The conversion and run length for oligomerization of olefins over a molecular sieve catalyst in a tubular reactor is improved by controlling the peak temperature to not exceed 50 degrees C. above the temperature of the temperature control fluid exiting the shell side outlet of the reactor. A tubular reactor containing molecular sieve catalyst is provided with a multipoint thermocouple in at least one tube, and optionally with a bottom design adapted for fast unloading of the molecular sieve catalyst from the tubular reactor.

The condensation reaction of an olefin or a mixture of olefins over an acid catalyst to form higher molecular weight products is a widely used commercial process. This type of condensation reaction is referred to herein as an oligomerisation reaction, and the products are low molecular weight oligomers which are formed by the condensation of up to 12, typically 2, 3 or 4, but up to 5, 6, 7, or even 8 olefin molecules with each other. As used herein, the term 'oligomerisation' is used to refer to a process for the formation of oligomers and/or polymers. Low molecular weight olefins (such as propene, 2-methylpropene, 1-butene and 2-butenes, pentenes and hexenes) can be converted by oligomerisation over a zeolite catalyst, to a product which is comprised of oligomers and which is of value as a high-octane gasoline blending stock and as a starting material for the production of chemical intermediates and end-products. Such chemical intermediates and end-products include alcohols, acids, detergents and esters such as plasticiser esters and synthetic lubricants. Industrial oligomerisation reactions are generally performed in a plurality of tubular or chamber reactors. Sulphated zirconia, liquid phosphoric acid and sulphuric acid are also known catalysts for oligomerisation.
Industrial hydrocarbon conversion processes employing zeolite catalysts typically run for several weeks before a catalyst change is required or a decommissioning of the reactor is needed. In industrial processes the feeds for the reactions are generally obtained from refining activities such as a stream derived from catalytic or steam cracking, which may have been subjected to fractionation. The nature of such refining activities is such that there will be variations in the composition of the feed. In addition it may be desired to change the nature of the feed during a reactor run. The catalyst activity and the reaction conditions vary according to the composition of the feed. Furthermore, the reactions are exothermic and the size of the exotherm also depends upon the nature and amount of olefin present in the feed. Isobutylene and propylene are particularly reactive generating a large amount of heat per unit of mass reacting.
The present invention is concerned with such processes that employ a zeolite oligomerisation catalyst in a tubular reactor and is particularly concerned with the provision of reaction conditions which enhance the conversion of the reaction.
Our copending applications PCT/EP/2005/005784, published as WO2005/118513, and PCT/EP/2005/005785, published as WO2005/118512, are also concerned with oligomerisation of feeds containing higher olefin content and they employ particular catalyst systems to achieve this end.
Tubular oligomerisation reactors employing zeolite catalysts typically comprise one or more bundles of tubes also termed "reactor tubes", mounted, preferably vertically, within a shell. The tubes are packed with the zeolite catalyst typically in the form of pellets and the olefin reactant is passed through the tubes in which it is oligomerised, typically from top to bottom. The length of the tube in industrial practice, is generally from 2 to 15 meters. The diameter of the tube, the thickness of the walls of the tubes and the materials from which the tubes are made are important since oligomerisation reactions are exothermic and it is important to dissipate the heat generated by the oligomerisation reaction. Accordingly relatively small diameter tubes, such as those having an internal diameter from 25 to 75 mm, are preferred, more preferably 35 to 50 mm diameter tubes. The reactor tubes are preferably of high strength material and are thin walled and of a material with a high thermal conductivity. The high strength is required to withstand the high pressures that are generally used in the oligomerisation of olefins in a tubular reactor employing a zeolite catalyst. Duplex stainless steel is a preferred material for manufacture of the tubes.
Any convenient number of tubes may be employed in a reactor shell. Typically, operators use from 10 to 500 tubes per shell, preferably arranged in parallel. Preferred reactors contain about 77 tubes or 180 tubes per shell, although any number may be employed to suit the needs of the operator, e.g. 360 or 420. The tubes are preferably mounted within the shell and a temperature control fluid is provided around the outside of the tubes but within the shell to dissipate heat generated by the exothermic reaction that, in use, takes place within the reactor tubes. One reactor may comprise multiple bundles of tubes, for example up to 7 or 8, or even 9 bundles, and preferably, in use, the temperature of the fluid within the tubes in all the bundles in the same reactor is controlled by means of the same temperature control fluid system.
Reference in this specification to removal of heat from the (reactor) tubes or temperature control of the (reactor) tubes is, in context, intended to mean removal of heat from the materials contained within the tubes where reaction takes place (generally comprising, in use, unreacted feed, reaction products and catalyst) and control of the temperature of those materials contained within the tubes. It will be appreciated that the heat generation on the catalyst and heat removal from the tube wall may cause a radial temperature gradient through the cross-section of the tube, such that the centre of the tube may become significantly hotter than the wall of the tube. One convenient way to remove the heat from the tubes and carry out the temperature control is to generate steam within the reactor on the shell side around the exterior of the tubes. This provides a good heat transfer coefficient on the shell side. If the present invention is performed in a chemical plant or a refinery, the steam generated by the oligomerisation process may be readily integrated into the steam system typically present at such sites. The reaction heat from oligomerisation may then be put to use in another part of the oligomerisation process, or with another process in the plant or the refinery, where heat input is required.
On an industrial scale it is desirable that these tubular reactors can run continuously for as long as possible and that the conversion and selectivity of the reaction is maintained over such extended production runs.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,914 relates to the oligomerisation of olefins and provides an olefin feed stream which can be oligomerised at high efficiency. The olefin feed stream may be obtained from oxygenates by treatment with mole sieves. However, although refining feeds may also be used, these are preferably used in admixture with the olefin feed obtained from the oxygenates. The feed preferably contains about 55 wt % olefin and more preferably 60 wt % olefins. U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,914 discusses various different catalysts that can be employed and zeolite catalysts are preferred. The oligomerisation reaction is performed at a temperature from 170° C. to about 300° C. preferably about 170° C. to 260° C. most preferably about 180° C. to about 260° C. Operating pressure is said to be not critical although the process is carried out at about 5 MPa to 10 MPa. In the oligomerisations exemplified in U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,914, a feed containing 64 wt % butenes is oligomerised using a ZSM-22 zeolite catalyst. This reaction will be less exothermic than oligomerisation of propylene or isobutylene over a solid phosphoric acid catalyst.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,884,914 is not, however, concerned with optimising oligomerisation of olefins in a tubular reactor. Tubular reactors are the most efficient for oligomerisation reactions over zeolite catalyst because the reactions are highly exothermic and require precise temperature control.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,800 (WO 93/16020) is concerned with the oligomerisation of olefins employing a zeolite catalyst, particularly the zeolite ZSM-22. U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,800 indicates that conversion and catalyst life can be improved if the oligomerisation is performed in the presence of water. The compositions in the examples show a significant improvement when water is present, U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,800 is not however concerned with oligomerisation in tubular reactors and we have found that the use of the water in tubular reactors according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,800 can lead to undesirable corrosion of the reactors or downstream equipment, as the water may combine with olefins in the feed and via a complex reaction mechanism lead to the formation of organic acids such as acetic, propionic and/or butyric acids. The maximum conversion achieved using the techniques of U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,800 is 1240 tonnes of oligomer per tonne of catalyst and more typical conversions are considerably less.
As already indicated, the oligomerisation of olefins over zeolite catalyst is a highly exothermic reaction, particularly the oligomerisation of propylene and/or isobutylene. The high temperatures generated can lead to carbonaceous deposits on the catalyst caused by a build up of condensed, heavy hydrocarbons similar to asphalt. Such deposits are commonly termed "coke", and lead to deactivation of the zeolite catalyst. In general, the higher the concentration of olefin in the feed, the higher will be the rate of heat release from the catalysed reaction, and hence the higher the temperatures reached. Consequently there will be a higher rate of coke formation. This has placed a limit on the maximum concentration of olefin that can be tolerated in the feed.
The ExxonMobil Olefins to Gasoline (EMOGAS) process was described at the Annual Meeting of the National Petrochemical and Refiners Association, 13 to 15 Mar. 2005, at the Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, Calif., USA. The paper described olefin oligomerisation in a tubular reactor employing a zeolite catalyst and specified that the reaction temperature is controlled with water that is fed on the shell side of the reactor. It is stated that the heat released due to EMOGAS reactions in the tubes evaporates water on the shell side. The temperature profile in the tubular reactor is said to be close to isothermal and the temperature is controlled via the shell side water pressure, which controls the temperature of evaporation, and also by the reactor feed temperature. The tubular reactors are said to usually operate at a pressure between 5.5 and 7.6 MPa (800 and 1100 psi) and temperatures around 204° C. (400° F.).
The present invention is concerned with the reduction in the temperature fluctuations along the length of the reactor tube and control of the temperature along the length of the reactor tube in order to enhance the life of the catalyst and the conversion achieved. The life and conversion are assessed as the number of tons of oligomer that can be produced per ton of zeolite catalyst before the olefin conversion falls below an economically acceptable level. The invention is concerned with the conditions to be used to sustain the activity of any zeolite catalyst unlike the EMOGAS paper which specifies a particular catalyst that is more stable. The invention is also concerned to provide conditions that enable extended production runs with feeds high in olefin concentration employing conventional zeolite catalysts.
The composition of the material in the tubular reactor varies as the material flows through, usually down, the reactor tube and begins to react. The olefin will have a lower molecular weight at the beginning (inlet) of the reactor tube, where it is predominantly unreacted light olefins and it will become progressively heavier towards the tube outlet as the light olefins are oligomerised to form higher molecular weight olefins. Excessive temperatures caused by the exotherm of the reaction can coke up the catalyst, which leads to deactivation.
In the operation of a tubular reactor for oligomerisation of olefin feed, with zeolite catalyst in the tubes and a temperature control fluid on the shell side, a temperature profile will be observed over the length of a reactor tube. Conventionally, such operation is performed with the tubular reactor arranged such that the feed inlet is at the top and the reaction product outlet is at the bottom. The following description addresses such an arrangement, but it will be understood that the description applies equally to reactors not in top to bottom arrangement. Thus, the temperature profile initially increases at the inlet of the tube, when reaction heat is generated faster than it can be removed by the temperature control fluid around the tube. As the reactants convert further as they move along the tube and their concentration reduces, the reaction rate reduces and the rate of heat generation reduces. At the same time the temperature in the tube increases, and the heat removal rate increases. The temperature profile then typically goes through a maximum, and then shows a decline further along (down) the tube towards the outlet. As the reaction temperature declines along the tube, also heat removal rate reduces, and the temperature profile may then flatten out before the end of the catalyst bed in the tubes is reached.
With fresh zeolite catalyst, the temperature increase at the initial part (e.g. top) of the tube is sharp, and the temperature profile shows a sharp peak. The fresh catalyst at the initial part (top) of the tube performs most of the reaction. Coke will build up where the temperature is at its highest, which will deactivate the catalyst in that part of the tube. U.S. Pat. No. 5,672,800 seeks to overcome this problem by the addition of water to quench the activity of the catalyst. Without this quench the reaction rate will then reduce due to the catalyst deactivation, and hence the rate of heat generation will reduce, and hence the slope of the temperature increase in that part of the temperature profile declines. The catalyst further along (down) the tube will then see a higher concentration of unreacted reactants, and the reaction rate—and hence heat generation rate—will increase in that part of the tube. In this way the peak in the temperature profile known as "the peak temperature" will move along (down) the tube. In order to compensate for the reduced overall catalyst activity, heat removal is typically reduced by increasing the temperature of the temperature control fluid around the tube. The average temperature in the reactor and the temperature at the outlet of the tube or reactor will thereby be increased as the run progresses. In addition, the temperature of the feed delivered to the tube inlet may be adapted as well. Typically it may be increased to keep as much of the reaction as possible at as early (high) as possible a location in the catalyst bed inside the tube. The peak in the temperature profile therefore may not only move along (down) the tube as a production run proceeds but it may also become less sharp and less pronounced.
The rate of heat generation increases with higher reactant concentration. The peak in the temperature profile is therefore sharper and more pronounced when the olefin concentration in the feed to the reactor is higher. The rate of heat generation is also higher with more reactive reactants, typically with the lighter olefins such as propylene and butenes such as isobutylene. The peak in the temperature profile is therefore also sharper and more pronounced when a higher portion of the available butenes is isobutylene, or when a higher proportion of the olefins fed to the reactor is propylene. In case dienes or acetylenes are present, these are even more reactive and will increase the rate of heat generation, in particular in the upstream part of the zeolite catalyst bed. We have also found that cyclopentene generates the same heat of reaction as pentadiene. The total heat of the reaction also depends on the product produced. The greater the degree of oligomerisation of any particular olefin the higher the heat of reaction, because more monomer molecules will have combined to form the product.
The level of di- and polyunsaturates in the feed is typically controlled to below a maximum allowable level. Preferably, the feed composition is limited to containing no more than 100 ppm by weight of acetylene and/or no more than 500 ppm of the C3 polyunsaturates methylacetylene and propadiene or allene, and/or no more than 2500 ppm or more preferably no more than 1000 ppm of butadiene. The reason for these limitations is the high reactivity and extreme coke forming properties of the di- and poly-unsaturates. We have found that if it is necessary to use feeds containing relatively high levels of polyunsaturates, production may be sustained if the olefin concentration in the feed is reduced accordingly. This keeps the carbon deposition low which would otherwise increase due to the heat generated by the reaction of the higher amounts of polyunsaturates present.
The olefin feed to the tubular reactor is generally a mixture of a reactive olefin and an unreactive diluent, which is typically an alkane. This may have the same carbon number as the olefin. However, it is preferred to have unreactive components present that have a higher carbon number than the feed olefin because of their advantageous effect on phase behaviour in the reactor. The rate of heat generated by the oligomerisation reaction depends upon the concentration of the olefin in the feed. The higher the concentration of olefin the more reactive the feed and the greater the heat that is generated. For example in the operation of tubular reactors employing zeolite catalysts to oligomerise propylene containing feeds it has been found necessary to limit the amount of olefin in the feed. This is because, despite employing cooling systems such as the steam generation mentioned previously, it has not been possible to perform extended continuous runs with feeds containing more than 50 wt % propylene. Typically it has only been possible to employ feeds containing much less than 50 wt % propylene, some processes operating at 40 wt % propylene or less.
The feed streams containing the feed olefins such as C3 and C4 olefins are generally refinery steams derived from steam cracking or catalytic cracking and the composition of the stream will depend upon the raw material from which it is produced and the production technology employed. However, propylene refinery steams typically contain up to 75 or depending on severity even up to 79 wt % propylene with the balance being predominantly propane. Similarly butene refinery steams typically contain up to 70 wt % butenes with the balance being predominantly butanes. The reactivity of the olefins in oligomerisations over zeolite catalysts varies according to the nature of the olefin. However it has not been possible to successfully oligomerise C3 to C6 olefins over extended periods of time in tubular reactors employing a zeolite catalyst if the concentration of propylene in the feed exceeds 50 wt % and generally concentrations below 40 wt % have been employed. This has required the expensive addition of diluent to an olefin containing refinery feed. Typically the diluent may be additional amounts of the alkane found in the refinery feed and/or it maybe provided by recycle of the unreacted material derived from the tubular reactor. The need for diluent not only adds to the expense of the operation but it also reduces the volumetric yield of the reaction with associated economic debits.
There therefore remains a need to oligomerise olefin feeds containing a higher concentration of olefin using a zeolite catalyst over extended production runs in a tubular reactor without undue deactivation or premature failure of the catalyst. It will be appreciated that in large scale industrial processes such as are used for the oligomerisation of olefins, small increases in production (such as 1 to 5% increase) have highly significant benefits. In addition, the ability to increase a run length by an apparently small amount also has highly significant benefits.
Excessive peak temperature will cause coking of the catalyst which adversely impacts the conversion of the catalyst. We have now found that if the temperature and pressure within the reactor tube are controlled to within certain limits extended production runs with high conversion of olefin to oligomer may be achieved using the conventional zeolite oligomerisation catalysts with feeds containing higher levels of olefin. We have also found that if these conditions are maintained the extended runs may be achieved without the need for the presence of water. In this way the corrosion of the reactor can be reduced.
We have now developed an oligomerisation process which is capable of providing such benefits.

Oligomerisation of olefins with zeolite catalyst


A device and method for precisely delivering dosage of radiation from a radiation source to a treatment site of a vessel is provided herein. In one embodiment, the device includes a catheter which inserts into a vessel lumen of the body. The catheter includes an adjuster section for altering a portion of the radiation emitting radially from the radiation source so that the radiation source delivers an asymmetrical radiation profile to the vessel. The device can also include a catheter supporter which inhibits rotational deformation in the catheter between a catheter distal end and a catheter proximal end. This allows the delivery section to be precisely rotated to properly position the adjuster section within the vessel lumen.

The present invention relates generally to a device and method for treating a blockage or stenosis in a vessel of a patient. More specifically, the present invention relates to a device and method for precisely and accurately delivering a dosage of radiation to a vessel to inhibit re-stenosis.
It is well known that many medical complications are caused by a partial or total blockage or stenosis of a blood vessel in a patient. Depending on the location of the stenosis, the patient can experience cardiac arrest, stroke or necrosis of tissues or organs. Commonly, the stenosis is caused by the build-up of artherosclerotic plaque in the intima of the vessel. The plaque typically builds up irregularly in the vessel. As a result of the irregular build-up of plaque, the lumen of the vessel, in most blocked vessels, is not centrally located relative to the external elastic lamina.
Several procedures have been developed to treat stenoses, including angioplasty, stenting, and atherectomy. However, none of these procedures are entirely successful in inhibiting or preventing the re-stenosis of a vessel after the procedure is completed.
Recent studies have demonstrated that radiation may inhibit or prevent re-stenosis in the vessel by inhibiting or preventing the growth of fibrotic cells in the vessel wall, commonly referred to as neointima. The precise target for the radiation in the vessel is currently not known. However, it is believed that the adventitia may be a key source of growth of the neointima. Therefore, it is theorized that the entire vessel, including the adventitia should be treated with radiation.
At least one delivery device has been used for performing intravascular radiation treatment on a treatment site of the vessel. This delivery device utilizes a catheter to position a radiation source in the vessel lumen, adjacent the treatment site. The radiation source is positioned in the vessel lumen and is allowed to emit radiation until the prescribed dosage is released. With this delivery device, the tissue closest to the radiation source receives a larger radiation dosage than the tissue farthest from the radiation source. Subsequently, the radiation source is removed from the vessel lumen.
However, the results obtained using this type of delivery device are not entirely satisfactory. Specifically, because the growth of the plaque inside the vessel is irregular and/or the vessel is curved, the radioactive source is not centered in the vessel relative to the vessel lamina. Thus, depending upon the dosage prescribed, this can result in undertreating certain portions of the vessel and overtreating certain other portions of the vessel. For example, certain portions of the vessel lamina will receive a larger dosage of radiation than other portions of the vessel lamina.
Undertreating with radiation can result in not inhibiting the neointima and, in some instances, can actually result in stimulating smooth muscle cell proliferation and extra-cellular matrix production. Overtreating with radiation can, for example, induce necrosis or an aneurysm. Therefore, it is important to avoid overtreating and/or undertreating of a treatment site of the vessel.
One attempt to solve this problem involves accurately centering the delivery device in the vessel, relative to the vessel lumen. This can be accomplished using a variety of mechanical devices, such as a centering balloon or an expandable mechanical strut. However, these mechanical devices add excessive mass and bulk to the delivery device. This limits the usefulness of the present delivery device to relatively large vessels, i.e., three and one-half millimeters (3.5 mm) or larger and increases the risk of occluding blood flow in the vessel. Moreover, there is a risk that the delivery device will not be accurately centered.
In light of the above, it is an object of the present invention to provide a device and method for delivering a precise dose of radiation to a treatment site within a vessel without centering the delivery device. Another object of the present invention to provide a device and method for delivering a substantially uniform dose of radiation to the vessel lamina and other areas of the vessel. Another object of the present invention is to provide a device which can be used to precisely evaluate the amount and distribution of atherosclerotic plaque in a vessel and which can tailor the treatment in view of the evaluation. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a device and method which is relatively safe and easy to use in curved vessels. Another object of the present invention is to provide a device which can be easily adapted to meet the specific needs of the patient. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a device for accurately providing a treatment plan based upon the configuration of the treatment site of the vessel. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a device which is relatively simple and inexpensive to manufacture.
The present invention is directed to a device which satisfies these objectives. The device is useful for delivering an asymmetrical dose of radiation to a treatment site of a vessel to treat a stenosis in the vessel. In one embodiment, the device includes an adjuster section adapted to be positioned into the vessel. As provided herein, the adjuster section alters the intensity of a portion of the radiation emitting radially from the radiation source when a portion of the radiation source is positioned in the vessel. In use, the adjuster section partly alters the intensity of radiation directed at where the vessel lamina is the closest. This prevents overtreatment of the vessel.
As used herein, the term xe2x80x9cradiation dose profilexe2x80x9d refers to and means a cross-sectional pattern of energy being delivered to the vessel from a radiation source. A more comprehensive definition of radiation dose profile is provided in the description section.
As used herein, the term xe2x80x9cvessel wallxe2x80x9d refers to and means the structural support of the vessel. For an artery, the vessel wall includes an endothelium, a basement membrane, a vessel intima, an internal elastic lamina, a vessel media, a vessel external elastic lamina (hereinafter xe2x80x9cvessel laminaxe2x80x9d), and a vessel adventitia. For a diseased artery, the vessel wall can also include atherosclerotic plaque which infiltrates the vessel intima and causes stenosis of the vessel.
The adjuster section alters a portion of the radiation emitting radially from the radioactive source so that a radiation dose profile which is substantially asymmetrical and eccentric is delivered to the vessel. With an eccentric, asymmetrical radiation dose profile, more radiation is directed at where the vessel lamina is farthest from the radiation source, while less radiation is delivered to where the vessel lamina is the closest. Thus, a substantially uniform dosage of radiation can be delivered to the vessel lamina at the treatment site, even though the delivery device is not centered in the vessel relative to the vessel lamina.
In one version of the present invention, the adjuster section includes a plurality of spaced apart conductor coils which create a magnetic field proximate to the radiation source. Depending upon the direction of current through each conductor coil, each coil either attenuates or potentiates the charged particle radiation which emits from the radiation source. Further, the amount of attenuating or potentiating for each conductor coil depends upon the magnitude of the current in each conductor coil. Thus, the radiation dose profile relative to the radiation source can be specifically tailored for a particular vessel by adjusting the magnitude and direction of current in each conductor coil.
Typically, conductor coils are attached to a catheter and spaced apart radially around the catheter. Additionally, the conductor coils can be spaced apart longitudinally along the catheter. This feature allows the radiation dose profile along a longitudinal axis of the radiation source to be modified so that the radiation dose profile along the radiation source is varied. Thus, the radiation dose delivered to the vessel can be accurately tailored to suit the shape of a treatment site.
In another version, the adjuster section can be an attenuator section which includes an attenuator material. The attenuator material at least partly diminishes the intensity of the radiation which emits radially from the radiation source. The attenuator material is typically a relatively dense material having a relatively high atomic number. Preferably, the attenuator material is also bio-compatible and safe for use in surgery. Materials such as gold, platinum, and tantalum can be used. Additionally, the attenuator section can be divided into a plurality of spaced apart, attenuator segments, so that the adjuster section is more flexible and easier to move through a curved vessel.
Importantly, the design of the adjuster section determines the shape of the radiation dose profile which is delivered to the vessel. Thus, the present invention can be utilized to provide an accurate dose of radiation to a treatment site.
As used herein, the phrase xe2x80x9cconfiguration of the attenuator sectionxe2x80x9d shall mean the size, shape, thickness, and material utilized in the attenuator section. Also as used herein the phrase xe2x80x9cconfiguration of the vessel wallxe2x80x9d shall mean the size and shape of the vessel wall at the treatment site, including the positioning of the vessel lamina relative to the vessel lumen, and the shape and size of the atherosclerotic plaque.
Preferably, the device also includes an imager which is secured proximate to the adjuster section. The imager allows for substantially real time images of the vessel prior to and during treatment with radiation. This embodiment is preferred so that the position of the adjuster section in the vessel can be constantly monitored during treatment with radiation. This allows the doctor performing the procedure to correct deficiencies which may arise in the positioning of the adjuster section.
The invention is also a method for delivering radiation from a radiation source to a treatment site of a vessel. The method includes the steps of positioning the radiation source in the vessel and creating a magnetic field within the vessel, so that the radiation source delivers a radiation dose profile in the vessel relative to the radiation source which is substantially asymmetrical.
Further, the invention can also include the step of altering the radiation emitting from the radiation source, so that the radiation dose profile also varies along the longitudinal axis of the radiation source. This feature allows the dose of radiation delivered to the treatment site to be accurately tailored longitudinally to suit the needs of the patient.
In alternate embodiments, some of the features outlined above can be directly incorporated into the radiation source and/or the radiation source can be a stent. Further, a controller can be utilized which receives the images from the imager and provides a treatment plan for the treatment site.
It is important to recognize that with the present invention, the vessel receives a radiation dose profile which is substantially asymmetrical relative to the radiation source. Therefore, the radiation source is able to deliver a substantially uniform dose to the vessel lamina, even though the radiation source is not centered relative to the vessel lamina. Further, the radiation delivered to the vessel can be specifically tailored to suit the configuration of the vessel wall at the treatment site.


An apparatus for monitoring voltage as a function of temperature of a storage battery and an apparatus for controlling the charging voltage of the battery based on battery temperature, voltage, and charging system loads. The battery monitoring apparatus includes a comparator for comparing, at any temperature in the working temperature range of the battery, the actual battery voltage with a reference battery voltage. The reference battery voltage is the voltage gassing curve for the storage battery. The comparator is given a temperature coefficient provided by a temperature-sensitive band-gap voltage reference. A plurality of the temperature-sensitive band-gap reference cells may be connected together in order to accurately track any differently sloped battery gassing voltage curve. An apparatus for controlling charging voltage of the storage battery is also provided, which includes a comparator for comparing, at any temperature in a predetermined range, the actual charging voltage with a reference charging voltage. The reference charging voltage curve is a function of charging system component temperatures and electrical system loads. A plurality of comparators may be connected together in order to approximate any desired charging voltage reference curve or combination of curves.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to the field of charging control circuitry that acts to effect charging of a storage battery in response to the actual battery voltage and battery temperature. The present invention also relates to voltage monitoring circuits and more particularly to circuits that monitor voltage as a function of temperature.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
Storage batteries, such as those used in automobile electrical systems, must be recharged after use to restore the full electrical capacity of the battery. While it is desirable to charge the storage battery fully, it is possible to damage the battery by over-charging it. An automobile battery charging system therefore must monitor the battery voltage and charge the battery when the voltage is low, but limit charging as the battery voltage approaches a predetermined limit. This predetermined limit is defined by the gassing voltage, that is, the voltage at which the electrolyte is dissociated and evolves hydrogen and oxygen. The state of charge of a storage battery is maximized as the battery voltage approaches the gassing voltage. The gassing voltage depends upon the temperature of the battery and is inversely proportional to battery temperature. A "cold" battery will have a high gassing voltage, while a "warm" battery will have a lower gassing voltage. For example, FIG. 1 shows the gassing voltage versus temperature of a typical 12 volt automobile storage battery. When the battery voltage is higher than the gassing voltage for a particular temperature, the battery electrolyte will begin to dissociate. Since the state of charge of the battery is maximized just below the gassing voltage, as shown in FIG. 1, a "cold" battery charged only to the "warm" battery gassing voltage would be severely below capacity. Therefore, in order to maintain the battery in the highest state of charge, the battery voltage should track the gassing voltage curve.
One prior art charging system has a temperature-sensitive characteristic which limits the battery charging voltage as a function of the temperature of the voltage regulator. However, the voltage regulator is often physically separated from the battery and is therefore frequently at a different temperature than the battery. For example, if the voltage regulator is mounted on or in the alternator, it senses the alternator temperature which is generally higher than the storage battery temperature. In addition, when the alternator is heavily loaded by various electrical accessories within an automobile, the alternator may experience a significant temperature rise. The elevated temperature will cause the voltage regulator to limit the battery charging voltage and thereby cause the battery to be undercharged. This effect may be exaggerated in cold weather where the demands on the battery for starting the engine and operation of vehicle electrical accessories are very high. The high load on the voltage regulator and alternator may increase the temperature of the voltage regulator and thus exaggerate the temperature differential between the "cold" battery and the "hot" voltage regulator. The result is that the battery is severely undercharged during cold weather, which is just the time when the battery should be in its highest state of charge due to the high electrical loads on the vehicle electrical system.
Another prior art method for measuring battery temperature is through the use of a temperature-sensitive resistor placed in close proximity to the battery. However, this resistor would be measured by the alternator or voltage regulator and therefore requires additional special wiring in order to insure an accurate measurement.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a temperature-sensitive voltage monitoring apparatus which may be used to determine when a storage battery should be charged at the measured combination of battery voltage and battery temperature.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a charging system control apparatus that maintains a storage battery in its highest state of charge for a given battery temperature.
Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a charging control system apparatus that limits charging system voltage as a function of the voltage regulator or the alternator temperature.
Still another object of the present invention is to provide a charging system control apparatus that regulates the charging system voltage as a function of electrical accessory use.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a temperature sensitive voltage monitoring apparatus that may be fabricated using integrated circuit technology.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide an alternator control apparatus that may be fabricated using integrated circuit technology.

Integrated circuit monitor for storage battery voltage and temperature


An arm rest (1) for motor vehicle seats comprising a body (2) and a load bearing structure (4) provided with swinging mounting means relative to a connecting element (9) adapted to be fixed to a lateral side (F) of seat backrest (B). The load bearing structure (4) has a tubular end portion (5) coaxially rotatable on a stationary shaft (7) with rotational friction and with respective stop numbers (24, 13) between a raised position and a lowered position of the arm rest (1).

The present invention refers to arm rests for motor vehicle seats, particularly front seats having a backrest with lateral sides, of the type comprising an elongated body and a load bearing structure incorporated in the body and including swinging mounting means of the arm rest comprising a connecting element adapted to be fixed relative to a lateral side of the backrest, a tubular end portion of the load bearing structure oriented transverse to the body, and a shaft coaxially inserted within the said tubular end portion and having one end projecting from the body and secured to the said connecting element so as to allow rotation on the said shaft of the tubular end portion of the load bearing structure between a raised position and a lowered position of the arm rest, and stop means for stopping rotation of the arm rest in the said raised and lowered positions.

Gestind-M.B. "Manifattura Di Bruzolo" S.p.A.


Provided herein are novel methods and composition utilizing adipose tissue-derived stromal stem cells for treating fistulae.

Generally, a fistula is an abnormal connection or passageway between organs or vessels that normally do not connect. Fistulae can develop in various parts of the body. For example, types of fistulae, named for the areas of the body in which they occur, include anorectal fistula or fistula-in-ano or fecal fistula (between the rectum or other anorectal area and the skin surface), arteriovenous fistula or A-V fistula (between an artery and vein), biliary fistula (between the bile ducts to the skin surface, often caused by gallbladder surgery), cervical fistula (abnormal opening in the cervix), craniosinus fistula (between the intracranial space and a paranasal sinus), enteroenteral fistula (between two parts of the intestine), enterocutaneous fistula (between the intestine and the skin surface, namely from the duodenum or the jejunum or the ileum), enterovaginal fistula (between the intestine and the vagina), gastric fistula (between the stomach to the skin surface), metroperitoneal fistula (between the uterus and peritoneal cavity), perilymph fistula (a tear between the membranes between the middle and inner ears), pulmonary arteriovenous fistula (between an artery and vein of the lungs, resulting in shunting of blood), rectovaginal fistula (between the rectum and the vagina), umbilical fistula (between the umbilicus and gut), tracheoesophageal fistula (between the breathing and the feeding tubes) and vesicovaginal fistula (between the bladder and the vagina). Causes of fistulae include trauma, complications from medical treatment and disease.
Treatment for fistulae varies depending on the cause and extent of the fistula, but generally involves surgical intervention. Various surgical procedures are commonly used, most commonly fistulotomy, placement of a seton (a cord that is passed through the path of the fistula to keep it open for draining), or an endorectal flap procedure (where healthy tissue is pulled over the internal side of the fistula to keep feces or other material from reinfecting the channel). Surgery for anorectal fistulae is not without side effects, including recurrence, reinfection, and incontinence.
Inflammatory bowel diseases, such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, are the leading causes of anorectal, enteroenteral, and enterocutaneous fistulae. The reported incidence of fistula in Crohn's disease ranges from 17% to 50%. Management of fistulae in patients with Crohn's disease continues to present an extremely challenging problem since many such fistulae do not respond to available treatments. Such fistulae and their recurrence are a very distressing complication that significantly reduces the quality of life of affected patients. Recent improvements in medical treatment (e.g., treatment with Infliximab) and expert surgical management have decreased the need for complicated surgery. However, many patients are not cured. Failure of fistulae to heal is probably due to the suboptimal quality of tissues that have been affected by Crohn's disease. Indeed, Crohn's fistulae provide a model system for wound healing under some of the worst possible conditions.
Another leading cause of fistulae is trauma, e.g. by rape, or by injuries sustained during childbirth, to the tissues of the vagina and the bladder and/or rectum leading to rectovaginal fistula and vesicovaginal fistula. Every year approximately 100,000 women across the developing world sustain such fistulae (also known as obstetric fistulae) during obstructed labor. During obstructed labor, the pressure of the baby's head against the mother's pelvis cuts off blood supply to delicate tissues in the region. The dead tissue falls away and the woman is left with a vesicovaginal fistula and sometimes a rectovaginal fistula. This hole results in permanent incontinence of urine and/or feces. The United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) estimates the world's population of obstetric fistula sufferers at more than two million. This calculation could be a significant underestimate. Success rates for primary surgical repair range from 88 to 93 percent but decrease with successive attempts. Thus, a significant percentage of women have obstetrical fistulae that cannot be repaired surgically.
New therapies for fistulae are needed.

Use of adipose tissue-derived stromal stem cells in treating fistula


A system of enhancing air quality for buildings is proposed. The system includes a multi level building having a hoistway vertically extending through at least two levels of the building, for receiving a car vertically moving therein. The system further includes at least an air circulating device placed on a top level of the building for pumping fresh air into the hoistway, a plurality of current directing devices installed between different levels of the building for directing air in the hoistway flowing from an upper level of the building to a lower level of the building, and a waste discharge device in communication with an available exhaust outlet in a basement for discharging exhaust out of the hoistway. Accordingly, the air flowing in the hoistway is maintained in a single direction. With the system of enhancing air quality for buildings, dirty air discharged below the car is maintained to flow downwardly to prevent backflow of the dirty air, so as to achieve better air quality in the elevator.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system of enhancing air quality, and more particularly, to a system of enhancing air quality by improving amount of air circulating in an elevator of a building using an air conditioning method, so as to ensure health of the elevator passengers.
2. Description of Related Art
Recently, new viral infection disease known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), which has affected many countries, necessitates a re-think about ventilation issues, particularly in enclosed spaces such as elevators, where people are forced into close proximity. However, a conventional elevator car is generally a closed compartment that has poor ventilation. This poses a potential risk of accumulation of hazard material such as corona virus, and increases chance of deadly viral infection for anyone traveling in the elevator, accordingly.
FIG. 5 illustrates a conventional elevating equipment (known generally as elevator) is installed in multi level building. The elevator comprises a hoistway 21′ and an elevator car 20′ received in the hoistway 21′. The hoistway 21′ is connected with a plurality of venting ducts (not shown) that communicates with the outside of the multi-level building, so that air in the hoistway 21′ can exchange with air outside to achieve an air convection. And even though the air in the hoistway can exchange with air outside, dirty air in the hoistway often reside at lower level of the building as a result of back flow and a relatively larger specific weight of the dirty air, making the air convection worse at the basement of the building. And as the back flowing dirty air is mixed with fresh air (having a relatively smaller specific weight) in the hoistway, air quality in the elevator car 20′ is further degraded. Therefore, it is difficult to improve efficiency in exchanging dirty air with the fresh air in the elevator.

System of enhancing air quality used for buildings


An audio player includes an audio headset having two earpieces. A playback circuit provides one of a stereophonic program and a monaural program to the audio headset. The monaural program may be created by mixing channels of the stereophonic program. A mode control is coupled to the playback circuit and to the audio headset. The mode control detects when at least one of the two earpieces is not adjacent a listener's ear and causes the playback circuit to deliver the monaural program to the audio headset.

1. Field
Embodiments of the invention relate to the field of audio playback; and more specifically, to the control of audio playback for a headphone listener.
2. Background
A listener may utilize a headset in order to receive an audio program in private and personalized manner. Headsets typically include a right earpiece and a left earpiece coupled to a right and left channel of audio, respectively.
There may be times when the listener may wish to listen to the audio program with only one of the two earpieces. For example, the listener may wish to leave one ear available for better perception of ambient sounds. As another example, the listener may wish to share the earpieces with a second listener, particularly for headsets of the "ear bud" type, where each listener is listening to the audio program with only one of the two earpieces.
It would be desirable to provide a way to effectively use headphones to listen to an audio program with only one of the two earpieces.

Audio player with monophonic mode control


A semiconductor chip is provided comprising a semiconductor substrate on which an integrated circuit is formed. The semiconductor chip, which is provided on the semiconductor substrate in an area array, further comprises a plurality of electrodes electrically coupled with the inside of the semiconductor substrate, wherein the electrodes are arranged into a plurality of first groups respectively lined along a plurality of paralleling first straight lines and, further, into a plurality of second groups respectively lined along a plurality of second straight lines which extend so as to intersect with the first straight lines.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor chip and a semiconductor device, and to a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device.
2. Related Art
With a conventional semiconductor chip, the area for arranging electrodes is highly restricted, imposing restrictions on designs of integrated circuits. Accordingly, if there are fewer restrictions on the electrode arrangement area, there will be a higher degree of freedom in designing integrated circuits, and a semiconductor chip can be more reliable
The present invention aims to provide a semiconductor chip and a semiconductor device having an excellent mountability and a high degree of freedom in designing integrated circuits, and to provide a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device.

Semiconductor chip and semiconductor device, and method for manufacturing semiconductor device


A waveguide adaptor or transition for interfacing a microwave waveguide to a coplanar transmission line or electronic device is disclosed. The adaptor includes a waveguide section having an integral coplanar transmission line formed in a longitudinal slot in a top wall thereof. A metallic fin is disposed in the waveguide which extends into the slot. The transmission line is coplanar because the edges of the slot on either side of the fin both act as ground planes. A tapered portion of the fin gradually rises from the bottom surface of the waveguide into the slot which acts as an impedance matching structure between the waveguide and the transmission line. Numerous circuit elements can be connected to the transmission line so that the adaptor can be used to fabricate oscillators, amplifiers, filters and other devices. In particular, a Gunn oscillator formed with the adaptor is disclosed. In another embodiment, the fin is made out of insulating material having conductive patterns disposed on both sides to form a conventional waveguide to coplanar waveguide transition.

The present invention relates, in general, to a microwave waveguide-to coplanar transmission line adaptor.
Microwaves can be transmitted through a number of different types of transmission media, including waveguides, microstrip transmission lines and coaxial cables. Often times, it is necessary to interface one type of transmission medium with another. Various types of transitions or adaptors have been employed for this purpose which comprise impedance matching structures for interfacing the two types of transmission media to insure that the electric and magnetic field lines of the microwave will match at the interface.
Examples of such impedance matching structures include fins, ridges and steps, that are disposed in a waveguide, and guide microwaves into an interface, which can be with a microstrip transmission line, for example. The ridges, fins and steps are physically designed to transform the impedance of the waveguide to match that of the microstrip transmission line. For example, to match the waveguide impedance to a 50 ohm microstrip, a ridge can be used whose thickness and height is tapered. The actual impedance transition involves the transition from the normally high impedance of the waveguide (on the order of a few hundred ohms) where the ridge height is zero, to the lower 50 ohm impedance of the microstrip where the ridge contacts the microstrip.
To date, microwave transition and adaptor structures have been fairly complicated and costly due to the interfacing and impedance matching requirements. Also, no efficient, broad band adaptors are known which can interface a waveguide to a structure having more than one ground plane. The present invention seeks to provide an adaptor structure which solves these problems.

Waveguide adaptors and Gunn oscillators using the same


A clock and voltage generation circuit includes a voltage generator which generates a first gate high voltage, a first gate low voltage, a second gate high voltage, and a second gate low voltage, a first level shifter which generates a first gate clock signal which swings between the first gate high voltage and the first gate low voltage in synchronization with a gate pulse signal, and a second level shifter which generates a second gate clock signal which swings between the second gate high voltage and the second gate low voltage in synchronization with the gate pulse signal. The voltage generator lowers the second gate high voltage to a voltage level of a kickback reference voltage in response to a kickback signal, and the first gate low voltage and the second gate high voltage are gate-on voltages, and the first gate high voltage and the second gate low voltage are gate-off voltages.

Among display devices, an organic light-emitting display device displays an image using an organic light emitting diode that generates light by recombination of electrons and holes. Such an organic light emitting diode display has desired features such as fast response speed and low power consumption.
Organic light emitting display devices include pixels connected to data lines and scan lines. Pixels generally include an organic light emitting diode and a circuit unit for controlling an amount of current flowing through the organic light emitting diode. The circuit unit controls the amount of current flowing from a first driving voltage to a second driving voltage through an organic light emitting diode in response to a data signal. In this case, light having a predetermined luminance is generated in response to the amount of current flowing through the organic light emitting diode.
Conventionally, transistors included in a circuit unit are formed of transistors having a low-temperature polycrystalline silicon ("LTPS") semiconductor layer. The LTPS transistor has advantages in terms of high mobility and element stability, but a leakage current occurs when the voltage level of the second driving voltage is lowered or the operating frequency is lowered. When a leakage current occurs in a circuit unit in a pixel, a change in the amount of current flowing through the organic light emitting diode may occur, so that display quality may decrease.
Recently, in order to reduce the leakage current of a transistor in a circuit unit, a transistor having an oxide semiconductor as a semiconductor layer has been studied, and furthermore, research is being conducted on using LTPS semiconductor transistors and oxide semiconductor transistors together in a circuit unit of one pixel.

Clock and voltage generation circuit and display device including the same


The invention is for a paper insert device for a printer having a tractor cover for openably covering an opening before a tractor, a cut paper guide located above the tractor and behind an opening for manual insertion of a cut paper, and a manual insert cover for openably covering the opening. The manual insert cover is substantially flush with the cut paper guide when open.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a paper insert device for a printer having a front surface provided with a first opening for manual insertion of cut paper, a second opening for setting of continuous paper and having a tractor located behind the second opening for feeding the continuous paper.
2. Description of Related Art
In a conventional printer having a front surface provided with an opening for manual insertion of cut paper, the cut paper is manually inserted from the opening in a substantially horizontal direction to be fed Into the printer. One such conventional printer is not provided with a cover for covering the opening provided for manual insertion. In another such printer, there is provided a cover but the cover merely serves to cover the opening. That is, the cover does not serve as a paper supporter for supporting the cut paper when the cover is open, for example.
A printer capable of feeding continuous paper in addition to manual feeding of the cut paper has also been proposed. Such a printer is provided with a tractor for feeding the continuous paper fed through an opening through the front surface of the printer. In this kind of printer, a cover for covering the opening for setting the continuous paper is also commonly used as the cover for covering the opening provided for the manual insertion of the cut paper.
However, the paper insert device for the printers in the art as described has the following problems.
In the printer having the cover for covering the opening provided for the manual insertion of the cut paper, the cover is short in length, so that it cannot function to support the cut paper to be inserted. Accordingly, a user must manually support the cut paper even after initially setting the same making the insert operation troublesome.
In the printer having the tractor for feeding the continuous paper, when the cut paper is used, the opening for setting the continuous paper is uncovered, while when the continuous paper is used, the opening provided for the manual insertion of the cut paper is uncovered. Accordingly, operation noise of a print head or the like escapes from the uncovered opening to the outside of the printer, thus interfering with the work of persons in the area.


A shield assembly for a shaft includes a first tubular section having a first end and a second end and a second tubular section having a first end and a second end. The first and second tubular sections are each hollow receiving the shaft. The first tubular section includes a first outer diameter and the second tubular section includes a second outer diameter, the first outer diameter being greater than the second outer diameter. The first tubular section and the second tubular section are telescopically coupled to one another where the second tubular section is movably disposed at least partially within the first tubular section.

Shafts are conventionally used to transfer power or torque from an input to an output. Often times, shafts are rotatably driven at significant rotational speeds. As such, it is often desired to include a cover or shield at least partially over the shaft to prevent debris and other contaminants from affecting the performance of the shaft. Moreover, the cover or shield offers protection to someone repairing the shaft or other parts located near the shaft.
In the present disclosure, one or more embodiments are presented for providing an improved shielding of one or more shafts on a work machine.

Telescopic shaft shielding with quick connect assembly


For a purpose of improving detecting performance toward knocking in small and middle intensity which must be detected as a top priority to conduct regulation of ignition timing, a device is provided to vary an output gain of an alternating component included in an ion current in accordance with ion current quantity. An ion current detector to detect the ion current to be generated surrounding an ignition plug just after mixed gas inside a cylinder has been ignited with a spark discharge having occurred at the ignition plug due to a voltage generated by an ignition coil, comprises a bias voltage generating part to generate a high voltage for an ion current detection to be applied to the ignition plug via the ignition coil, an ion current-to-voltage conversion part to convert an ion current having flowed between electrodes of the ignition plug by the high voltage into a voltage, and a knock signal generator to extract and amplify a frequency band resembling knocks on the basis of voltage conversion effect.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an ion current detector to detect the ionization of combustion gas generated by the combustion of an internal combustion engine as an ion current, and thus to detect a combustion status on the basis of the ion current.
2. Description of Related Art
An ignition-type internal combustion engine (hereinafter referred to as engine) compresses a mixed gas of air and fuel for introduction into a combustion chamber (hereinafter referred to as cylinder) by a piston and ignites and burns the compressed gas with an ignition plug to produce power. An output from an engine and ignition timing for a cylinder position share a close relationship. Generally, when the ignition timing is advanced, higher output is attainable. However, in the presence of an excess advance angle, an abnormal combustion condition called knocking takes place. In the case of repeated knocking, the engine can be destroyed.
When the mixed gas burns inside the cylinder, the burning gas is ionized. Therefore, when a voltage is applied to the burning gas, a current flows within the burning gas due to the ions' action. This current is called an ion current, and it varies according to the burning condition inside the cylinder. Accordingly, the burning condition can be determined by detecting the ion current.
The ion current sharply increases immediately after ignition, and reaches its peak in a short period of time, and thereafter gradually decreases. In the case where knocking occurs, an oscillating component of several kilohertz is superposed onto the ion current. It is indispensable to extract only the oscillating component caused by knocking from the sharply varying ion current. In Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 7-63869, an ion current-to-voltage conversion part comprising an ion current detecting part to detect an ion current, and a diode, has been proposed. This ion current-to-voltage conversion part outputs a voltage in proportion to the ratio of an alternating component (oscillating component) included in the ion current which has been detected in the ion current detecting part by using logarithmic characteristics of a forward voltage of the diode.


Disclosed is a radio (wireless) communication system providing a radio communication service and a terminal, and more particularly, to a method of effectively detecting and handling endless RLC retransmission so as to prevent endless RLC retransmission occurring between the terminal and a network in an Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (E-UMTS) that has evolved from a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) or a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system.

FIG. 1 shows an exemplary network structure of a Long-Term Evolution (LTE) system as a mobile communication system to which a related art and the present invention are applied. The LTE system is a system that has evolved from the existing UMTS system, and its standardization work is currently being performed by the 3GPP standards organization.
The LTE network can roughly be divided into an Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) and a Core Network (CN). The E-UTRAN is generally comprised of a terminal (i.e., User Equipment (UE)), a base station (i.e., Evolved Node B (eNode B)), an access gateway (aGW) that is located at an end of the network and connects with one or more external networks. The access gateway may be divided into a part that handles processing of user traffic and a part that handles control traffic. In this case, the access gateway part that processes the user traffic and the access gateway part that processes the control traffic may communicate with a new interface. One or more cells may exist in a single eNB. An interface may be used for transmitting user traffic or control traffic between eNBs. The CN may include the aGW and a node or the like for user registration of the UE. An interface for discriminating the E-UTRAN and the CN may be used.
FIGS. 2 and 3 show respective exemplary structures of a radio interface protocol between the terminal and the E-UTRAN based on the 3GPP radio access network standards. The radio interface protocol has horizontal layers comprising a physical layer, a data link layer, and a network layer, and has vertical planes comprising a user plane (U-plane) for transmitting user data information and a control plane (C-plane) for transmitting control signaling. The protocol layers in FIGS. 2 and 3 can be classified into a first layer (L1), a second layer (L2), and a third layer (L3) based on three lower layers of an open system interconnection (OSI) standard model widely known in the communication system. The radio protocol layers exist as pairs between the UE and the E-UTRAN and handle a data transmission in a radio interface.
The layers of the radio protocol control plane in FIG. 2 and those of the radio protocol user plane in FIG. 3 will be described as follows.
The physical layer, the first layer, provides an information transfer service to an upper layer by using a physical channel. The physical layer is connected to an upper layer called a medium access control (MAC) layer via a transport channel. Data is transferred between the MAC layer and the physical layer via the transport channel. The transport channel is divided into a dedicated transport channel and a common transport channel according to whether or not a channel is shared. Between different physical layers, namely, between a physical layer of a transmitting side and that of a receiving side, data is transmitted via the physical channel using radio resources.
The second layer includes various layers. First, a medium access control (MAC) layer performs mapping various logical channels to various transport channels and performs logical channel multiplexing by mapping several logical channels to a single transport channel. The MAC layer is connected to an upper layer called a radio link control (RLC) layer by a logical channel. The logical channel is roughly divided into a control channel that transmits information of the control plane and a traffic channel that transmits information of the user plane according to a type of transmitted information.
A Radio Link Control (RLC) layer of the second layer segments and/or concatenates data received from an upper layer to adjust the data size so as for a lower layer to suitably transmit the data to a radio interface. In addition, in order to guarantee various Quality of Services (QoSs) required by each radio bearer (RB), the RLC layer provides three operational modes: a Transparent Mode (TM); an Unacknowledged Mode (UM); and an Acknowledged Mode (AM). In particular, the AM RLC performs a re-transmission function through an Automatic Repeat and Request (ARQ) for a reliable data transmission.
A Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer of the second layer performs a function called header compression that reduces the size of a header of an IP packet, which is relatively large and includes unnecessary control information, in order to effectively transmit the IP packet such as an IPv4 or IPv6 in a radio interface having a narrow bandwidth. The header compression increases transmission efficiency between radio interfaces by allowing the header part of the data to transmit only the essential information. In addition, the PDCP layer performs a security function in the LTE system. The security function includes ciphering for preventing data wiretapping by a third party, and integrity protection for preventing data manipulation by a third party.
The Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer located at the lowermost portion of the third layer is defined only in the control plane, and controls a logical channel, a transport channel and a physical channel in relation to the configuration, reconfiguration, and release of radio bearers (RBs). In this case, the RBs refer to a logical path provided by the first and second layers of the radio protocol for data transmission between the UE and the UTRAN. In general, configuration (establishment, setup) of the RB refers to the process of stipulating the characteristics of a radio protocol layer and a channel required for providing a particular data service, and setting the respective detailed parameters and operational methods. The RBs include two types: a Signaling RB (SRB) and a Data RB (DRB). The SRB is used as a path for transmitting an RRC message on a C-plane, and the DRB is used as a path for transmitting user data on a U-plane.
Hereinafter, the RLC layer will be explained in more detail. As mentioned above, the RLC layer operates in three modes, TM, UM, and AM. Since the RLC layer performs a simple function in the TM, only the UM and AM will be explained.
The UM RLC generates each Packet Data Unit (PDU) with a PDU header including a Sequence Number (SN), thereby allowing a receiving side to know which PDU has been lost while being transmitted. Accordingly, the UM RLC transmits broadcast/multicast data or transmits real-time packet data such as voice (e.g., VoIP) of a Packet Service domain (PS domain) or streaming on a user plane. Also, on a control plane, the UM RLC transmits, to a specific terminal or specific terminal group in a cell, an RRC message requiring no response for reception acknowledgement.
Similar to the UM RLC, the AM RLC generates each PDU with a PDU header including a Sequence Number (SN). Differently from the UM RLC, in the AM RLC, a receiving side performs acknowledgement for PDUs transmitted from a sending side. In the AM RLC, the reason why the receiving side performs acknowledgement is to request the sending side to retransmit a PDU if the receiving side fails to receive the PDU. The re-transmission function is the main characteristic part of the AM RLC. The AM RLC aims to guarantee error-free data transmission using the re-transmission function. To this end, the AM RLC handles transmission of non-real time packet data such as TCP/IP of PS domain on the user plane, and transmits an RRC message that necessarily requires a reception acknowledgement among RRC message transmitted to a specific terminal in a cell on the control plane.
In terms of directionality, the UM RLC is used for uni-directional communications, while the AM RLC is used for bi-directional communications due to feedback from the receiving side. The UM RLC is different from the AM RLC in the aspect of configuration. The UM RLC and the AM RLC are different in terms of structural aspect: the UM RLC is that a single RLC entity has only one structure of transmission or reception but the AM RLC is that both a sending side and a receiving side exist in a single RLC entity.
The AM RLC is complicated due to its re-transmission function for data. The AM RLC is provided with a retransmission buffer as well as a transmission/reception buffer for retransmission management. The AM RLC performs many functions, e.g., usage of a transmission/reception window for flow control, polling to request a status information (status report) from a receiving side of a peer RLC entity by a sending side, a receiving side's status report informing about its buffer status to a sending side of a peer RLC entity, and generating of a status PDU to transmit status information, or the like. In order to support those functions, the AM RLC requires to have various protocol parameters, status variables, and timers. The PDUs used for controlling data transmission in the AM RLC, such as the status report, a status PDU, or the like, are called Control PDUs, and the PDUs used for transferring user data are called Data PDUs.
In the AM RLC, the RLC Data PDU is further divided into an AMD PDU and an AMD PDU segment. The AMD PDU segment has a portion of data belonging to the AMD PDU. In the LTE system, a maximum size of a data block transmitted by the terminal may vary at each transmission. For instance, having generated and transmitted an AMD PDU having a size of 200 bytes at a certain time period, a sending side AM RLC entity is required to retransmit the AMD PDU since it has received a NACK from a receiving side AM RLC. Here, if a maximum size of a data block which can be actually transmitted is assumed 100 bytes, the AMD PDU cannot be retransmitted in its original form. To solve this problem, the AMD PDU segments are used. The AMD PDU segments refer to the AMD PDU divided into smaller units. During such process, the sending side AM RLC entity divides the AMD DPU into the AMD PDU segments so as to transmit the same over a certain period of time. Then, the receiving side AM RLC entity decodes the AMD PDU from the received AMD PDU segments.
In the related art, the PDCP layer as an upper layer of the RLC has a timer for each PDCP SDU (Service Data Unit). If an ACK is not received until the timer expires, the PDCP layer discards the corresponding PDCP SDU and Protocol Data Unit (PDU), and simultaneously, commands the RLC to discard the corresponding PDCP PDU, i.e., the RLC SDU. Upon receiving the RLC SDU discard indication, the AM RLC would discard the RLC SDU if no segment of the RLC SDU has been mapped to an AMD PDU yet and thusly stored in the RLC buffer. However, if at least one segment of the RLC SDU has already been mapped to an AMD PDU, the AM RLC would not discard the RLC SDU but retransmit the RLC SDU until an ACK is received.
In the related art, there is no restriction on the PDU retransmission by the AM RLC, such as a maximum allowable time or frequency for transmission, or the like. This is because the LTE system having employed technologies, such as OFDM, MIMO, HARQ and the like, assumes that the transmission in the physical layer is stable. That is, since the physical layer has a very low transmission error rate, any restrictions on the retransmission in the RLC layer are not necessary. Therefore, the AM RLC in theory may perform endless retransmission.
For some reasons, however, the RLC may continually fail to retransmit. Among those, a variety of status parameters of the RLC protocol may malfunction by a protocol error (residual error) that is not detected even by the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) in the physical layer, or the receiving side may continually discard the PDUs having successfully been transmitted by the sending side due to different RLC implementation schemes between the terminal and the network. With such RLC-associated problems, there is a possibility to fail even if the retransmission is endlessly performed. Therefore, there is a need to have a solution for the endless retransmission by the RLC.

Method of detecting and handling and endless RLC retransmission


A laser pick-up device for an optical disk receives three laser beams to irradiate the optical disk and uses a six-division optical detector to detect the laser beams reflected from the optical disk and to track exactly the optical disk. A reflection type diffraction grating is positioned at a front position in order to divide and reflect the laser beam generated by a laser diode. A holographic element having the function of a toric lens is used as a diffracting device for the reflected beams. The six-division optical detector is positioned to one side and/or behind the diffraction grating. The grid gaps of the holographic element can be larger using the present invention which simplifies the manufacturing the holographic element and thereby provides a laser pick-up device that is suitable for mass production.

A laser pick-up is generally a device for writing and regenerating data of optical information to and from an optical disk by irradiating the optical disk with laser beams from a laser diode. FIG. 1 shows a conventional laser pick-up. This laser pick-up is constructed such that diffraction grating 52, a 50% reflecting mirror 53 and toric lens 56 are positioned in the optical path. Diffraction grating 52 divides the laser beams from laser diode 51 into three beams (0 order and .+-. first orders). These beams are reflected from the 50% reflecting mirror 53 and are irradiated through an objective lens 54 to optical disk 55, thereby forming a focal spot on the optical disk 55. The beams which have formed a focus on optical disk 55 are reflected back in the reverse direction through 50% reflecting mirror 53 and toric lens 56 based on the principle of astigmatism to ultimately reach optical detector 57. Optical detector 57 detects the focus error occurred on optical disk 55 by calculating the difference between the amounts of the beams that have reached the 4 sub-parts of the detector.
Among the drawbacks of the laser pick-up arrangement described above is that 50% reflecting mirror 53 and toric lens 56 are disposed at the center of the body of the laser pick-up assembly. This arrangement makes the adjustment of the optical axis relatively difficult. In addition, the requisite number of the components is increased.
The laser pick-up arrangement illustrated in FIG. 2 was proposed to overcome these disadvantages. This arrangement includes holographic element 58 which functions as a toric lens. However, collimating lens 59 is required to make the laser beams from laser diode 51 run parallel. Moreover, using a 3-beam type pick-up arrangement to detect the tracking errors means that there will be three beams reflected after forming a focal spot on optical disk 55. Each of the beams are divided into three beams due to diffraction caused by holographic element 58 so that a total of nine laser beams reach the optical detector 57.
A further laser pick-up arrangement was designed in an attempt to resolve the problems described above. This arrangement, illustrated in FIG. 3, provides holographic element 58 and diffraction grating 52 as separate components. However, the angle between the optical axis and diffracted beams 60 from the holographic element is larger in this arrangement. The result should be that the grid gaps of the holographic element 58 are narrowed, thereby rendering the manufacture of the holographic element difficult.
Therefore, there is a need to provide a laser pick-up arrangement that minimizes the number of components and permits larger grid gaps in the holographic element to be used.


A system and method for separating at least a part of the solids from brine having an initial temperature T1, the system comprising a crystallizer comprising a crystallizer inlet for receiving therein said brine, a crystallizer first outlet for discharging vapor having a first pressure P1, evaporated from at least a part of said brine, and a crystallizer second outlet for discharging a slurry having a final temperature T2 lower than said initial temperature T1; a separator comprising a separator inlet for receiving therein said slurry, a separator first outlet for discharging therefrom said part of the solids separated from said slurry, and a separator second outlet for discharging therefrom a remaining liquid having a temperature substantially equal to T2; a compressor comprising a compressor inlet for receiving therein said vapor, and a compressor outlet for discharging therefrom a compressed vapor having a second pressure P2 higher than said pressure P1; and a condenser comprising a condenser first inlet for receiving therein said compressed vapor, a condenser second inlet for receiving therein said remaining liquid discharged from said separator, for absorbing a latent heat released from said compressed vapor, condensing thereby said compressed vapor, and a condenser outlet for discharging therefrom an outlet liquid having a temperature substantially equal to T1.

The production of commercially valuable salts and minerals, from their naturally occurring solutions (brines) by solar evaporation has been practiced for millennia around the world. The commonest example for the use of solar evaporation is the production of common salt (NaCl) from seawater: the seawater is fed into large, shallow ponds and water is removed through natural evaporation which allows the salt to precipitate and subsequently be harvested. Another, more recent example is the production of potassium salts from minerals crystallized by solar evaporation around, for example, the Dead Sea.
Solar evaporation in shallow ponds, which is sometimes combined with winter-cooling in the ponds, is very economical, but it requires the availability of large, flat surfaces possessing impervious soil in addition to the appropriate climatic conditions: dry and hot weather at least part of the year and scarcity of precipitation (rain etc.) throughout the year. In the absence of these conditions, the use of combustible fuels (e.g. peat, wood etc.) has been practiced, but this resource is wasteful, expensive and not easily renewable.
In the Dead Sea operations, carnallite (KClMgCl2 6.(H2O)) is produced in solar ponds from Dead sea water. The mother liquor remaining in the ponds after the precipitated carnallite has been harvested is referred to as End Brine (EB). EB is a saturated solution of the minerals of the Dead Sea, and therefore is relatively highly concentrated. The actual concentration of the EB (or Mother Liquor) will depend on the type of the raw water source and will be usually in the range of 22% to 35%. The EB contains valuable minerals which, however, cannot be further extracted by the usual practice of solar evaporation, due to the low vapor pressure of the brine.


This invention relates to a universal device for sequentially sensing any input signals and providing any output signals, comprising; a microprocessor; a programmable memory for defining said input signals and said output signals at selected levels; multiplexers controlled by said microprocessor to sequentially select said input signals and said output signals; electrical components controlled by said microprocessor and programmable memory for generating a digital bit stream for each sequentially selected input signal and output signal; circuitry for translating said digital bit streams to an analogue signal; signal conditioning circuitry activated by said analogue signal for sensing any input signal and providing any output signal defined by said programmable memory.

Various kinds of machines and processes have heretofore been utilized to control or monitor machines, signals or devices.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,607,333 relates to electronic beam exposure apparatus which is controlled by a program which stores the desired circuit pattern, and the data of the computer is supplied to an electrostatic deflector via a digital control circuit, digital to analogue convertors and amplifiers as a voltage which is proportional to the degree of deflection.
Moreover, U.S. Pat. No. 3,573,442 teaches a computer of the sample data type for performing, selecting, computing and combining functions and comprises a single time shared or multiplexed operational amplifier adapted to add and substract analogue signal quantities, through a plurality of input signals and to store the results to a plurality of output switches on memory devices such as capacitors, which results are culled out at proper times as analogue outputs and/or feedback signals.
Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 3,548,170 relates to a signal digital computer which takes over functions of all analogue controllers as a process whereby signals from the sensing elements feed into an input multiplexer so that the computer can scan them one at a time, such signals being converted to digital signals having discrete values before entering the computer. The output signals from the computer may be converted to analogue signals or remain digital. U.S. Pat. No. 3548,170 utilizes individual circuits having different electronic components for input and for output, analogue and digital signals.
Finally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,404,625 discloses a programmable logic controller provided with a central control unit consisting of a microcomputer as firmware and input circuit adapted to act as an input interference between the external switches connected to input terminals and the central control unit, and output circuitry controlling external equipment converted to the output terminals in response to the output signal from the central control unit, a program memory for storing the sequence programs set by users as desired, a key input device to be used for monitoring or setting programs, and an indicator for indicating the instructions being sent at the program settings and also instructions being executed during execution of the program. More particularly the input and output circuitry of U.S. Pat. No. 4,404,625 are different and establish their characteristics from discrete components rather than software controlled pulse width modulated power sources.
Each of the foregoing devices have generally been designed to execute a specific monitoring or control function.
Present digital microprocessor technology for control purposes utilize discrete circuitry uniquely designed with specific electronic components to condition each type of input signal from sensing field equipment, and also utilize discrete circuitry uniquely set up with specific electronic components to provide each type of output signal required for controlling the field equipment. Furthermore inputs are handled independently of outputs in present day electronic circuitry.
It is an object of this invention to produce an improved input-output device which utilizes a common set of electronic circuitry repeatedly for a variety of input or output signals.


A method for generating a continuous carrier gas/vapour mixture stream containing a carrier gas, and a vapour of a liquid. The method includes provision of a first metered carrier gas stream, provision of a second metered carrier gas stream, provision of a metered, vapour-saturated carrier gas/vapour mixture stream, mixing of the second stream and the metered stream to provide a first gaseous mixture stream; and provision of a metered liquid stream fed to an evaporation/mixing device for evaporating the liquid and mixing with the first gaseous mixture stream to provide a second gaseous mixture stream.

Such methods and devices are known from the prior art and can be used in particular in the context of investigating material properties under predetermined and, as the case may be, variably predetermined ambient conditions. Examples of this are the investigation of the sorption capacity, the (e.g. thermal) length expansion, the rigidity, the crystallographic structure etc. of a material sample, which is arranged in a sample chamber through which the carrier gas/vapour mixture stream flows.
The carrier gas can in particular be an inert gas (e.g. nitrogen, helium, argon etc., or mixtures of noble gases). The vaporous component or the liquid whose vapour is contained in the carrier gas/vapour mixture stream is usually water, but mixtures with vapours of organic components such as for example alcohols are known.
The following methods for the generation of carrier gas/vapour mixtures with the aim of generating a predetermined vapour concentration (equivalent to predetermined proportions of the carrier gas and the vapour) are established in the prior art:
evaporation of the liquid and making the carrier gas available, and subsequent metering/mixing of the two components in the gaseous state.
Evaporation of a previously metered liquid stream and addition of a metered carrier gas stream (so-called "direct evaporation method").
Mixing of a carrier gas stream saturated with the vaporous component and a pure carrier gas stream.
Generation of a carrier gas stream saturated with the vaporous component and targeted condensing-out of excess vapour at a heat exchanger surface.
The metering of all the components in the gaseous state is bound up with considerable technical difficulties, since the mass flow measurement has to be carried out at raised temperature to avoid re-condensation. In the case of water as a vapour component, the temperature must for example be greater than 100° C. Many commercially available mass flow meters are thus ruled out, i.e. expensive special solutions for high media temperatures have to be selected.
The precision in the achievement of a target concentration of the vapour is limited in the method of direct evaporation by the metering accuracy of the liquid component. For example, the liquid mass flow is often so small that it cannot be metered with sufficient accuracy ("slow-flowing") and/or cannot be evaporated uniformly. A further drawback of direct evaporation is the relatively long rise and, in particular, fall times of the vapour concentration with a change in the metered liquid quantity between zero and a target value different from zero (typically in the region of several minutes).
The methods in which a carrier gas stream saturated with the vaporous component is first produced are disadvantageous in that a pure vapour atmosphere (vapour concentration 100%) and also a concentration close to 100% cannot be achieved on account of the required participation of carrier gas.
The methods of mixing a saturated and a vapour-free carrier gas stream are essentially limited to the use of water as a vaporous component, since it is only in this case that the measurement of the vapour concentration can be carried out in a particularly straightforward manner (e.g. by means of commercially available sensors for air humidity).
It is the problem of the present invention to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks of the prior art and to provide a method and a device for the generation of a continuous carrier gas/vapour mixture stream, by means of which the concentration of the vapour component can be adjusted in a wide range with little delay and high precision.

Method and device for generating a continuous carrier gas/vapour mixture stream


The present disclosure provides various methods of fabricating a semiconductor device. A method of fabricating a semiconductor device includes providing a semiconductor substrate and forming a gate structure over the substrate. The gate structure includes a first spacer and a second spacer formed apart from the first spacer. The gate structure also includes a dummy gate formed between the first and second spacers. The method also includes removing a portion of the dummy gate from the gate structure thereby forming a partial trench. Additionally, the method includes removing a portion of the first spacer and a portion of the second spacer adjacent the partial trench thereby forming a widened portion of the partial trench. In addition, the method includes removing a remaining portion of the dummy gate from the gate structure thereby forming a full trench. A high k film and a metal gate are formed in the full trench.

The semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry has experienced rapid growth. Technological advances in IC materials and design have produced generations of ICs where each generation has smaller and more complex circuits than the previous generation. However, these advances have increased the complexity of processing and manufacturing ICs and, for these advances to be realized, similar developments in IC processing and manufacturing are needed.
In the course of IC evolution, functional density (i.e., the number of interconnected devices per chip area) has generally increased while geometry size (i.e., the smallest component (or line) that can be created using a fabrication process) has decreased. This scaling down process generally provides benefits by increasing production efficiency and lowering associated costs. Such scaling-down also produces a relatively high power dissipation value, which may be addressed by using low power dissipation devices such as complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices. CMOS devices have typically been formed with a gate oxide and polysilicon gate electrode. There has been a desire to replace the gate oxide and polysilicon gate electrode with a high-k gate dielectric and metal gate electrode to improve device performance as feature sizes continue to decrease. However, problems arise when integrating a high-k/metal gate feature in a CMOS process flow due to various factors such as the gate trench width used in replaced polysilicon gate (RPG), Lg ˜25.5 nm, devices is very narrow (e.g., <10 nm for N-MOS and <2 nm for P-MOS). Such a narrow trench may include a bridging across an upper portion of the trench. In other words, the space for wetting the gate metal fill (e.g., Al-fill) is very narrow. Accordingly, the bridging may cause the metal gate fill metal to have voids after being filled into the trench.
Accordingly, an improved metal gate fill and method of making is desired.

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company, Ltd.


Aspects of a method and system for frequency selection using microstrip transceivers for high-speed applications may include determining an operating frequency for operating one or both of a transmitter and a receiver. A frequency response and/or impedance of one or more transmission lines that may be utilized by the transmitter and/or the receiver may be controlled by adjusting one or more capacitances, communicatively coupled to the transmission lines based on the determined operating frequency. The capacitances may be coupled to the one or more transmission line at arbitrary physical spots, and may comprise capacitors and/or varactors. The capacitors and/or the varactors may be adjusted with a digital signal or an analog signal. The capacitances may comprise a matrix arrangement of capacitors and/or varactors. The one or more transmission lines may comprise a microstrip.

Transmission lines may be a material or structure that may form an electrical path from one place to another, for directing the transmission of energy, for example, electromagnetic waves. Transmission line effects are linked to the length of the transmission line, with respect to the wavelength of the signals that it may transport. In general, for transmission lines exceeding, for example, 1/10 of the signals wavelength, transmission line effects such as reflections and phase delays may become important. A transmission line may be modeled by a complex impedance model, comprising capacitance and/or inductance. Because of this, a transmission line may act as filtering element and may be utilized in applications requiring capacitive or inductive impedances.
Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditional approaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, through comparison of such systems with the present invention as set forth in the remainder of the present application with reference to the drawings.

Method and system for frequency selection using microstrip transceivers for high-speed applications


An electronic apparatus assembly including an electronic apparatus and a detachable connector is provided. The electronic apparatus has a cavity, a first magnetic element and a set of first terminals. The first magnetic element and the set of first terminals are disposed in the cavity. The detachable connector has an inserting portion, a body portion, a second magnetic element and a set of second terminals. The inserting portion is adapted to be inserted into the cavity. The body portion is connected to the inserting portion. The second magnetic element and the set of second terminals are disposed on the inserting portion. When the inserting portion is inserted into the cavity, the first magnetic element and the second magnetic element are mutually attracted. The two sets of terminals are mutually contacted, and the body portion is adapted to be supported on a plane to stand the electronic apparatus on the plane.

1. Technical Field
The application generally relates to an electronic apparatus assembly, and more particularly, to an electronic apparatus assembly with a detachable connector.
2. Background
In recent years, handheld electronic devices, such as mobile phones, tablet PCs and eBooks, are popular on the market. The handheld electronic devices not only facilitate the people life, but also play an indispensable role in the daily life. The handheld electronic devices feature a compact size and a lighter mass for the convenience of users to hold the device in using and portably carry them.
Taking a mobile phone as an example, the user may connect a connector of a transformer to the mobile phone for charging it. In addition, the user may use a transmission line with both ends respectively having a connector, in which the connector at one end is plugged into the mobile phone, while the connector at the other end is plugged to an electronic apparatus for transmitting data between the mobile phone and the electronic apparatus or charging the mobile phone.
After the connector of the transformer or the transmission line is connected to the mobile phone, the mobile phone is placed on a plane. At the time, if a user needs to watch the image on the display of the mobile phone, the user must take up the mobile phone, which is inconvenient indeed.