Various immunologically active proteins from Borrelia burgdorferi have been prepared by genetic manipulation in microorganisms. To do this, the specific DNA sequences were selected from a B. burgdorferi gene bank using suitable screening methods, or were prepared directly by DNA amplification using selected hybridization probes, and were placed under the control of inducible promoters such as, for example, the lac promoter. It has been possible, owing to description of efficient purification methods for the expressed antigens, to provide the proteins in a suitable way. These proteins can be used to produce specific and sensitive diagnostic assay kits. The specific combination of the immunologically active proteins makes precise diagnosis possible. Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies have been generated and are used as reagents for detecting pathogens directly in test samples or after cultivation. The Borrelia burgdorferi-specific DNA sequences can be employed for direct detection of the pathogen in patients' samples (for example by means of the PCR reaction).

Lyme borreliosis is the commonest infectious disease of humans transmitted by ticks in the Federal Republic of Germany. In contrast to Russian spring-summer encephalitis (RSSE) which is likewise transmitted by ticks, Lyme borreliosis is not confined to a few endemic areas but occurs in all the states of the FRG. Infestation of the main vector in Europe, Ixodes ricinus, with the pathogen of Lyme borreliosis, the spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi, in Southern Germany is about 20% of adults, about 10% of nymphs and about 1% of larvae. The main vector in the USA, Ixodes dammini, may be up to 100% infected by Borrelia in highly endemic areas.
B. burgdorferi belongs to the family of spirochetes. Spirochetes are spiral bacteria 8-30 .mu.m long. They consist of an outer coat, the endoflagella in the periplasm and the protoplasmic cylinder. The protoplasmic cylinder is a complex of cytoplasm, internal cell membrane and peptidoglycan. Representatives of the spirochetes which are pathogenic for humans include, beside B. burgdorferi, the Borrelia of relapsing fever (for example B. recurrentis), the pathogen of syphilis (Treponema (T.) pallidum) and the Leptospira. As a result of the close immunological relationship of the pathogens, cross-reactions are a problem in the serological detection of antibodies in cases of syphilis and Lyme borreliosis with assays currently available.
Infection with B. burgdorferi results in a complex clinical picture which can, similarly to syphilis, be divided into three different stages. The principal manifestations are:
Early phase: Stage I Erythema migrans Bannwarth's lymphocytic meningoradiculitis (LMR) Borrelia lymphocytoma Late phase: Stage III Lyme arthritis Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans (ACA) Chronic Borrelia encephalomyelitis
Less common clinical manifestations are: carditis, myositis, iritis and panophthalmitis. Transmission by the pathogen crossing the placenta is possible but to date only a few cases of congenital Lyme borreliosis have been recorded. The various stages may occur singly or in combination. B. burgdorferi infection may also have a subclinical course. Epidemiological studies on 375 clinically confirmed cases show some peculiarities in the age and sex distribution of the various clinical manifestations. Thus, patients with Erythema migrans were commonest in the 30 to 60 year age group. Neurological manifestations showed two peaks with age: the first in children and young people up to 20 years of age, and the second in 40 to 70 year-olds. Lyme arthritis was observed to be commonest in 30 to 60 year-olds. Patients with ACA were never below 30 years of age. ACA affects women distinctly more often than men. Serological testing showed predominantly positive IgM findings in patients with Erythema migrans, and predominantly positive IgG findings when there were neurological manifestations, in an immunofluorescence assay. With the late manifestations of ACA and Lyme arthritis, the IgG titers were regularly elevated, and IgM antibodies were now detectable only in exceptional cases.
Available for diagnosis are both pathogen detection and antibody detection. Pathogen detection in material from patients (skin biopsies, CSF, puncture fluids) is recommended especially in the early stage (Erythema migrans) when antibody detection is frequently negative. However, a complex nutrient medium is required for culturing B. burgdorferi (Preac-Mursic, V.; Wilske, B.; Schierz, G. (1986): European Borreliae burgdorferi isolated from humans and ticks--culture conditions and antibiotic susceptibility. Zbl. Bakt. Hyg. A 163, 112-118) and cultivation is therefore restricted to special laboratories. In addition, a time of up to 5 weeks is required to isolate the pathogen. B. burgdorferi is isolated from skin samples in 50-70% of cases with cutaneous manifestations and in 3-5% of cases with neuroborreliosis (Preac-Mursic, V.; unpublished results).
Antibody detection (IgM, IgG) is carried out on serum and, when there are neurological manifestations, also from CSF. The serological finding depends on the stage of the disease, the duration of the symptoms and any antibiotic therapy which has already been applied. Thus, antibody detection with assays available to date is successful only in 20-50% of cases with Erythema migrans, in 50-90% of cases with neurological manifestations and in 90-100% in cases with ACA and arthritis.
Therapy of Lyme borreliosis is predominantly carried out with penicillin G, tetracyclines, erythromycin or cephalosporins. Although Lyme borreliosis frequently resolves spontaneously in the early stages, even then late manifestations are not ruled out. This is why therapy in the early stage is indispensable. In addition, clinical resolution after antibiotic therapy can be achieved when there are late manifestations only in some of the cases (for example only about 50% of cases with Lyme arthritis).
This is why Lyme borreliosis should be diagnosed as early as possible. Since (as already explained) pathogen isolation is costly, time-consuming and, moreover, not always successful, better serodiagnostic assays ought to be developed. The methods used to date (immunofluorescence assay (IFA), indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)) frequently fail in the early stages. The antigens employed for these assays are all B. burgdorferi cells or whole-cell ultrasonicates. The use of different B. burgdorferi strains as antigen in the ultrasonicate ELISA leads to differing test results. Immobilization of cells on slides or ultrasonicate antigen on microtiter plates is followed by incubation with serum or CSF and detection of the Borrelia-specific antibodies with a second fluorescence- or peroxidase-labeled antibody of the appropriate immunoglobulin class. The reaction is then quantified either in a fluorescence microscope (IFA) or after a color reaction in a photometer (ELISA).
Broad cross-reactions of the pathogen B. burgdorferi with other bacterial pathogens, especially with T. pallidum, the syphilis pathogen, is a problem for the specificity of the assays. Since the assay antigens generally consist of lysates of the whole pathogen there is also detection of antibodies against so-called common antigens (Hansen, K.; Hindersson, P.; Pedersen, N. S. (1988): Measurement of antibodies to the Borrelia burgdorferi flagellum improves serodiagnosis in Lyme disease. J. Clin. Microbiol., 26, 338-346). Common antigens are widely distributed proteins with highly conserved sequences, that is to say the common antigens of Borrelia, Treponema as well as many other bacteria have common epitopes. Besides this, false-positive reactions may occur in the IgM-IFA or IgM-ELISA when the sera have rheumatoid factor activity. Therefore, in order to make the assays more specific, in the detection of IgG and IgM antibodies a preabsorption of the sera with a Treponema ultrasonicate, and additionally for the detection of IgM antibodies also absorption with rheumatoid factor absorbent, is carried out.

Active proteins from Borrelia burgdorferi

Mikrogen Molekularbiologische Entwicklungs- GmbH


A sequential delivery syringe which has an internal chamber located within a body with the internal chamber being substantially closed at one end except for a discharge opening and totally open at the opposite end. A luer is connected to the discharge opening with the luer including a piercing member. A mid-piston is movably mounted within the internal chamber of the syringe with there also being a separate stopper piston which is connected to plunger. Between the stopper piston and the mid-piston is mounted a collapsible structure within which is an internal chamber. A liquid is to be contained within this internal chamber of the collapsible structure. Movement of the plunger and stopper piston toward the mid-piston will result in discharging any liquid contents which is located between the mid-piston and the closed end of the body, and upon the mid-piston being located directly adjacent the closed end, the mid-piston will be pierced which will permit the liquid that is contained within the collapsible structure to be discharged through the discharge passage following the discharge of the liquid which was contained within the syringe body and located between the mid-piston and the closed end.

1. Field of the Invention
The subject matter of this invention relates to a syringe designed to contain two different liquid mediums and then permit the injection of the two different mediums sequentially into an IV line or a needle into a patient.
2. Description of the Related Art
Syringes are commonly used to inject medicine and saline solutions into a human or an animal. These injections usually occur by means of an IV (intervenous) line or needle which is connected into the body of the human or animal. Usually, the injected liquid that is contained within the syringe comprises a single liquid or a mixture of liquids. The syringe usually comprises a single internal compartment and has a single needle. Sometimes, the injection of medication requires the insertion of two different liquids. For example, there is a procedure that is known as a saline/heparin push. It is absolutely necessary that the saline be injected prior to the heparin because if the reverse occurs the IV line or needle will become immediately clogged requiring the IV line or needle to be removed and then reinstalled in position within the patient. Each removal and reinstallation is painful to the patient, time consuming to the doctor and nurse and costly to the medical facility not only in the extra time involved but because additional catheters, IV lines and syringes are required. Every year within the United States, there are literally billions of saline/heparin pushes administered. This means that every year there is a large number of mistakes that are made. At the current time, the heparin is contained within a syringe and the saline is contained within a separate syringe. Both syringes are essentially identical in size, quantity of liquid and color with the exception that one refers to heparin and the other refers to saline. It is relatively easy for the nurse to pick up the heparin syringe and administer that prior to administering of the saline.
The current practice includes an irrigation or cleansing flush consisting of a predetermined volume of saline (0.9 percent sodium chloride) delivered through a syringe. This is done to cleanse the inner lumen of the catheter of blood, medication or particulate matter. The saline flush is followed by an installation of heparin, via a syringe, to prevent occlusions (from blood or fibrin)n within the inner catheter lumen.
The Intravenous Nursing Society (INS) states that the volume of the flush should be equal to the priming volume of the catheter, plus any add-on pieces (i.e. extension sets) times two. This means that the volumes of the saline and heparin flushes could be identical. Medication errors frequently occur when the clinician or person delivering the flush confuses the two syringes and delivers the heparin flush first, followed by the saline flush. When this occurs, there is the increased potential of catheter occlusion if blood were to reflux into the distal catheter tip, since saline has no anticoagulant properties.
It would be desirable to utilize a single syringe which includes both the heparin and the saline where it is automatic that when making of the injection that the saline will be administered first and then the heparin will follow. In the past, there have been constructed multi-chamber syringes which are designed to accomplish this automatic sequential delivery of two different liquids. However, in the past, the sequential delivery syringes had to be prefilled and then be sterilized. The particular liquid in the syringe may be affected negatively by the sterilization procedure, which is usually radiation or heat. Therefore, at times it would be necessary to sterilize a sequential delivery syringe that contains only one of the liquids and then have some way to insert the second liquid into the syringe after the sterilization. It is believed that prior to the present invention there has not been known to utilize a novel sterile approach to the insertion of the second solution when constructing such a syringe.
Additionally, such a sequential delivery syringe could be used to deliver a medicament, such as an antibiotic followed by a quantity of saline. It would be desirable to construct a sequential delivery syringe that could be supplied to the physician or nurse that could be used to remove a precise quantity of medicament necessary for the particular patient and then administer that medicament and follow it with the saline solution.
The basic embodiment of the present invention comprises a sequential delivery syringe which has a body which includes an internal chamber. The body is substantially closed at one end but still provides access into an internal chamber through a through passage. The opposite end of the body is totally open. A luer is connected to the syringe at the one end with the luer including a discharge passage. The luer also includes a piercing member which extends within the internal chamber. A mid-piston is movably mounted within the internal chamber of the syringe with the mid-piston dividing the internal chamber into a front section and a rear section. A stopper piston, which is mounted on a plunger, is mounted in the rear section with this plunger extending exteriorly of the body of the piston. Also mounted within the rear section is a means for collapsing with the first liquid to be contained within this means. This means is normally closed. A second liquid is to be contained within the front section of the internal chamber. Upon movement of the plunger and the stopper piston toward the one end the second liquid is to be discharged through the discharge passage until the mid-piston is penetrated by the piercing member which provides access into the means for collapsing and permit the first liquid contained therein to be discharged through the discharge passage.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the first basic embodiment is modified by the one end of the syringe body having a luer lock comprising a collar which surrounds an internal annular chamber and there is a tapered male luer centrally mounted within this annular chamber. It is the tapered female luer that is attached directly to the syringe.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the previous embodiment is modified by the collar not having just a single opening through which to conduct the liquid into the discharge passage but there is actually a plurality of openings.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the plurality of openings are located about the piercing member.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the first basic embodiment is modified by the stopper piston including an air discharge valve.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the first basic embodiment is modified by the means for collapsing comprising a flexible walled bag.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the first basic embodiment is modified by the means for collapsing comprising a bellows.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the first basic embodiment is modified by the piercing member being fixed to said body by being press fitted into a discharge passage formed within one end of the body.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the first basic embodiment is modified by the piercing member being hollow having a circular sidewall with an opening formed in the sidewall spaced from the open end of outer end of the piercing member.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the first basic embodiment is modified by the piercing member being hollow defined by a circular sidewall and an elongated slot is formed in the sidewall extending from the open outer end of the piercing member.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the first basic embodiment is modified by the piercing member being mounted on a mounting disc with this mounting disc being placeable within the internal chamber of the body and being positioned directly adjacent the substantially closed one end of the body.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the first basic embodiment is modified by the piercing member being mounted entirely through the mounting disc to be projected from both the front side and the back side of the mounting disc.
A second basic embodiment of the present invention comprises an integral one-piece syringe luer lock which is constructed to include a collar which has an internal chamber which is internally screw threaded. This collar is to facilitate, by the threads, attachment to an appropriate connector for discharge of the liquid into an IV line or needle which is connected to a patient. A male/female luer is mounted within the internal chamber with this male/female luer having a discharge passage, and it is through this passage that the injectable liquid is to be conducted. At least one opening is formed within the collar which connects to the internal chamber. A piercing member is mounted on the collar directly adjacent this opening. A female luer surrounds a portion of the piercing member with this female luer being mounted on the collar whereby a syringe liquid discharge tube is to be inserted within the female luer in a liquid-tight manner with the piercing member to then be located within the internal chamber of the syringe so as to penetrate a movable piston within the internal chamber of the syringe.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the second basic embodiment is modified by the male/female luer being centrally mounted within the internal chamber.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the second basic embodiment is modified by there being not just a single opening but a plurality of openings formed within the collar.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the second basic embodiment is modified by the plurality of openings defined as being located about the piercing member.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the second basic embodiment is modified by the piercing member being pressed fitted into said one end.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the second basic embodiment is modified by the piercing member being hollow and having a circular sidewall, an opening formed within said sidewall spaced from the open outer end of the piercing member, said second liquid to be able to be conducted through said opening substantially emptying said internal chamber of said second liquid.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the second basic embodiment is modified by the piercing member being hollow and having a circular sidewall, an elongated longitudinal slot formed in said sidewall extending from an open outer end of said piercing member.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the second basic embodiment is modified by the piercing member being mounted on a mounting disc, said mounting disc being placeable within said internal chamber and being located directly adjacent said one end.
A further embodiment of the present invention is where the second basic embodiment is modified by the piercing member extending entirely through said mounting disc.


An aquatic paddle includes a shaft having a first end and a second end, and a paddle blade rigidly coupled to the first end of the shaft. The paddle blade is constructed from a skeleton and a web spanning the skeleton. The skeleton includes a hub structure having a proximal end and a distal end, and a plurality of rod members. Each rod member is rigidly secured at the distal end of the hub structure. The proximal end of the hub structure is rigidly secured to the first end of the shaft.

Conventional paddles or oars for facilitating human-powered propulsion of small watercraft such as row boats, canoes, kayaks, and the like, are typically constructed from a tubular shaft with a broad, flat blade at one or both ends thereof. Oars are attached via a pivot to the watercraft and are operated as levers, whereas paddles are held in the operator's hands during use. For the sake of simplicity, where no distinction is meant to be conveyed between paddles and oars, the term "paddle" shall be used hereinafter to refer to either one. Similarly, the actions of paddling and rowing shall be referred to simply as "paddling" where no distinction therebetween is meant to be conveyed.
The shaft and the blade can be integrally formed, as in the case of classical canoe paddles that are made from a single piece of wood; or can be assembled from a plurality of parts using different materials for the various components. For example, some conventional paddles have a lightweight shaft made from aluminum tubing with one or two paddle blades at one or both ends made from a hard plastic material.
Most often, the blades used in paddles or oars are constructed from a rigid, inflexible material that mostly retains its shape during paddling. Accordingly, for these types of paddles, any deformation of the blade as a result of the interaction forces between the blade and the water during paddling is marginal at most. When a hard, non-compliant paddle blade is drawn through the water during paddling, the paddle blade face pushes water in a direction opposite the direction in which the watercraft is to be propelled. Much of the water against which the paddle blade presses flows over the face of the paddle blade towards its edges, and past its edges. The water flowing over the face of the paddle blade flows from a relatively high-pressure zone at the face of the blade to a relatively low pressure zone past the edge of the blade. This flow is turbulent, and the pressure change creates eddy currents in the wake of the paddle stroke. The turbulence and eddy currents are a source of energy loss due to some of the paddling energy being taken up by the mixing, internal friction, and whirling of the water.
In some paddles, the paddle blade is designed to deform to some extent by virtue of the material from which the blade is formed. This type of deformation may be useful to prevent breakage of the blade that might occur when the blade strikes a rock or other hard object during use. However, deformation resulting from water pressing against the paddle blade's face during paddling in these types of paddles dissipates some of the paddling energy, thereby presenting an inefficiency. Additionally, flexible paddle blades suffer from the energy loss associated with the turbulence and eddy currents described above.
There have been various paddle designs proposed to improve paddling efficiency. U.S. Patent Application Publication No 2010/0009580 (Gomez Escobar) discloses a flexible oar having a blade with a hard edge and a soft, resilient, flexible core that stretches to create a pocket of water during rowing, thereby increasing the surface in contact with the water. However, the proposed design creates a turbulent flow that spills over all of the edges of the pocket, resulting in mixing and internal friction in the water, and eddy currents in the oar blade's wake.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,402 (Gooding) discloses a paddle with a cup-shaped blade displaced at an angle relative to the shaft for increased efficiency. The paddle blade has sidewalls that tend to scoop water like a spoon. However, the paddle blade maintains a constant non-flat shape, which presents additional drag against the water while the paddle is raised and lowered into the water during paddling. Moreover, as with the Gomez Escobar paddle design, water spills over the sidewalls during paddling, which creates turbulence and eddies.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,814,640 (Houck) discloses swimming fins having a web portion with a plurality of support members. The fins are designed such that their shape changes as the swimming action alternates between the power stroke and return stroke. As with all fins, they are used entirely underwater (i.e. not removed and re-inserted as with paddling), with the major fin surfaces being oriented generally parallel to the direction of travel. Flexure of the fins is designed to force water in the backwards direction, so the fins are generally made to be rather soft. These characteristics make fin designs generally unsuitable for use as paddle blades, since the latter are designed to exert a force against the water while the blade is oriented generally perpendicularly to the direction of travel.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,302,194 (Perales) discloses a combined propulsion and support device for a swimmer. The device is designed with a pair of opposing paddle blades on opposite ends of diametrically opposed tubular arms, with a flotation device in the center. The swimmer holds on to the arms, and paddles with the blades in alternating fashion. The paddle blades are triangular in shape and are slidably mounted in the arms and are constructed with ribs and webs extending therebetween. The ribs and web are designed to permit the blades to collapse and slide into the arms. The combined propulsion and support device is geared to work with an individual swimmer moving at a relatively slow speed. The design of the device does not provide a solution for efficient propulsion of watercraft, which have a greater mass and speed of travel far in excess of the individual swimmer. Particularly, the flexibility of the ribs needed to facilitate collapsibility into the arms, and the slidable arrangement of the blades inside the arms, provide a non-rigid, spring-loaded coupling between the paddle blades and the arms. While paddling, movement of the blades relative to the arms, and the associate friction, dissipate applied energy and make the device unsuitable for use in propelling watercraft efficiently.
Although these, and various other attempts have been made to improve the efficiency, portability, and storage of aquatic propulsion devices, each has its own drawback that results in either a compromise of performance, or makes the approach unsuitable for use with watercraft that are paddled or rowed.


The Multiple function LED night light not only offering even brightness surface light or indicator light under predetermined colors, functions, effects by multiple times reflections and refractions of light beam travel within or between at least one of 1st optics-lens, 2nd optics-lens, or inner wall of night light to eliminate the spot-light and get even brightness shown on 1st or 2nd optics-lens with built-in texture or opaque or optics treatments. Night light has at least one of preferred (1) effects for color-changing, color selection, functions selection, and (2) addition parts or function(s) select from switch, motion sensor, PIR sensor, radar sensor, rechargeable battery, power fail light, USB charging or be-charged port(s) or system, outlets, audio device, surge/over heat/overcharge/short-circuit protection, function selection between motion or non-motion or dust-to-dawn, cameras, signal transmitter or receiver or extenders, or remotes, camera with wi-fi incorporate cloud, 3/4/5G internet or other Zig-Bee, Z-way, Wi-Fi extender, with download APP for wireless IR or RF remote control.

The following co-pending U.S. patent applications by the same Inventor also are directed to night lights with same (a) AC to DC circuit (b) same LED light source (c) same prong to get AC power (d) has optics-lens or optics-element to show desire light effects (e) apply DC power for at least one of LED light source, IC, Circuit:
The current invention is CIP of (# H-2005) Ser. No. 11/255,981 (Multiple light source night light) filed on Oct. 24, 2005 is CIP of Ser. No. 11/094,215 filed on Mar. 31, 2005, and is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 11/092,741 now is U.S. Pat. No. 7,232,251, and a continuation-in-part of application of Ser. No. 10/883,747, filed Jul. 6, 2004;
The current invention is CIP of (# Q-2007) Ser. No. 11/806,284 filed on May 31, 2007 (LED night light has more than one optics means) which is CIP of Ser. No. 11/094,215 filed on Mar. 31, 2005, and is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 11/092,741 now is U.S. Pat. No. 7,232,251, and a continuation-in-part of application of Ser. No. 10/883,747, filed Jul. 6, 2004.
The current invention also is CIP of Ser. No. 11/498,881; Ser. No. 11/527,631; Ser. No. 11/498,874; Ser. No. 11/527,629; and Ser. No. 11/527,628.
In addition, the Inventor's U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,926,440; 6,158,868; 6,170,958; 6,171,117; 6,280,053 disclose arrangements of conductive for night lights and multiple function night lights incorporated time pieces.
Other U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,947,291; 5,495,402; 5,662,408; 5,713,655; 5,803,579; 5,816,682; 5,833,350; 5,893,626; 5,998,928; 6,000,807; 6,010,228; 6,031,958; 6,033,087; 6,056,420; 6,132,072; 6,160,948; 6,161,910; 6,183,101; 6,190,017; 6,290,368; 6,337,946; 6,386,730; 6,390,647; 6,000,104; 6,411,524; 6,431,719; 6,509,832; 6,523,976; 6,550,949; 6,609,812; 6,623,416; 6,641,289; 6,648,496; and 6,709,126
all show different light sources and application, and none teaches an LED night light having multiple functions which may be selected from the group including an adaptor device, fan device, heat device, bug repelled device, sonic device, frequency device, or any other home electric appliance or device suitable for adding onto an LED night light.
Furthermore US prior arts do not describe applying multiple times reflections and refractions of the led light beam travel within or between the at least one of 1st, 2nd optics-lens, optic elements, lens, injection piece, night light walls to eliminate the bad spot-light (some area is bright and some area is dark) light present on the front lens or 2nd optics-lens, lens for whole big areas have evenly or uniform brightness. Majority prior arts use the diffusor-lens which to sealed the majority light within the outer-piece in tube or ball or sphere shape without the reflective properties or some apply the additional painting or layer to apply to the front-lens surface which is not like current invention to apply color, textures, marking, sand-blaster, make opaque, make white color or other optic-properties apply on the 1st or 2nd optics-lens, lens, piece during injection-process.
The current invention for the front-lens or 2nd optics-lens, lens, piece has even brightness on whole surface for night light illumination, not like some prior arts only portion of front-cover have limited opening emitting super bright light out for illumination, some prior arts offer spot-light for night light only with reflector for inner LEDs, some prior arts use Electro-luminescent light source which is later filed date than current inventor over tens Electro-luminescent light source for night light or flashlight or power fail light, some of prior arts make wall cover to plug into wall outlets directly or replace the existing wall-cover-plate. All those none of the prior art to have EVEN brightness arrangement for whole front-lens and none of prior art has apply the co-pending (# H-05) More than one light source for night light and (# G-07) more than one optic-element for LED night light both are issued patents for its features.
Hereafter show the some or US prior arts with comparison with current inventions as below.
1. Prior U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,069 VAN KOHORN
                '069 show a incandescent light to emit radiational light beam into the Ring optic-medium which is not by LED which has narrow emitting angle so can emit majority light beam into the ring optic-medium. Also, '069 apply battery which lack of AC-to-DC circuit which is necessary for DC powered LED light.2. Prior U.S. Pat. No. 6,132,057 WILLIAMS        '057 same as '069 use bulb which is AC powered so lack of AC-to-DC circuit and also for radiation light beam bulb which light beam leakage to other place so light beam not like LED is narrow angle emit into the 2 ends of the said ring optics medium.3. Prior U.S. Pat. No. 6,499,853 STEKELENBURG        '853 the light source is Electro-luminescent (EL) which is AC powered light means and that is not same as LED light source. The current inventor had more than Tens of the US issued patents for EL application including night light from different windows such as the U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,053 filed on 1998 which also including the (1) EL light source supply area illumination and (2) 2nd LED for power fail light or flashlight with manual switch. Not same as current inventor for (H-2005) U.S. Pat. No. 7,455,444 which is both light sources are for LEDs for 2 direction light beam emit out to (1) one of whole surface/area of housing is even brightness by the treatment such as decorative treatment and (2) other window or opening to emit 2nd light beam such as power fail light. So '853 is not same as current invention.4. Prior U.S. Pat. No. 6,648,496 ELGHOROURY        The '496 has 4 LEDs on each corner and light beam to emit into the inner space and light beam came out from the contour to be seen. The '496 did not disclosure and lack of 1st optics or 2nd optics to go through multiple reflection and refraction within the night light. This is simple light transmitting from LED to the opposite edge to see the light illumination. Also, this is not the whole front area illumination that is current invention night light for even and no brighter-spot lights shown on whole area front surface.5. Prior U.S. Pat. No. 6,709,126 LEEN        '126 has 2 LEDs fit within the diffusor tube and both emit light to each other, and diffusor tube two end is open without sealed. The diffusing mainly is to make the light beam sealed within the tube not multiple time reflected and refracted for current invention within the 1st optics-lens as (Q-2007) U.S. application. Ser. No. 11/806,284 U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,004 (Shown on May 31, 2007 Original filing text last one of parent filed case=This application is continuation of U.S. Patent application LED night light with more than one optics mediums, Ser. No.) and the current invention incorporate parent (Q-2007) which is clear said the LED light beam is emit to 1st optics piece with tip to make LED light beam reflected and refracted for multiple time and emit to the 2nd surrounding 2nd optics-piece with preferred help to make whole 2nd optics-piece for even brightness without any brighter sport-light or dark-n-brighter areas (Spot light bad photometric arrangement).        '126 has inner half ball cover and outside have one rotating outer case which only one small opening to allow the half-ball light beam to be seen. This means the whole night light front surface only ½ or less areas can see the light. Not same concept and construction and light beam arrangement and optics theory applied, so '126 is not same as current invention.        '126 has 2 LED emit light to each other, This is not same as parent filed case or text described on the back ground for how to use 1st and 2nd optics lens to make multiple reflection and refraction to get even brightness without sport light effects (some area bright and some area dark). And more important the (Q-2007) apply linear or tube optics-lens which is only one LED fit within as details description of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/806,284 so this is use the less LEDs to get the best light effects for even brightness for whole front of the LED night light for even brightness without spot light bad performance. Parent filed case stated very clear the length and height and diameter is fit for one piece LEDs.6. Prior U.S. Pat. No. 6,964,498 WU        '498 have 2 LEDs fit within one ball shape 1st optics-lens as [Column 3 line 42] "Inside the light emitting device 6A, there is a light emitting unit 6G formed by LED chips (or LED light emitting element) 6E, 6F; said light emitting chip (or light emitting elements) 6E, 6F can emit with in combination with different wave-lengths; outside the light emitting unit 6G, there is a housing 6H" and "6H while the surface of said decorative object 5 is covered by a coating layer form by one or a plurality of light penetrating materials with identical or different reflection coefficients, refraction coefficients and light-absorbing efficient. Said coating layer also can be different in shape. VS the current invention (a) the 1st optics is only 1 LEDs fit within and reflective tip to make the only one LED light beam to emit into and reflected back and forth many times to form a same even brightness lighted piece and light beam exit from 1st optics emit to 2nd optics-lens surround it. All these details description inside parent filed case (Q-2007) U.S. application Ser. No. 11/806,284 U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,004 (Shown on May 31, 2007 Original filing text last one of parent filed case=This application is continuation of U.S. Patent application LED night light with more than one optics mediums, Ser. No.) and all discussed only LED fit within and has reflective-tip to make multiple reflection and refraction within the 1st optics and not the '498 by coated layer material to have this reflective or refractive function. The layer is ADD-ON layer not built-in either 1st or 2nd optics medium. So '498 is different with current invention.        '498 also did not describe for the light emitting unit 6G for any optics properties. Basing from the '498 FIG. 5 arrangement for a ball piece which make just like traditional incandescent clear housing to try to make the light beam emit to more wide direction. However, the '498 arrangement for the light emitting unit 6G on the lower position of the LED light which still make a very bad sport light performance which means the lower portion will be much brighter than the top areas, so this is not same as current invention said big improvement to get even brightness for whole areas of front surface of night light as background text description text. So, '498 is not same optics arrangement with the current invention.
Line 13 stating (so co-pending invention use the 2 optics means to get the good surface or areas light effect") also repeat to emphasize the current invention is apply the above discussed (# Q-2007) optics-theory. The multiple reflection and refraction is ONLY SOLUTION TO make the narrow LED light beam to travel long distance with multiple times reflections and refraction is ONLY solution to make a whole front area or linear for no spot light effects (brighter area and dark areas). Also, the said multiple reflection and refraction is happen within the 1st or 2nd optic medium or optic means or housing which has built-in optics properties not ADD-ON Layer. It came from injection process no need ADD-ON layer.
7. Prior U.S. Pat. No. 7,045,975 EVANS
                '975 is a replacement for existing wall-cover plate or directly plug into the wall-cover plate night light which has 2 LED on top and bottom for low-brightness night light and the power fail emergency light. However, '957 the night light is different with current invention because it is a typical spot light and lack of the 1st optic medium to make the light beam to emit and BACK for multiple time back-and-forth reflection and refraction. So, this is totally different for current invention for LED light emit into 1st optic medium and have reflective and refractive tip or top to make multiple time reflection and refraction to make 1st optics for whole linear area for even brightness NOT SPOT light (some brighter and some dark area).        '975 basic has totally different as current invention said night light definition has 1st and 2nd optics-medium or optic means or housing or lens to make multiple time reflection and refraction, so any extra functions to add on '975 two SPOT light LED light device is not same with current invention at all.        Further the said Plug-in LED light has multiple functions which '975 filed date is way later than current invention earlier filed case (#28)        U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,053 which has the FIG. 5 LED (37) on top or FIG. 2 emitting diode (13) on base areas [column 6-line 10 to 67] with switch and Electro-luminescent as light source for night light. And,        U.S. Pat. No. 6,179,431 filed on 1998 also cover all LED light source for flashlight,        U.S. Pat. No. 6,183,101 Filed on 1997 for cover arrangement including an EL elements, and,        U.S. Pat. No. 7,318,653 has similar concept for Wall Cover plate which filed date is Oct. 1, 2004 is 2 week earlier than '975 but it is use the EL light source also can be LED (Column 2 line 7), so, those are filed since 1998 filed case which cover same as '975 and earlier discussed the '853 (23,24,25,26) has Electro-luminescent panels within. So, all '975 and '853 as long as the night light is different light effects will be other products same as co-inventor earlier filed case because the light source for night light is not LED so it is not as parent filed case as current filed invention.        '975 product have one center screw this is typical for replaced the existing wall-cover-plate and change to '975 product. This should belong to Wall cover light, Not the night light.8. Prior U.S. Pat. No. 7,932,482 NORWOOD        This case is use AC-wire to connect with the light device and has the diffusor to see from window or inner illumination or have opening(s) to make pin-hole image shown on the wall while the light unit is away from the wall surface. This is not plug-in night light also the image project is pin-hole image which presented and discuss with co-invention for all LED project night light for many times. The said optic design and arrangement is diffusor and nothing to do apply the multiple times reflection and refraction within the 1st or 2nd or more optics-lens, optic medium, optic means, housing. So, this is not any same optics arrangement with current inventions for multiple time reflection and refraction to get the Big areas or front surface or lens for even brightness without spot-light which is some areas is super bright and some areas is dark areas.9. Prior US 2004-024-6704 BURDICK        '704 is a LED light source direct to emit light to front cover to be seen and in front of LED have preferred (24) which is name plate. So this is nothing to do with multiple reflection and refraction within the 1st or 2nd or more optics-medium, optic-means, optics-lens, housing or light wall as current inventions to make whole big area of LED night light for even brightness without spot light that has some areas is very bright and some area is very dark. So, the '704 is nothing to do with current inventions.10. The US prior at U.S. Pat. No. 6,431,719        '719 show the color LED(s) with on-off or photos sensor which has only one of the translucent elements (40) as diffusor will get big bright spot lights shown out within the said super slim housing thickness. Also, '719 lack of any motion/moving/radar sensor to automatically turn on the system for pre-determined functions.11. The US prior art US 2006-000-7709        '709 is one of center tube and the outside have the sharp tube and outside housing filed on Oct. 29, 2004 which is later than current invention parent filed case date on Jul. 6, 2004. From comparison for current invention for concept and design and application. The '709 use a tube top of one LED and current invention use a flat or any linear shape including straight-line, curve-line, sphere-line, or any other linear shape piece so can allow the at least one or plurality of lower positioned LEDs to emit light beam go through 1st optic-lens has optics-properties or lens or protective-piece (just for light go through). This is totally different for application for 1st optic-lens or lens or protect-piece only one LED (for '709) or plurality of LEDs (for current invention).12. The Other US prior art        such has liquid within the housing which is not same as any of current invention for have 1st and 2nd optics-lens, lens, protect-piece, or housing without any liquid within.13. The other US prior arts
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All these prior arts have more than one LEDs or more than one optic-lens or more than one of function but those prior art have different concept, design, construction, or optics-theory with current invention for multiple functions LED night light as below;                (a) The other LED night light has different light performance or optics-arrangement. The Lighting device most important construction is at the optics-lens or optics properties because lighting's main purpose is for visual effects. Whenever the optic-lens and light-beam based on physic optics theory changed, the LED light can become variety of different lights. So, the current invention, same as the parent (# G-07), has unique light effects basing on the single LED light-source emit into one end of the 1st optics-lens and light beam hit the top reflective piece and reflected back and forth for multiple times so can make whole linear shape 1st optics lens for whole surface have even brightness to emit inner surface of 2nd or housing-walls to make whole front-lens for even brightness. This is one of exemplary of many US patent have unique optics-lens and arrange LED light beam traveling such as 135 US issued patents of same inventor of LED night light or wall cover or project image/patterns light or flashlight or power fail light or other LED light application. So, The current invention apply the at least 1st, 2nd optic-lens or optic-element(s), front-lens and has multiple reflection and refraction within or between at least one of 1st, 2nd optics-lens, lens, optic-element(s) and housing wall to get the even brightness for whole area of 2nd optic-lens, lens, optic-element, front-lens is unique than others so basing on this unique optics design should be treated as one unique LED night light so other additional functions added or fit within this even brightness on front-lens is different with other prior art which is DIFFERENT LED NIGHT LIGHT with his other additional functions.        (b) The other prior arts has 2nd or more LENS is different with current invention parent filed case (# H-2005) which has at least 2 piece or 2 set of LEDs for LED night light, and the 1st unit LED or 1st set LED(s) of LED emit light to 1st location where has light transmitting area(s) where has built-in or added-on the design or decorative design or treatment, and the 2nd LED or 2nd set LED(s) emit 2nd location of night light where has window, opening, cutout, holes to emit light out. This means the 1st and 2nd unit LED or 1st and 2nd set of LED(s) emit light out from 2 different locations of the LED night light and the one is transmitting area where have design or decorative treatment including the texture or a plastic inject piece with designs. That is different other prior art which has 2 LED and fit within one outer piece or tube which has diffusor to sealed light beam within the outer unit or tube. So, has the LED light has 2nd LED has to make definition is basing on "What kind of LED light" because whenever the LED night light is different, the said "2nd LED light" should basing on the description or abstract or background text discussion to make the word of claim of "2nd LED light" definition because the basic "LED light already different", so additional "2nd LED light source" also sure be different definition basing on the "Basic LED light already is different and patentable or patented".        (c) The others prior arts also lack of the LED light beam has multiple times for reflected or refracted within or between or go through at least 1st and 2nd optics-lens, lens, protect-piece, or night-light wall or housing parts as FIG. 17C shown. It is appreciated that all kind of, all alternative, all replaceable skill that should be including at least one or any combinations for multiple times reflection, refraction to change the narrow viewing angle LED light beam and/or change the super-bright spot-light (some area is bright, some area is dark) to even illumination show on the whole area of front-lens or 2nd optics-lens, optic-element, piece is most important features of current invention for LED light illumination concept and scope.
The current invention offers a big improvement in power saving because it incorporates the low power consumption Light Emitting Diode (LED) to replace the incandescent bulb which normally uses a 4 Watt or 7 Watt or more power consumption light. A single LED normally has a 0.3 Watt+/−100% power consumption depending on the product design with desire number of additional-functions and illumination needed.
The current invention not only provides a power saving LED light-source device but also reduces a consumer's monthly electricity expense. The current invention also supplies one or more practical additional-functions add or fit within the LED light have even brightness of front lens without easily find the spot-light bad light effects such as some area(s) is higher brightness and some area(s) are darker to the consumer. The said practical additional-functions built-in current unique and different than other prior arts LED night light preferred embodiment may select from, for example, an air-freshener (as described in co-pending U.S. Patent Application Ser. Nos. (# H-05) Ser. No. 11/255,981, (# G-07) Ser. Nos. 11,806,284, 11/094,215, 11/092,741, 10/883,747, 11/527,631; 11/527,629; 11/498,881; 11/498,874; 11/527,628; and above listed inside filing history all parent filed case etc.), an adaptor/receiving-end(s)/USB-port(s)/Outlet-port(s) device, sonic/IR/RF remote control device, frequency/blue-tooth/Z-way/Zig-Bee/wi-fi/internet/download APP/or other wireless device, bug repelled device, second or more LED light-source or applications or light device, timepiece, electric message device, timer device, temperature device, surge protection device, electric short circuit protection device, additional circuit having motion sensor or moving sensor or radar sensor incorporate with photo sensor for at least 2 sensor combinations, additional switch to select prefer color from more than one color(s), additional switch to select one functions out of more than one light function(s), base device for installation on an existing lamp socket has AC wired or prong, emergency/power fail light device with recharge or regular battery or backup power, or any other electric device(s) used in a home to keep people comfortable or safe.
This current invention optionally may further incorporate the teachings of the co-pending application entitled
"(# H-05) U.S. Pat. No. 7,455,444, issued date on Nov. 25, 2008 which is U.S. application Ser. No. 11/255,981 filed on Oct. 24, 2005 Publication Ser. No. 2006/0152 946 Publication date on Jul. 13, 2006 for (# H-05) LED night light with more than one LED light source" concerning the LED night light have more than one LED light-source(s) to emit light out from 2 different location(s) from night light housing, and "(# G-07) U.S. Pat. No. 7,632,004 issued date on Dec. 15, 2009 which is U.S. application Ser. No. 11/806,284 filed on May 31, 2007 Publication Ser. No. 2008/0304 289 Publication date on Dec. 11, 2008 for (# Q-07) LED night light with more than one optic element(s)" concerning the inclusion in the LED night light light-beam has multiple times reflection and refraction traveling within or between at least one 1st, 2nd optical-element(s) and walls of night lights that improves the visibility of light beams from the LED show evenly or uniform brightness and eliminate spot-light which some areas is brighter and some areas is darker by preferred exemplary show on some preferred FIGS. 17A, 17B, 17C. Both co-inventor patent cases all issue date is later than current invention parent filed date on 2007 as above filing history.
All existing LED nightlights have the big problem that the LED unit can be seen by a viewer over a narrow viewing angle only, and that the brightness within that angle is too strong, resulting in spot-light effects (super bright in a small area and other areas is darker). The co-pending application (# Q-07) teaches multiple (more than one) optics elements and LED light beam has multiple times reflection and refraction travel within or between at least one for 1st, 2nd optic-element, optics-lens, optic-piece may is one of dome convex lens or ring-shape with waist for multiple levels diameter optic-piece to reflect and refract incoming light beam travel and reflected and refracted out to night light inner walls for multiple times reflection and refraction and emit out from front-lens. This arrangement provide front-lens whole big illumination-area with very even brightness as [FIG. 9 (9a)] and a big improvement to eliminate the spot-light (some areas is brighter and some areas is darker) to 1st optics-lens for linear or ring or multiple level rings whole big-area or linear or geometric shape for uniformly brightness and light beam out of 1st optic-element emit to inner reflective and/or refractive surface of 2nd optic-element or wall or night light for more reflection and refraction, thereby causing the spot-light effects to change to a nice looking lighting effect that shown uniform brightness on whole surface of front-lens or 2nd optic-element surface such as [FIG. 9 (9a)] that provided by a LED light and more than one optic-element(s) as parent filed case (# Q-07) in preferred arrangement and more details shown on the FIG. 17A, 17B, 17C.
It is very difficult to use only one piece of optics-element(s), or optics-lens, or diffusor which block light beam within outer-parts, or parts without high or preferred reflective or refractive optics-properties such as housing wall is dark color, or other like US prior arts bad arrangement(s) . . . etc. The current invention apply the multiple times reflection and refraction to let LED light beam travel or between at least one of 1st, 2nd optic-element(s), wall of night light to eliminate the ugly strong spot-light LED unit(s) to have front-lens have whole area with very uniform, even brightness or show the colorful or selected color for nice and warm light with even-brightness for front-lens or 2nd optics-element whole big-area effects [FIG. 9 (9a)] that can be seen by a viewer.
The current solution is having one (i) tubular for one single LED or (ii) dome convex-lens or multiple-diameter ring, flat-piece, plastic injection piece with reflective and refractive properties, or preferred optic-lens in front of the LED light source and have at least one of detachable or replaceable or changeable at least one of fixed 2nd or front-lens, second or more optic-element(s) to allow the inner lower positioned LED light source light beam to go through multiple reflection and refraction within or between 1st, 2nd optics-element, wall of night light. The night has one prong installed within the base for fixed or foldable prong with 2 blade or 3 blades (one is ground blade). This is a current solution basing on parent (# Q-07) filed technical and current improvement. It is appreciated that all kind of alternative, replacement skills of the arrangement for 1st, 2nd optics-lens, front lens for position or orientation or construction or shape as long as can created light beam emit and go through multiple times travel within or between at least one of optic-lens, inner surface of front lens, inner surface of wall of night light which have big improvement in the LED night light.
The current invention further adds preferred at least one of other arrangement such as texture, marking, colors, opaque, reflector(s), bubble(s), or prism-lens(es) within preferred optic-lens, optic-element, housing of LED night light while injection to increase the effects of modifying the narrow viewing angle light beams emitted out of the LED(s) to provide more exciting or uniform or even brightness area light effects shown on the front lens or 2nd optic-element. It is appreciated that the said at least one of second or more detachable or replaceable or changeable or fixed 2nd optic-element(s) has built-in by injection with more than one light-emit-out window, opening, holes, shape cut-out within. The base has groove, ditech, gaps as wire arrangement design. The LED night light has plurality of color LEDs or LED with multiple colors to create light effects at least one is color changing control by IC circuit and additional switch to select at least one of colors, functions between motion or dust-to-dawn, hold color, auto changing, brightness, night light or flash light and all these functions with alternative or replaceable skill should still fall within the current invention claim coverage.
Hereof, It is appreciated all above and below discuss and claim coverage of the current invention should be basing on "LED night light is basing on the LED night light light-beam has multiple times reflection and refraction travel within or between at least one of 1st, 2nd optics-element(s), front-lens, inner wall of night light to get evenly or uniformly brightness on front-lens whole surface to be seen". All parts including alternative shape, construction should also still fall within the current invention idea, scope, concept without depart from current invention scope and claim coverage.
Basing on the parent filed (# H-05) and (# G-07) above discuss parent filed case detail discussion, It is appreciated all the improvement or alternative or equal functions for LED night light have more than one LED light source(s) and/or more than one optic-elements; to emit light beam emit out through more than one of the housing, opening(s), window(s) and some preferred embodiment shown on FIGS. 17A, 17B, 17C, 17D, 17E, 18, 8A and all improvement, alternative, replaceable parts as long as have multiple times reflection and refraction within or between at least one of 1st, 2nd optics-piece, front-lens, inner wall of said LED night light should be still fall within the current claim coverage.
Furthermore, the current LED night light invention solves several problems with the most night light in the market place. The most night light total length is around 88 mm+/−50 mm (with base), The only lens height is around 60 mm+/−30 mm (without base). The height from the wall outlet cover is around 35 mm+/−15 mm (from outlet cover surface). If the LED unit is placed on the same location as the outlet cover surface, the distance from the wall to the outside lens will be less than 35 mm+/−15 mm, which is too short to eliminate the spot-light effect to change into a whole even brightness surface or area photometric or lighted area.
The problem is solved by using current invention two optic element(s) in flat or tube or cone or curved piece as above discussed and FIGS. 17A, 17B shown to get a good evenly brightness on front-lens whole surface or area lighting effect or by arrange at least one LED(s) light beam emit back and forth or change directions for multiple times reflected and/or refracted to increase the LED light-travel distance and go through optics reflective, refractive medium for light-beam traveling path(s) to help light traveled, reflected, refracted for multiple times to eliminate the LED light-source spot light become even brightness for front-lens or 2nd optic-lens whole area-illumination. This concept is same as co-pending filed case (# K-2006) for area-illumination arrangement which is U.S. application Ser. No. 11/498,874 filed on Aug. 4, 2006 Publication number US 2007/007-6437 publication date on Apr. 5, 2007 which is CIP of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/954,189 filed on Oct. 1, 2004.
In addition, the LED night light power consumption will fall within the 0.3 W+/−100% per LED range, whereas the power consumption of an incandescent bulb night light falls within 4 Watt+/−50% per bulb. So, the LED night light will have a big power saving and reduce the monthly electric bill for the consumer.
The current invention not only provides a simple multiple functions LED night light having evenly brightness on the front-lens or 2nd optics-lens, but also provides excellent additional function and even brightness light performance. The LED night light with uniform brightness on whole front-lens except some sensor locations that have more than one functions.
The preferred embodiment(s) can add at least one of circuit or device or function selected from, by way of example,    (i) an adaptor or USB(s) or Outlet(s) or audio-plug or memory-card slot(s) device,    (ii) motion or moving or radar or motion+ screen/display auto-comparison or other combination-sensors or others sensor device, PIR sensor device,    (iii) air freshener,    (iv) second LED function light device,    (v) bug repellent device, sonic repellent device,    (vi) surge/short circuit/overheat/overload protection device,    (vii) emergency/power fail with backup rechargeable or regular-battery light device,    (viii) time device,    (ix) timer device,    (x) additional switch to select the one color from multiple color(s),    (xi) additional switch to select one of preferred light function from multiple functions(s),    (xii) wireless control or connection related device including IR/RF/Remote control,    (xiii) blue-tooth/Z-way/Zig-Bee/(xiv)    (xiv) Wi-fi/download APP software/Internet/3 or 4 or 5G network,    (xv) or any combinationso, the LED night light have even brightness of front-lens to show nice light performance by light beam travel or between at least one of 1st, 2nd optic-elements, inner wall of housing for multiple times reflection and refraction so LED night light has more than single functions.
It is appreciated all above and hereafter discuss the current invention and co-listed above all parent filed or child filed case(s) all concept, idea, designs, drawing, claims with alternative, replaceable, up-grade, improvement idea, concept, design should still fall within the current invention as above discussed filing history each parent filed or continuous filing case and background each concept should still fall within the current invention claim coverage in spite without each above discussed parent or continuous filing case drawing show on this filing text.


A system for controlling fuel metering in an internal combustion engine using a fluid dynamic model and the cylinder air flow past the throttle is determined therefrom. Based on the observation that the difference between a steady-state engine operating condition and a transient engine operating condition can be described as the difference in the effective throttle opening areas, the amount of fuel injection is determined from the product of the ratio between the areas and a basic fuel injection amount under the steady-state engine operating condition obtained by mapped data retrieval and by subtracting a correction amount corresponding to an air flow filling a chamber between the throttle and the cylinder from the product. Under steady-state engine operation, the correction amount becomes zero. In an embodiment, the first-order lag of a detected throttle opening is calculated and based on the value, various parameters including a pseudo manifold pressure are obtained so as to solve sensors' detection timing lag or a pressure sensor's detection lag.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a system for controlling fuel metering in an internal combustion engine, more particularly to a system for controlling fuel metering in an internal combustion engine wherein the amount of fuel injection is optimally determined over entire range of engine operating conditions including engine transients using an intake air model and by simplifying its calculation, while coping with various instances such as system degradation and initial manufacturing variances.
2. Description of the Prior Art
In a conventional fuel metering control system, the fuel injection amount was usually determined by retrieving mapped data predetermined through experimentation and stored in advance in a microcomputer memory using parameters having high degrees of correlation with the engine cylinder air flow. As a result, the conventional technique was utterly powerless to cope with the parameters' change which had not been taken into account at the time of preparing the mapped data. The same difficulty could also be encountered due to the degradation and initial manufacturing variance etc. in the fuel metering control system. Further, since the mapped data were intrinsically prepared solely focussing on steady-state engine operating conditions and transient conditions were not described there, the conventional technique was unable to determine the fuel injection amount under engine transients with accuracy. For that reason, there are recently proposed techniques to establish a fluid dynamic model describing the behavior of the air intake system so as to accurately estimate cylinder air flow such as disclosed in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication 2(1988)-157,451 or U.S. Pat. No. 4,446,523.
Also the assignee proposed in Japanese Patent Application 4(1992)-200,330 a method for estimating cylinder air flow by determining the air mass flow past the throttle while treating the throttle as an orifice to establish a fluid dynamic model based on standard orifice equations for compressible fluid flow. The fluid dynamic model used there is, however, premised on an ideal state and requires various assumptions. It is therefore impossible to wipe out all the errors which could be introduced at the time of modeling. Further, since it is quite difficult to accurately determine constants such as specific-heat ratio used in the model, errors arising possibly therefrom may disadvantageously be accumulated. Furthermore, the equations necessitate calculation of powers, roots or the like. Since approximate values are used for them in practice, resulting additional errors.

Fuel metering control system in internal combustion engine


An apparatus for improved sleep made up of a mattress, and a sleep aid, on a first end of the mattress the sleep aid being a partially fitted sheet, the fitted sheet tucked into and secured onto a side of the mattress, and on a second end of the mattress the sleep aid being a blanket, the blanket attached to the fitted sheet and the blanket being large enough to be folded over an infant, the fitted sheet having hook and loop fasteners and the blanket having matable hook and loop fasteners situated on the blanket opposite the fitted sheet, such that when the blanket is folded over and the hook and loop fasteners are mated a pocket capable of containing an infant is formed.

There are a variety of infant blankets and coverings for infants present in the art. In the past many designs functioned only to keep an infant warm while sleeping. Today significantly more is known about infant sleeping patterns and sleeping safety. The concern for infant warmth is now shared with the concern for infant comfort and safety. Some infants frequently change positions while sleeping, so it is desirable to make an infant's sleeping environment as free as possible of suffocation hazards while at the same time insuring the infant is kept in a secure sleeping position.
For example, according to the most recent recommendations of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), an infant should be placed on his or her back on a firm sleeping surface with a tight-fitting sheet and the surface without soft bedding for at least the first year of the child's life. The newest AAP guidelines also condone swaddling the infant, provided the blanket is secure and the infant is able to move his or her hips. These recommendations are intended to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), which doctors at the AAP believe may be linked to the strangulation or choking of the infant on soft bedding or sheets within a crib or other sleeping surface.
Previous devices have attempted to solve this problem with varying degrees of success, however none have fully addressed the issues. Examples follow.
U.S. Pat. No. 2,677,834 by Moynihan discloses a blanket secured to the side of a crib with snap fasteners and a single additional strap for securing the infant to the blanket.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,845,513 by Hubner discloses a zipper opening blanket of resilient material having a bodice-like upper portion and a bag-like lower portion is secured to a crib mattress by a back portion sewn jointly with a soft absorbant filler and a retainer for a disposable diaper to a stretchable bedlinen sheet and a tension band surrounding the mattress.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,202,052 by Bilanzich discloses a crib sheet for retaining an infant in a central region of a crib or bed and preventing such an infant from displacing a blanket covering when unattended. The sheet includes a central pleat which extends along the entire sheet length and is sewed or otherwise fixed in a folded configuration at the ends thereof. A sleeper jacket is attached at an opening across the central pleat to form an integral sleeper unit. The extendable pleat between the fixed ends permits safe movement for the infant without binding the sheet or causing other discomfort.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,241,300 by Buschmann discloses a transilluminated optical fiber is placed adjacent to an infant's respiratory moving parts using an elastic fabric. Use is made of the effect that moving the fiber causes a modulation of the intensity of the transmitted light to monitor the infant's breathing pattern to avoid S(udden) I(nfant) D(eath) S(yndrome).
U.S. Pat. No. 6,301,729 by Hall discloses a crib safety sack made of thin blanket fabric is provided. The sack is pocket-shaped to cover an end of a crib mattress. The top panel of the sack secures an infant in a back sleeping position on the surface of the crib mattress, which is the sleeping position recommended by experts for the prevention of SIDS. The sack acts as a blanket and also as a safety restraint keeping the infant securely in position through gentle force. The sack may be reversible, in that either a top or bottom panel of the sack may be positioned on top of the mattress. The sack preferably has at least one flap providing easy access.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,450,168 by Nguyen discloses an infant's sleep blanket/garment for use with medical monitoring devices, which is offered as either a sleep sack or a sleep shirt, depending on the age of the infant, with the sleep sack further presented with no arm holes and having snugging straps for newborns or with arm holes and sleeves for older infants. An openable monitor cable sheath located inside of the sleeper allows for bundling medical monitoring device cables and IV tubes and enclosing them within the sheath to prevent irritation to the infant and reduce the possibility of the infant becoming entangled in the cables and tubes. Additionally, the upper shoulder and sleeve seams are openable to allow for the installation, maintenance and removal of IV tubes without removing the garment from the infant. Thermometers incorporated into the body of the garment and an optional sleep cap aid in monitoring the infant's temperature as he sleeps.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,020,226 by Landry discloses a crib safety sheet and separable blanket with a sheet portion for selectively removing at least the blanket from the sheet, when the sheet is attached to a sleep surface. The separable blanket defining at least two edges for wrapping the blanket about an infant. The blanket may be removed from the sheet by separating the blanket, or by separating a sheet material portion attached to the blanket, from the sheet covering the sleep surface.
While AAP guidelines suggest sparse sleeping arrangements for infants, parents still want to ensure that their children are in a warm, comfortable environment during sleep. As such, there are competing desires between preventing strangulation, SIDS, and other issues, and with providing a comfortable sleeping environment for the child (improving quality of life for both the child and the parents).
These problems, and others, are addressed by the present invention and discussed in greater detail below.