A video signal converting apparatus converts a low-resolution video signal from a host into a different-resolution video signal capable of being displayed on the entire screen of a high-resolution supporting display device. The apparatus has a memory for storing the digital video signals and a horizontal output generator. The horizontal output generator receives first and second data signals and a horizontal synchronization signal and generates a horizontal output signal for enabling the digital video signals corresponding to each horizontal line of the second display to be stored or read from the memory. A number of pixels per cycle of the horizontal output signal is equal to a value of the first data signal, and a number of pixels per pulse width of the horizontal output signal is equal to a value of the second data signal. The apparatus has a memory controller for controlling reading and storing operations of the memory in accordance with the horizontal and vertical synchronization signals, the horizontal output signal, the first data signal, a third data signal determined according to frequencies of the horizontal and vertical synchronization signals, a first pixel clock signal for a write operation of the memory and a second pixel clock signal for a read operation of the memory.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an apparatus for converting a low-resolution video signal supplied from a host into a video signal having a different-resolution, and a display device having such an apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
Each display device, such as an LCD (liquid crystal display) device, and a plasma display device has a plurality of pixels for displaying an image, whose brightness is controlled in accordance with video information provided from a host.
A typical active matrix LCD device, which is provided with an LCD control unit and an LCD panel, displays an image on the screen of the LCD panel in a such manner that pixels are turned on/off by means of switching elements corresponding respectively to the pixels. The LCD control unit converts analog color signals from a host (e.g., a personal computer) into digital color signals and generates a horizontal output signal Vout and a dot (i.e., pixel) clock signal Dclk by using horizontal and vertical synchronization signals from the host. The LCD panel has an LCD driving unit therein. The digital color signals, dot clock signals and horizontal output signals, which are provided from the LCD control unit, are supplied to the LCD driving circuit incorporated in the LCD panel.
An earlier LCD control unit, which is provided to control the LCD panel, has a PLL (phase lock loop) circuit and an ADC (analog-to-digital converter). When the PLL circuit receives a horizontal synchronization signal Hsync, it generates a horizontal output signal Hout and a dot clock signal Dclk. Also the ADC circuit converts analog color signals of R (red), G (green) and B (blue) from the host into digital color signals of R, G and B respectively, which are supplied to the LCD driving circuit. The horizontal output signal Hout is produced from the horizontal synchronization signal Hsync, and the frequency of the horizontal output signal Hout is equal to that of the horizontal synchronization signal Hsync being fed to the PLL circuit and may be changed in accordance with the kinds of host, and the PLL circuit outputs a horizontal output signal Hout having the predetermined polarity. For example, in the earlier LCD device having the driving circuit which is operated in synchronism with a horizontal output signal Hout having a negative polarity, even though the horizontal synchronization signal Hsync of a positive polarity from the host is supplied to the PLL circuit in the LCD device, the PLL circuit supplies the horizontal output signal Hout of a negative polarity for the LCD driving circuit. The PLL circuit, as is well known in the art, has a phase sensor, a voltage controlled oscillator (VCO), a divider, and an output generator.
In general, the earlier LCD device embodies a single display mode, for example, a Video Graphics Array (VGA) mode, a Super VGA (SVGA) mode or an extended Graphics Array (XGA) mode. Accordingly, if the VGA mode video signals of 640.times.480 active resolution are provided to the XGA mode supporting LCD device having an active resolution of 1024.times.768, an image is displayed on only a partial area "A" of the LCD screen, and is not displayed on the remaining area "B". If SVGA mode signals having an active resolution of 800.times.600 are also provided to the XGA LCD device, the results are similar to the above case. Thus, one of several problems in the earlier LCD device is that, if low-resolution display mode signals from the host are fed to an LCD device capable of supporting a high-resolution display mode, an image is displayed on only a portion of only the LCD screen.
The following patents each disclose features in common with the present invention but do not teach or suggest the specifically recited features of the present invention: U.S. Pat. No. 5,528,740 to Hill et al., entitled Conversion Of Higher Resolution Images For Display On A Lower-Resolution Display Device, U.S. Pat. No. 5,535,018 to Yamano et al., entitled Information Processing Apparatus, U.S. Pat. No. 5,557,691 to Izuta, entitled Image Processing System, U.S. Pat. No. 5,568,597 to Nakayama et al, entitled Adapting Image Data Resolution To Match Resolution Of An Output Device, U.S. Pat. No. 5,612,715 to Karaki et al., entitled System And Method For Dynamically Adjusting Display Resolution Of Computer Generated Displays, U.S. Pat. No. 5,301,265 to Itoh, entitled Apparatus For Converting N Picture Elements To M Picture Elements, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,471,563 to Dennis et al., entitled System And Method For Automatic Resolution Reduction.

Video signal converting apparatus with display mode conversion and a display device having the same


In an embodiment, the disclosure includes an apparatus comprising a host component which comprises a virtual switch associated with a virtual machine (VM). The host component is in communication with a routing component which is connected to a network and comprises a network address. The VM sends a communication packet to the virtual switch. The communications packet comprises address information comprising a virtual destination address. The virtual switch replaces the virtual destination address of the communications packet with the network address of the routing component. The disclosure also includes a network comprising a plurality of host components each comprising a virtual switch. The host components are connected to a common routing component. A first virtual switch is designated to respond to address requests and all non-designated virtual switches are configured not to respond to address requests.

Data centers often operate hosting components, such as data servers, for multiple tenants. The push for elastic provisioning of resources required by cloud computing systems and the general push toward virtualization for efficient use of resources often require that multiple tenants be hosted on a single hosting component. For security reasons, data centers use various techniques to isolate network traffic to ensure that one tenant does not have access to another tenant's data. Data centers with layer 2, data link layer, routing systems often use virtual local area networks (VLANs) to isolate network traffic. The VLAN solution may be problematic for large data centers because current data packet standards only allow 4094 unique VLANs to operate in a data center system. Data centers' use of layer 3, network layer, routing systems may also be problematic as multiple tenants may share the same set of layer 3 addresses within their networks, requiring the data center to employ other forms of isolation.
As neither layer 2 nor layer 3 systems provide a completely adequate solution for a large cloud computing environment, various hybrid layer routing schemes have been proposed. These schemes are unworkable for various reasons. One example of such a hybrid layer routing scheme is the recently proposed virtual extensible local area network (VXLAN), which attempts to provide VLAN functionality over a hybrid layer 2 layer 3 network. Components on a VXLAN may send a layer 2 VLAN packet to a VXLAN tunnel endpoint (VTEP). The VTEP may encapsulate the VLAN packet in a VXLAN packet and transmit the resulting VXLAN packet over a layer 3 network. A VTEP in the destination network may receive the VXLAN packet, decapsulate the packet to obtain the original VLAN packet, and forward the VLAN packet over the layer 2 network. This system allows VLAN components in a layer 2 network to reach layer 2 components in a different layer 2 network.
Despite the potential benefits of the VXLAN system, the currently proposed variations are unworkable. One proposed VXLAN standard would require all data traffic in a particular network to pass through a single VXLAN server. A second proposed VXLAN standard would require all data traffic to pass through a single virtual private network (VPN) gateway. In either case, the proposed systems would not function under a heavy data traffic load due to bottlenecks in the data traffic flow. Additionally, the proposed solutions are not adequate for virtual machine (VM) mobility as the VPN gateway or VXLAN server must be reconfigured each time a VM moves from one host machine to another in order to find the VM in the new location. This may be a problem as the elastic provisioning required by cloud computing encourages VM mobility.


A hair cosmetic composition to be used for dyeing or bleaching hair or for removing dye from hair is applied to the hair in a foamy form obtained by mixing a powdery agent and a liquid agent and foaming the mixture by shaking.

For example, hair cosmetic compositions whose form in use is a foamy form, comprising a first agent containing an alkali agent and a second agent containing an oxidizing agent are known as hair cosmetic compositions used for dyeing or bleaching hair or for removing dye from hair. Such hair cosmetic compositions used in a foamy form are characterized by being less likely to drip, being easily applied to hair, and offering favorable impression from use, compared with those used in a liquid form. Conventional hair cosmetic compositions are disclosed in, for example, Patent Documents 1 to 3.
Patent Document 1 discloses an aerosol-type foamy oxidation hair dye composition, which is prepared in a foamy form in use using a propellant such as LPG. Patent Document 2 discloses a two-part composition for dyeing or bleaching hair, which is prepared in a foamy form in use using a squeeze foamer comprising a flexible container of synthetic resin, a dip tube for suction, and foam discharging means. Patent Document 3 discloses that a hair cosmetic composition in a foamy form is formed by shaking a squeeze-type foam discharging container containing a solution containing first and second agents to thereby mix air into the solution such that the solution is foamed, and by squeezing it through foam homogenizing means made of a net or a porous material.

Cosmetic preparation for hair and method for application thereof


A liquid crystal display device (1) includes an adjustment setting section (11), a color component adjusting section (14), and a background color setting section (12). In a case where the adjustment setting section (11) carries out color component adjustment, (i) the background color setting section (12) carries out a second process of setting a background color and (ii) the color component adjusting section (14) carries out a first process of converting a grayscale level of a picture element. In a case where the adjustment setting section (11) does not carry out the color component adjustment, (i) the background color setting section (12) does not carry out the second process and (ii) the color component adjusting section (14) does not carry out the first process.

In recent years, thin, light, and low-power-consumption liquid crystal display devices have been remarkably widespread. Typical examples of apparatuses on which to mount such liquid crystal display devices encompass mobile phones, smartphones, notebook-sized PCs (Personal Computers).
Liquid crystal display devices, in some cases, encounter color shift (a phenomenon that an exhibited color differs from a color defined by a video signal) because liquid crystals are slow in response speed.
Patent Literature 1 discloses a display device which generates correction data for overdrive. Overdrive is a technique for alleviating, in a case where display data changes, slowness of a response speed of liquid crystals by temporarily applying, to a pixel, a voltage higher or lower than a target voltage.
Note that according to the technique disclosed in Patent Literature 1, a frame memory is required for comparing (i) display data in a frame before the display data changes with (ii) display data in a frame after the display data changed.

Display device, user terminal, and method for adjusting display device


A field barbecue apparatus for preparing large quantities of food. The apparatus includes a rectangular enclosure that maintains a hot air cooking and warming environment around the food. The enclosure in cross section has a height approximately equal to its width.

A popular method of preparing meat, such as chicken, beef or pork, outdoors, makes use of charcoal burners in which the food is suspended to achieve the desirable cooked state. Numerous barbecue grill devices are prevalent, particularly of the "backyard" variety. Such devices include fireboxes, grills, and covers such as domes, as well as suitable air vents both beneath the charcoal fire as well as in the cover.
Much personal skill and judgment is used in utilizing these barbecue devices and it is common knowledge that some individuals are more skillful at preparing tasty and properly cooked food than others. Even with skilled cooks, however, the results are often varied.
There is a present growing trend, emanating primarily from the southwest portion of the United States, toward a large, mass-type public barbecue wherein large numbers of people, for instance, 100 or more, attend and are fed at such large-scale events. Food prepared by the barbecue method for such large events generally involves burning briquette-size charcoal contained in pits dug in the earth or, alternately, in large metal drum-like structures such as 50-gallon metal drums split longitudinally. Grillwork, for instance in the form of wire screening, is laid over the fire. The food is either placed directly on this grillwork or, where for instance a large animal such as a hog is prepared, a revolving shaft in the form of a spit is created.
Whereas in "backyard" cooking, the variable results referred to above are generally acceptable, it is highly desirable in barbecue events for large crowds to have a relatively uniform consistency in the end results. This has been hard to achieve with the prior art equipment, either individually fabricated or available from manufacturers.
Examples of equipment available from manufacturers include flat trays on legs for receiving the briquettes and grills of, for instance, rod steel suspended over the trays. Additional accessories include rotisseries in the form of a power driven, rotating shaft suspended above the firebox tray as well as flat metal covers which can be parked over the tray to control the escape of heat and cooking speed.
Such factory-manufactured apparatus corresponds in function and appearance rather closely to the homemade structures discussed above.
A more refined manufactured arrangement for large scale barbecue involves mobile, wood burning barbecue pits which restaurants, catering firms, and for instance theme parks use. These are in effect large stoves on wheels that involve stainless steel exteriors, refined thermostatic control mechanisms involving temperature-indicating signals and electronic controls. They generally burn wood logs.
Of course, all the above mentioned prior art seeks to utilize the actual or perceived benefits from cooking with heat created by burning wood in charcoal form, or otherwise. Such benefits include, when optimum conditions are attained, a moist, juicy, tasty, flavorful product wherein the flavor is derived from the wood.
Such desirable attributes of charcoal prepared food when done in an optimum manner are well known to the public.
In the prior art, in mass prepared barbecue cooking, as explained above, the benefits sought were often lost, and the cooked food was dry, burnt, non-uniformly cooked, cold, or otherwise unappetitizing. One or more of the numerous factors governing the barbecue were not suitably controlled; for instance, too fast cooking time, too high or too low heat, non-uniform heat, or an improper environment between the finish of the actual barbecuing and the serving of the food.


An independent ignition type ignition coil for an internal combustion engine, comprising, arranged concentrically in a coil case (6) and with the innermost one mentioned first, a center core (1), a secondary coil (3) wound on a secondary bobbin (2) and a primary coil (5) wound on a primary bobbin (4), with epoxy resin (8) and soft epoxy (17) filled between these component members, wherein a coating is formed on the outer surface of the primary coil (5) so as to facilitate the separation from the epoxy resin (8) and the presence of this separation portion (50) between the primary coil (5) and the resin and in an interlayer of the primary coil (5) can reduce from a thermal stress produced within the secondary bobbin (2) a stress which is produced in the secondary bobbin by a heat contraction difference between the primary coil (5) and the secondary bobbin, thereby reducing the thermal stress of the secondary bobbin of the independent type ignition coil exposed to a rigorous temperature environment to prevent bobbin cracking and ensure an integrity of electrical insulation.

The present invention relates to an independent ignition type ignition coil for an internal combustion engine which is installed in a plug hole of the engine to be directly coupled with each spark ignition plug.
Since such independent ignition type ignition coil is introduced at least a part of a coil portion within a plug hole and installed therein, a center core (in which a plurality of silicon steel plates are stacked on a magnetic path iron core), a primary coil and a secondary core are housed with a thin cylindrical coil casing. A high voltage necessary for spark ignition is generated in the secondary coil by controlling supply and block of a current for the primary coil. These coils are normally wound on respective bobbins and are arranged around the center core in coaxial fashion.
As the ignition coil of this kind, there are a so-called outer secondary coil structure, in which the primary coil is arranged inside and the secondary coil is arranged outside, and a so-called inner secondary coil structure, in which the secondary coil is arranged inside and the primary coil is arranged outside. Amongst, the latter is considered to be advantageous in comparison with the former in view point of output characteristics for shorter overall length of the secondary coil in comparison with the former and smaller electrostatic stray capacitance.
Namely, a secondary voltage output and a rising characteristics thereof are affected by the electrostatic stray capacitance to lower the output and to delay rising at greater electrostatic. Accordingly, the secondary coil having smaller electrostatic stray capacitance is considered to be more suitable for down-sizing and higher output.
Within the coil casing housing the primary and secondary coils, insulation ability of the coils is assured by filling an insulative resin (filled and cured).
However, when an epoxy resin is filled (filling and curing) between the components of the ignition coil assembly, since curing temperature of the epoxy resin is typically higher than or equal to 100xc2x0 C., and at normal temperature, the insulative resin and bobbin material are exerted thermal stress due to different of linear expansion coefficients of the components (difference of linear expansion coefficients of bobbin, coil, center core and the insulative resin). Thus, it becomes necessary to provide a measure for preventing crack and interfacial delamination between the materials due to thermal stress.
In Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. Heisei 11-111545, there has been disclosed an ignition coil of inner secondary coil structure, in which the insulative resin is filled (filled and cured) within a coil casing housing therein the primary and secondary coils. On the other hand, there has been disclosed that even if the resin insulation material penetrates between the wire of the primary coil, sliding may be caused the wire of the primary coil and the resin insulation material by coating wire of the primary coil by a material which is difficult to be bonded by the insulative resin to be filled.
However, in the prior art, when the primary coil and the insulative resin are tightly fitted, the surface of the primary coil can be scratched by the insulative resin to cause peeling off of the coating.
It is an object of the present invention to make an ignition coil assembly of this kind high quality and high reliability by reducing a thermal stress due to a difference of linear expansion coefficients (difference of linear expansion coefficients of bobbin, coil, center core and insulative resin) between components without causing break down of electrical insulation of a primary coil.
In order to accomplish the above-mentioned object,
(1) Namely, the first invention is that in an independent ignition type ignition coil for an internal combustion engine to be used by directly connecting with each ignition plug of the internal combustion engine, in which a center core, a secondary coil wound around a secondary bobbin, and a primary coil wound around a primary bobbin are coaxially arranged in sequential order from inside within a coil casing, and insulative resin being filled between these components,
a gap portion for reducing stress generated within the secondary bobbin by thermal shrinkage difference of the first coil and the secondary bobbin among thermal stress created within the secondary bobbin, is provided together with the insulative resin between the primary bobbin and the primary coil and between the layers of the primary coil.
This gap is at least one delaminated portion formed between xe2x80x9cthe insulative resin (for example, epoxy resin) filled between the primary bobbin and the primary coilxe2x80x9d and the xe2x80x9cprimary coilxe2x80x9d, between the xe2x80x9cinsulative resin filled between the primary bobbin and the primary coilxe2x80x9d and the xe2x80x9cprimary coilxe2x80x9d, and between the xe2x80x9cprimary coilxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cinsulative resin filled between layers of the primary coilxe2x80x9d.
As more particular mode of implementation, the primary coil is provided with the coating film or coating which is easy to delaminate between the primary coil and the insulative resin filled around the primary coil, is provided with the coating film or coating easy to delaminate between the bobbin surface and the insulative resin contacting on the bobbin surface, and is provided, in place with the coating film or coating, with an insulative sheet having low bonding ability with epoxy.
As these coating film or coating, overcoating containing material having small friction coefficient, such as nylon, polyethylene, Teflon or the like and material having small bonding ability with epoxy resin is used.
After curing epoxy, when temperature is lowered, delamination is caused in the portion having small tension stress at the interface between epoxy and the primary coil or the primary bobbin and small bonding ability with epoxy, due to difference of linear expansion coefficients of copper and epoxy.
As an effect of the present invention, when thermal shrinkage is caused in the ignition plug by lowering of temperature after stopping operation of the engine, relative expansion force in circumferential direction acts on the secondary bobbin by thermal shrinkage difference (linear expansion coefficient difference). On the other hand, from the primary coil and the secondary coil, tension force acts on the secondary coil relatively in circumferential direction via the insulativeresin. By multiplier effect of these, large internal stress "sgr" is created in the secondary bobbin. In the present invention, by interposing the gap (for example, the foregoing delaminated portion) between the primary bobbin and the primary coil and/or between the layers of the primary coil, it becomes possible to block transmission path of the tension force in the circumferential direction otherwise acting on the secondary bobbin from the primary coil.
Accordingly, among the stress "sgr" created within the secondary bobbin, by reducing the stress component "sgr"1 created within the secondary bobbin by thermal shrinkage difference of the primary bobbin and the secondary bobbin, total internal stress "sgr" can be significantly reduced (weaken). By examples of CAE (Computer Aided Engineering) analysis made by the inventors, by reducing the foregoing stress component "sgr"1, at least 20% of the total internal stress can be reduced. The reduction value of the internal stress was confirmed in connection with the ignition coil inserted into the plug hole of the internal combustion engine to be directly connected to the ignition plug, and the outer diameter of the inserted portion is xc3x818 to xc3x827 mm (the thin cylindrical type ignition coil of this size typically has 0.5 to 1.2 mm of thickness of the primary bobbin, 0.7 to 1.6 mm of thickness of the secondary bobbin, and 50 to 150 mm of bobbin length).
Even when the foregoing gap (for example, laminated portion) is provided between the primary bobbin and the primary coil and/or between the layers of the primary coil, since the primary coil is low potential (substantially ground potential), concentration of electric field between the primary coil will never be caused. Also, by tightly fitting the secondary coil, the insulative resin and the primary bobbin without gap, insulation between the primary coil and the secondary coil can be sufficiently assured. It has also been confirmed by the result of test that concentration of electric field by line voltage of the secondary coil can be satisfactorily prevented. Thus, insulation break down can be prevented.
(2) Furthermore, in addition to the foregoing first invention, when modified PPE (modified polyphenylene ether) is used for the secondary bobbin, the internal stress "sgr" can be further reduced in viewpoint of improvement of material of the secondary bobbin by containing inorganic filler (glass fiber, Mica, Talk or the like) in the content of greater than or equal to 20% in the secondary bobbin.
Modified PPE is superior in bonding ability with epoxy resin serving as the insulative resin, and has good molding ability and insulation ability. Therefore, it can contribute for quality stability of the secondary bobbin. When the inorganic filler content is less than 20%, the difference of linear expansion coefficients with other component (center core, primary coil, secondary coil or the like) becomes large to make the internal stress (thermal stress) "sgr" large, For example, according to the example of CAE analysis, if the foregoing "sgr"1 is not reduced, the internal stress "sgr" created in the secondary bobbin becomes as large as about 90 to 100 MPa upon occurrence of abrupt temperature drop if the ignition coil is placed in temperature environment varying from 130xc2x0 C. to xe2x88x9240xc2x0 C.
In contrast to this, according to the present invention, the internal stress "sgr" can be lowered to be less than or equal to 70 MPa to successfully prevent longitudinal cracking of the secondary bobbin. It should be noted that as optimal example of lowering of the internal stress "sgr" with maintaining bolding ability (flowability of the resin) of the secondary bobbin, it is proposed a material containing 45 to 60 Wt % of modified PPE, 15 to 25 Wt % of glass fiber, 15 to 35 Wt % of non-fibric inorganic filler. The detail will be discussed in the discussion of the embodiment.
Furthermore, in viewpoint of the linear expansion coefficient lowering the foregoing internal stress "sgr", particularly, when resin flow direction in resin molding is axial direction of the bobbin, the linear expansion coefficient in the direction perpendicular to the resin flow direction (it becomes important point for preventing longitudinal cracking of the bobbin to suppress internal stress in the direction corresponding to radial direction and circumferential direction of the bobbin, particularly in circumferential direction) of 35 to 75xc3x9710xe2x88x926 in average at xe2x88x9230xc2x0 C. to xe2x88x9210xc2x0 C. in test method according to ASTM D 696. Detail of this will be discussed in the discussion of the embodiment.
As more particular embodiment, by forming the coating film or coat layer on the outermost layer of the primary coil containing component having no affinity or causing no chemical reaction with the insulative resin (for example, epoxy resin), delamination is caused between the primary coil and the insulative resin to form the gap portion. The component having no affinity or causing no chemical reaction with the insulative resin is the material expressed by "Parenopenst"CH2CH2"Parenclosest"n(nxe2x89xa72) or "Brketopenst"CH2xe2x80x94CH(CH3)"Brketclosest"n(nxe2x89xa72), for example, nylon, polyorefin such as polyethylene, polypropylene or the like, fruorinated resin, fluorinated ester, fluorinated rubber, wax, fatty acid ester.

Internal combustion engine ignition coil


An extruder/gear pump assembly is provided having an extruder screw connected to the gear pump. The relative speed of the extruder screw and the gear pump are adjustable by the use of a shaft housed in a cavity of the extruder screw.

The invention relates to an extruder/gear pump assembly having an extruder screw and a gear pump coupled thereto.
Constructions consisting of gear pumps and extruders have been known for a long time. In the case of the gear pumps connected to the output side of extruders, a fairly high feeding pressure can be built up by means of the gear pump. A corresponding example is the solution known from U.S. Patent document U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,040. In this solution, the extruder screw can be connected to the external shaft, which is connected with a variable transmission. A gear pump can be driven by way of a special transmission. In this solution, a diagonal duct is provided on the output side of the extruder, which has the purpose of feeding the gear pump. This solution illustrated in FIG. 6 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,040 requires fairly high expenditures. For example, the duct between the extruder screw and the gear pump may require additional heating.
In another embodiment of this solution known from U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,040, the gear pump is driven by way of a special shaft arrangement, the drive connection branching off the driving motor for the extruder screw. Here, a multiple diversion by way of slave transmissions and, additionally, the use of a variable transmission are required. The patent document already implies that further development with various and, primarily, long external shafts in that document is disadvantageous.
Various attempts to improve this solution have become known. For example, another combination of an extruder and a gear pump has become known from European Patent document EP-A1-508 285. This construction is aimed particularly at the further development of a gear pump and provides a separate drive for the gear pump. In this case, it is a disadvantage that the two drives must be mutually synchronized in a special manner in order to achieve the desired pressure conditions.
Furthermore, a combination of an extruder and a gear pump was suggested in German Patent document DE-A1 100 49 730, in which the gear pump is flangedly connected directly to the extruder screw. This solution avoids long flow paths, is compact and, therefore, not susceptible to disturbances. However, it would be desirable to obtain a better sealing-off of the high-pressure area. Thus, on the output side of the gear pump, this solution additionally has the serious disadvantage that the rotational speed of the gear pump is coupled to the rotational speed of the extruder screw. However, for different rubber and thermoplastic mixtures, different relative rotational speeds are required, so that this solution can be used only for one rubber or thermoplastic mixture or for a rubber or thermoplastic mixture of the same type.
It is, therefore, an aspect of the invention to provide a combined extruder/gear pump assembly, having an extruder screw and a gear pump coupled thereto, which avoids the disadvantages of long flow paths, in which case a controlling of the operating point should nevertheless be possible without requiring a plurality of drives.
According to the invention, a gear pump shaft is disposed in the hollow extruder screw, by way of which gear pump shaft the relative speed of the extruder screw and the gear pump can be adjusted. Advantageous further developments are described and claimed herein.
Extruders frequently have a considerable length, particularly when they are used for mixed purposes and, therefore, for example, have transfer areas. An extruder screw intended for this purpose will then no longer be self-supporting but run in the extruder housing. In order to improve the efficiency of the mixing, it is advantageous to select a relatively large diameter for the extruder screw at its outer circumference. This is accompanied by an enlargement of the diameter of the extruder screw core. In order to minimize the abrasion in the screw housing, hollow extruder screws are advantageous.
Such extruder screws have the advantage of a comparatively low weight and of a good rigidity, so that the wear between the extruder screws and the extruder housing is reduced.
An extruder screw which has a correspondingly favorable construction can very advantageously be used according to the invention.
The extruder screw constructed as a hollow shaft is used for the accommodation of a drive shaft for the gear pump. A large number of advantages can be achieved by means of this surprisingly simple measure.
First, a separate sealing-off of the hollow shaft at its end can be eliminated. By way of the gear pump, the extruder screw can be disposed on the end side, so that the wear by friction between the screw housing and the extruder screw is particularly low.
As a result of the implementation of a hollow shaft, the tendency to bend is considerably reduced even in the case of fairly long extruders. According to the invention, it is particularly favorable that the gear pump can be controlled despite the integration in the extruder screw. It is particularly advantageous that, as a result of the automatic taking-along of the planet carrier with the extruder screw, only the relative rotational speed and, thus, the relative delivery rate can be adjusted. Therefore, when the extruder and thus the main drive moves down, the planetary gear pump is also controlled down, so that the control is simplified.
For this purpose, it is particularly advantageous for a series planetary gear set to be provided between the gear pump drive shaft and an intermediate shaft, whose ring gear on the inside is formed by the extruder screw. Thus, different compounds and thermoplastic mixtures can also be optimally delivered without the risk of damage to the material.
Furthermore, it is particularly advantageous according to the invention that, despite the use of an internal transmission for providing the adjustability of the relative rotational speed, only a single sealing device is required for protecting the transmission from the elastomer masses. In addition, this sealing device is situated on the input side of the gear pump, thus not yet in the high pressure area, so that it is less stressed than a sealing device in the high-pressure area. In practice, it is additionally situated in the area of the suction side of the planetary gear pump, which further reduces the stressing of the sealing device.
By providing inlet and outlet openings adjacent to the outer circumference of the planetary gear pump, a favorable rate of delivery is achieved while the shearing stress to the material is, simultaneously, not excessively high, and the material exiting from the gear pump can be removed by way of an outlet cone in a manner advantageous to the flow.
Additional advantages, details and characteristics are contained in the following description of an embodiment of the invention by means of the drawing.


A dash mount for securing a plurality of electronic devices to the front dash of a vehicle. The dash mount includes a base having a top surface with a top slot formed therein, as well as a rotatable mounting screw with a threaded portion extending upward, through the top slot, to project above the top surface. The dash mount also includes a support bracket having a first arm receivable within the top slot and a second arm with a device connector located at its distal end. The mounting screw extends through a straight aperture in the first arm to threadably engage with a first electronic device located on the top surface, to secure both the support bracket and the first device to the base, while the device connector on the second arm receives and supports a second electronic device in a location spaced from the first device.

The use of electronic devices in vehicles has greatly expanded in recent years with the advent of GSP devices, cellular telephones, display screens for remote cameras and computer devices, forwardly-directed "dash cams" and digital cameras for recording the travels of the vehicle, tablet computers, and the like.
Many of the electronic devices are stand-alone appliances that may not be integrated into the existing electronics system that is typically located within the front control console of the vehicle. To be useful and safe, these electronic devices must be secured in a position that does not interfere with the driver's handing of the vehicle or impair his vision, and while still being situated to provide information that is readily accessible to the driver and other occupants of the vehicle. Furthermore, many of these electronic devices either do not have suitable mounting systems or their mounting systems are specially configured for that particular device, and are not interchangeable with other devices. In addition, general purpose mounting systems that are not customized to any particular device, whether electronic or non electronic, are still incapable of securing more than one device of a particular type, such as those devices with display screens that must be visible to the driver or those devices requiring an unobstructed view forward through the front windshield.
A need therefore exists for a dash mounting system for vehicles that can removably secure a plurality of interchangeable devices to the front dash of the vehicle. It is to the provision of a multi-device dash mount that addresses these and other needs that the disclosure is primarily directed.


An electrical connector for mating with a plug includes an insulative housing, a number of first contacts retained in the indulative housing. The insulative housing includes a first contact area. Each first contact has a contact portion extending into the first contact area, a soldering portion extending out of the insulative housing and a connecting portion extending therebetween. The connecting portions are arranged in several rows along a front to back direction of the housing. A first spacer is assembled to the insulative housing along the front to back direction and is arranged between the rows of the connecting portions to separate the first contacts from each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to electrical connectors, and more particularly to electrical connector with two shielded mating interfaces so as to provide improved performance for high speed signal transmission.
2. Description of Related Art
With high development of electrical industry, the demand of signal transmission is increasing at the same time. But crosstalk, impedance, attenuation, propagation delay are the problems affecting high frequency performance of the signal transmission for a long time. U.S. Pat. No. 6,547,590 B2 discloses a stacked electrical connector which includes an insulative housing with a first connector mounted on an upper position and a second connector mounted on a lower position. Each connector includes a plurality of contacts retained therein. Each contact has a contact portion connecting with a mating plug, a soldering portion connecting with a circuit board and a connecting portion located therebetween. A spacer is assembled in the insulative housing and has a plurality of through holes. The connecting portions of the contacts are assembled into the holes along an up to down direction for decreasing the signal disturbance of contacts. Because the contacts of the first connector are much longer than others, the high frequency performance of the connector are reduced. The soldering portions of the contacts are easily to be distorted. Accordingly, it is hard that the contacts assembled into the holes along an up to down direction, and the high frequency performance of the contacts would have a bad effect. Furthermore, the insulative housing, the connectors and the spacer are separated from each other which result in a complex structure.
Hence, an electrical connector with improved high frequency performance is needed to solve the problem above.


An apparatus and associated method for observing an analog position signal of a control object in relation to positional indicia, recalling a previously stored runout correction value associated with the positional indicia, and calculating a corrected position signal for the control object in relation to the position signal and the runout correction value.

The ongoing commercialization of data processing devices has generally resulted in successive generations of devices having ever higher rates of functionality and interconnectivity. To this end, mass storage capabilities are being increasingly incorporated into a number of different types of devices, particularly with hand-held portable devices such as cell phones, digital cameras, personal data assistants (PDAs), and the like.
A disc drive is one type of data storage device that generally stores data on one or more magnetic recording media. A corresponding array of data transducers are selectively moved across the surfaces of the media to transduce data therewith. Servo data patterns are often provided on the media to provide transducer positional feedback during such data input and output (I/O) operations.
With the continued demand for data processing devices with ever higher levels of performance, there remains a continual need for improvements in the manner in which servo control data are processed. It is to the furthering of those efforts that the embodiments of the present invention are directed.


A system for detecting a damage condition associated with an agricultural machine. The system can include a component of the agricultural machine and a movement sensor configured to measure a movement parameter associated with the component. The system can include a controller communicatively coupled with the movement sensor. The controller can include a processor and associated memory. The memory may store instructions that, when executed by the processor, configure the controller to perform operations. The operations may include monitoring the movement parameter associated with the component and detecting a change in the monitored movement parameter over time that is associated with a damage pattern. The damage pattern may be indicative of damage to the agricultural machine. The operations may include automatically initiating a corrective action associated with preventing further damage to the agricultural machine when it is detected that the monitored movement parameter has experienced the damage pattern.

A wide range of agricultural implements have been developed and are presently in use for tilling, cultivating, harvesting, and so forth. Tillage implements, for example, are commonly towed behind tractors and may cover wide swaths of ground that include various types of residue. Accordingly, tillers typically include ground-engaging tools, such as shanks and tillage points, configured to condition the soil for improved moisture distribution while reducing soil compaction from such sources as machine traffic, grazing cattle, and standing water.
During tillage operations, various ground-engaging tools may impact a large impediment, such as a large rock, root, or other object within the ground. Such impacts can damage the ground-engaging tool and/or associated structure of the agricultural machine, such as a frame component of the agricultural machine. As a result, catastrophic failure of a component of the agricultural machine may occur yet remain undetected until a later time, such as an inspection of the agricultural machine after the tillage operation is complete. Continued operation of the tillage implement after the catastrophic failure can result in additional damage to the ground-engaging tool and/or associated structure.
Similarly, ground-engaging tools and/or associated structure can be repeatedly or cyclically stressed during tillage operations in a manner that can produce fatigue and/or crack growth. Such progressive failures may remain undetected and worsen until a later catastrophic failure occurs.
Accordingly, an improved system and method for detecting a damage condition associated with an agricultural machine that overcomes one or more of the issues in the prior art would be welcomed in the technology.

System and method for detecting a damage condition associated with an agricultural machine


Disclosed is a method for removing signal interference in a local radio communication device mounted in a mobile terminal. The method comprises receiving information on a channel in use from the mobile terminal in session; determining based on the received channel information whether a harmonic component of a channel frequency used by the mobile terminal belongs to a frequency band used by the local radio communication device; and assigning a channel in a frequency band with none of the harmonic component among the frequency band used by the local radio communication device as a channel of the local radio communication device, when the harmonic component of the channel frequency used by the mobile terminal belongs to the frequency band used by the local radio communication device.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a radio communication system, and in particular, to an apparatus and method for removing signal interference in a Bluetooth radio device mounted in a mobile terminal.
2. Description of the Related Art
Recently, the radio communication and computer industries have become aware that it is possible to realize a radio device and a radio link at a low cost. Such radio device and radio link enable communication between small, portable communication devices, making it possible to remove complicated connection cables between the communication devices. To this end, active research has been carried out. For example, the so-called "Bluetooth" standard has been defined by Ericsson Co., Sweden. The Bluetooth aims to provide mobility to small, short-range radio communication devices, and utility services to business users. The Bluetooth has defined an optimum technical characteristic for the portable computer and communication devices. In particular, the Bluetooth has been designed to provide low-cost, high-efficiency, high-capacity voice and data networking. In a local (or short-range) radio communication system supporting the Bluetooth standard, voice and data can be exchanged in real time between communication devices such as a mobile phone, a notebook computer and a desktop computer, located within a short distance of less than 10 m, through a radio link. The Bluetooth local radio communication system includes a master for transmitting voice/data, and a plurality of slaves for receiving voice/data. The master can be replaced by one of the slaves, and vice versa. That is, the master and the slaves are changeable according to the subject (device) that transmits the voice/data. The radio link defined by the Bluetooth can guarantee information security and prevent interference between information. In addition, the Bluetooth radio device can be manufactured in the form of a microchip, so that it can be easily mounted in the communication devices. Further, the Bluetooth radio device is designed to operate in the (2.4 GHz) band, a worldwide compatible frequency band. The Bluetooth standard specifies two power levels: a low power level for indoor operation and a high power level for inhouse operation. (In-house is defined as a range corresponding to local distance capable of receiving a service. In general, it means a range capable of being serviced within a house or a building of the company. Additionally, indoor indicates a shorter range than that of the in-house, for example, within a room.) The Bluetooth technology supports both point-to-point connection and point-to-multipoint connection. In the case of the point-to-multipoint connection, each master can communicate with a maximum of 7 slaves.
The Bluetooth radio communication system uses an ISM (Industrial, Scientific, Medical) band of 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz, which can be used without government licensing. Since the ISM band used by the Bluetooth radio communication system is open to the public, the Bluetooth radio communication system should be able to tolerate various unpredictable interferences in the ISM band. In order to resolve the interference problem, the Bluetooth radio communication system adopts a frequency hopping spectrum spreading technique. The Bluetooth radio communication system separately supports a 79 hopping technique and a 23 hopping technique, considering a difference in available frequencies of the respective nations. The 79 hopping technique is adopted by certain nations including the U.S. and South Korea, while the 23 hopping technique is adopted by other nations such as Spain.
FIGS. 1A to 1C illustrate a Bluetooth standard frequency band and its RF channels. Referring to FIG. 1A, the Bluetooth standard frequency band ranges from 2.4 to 2.4835 GHz, and 79 1 MHz-bandwidth channels are allocated in the operating frequency range of 2.4015 to 2.4805 GHz. As a result, each of the 79 channels has a center frequency of f=(2402+k)MHz, where k=0, . . . , 78. Specifically, FIG. 1A illustrates a frequency band of the 79 hopping technique and its RF channels.
FIGS. 1B and 1C illustrate frequency bands of the 23 hopping technique and their RF channels. Specifically, FIG. 1B illustrates a frequency band of the 23 hopping technique adopted by France and its RF channels, wherein 23 1 MHz bandwidth channels are allocated in an operating frequency range of 2.4535 to 2.4765 GHz. As a result, each of the 23 channels has a center frequency of f=(2454+k)MHz, where k=0, . . . , 22. Further, FIG. 1C illustrates a frequency band of the 23 hopping technique adopted by Spain and its RF channels, wherein 23 1 MHz-bandwidth channels are allocated in an operating frequency range of 2.4485 to 2.4715 GHz. As a result, each of the 23 channels has a center frequency of f=(2449+k)MHz, where k=0, . . . , 22.
Meanwhile, in a CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) mobile terminal mounted with a Bluetooth radio device, a part of a third harmonic component of the CDMA transmission frequency belongs to (or overlaps with) the Bluetooth standard frequency band, thus causing interference during the Bluetooth communication. The CDMA transmission frequency provides 20 FAs Frequency assignments) with a channel gap of 1.23 MHz, and third harmonic components of FA=1 and FA=2 frequencies among the 20 FA frequencies belong to the Bluetooth standard frequency band. The FA=1 transmission frequency is 824.640 MHz and the FA=2 transmission frequency is 825.870 MHz. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 2, the third harmonic of the FA=1 transmission frequency is 2473.92 MHz, and the third harmonic of the FA=2 transmission frequency is 2477.61 MHz.
Therefore, the third harmonic of the FA=1 CDMA transmission frequency interferes with a hopping frequency of 2473, 2474 or 2475 MHz (channel center frequency) of the Bluetooth radio device, while the third harmonic of the FA=2 CDMA transmission frequency interferes with a hopping frequency of 2477 and 2478 MHz of the Bluetooth radio device.

Apparatus and method for removing signal interference in a local radio communication device mounted in a mobile terminal


A plastic bifocal lens includes a lens matrix. The front and rear sides of the lens matrix each include a far-sight section and a near-sight section. The front far-sight section has curvature which is smaller than the curvature of the rear far-sight section. The front near-sight section has a curvature that is larger than the curvature of the front far-sight section. The front and rear sides of the lens matrix are coated with a coating material having a lower refractive power than a material used to form the lens matrix. The curvatures at both the front and rear sides are formed to become smooth surfaces. The smooth surfaces prevent stains from being accumulated at specific locations on the front and rear surfaces.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a double-focusing lens made of plastic for eyeglasses.
2. Prior Arts
In the prior arts, plastic-made eyeglasses are molded by a casting polymerization method by which, after a thermally-hardening type resin monomer having a catalyst added thereto is injected in a molding die and heated, the resin monomer is polymerized and hardened in the molding die.
Where a one-piece type double-focusing lens is formed, for example, the front side or rear side of a lens formed by the above-described method is polished, and two portions each having a different curvature are formed, wherein a portion of a low refractive index having a smaller curvature is made into a far-sight section, and a portion of a high refractive index having a larger curvature is made into a near-sight section.
However, since, in the above-described double-focusing lens, the curvature of the front side of the lens greatly changes at the boundary between the far-sight section and the near-sight section, and the front side of the near-side of the near-sight section further projects in comparison with the far-sight section, dust and sand, etc., are liable to be accumulated on the boundary portion at the front side of the lens, and further it is difficult to wipe off stains adhered to the boundary portion.
The present invention relates to a double-focusing lens made of plastic in view of solving the objects to improve characteristics for preventing stains and wiping off the same on the basis of the prior arts described above, in which the front and rear sides of a lens matrix having a far-sight section having a front curvature which is smaller than a rear curvature and a near-sight section having a front curvature which is larger than the front curvature of said far-sight section are coated with a matrix having a lower refractive power than a material used to form said lens matrix, and the curvatures at both the front and rear sides are formed to become uniform, whereby stains that are accumulated at a specified portion on the front and rear sides of the lens are prevented from being accumulated, and can be easily wiped off in order to solve the objects.
In summary, a double-focusing lens made of plastic according to the invention is constructed so that the front and rear sides of a lens matrix having a far-sight section having a front curvature which is smaller than a rear curvature and a near-sight section having a front curvature which is larger than the front curvature of said far-sight section are coated with a matrix having a lower refractive power than a material used to form said lens matrix, and the curvatures at both the front and rear sides are formed to become uniform. Therefore, if the curvatures of the lens are adjusted to prescribed degrees, the far sight section is able to correct myopia and the near-sight section is able to correct presbyopia. Further, there is no uneveness on the front and rear sides thereof, no stain is accumulated on any specified portions of the front and rear sides, and it is possible to easily wipe off any stains.
For example, since refraction occurs in the convergence direction only when light enters if the near-sight section of the lens matrix is made convex on the front side thereof and flat on the rear side (that is, with one side convex and the other side flat), it is necessary that the curvature of the near-sight section is increased in cases where additional power is intensified. Resultantly, the near-sight section is made thick. However, since the near-sight section is made convex at both sides so as to project to the front and rear sides of a lens matrix, a light beam transmitted through the near-sight section is refracted in a convergence direction in both cases where it enters and radiates. Accordingly, in the case of a both-side convex type, the curvature can be made smaller and the lens can be made thinner than in the case where the near-sight section is made with one side convex and the other side flat. That is, it is possible to make the thickness of a double-focusing lens thin even if a coating layer is provided on the front and rear sides of the lens matrix.
Since the molding material of the lens matrix is made of polyurethane and the coating material thereof is made of allyl diglycol carbonate resin, not only is the light transmissivity satisfactory but also the adhesivity between the lens matrix and the coating material becomes satisfactory, wherein these components can be tightly integrated. Even if the lens is subjected to external forces such as vibrations and impacts, the coating layer is not peeled off. Therefore, the present invention can bring about a double-focusing lens whose durability is excellent, wherein its practical effects are remarkable.


Glutarimide polymers having an acid and anhydride content lower than the acid and/or anhydride content normally present in the glutarimide polymers. Blends of the reduced acid and anhydride glutarimide polymers with thermoplastic materials are disclosed. A process for altering the properties of imide polymers by reducing or substantially removing acid and anhydride levels normally present in the imide polymer is also disclosed.

This invention relates to imide polymers having acid and anhydride levels less than are normally present in such polymers. This invention also relates to blends of the imide polymers, having lower than normal acid and anhydride levels, with other thermoplastic materials. The invention further contemplates a process for altering the properties of imide polymers by reducing or substantially eliminating acid and anhydride functionality on the imide polymer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,246,374 describes and claims polyglutarimide polymers and their preparation. The '374 patent teaches that the degree of imidization of an acrylic polymer may vary from as low as 1% imidization to about 100% imidization. The '374 patent teaches that imidization is accomplished with anhydrous ammonia or an anhydrous primary amine.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,284,425 is directed to the preparation of polymethacrylimide products. The '425 patent discusses the possibility that acid or ester groups may become isolated between adjacent imide rings. The '425 patent also teaches the formation of polymethacrylimide products which ". . . are substantially free of carboxy or ester groups . . . in which the degree of imidization is at least about 95% . . . " Thus, the '425 reference, while recognizing the presence of acid groups in the polyimides, teaches imidizing to at least about 95% imidization in order to lower or remove the acid functionality of a polymethacrylimide.
Further, there is no recognition in the '425 patent concerning adverse effects of the normal amount of acid and anhydride functionality on a polyimide polymer.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,518,717 describes a process for making imide polymers by reacting a monomeric dianhydride with a lactam or oxime to form a bis-imide having an acid-group-carrying radical attached to the imide nitrogen. The bis-imide monomer is then esterified with a reactive solvent that acts as an esterifying agent; methanol is typical. In the esterification process, the aromatic imide functionality is retained. The esterified bis-imide monomer is subsequently reacted with an aromatic diamine monomer in a polycondensation reaction, to form an imide or amide-imide polymer.
European Patent Publication 007669, published Apr. 13, 1983, describes the preparation of polyimides which are free from methyl substitution on the nitrogen atom. The European publication teaches the preparation of imide polymers free from methyl substitution on the nitrogen atom starting from a non-crosslinked polymer which contains glutaric anhydride units. The polyglutaric anhydrides are reacted with ammonia to yield the desired polyimides free from methyl substitution on the nitrogen atom. As the degree of imidization exceeds 95% and approaches complete imidization, the amount of residual acid and anhydride units remaining in the polymer chain becomes less significant, although the degree of imidization, if above 95%, is a factor which limits the utility of the resultant polyimide. When the degree of imidization is less than 95%, then the residual acid and anhydride functionality on the polymer chain results in less desirable properties than could be obtained when the acid and anhydride functionality is reduced or eliminated.
Makromol. Chem., 184, pages 1705-1726 (1983) discloses an analytical technique for confirming the chemical structure of the reaction products of polymethacrylic acid and formamide. The technique encompasses treating copolymers of methacrylic acid and methacrylimide with diazomethane. There is no disclosure in the reference procedure concerning the degree of imidization. Further, the imide groups are reacted along with the acid groups.
Japanese patent application 128,195, published Feb. 2, 1985, describes a process for preparing a polyglutarimide by condensing a polyamide or a copolymer of a methacrylamide with a methacrylate ester.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,458,046 discloses blends of vinyl chloride polymers and copolymers of the styrene-maleimide type. The '046 patent teaches that the imide used be prepared from a dicarboxylic acid moiety and that complete conversion of the dicarboxylic acid moiety to the desired imide be obtained by using an excess of the stoichiometric amount of ammonia or amine required for such conversion.
As a by-product of imidization of (meth)acrylic polymers by reaction with ammonia or primary amines, anhydride and acid groups are formed on the polymer chain. The acid and anhydride groups are intermediate in the formation of imide units. When the degree of imidization exceeds 95% and approaches 100%, the amount of acid and anhydride units present on the resultant imide product decreases and poses less of a problem. However, when the degree of imidization exceeds 95%, particularly when an autoclave process is used, then a high degree of discoloration of the resultant polymer and degradation of the polymer itself is often obtained. The degradation of the polymer may also lead to alteration of the desirable properties of the resultant imide polymer.
When the degree of imidization of a polymer is 95% or less, then the amount of acid and anhydride functionality normally present on the polymer chain as a natural incidence of the reaction involved becomes objectionable in that the presence of acid and anhydride functionality generally adversely affects the properties of the polyimide. For example, the presence of the normal amount of acid and anhydride functionality on an imide or polyglutarimide polymer will alter the miscibility of such polymer with other thermoplastic polymers. Additionally, acid and anhydride functionality affects the weatherability of a molded article prepared from such polymer in that the molded article will absorb more water as a result of the presence of the normal amount of acid and anhydride functionality. Further, high acid and anhydride functionality can result in higher melt viscosity which would translate into the polymer being more difficult to process into various molded articles.
It is an object of this invention therefore, to prepare a polyimide wherein the amount of acid and anhydride functionality is reduced from the amount normally present, or is substantially eliminated.
A further object of this invention is to prepare blends of polyimides with other thermoplastic polymers wherein the acid and anhydride functionality of the polyimide in the blend has either been reduced from that which was originally present or has been substantially eliminated.
A still further object is to provide a process for reducing or substantially eliminating acid and anhydride functionality existing on a polyimide.
Other objects and advantages will become more apparent from the following more complete description and claims.


A magnetic read sensor having an extended pinned layer and having a free layer structure with a back edge formed at an angle for optimizing sensor performance and pinned layer pinning. The magnetic free layer has a back edge that is formed at an angle of between 6 and 10 degrees relative to a plane parallel with the air bearing surface plane. The magnetic sensor can be formed by forming the free layer stripe height with an ion milling that is performed at an angle of 6 to 10 degrees relative to normal.

In recent years, as information technology has developed, interest has focused on the greater processing speeds of central processing units (CPU), as well as the increase in storage capacity of storage devices. Among these developments, magnetic disk storage devices are most often used as large capacity storage devices, and research is being performed into further increases in their speed and data density.
Magnetic read heads that use magnetoresistive (MR) effect elements are used for reading the information on the magnetic disks of magnetic disk storage devices. Magnetoresistive effect elements normally have a structure in which an antiferromagnetic layer, a pinned layer, a non-magnetic intermediate layer, a free layer, and a cap layer are stacked in that order. Due to the effect of the magnetic disk information magnetic field, the magnetization direction of the free layer is changed with relative to the magnetization direction of the pinned layer, whose magnetic force direction is fixed by the antiferromagnetic layer, and this changes the overall resistance of the magnetoresistive effect element. The electrical resistance across the magnetoresistive effect element is proportional to the relative directions of magnetization of the free and pinned layers. Therefore, as the relative orientation of magnetization of the free and pinned layers changes, the resulting change in electrical resistance can be detected as a magnetic signal.
The known formats of magnetoresistive effect elements include the current-in-plane (CIP) format in which current flows parallel to the film surfaces of the magnetoresistive effect element, the current perpendicular to plane (CPP) format in which the current flows perpendicular to the film surfaces, the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) format and the tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) format. As a result of the high density recording capacity in recent years, the CPP-GMR format and the TMR format have become the main formats used.
As magnetoresistive effect elements become smaller, the magnetic stability of the sensor becomes worse. For example, the reduced area between the pinned layer and the AFM layer reduces the exchange coupling between these layer and, therefore, reduces the pinning strength of the sensor. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2007-220154 discloses a step structure for the top surface of the pinned layer of a junction end portion in the height direction of a TMR element, wherein the pinned layer extends further from the air bearing surface than the free layer. This can increase the area of the pinned layer for improved pinning strength. However, such a design that incorporates an extended pinned layer presents its own challenges with regard to manufacturability and sensor performance.

Magnetic sensor having optimal free layer back edge shape and extended pinned layer


The present invention relates to an artillery missile (1) intended for firing on a ballistic trajectory, with gliding characteristics which can be put into effect, after it has reached the summit of this trajectory, to increase the maximum range of the missile. In order to obtain these gliding characteristics, the missile is provided with extendable aerodynamic bearing surfaces divided into firstly canard fins (5-8), which are retracted in the front part of the missile body and can be extended after the summit of trajectory, secondly main bearing surfaces (9, 10) made of resilient material, which, likewise during launching, are curved in against and around the central part (3) of the missile body in shallow recesses adapted thereto in the outer casing of the missile and which, after the summit of trajectory and being extended, form the wings (9, 10) of the missile, and thirdly stem fins, which, durign at least launching, are covered i the retracted position by a protective cover (14) in the rear part (4) of the missile.

The present invention relates to an artillery missile which, for firing on a ballistic trajectory towards a predetermined target, can be fired from a barrel weapon, and which can be guided on the trajectory towards the target. It is particularly characteristic of the missile according to the invention that it has been imparted, over and above the maximum range with regard to its own launching speed, an extended range by means of good gliding characteristics which can be brought into play on the trajectory and are put into effect after or immediately before the missile reaches its summit of trajectory.
The present invention therefore means that we have succeeded in combining in one and the same artillery missile a number of characteristics which are apparently difficult to combine with one another, namely that the missile can in the first place be fired from a barrel weapon of conventional type and will in the second place have good gliding characteristics during the descending phase of its ballistic trajectory, which, considering the great dead weight of each artillery missile in relation to its volume, requires large ballistic bearing surfaces which must moreover be effectively retractable so as not to interfere during the launching phase, and that the missile will in the third place be guidable at least during the descending phase of the ballistic trajectory, that is to say during the gliding flight of the missile. For guiding the missile, use is made according to the invention of what are known as canard fins which are arranged in the front part of the missile and can be extended after launching.
However, the use of canard fins for guiding artillery missiles has already been proposed previously in U.S. Pat. No. 4,438,893. In the missile described therein, however, the canard fins are mounted in a freely rotating missile nose. The main function of this construction is to make possible rotational stabilization of the missile on its trajectory at the same time as the missile nose and the fins, owing to the lateral resistance of the fins to the surrounding atmosphere, remain stationary on the trajectory and, by virtue of being inclined relative to the longitudinal axis of the missile, can influence the missile trajectory. It is therefore not lengthening the trajectory by gliding flight but only correction of the original ballistic trajectory of the missile which is involved in this context.
From DE-40 01 914, it is also known to produce launchable bodies which are airborne after launching and are provided with special bearing surfaces which are curved in towards the body in question during the launching phase and can be folded out or extended after launching. However, the type of bearing surface described there appears to be intended principally for sub-warheads to which it is desirable to impart a curved trajectory, because the bearing surfaces have been arranged in a zigzag shape one after another as far as those which form the right/left wing are concerned, and this design automatically produces a curved trajectory owing to the imbalance thus built in. The zigzag-shaped wing positioning moreover affords greater possibilities with regard to varying the shape of the wings, because they will then never collide in their retracted positions curved in towards the fuselage.
Finally, W098/43037 can be mentioned as an example of a stern-fin assembly for artillery missiles comprising a number of extendable fins which are covered during the launching phase by a protective cover and are extended as soon as this protective cover has been removed, but here, as in most other cases, it is a matter of a fin-stabilized shell without any form of advanced gliding characteristics.
As already indicated, the present invention can be considered to consist of an artillery missile which is launched in a conventional manner on a ballistic trajectory from a barrel weapon and which, during the launching phase, has the customary outer shape of an artillery shell, but which, after it has passed or in connection with it passing the summit of its ballistic trajectory, extends from its own front part controllable canard fins and folds out or extends at the level of the central part of the missile body fixed main bearing surfaces which, during the launching phase, were curved in against and pressed down in shallow recesses adapted thereto in the outer casing of the missile body, at the same time as stern fins adapted thereto then or previously are extended in the rear part of the missile. The canard fins are then used for guiding the missile on its descending trajectory part at the same time as it has been possible, by virtue of the inclusion of the main bearing surfaces or wings and the stern fins, to combine this possibility of correcting the trajectory of the missile with the fact that it has been possible to impart good gliding characteristics and thus a considerably extended range to the missile during the same trajectory part. The design included in the invention of the extendable main bearing surfaces has been made possible by virtue of the fact that these are made from a resilient material which allows the curving-in which is necessary in order that the main bearing surfaces will be capable of being forced into close contact with the missile body down in the shallow recesses intended therefor and of being locked in this position until the missile is approaching or has just passed the summit of its ballistic trajectory. The material selected for the main bearing surfaces must moreover have such a good inherent shape memory that, after being extended, they adopt the position and any wing profile selected Previously in order to impart the desired gliding characteristics to the missile as a whole. At the same time, the material must have sufficient inherent rigidity in order to be capable of bearing the load which the missile body involves. A main bearing surface or wing of this type can be given the desired wing profile either by means of a bellied plate which is pressed flat in its retracted position or two bellied plates which are welded together with one another along their respective longitudinal edges and are likewise pressed flat in the retracted positions of the bearing surfaces. Materials suitable for this purpose may consist of titanium or titanium alloys.
As far as the stern fins are concerned, these can be designed in a number of different previously known ways and they can be extended at the same time as other bearing surfaces or at a considerably earlier time, for example immediately after the missile leaves the barrel. In the latter case, use is then made of the stern fins for fin-stabilizing the missile already during its ascending trajectory.

Guided artillery missile with extremely long range


A pilot interface panel may comprise at least one input mechanism configured to receive at least one user input, generate at least one input signal corresponding to the at least one user input, and send the at least one input signal to a controller. The controller may be configured to control movement of an electric taxi system of an aircraft in a manner according to the at least one input signal, wherein the electric taxi system may be configured to rotate at least one wheel of the aircraft by force from a purely electromotive source. The pilot interface panel may further comprise at least one safety mechanism, which may be configured to prevent at least one of the at least one input mechanisms from receiving an inadvertent user input resulting from an unintended action by the user.

The present invention generally relates to a cockpit interface system for controlling an aircraft electric taxi system.
Taxi systems are being developed for use on aircraft so that planes may be maneuvered on the ground without running the main engine. Instead, electric motors directly drive one or more of the landing gear wheels. In order for the electric taxi system to perform its function properly, a pilot interface must be provided to allow the pilot to direct the taxiing of the plane.
Currently, methods of allowing pilots to control the electric taxi system generally employ a joystick interface. Pilots can move the joystick forward, backward, left, and right in order to move the plane accordingly. Joysticks control movement via user inputs related to thrust or acceleration, rather than a particular desired speed. In addition, this type of interface allows the user to move the joystick, and thus the aircraft, with little to no resistance or other form of mechanical safety check. Also, turn motions may be performed along with directional movement, although tight-turn and/or pivot motions may be unavailable.
However, pilots often prefer to control ground movement of an aircraft via inputting a target speed, and are also concerned about having safety checks in the context of initiating various types of ground movement. It may also sometimes be necessary to pivot an aircraft without moving the aircraft in a forward or backward direction. Thus, there is a need for an intuitive cockpit interface system that allows the pilot to control the aircraft's motion easily and safely, incorporating elements to prevent inadvertent activation of motion, especially for pivot or reverse maneuvers which have the potential to damage the aircraft.

Pilot interface for aircraft electric taxi system


An internal combustion engine 1 in which the compression ratio can be varied by moving a cylinder block and a crankcase along the axial direction of the cylinder is mounted on a vehicle body member 29 by at least two portions including a first mount portion 32 provided on a transmission apparatus to and a second mount portion 31 provided on the internal combustion engine 1, wherein said second mount portion 31 is provided on the crankcase 4. The first mount portion 32 and the second mount portion 31 are arranged in such a way that the direction of a rotation moment TD about the output shaft RC1 of the transmission apparatus acting on the internal combustion engine 1 upon combustion becomes opposite to the direction of a rotation moment M1 about the output shaft RC1 generated by a force acting on a cylinder block 3 upon changing the compression ratio.

In recent years, for the purpose of improving performance of internal combustion engines in terms of gas mileage and output power etc., technologies that enable to vary the compression ratio of internal combustion engines nave been proposed. For example, there has been disclosed a technology in which the cylinder block, which is an engine component that constitutes a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, and the crankcase are displaced relative to each other by rotationally driving a control shaft coupled to the cylinder block and the crankcase, thereby changing the volume of the combustion chamber to vary the compression ratio of the internal combustion engine (see, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2003-206771).
In another disclosed technology concerning an internal combustion engine in which the compression ratio of the internal combustion engine can be varied by swinging the cylinder block relative to the crankcase, a gear case and auxiliary machines are mounted on a side wall provided on the crankcase to simplify the mounting process while utilizing a conventional type flange surface (see, for example, Japanese Patent No. 3224816).

Mount apparatus for variable compression ratio internal combustion engine


An apparatus, system, and method for a polarizing conversion assembly adapted to provide polarized light having an intensity distribution to complement an angular transmission distribution of a corresponding light modulator are disclosed herein.

Many light modulators used in projection and direct viewing systems operate on the basis of polarization. Such light modulators may include reflective displays such as LCoS (Liquid Crystal on Silicon), super twisted nematic (STN), and ferroelectric (FLC) as well as transmissive displays, such as thin film transistor (TFT), polysilicon (P-si), and Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI). These displays can produce a high-resolution image by changing the polarization state upon reflection or transmission of incident light. In a LCoS display, for example, in the dark state, a pixel reflects all light with substantially no change in polarization. In the bright state, the pixel rotates the polarization state of reflected incident light to the corresponding orthogonal state. A light modulator may also include a polarization-analyzing device designed to propagate the light from the bright state as a display image to be viewed by the human eye or projected onto a viewing screen.
Because light typically contains multiple polarization states, a polarization conversion assembly is often used to convert or rotate the light from a light source to substantially one polarization state. Having light of one polarization state may allow for more efficient processing through the light modulator.
A multi-PBS can be used as a polarization conversion assembly. The multi-PBS has a two-dimensional array of small polarizing beam splitters and associated lenses. The beam splitters and lenses are precisely aligned so that the output of the multi-PBS is substantially collimated and has a single polarization state. The multi-PBS converts almost all of the input light to the same polarization state. However, it is expensive to produce due to the complex structures required and the precision required to align each of the PBS structures with each lens. The multi-PBS therefore increases the cost of the projection system.
Another disadvantage of the multi-PBS system comes from a difference in the transmissivity over different incident angles in a typical light modulator between orthogonal axes. Conventional polarization conversion assemblies, including the multi-PBS, transmit the polarized light with a substantially uniform intensity distribution. More particularly, the polarized light from a conventional polarization conversion assembly is point symmetrical around the center. The light modulator, on the other hand, may have an angular transmission distribution that is not point symmetrical around the center, resulting in a significant portion of the light from the polarization conversion assembly illuminating the light modulator at incident angles with a lower probability of transmission.

Polarization conversion assembly to complement angular transmission distribution of polarizing light modulator


A friction transmission belt includes a belt body, formed of a rubber composition, looped over a pulley, and transmitting power. The friction transmission belt includes a reinforcing fabric wrapping at least a surface, of the belt body, in contact with the pulley. The reinforcing fabric is a knitted fabric, and on the surface of the belt body in contact with the pulley, a wale direction of the reinforcing fabric is a direction in which the friction transmission belt travels.

A typical and widely available method known in the art to transmit rotational power of, for example, engines and motors is to secure pulleys on driving and driven shafts, and run power transmission belts, such as V-ribbed belts and V-belts, over the pulleys. When such a power transmission belt is wet while driven, for example, the wet belt produces a known phenomenon called, such as, stick-slip; that is, the power transmission belt and the pulleys slip over each other and generate abnormal noise. Since, this slip noise from the power transmission belt is a cause of abnormal noise generated by a device, various countermeasures to the noise have been studied.
An example of such countermeasures is to wrap the surfaces of V-shaped ribs with a fabric so that, when the V belt and V-ribbed belt are looped over a rib-belt pulley for use, the contact portion between the V-ribbed belt and the rib-belt pulley is maintained low in friction coefficient.
Patent Document 1 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 05-272593) discloses, for example, a V-belt and a flat belt whose entire bodies are wrapped with a cylindrical outer wrapping fabric. The document allows for the use of a knit fabric as the outer wrapping fabric of the belts.
Moreover, Patent Document 2 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2000-291743) discloses a power transmission belt with a reinforcing fabric bonded on its belt surface.
Patent Document 3 (Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2003-514206) discloses a belt having a knit fabric on its back surface.


The invention is directed to a control system for an internal combustion engine with reference to air throughput, rotational speed and lambda. In this control system, a decoupling device is provided between open loop and closed loop control signals which act with different speeds. An ignition signal is influenced in dependence upon a lambda-dependent signal via at least one dead time member. In this way, phases having unfavorable opposing influence on control branches of different reaction durations are reduced.

The technical journal "Automobiltechnische Zeitschrift" (ATZ) 82 (1980) 4 includes an article entitled "Verringerung des Kraftstoffsverbrauchs von Ottomotoren durch elektronische Steuerung von Einspritzung und Zundung". On page 173 of this article, a paragraph 3.5 is directed to the digital engine electronics. In this paragraph, in addition to various lambda values, also the ignition time points can be set to values which are matched with the particular lambda value. FIG. 6 on page 173 shows an ignition characteristic field expanded over intake pipe pressure and rotational speed.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,178,891 relates to a method for controlling the operational performance of an internal combustion engine. A method is disclosed for controlling the smoothness of the operation of an engine and provides that the ignition angle in addition to the change of the fuel/air mixture and/or the quantity of exhaust gas fed back is changed. A combined displacement of the ignition angle, the lambda value or the exhaust gas quantity fed back is proposed in the context of a smoothness control.
European patent 0,033,616 discloses a control system for the idle speed wherein the ignition displacement is displaced in proportion to the deviation between the actual and desired speeds and the air or mixture intervention by means of an integral component based on the actual-desired speed deviation is controlled out.
The cooperative relationship between lambda control and idle speed control has been shown not to be optimal in known systems having lambda control and idle speed control. In principle, the two functions of idle speed control and lambda control operate completely independently of each other. However, since both are coupled via the engine, unpleasant operational conditions can occur because the controllers can also operate against each other in dependence upon operating range. The torque supplied by the engine is a function of lambda. If the lambda value changes, this has an influence on engine speed via the changed torque. Since the speed in idle should be held constant, the engine speed controller must intervene immediately in order to reverse the lambda influence. Accordingly, a poor operation of the engine can result at idle in the presence of unfavorable phase conditions for the two controller interventions.

Control system for an internal combustion engine


A liquid antiseptic and cleanser having improved long-term stability includes at least the following principal ingredients: deionized water; silver ion, polypectate, and ethylenediaminetetraaceticacid (EDTA). Presently preferred embodiments of the technology also include glycerine; 1,2-propanediol (a.k.a. propylene glycol); at least one surfactant from any of the families of alkylsulfates, sulfonates, alkanolamides, betaines, amine oxides, sarcosinates and sulfosuccinates; and a buffering compound sufficient to achieve a pH value within a range of 7.2 to 7.8.

Professional journals of dentistry and medicine have documented the spread of infection that occurs in clinics, hospitals, patient rooms, public facilities and other noninstitutional settings when practitioners and staff fail to appropriately cleanse their hands. Given the often dire consequences of poor hygiene, practitioners must wash their hands with bewildering frequency. Alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, as well as iodine and chlorine containing compounds have long been recognized as effective antimicrobial and antiviral agents, thus their use in scrub and pre-surgical preparation is widely encouraged. However, recent studies have shown that repeated application of many of these compounds to the skin is physiologically damaging. In addition, when microbe populations are regularly subjected to specific antimicrobial chemical compounds, the microbes gradually evolve by developing chemical pumps which expel those compounds, thereby greatly reducing the effectiveness of the compound as an antimicrobial agent.
Certain metals have been shown to possess antiseptic qualities. Mercuric solutions, such as tincture of merthiolate and mercurachrome, were widely used in the twentieth century as antiseptics. However, studies showing that the use of such antiseptics resulted in the absorption of mercury through the skin, coupled with research indicating that the uptake of even small amounts of mercury resulted in the retardation of children, prompted their discontinuance. The search for alternative antiseptic compounds which do not damage the central nervous system, and which do not harm the skin and mucous membranes has been extensive.
Silver is a naturally-occurring metal that, when applied topically, has been shown to be lethal to a wide variety of disease-causing bacteria, fungi, molds, parasites, and viruses, yet relatively innocuous to the human body. Phoenician records from the period 700 to 100 B.C. indicate that silver vessels were used to keep vinegar, water and wine pure during long journeys and voyages. It is also known that early American settlers and pioneers used copper, gold and silver coins for medicinal and water purification purposes. The use of silver as a bactericide was documented as early as the late 1800s. In the past century, particularly the past two decades, silver has come to be widely recognized as an effective germicide and parasiticide. For such applications, silver has typically been used in the form of silver nitrate, silver oxide, or colloidal suspensions of silver compounds. For example, silver nitrate drops are routinely placed in the eyes of newborns in order to protect the eyes of infants—who might have become infected as they passed through the birth canal. Colloidal silver, either as elemental or silver oxide particulates, suspended in mineral oil or water bases, is being promoted for a wide variety of medicinal purposes via both internal ingestion and topical application. It is promoted as a treatment for mastitis and as a treatment for infections of the mucous membranes.
There is little indication that microbes have or can develop a resistance to silver, as it externally blocks respiration, rather than interfering with the internal metabolism of the organism.
In recent decades, extensive research has demonstrated that chelated silver is an active antimicrobial. The antimicrobial action reportedly occurs by blocking the respiration of microorganisms. Chelated silver is different from colloidal silver. Chelated means in solution, whereas colloidal means in suspension. In colloidal suspensions, minute silver particles are suspended or floating in an aqueous solution, and are not evenly dispersed throughout the liquid. Chelated solutions occur when a metal ion forms a heterocyclic ring with a bidentate ligand. Examples of bidentate ligands are carbonate and oxalate ions and ethylenediamine. As a general rule, five- or six-membered rings are favored. Because chelated silver ions are chemically bonded to nonmetallic ions, they are evenly dispersed throughout the solution. The even dispersal of chelated silver ions throughout the solution considerably enhances their antimicrobial action and effectiveness over time.
Three U.S. patents were issued to James W. Van Leuven covering a liquid antiseptic in which silver ions are chelated with sodium polypectate. U.S. Pat. No. 4,184,974 to Van Leuven discloses a liquid cleaner, lubricant and topical biocidal agent containing lauryl diethanolamide, propylene glycol, glycerine, sodium polypectate, a water soluble detergent, silver ions, and sufficient base to maintain pH within a range of 7.2 to 7.8, and distilled water. U.S. Pat. No. 4,267,168, which is a continuation of the application which issued as the '974 patent, discloses a method for treating external human tissue with the liquid cleaner, lubricant and topical biocidal agent disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,184,974. U.S. Pat. No. 4,289,758, which is a continuation of the application which issued as the '168 patent, discloses a liquid biocidal agent containing about 100 to 400 parts per million sodium polypectate, about 13 to 250 parts per million silver ion, about 4 to 8% glycerine, sufficient base to maintain a pH in the range of from about 7.2 to 7.8, and distilled water.
A known drawback to the solutions patented by Van Leuven is that chelation of the silver ions lacks long-term stability. The instability is apparently due either to a gradual decomposition of the polypectate molecules or the gradual formation of extraneous compounds which have a greater affinity for the silver ions than to the polypectate molecules. The decomposition is accelerated in the presence of extreme cold or heat and light. The greater the heat or the greater the energy of the incident light, the more rapid the decomposition.

Antiseptic solutions containing silver chelated with polypectate and EDTA