothed shaft depending on direction of rotation. Likewise, the second shaft toothing may abut either against the second toothed shaft or against the third toothed shaft. The different directions of rotation arise in accordance with whether the electric machine is operated as a generator or as a motor. By virtue of the fact that in each case the tooth flanks of the first toothed shaft and of the third toothed shaft, and of the second toothed shaft and of the third toothed shaft, respectively, are available to the shaft toothings, play-free transmission of power between the crankshaft and the armature shaft is possible.
In the second variant, the coupling is designed as an Oldham coupling. For this purpose, the coupling comprises a main body. The main body comprises a projection on each side. The first projection engages into a groove of the first shaft. The second projection engages into a groove of the second shaft. The projections which engage into the grooves permit, to a limited extent, compensation of a radial and axial offset between the two shafts.
In the second variant, the motion element is preferably a spring and/or a hydraulic pressure chamber. The coupling element is in the form of at least one piston. The piston is guided in a linearly movable manner in the main body. The spring and/or the hydraulic pressure chamber cause(s) the piston to be forced away from the main body. As a result, the piston abuts in the groove of the respective shaft and ensures a play-free transmission of power.
It is provided in particular that at least one piston is provided on that side of the main body which faces toward the first shaft, that is to say on the first projection, and that at least one piston is likewise arranged on the side facing toward the second shaft, that is to say on the second projection.
In a particularly preferred embodiment, in each case multiple pistons are arranged in both projections of the main body. Each piston is subjected to load at least by a spring, and may furthermore be pushed outward by way of a dedicated hydraulic pressure chamber.
Corresponding hydraulic ducts in the main body serve for a supply of pressure to the hydraulic pressure chambers. In particular, the hydraulic pressure from the lubricant supply of the internal combustion engine is used for this purpose.
A preferred check valve in the hydraulic ducts ensures the pressure in the hydraulic pressure chambers below the individual pistons is adequately maintained. It is preferable for small outlet openings to be provided in the pistons. Via said small outlet openings, hydraulic oil emerges from the hydraulic pressure chambers onto the surface of the pistons. This leads to a throttled dissipation of the pressure in the hydraulic pressure chambers, and simultaneously to lubrication of the sliding surfaces between the coupling and the two shafts.
The force of the springs and/or the force of the hydraulic pressure chambers do not need to be of such a magnitude as to constantly force the pistons away from the main body. It is adequate for the pistons to abut against the two shafts at least during a change in the direction of rotation. With increasing torque, the pistons are then pushed into the main body. In this case, the hydraulic oil is conveyed out of the hydraulic pressure chambers to the outside preferably via the outlet openings.
In the third variant, the coupling is in the form of a claw coupling. In this case, the coupling comprises a first ring which is arranged rotationally conjointly on the first shaft, a second ring which is arranged rotationally conjointly on the second shaft, and a compensation ring which is arranged between the two shafts. In this case, the compensation ring constitutes the movable coupling element. The first ring comprises first claws. The second ring comprises second claws. The compensation ring comprises compensation claws. The compensation ring is movable to a limited extent relative to the two shafts. The first claws, the second claws and the compensation claws engage with one another. Limited compensation of a radial and axial offset is thus possible depending on the size of the claws. Viewing the arrangement in a circumferential direction, in each case one compensation claw is situated between a first claw and a second claw. A spring in the form of a helical compression spring or a plate spring is arranged at least between one second claw and one compensation claw. The spring is supported with one end against a second claw and with the other end against a compensation claw. The compensation claw in turn presses against a first claw, whereby said first claw is pressed against a following second claw. The spring thus serves for pressing the second claws against the first claws in the direction of the output effective torque.
In particular, pockets are provided in the compensation claws, such that the springs can be arranged partially in said pockets. In the event of a change in direction of the torque, the springs are compressed to such an extent as to be seated entirely in the pockets. The compensation claws thus abut against the second claws.
For the mounting of the second ring on the second shaft, a conical clamping element is preferably used.
The first shaft is preferably of conical form. An internal cone corresponding thereto is preferably formed on the first ring. A clamping screw and a clamping disk are preferably used in addition to said conical connection. The clamping screw is preferably screwed into the face side of the first shaft, in order thereby to hold the first ring on the first shaft.
The invention preferably encompasses a control unit for the control and/or regulation of the electric machine, wherein the control unit is designed to actuate the electric machine in such a way as to compensate for rotational irregularities. For example, rotational irregularities arise at the crankshaft in a manner dependent on the number of cylinders in the internal combustion engine. These rotational irregularities can be compensated for through corresponding actuation of the electric machine.
The invention furthermore encompasses a method for mounting a coupling arrangement as per the first variant described above. Said method comprises the following steps: (i) bracing the torsion spring by rotating the first toothed shaft relative to the second toothed shaft, (ii) inserting a first rotation prevention means, which fixes the first toothed shaft relative to the third toothed shaft, and a second rotation prevention means, which fixes the second toothed shaft relative to the third toothed shaft, (iii) mounting the first toothed shaft on the first shaft and mounting the second toothed shaft on the second shaft, and (iv) releasing the two rotation prevention means.
In particular, it is preferably provided that the release of the two rotation prevention means takes place at the same time as the first and second toothed shafts are mounted on the first and second shafts. In this case, the rotation prevention means is displaced as a result of the respective toothed shaft being pushed into the internal toothing on the crankshaft or armature shaft. This causes the rotation prevention means to be released.
There are two preferred options for the rotation prevention means: firstly, the rotation prevention means may be in the form of a sleeve. Secondly, the rotation prevention means may be in the form of pins.
The sleeve is pushed on after the bracing of the torsion spring, such that an internal toothing on the sleeve meshes simultaneously with the first toothed shaft and the third toothed shaft, and with the second toothed shaft and the third toothed shaft, respectively. The sleeves are preferably pushed inward when the coupling is mounted on the two shafts. After the mounting process, the sleeves are preferably seated fully on the third toothed shaft. After the mounting process, the sleeves perform no further function but preferably remain on the third toothed shaft.
As an alternative to the sleeves, use may be made of the pins. The pins engage into the face sides of the toothed shafts. After the bracing of the torsion spring, the pins are positioned so as to fix the first toothed shaft relative to the third toothed shaft, and the second toothed shaft relative to the third toothed shaft, respectively such that relaxation of the torsion spring is no longer possible. During the mounting of the coupling arrangement, the pins are displaced, in particular inwardly into the third toothed shaft.
It is also possible for a sleeve to be used as rotation prevention means at one side of the coupling, and for the pins to be used as rotation prevention means at the other side.
For the bracing of the torsion spring, the following method sequence in particular is provided: by rotating the first and/or second toothed shaft, the torsion spring is braced until a desired spring force is measured. It is advantageous to utilize the material plasticization (similarly to expanding screws) for the exact setting of the spring force. The spring force thus remains virtually constant over a wide "tightening angle" and is determined primarily by the spring diameter. The first toothed shaft and/or second toothed shaft are/is thereupon rotated further or backward until the toothings of the three toothed shafts coincide such that the sleeve can be pushed on. If the pins are used, forward or backward rotation is performed until the holes of the pins are aligned, and thus the pins can be inserted.
Further details, features and advantages of the invention will emerge from the following description and from the figures, in which:
Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of one or more preferred embodiments when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft


The present invention L elates to a door buck spreader having the capability to support and transport a door buck, or door frame, from its time of construction to its time of final installation. This spreader is a self-contained unit that does not require any additional support members or apparatus. The spreader is capable of setting standard size door and window bucks to bucks as large as eight feet across. The present invention is capable of precise adjustment due to the intel action between a threaded core member and two elongated tubular elements that each engage the core in one end and are rigidly attached to frame mounts at the other ends thereof. The present invention is further capable of adapting to most any door buck by means of longitudinally and laterally displaceable spacer elements and securing such door bucks to the spreader itself by means of a frame clamp assembly.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to spacers and spreaders used in the construction, installation, and transportation of door bucks. Devices and apparatus exist that allow carpenters and other individuals in construction to create, move about, and install these door bucks while on a construction site. Many of these inventions, however, are bulky and unwieldy, making them difficult to be operated by a single individual. Furthermore, those inventions preceding the present invention that are to be utilized by a single individual by simplification of design and size are unable to provide all of the stability and support of the present invention. The need exists for a door buck spreader that is adjustable to every standard, and some non-standard, door buck, capable of rigidly supporting the door buck during transportation via wheels incorporated within the spreader itself, as well as rigid and accurate support of the door buck during installation.
2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART
The necessity for carpenters to have equipment capable of assisting them in duties that are performed time and time again has not changed. In the art of carpentry, especially that of building construction, hundreds of doors and windows may be required to be installed within a single structure. The present invention facilitates the ease by which a carpenter may accomplish this task by creating an adjustable, portable door buck spreader.
In the past, previous individuals have attempted to create a device that could accommodate the carpenter n such duties. U.S. Pat. Nos. 751,050 and 2,881,813, issued to Charles L. Bronk and Francois Lacoste, respectively, disclose door, as well as window, frame setting machines and devices. However, not only are these devices large and cumbersome, requiring the devices to contact, and in certain instances, physically damage, the surrounding floors, walls, and ceilings, they also do not allow for the transportation of the door or window frame from a place cf construction to a desired final location.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,168,305, issued Feb. 2, 1965 to William F. Lee, discloses a door jamb setter that is capable of being fully retained within the confines of the door frame. A pair of right angle brackets and a pair of horizontally disposed adjustable arms are the essence of the invention. However, in order to utilized Lee's door jamb setter, selected brackets must be physically attached to the door frame to be set. Further, additional openings must be drilled, bored, or like-wise created within the door frame. Hence, although Lee's invention proposes to be a cost efficient and simple device to aid a carpenter in the installation of a door frame, it incurs a great deal of permanent damage to the door frame being placed in order for the device to be effective.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,199,206, issued on Aug. 10, 1965 to Rex J. Snapp, discloses a door frame profile gauge for plumbing a door frame so that a wall may be constructed thereabout. Further review of Snapp's door gauge reveals to a reader the complexity thereof, and although presenting an adjustable, horizontal spacing arm incorporated within the overall device, this horizontal arm is seen as an integral part of Snapp's invention and would not be functional without the ceiling beam engaging members that constitute the entire gauge. As would follow, since the device is incorporated into the ceiling of a room adjacent the door frame, it would not be readily accessible for movement thereof once the gauge has been attached to the ceiling and the door frame has been secured therein.
Lastly, U.S. Pat. No. 3,851,868, issued on Dec. 3, 1974 to Guy Lagasse, discloses an adjustable door buck spreader capable of being used by itself to rigidly support a door frame with magnetic feet, capable of offset positioning thereof for wider door bucks, that contact the door buck. It is noted, however, that the Lagasse patent does not possess means to fully clamp the door buck, nor wheels to move the door buck about.
None of the above inventions and patents, taken either singly or in combination, is seen o describe the instant invention as claimed.


An ablation assembly has an advancer mechanism coupled to a proximal end of a driveshaft, and an ablation device, such as a rotatable burr, coupled to a distal end of the driveshaft. The advancer mechanism is moveable from a first position forward along a path of motion, the ablation device being advanced as the advancer mechanism is moved forward. A stop extends into the path of motion of the advancer mechanism by a sufficient amount to stop the forward motion of the advancer mechanism when it contacts the stop. The stop is secured at a location spaced forward from the starting position of the advancer mechanism by a distance equal to the length of a lesion to be ablated.

Vascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis and the like, have become quite prevalent in the modern day. These diseases may manifest themselves in a number of ways, often requiring different forms or methods of treatment for curing the adverse effects of the diseases. For example, vascular diseases may take the form of deposits or growths in a patient's vasculature which may restrict, in the case of a partial occlusion, or, stop, in the case of a total occlusion, blood flow to a certain portion of the patient's body. This can be particularly serious if, for example, such an occlusion occurs in a portion of the vasculature that supplies vital organs with blood or other necessary fluids.
To treat these diseases, a number of different therapies have been developed. For example, treatment devices have been developed that remove the material occluding a vascular lumen. Such treatment devices, sometimes referred to as atherectomy devices or ablation devices, use a variety of material removal means, such as rotating cutters or ablaters for example, to remove the occluding material. (The term "atherectomy device" as used in the specification refers to ablation devices for use in any portion of a patient's vasculature. Thus, while the atherectomy devices provided in accordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention are well suited for use in the coronary arteries, their use is not limited to the coronary arteries.) The material removal device, such as a rotatable burr, is typically rotated via a driveshaft that extends out of the vasculature of the patient and to an electric motor.
In operation, an ablation device is typically advanced over a guide wire placed in vivo until the material removal device is positioned just proximal to the occluded site. The motor is used to rotate the driveshaft and the material removal device, and the material removal device is moved through the occluded vessel. The material removal device removes the material from the vessel, rather than merely displacing or reforming the material as in a balloon angioplasty procedure.
Although such types of ablation devices provide desirable results, it is sometimes difficult to operate them strictly within preferred operating parameters. For example, it is desirable to only operate the material removal device while it is in contact with the lesion to be ablated. However, with conventional systems, once the ablation device works through a distal end of the lesion, the sudden lack of resistance causes the ablation device to dart forward. Such darting may result in unwanted ablation of a vessel wall, and is typically accompanied by an undesirably large rpm drop. More particularly, when in use, a material removal device, such as a rotatable burr, is spun at approximately 180,000 rpm. When the burr engages the lesion or unwanted deposits, the ablation process causes a drop of approximately 5,000 rpm. It is desirable to maintain a consistent rpm drop of approximately 5,000 during ablation of the lesion. If an excessive rpm drop occurs, it is typically accompanied by increased torque and an undesirable increase in heat, as well as an increase in quantity and size of particles generated by the ablation. Furthermore, if the ablation device darts forward far enough, it may engage a spring tip located at a distal end of a guide wire. The friction caused by the rotating ablation device may generate sufficient heat to weld the burr to the spring tip of the guide wire.
Given the considerations discussed above, it would be desirable to provide an ablation device that is easier to operate within selected parameters. The present invention fulfills this need, and provides further related advantages.


A railcar steering bogie includes: a bogie frame supporting a bolster such that the bolster is swingable relative to the bogie frame about a vertical axis; two wheelsets each including an axle and a pair of wheels; and a steering mechanism configured to steer at least one of the two wheelsets in accordance with the swinging of the bolster relative to the bogie frame. The steering mechanism includes: a steering lever configured to turn relative to the bogie frame about a fulcrum axis; a coupling link coupling the bolster and the steering lever and configured to operate in conjunction with the swinging of the bolster relative to the bogie frame; and a steering link coupled to the steering lever and configured to steer the wheelset in conjunction with the turning of the steering lever. The steering link is coupled to the steering lever by a pin member.

As a railcar bogie, there exists a steering bogie capable of changing directions of wheelsets in a yawing direction. Known as one example of such steering bogie is a steering bogie of PTL 1. The steering bogie of PTL 1 includes a link mechanism (Z link), and the Z link includes a vertical link and two horizontal links. The vertical link is attached to a bogie frame so as to be turnable and is coupled to a carbody through a parallel link. Further, the two horizontal links are attached to the vertical link. The two horizontal links extend from the vertical link to one side and the other side in a forward/rearward direction and are attached to respective axle boxes provided at respective wheelsets. When the steering bogie 1 configured as above travels through a curved line, the carbody and the bogie swing relative to each other, and the vertical link turns. With this, the two horizontal links move the axle boxes in such directions that the axle boxes get close to each other or separate from each other. Thus, the directions of the wheelsets in the yawing direction are changed.


A method of switching on a voltage supply of a voltage domain of a semiconductor circuit includes switching, initially, a first switchable element, via which elements of the voltage domain are connected to a supply voltage of the semiconductor circuit, to a conductive state. The method includes switching, after a predetermined period of time, a second switchable element, via which elements of the voltage domain are connected to the supply voltage of the semiconductor circuit, to a conductive state. The driving capacity of the first switchable element is less than the driving capacity of the second switchable element.

The switching-off of unrequired circuit blocks of a semiconductor circuit is an established process for drastically reducing leakage current losses in parts of the circuit which are temporarily unrequired. This process is extremely important, specifically in circuits which are critical with respect to power consumption such as, for example, in baseband circuits, in order to achieve a long standby time. For this purpose, a connection between a local ground of the circuit part to be switched off and the ground of the semiconductor circuit is nowadays usually interrupted using a single switch, such as a large negative metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (NMOSFET) which has a low leakage current and is controlled via a central voltage supply signal. Similar solutions are also possible using a positive metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (PMOSFET) and VDD switching. After switching-off, the inner capacitors of the switched-off circuit blocks are charged to VDD. After switching-on again, these capacitors have to be discharged again. During the re-switching-on procedure, uncontrolled switching processes (e.g., glitches, spikes) may occur, which cause, in addition to the discharge current for the capacitors, an additional current on supply lines of the semiconductor circuit. High current peaks should therefore be accommodated for shortly after switching on a circuit block again.
These current peaks, together with the inductors and the resistors of the supply voltage network of the semiconductor circuit, provide an excessive rise and/or fall in the supply voltage (resistive-inductive-capacitive (RLC) oscillator) and also disturb adjacent logic circuits which have not been switched off. However, the switching-off of the voltage supply of a voltage domain can also lead to high voltage peaks, as sudden changes which occur to a current during switching-off lead to voltage peaks, given correspondingly large inductances and low resistive attenuation. It is therefore desirable to monitor and minimize the current and voltage peaks during the switching-on and off of temporarily switched-off circuit blocks.
For these and other reasons, there is a need for the present invention.

Switching voltage supply of voltage domain of semiconductor circuit


An electrostatic discharge (ESD) device used with a high-voltage input pad is described. The ESD device serves as a secondary device of a two-stage protection circuit, and comprises a substrate, a first MOS transistor and a second MOS transistor. The first MOS transistor is disposed on the substrate and comprises a first gate, a first drain and a first source, wherein the first gate is coupled to a bias Vg1, and the first drain is coupled to the high-voltage input pad. The second MOS transistor is disposed on the substrate and comprises a second gate, a second drain and a second source, wherein the second gate and the second source are both grounded, and the second drain is electrically connected with the first source of the first MOS transistor.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to an electrostatic discharge (ESD) device. More particularly, the present invention relates to an ESD device that is used with a high-voltage input pad.
2. Description of Related Art
Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a phenomenon where electrostatic charges migrate from a non-conductive surface via conductive material. Since an electrostatic voltage is usually quite high, the ESD phenomenon can easily damage the substrate and other components of an integrated circuit. For example, an electrostatic voltage from hundreds to thousands of volts can be created on a human body walking on a carpet under a higher relative humidity, while more than 10,000 volts can be created under a lower relative humidity. Also, an electrostatic voltage from hundreds to thousands of volts can be created in machines for packaging or testing integrated circuits. Therefore, when a human body or a machine carrying electrostatic charges contacts with a chip, a large transient ESD current is generated damaging or destroying the integrated circuits on the chip.
To protect the integrated circuits from being damaged by ESD, ESD devices capable of conducting an ESD current to ground are incorporated into the integrated circuits. The ESD devices used in electrically programmable non-volatile memory devices, most of which use a high voltage, such as 12.5 V, to generate hot electrons for programming, must be specially designed to fit with high voltages. One type of ESD protection circuit frequently used for protecting such memory devices is the two-stage circuit described below.
FIG. 1 illustrates a programmable memory apparatus and a two-stage protection circuit thereof in the prior art.
Referring to FIG. 1, a programmable memory device 101 is disposed on a substrate 100 with a high-voltage input pad 102 electrically connected thereto for providing a high voltage in a programming operation. A two-stage protection circuit 108 is coupled between the memory device 101 and the high-voltage input pad 102 to protect the memory device 101 from being damaged by ESD.
The two-stage protection circuit 108 comprises a primary device 104, a secondary device 106 and a resistor 110 coupled between them. As an ESD event happens to the programmable memory apparatus via the high-voltage input pad 102, the first device 104 serves to shunt most ESD current. The second device 106 therefore can provide the memory device 101 with a clamping voltage within a safe range.
In the prior art, a gate-grounded NMOS (GGNMOS) transistor is used as the second device 106 in the two-stage protection circuit 108. The second device 106 consisting of a single GGNMOS is illustrated in FIG. 2, wherein the gate and the source of the GGNMOS are both grounded.
However, such a secondary device has a disadvantage that its breakdown voltage is lower than the programming voltage of a non-volatile memory device that uses hot electrons for programming. Therefore, the ESD protection mechanism (breakdown mechanism) of the secondary device is triggered on programming, and a severe leakage is caused interfering with the programming operation. For example, an ordinary gate bias for hot-electron programming is about 10 V, while the breakdown voltage of a GGNMOS transistor is merely 9.5 V. Since the programming voltage of 10 V immediately causes a breakdown of the GGNMOS transistor, the programming operation cannot be well done.
Accordingly, this invention provides an ESD device used with a high-voltage input pad. The ESD device serves as a secondary device in a two-stage protection circuit, and provides a higher breakdown voltage as compared with the conventional secondary device.
The ESD device used with a high-voltage input pad of this invention comprises a substrate, a first NMOS transistor and a second NMOS transistor. The first NMOS transistor is disposed on the substrate and comprises a first gate, a first source and a first drain, and is preferably one without lightly doped drain regions, i.e., a non-LDD NMOS transistor. In this invention, the first gate is coupled to a positive bias Vg1, such as 3.3 V, and the first drain is coupled to the high-voltage input pad that provides a voltage higher than 10 V during a programming operation. The second NMOS transistor is also disposed on the substrate and comprises a second gate, a second drain and a second source, wherein the second gate and the second source are both grounded, and the second drain is electrically connected with the first source of the first NMOS transistor. With the first NMOS transistor, the breakdown voltage of the secondary device can be raised to 12.7 V.
This invention also provides a programmable memory apparatus, which comprises a substrate, a memory device, a high-voltage input pad and a two-stage protection circuit. The memory device and the high-voltage input pad are disposed on the substrate, and are electrically connected with each other. The two-stage protection circuit is disposed on the substrate and coupled between the memory device and the high-voltage input pad, and comprises a primary device, a secondary device and a resistor coupled between them. The secondary device comprises a substrate, a first NMOS transistor and a second NMOS transistor. The first NMOS transistor Is disposed on the substrate and comprises a first gate, a first drain and a first source, and is preferably one without lightly doped drain regions, i.e., a non-LDD NMOS transistor. In this invention, the first gate is coupled to a bias Vg1, such as 3.3 V, and the first drain is coupled to the high-voltage input pad that provides an input voltage higher than 10 V during a programming operation. The second NMOS transistor is also disposed on the substrate and comprises a second gate, a second drain and a second source, wherein the second gate and the second source are both grounded, and the second drain is electrically connected with the first source of the first NMOS transistor. With the first NMOS transistor, the breakdown voltage of the secondary device can be raised to 12.7 V. Therefore, when the memory device is being programmed with a high voltage up to 10 V, the ESD protection mechanism of the secondary device is not triggered, and the programming operation can be implemented successfully.
By using the ESD device of this invention as the secondary device in a two-stage protection circuit used with a high-voltage input pad, the breakdown voltage of the secondary device can be raised effectively. Therefore, a leakage of the secondary device can be effectively prevented.
Accordingly, in the programmable memory apparatus of this invention, the ESD device of the invention does not only protect the memory device from being damaged by ESD, but also fits with the high voltages required in a programming operation.
It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary, and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed.

ESD device used with high-voltage input pad


An exhaust diffuser hub disposed at a longitudinal center of an exhaust diffuser is provided. The exhaust diffuser hub includes a hub extension extending from a downstream end thereof in a longitudinal direction of the exhaust diffuser. A transverse cross-sectional area of the hub extension is smaller than a transverse cross-sectional area of the hub.

A gas turbine includes a compressor, a combustor, and a turbine. The compressor compresses air by a plurality of compressor blades to generate compressed air which is in a high-temperature and high-pressure state. The combustor mixes the compressed air supplied from the compressor with fuel and burns a mixture thereof by a burner to generate high-temperature and high-pressure combustion gas which is discharged to the turbine. The turbine includes a plurality of turbine blades rotated by the combustion gas, thereby generating power. The generated power is used in various fields, such as power generation and machine driving. For example, the gas turbine is used for driving a power generator, an aircraft, a locomotive, or the like.
After rotating the turbine blades, the combustion gas may be exhausted to outside through an exhaust diffuser located on the turbine. However, in order to form an annular exhaust space of the exhaust diffuser, a conical hub and a conical casing located concentric with and outside the conical hub are necessary, and a strut connecting and supporting the conical hub and the conical casing is radially provided.
While a diameter of the conical hub located at a longitudinal center of the exhaust diffuser is substantially constant, a diameter of the conical casing gradually increases in a downstream direction. Thus, at a distal end at which the conical hub terminates, there is a sudden expansion in a flow space. Due to this sudden expansion section of the flow space, a sudden change in pressure occurs in a flow of combustion gas, thereby causing a loss. A portion of the flow drawn into the end of the conical hub is not properly joined, thereby forming a long flow separation section at a rear of the conical hub.
Pressure loss and flow separation occurring inside the exhaust diffuser may lower the efficiency of exhaust and have an adverse effect on the overall efficiency of a composite power generation system provided by connecting a heat recovery system generator (HRSG) and a steam turbine with respect to a gas turbine.

Exhaust diffuser hub structure for reducing flow separation


A more efficient and user pleasant delivery of web content is realized for the transmission of markup language based files that include multipart information. Knowing that a receiving device maintains a cache of previously received objects, a markup language file is parsed to identify multipart objects prior to transmission. A cache simulator is established for each particular connection and is used to simulate the contents of the destination cache. Upon identifying a multipart object in a markup language file that is stored in the cache simulator, the object is filtered out of the file prior to transmission. The destination can pull this information from its local cache. Thus, the amount of information transmitted is reduced.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to telecommunication, and more particularly, to the field of data communication that is using Multi-Parts.
2. Description of Background Art
During the recent years, with the immense expansion of the Internet and devices used to access the same, there has been a significant increase in the usage of data communications. For example, there are many users that rely on the use of data communication while using a Browser application to surf the network and to retrieve information embedded within web pages stored in one or more servers. A common data communication session can be based on a data communication protocol, such as but not limited to, the Internet Protocol (IP). A "Web page" is a file or document created for use in the World Wide Web environment (hereinafter, "Web"). Web pages are typically located using a "URL," or Uniform Resource Locator, which is a form of address adapted for use in the distributed network environment of the Web. Web pages are typically encoded in a Markup Language (ML) such as but not limited to, Hyper Text Markup Language, or (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML), Wireless Markup Language (WML), XHTML, etc. Some of those languages can be used by cellular devices. A browser is a software application at a user device that is adapted to process Web documents.
In addition to web pages, other content pages may be created by using Markup Languages. Those pages can be used over private networks, portals, organizational servers, etc. Henceforth, the description of the present invention may use the term 'web page' as a representative term for any of the above group.
A common Web page includes a plurality of links to other pages or information. Some of the links are associated with objects of text as well as graphics, images, sound files, and perhaps video that belongs to the same web page. Usually those links are selected automatically by the browser while processing the current web page. The discloser of this application refers to those links as browser's links. Other links may be associated with other web pages, which are selected by the user according to his preference. Those links are referred to as user's links.
Designers of web pages often times use browser links for associating or accessing certain objects of a web page instead of placing these objects in their location in the page or embedding them within the web page. Using browser links increases the flexibility for making subsequent changes or modifications to the page. For example, replacing a certain image on a browser link based web page can be accomplished simply by changing the appropriate browser link. However, using browser links increases the downloading time of a web page. The downloading time is increased because for each browser link, obtaining the object(s) that is associated with the browser link requires additional requesting processes with a server that is indicated by the browser link. The effect of the increased download time, which is due to fetching the objects associated with the browser links (or rendering the links), is further increased and problematic when the downloading is performed over a connection with a low transfer rate. Similarly, another disadvantage of a browser link based web page is when the transfer is conducted over an expensive connection.
To over come the disadvantages of retrieving or rendering browser links by the browser, there are web pages that are configured to include objects that are pointed to by browser links. These objects are added to the web page and the web page is configured according to the Multi-Part Internet Mail Extensions ("MIME") standard. The HTTP header of such a web page may include, for example, the content type "multipart/mixed" to indicate that a multipart message is mixed with the page. There are browser applications, such as but not limited to Openwave® Mobile Browser (a trademark of Openwave Systems Inc.) or Opera Mobile Browser (a trademark of Opera Software ASA), which are adapted to process multipart pages. Usually these browsers and web pages are utilized in a cellular platform, such as but not limited to the Nokia 6630 or the SonyEricson P800, etc. However, the present invention is not limited to surfing by using cellular platform only.
More information on MIME can be found in RFC (Request for Comments) 1521, "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part One: Mechanisms for Specifying and Describing the Format of Internet Message Bodies" and RFC 1522, "MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) Part Two: Message Header Extensions for Non-ASCII Text", which are incorporated herein by reference. Additional information can be found in the following websites: http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2387.html; http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc1341/7—2_Multipart.html; http://rfc.net/rfc1521.html or http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc1521.html; http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2045.html; http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2046.html; http://www.faqs.org/rfcs/rfc2110.html. The content of those websites is herein incorporated by reference.
During a particular surfing session, one or more browser links may be presented at two or more locations of the same web page, or may also appear in another web page. In such a case, if a multipart page is used, a transmitted web page or consecutive web pages may include one or more objects that are associated with those repeated links. As such, some or all of these objects may already be stored in a cache of the surfing device from a previous web page or previous location in the same web page.
Therefore, there is a need for a system and a method for identifying multipart objects that may be stored in a cache of a surfing device and then to remove those repeated multipart objects from a multipart web page that is currently being transmitted to the user. Furthermore, an alternate system may be adapted to learn and estimate the size of the cache of the current surfing device. Based on this estimation, a decision can be made whether to remove a multipart object or not.

Method and system for accelerating data communication that is using multipart


Provided in one example is a method. The method includes generating, using a processor, data of a negative of an image to be printed on a print medium. The method includes determining, using the processor, a moisture profile of a print job, which print job includes the image and the negative, using data of the image and the data of the negative. The method includes generating, using the processor, printing instructions of the print job using at least the determined moisture profile. The method includes printing the print job on the print medium using at least the printing instructions.

A fluid-ejection device is a type of device that dispenses fluid in a controlled manner. For example, one type of fluid-ejection device is an inkjet-printing device, in which ink is ejected onto media to form an image on the print media. Furthermore, a roller-based fluid-ejection device includes printheads that eject fluid onto media as the media moves past a series of rollers. One type of printing system may print and dry images on a web of medium.
The same part numbers designate the same or similar parts throughout the figures.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A decoking tool includes a tool body, a diverter plate, a diverter body, a plurality of flow paths and a shifting apparatus. The plurality of flow paths may include a clearing flow path, a cutting flow path and a boring flow path each having a nozzle. The nozzle that terminates the clearing flow path can be directed substantially upwards during normal operation. The shifting apparatus can be operatively coupled to the diverter plate and/or the diverter body such that upon operation of the shifting apparatus, the diverter plate and the diverter body rotate relative to one another to substantially align a selection orifice and at least one of a clearing orifice, a cutting orifice and a boring orifice to establish fluid communication between the fluid inlet and the respective nozzle.

During the distillation of heavy oils to remove valuable lighter distillates, some of the lightest constituents are removed in a fractionation vessel. For example, in a delayed coker operation of a petroleum refinery, heavy hydrocarbon (oil) is heated to about 900° F.—about 1000° F. (about 482° C. to about 538° C.) in large fired heaters and transferred to cylindrical vessels known as coke drums which can be as large as about 30 feet (about 9.1 meters) in diameter and about 140 feet (about 42.7 meters) in height. The heated oil releases its hydrocarbon vapors for processing into useful products, leaving behind solid petroleum coke which may accumulate in the drum and may reduce the efficacy of the drum for further hydrocarbon processing. The accumulated coke may be broken up and removed from the drum in the decoking cycle of the coker operation in order to prepare the coke drum for further hydrocarbon processing. Decoking may be accomplished, for example, by using high-pressure water directed through nozzles of a decoking (or coke cutting) tool.
Since flows of about 1000 gallons per minute (gpm) (about 3.79 cubic meters per minute) at about 3000 to about 6000 pounds per square inch (psi) (about 20, 684 kPa to about 41,368 kPa) can be used for such operations, it is neither practical nor desirable to open drilling and cutting nozzles at the same time. Thus diverter valves may direct the flow to the selected nozzles as required for the decoking operation. There are two commonly used diverter valve designs, both of which are complex, require numerous components, and require a very high level of precision in their manufacture in order to function. One such valve is a reciprocatable sleeve type valve having radial ports which selectively align with corresponding ports in the valve body to direct flow to either the drilling or cutting nozzles. The other is a rotatable sleeve, again having ports for selective alignment with corresponding ports of the valve body.
Many decoking tools have downward-oriented drilling or boring nozzles and sideward-oriented cutting nozzles. Decoking can be accomplished using the nozzles in two phases. First, a pilot hole, about 3 feet (about 0.9 meters) to about 4 feet (about 1.2 meters) in diameter, is cut, or drilled, downward from the top of the drum through the coke bed using the boring nozzles of the decoking tool. Then, the decoking tool is raised to the top of the vessel where either the whole tool or the cutting mode is engaged to use the cutting nozzles, and the tool, rotated and moved vertically downward in the pilot hole, cuts the balance of the coke and flushes it out the open bottom of the drum. In some aggressive operations, to reduce decoking time, the tool is changed to the cutting nozzles at the bottom of the drum, and the tool, rotated and moved vertically upward in the pilot hole, cuts the balance of the coke and flushes it out the open bottom of the drum. In this way, the raising step is skipped.
Removal of the tool from the drum to either change it out or to change its cutting mode is a cumbersome and time-consuming operation which, considering the cost and limited number of coke vessels, can significantly impact the production capacity of a refinery. Thus, there has been a continuing interest in combination decoking tools which are capable of remotely activated cutting mode shifting. For a long time, all attempts at providing such tools have failed because of mechanical jamming of mode shifting mechanisms caused by suspended coke debris in the cutting fluid. The debris is the result of recycling of the cutting fluid. Since all previous designs included some form of shuttle valve driven by through-flowing cutting fluid, all were subject to jamming due to debris carried in the cutting fluid which settled or was filtered out of the fluid and gathered between sliding surfaces of valve members. Thus, the very fluid needed to operate the shifting mechanism was the ultimate cause of the failure of the mechanism. In addition, these designs accomplished cutting mode shifting by application of full cutting fluid pressure, thereby increasing friction forces and exacerbating the jamming tendency of the debris-laden shuttle devices.
To overcome difficulties associated with the shuttle-based valve designs, the assignee of the present invention developed a relatively trouble-free, manually shiftable, combination decoking tool; such device is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,816,505, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. Additionally, a remotely operated cutting mode shifting apparatus for a decoking tool was developed and was described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,644,567 which is commonly owned herewith and is incorporated herein by reference.
Even with properly-functioning decoking tools, a coke bed may collapse during the decoking operation, particularly during aggressive operation, and trap the decoking tool within the drum. Once entrapped, the decoking tool is relatively difficult to free. Decoking tool freeing operations may take between about 4 hours to about 12 hours to remove (e.g., by flooding the drum to remove coke from the top of the drum and away from the decoking tool).
Accordingly, a need exists for alternative to systems and devices for fluid decoking.


Provided is a solar cell and a method of fabricating the same. The solar cell according to an embodiment includes a supporting substrate; a transparent electrode layer on the supporting substrate; a buffer layer on the transparent electrode layer; a light absorption layer on the buffer layer; a backside electrode layer on the light absorption layer; and a plurality of recesses formed on a top surface of the transparent electrode layer and having a first slope and a second slope.

In recent, as the demand of the energy increases, developments for the solar cell converting solar energy into electrical energy are proceeding.
Particularly, a CIGS-base solar cell, that is, p-n hetero junction device having a substrate structure including a glass substrate, a metal backside electrode layer, p-type CIGS-base light absorption layer, a high-resistant buffer layer, n-type transparent electrode layer and the like is widely used.
Further, to increase the efficiency of the solar cell, various researches are proceeding.

Solar cell and method of fabricating the same


An apparatus, and an associated method, enables presence information of a presentity to be retrieved by a watcher. Elements, or portions, of the presence information may be made selectively opaque (unreadable) to any but authorized watchers or other consumers of the presentity information.

The present disclosure relates generally to systems having entities thereon who wish to communicate, an example being a telecommunications system where the entities are subscribers. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to an apparatus, and an associated method, by which to create, store, and share presence information about entities in a private and secure manner.
Merging of computer and communication technologies has permitted the development and implementation of new types of communication services that provide for improved communication interconnectivity. Communication services include, not only those that are carried out between communication stations that are connected together by way of wireline connections, but also communication services that are carried out between wireless communication stations, or combinations thereof.
Text messages, such as e-mail messages, have long been used to communicate between two or more parties. Communication using e-mail messages is advantageous for the reason that a receiving party need not be available to receive an e-mail message sent by a sending party at the same time at which the sending party sends the e-mail message. Rather, e-mail communications are of a store-and-forward-type. When the receiving party is ready to receive the message, the message is forwarded, from a store-and-forward entity, to the receiving party. While rudimentary systems provided merely for the communication of messages in textual form, newer schemes often permit for the communication of large data files that provide audio, video, and multimedia services to be performed.
And, more recently, push message services have also been developed. Push message services are also regularly utilized to communicate between two or more parties. In a push message service, a message sent by a sending party is "pushed" to the receiving party. That is to say, the message generated by the sending party is immediately and actively transferred so that the message is received at the receiving party with little or no delay. Push message services between two or more parties have achieved significant levels of popularity, and the messaging services are regularly utilized for on-line "chats", social networking, and other communication activities. Push-messaging services, generally, provide an always-on capability, thereby to provide for the nearly-immediate, ad-hoc message communication.
Push message services are also available by way of wireless communication stations, such as portable mobile stations. Instant messaging services are carried out with a mobile station in manners analogous to manners by which the push message services are carried out by wireline-connected communication stations.
Such message services generally utilize a presence server to ascertain whether an individual or entity is available to communicate using the associated service.

Apparatus, and an associated method, for providing and using opaque presence indications in a presence service


A method of transmitting system information, a terminal and a network-side equipment are provided. The method includes: receiving, by a terminal, an System Information (SI) change notification transmitted by a first network-side equipment; and receiving, by the terminal, SI transmitted by the first network-side equipment and corresponding to the SI change notification.

In 5th Generation (5G) mobile communication system, in order to reduce signaling overhead, improve radio resource utilization and lower base station energy consumption, New Radio (NR) proposes to divide system information (SI) into two categories: minimum SI and other SI. The other SI is also called On-demand SI and encompasses all SI except for the minimum SI. The minimum SI is broadcast by a base station to a terminal, while the On-demand SI is requested by the terminal from the base station on demand.
In conventional communication systems prior to 5G, should any change occurs to SI, a base station broadcasts or unicasts the changed SI to a terminal. However, as the On-demand SI in 5G is requested on demand voluntarily, system resources will be wasted if the conventional mode of transmitting SI to a terminal immediately after a change occurs to the SI is adopted.

System information transmission method, terminal and network-side equipment


Various hand-held exercise weights are configured to fit comfortably in a person's hand. Some embodiments define a circular loop about a central opening. Some embodiments have first and second segments that change in girth as a function of distance from a juncture defined therebetween. Some of the embodiments have handgrips of different shapes.

Various hand-held exercise free weights are well known in the art. Some examples include barbells, dumbbells and kettlebells. Others may be described as hand weights that are held/used during some other form of activity, such as walking. Some examples of the latter are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,789,348 to Krull et al. An object of the present invention is to provide new and improved hand-held exercise free weights. Another object of the present invention is to provide new and improved free weights to be used/held while performing another activity, such as walking or sitting.


A "cluster mobile switching center" (cMSC) is arranged to perform the switching and control functions of a conventional mobile switching center (MSC), including, if desired, the additional functions of a conventional visitor location register (VLR). The cMSC is implemented on distributed processors using modular software. Advantageously, a specific instance of middleware, known as Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA), is used as the communications middleware. Functionally, the cMSC is arranged to have two classes of servers: (1) Interworking managers (IMs) that act as gateways and provide interfaces to external network elements, and (2) core servers that perform call processing (registration, location updates, incoming and outgoing call processing) functions and communicate with each other using CORBA. IMs terminate standard protocols with the external elements and use CORBA to communicate with the core servers. Software objects are defined to perform specific tasks, manage particular resources, and interact to provide end-to-end services.

Cellular telephony is one of the fastest growing communication services. It is also one of the most rapidly evolving areas in terms of technology, services, standards, and service providers. At this time, many options are being considered for the next generation (generally called "third generation") of wireless communication systems, including extensions and additions to existing cellular systems, wireless ATM, and wireless Internet. It is a challenge to build wireless network infrastructure (particularly a switching system) that can meet the needs of yet to be built systems in a cost- and performance-effective way because of the uncertainty as to which technologies will be widely accepted and because it is likely that several sets of standards and technologies will co-exist. For a good description of third generation cellular systems, see IEEE Personal Communications Magazine, Special Issue on IMT2000: Standards Efforts of the ITU, Vol. 4, No. 4, August, 1997.
Third generation systems will require increased capacity because the number of users and bandwidth required for advanced services will greatly increase. For this reason, these systems will use digital air interfaces, and will use smaller cell sizes to increase frequency re-use. The increase in number of network access points (cell sites) requires that more equipment be deployed to concentrate onto a backbone network. This equipment must be inexpensive to allow networks with large coverage areas to be built. To be cost effective, systems should be scalable so that a range of installations, from small and inexpensive to large and high capacity, can be supported.
Third generation networks will also provide an expansive set of services, including telephone services available on modern ISDNs, location-based services, data services, and multimedia communication. Signaling protocols and control procedures must be added to existing systems to support these new services while interworking with existing services. An ideal system will allow new services to be added to existing systems without requiring major software modifications.
Because it is unlikely that there will be a single protocol suite or network type for third generation systems, these systems will have to interwork. In addition, third generation systems will be required to interwork with second generation systems. An ideal system will define a set of functions that cannot only interwork with different networks, but be used to implement different systems without major software redevelopment.
Summarizing, the next generation of wireless infrastructure requires a switching arrangement that is scalable to support inexpensive small installations, and flexible to support the easy introduction of new services and interwork with emerging systems without major software modifications.
One approach to a third generation cellular wireless telecommunications switching system that has been tried in the past is called Wireless Distributed Call Processing Architecture (W-DCPA). This approach is described in a first article authored by La Porta, T. F. Veeraraghavan, M., P. Treventi, R. Ramjee, entitled "Distributed Call Processing for Personal Communications Services," published in IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol. 33, No. 6, June, 1995, and in a second article authored by T. F. La Porta, M. Veeraraghavan, R. W. Buskens, entitled "Comparison of Signaling Loads for PCS Systems," published in IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, Vol. 4, No. 6, December 1996.
The W-DCPA approach has several drawbacks. First, it does not allow for graceful evolution from existing systems to a third generation approach, but rather requires a "flash cut" from existing to new equipment. Second, components internal to W-DCPA had various interfaces to other entities in the telecommunications network, which were non-standard. Therefore, W-DCPA was not arranged or able to use existing call processing and mobility management application layer protocols.


A main power terminal block (10) for a street light assembly (130) includes connectors (14) having a single-gauge metal piece (20) the front of which is adapted to receive a power conductor (16), and the back of which is shaped into overly-thick and under-wide wings (62) which are then coined along at least a peripheral edge (70) to define a thinner and wider spade lug (40, 42) to receive a spade lug terminal (76) thereover. The connector (14) also includes a nut-like member (22) and bolt (24) which cooperate with a hole (116) in the insulative housing (12) to secure connector (14) within a passageway (90) of housing (12) while also electrically and mechanically securing conductor (16) within the front portion of connector (14).

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to electric street light assemblies and, more particularly, to the main power terminal block for such electric street lights assemblies.
II. Description of Prior Art
Conventional electric street lights often come as a completed assembly to be mounted above the ground, such as on a pole. The power conductors running up through the pole may then be attached to the light assembly wiring and circuitry. To facilitate such attachment, a main power terminal block may be provided. These main power terminal blocks are quite large and bulky, and typically include an insulator block that supports two or three electrical connectors, one for each power conductor. Each conductor includes at least three parts, a base, a washer and a screw. The power conductor is squeezed between the washer and base by rotating the screw threaded therethrough. One or two spade lugs extend from the connector base to receive spade lug terminals wired to the lighting circuitry.
The connectors used in these main power terminal blocks are typically expensive to manufacture, and do not always provide the desired power connection. For example, the base is typically thicker than the spade lugs. Consequently, multi gauge brass is required. This is accomplished by milling or skiving the area of the spade lugs to reduce thickness, thus increasing the cost thereof.
Still further, it is quite common that large gauge power conductors, such as up to six gauge, might be passed up through the light pole to connect to the electric light for powering same. Such large gauge conductors present difficulties in connecting to the above-described connectors. To overcome such problems, it has been typical to provide a separate block connector having a main block and an extending plate, and which is to be mounted to the original connector. The plate is captured between the washer and base of the original connector requiring the added labor of removal and reinsertion of the screw. The main block has an aperture into which the conductor may be received with a set screw or the like passing through the block to secure the conductor in place.
While the additional block connector makes it easier to attach large gauge conductors to the main power terminal block, significant cost is added both in terms of labor and in terms of material. Additionally, the block connectors are normally of aluminum with the set screw being steel, thus presenting a variety of different metals in the terminal block, which may present additional difficulties in the environment in which these main power terminal blocks are employed.

Electric street light terminal block assembly