A container for powder, a method for marking of the containers for the powder and an apparatus for use of a powder. There is at least one RFID Chip provided in the container, wherein the RFID chip stores at least one set of parameters for material characterization of the powder in the container. A unique key is assigned to every type of powder by means of which the data in the RFID chip located in the container are readable, writeable and updateable via an antenna arranged outside the container.

The containers for the powder are used, for example, to feed metered quantities of fine-grained powder for plasma coating processes, or a plasma coating installation. It is important in this process to avoid powder agglomerations and deposits since, otherwise, transport of the powder can come to a standstill.
The published international patent application PCT/EP2012/054340 discloses an apparatus and a method for conveying powder. A container is provided for the powder, wherein the powder defines a surface in the container. A suction means has formed a suction opening for sucking up the powder from the surface. A motion means serves to generate a relative movement between the suction opening and the surface of the powder. Sucking up the powder takes place during the relative movement, wherein a speed of the relative movement can be altered in such a way that a constant mass flow of the powder occurs from the container to the substrate.
German disclosure document DE 10 2010 014 552 A1 discloses a method for plasma coating of a substrate surface with a coating fluid. A plasma beam of a low temperature plasma is directed at a substrate surface. The coating fluid consists of a carrier fluid and a fine-grained powder. The coating fluid is homogenized in an homogenization container and passed on to the plasma by means of a pump and metering system.
European patent application EP 2 282 184 A1 discloses a container for monitoring a fill level of the goods to be removed from the container. The container is suitable for storing powder. There is at least one radio-frequency identification (RFID) chip attached in the container, for example to the bottom of the container. An optical sensor is used in connection with the RFID chip to determine the fill level. The option for material characterization using the RFID chip is not disclosed.
U.S. patent pre-grant publication no. 2006/0132351 A1 discloses a container for monitoring a fill level of a powdered material in which at least one RFID chip is attached. Different containers can be differentiated between on the basis of a set of parameters with identification numbers which the RFID chip carries. Sets of parameters for material characterization, at least those concerning the material identification and quality, are described but these are not put on the RFID chip but are determined instead through measurement together with the RFID chip. A key which allows activation for use of the container is not disclosed.
International patent application WO 2005/002992 A1 discloses a container which is suitable for storing powder and which is provided with at least one RFID chip. The RFID chip is already provided by the manufacturer of a set of parameters for identification of the container and/or its contents. Furthermore, the RFID chip is attached in a separate pocket outside on the container. A key which allows activation for use of the container is not disclosed.
There is an apparatus disclosed in the German patent application DE 10 2007 013 093 A1 for use of powder with a container for storing powder. An arrangement of an RFID chip which carries a parameter set for material characterization is not mentioned. Also the Japanese patent application JP 2001 130 743 does not disclose arrangement of a RFID chip in the container. It simply discloses sucking up of the powder out of the container.
Sucking up of the powder takes place exclusively from the surface of the powder contained in the container. In order to achieve a constant mass flow of powder from the container to the surface of a substrate it is absolutely essential that certain quality criteria of the powder are met. The quality criteria of the powder are not only responsible for transport of the powder from the container to the substrate but also influence the quality of the coating applied to a surface of the substrate. Transport of the powder and the quality of the coating depend on the mass, the size of the powder particles and possibly contamination of the container.

Apparatus for use of powder from the container


A cooktop has a recessed portion surrounding a burner opening. The recessed portion includes bosses with grate supporting surfaces below the upper surface of the cooktop, and dams with vertical inner surfaces. A grate has a rectangular base with a vertical side wall and a bottom edge. The grate is mounted in the recessed portion, aligned with the burner opening, with the base bottom edge resting on the grate supporting surfaces of the bosses and with the grate side wall adjacent the vertical inner surfaces of the dams. The base includes tabs aligned with the dams and extending downwardly to provide greater height at the portions of the side wall aligned with the dams.

This invention relates to utensil supporting grates of cooktops and, more particularly, to a cooktop/grate combination which provides greater stability of the grates.
For many years grates were mounted to cooktops by inserting depending fingers or knobs of the grate through mating openings in the cooktop. This had a number of drawbacks. For example, it required that holes extend through the cooktop, providing sites for possible rusting of the body of the cooktop.
More recently the burner openings have been surrounded by relatively large recessed areas and the grates have been mounted within these recessed areas. In one embodiment the grate includes an annular base with a vertical outer surface and a bottom edge. The recessed area of the cooktop includes spaced apart bosses with horizontal upper surfaces that support the bottom edge of the grate base. The recessed area also includes dams with vertical inner surfaces that contact the outer surface of the grate base to restrain the grate should a lateral force tend to slide the grate out of the recessed area.
At times such dams do not exert sufficient restraining force on the grates, which then can slide out of the recessed area. A significant reason for such sliding is that the dams do not have sufficient vertical overlap with the grate base. This results from the restraints on the vertical dimensions of various elements.
Grates must support heavy utensils when at high temperatures. Thus they are made of relatively large amounts of expensive materials. Thus it is desirable to minimize the size of the grate. At the same time, for optimum operation of the burner flame, the grate must support the utensil at a predetermined distance above the burner. For this reason, the grate does not rest on the bottom of the recessed area. Rather bosses are formed part way up the peripheral wall of the recess and the grate is supported on the bosses. This enables the base of the grate to have a smaller height and use less material.
In order to restrain the grates from sliding out of the recessed areas substantially vertical opposing surfaces are provided. Essentially the entire periphery of the grate base can be used as one vertical surface, while the other must be formed along the periphery of the recessed area. The recessed areas usually are large in cross-section and deep. Attempts to draw such a recessed area with a generally vertical wall into the steel or other metal forming the cooktop leads to excessive failures of the metal. Therefore, individual small dams, with substantially vertical inner surfaces, have been formed in spaced apart relationship about the peripheral portion of the recessed area. These dams and the corresponding portions of the grate base form the opposing vertical surfaces. In some instances the area so provided is not sufficient.
One possible solution would be to remove or shorten the bosses. However, since the top of the grate must be at least a predetermined distance above the burner, this would require greater height of the grate base and would greatly increase the cost of each grate.
An object of the present invention is to provide an improved cooktop and grate assembly.
Another object is to provide such an assembly in which the grates are resistant to sliding out of the mating recess in the cooktop.
It is yet another object of this invention to provide such an improved cooktop and grate assembly that does not involve any increase in material.


Similar assets across a digital attack surface are identified. Extracting detail information and related edge information enables a network analysis system to provide indexed assets. A user of a network analysis system may provide additional data sources to enhance indexed assets. New data sources are processed in bulk to update existing assets. Edge information is pre-computed to provide on-demand access to a global inventory of mapped domain infrastructure assets.

As the use of the Internet and the amount of information available on the Internet has expanded, the ability to track and monitor information available over the Internet related to a particular subject or associated with a particular entity has been negatively impacted. The vast amount of information present on the Internet makes monitoring websites nearly impossible as it is difficult to quickly and efficiently compare the large amount of information contained within the large number of websites that may be associated with an entity. These challenges extend to the enterprise environment, in which an enterprise is faced with the burden of monitoring thousands of web documents accessed throughout an enterprise network including enterprise websites. In an enterprise system having thousands of electronic documents (e.g., documents provided via a website), compliance and security of the enterprise network and the enterprise website becomes difficult to manage.
Of the many challenges faced with network security in any type of computing system (e.g., enterprise system or a cloud computing system), web documents for a website may compromise the security of the enterprise system. Electronic documents for a website may include or implement one or more web components, designed to support a web-based feature, such as content management. For example, web documents may be designed to support a web framework for managing content provided for the web document. The web framework may be defined by multiple, different types of web components. Examples of web frameworks may include proprietary solutions such as WordPress®, Drupal®, Joomla®, and Concrete5®. A web component in an electronic document for a website may undergo several versions through its lifetime. The versions of a website can correspond to changes in a web component due to version changes in a web framework using the web component. The changes in the versions may be difficult to track for a large website. An entity managing a website hosting many web documents may desire to consolidate different web frameworks, or even different versions of web frameworks. The consistency in web frameworks for a website may enable users that manage the website (e.g., an administrator or an operations analyst) to better manage security and operations of a website. By limiting and identifying web framework usage, the security and operation of a website can be improved. Some web components and/or web frameworks may have or expose security vulnerabilities to a website that may go undetected if not discovered in the website. Some websites may implement multiple different web frameworks, each of which may have shared or conflicting vulnerabilities. Some vulnerabilities of a web framework may be exposed by an older version that enable malicious third parties to hide malicious code from an entity's domain names without such entity knowing that any changes have occurred or that such domains have been taken over by malicious code. As such, it is difficult to ensure that bad actors are not altering, misappropriating, and/or otherwise compromising or exploiting data, including ways that interfere with privacy, or damage an entity's intangible business assets, such as intellectual property and goodwill.
Accordingly, businesses are challenged to find ways to accurately and periodically identify and detect changes in a web framework and/or web components of documents hosted by a website. Detecting changes in a web document, in particular web framework changes, becomes paramount in dealing with security of a network, such as a network within an enterprise system. Many web frameworks provide a publicly accessible file in an administrative directory that contains the exact version installed. Using targeted (or active) crawling, the file can be downloaded and the version of the framework determined with little trouble. However, this method may not be feasible for organizations with particularly large footprints. For example, a movie studio may be generating new web content to support upcoming new movies on a monthly or weekly basis, generating hundreds or thousands of websites under the control and management of the movie studio. Scanning for vulnerabilities on all of the websites being generated on a continuous basis is costly, inefficient, and degrades the user experience of the websites due to performance while a website is taken down for vulnerability scanning Additionally, gathering accurate and relevant information about each website, including components and attributes of websites, is an ongoing and costly exercise in terms of computing resources and management.
The approaches described in this section are approaches that could be pursued, but not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, it should not be assumed that any of the approaches described in this section qualify as prior art merely by virtue of their inclusion in this section. Similarly, issues identified with respect to one or more approaches should not assume to have been recognized in any prior art on the basis of this section, unless otherwise indicated.

Identifying similar assets across a digital attack surface


An apparatus for conducting single-pass filtration of ink waste is disclosed. The apparatus includes: a filter connected to a housing unit and a plurality of absorbent layers within the housing unit, wherein the plurality of absorbent layers are in any order and include: a layer for removing metal and polar compounds, a layer for removing non-polar color impurities, a layer for removing acid functional components, a layer for removing additives with polar or protic functional groups, and a layer for removing residual water. A process and a system that include or utilize the apparatus are also disclosed.

Printing processes, such as liquid electro-photographic (LEP) printing and transfer printing, may result in ink waste or leftover ink. For example, ink waste or leftover ink may be generated when ink fountains are cleaned, when ink has exceeded its shelf life, or when ink has been contaminated. Ink waste or leftover ink may be difficult to dispose of and may include an oil-based carrier, such as solvents sold under the Exxon Mobil Corporation trademarked name ISOPAR™, colorants, polar and protic additives, and other impurities.
The carrier in ink waste can be recycled if it is filtered of colorants, polar and protic additives, and other impurities, such that the remaining filtered carrier has a conductivity less than 10 pico-Siemens per centimeter (pS/cm) and no absorbance when it is exposed to light having wavelengths between 380 nanometers (nm) and 800 nm. Using ink with recycled carrier that has absorbance at any wavelength between 380 nm and 800 nm or has a conductivity greater than 10 pS/cm indicates the presence of residual impurities which may result in undesirable disturbances to the jetting performance and stability of the printing process.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


Wafer supporting method and apparatus having at least two wafer supporting slots for each edge-wise oriented wafer in a plurality of coaxial edge-wise aligned wafers. The two wafer locations are essentially at the bottom and at an upper "side" i.e., slightly below the widest diameter dimension of and edge-wise wafer with a pair of spaced apart upper slots having the same loose fitting cross-sectional shape as the lower slot. The supported wafer at the upper location touches the slot support at one slot wall only. A cross sectional shape of the slots for each wafer includes: (a) a rounded bottom wafer-supporting wall having a diameter that is essentially the same as the wafer's thickness; (b) an angle-controlling side wall; and (c) a third gravity feed wall that joins the tight fitting bottom to a wide loose fitting wafer entry slot opening. Close spacing between adjacent slots is provided by a pair of slot walls that are parallel to each other and are at the wafer lean angle.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to wafer handling apparatus and a method for manufacturing same. Thin wafers such as semiconductor masters are essentially circular and require coaxial alignment in wafer-carrying "boats". More particularly, this invention relates to a new and improved "boat" and a method of fabricating the boat so that a plurality of closely spaced wafer-supporting slots can be cut in a pre-assembled boat.
2. Description of Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under .sctn..sctn.1.97-1.99
The assignee of this invention has several patents relating to this general art area. The most relevant patent is U.S. Pat. No. 4,355,974 ('974). Additional patents and publications of relevance to this invention are cited in the '974 patent. In accordance with the cited '974 patent, slots are cut at an angle to the vertical into rods that are thereafter used to form a wafer boat that is used for handling and processing.
Production yield is increased when angle-slotted boats are used and still further increases in production are achievable if the leaning angle of all the wafers is constant throughout the production life of a wafer boat. Such an art area has come to be known as angle-slotted boats to distinguish the Assignee's patented boats and the improved results achievable by the use thereof from the prior art's vertically-slotted boats. The invention of this application, however, is applicable to either type boat or related wafer handling device.
A Japanese patent No. 53-153,861 cited in a Reexamination of the '974 patent and many of the other references cited and discussed during the Reexamination proceedings discloses quite thoroughly the current state of the wafer boat art. In general the side (upper edge) and bottom (lower edge) slots in assignee's angle-slotted boats were formed in rods, or other wafer-supporting material, and the cuts which define the slots consisted of different configurations for the upper and lower slots. Several variations of different slot configurations for the bottom rods are shown in FIGS. 5 through 7 in the '974 patent. An additional prior art bottom slot configuration that has been in use by the assignee and which is not depicted in the '974 patent is in the nature of a small curved depression that is generally elliptically shaped. In accordance with the '974 patent, the side (upper) edges of the wafers are controlled in a desired leaning angle by sloped loosely cut slots and the wafer's weight was supported by a bottom rod which generally positioned the leaning wafers to provide an improved handling and processing operation.
Applicant was the first to purposely make the upper slots wider than the thickness of the wafers to be supported and to divide the wafer-leaning function and the wafer-weight-supporting function into two separate locations, namely the loosely fitting upper and the wafer-positioning lower position. Additionally a pair of opposed upper slots for each wafer are purposely spaced wider apart than the widest expected width of the wafer so that the wafer has room for a side to side movement of the type that it will experience in expanding during the high temperature processing of a wafer batch.
Cuts were first made in the rods and then the boats were assembled to fabricate the wafer boats of the '974 patent. Boat assembly involves high temperature glass fusion and the fusion creates slot alignment or slot deformation problems. It would be preferable if the slotting could be done in pre-assembled boats because the glass fusing of the slotted rods may create such alignment and deformation problems which are caused by high temperatures that are encountered during the assembly process. Slotting of pre-assembled boats, in contrast, avoids these problems.
During use the slotted boats are subject to high semiconductor-processing temperatures and are repeatedly acid washed between furnace firings for cleanliness reasons that are well known to the art. An improved yield can be obtained when the slot angles are maintained at constant angles in spite of repeated acid washings. Most slot configurations do not assure that the coaxially-aligned wafers in the boat will constantly lean at a fixed angle with equal spacing between adjacent wafers after repeated acid washings. Moreover, the slot design problem is further complicated in that adjacent wafer slots must be very closely spaced to keep the production yield at a maximum with lowest possible production costs.
Machine and computer control over X, Y and Z movements of the type necessary to slot angles in a slab or other type of wafer supporting material is well known. A plurality of essentially circular wafers which are coaxially aligned on a common center in a supporting surface, or boat, requires edge support at, or slightly below, the widest diameter position. This support allows use of wafer transfer combs of the type disclosed in the assignee's patent No. 4,568,234 issued Feb. 4, 1986, and now pending in a re-issue Application having Ser. No. 080,437 filed on July 31, 1987.
As noted above, slotting of vertical and angled slots in pre-assembled boats is a known art. The different slot configurations for side (edge) and bottom (weight) wafer contact locations for angle-slotted boats, or tightly fitting slots of the same configuration, has heretofore prevented successful slotting in such boats.
This invention for the first time discloses loose fitting angle slotting of side and bottom wafer locations having the same cross-sectional slot width of about twice the wafer thickness for adjacent wafers in a pre-assembled water boat wherein the leaning wafers touch one wall only at their upper edges. Suffice it to say that highly efficient production has not been achieved through the use of slotted pre-assembled boats prior to the advent of this invention. Moreover, the same unique shape for side and bottom slots which provides a loose fit for supported gravity-fed wafers while still allowing the lean angle of all wafers to be controlled throughout repeated acid washings are key features of this invention.


A projector for projecting diffracted light in a selectable pattern and/or animation on a display surface. The apparatus includes a light source providing one or more beams of coherent light from one or more lasers. The apparatus includes a diffraction assembly in the path of the light source to generate diffracted light by diffracting the laser light with one, two, or more diffraction grating patterns and, optionally, with a diffraction glass or other material. An active mask is provided with a raster that receives the diffracted light and that includes a plurality of optical shutter elements that are selectively operable to project a portion of the diffracted light from the active mask toward the display surface. In one example, the active mask includes a liquid crystal display panel to provide a grid of addressable programmable pixels that are turned on and off to project portions of the diffracted light.

1. Field of the Description
The present description relates, in general, to projectors and systems for projecting light upon projector screens and surfaces, and, more particularly, to systems, devices, and methods for projecting light onto a display surface to provide patterns of diffracted light (e.g., diffracted light in select or programmable locations) on a display or projection surface and/or to provide diffracted light with changing locations or patterns so as to animate the projected light to create desirable lighting effects.
2. Relevant Background
There are many settings where it is desirable to provide unique lighting and visual effects. For example, many theme and amusement parks include special lighting to make a ride or show more visually exciting for participants. The lighting along a ride may be used to set a mood or theme of the ride by lowering or raising light levels. Additionally, flashing lights or moving light streams may be used to surprise people on a ride or watching a show or to draw their attention to a particular location. In other settings, lighting and visual displays are used to simulate stars of the night sky or to create a unique atmosphere for a party such as with randomly moving lights as part of a music concert or in a nightclub or similar setting to enhance a dance floor.
Entertainment and event lighting has often been provided through the use of lasers. A laser may be provided in a projector along with optical elements to create a constant or a randomly changing or random display of thousands of pin points of light by having the optical elements stationary or moving within the projector. Such a light show creates a universe of twinkling stars that may be useful in illuminating theaters, discos, nightclubs, and the like and even have residential applications such as for a child's night light. In many settings, holographic effects are used to create smears or layers of light with a projector. Such projections may be used to provide sparkling lights that appear similar to twinkling stars, provide a smearing between pin point lights, and even rainbows. However, these projectors typically are only useful for projecting what appears to be a random lighting display (but that actually repeats with each rotation of a disk) as a particular or single diffraction grating is rotated or moved in front of the light source or to provide a constant effect when a stationary diffraction hologram element or similar optical lens component is placed in front of the light source.
While such projectors are useful in creating interesting displays and effects, there are many applications where it is desirable to provide lighting effects that can be accurately controlled to create a particular pattern or to animate a scene or display. For example, it may be useful to provide a streak of light behind a moving object such as a star, a jet, a fairy, or the like (a three dimensional (3D) object) or a projected video image that is moved across a wall in a theatre or near an amusement park ride car. In one particular instance, an interactive setting may be provided in which garners are able to control movement of a game piece, and it is desirable to project a lighting effect in the wake of the moving game piece. In another setting, it is desirable to project fairy dust or magical clouds of light on a display surface such as a projection screen or a 3D set in programmable patterns and/or in responsive patterns that animate the scene, e.g., to shoot a magical spray of light from a wand.
In such applications, video projectors may be used to provide the desired effects. However, video projectors that are bright enough to create an adequate look or effect (e.g., a desired amount of sparkle or the like) are typically relatively expensive and/or may require relamping to achieve the desired results. Additionally, such video projectors typically are large such that the setting must provide sufficient space for mounting the projector along with the infrastructure to support and run/control the video projector, which is not the case in many entertainment or other lighting applications. Additionally, video projectors typically project light onto a large surface rather than a small pin point or subset of the overall projection area which creates video black issues (e.g., even "dark" areas are undesirably lighted some amount by the video projector) that may ruin or reduce the desired special effect. Additionally, the quality of light may not be as punchy or specular as desired to provide or achieve certain effects such as sparkling stars or points of light which may be achieved better with lasers or the like.

Active mask projector providing diffracted light with animation and non-random patterns


An oscillating motor for a camshaft adjusting device has a stator and a rotor mounted so as to be rotatable relative to one another. The stator has an inner wall and radially extending stator vanes connected to the inner wall. The rotor has a base member and radially extending rotor vanes connected to the base member. The rotor vanes have an end face, respectively, resting against the inner wall of the stator. The stator vanes have an end face, respectively, resting against a peripheral wall of the base member. The rotor vanes taper discontinuously from the end face of the rotor vanes, respectively, in a direction toward the base member so that the rotor vanes each have a widened section at the end face, respectively.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an oscillating motor for a camshaft adjusting device. The oscillating motor comprises a stator and a rotor rotatable relative to one another and provided with radially extending vanes. The end faces of the vanes of the rotor rest against the inner wall of the stator and the end faces of the stator vanes rest against the peripheral surface of the base member of the rotor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Oscillating motors for camshaft adjusting devices comprise a stator and a rotor arranged coaxially relative to one another. The rotor and the stator are provided with vanes. The rotor vanes are positioned with their end faces on the inner wall of the stator and can be moved between two neighboring stator vanes which rest with their end faces seal-tightly against the base member of the rotor. The rotor vanes separate the chamber formed between two stator vanes, respectively, into two pressure chambers. Depending on the load of the pressure medium in one of the pressure chambers, the rotor is rotated relative to the stator in one or the other direction. The rotor is fixedly mounted on the camshaft and effects in this way adjustment of the camshaft relative to the crankshaft in order to adjust the opening duration of the gas exchange valves of an internal combustion engine to the momentarily required output of the engine. In operation of the oscillating motor, leakage may occur between the end face of the rotor vanes and the inner wall of the stator so that the function of the oscillating motor is impaired.

Oscillating motor for a camshaft adjusting device


The purpose is to provide a mobile terminal device that can limit the use of the application by detecting the user position of the mobile terminal device and the speed of the vehicle by itself. To this end, provided is a function limitation method of a mobile terminal device with function limitation capable of limiting a use of an application, including, a step of determining whether or not a limitation target application of the mobile terminal device is in activation, a usage position check step of determining, by the mobile terminal device, a user of the mobile terminal device is on a driver seat, and a speed check step of calculating, by the mobile terminal device, a vehicle in which the user of the mobile terminal device is riding is traveling, in which the use of the application is limited or terminated when the user of the mobile terminal device is on the driver seat, and the vehicle is traveling.

In recent years, mobile terminal devices such as smartphones have become very popular, and the use of SNS and applications by Internet connection has increased rapidly. As a result, accidents caused by using mobile terminal devices while driving an automobile are increasing. To prevent this, it is necessary to prohibit or limit the use of the mobile terminal device while driving.
As background arts of this technical field, JP 2013-128226 A (Patent Document 1) and U.S. Pat. No. 8,706,143 (Patent Document 2) are known. A mobile terminal usage limitation device that determines whether or not a driver is operating a mobile terminal while driving even though the driver is not in an emergency state and can limit an operation of the mobile terminal on the basis of this is disclosed in Patent Document 1. A technique of recognizing whether or not a usage environment of a mobile terminal device is in a traveling automobile using a vibration sensor mounted on the mobile terminal device and forcibly locking the mobile terminal device so that it is unable to be used while driving when the usage environment of the mobile terminal device is recognized to be in the traveling automobile is disclosed in Patent Document 2.

Mobile terminal device with function limitation, function limitation method thereof, and processing program used in same


The object is to provide a magnet roller whereby picture quality can be improved by raising the magnetic flux density of the specified magnetic pole and/or other magnetic poles, and wherein this magnetic pole pattern can be achieved with low cost. In a magnet roller (10) according to the invention that achieves this object, a plurality of magnet pieces (12, 14, 16, 18) are mounted at the periphery of a shaft (20) by joining at joining faces and peaks (32a, 34a, 36a, 38a) of magnetic poles (32, 34, 36, 38) are generated on the lines of extension of joining faces (13, 15, 17, 19) by setting the directions of orientation magnetization (22, 24, 26, 28) of adjacent magnet pieces (12, 14, 16, 18) facing the joining faces (13, 15, 17, 19), the respective joining faces (13, 15, 17, 19) of the plurality of magnet pieces (20) being provided along the roller radial directions.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a magnet roller, and relates to a magnet roller in which a plurality of magnet pieces are joined at joining faces.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, magnet rollers are employed in for example copiers of the electrophotographic type, facsimile machines and laser printers. An example of such a magnet roller is the type, called the xe2x80x9cjoined typexe2x80x9d, in which the magnetic field pattern is formed by joining a plurality of magnet pieces which are magnetized with their magnetic grains aligned unidirectionally.
Joined type magnet rollers are employed in developing devices for high picture quality, since they make possible the formation of a sharp magnetic field pattern. However, there are limits to the extent to which the magnetic flux density of the developing pole of the magnetic field pattern in such a magnet roller (hereinbelow called xe2x80x9cspecified magnetic polexe2x80x9d) can be raised, which made further improvement in picture quality difficult to achieve.
Accordingly, in Laid-open Japanese Patent Publication No. H11-65283 xe2x80x9cmagnet rollerxe2x80x9d, the present inventors proposed a method of considerably raising the magnetic flux density of the specified magnetic pole by constituting this specified magnetic pole of a combination of two magnet pieces. This made it possible to further improve picture quality.
However, in the magnet roller of the above publication, two magnet pieces are required in order to raise the magnetic flux density of a single specified magnetic pole. The number of magnet pieces therefore became large, making it difficult to raise productivity in respect of the magnet roller and making it difficult to lower production costs.
Recently, high magnetic force has come to be required even for poles other than the specified magnetic pole (developing pole), such as for example the pole for restricting the layer thickness of the developer; thus high magnetic force has come to be required in two or more magnetic poles in a single magnet roller. For example, if high magnetic force is required for two magnetic poles in a single magnet roller, with the magnet roller of the above publication, four magnet pieces would be necessary in order to provide magnetic poles of high magnetic force.
The number of magnet pieces was thereby further increased, further increasing the difficulty of improving productivity of the magnet roller, and making it more difficult to lower production costs.
The present invention was made in view of the above problems, an object thereof being to provide a magnet roller wherein picture quality can be further improved by raising the magnetic flux density of the specified magnetic pole and/or other magnetic poles, and wherein a magnetic pole pattern with improved magnetic flux density of this specified magnetic pole and/or other magnetic poles can be achieved with low cost.
In order to achieve the above object, according to the present invention, in a magnet roller according to the present invention, wherein a plurality of magnet pieces are mounted at the periphery of a shaft by joining at joining faces, peaks of magnetic poles are generated on the lines of extension of the joining faces by setting the directions of orientation magnetization of adjacent magnet pieces facing the joining faces, the respective joining faces of the plurality of magnet pieces being made to coincide with roller radial directions of this magnet roller.
With a magnet roller according to the present invention constructed in this way, the respective joining faces of the plurality of magnet pieces are made to coincide with roller radial directions and the orientation magnetization directions of adjacent magnet pieces are set facing the joining faces. Consequently, repulsive magnetic fields are generated at the joining faces, and the peaks of magnetic poles can be generated on the lines of extension of the joining faces.
By causing the magnetic poles to be formed by the repulsive magnetic fields at the joining faces, high magnetic force can be obtained at a plurality of magnetic poles (specified magnetic pole and other magnetic poles).
Also, the peaks of the magnetic poles are caused to be generated on the lines of extension of the joining faces by making the respective joining faces of the plurality of magnet pieces coincide with radial directions of the roller. Consequently, the number of magnet pieces can be made the same as the number of magnetic poles required or can be restricted to the number of magnetic poles required +1.
Consequently, the productivity of the magnet roller can be raised, and production costs can be lowered.
According to the present invention, the sum of the angles of the orientation magnetization directions of at least one set of the adjacent magnet pieces is set at 30xc2x0 to 140xc2x0.
By setting the sum of the angles of the orientation magnetization directions of at least one set of the adjacent magnet pieces at 30xc2x0 to 140xc2x0, it can be arranged for the repulsive magnetic field to be generated in the most efficient manner. The magnetic flux density of for example the specified magnetic pole can therefore be made sufficiently large.
According to the present invention, the orientation magnetization directions of at least one set of the adjacent magnet pieces are made to converge towards the outside of the joining face.
By making the orientation magnetization directions of at least one set of the adjacent magnet pieces converge towards the outside of the joining face, the magnetic path length is made longer, thereby increasing the coefficient of permeance and making it possible to generate a repulsive magnetic field in most efficient manner. The magnetic flux density of for example the specified magnetic pole can thereby be raised even further.


An optical apparatus has a look-up table provided with control information for controlling an optimum variable optical-property optical element in accordance with a distance to an object, a zoom state, or a combination of the distance to the object with the zoom state. A drive of the variable optical-property optical element is controlled on the control information obtained from the look-up table or a predetermined calculation process is executed on the control information obtained from the look-up table, and information obtained from the calculation process is used to control the drive of the variable optical-property optical element.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a variable optical-property optical element such as a variable focal-length lens, a variable focal-length diffraction optical element, a variable deflection-angle prism, or a deformable mirror, and to an optical apparatus such as spectacles, a video projector, a digital camera, a TV camera, an endoscope, a telescope, or a camera finder, having an optical system including such a variable optical-property optical element.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventional lenses have been manufactured by polishing glass. Since the lens it-self cannot vary a focal length, a mechanical structure is complicated because a lens unit must be moved along the optical axis for focusing or zooming of a camera, or changing magnification.
Because a motor or the like is used for moving a part of the lens unit, this conventional practice has disadvantages that power consumption is large, noise is produced, response time is long, and much time is required for moving lenses.
For shake prevention as well, mechanical movement of the lenses by a motor or a solenoid causes defects such as a large power consumption and a complicate mechanical structure, resulting in a higher cost.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide a variable optical-property optical element such as a variable focal-length lens, a deformable mirror, or a variable deflection-angle prism, which is low in power consumption, quiet, short in response time, and simple in mechanical structure and contributes to cost reduction, and an optical system and an imaging device or an optical apparatus, including such variable optical-property optical elements.
In order to achieve this object, the optical system, for example, according to the present invention is provided with a deformable mirror, which bends the optical axis to form an image of an object on an imaging plane. In this case, the optical system has a two-dimensional look-up table (LUT), with a zoom state and a distance to an object as input information, storing the value of a voltage applied or a current supplied to the deformable mirror, as output information, which corresponds to the zoom state and the distance to the object. The two-dimensional LUT is scanned in turn in image formation and the value of the voltage applied or the current supplied to the deformable mirror is changed in accordance with acquired output information to determine the sharpness of a formed image so that the output information of the two-dimensional LUT where the sharpness of the formed imaged is optimized is decided as the value of the voltage applied or the current supplied to the deformable mirror.
The optical system, for example, according to the present invention is such that when one of the zoom state and the distance to the object is detectable in image formation, the zoom state or the distance to the object, having been detected, is fixed. The two-dimensional LUT is scanned in turn in image formation and the value of the voltage applied or the current supplied to the deformable mirror is changed in accordance with acquired output information to determine the sharpness of a formed image so that the output information of the two-dimensional LUT where the sharpness of the formed imaged is optimized is decided as the value of the voltage applied or the current supplied to the deformable mirror.
The optical system, for example, according to the present invention is provided with a deformable mirror, which bends the optical axis to form an image of an object on an imaging plane. In this case, the optical system has a two-dimensional look-up table (LUT), with a zoom state and a distance to an object as input information, storing the value of a voltage applied or a current supplied to the deformable mirror, as output information, which corresponds to the zoom state and the distance to the object. When one of the zoom state and the distance to the object is detectable in image formation, the zoom state and the distance to the object are fixed to input the two-dimensional LUT so that acquired output information is decided as the value of the voltage applied or the current supplied to the deformable mirror.
The imaging device, for example, according to the present invention is mounted with a zoom lens. In this case the imaging device has a variable mirror.
Further, the imaging device, for example, according to the present invention has at least two variable mirrors.
Still further, the imaging device, for example, according to the present invention uses the variable mirror as a focusing means.
This and other objects as well as the features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.


Receptor blocking technology using proteins conjugated to polymers of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine for treatment of antibody-mediated autoimmune disease, membrane and tumor disorders is disclosed.

D-GL (D-glutamic acid:D-lysine copolymer) conjugates have been described at considerable length and various applications of D-GL conjugates of various immunologically reactive species have been reported. The following U.S. Pat. Nos. describe in considerable detail the chemistry of D-GL and method of forming conjugates thereof: 4,191,668; 4,220,565; 4,222,907; 4,253,995; 4,253,995; 4,276,206; and 4,388,441. The technology underlying the invention is found in any of several treatises and reports of current advances, including, for example: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY, Academic Press, New York, e.g. in Volume 58, Cell Culture and Volume 68, Recombinant DNA; CELL BIOLOGY, Academic Press, New York (3 volumes); METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey; ADVANCES IN IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY, Pergamon Press, New York; ADVANCES IN ALLERGOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Pergamon Press, New York, and in the current technical and patent literature.
The immunochemistry of D-GL conjugates is discussed and specific examples of immunochemical reaction, conjugation, and applications in diagnosis and treatment are discussed in the literature. See, for example, the above listed U.S. Pat. Nos. and the following publications. Katz, David H.; Davie, J. M.; Paul, W. E.; Benacerraf, Baruj J. Exp. Mid. 1971 134(1) :201-223; Nossal, J. V.; Davie, J. M.; Paul, W. E.; Katz, David H.; Benacerraf, Baruj J. Exp. Med. 1972 136(3) :426-438; Katz, David H.; Toshiyuki, H.; Benacerraf, Baruj J. Exp. Med. 1972 136(6) :1404-1429; Nossal, J. V.; Pike, B. L.; Katz, David. H. J. Exp. Med. 1973 138(1) :312-317; Osborne, D. P.; Katz, David. H. J. Exp. Med. 1973 137(4) :991-1007; Katz, David H.; Toshiyuki, H.; Benacerraf, Baruj Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 1973 70(10) :2776-2780; Toshiyuki, H.; Katz, David H. J. Exp. Med. 1974 139:1446-1463; Katz, David H.; Toshiyuki, H.; Benacerraf, Baruj J. Exp. Med. 1974 139:1464-1471; Katz, David H.; Benacerraf, Baruj Immunol. Tol. 1974, 189-201 and 249-281; J. Immunol. 1974, 112(3) :1158-1163; Ault, K. A.; Unanue, E. R.; Katz, David H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1974, 71(8) :3111-3114; Eshhar, z.; Benacerraf, B; Katz, David H. J. Immunol. 1975, 114(2) :872-876; Katz, David H.; Stechsulte, D. J.; Benacerraf, Baruj J. Allerg. Clin. Immunol. 1975 55(6) :403-410; Bullock, W. W., Katz, David H., Benacerraf, Baruj J. Immunol. 1975 115 (1) :272-277;Mosier, D. E. Nature (London 1975:257:141-3; Bitter-Suermann, D.; Hadding, U.; Schorlemmer, H. U.; Limbert, M.; Dierich, M.; Dukor, P.J. Immunol. 1975 115(2) :425-30; Chiorazzi, N; Eshhar, Z; Katz, David H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1976 73(6) :2091-5; Katz, David H.; Borel, Y. J. Immunol. 1978 120(6) :1824-1827; Liu, Fu-Tong; Katz, David H. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1979 76(3) :1430-1434; Liu, Fu-Tong; Bogowitz, C. A.; Bargatze, M. Z; Katz, Lee R.; Katz, David H. J. Immunol. 1979 123(6) :2456-2465; Katz, David H. and Liu, Fu-Tong, ADVANCES IN ALLERGOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Ed. Oehling, A., Pergamon Press, New York (1980) pp. 51-59; Liu, Fu-Tong; Bargatze, R. F.; Katz, David H. J. Allerg. Clin. Immunol. 1980 66(4) :322-326; Katz, David H. and Liu, Fu-Tong, ADVANCES IN IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY, Ed. Hadden, J., Pergamon Press, New York (1980) pp. 277-284; Klinman, N. R.; Schrater, A. F.; Katz, David H.J. Immunol. 1981 126(5) :1970-1973.
The published literature describes research into various immunochemical phenomena in an effort to understand the chain of immunological events and diagnostic methods and processes for detecting immunological species, e.g. antigens, haptens or antibodies to antigens or haptens.
The ability of D-GL conjugates to induce tolerance to a variety of antigens, haptens, nucleotides, nucleosides, etc. is described and the ability of such conjugates to suppress antibody responses is mentioned, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,191,668, David H. Katz, Mar. 4, 1980.
The underlying premise in prior art methods and approaches is ability of selected D-GL-antigen conjugates to interfere with the induction of antibody responses and thereby modify, reduce or prevent the production of antibodies. In the process of studying antibody tolerance, it has been discovered that D-GL conjugates of cell surface receptor binding molecules which bind by specific receptors on the surface of cells and membranes stabilize such cell surface receptor binding molecules at the specific site and modifies, slows or prevents ingestion and/or migration of the receptor. This discovery has both therapeutic and diagnostic implications. For example, it is a feature of this invention to use cell surface bonding molecule-D-GL conjugates to permit imaging of membranes, tumors, organs, etc. and to treat the surfaces of cells, membranes, tumors and organs by stabilizing cell surface receptor binding molecules which bind to receptor sites thereon. It is also a feature of this invention to treat membranes, tumors and the like by applying to the surface thereof cell surface binding molecule--D-GL conjugates to modify, slow or prevent the normal response of the cell surface receptor when coupled with a normal cell surface binding molecule.


A batch of CRUD operations can be coupled with the resource discovery operation and directly conducted on the matched resources, without initiating new CRUD requests. New functionality at the Originator and Receiver can differentiate the resources for which criteria matching is applied from the resources included in the discovery/filtering results. Enhanced functionality at the Originator and Receiver can combine discovery with RESTful operations targeting a resource set different than but related the discovered resources. Other enhancements may be used to request discovery of resources in a specified relationship to those matching a filter, or to request group formation based on the result.

In recent years M2M solutions enabling machines/devices to communicate with each other have been developed for the healthcare sector, the energy sector, and the automotive sector. The next step of optimization is to provide solutions integrating machines and things from different sectors on the same platforms.
For this purpose, a single set of standards defining a horizontal platform for the exchange and the sharing of data among applications independent of industry sectors has been initiated by oneM2M. "oneM2M is creating a distributed software layer—like an operating system—which is facilitating that unification by providing a framework for interworking with different technologies." (quoted from "The Interoperability Enabler for the Entire M2M and IoT Ecosystem", OneM2M White paper) This distributed software layer is implemented in a common service layer that sits between the M2M applications at application layer 104 and the communication hardware/software that provides data transport at the network services layer 106 (See FIG. 1).
The Service Layer 106 is enabled functionally by Common Services Functions (CSFs). A group of CSFs may be instantiated as a group on Common Services Entities (CSEs). An example CSE 202 is shown in FIG. 2. Examples of CSFs are described in the following paragraphs.
Application and Service Layer Management CSF 204 provides management of AEs and CSEs. This includes capabilities to configure, troubleshoot and upgrade functions of the CSE, as well as to upgrade the AEs
Discovery CSF 206 searches for information about applications and services based on a filter criteria. Additional information on this CSF is described below.
Registration CSF 208 provides the functionality for AEs (or other remote CSEs) to register with a CSE. This allows the AEs (or the remote CSE) to use the services of the CSE.
Communication Management/Delivery Handling CSF 210 provides communications with other CSEs, AEs and NSEs. This CSF decides at what time and which communication connection for delivering communications and if necessary and allowed, to buffer communications request so that they can be forwarded at a later time.
Group Management CSF 212 provides for the handling of group related requests. Enables an M2M system to support bulk operations on multiple devices, applications, etc.
Security CSF 214 provides security functions for the service layer, such as access control including identification, authentication, and authorization.
Data Management and Repository CSF 216 provides data storage and mediation functions (collecting data for aggregation, re-formatting data, and storing data for analytics and semantic processing).
Location CSF 218 provides the functionality to enable AEs to obtain geographical location information.
Service Charging & Accounting CSF 220 provides charging functions for the service layer
Device Management CSF 224 provides management of device capabilities on M2M gateways and M2M devices.
Network Service Exposure, Service Execution and Triggering CSF 226 manages communications with the Underlying Networks for accessing network service functions
Subscription and Notification CSF 228 provides functionality to allow for subscribing to an event and to be notified when this event occurs.
The oneM2M architecture provides for a CSE 202 to interface through the Mca, Mcc (and Mcc′), and Mcn reference points (respectively) with Application Entities (AE) 230; other CSEs; and Network Service Entity (NSE) 232, i.e. the underlying network.
oneM2M uses two architectural approaches to develop the service layer architectural specifications: Resource Oriented Architecture (ROA) shown in FIG. 3A and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) shown in FIG. 3B.
The ROA architecture is detailed in oneM2M-TS-0001, oneM2M Functional Architecture V2.1.0. It is developed around resources and the operations performed by CSFs to enable their functionality. Resources are architectural elements uniquely addressable via Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs).
Resources may be viewed as a hierarchical trees, emanating from a base, with a number of relationships defined among them. For example, a resource may contain child resource(s) and attribute(s), the child resource having a containment relationship with a parent resource. Therefore, the parent resource representation contains references to its child resources(s). The lifetime of a child-resource is limited by the parent's resource lifetime.
Attributes are architectural elements that store information of the resource. oneM2M defines a set of attributes common to all resources, and others are specific to individual resources and are referred to as "resource specific attributes". Resources located at one CSE (referred to as Hosting CSE) may be announced to remote CSEs, and these are referred to "announced resources." The announced resources may contain attributes of the original resource as well as their own attributes. Synchronization between the original resource and the announced resource, is the responsibility of the Hosting CSE.
The SOA architecture is detailed in oneM2M-TS-0007, Service Component Architecture V0.8.1. It is developed around the services themselves and may be used in legacy deployments that are not RESTful based. The SOA service layer contains various M2M services which may be grouped into service components. In addition to the existing reference points introduced in the ROA architecture, the SOA architecture introduces the inter-service reference point Msc.
The general flow that governs the information exchange in oneM2M is described in oneM2M-TS-0001, oneM2M Functional Architecture V2.1.0 and is based on the use of Request and Response messages within a communication procedure shown in FIG. 4. An originator 402 sends a request message to receiver 404 and the receiver 404 responds with response message.
This procedure applies to communications between AEs and a CSE (over the Mca reference point) as well as among CSEs (over the Mcc reference point). Depending on the operation carried by the messages, these procedures may manipulate information in standardized resource representations via RESTful methods such as CREATE, RETRIEVE, UPDATE, and DELETE.
Both the request and response messages are specified, and contain mandatory, optional or conditional parameters. Table 1 is a list of request parameters with brief descriptions, full descriptions can be found in oneM2M-TS-0001, oneM2M Functional Architecture V2.1.0.
TABLE 1Request Parameter ListRequest ParameterCriticalityDescriptionToMandatoryAddress of the target resource or target attribute for the operationFromMandatoryIdentifier representing the OriginatorOperationMandatoryOperation to be executed: Create (C), Retrieve (R), Update (U), Delete (D), Notify (N).Request MandatoryID enabling tracking of Requests andIdentifiercorresponding ResponsesContentConditional(C) content of the new resource to be createdbased on(U) content to be replaced in an existing Operation:resource Mandatory(N) notification informationfor C, U, NOptional for:Optional (R) list of attributes to be retrievedfor RResource Conditional, Resource type for the resource to be created.typeMandatoryonly for CRoleOptionalOriginator role to be used in role based access controlOriginating OptionalOriginating timestamp of when the message Timestampwas built.Request OptionalIndicates when the request messages Expiration(including delay-tolerant) should expireTimestampResponse OptionalIndicates when the response messages Expiration(including delay-tolerant) should expireTimestampResponse OptionalIndicates what type of response shall be used.typeOptions are: nonBlockingRequestSynch,nonBlockingRequestAsynch, blockingRequestResult OptionalIndicates what the expected components Contentof the result are. Options are: attributes, hierarchical-address, hierarchical-address + attributes, attributes + child-resources, child-resources, attributes + child-resource-references, child-resource-references, nothing, original-resourceResult OptionalIndicates the duration for which the addressPersistencecontaining the responses is to persist.Operation OptionalIndicates the time when the specified Executionoperation is to be executed by the target TimeCSEEvent OptionalIndicates the event category that should be Categoryused to handle this request in transit, such as: immediate, bestEffort, latestDelivery OptionalEnables aggregation of one or more request Aggregationfor delivery to the same CSE(s), depending on policiesGroup OptionalIdentifier optionally added to group requests Requestthat is to be fanned out, in order to detect Identifierloops and avoid duplicated operations.Filter OptionalConditions for filtered retrieve operation areCriteriadescribed in the next section it is used forresource discovery and general retrieve, update, delete requests.Discovery OptionalIndicates the preference of the Originator Result Typefor the format of returned information in the result of the operation. Options are: Hierarchical addressing, non-Hierarchical addressing
The use of some of the request parameters above, which play an important role in discovery operations, is detailed in the following section.
Similarly, the table 2 provides a list of response parameters with brief descriptions, full descriptions can be found in oneM2M-TS-0001, oneM2M Functional Architecture V2.1.0.
TABLE 2Response Parameter ListResponseResponseResponseResponseResponseResponseCode =Code =Code =Code =Code =Code =Response messagesuccessful:successfulsuccessful:successfulsuccessfulunsuccessfulparameter/successResponseOperation = Operation =Operation = Operation =Operation = Operation =or notCode = ACKCreateRetrieveUpdateDeleteNotifyC, R, U, D or NResponse Code-MMMMMMMsuccessful,unsuccessful, ackRequest Identifier-MMMMMMMuniquely identifies aRequest messageContent-to beOOMOON/AOtransferred(address of(The (the(The(The(Additional<request>addressretrievedmodifiedcontenterror info)resourceand/or theresourceattributesactuallyresource for acontent ofcontent oreitherdeleted)non-blockingthe createdaggregatedupdated,request)resource)contents ofdeleted ordiscoverednew)resources)To-the identifierOOOOOOOof the Originator orthe Transit CSE(non-blockingrequest)From-theOOOOOOOidentified of theReceiverOriginatingOOOOOOOTimestamp-whenthe message wasbuiltResult ExpirationOOOOON/AOTimestamp-when the message expiresEvent Category-OOOOOOOwhat event categoryshall be used for theresponse messageStatus Code-(e.g.OOOOOOOauthorizationtimeout, etc.)
Resource discovery is a process by which an entity (referred to as the Originator 402) searches for information about applications and services contained in attributes and resources. In oneM2M, the Originator 402 of a resource discovery can be either an AE or a CSE, and targets a root resource at a Receiver CSE 404′ where the search is to start.
The content of the search result depends on some of the Filter Criteria by matching certain search parameters (e.g. based on resource type, resource creation time, resource size, etc.) . . . . Other Filter Criteria parameters (e.g. limit), along with some operation parameters (e.g. Discovery Result Type) play a role in the way the content of the search result is provided back to the Originator 402. The discovery operation, just like the CRUD ones, is subject to the access control policy at the Receiver CSE 404′—that is, does the Originator 402 have "DISCOVER" access rights.
The complete list of search parameters is provided in Table 3 and it is based on Table 8.1.2-1 in oneM2M-TS-0001 (oneM2M Functional Architecture V2.1.0). However, we distinguish here between filter criteria provided for matching and those with other, such as specifying the type of criteria usage, or the way the results are returned. These parameters may be combined by relational operations to create compound search criteria.
TABLE 3Resource Discovery Filter CriteriaSearch ParameterResource matching if:createdBeforeIt was created before createdBeforecreatedAfterIt was created after createdBeforemodifiedSinceIt has been modified since modifiedSinceunmodifiedSinceIt has not been modified since unmodifiedSincestateTagSmallerIt has stateTag attribute smaller than stateTagSmallerstate TagBiggerIt has stateTag attribute larger than stateTagSmallerexpireBeforeIt has expirationTime attribute before expireBeforeexpireAfterIt has expirationTime attribute after expireAfterlabelsIt has labels attribute matching labels searchparameter. The labels are tokens used as keys fordiscovery purposesresourceTypeIt is of type resourceTypesizeAboveThe contentSize attribute of the <contentInstance>resource is equal to or greater than the sizeAbovevaluesizeBelowThe contentSize attribute of the <contentInstance>resource matches the contentType valuecontentTypeThe contentInfo attribute of the <contentInstance>resource matches the contentType valueattributeIt has the corresponding matching resource attributeFilter criteria (others)Role:limitThis parameter is not used as search criterion, rather as in formatting/limiting the way the search result is returnedfilterUsageThis parameter is not used as search criterion, rather for indicating the use of the filter criteria for discovery purposes
In oneM2M ROA the resource discovery is implemented using a RETRIEVE method, using filterUsage to indicate to the Receiver CSE 404′ to distinguish between a resource discovery operation and a generic retrieve operation.
A generic resource discovery procedure is shown in FIG. 5. The Originator 402 issues the Resource Discovery Request (Step 001) to the Receiver CSE 404′, targeting specific child resources of resource <CSEBase>/<aeOl>. The Receiver CSE 404′ processes the request and returns the appropriate list of discovered resources. The Receiver CSE 404′ may limit the discovery result according to the DISCOVER privileges of the discovered resources, and may change the filter criteria according to its own local policy. If the full list of discovered resources cannot be returned, the Receiver CSE 404′ will warn the originator 402 (with a flag). The Resource Discovery Response (Step 003) includes a list of addresses of the resources that match the Filter Criteria. It is the responsibility of the Originator 402, if needed, to retrieve the resources pointed to by the addresses.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A cooling device is incorporated into a V-type engine E in which a front cylinder and a rear cylinder are arranged in V-shape and a rear exhaust pipe is placed at a right side of a vehicle body. The cooling device 1 includes an intake duct and a fan. The intake duct has a suction port which opens toward the rear exhaust pipe. The fan suctions the air into the interior of the intake duct through the suction port and exhausts the suctioned air to a location distant from the exhaust pipe.

There are various shapes of engines mounted in vehicles. For example, there is a V-type engine in which two cylinders are arranged forward and backward in V-shape. All of the engines, including this V-type engine, gain their propulsive forces by combusting fuel. Therefore, during running, heat is generated in the engine, and an air temperature in the vicinity of the engine rises. The engine is provided with a radiator for cooling the engine. The engine is cooled by the radiator and ram air. A motorcycle disclosed in Patent Literature 1 has another cooling structure. This cooling structure has a fan behind the V-type engine. This fan causes the air in the vicinity of the engine to be exhausted straight rearward to lower the air temperature in the vicinity of the engine.


One scanning interval of a laser beam is divided into a plurality of blocks, correction data, which corresponds to optical characteristics of an optical unit placed between a laser element and a photosensitive drum, is stored in memory in association with each block, the correction data corresponding to a block being scanned by the laser beam is read out of the memory, and the laser is driven upon correcting the laser drive signal based upon the correction data read out and correction data corresponding to a block adjacent to the block being scanned by the laser.

An image forming apparatus for forming an image by electrophotography includes a charging unit for uniformly charging the photosensitive surface of a photosensitive drum, a latent-image forming unit for forming an electrostatic latent image, which conforms to image information, on the charged photosensitive surface, a developing unit for developing the electrostatic latent image using toner, and a transfer unit for transferring the developed latent image to a printing sheet. The apparatus executes image forming processing successively while rotating the photosensitive drum.
Among the types of photosensitive drums that can be used, an amorphous silicon drum has a higher durability that than of an organic semiconductor drum employed generally in the prior art and has already found practical use in monochrome copiers. However, a characteristic of an amorphous photosensitive drum is that it exhibits sensitivity unevenness ascribable to a variance in the thickness of the photosensitive film, this being a problem related to manufacture. Sensitivity unevenness affects charging and the exposure characteristic and gives rise to irregular density in the image formed. Further, density unevenness in an image is produced not only by sensitivity unevenness of the photosensitive drum but also by a variance in the optical unit inside the image forming unit. The variance in the optical unit referred to here is attributed to the mounting precision of lenses and mirrors within the optical unit. With an optical unit that has a plurality of lasers, the variance manifests itself as a deviation in the images obtained by irradiation with the lasers and as a shift in the optical axis.
Such density unevenness has not posed much of a problem in the past but is now a problem that the market cannot allow owing to the demand for higher image quality in recent years.
In an effort to solve this problem, the conventional approach has been to suppress variance in the optical unit per se, i.e., to suppress variance by raising the mounting precision of the lenses and mirrors in the optical unit, or to select manufactured parts that satisfy certain conditions so that variance is held below a prescribed value, or to improve the finished precision of the component parts. Alternatively, as disclosed in the specification of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 7-294837, polarized-light correcting means is provided within the optical unit and a correction is applied by the correcting means, thereby uniformalizing the amount of light in scanning so as to suppress density unevenness.
With these examples of the prior art, however, it is necessary to suppress the sensitivity unevenness of the photosensitive drum or to raise the precision of the optical unit and to perform the required adjustments and selections. The result is in increase in the cost of the apparatus.

Image forming apparatus and method of controlling same


A system and the method for transport of microscopic objects/particles involving the use of laser source operatively connected to a microscope objective which is adapted to generate optical focal spots on said particle(s) with asymmetric intensity profile in transverse plane followed by varying the said asymmetry of the gradient optical forces on the micron sized object/particles to thereby transport the microscopic object(s). The system and the method can be used to transport microscopic objects including i) transportation of cells and intra-cellular organelles, ii) acceleration of microscopic objects along any direction in a plane transverse to the direction of propagation of laser beam, iii) optical channeling of objects through a micro-capillary from one micro-well to another and transfer to another channel after desired processing, iv) sorting of microscopic objects, v) optical control of micro-machines, micro-fluidic devices etc.

Various systems and methods for transportation of microscopic objects for various applications are presently in use.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,129 discloses the use of photokinetic impulse from pulsed laser beam to transport cells or a portion of tissue section that has been cut by the laser beam or by any other method. Due to the impulse the object to be transported is accelerated and transferred to a container placed behind the objects. However the use of photo-kinetic impulse from a pulsed laser beam to transport the microscopic objects can neither be used for intra-cellular transport nor transport in transverse plane (plane perpendicular to laser beam propagation).
U.S. Pat. No. 4,887,721 involves another method where the transportation of cells is attained by axial light scattering force and uses a weakly focused or collimated laser beam. In this method the scattering force dominates axial gradient force and the particle is propelled along the direction of the beam. (Other references which teach such similar method include Ashkin et. al, Phy.Rev.Lett., 24(4), 156-159(1970); Buican et. al., Applied Optics, 26 (24), 5311-5316 (1987); M. Uchida, M. Sato Maeda and H. Tashiro, Current Biology, 5(4), 380-382 (1995)). However, in this method of transportation, axial light scattering force can lead to transportation only in the direction of light generating the scattering force and transportation in directions other than this require use of additional beams and fabrication of special chambers and is therefore not generally applicable. Further such method cannot be used for intra-cellular transport and transport in transverse plane (plane perpendicular to laser beam propagation).
WO 0023825 discloses the use of laser light to trap particles within a hollow region of a hollow core optical fiber and transport the trapped particles along the fiber. Laser induced optical gradient forces trap the particles close to the center of the fiber and axial scattering force propels along the length of the hollow fiber. Such method of laser guided transport of particles inside hollow optical fiber cannot be used for intra-cellular transport and is also limited by maneuverability of the guiding optical fiber.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,212,382 discloses yet another method of transporting optically trapped objects by scanning the trapping beam or the microscope stage. (Similar method is also disclosed by Block, S. M., Non-invasive technique in cell biology. J. K. Foskett and S. Grinstein, ed., New York, John Wiley and sons 375-402(1990); Kuo, S. C., and Sheetz, M. P., Trends Cell Biol. 2, 116-119 (1992); Weber, G., and Greulich, K. O., Int. Rev. Cytol. 133, 1-41 (1992)). While this method is most obvious method of optical transport the same has also certain limitations in terms of speed and the number of particle that can be transported simultaneously.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,363,190 discloses a method and system for optical trapping of object in a laser beam having a non-rotational symmetrical spatial property distribution and transport of the trapped object from one position on the specimen stage to the other by either moving the trap beam itself or by moving the specimen stage. Here the use of a non-rotational symmetrical elliptical trap beam helps orient an asymmetric object along the major axis of the trap beam and thus the object can be rotated in a plane transverse to the propagation direction of the trap beam by rotation of the laser trap beam. However, the method and system disclosed herein can only be used for transportation of a trapped object in the said manner and therefore suffers with the same limitations as for U.S. Pat. No. 5,212,382. Further, it cannot be used for channeling, accelerating and sorting of microscopic objects.

Apparatus and method for transport of microscopic object(s)

Secretary, Department Of Atomic Energy, Government of India


Aspects of the disclosure are directed to an analysis of a material of a component. A radiation source is activated to transmit radiation to the component. A beam pattern is obtained based on the component interfering with the radiation. The beam pattern is compared to a reference beam pattern. An anomaly is detected to exist in the material when the comparison indicates a deviation between the beam pattern and the reference beam pattern.

In connection with an aircraft, single-crystal (SX) superalloy components provide superior mechanical properties at high temperatures necessary for efficient engine operation. During the manufacture of such components, there are several crystallographic anomalies that may be realized. Such anomalies may include recrystallized grains (RX), secondary grains, freckles, slivers grains, and misaligned primary dendrite.
The anomalies can result in degraded performance or even inoperability of a component. Therefore, detection capabilities of such anomalies are important. In instances where the anomalies mentioned earlier, especially RX, occur in the interior of the component or on a region which is covered by a coating, the detection of the anomalies by non-destructive techniques (with respect to the component) is not possible with conventional technology.

Detection of crystallographic properties in aerospace components


Provided is a control apparatus including a ratio calculation unit that calculates a first ratio of a bit assignment relating to transmission of a biological image on the basis of image capture conditions and a bit assignment determination unit that determines the bit assignment on the basis of the first ratio. In addition, provided is a control system including an image capture apparatus that captures an image of an object, the control apparatus including the ratio calculation unit that calculates the first ratio on the basis of the image capture conditions relating to the object, the bit assignment determination unit that determines the bit assignment, an image processing unit that performs image processing based on the captured image and the bit assignment and generates the biological image, and an output apparatus that outputs the biological image based on the bit assignment.

In recent years, a variety of apparatuses that apply image processing to a captured biological image are widely used. In addition, many techniques relating to a transmission of the processed biological image are proposed. For example, Patent Literature 1 discloses a technique of limiting a transmission amount upon transmission of the biological image on the basis of a communication state with an output apparatus.

Control apparatus, control system, and control method for transmission of a biological image


A method of handing over of a mobile terminal from a first network to a second network. The method includes initiating a handover decision in a base station, sending a handover request to a MME, mapping, in the MME, between active SAE Bearers and required PDP contexts, and sending a handover preparation request including target network specific QoS information from the MME to the second network. The method further includes sending a handover confirmation message that includes RAB success and failure information from the second network to the MME, and sending a handover command from the MME to the mobile terminal, wherein the handover command includes a 3G/2G RAB, a channel, an SEC, and PDP context information.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system and method of performing network handover procedures for mobile communication devices, and in particular, to performing network handover procedures in between second and third generation network systems.
2. Description of the Related Art
Mobile communication has progressed substantially in the past 15 years. Communication protocols, configurations, and capabilities have advanced from first generation analog voice-only cellular systems, through second generation (2G) voice and data digital cellular systems, to third generation (3G) wide-band digital cellular systems. Currently, a third generation system called Long Term Evolution/System Architecture Evolution (LTE/SAE) is being developed, and a fourth generation wide-band network system is expected to be implemented in the future. Although most of the third generation communications devices are backward compatible with second and first generation systems, handover issues still present challenges. For example, handover of a device from a 3G LTE/SAE network, previously termed 3.9G in some corporate settings, to a third generation-second generation (3G/2G) network presents several challenges for the devices and control protocols.
Enabling seamless roaming between the various networks can only be achieved through standards and business agreements involving network operators and the vendors of wireless networking solutions. In furtherance of this objective, several alliances made up of representatives from various industry experts and executives have been established. One such alliance is the Unlicensed Mobile Alliance (UMA), which has developed technology that puts Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) traffic into IP packets, thereby enabling access to 2G and 2.5G services over unlicensed spectrum technologies, such as Wi-Fi communications networks. This allows subscribers to roam and perform handover between cellular networks and public and private unlicensed wireless networks using UMA-compliant, dual-mode devices. Another alliance is a 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP)—a global corporative project in which standardization bodies coordinate Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) issues. 3GPP represents the most advanced wide area network solution that mobile operators can deploy.
In 2G/3G networks, a terminal is responsible of requesting quality of service (QoS) during initiation of packet data protocol (PDP) context. PDP context in a logical association between a mobile station and a public data network running across a General Packet Radio Service (GPSR) network, as defined by 3GPP. The context defines aspects such as routing, QoS, Security and Billing. QoS request is set at the application level according to the need of a particular service. As a response to the requested QoS, the terminal is given the negotiated QoS when the PDP context establishment is complete. Therefore, the terminal is aware of the actual QoS reservation in the network at the application layer. Because the terminal is heavily responsible for QoS negotiation, the capabilities of the terminal restrict the available QoS. Hence, the network can offer only the requested level of QoS, even if the requested level of QoS is not optimal for the particular service. This is a problem, which should be avoided in the LTE networks. Therefore, it is required that decisions relating to QoS in LTE networks are to be made by the network and not the terminal.
Therefore, given the progression of communication network protocols and systems and their limited geographical implementation, along with the presence of multiple network-type user terminals, there is a need for a handover method that allows for efficient and reliable handover from emerging technology network user terminals (LTE/SAE and 4G network-type user terminals) to existing network user terminals (3G/2G user terminals).

Apparatus and method for transferring PDP context information for a terminal in the case of intersystem handover


A current limiting circuit in a battery feed arrangement provides a variable DC resistance for limiting subscriber loop current to a threshold value. The current limiting circuit also presents a low AC impedance so that no imbalance is introduced between tip and ring leads of the subscriber loop. The current limiting component is a low ON resistance power MOSFET in the ring side of the battery feed arrangement. The current limiting circuit is self protecting in the event of lightning strikes and AC power signals either induced or short-circuited.

Most telephone sets draw DC current from the subscriber loop that connects them to the central office (CO). For satisfactory operation, the telephone set requires a current in the range of 18 mA to 50 mA. The DC loop current is provided by the central office battery, whose terminals are typically coupled to the subscriber loop via two battery feed resistors. The DC resistance measured between the TIP and RING of the subscriber loop (including the telephone set) typically is in the range of 100 to 1900 ohms and depends upon the length of the subscriber loop. To provide sufficient loop current for telephone operation with the longest subscriber loop, the value of the battery feed resistors is typically limited to 200 ohm each. In this case, the loop current is I.sub.loop =52V/(400+1900)=22.6 mA, which is above the minimum current required for proper operation. In the case of a short subscriber loop, one having a resistance of 100 ohm, the loop current is I.sub.loop =52V/(400+100)=104 mA, which exceeds the desired range of loop current for proper telephone set operation.
It is desirable to provide a battery feed arrangement capable of limiting the loop current in the case of a short subscriber loop. A circuit to limit the loop current would have to meet the following requirements: provide variable DC resistance to limit the loop current; provide low AC impedance to meet the voice frequency requirements of the subscriber line interface; and withstand, without further protection, AC signals appearing at the TIP and RING and resulting from lightning strikes on the loop, AC power conductor induction, and AC power conductor short-circuit.
There have been attempts to introduce current limit circuits with the battery-feed. For example, John M. Hurt in U.S. Pat. No 4,560,834 issued Dec. 24, 1985, teaches an active current limiter in only the ring side of a telephone circuit. While the arrangement taught by Hurt successfully limits loop current to the desired range, the presence of certain components within the arrangement may prevent it from meeting all of the requirements listed above.

Current limiting battery feed arrangement


A device may include a communication interface configured to receive audio signals associated with audible communications from a user; an output device; and logic. The logic may be configured to determine one or more audio qualities associated with the audio signals, map the one or more audio qualities to at least one value, generate audio-related information based on the mapping, and provide, via the output device during the audible communications, the audio-related information to the user.

Generally, an ideal speaking rate is somewhere between 180-200 words per minute (wpm) for optimal comprehension by a native-language listener. However, even among individuals sharing a common language, the ideal speech rate varies according to different dialects that may be identified for various demographic groups and/or geographic regions. In addition, ideal speaking volume, for optimal listener comprehension, can vary with the age of the listener and competing ambient noise levels. Thus, audio qualities such as speech rate and volume level affect the listener experience.


A PTFE sheet in which PTFE fibers having a diameter of 1 μm or less are spun, the PTFE sheet having a Gurley value in the range of 1 s/100 cc/in2 to 3 s/100 cc/in2 and a shrinkage factor in a direction orthogonal to a sheet winding direction of no more than 10% when heated to 300° C. The PTFE sheet makes a die adsorbable via a tool, which is for heating the die when the die is mounted on a mounting body, by being sandwiched between the die and the tool, and suppresses the adhesion, to an adsorption surface of the tool or to the die, of an adhesion member for fixing the die to the mounted body. Through this configuration, a PTFE sheet capable of stabilizing vacuum adsorption and improving maintainability and a method for mounting a die are provided.

A technology in which a plurality of dies divided into individual pieces by dicing is picked up using vacuum adsorption is known (see Patent Literature 1 to 3). For example, Patent Literature 2 discloses that a bare chip on which bumps are provided on terminals thereof is vacuum-adsorbed on a surface side opposite to a circuit function surface of the bare chip including terminals and bumps. The bare chip vacuum-adsorbed to a tool is mounted on a substrate to which an adhesive has been applied with an orientation in which the circuit function surface faces the substrate. In the invention of Patent Literature 2, in order to prevent the adhesive on the substrate from creeping upward from a lateral surface of the bare chip due to vacuum adsorption or pressurization of the tool, a configuration in which a sheet is interposed between an adsorption surface of the tool and the bare chip is employed, thereby inhibiting creeping up of the adhesive and preventing the adhesive from adhering to the tool. Further, Patent Literature 3 describes a semiconductor chip being adsorbed via a porous tape having air permeability.


To restrict a bowing amount of a piezoelectric actuator, provided is a switching apparatus comprising a contact point section including a first contact point; and an actuator that moves a second contact point to contact or move away from the first contact point. The actuator includes a first piezoelectric film that expands and contracts according to a drive voltage to change a bowing amount of the actuator, and a second piezoelectric film that is provided in parallel with the first piezoelectric film and restricts bowing of the actuator when the drive voltage is not being supplied to the first piezoelectric film.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a switching apparatus and a test apparatus.
2. Related Art
A conventional actuator is known that is formed by using a semiconductor process to layer piezoelectric films and electrodes that apply voltage to the piezoelectric films, as shown in Patent Document 1, for example.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2001-191300
However, such an actuator is formed by layering different materials, and therefore bowing of the piezoelectric films occurs due to stress, for example, even in an initial state when voltage is not applied. Furthermore, when the temperature of the piezoelectric films changes due to the ambient temperature of the actuator, the amount of bowing of the actuator also changes according to the temperature change, and so it is difficult for the actuator to operate properly.


A universal leak detection method for detecting both small and large leaks. The method includes the steps of: injecting smoke and a detectable gas into a fluid system to pressurize the fluid system, the smoke and detectable gas both being capable of passing through a large leak in the fluid system, and the visual smoke particles being inhibited from passing through a small leak in the fluid system and the detectable gas being capable of passing through a small leak in the fluid system; and detecting a leak by detecting at least one of the smoke and the detectable gas, wherein detection of smoke is indicative of the fluid system having a large leak and detection of detectable gas without smoke.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates generally to leak detection within a fluid system, and more specifically to leak detection using a visual vapor and a detectable gas generated with the visual vapor, with the detectable gas being used specifically for detecting small leaks within the fluid system.
2. Description of the Related Art
Most vehicles include fluid systems which may be critical to the overall operation of the vehicle. Indeed, a vehicle's air braking system, air suspension system, intake system, exhaust system, cooling system, air conditioning system and sealed components may be fluid systems. If a fluid system on a vehicle begins leaking, the system may not function properly. Furthermore, if heavy duty trucks exceed a Department of Transportation specified maximum air brake system leakdown rate, the vehicle may be deemed unsafe to operate and removed from service. Accordingly, detecting leaks in fluid systems is critical to the overall operability of the vehicle.
Currently, there are several methods for detecting leaks in a fluid system. One particular method is to pressurize the fluid system with air and to listen for leaks. A common deficiency with this method is that the leaks may not be discernable without specialized listening devices, which are typically rendered useless in loud environments, such as a typical vehicle repair facility. Furthermore, not all leaks create a harmonic vibration that can be detected with listening devices.
Another known method for detecting leaks includes injecting a visual vapor or smoke into the system and look for the smoke leaking from the system. This particular method tends to work well for larger leaks. However, in the case of smaller leaks, the vaporized oil particles in the visible smoke may be too large to pass through a microscopic leak orifice. Accordingly, the technician may not be provided with a visual cue associated with a large leak because only the air is passing through the orifice while the oil particles are left behind.
Another method used to detect leaks is to inject a dye into the system and to look for a dye stain around the leak orifice. As with the smoke example above, the dye molecules may be held back in cases of microscopic leaks, rendering this method ineffective. Furthermore, in larger systems, such as an air induction system or an air brake system on a heavy duty tractor with multiple trailers connected, it would be very difficult to properly coat all internal surfaces of the fluid system to perform an effective test. Also some OEM manufacturers forbid the use of dyes and other contaminants into their vehicles, as some believe that the dye can coat or harm critical sensors. Furthermore, the dye oil may include solvents which manufacturers of diesel particulate filters and other catalytic devices strongly suggest that their products are not exposed to out of fear of an exothermal event which may harm the microthin catalytic coating of palladium, platinum, etc.
Accordingly, there is a need in the art for an easy to use, universal leak detection system and related method, which may be used to detect and locate large, medium and microscopic leaks with a single test in large, medium and small fluid systems. Various aspects of the present disclosure address this particular need, as will be discussed in more detail below.

System and method for detecting microscopic leaks