A versatile polymeric support system for the synthesis of oligonucleotides is provided featuring a universal primer which allows chain elongation, in either the 3' or 5' direction, with any currently available DNA or RNA synthesis method, by a process which utilizes oxidatively cleaved primers to facilitate chain elongation and release. The support system is capable of withstanding mildly basic and acidic reaction conditions, while still permitting a convenient and quantitative release, either before or after removal of protecting groups from reactive groups, of synthesized oligonucleotides from a single polymeric support. Removal of the protecting groups before cleavage of the oligomer from the support permits the use of the immobilized oligomer as an affinity hybridization support for both isolating and detecting complementary polynucleic acids.

The present invention relates generally to oligonucleotide synthesis and, more particularly, to a new and improved primer system that enables oligonucleotides to be more easily and more efficiently synthesized on a solid support.
Oligonucleotides are relatively short pieces of either DNA (deoxyribonucleotides) or RNA (ribonucleotides) with chain lengths in the range of from 3-100 base units. Both deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides have particular biological significance due to their key roles in cellular processes and cell growth. The component of the cell which contains the primary information for growth and protein expression is DNA. Due to the fact that it is now possible to incorporate newly synthesized pieces of DNA into the DNA of a cell, methods which facilitate the chemical synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides take on particular significance. Such methods can be employed either to help correct defective genetic information or to substantially modify the proteins which an organism expresses. For example, a bacterium may be provided with the polydeoxyribonucleotide which contains the genetic information for the synthesis of human glucagon. Under the proper conditions, the organism would then produce human glucagon.
In addition, a range of other pharmacological, diagnostic and research applications of oligonucleotides exist. The full usefulness of oligonucleotides, however, awaits methods to effectively synthesize them in high yield and greater purity.
Until the mid-1970's, oligonucleotide synthesis was carried out in a liquid phase. The separation and purification problems associated with liquid phase techniques prevented a practical automated system for oligonucleotide synthesis. To solve these separation and purification problems, polymeric supports were developed. Up until now, use of these polymeric supports has involved the coupling of the oligonucleotide to the solid support by procedures which permit cleavage between the support and the first nucleotide. However, since the first nucleotide can be any one of four bases, these procedures have necessitated the implementation of eight different initiated supports, i.e., four for DNA and four for RNA, in order to synthesize desired oligonucleotides. It would be a significant advancement if a support system were available, with a primer (chain initiator) of great versatility, such that all desired oligonucleotides could be synthesized from a single type of polymeric support.
To be of practical utility, a polymeric support and primer must retain the growing oligonucleotide until synthesis is complete. Also, once synthesis is complete, the primer should be capable of being cleaved to permit the release of the oligonucleotide from the polymeric support. Many of the primers discussed in the literature possess linkages that are very acid or base labile. Thus, the oligonucleotide may be released from the polymeric support, at an undesirable time with resulting structural rearrangement, by treatment with acidic or basic reagents. See, e.g., M. D. Matteucci and M. H. Caruthers, Synthesis of Deoxyoligonucleotides on a Polymer Support, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 103, No. 11, 1981, pgs. 3185-3191, and H. Sommer and F. Cramer, Chemische Synthese von Desoxyoligonucleotides mit 5-Phosphatgruppe am Polymeren Trager (Chemical Synthesis of Deoxyoligonucleotides with 5-Phosphate Group on a Polymer Support), Chem. Ber., Vol. 107, 1974, pgs. 24-33. The use of an acid labile primer, however, prevents the use of mildly acidic reagents or conditions during the oligonucleotide synthesis. Similarly, use of a base labile primer prevents the use of mildly basic reagents or conditions. Consequently, using an acid or base labile primer greatly restricts the versatility of a polymeric support system.
Primers that are very acid or very base labile also restrict the versatility of a polymeric support system in other ways. For instance, many blocking groups are ordinarily used to protect the various functions of the nucleotides, i.e., the amine or hydroxyl functions of the base, the 2' hydroxyl of ribonucleotides, the 3' and the 5' hydroxyls of deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides, and the phosphate groups. Preferably, the polymeric support system is versatile enough to permit removal of these protecting groups before the oligonucleotide is released from the polymeric support or, in the alternative, the oligonucleotide can be released from the polymeric support before the protecting groups are removed. Primers that are very acid labile or very base labile, however, significantly restrict this versatility.
What is needed, therefore, is a completely versatile polymeric support system, that is, a polymeric support arrangement and corresponding method of oligonucleotide synthesis that can withstand mildly basic and mildly acidic reaction conditions and still permit a convenient and quantitative release at the desired time of all types of synthesized oligonucleotides from a single polymeric support. The present invention satisfies this need.

Oligonucleotide polymeric support system with an oxidation cleavable link


In order to provide a reciprocating motor which is able to ensure and to be compacted since an outer stator or an inner stator are laminated as a ring type, and fabrication processes thereof are simple and fabrication cost can be reduced, there is provided a reciprocating motor comprising an outer stator in which winding coil is wound; an inner stator disposed on an inner circumferential surface of the outer stator with a predetermined air gap therebetween; and a magnet disposed between the outer stator and the inner stator to perform linear reciprocating movements and fixed on a magnet paddle, wherein the inner stator are formed by laminating a lamination having a predetermined thickness as a ring shape.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a reciprocating motor, and particularly, to a reciprocating motor which is able to ensure enough magnetic path area, and to reduce a size thereof.
2. Description of the Background Art
Generally, a reciprocating motor is a motor, in which an outer stator and an inner stator are disposed with a predetermined interval therebetween, a magnet paddle including a magnet is disposed between the outer stator and the inner stator, and the magnet paddle is linearly reciprocated by an interaction between the stator and the magnet. In addition, the reciprocating motor is mainly used for a reciprocating compressor, and the magnet paddle of the reciprocating motor is connected to a piston of a reciprocating compressor to make the piston perform linear reciprocating movements.
FIG. 1 is a half cross-sectional view showing a reciprocating motor according to the conventional art, and FIG. 2 is a side view showing an inner stator of the reciprocating motor according to the conventional art.
The conventional reciprocating motor comprises a stator assembly 102 supported by a frame (not shown) for generating a flux by being applied electric power, and a magnet paddle assembly 104 disposed with a predetermined air gap with the stator assembly and performing reciprocating movements by an interaction with the flux generated from the stator assembly 102.
Herein, the stator assembly 102 comprises: an outer stator 106 of cylindrical shape in which a plurality of thin laminations are laminated in radial direction; an inner stator 108 of cylindrical shape, in which a plurality of thin laminations are laminated in radial direction, disposed with a predetermined air gap from an inner circumferential surface of the outer stator 106; and a winding coil 110 wound on inner part of the outer stator 106 for generating flux between the outer stator 106 and the inner stator 108 when the electric power is applied from outer side.
The outer stator 106 is formed as a cylinder by laminating a plurality of thin laminations of plate shapes in radial direction, includes the winding coil 110 wound on the inner circumferential surface thereof, and includes supporting rings 114 inserted into both side surfaces so that the laminated laminations can maintain cylindrical shape.
In addition, as shown in FIG. 2, the inner stator 108 is formed as cylindrical shape by laminating a plurality of laminations 112 in radial direction, and includes supporting ring 116 for supporting the plurality of laminations inserted into both side surfaces.
The outer stator 106 and the inner stator 108 are formed by laminating plan laminations in radial direction, and therefore, the laminations become apart as going outward and predetermined air gaps are formed between the laminations 112.
The magnet paddle assembly 104 comprises a plurality of magnets 120 which are arranged in circumferential direction between the outer stator 106 and the inner stator 108, and a magnet paddle 122 on which the plurality of magnets are fixed on outer circumferential surface thereof with same intervals therebetween, connected to an operational unit (not shown) which is wanted to reciprocally move.
Operations of the conventional reciprocating motor constructed as above will be described as follows.
When the electric power is applied to the winding coil 110, the flux is formed around the winding coil 110, and the flux forms a closed loop along with the outer stator 106 and the inner stator 108. And the magnet 120 is linearly moved toward the axial direction by the interaction between the flux generated between the outer stator 106 and the inner stator 108 and the flux generated by the magnet 120. In addition, when the direction of electric power which is applied to the winding coil 110 is changed alternatively, the direction of flux on the winding coil 110 is also changed and the magnet 120 undergoes linearly reciprocating movements.
According to the movements of the magnet 120, the magnet paddle 122 on which the magnet is fixed performs the linearly reciprocating movements to make the operational unit such as the piston perform the linear reciprocating movements.
However, according to the reciprocating motor of the conventional art, since the outer stator 106 and the inner stator 108 are formed as cylindrical shape by laminating a plurality of laminations 112 of plane plate shapes in radial direction, air gaps between end portions of the laminations 112 are necessarily generated, and enough magnetic path area should be ensured in order to prevent electromagnetic saturation of the motor due to the air gap from being generated.
As described above, in the reciprocating motor according to the conventional art, the sizes of the outer stator 108 and the inner stator 106 should be increased in order to ensure enough magnetic path area, and therefore, the size of the motor is increased and the fabrication cost is also increased.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a reciprocating motor which is able to ensure and to be compacted since an outer stator or an inner stator are laminated as a ring type, and fabrication processes thereof are simple and fabrication cost can be reduced.
To achieve the object of the present invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, there is provided a reciprocating motor comprising: an outer stator in which winding coil is wound; an inner stator disposed on an inner circumferential surface of the outer stator with a predetermined air gap therebetween; and a magnet disposed between the outer stator and the inner stator to perform linear reciprocating movements and fixed on a magnet paddle, and the outer stator and the inner stator are formed by laminating a lamination having a predetermined thickness as a ring shape.
The inner stator or the outer stator is formed as a ring by repeating processes of winding a lamination having a predetermined thickness less than 360xc2x0 and winding the steel plate toward opposite direction, and includes an opening on one side.
In the inner stator or the outer stator, a virtual line which connects openings which are facing each other is formed to be located on a same circumferential surface so that the inner circumferential surface and the outer circumferential surface thereof make a right circle.
The inner stator or the outer stator is fabricated by repeating processes of winding a lamination on an outer circumferential surface of a cylinder having a predetermined diameter, bending the lamination, and winding toward opposite direction.
The inner stator or the outer stator is fabricated by bending a lamination having a predetermined thickness so as to be laminated straightly as a predetermined length, and winding it to make a cylindrical shape.
Both ends of the lamination of the outer stator or the inner stator are shortened as going toward one surface making an inner circumferential surface of the inner stator when the lamination is bent to be laminated as a straight line form.
The inner stator or the outer stator is fabricated by inserting a plurality of laminations of cylindrical shapes having different diameters from those of each other layer by layer.
The lamination of the inner stator or of the outer stator is formed to have an opened end on one side, and both opened ends of the laminations are formed to be located on a same straight line.
Contacting surfaces of laminations of the inner stator or of the outer stator are fixed by applying adhesive.
Contacting surfaces of laminations of the inner stator or of the outer stator are fixed by welding.
The foregoing and other objects, features, aspects and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description of the present invention when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.


Anti-CD24 antibodies and adjuvant combinations thereof with chemotherapeutic agents or toxins, which can be used to inhibit growth of CD24-expressing cancer cells and prevent and treat cancer are provided.

The present invention, in some embodiments thereof, to compositions and methods for preventing and treating growth of abnormally growing cells using anti-CD24 monoclonal antibodies, and more particularly, to the use of anti-CD24 in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of colorectal and pancreatic cancers.
CD24:
CD24 has been described in a growing body of literature in relation to cancer, over-expressed in various human malignancies. Its expression is often correlated with a poor prognosis. Recently, using gene expression array, increased expression of CD24 in transformed, but not non-transformed, enterocytes that was down regulated to a normal level of expression following short (72 hours) and long (six months) exposures to a selective COX2 inhibitor, celecoxib (Celebrex, Pfizer, NY) was observed. The results were validated by immunohistochemical stainings in 389 human samples derived from a variety of GI malignancies. A strong membrane expression of CD24 protein was seen already at an early stage of carcinogenesis, the adenomatous polyp. CD24 was expressed in 90.7% of adenomas, and 86.3% of CRC cases, while very low levels of expression were observed in normal epithelium. The upregulation of CD24 during colorectal cancer (CRC) progression, and its downregulation by a known chemopreventive agent (COX2 inhibitor) suggested the possibility that CD24 could be important in the oncogenic pathway.
The CD24 gene encodes a heavily glycosylated cell-surface protein, anchored to the membrane by phosphatidylinositol. Human CD24 consists of 31 amino acids with 16 potential O- and N-glycosylation sites. CD24 plays a crucial role in cell selection and maturation during hematopoiesis. It is expressed mainly on premature lymphocytes, certain epithelial and neural cells. It also plays a role during the embryonal development of neural and pancreatic cells. Analysis of biochemically separated glycolipid-enriched membrane (GEM) fractions indicated enhanced association of CD24 and Lyn protein tyrosine kinase in GEM, as well as increased Lyn kinase activity after CD24 cross-linking, suggesting that the CD24 receptor mediates intracellular signaling even though it has no trans-membrane domain. CD24 is also known to be an alternative ligand for P-selectin and thus might function in metastases shedding. Anti-CD24 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) induced growth inhibition in lymphocytes precursors.
Studies have shown that CD24 expression could potentiate homotypic B-cell aggregation and heterotypic adhesion to activated endothelium. Under physiological conditions, CD24 over-expression enhanced cancer cells rolling on and invading through vessel-walls by increasing their adherence to platelets and endothelial cells. Thus, within the tumor micro-environment, CD24 binding with P-selectin enhances tumor development, since P-selectin was found to be crucial in CRC carcinogenesis. In P-selectin deficient mice vs. normal mice, human CRC cells injected subcutaneously into mice proliferated more slowly and produced fewer lung metastases at intra-venous injection, suggesting that the mucin-dependent interaction with P-selectin is an important feature of CRC cells.
Bauman et al. showed that ectopic over-expression of CD24 in a rat-carcinoma cell line increases cell proliferation and adhesion through activation of integrins. Similarly, Smith et al. have shown how transient down-regulation of CD24 expression in human carcinoma cell lines resulted in growth inhibition and reduced clonogenicity and cell migration through a change in the actin cytoskeleton in several epithelial cancer cell lines (breast, urothelial and prostate carcinomas and osteosarcoma).
Patents and patent applications relating to CD24 and cancer include: U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,360 to Clarke et al; U.S. Pat. No. 6,984,522 to Clarke et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,798 to Levine et al; U.S. Pat. No. 5,952,471 to Lawson; U.S. Pat. No. 6,146,628 to Uckun et al.; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/033,557 to Agarwal; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/913,905 to Hsing-Chang et al; U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/019,339 to Wicha et al; and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/607,780 to Clarke et al.
Colorectal Cancer:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a major public health problem accounting for over 1 million cases of new cancers and about half a million deaths worldwide. Despite curative surgery in those presenting early, the risk of recurrence is significantly high. In colon cancer, chemotherapy is the principal adjuvant therapy and the addition of radiotherapy to chemotherapy has not been shown to improve outcome. Recently, newer drugs with significant impact in the treatment of metastatic CRC such as irinotecan, oxaliplatin and oral fluoropyrimidines have all completed phase III randomised testing in the adjuvant setting of colon cancer.
Antibody Anti-Cancer Therapy:
There are many potential advantages to the application of antibodies to anti-cancer treatment. Antibodies are typically much more specific in targeting cancerous cells than metabolic drugs or radiotherapy, and as such typically have fewer and less sever side effects. In addition, monoclonal antibodies can be designed to target antigens characteristic of individual stages or forms of cancers, affording opportunity to customize therapy to the individual patient's disease profile.
Many clinical trials of anti-cancer antibody therapy have been undertaken, indicating good outcomes with fewer side effects as compared to chemotherapy or radiotherapy. A growing number of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have been approved for clinical use by the FDA, such as Ritaximab, Ibritumomab and Tositumomab for Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma, Trastuzumab for Breast Cancer, Gemtuzumab for AML, Alemtuzumab for CLL, and Cetuximab, Bevacizumab and Panitumumab for colorectal, non-small cell lung cancer and head and neck cancer. A few of these approved anti-cancer antibodies are conjugated antibodies, such as Ibritumomab and Tositumomab, which are radio-conjugates, and Gemtuzumab, which is an immunotoxin conjugated to the toxin ozagamicin.
Combination (Adjuvant) Therapy:
Modern cancer treatment protocols often combine more than one modality in order to both benefit from targeting of multiple aspects of the disease and reduction in dosage or duration of individual treatments, resulting in reduced frequency and severity of side effects. Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy, or "cocktails" of chemotherapy drugs are commonly prescribed according to protocols assessing staging, treatment outcome and complications.
Trials of antibody and chemotherapy have indicated that some patients may benefit from combined therapy. Trials combining Bevacizumab (anti-epidermal growth factor) and oxaliplatin/capectabine or oxaliplatin/fluorouracil/leucovorin have indicated enhanced efficacy of treatment in some, but not all types and stages of cancer tested. Trastuzumab (anti-HER2/neu) and paclitaxel has been approved for use in breast cancer for many years, has been found effective in anthracycline non-responders, and is gaining popularity as first line breast cancer therapy. Clinical trials with colorectal anti-cancer antibodies such as 17-1A (anti-Ep CAM of small cell carcinoma) and Cetuximab (anti-VEGF) and chemotherapeutic agents such as oxaliplatin or irinotecan have demonstrated improved outcomes with some, but not all types and stages of cancer.
As CD24 expression has been implicated in many types of cancer, the combination of efficacious specific anti-CD24 antibodies and additional therapeutic modalities, either as separate physical entities or attached, is an important clinical goal for treatment and prevention of cancer, particularly colorectal and pancreatic cancer.

Methods of treating cancer using anti CD24 antibodies

The Medical Research, Infrastructure and Health Services Fund of the Tel Aviv Medical Center


A method for manufacturing a micromechanical sensor, in particular a pressure difference sensor, including creating a functional layer on a substrate; creating at least one rear side trench area proceeding from a rear side of a substrate, for exposing the functional layer for a sensor diaphragm; creating at least one front side trench area for forming at least one supporting structure, in particular an energy storage structure, preferably in the form of a spring structure, in the substrate as a mounting for the sensor diaphragm; and at least partially filling at least a front side trench area with a gel.

Micromechanical pressure difference sensors usually include semiconductor resistors, which are used as mechanical-electrical transducers. These detect not only mechanical stresses resulting from the influence of pressure on a corresponding diaphragm, but also stresses from mechanical interfering influences. Mechanical stresses occur, on the one hand, during the connection of the pressure difference sensor, for example due to deformation of a circuit board on which the pressure difference sensor is situated, or also due to contacting with the aid of soldering, during which a deformation of the layer structure/package occurs, and, on the other hand, also due to stresses from the sensor itself. The latter may stem from different temperature behavior of different layers of the layer structure, for example, or also from different temperature behavior of a metallization, in particular when large-surface-area bond lands are applied. The above-described effects are additionally dependent on the manufacturing history of the pressure difference sensor, i.e., the sequence of the manufacturing steps, which may only conditionally be compensated for by an adjustment prior to delivery of the pressure difference sensor.

Method for manufacturing micromechanical diaphragm sensors


A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes forming first plugs over a substrate, forming contact holes that expose the first plugs, ion-implanting an anti-diffusion material into the first plugs, and forming second plugs filling the contact holes.

1. Field
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate to a method for fabricating a semiconductor device, and more particularly, to a method for fabricating a semiconductor device with buried gates.
2. Description of the Related Art
As the open areas (e.g., exposed surfaces) of a bit line contact and a storage node contact decrease, it becomes difficult to form a landing plug in a process of forming a buried gate in a cell region when a Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) device is fabricated.
To facilitate the formation of a landing plug, a method of forming a landing plug before a gate is formed in a peripheral region is suggested.
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a structure of a conventional semiconductor device.
Referring to FIG. 1, a device isolation layer 12 is formed over a substrate 11, and trenches 13 are formed by simultaneously etching the substrate 11 and the device isolation layer 12. A gate insulation layer 14 is formed on the surface of the trenches 13, and buried gates 15 each of which fills a portion of each trench 13 are formed. Subsequently, landing plugs 16 isolated by the trenches 13 are formed over the substrate 11, and storage node contact plugs 17 are formed over the landing plugs 16. A sealing layer 18 and a gap-fill layer 19 are disposed over the buried gates 15 to fill the trenches 13. The storage node contact plugs 17 penetrate through an inter-layer dielectric layer 20 to be coupled with the landing plugs 16.
In FIG. 1, the landing plugs 16 and the storage node contact plugs 17 are formed of polysilicon, and the polysilicon is doped with a dopant, such as phosphorus (P), to increase contact resistance.
However, when the concentration of the dopant of the storage node contact plugs 17 is increased to increase a cell contact resistance, the amount of dopant diffused into the substrate 11 is increased. In this case, the refresh performance of the semiconductor device may be deteriorated due to an increase of an electric field in a cell junction.
Conversely, when the concentration of the dopant of the storage node contact plugs 17 is decreased, the semiconductor device may have high refresh performance because the amount of dopant diffused into the substrate 11 is decreased, but the cell contact resistance is decreased.
Thus, the cell contact resistance and refresh performance are in a trade-off relationship.

Method for fabricating semiconductor device with buried gates


A dynamic random access memory cell comprising: a trench capacitor formed in a silicon substrate; a vertical MOSFET formed in a silicon substrate above the trench capacitor, the vertical MOSFET having a gate electrode, a first source/drain region extending from a surface of the silicon substrate into the silicon substrate, a buried second source/drain region electrically contacting the trench capacitor, a channel region formed in the silicon substrate between the first source/drain region and the buried second source/drain region and a gate oxide layer disposed between the gate electrode and the channel region; the first source/drain region also belonging to an adjacent vertical MOSFET, the adjacent vertical MOSFET having a buried third source/drain region electrically connected to an adjacent trench capacitor, the buried second and third source/drain regions extending toward one another; and a punch through prevention region disposed between the buried second and third source/drain regions.

The present invention relates to the field of buried strap dynamic random access memory (DRAM) devices; more specifically, it relates to a method of reducing buried strap to buried strap punch through in vertical DRAMs.
Integrated circuit devices and especially DRAMs are continually being designed with decreasing dimensions in order to increase performance, decrease the size and increase productivity of integrated circuit chip fabrication. However, certain structures found in some vertical DRAM designs limit the scalability of the DRAM cell.
One type of vertical DRAM comprises a vertical metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) formed over a trench capacitor. In vertical DRAMs, the source/drain diffusions of the vertical MOSFET are space apart in a direction perpendicular to the silicon surface (as opposed to a direction parallel to the silicon surface in standard MOSFETS). Often a buried strap acts as both the lowermost source/drain and the connection between the source/drain and the trench capacitor. In this type of vertical DRAM cell, scalability is limited by potential for buried strap to buried strap punch through in adjacent vertical DRAM cells as trench capacitor to trench capacitor spacing is decreased.
Therefore, there is a need for an improved vertical DRAM structure and fabrication method that allow fully scalable vertical DRAM designs.
A first aspect of the present invention is a dynamic random access memory cell comprising: a trench capacitor formed in a silicon substrate; a vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor formed in a silicon substrate above the trench capacitor, the vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor having a gate electrode, a first source/drain region extending from a surface of the silicon substrate into the silicon subsrate, a buried second source/drain region electrically contacting the trench capacitor, a channel region formed in the silicon substrate between the first source/drain region and the buried second source/drain region and a gate oxide layer disposed between the gate electrode and the channel region; the first source/drain region also belonging to an adjacent vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor, the adjacent vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor having a buried third source/drain region electrically connected to an adjacent trench capacitor, the buried second and third source/drain regions extending toward one another; and a punch through prevention region disposed between the buried second and third source/drain regions.
A second aspect of the present invention is a method of fabricating a dynamic random access memory cell comprising: providing a trench capacitor formed in a silicon substrate; providing a vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor formed in the silicon substrate above the trench capacitor, the vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor having a gate electrode, a first source/drain region extending from a surface of the silicon substrate into the silicon substrate, a buried second source/drain region electrically contacting the trench capacitor, a channel region formed in the silicon substrate between the first source/drain region and the buried second source/drain region and a gate oxide layer disposed between the gate elecrode and the channel region; the first source/drain region also belonging to an adjacent vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor, the adjacent vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor having a buried third source/drain region electrically connected to an adjacent trench capacitor, the buried second and third source/drain regions extending toward one another; and forming a punch through prevention region disposed between the buried second and third source/drain regions.
A third aspect of the present invention is a method of fabricating a dynamic random access memory cell comprising: providing a trench capacitor formed in a silicon substrate; providing a vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor formed in a silicon substrate above the trench capacitor, the vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor having a gate electrode, a first source/drain region extending from a surface of the silicon substrate into the silicon substrate, a buried second source/drain region electrically contacting the trench capacitor, a channel region formed in the silicon substrate between the first source/drain region and the buried second source/drain region and a gate oxide layer disposed between the gate electrode and the channel region; the first source/drain region also belonging to an adjacent vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor, the adjacent vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor having a buried third source/drain region electrically connected to an adjacent trench capacitor, the buried second and third source/drain regions extending toward one another; forming a blocking layer over the surface of the silicon substrate; forming a trench in the blocking layer, the trench aligned between the vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor and the adjacent the vertical metal-oxide-silicon field effect transistor; and performing an ion implantation to form a punch through prevention region in the silicon substrate aligned under the trench and disposed between the buried second and third source/drain regions, the blocking layer blocking the ion implantation from reaching the silicon substrate.

Method for preventing strap-to-strap punch through in vertical DRAMs

International Business Machines Corporation


Provided is an exhaust gas combustion device which is capable of early prevention of clogging, and also a power generator including the device. An exhaust gas combustion device of the present invention includes: a DPF; a sensor which measures the pressure of exhaust gas to be introduced into the DPF; a sensor which measures the pressure of exhaust gas purified by the DPF; and a controller which receives outputs from both sensors and calculates a pressure difference. When the pressure difference is equal to or larger than a preset threshold, the heater is supplied with power from a power generating unit to thereby heat exhaust gas. Accordingly, PM accumulated inside the DPF is combusted and removed, preventing excessive clogging of the DPF even during light-load operation.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an exhaust gas combustion device and a power generator including the device. In particular, the present invention relates to an exhaust gas combustion device that combusts exhaust gas discharged from a diesel engine and also to a power generator including the device.
2. Description of the Related Art
A general power generator obtains power by driving a power generating unit by an engine. When a diesel engine is employed as the engine, particulate matter (hereinbelow, abbreviated as PM) contained in exhaust gas from the engine needs to be removed.
One method for removing PM from exhaust gas is to dispose a diesel particulate filter (hereinbelow, abbreviated as DPF) made of a porous material in an exhaust pipe through which exhaust gas discharged from a diesel engine passes. By this method, most of the PM contained in the exhaust gas is collected by the DPF. Therefore, the exhaust gas discharged to the outside is highly purified.
However, after continuous operation of the diesel engine over a long period of time, the DPF with the PM adhering thereto comes to block the flow of exhaust gas. This, as a result, causes a problem of lowering the output of the diesel engine. Thus, regeneration operation is generally performed to remove the PM adhering to the DPF.
One example of the regeneration operation is thermal regeneration which regenerates a filter by combusting PM by heating. In the thermal regeneration, after PM contained in exhaust gas is collected by a DPF, an electric heater provided to the DPF is electrified to heat and combust the PM, whereby the PM adhering to the DPF is burned off and the filter is regenerated (Japanese Patent Application Publication No. Hei 08-232639).
Meanwhile, another example of the regeneration operation is self regeneration which uses a DPF in combination with an oxidation catalyst. In the self regeneration, exhaust gas to be introduced into the DPF is constantly maintained at a high temperature, and fuel injected into the exhaust gas by post injection is combusted with the catalyst, whereby PM adhering to the DPF is combusted (Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2006-241978). By employing this method, the regeneration treatment can be performed continuously, without having to stop the diesel engine.

Exhaust gas combustion device and power generator including the same


A gas turbine engine is disclosed. The gas turbine engine includes a first rotor supporting a first plurality of circumferentially spaced rotor blades and a second rotor disposed axially downstream of the first rotor and supporting a second plurality of circumferentially spaced rotor blades, a first bore cavity between the first rotor and the second rotor, a first fluid passageway configured to provide cooled air to the first bore cavity and a first anti-vortex component positioned proximate the first bore cavity and configured to increase pressure of the cooled air as the cooled air traverses radially outward from the first bore cavity.

Gas turbine engines typically include a compressor section, a combustor section and a turbine section. During operation, air is pressurized in the compressor section and mixed with fuel and burned in the combustor section to generate hot combustion gases. The hot combustion gases are communicated through the turbine section, which extracts energy from the hot combustion gases to power the compressor section and other loads occurring within a gas turbine engine. Performance and efficiency improvements in gas turbine engine architectures are often accompanied by increases in compressor exit discharge temperatures, which are approaching the limits of material capabilities.

Radial cooling system for gas turbine engine compressors


A creeper is provided wherein the creeper has a main frame comprising a front and a rear; wheels attached to the main frame; a handle attached to the mainframe rearward of said wheels; a platform slidably attached to the main frame and rail engagement brackets attached to the mainframe forward of the wheels. Pressure is applied to the handle thereby lifting the front of the main frame thereby supporting the creeper on the wheels. The creeper is moved to a position under the railcar. Pressure is removed from the handle thereby allowing the front of the creeper to lower wherein the rail engagement brackets engage with rails of a track. The personnel lays on the platform and slides the platform under the railcar.

The present invention is related to an improved creeper for use in the repair and maintenance of railcars. More specifically, the present invention is related to an improved creeper which allows easy, and safe, transit under a railcar.
Railcar maintenance is an ongoing activity. In general, a railcar comprises a frame on an undercarriage with some type of cargo holding element, such as a flat bed or a superstructure, on the frame. Superstructures extend above the frame and are configured to carry some form of cargo. Superstructures include various carrier devices such as container boxes, car carriers, chemical containers, grain containers, livestock containers and the like without limit thereto.
The undercarriage includes the wheel assembly and operational systems such as braking, which may be considered part of the wheel assembly, hydraulics, communication links, etc. Due to the large number of components associated with the undercarriage, or below the frame, there is a constant need for maintenance personnel to work under the railcar. There are inherent dangers associated with personnel working under a railcar. Due to the overhead height the personnel must crawl, bend over, or walk in a squatted fashion to reach access to the underside of the railcar. This is obviously in conflict with good ergonomic practice and uncomfortable to the personnel. It is not uncommon for the personnel to stand up, either accidentally or in response to discomfort, which may cause contact between the personnel and the railcar.
There has been an ongoing need for a creeper which is specifically suited for use under a railcar.


An electronically controlled engine management system for adjusting camshaft timing, taking into account mechanical deficiencies of a variable camshaft timing mechanism and compensating the mechanical deficiencies by manipulating the amount and/or timing of the fuel injection. The engine management system enables the operator to enjoy high torque and good fuel efficiency representative of the compensated adjustable camshaft timing system.

This application is based on and claims priority to Japanese Patent Application No. 2001-190173, filed Jun. 22, 2001 the entire contents of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to an engine control system for an engine, and more particularly to an improved engine control system for adjusting the camshaft timing and fuel injection amount.
2. Brief Description of Related Art
Engines typically incorporate an engine management system. The engine management system commonly uses a computer to control a fuel injection system.
Operator demand for smooth running, highly responsive engines with improved fuel economy can be addressed with engine management systems incorporating adjustable camshaft timing mechanisms. The ability to adjust the camshaft timing allows for the engine management system to better operate the engine during various conditions such as a heavy acceleration or deceleration. Adjustable camshaft timing mechanisms also allows high performing engines with aggressive camshafts to operate better over wider engine operating ranges.
Due to highly variable engine operating dynamics, some adjustable camshaft timing mechanisms fail to adjust the camshafts to the optimal operating camshaft timing value requested by the engine management system. Sudden aggressive acceleration or deceleration periods can create an internal engine operating environment so dynamic that many adjustable camshaft mechanisms cannot adjust the camshaft timing quickly enough to provide an optimal camshaft timing setting allowing the engine to perform to its potential.
One aspect of the present invention is to provide an adjustable camshaft timing strategy, which provides the optimal engine response desired by compensating for the mechanical limitation of an adjustable camshaft timing mechanism through manipulation of the fuel injection amount and/or timing.
Another aspect of the present invention includes the discovery that deviations between the actual camshaft timing and a more theoretically optimal camshaft timing can cause air flow variations which thereby cause rich and lean variations in the air-fuel mixture. It may be possible to detect such air-flow variations with relatively more precise and expensive air flow meters, e.g., moving-vane, heated-wire, and Karman Vortex, and to use the output of these meters to control fuel injection. However, the additional expense of such air flow meters can be impractical in certain applications. Additionally, these air flow meters are vulnerable to water damage, a characteristic incompatible with certain applications, such as, for example, but without limitation, marine environment applications.
Another aspect of the present invention is that is that the lean and rich conditions caused by the VVT behavior can be satisfactorily predicted by comparing the actual camshaft timing to the more theoretically optimal camshaft timing. Thus, the fuel amount delivered to the engine can be adjusted to compensate for the predicted lean and rich conditions corresponding to differences detected between the actual and optimal camshaft timing.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, an engine includes an engine body having at least one variable volume combustion chamber and at least one intake port opening into the chamber. The engine also includes an induction system communicating with the intake port and an intake valve being moveable to regulate communication between the induction system and the combustion chamber through the port. A camshaft drives the intake valve. At least one fuel injector is configured to supply fuel to the combustion chamber. A fuel injector control module is configured to drive the at least one fuel injector. A variable valve timing mechanism is configured to vary a position of the camshaft to vary a timing of actuation of the intake valve. A sensor is configured to sense a position of a camshaft and to generate a signal indicative of the camshaft position. A variable valve timing mechanism control module communicates with the sensor and is configured to determine a first camshaft timing and to control the variable valve timing mechanism to at least approximate the first camshaft timing. The fuel injection control module is configured to adjust a fuel injection amount based on a deviation of the signal and the first timing.
In accordance with a further aspect of the invention, a method for controlling an engine includes driving a variable camshaft timing mechanism to adjust a camshaft timing according to at least an approximation of a first camshaft timing value. The camshaft timing of the engine is detected. The method also includes delivering a fuel amount to the engine, adjusting the fuel amount according to a difference between the detected camshaft timing and the first camshaft timing value.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, an engine includes an engine body defining at least one combustion chamber. A crankshaft is rotatably journalled at least partially in the engine body. At least one an intake valve being mounted to the engine body so as to reciprocate therein. A camshaft is rotatably journalled by the engine body and configured to drive the at least one intake valve to reciprocate. The engine also includes a camshaft position sensor and a variable valve timing mechanism configured to adjust an angular position of the camshaft relative to an angular position of the crankshaft. A fuel injector is configured to deliver a fuel amount to the engine body for combustion in the combustion chamber. A fuel injection control module is configured to adjust the fuel amount delivered by the fuel injector. A variable valve timing control module is configured to determine first and second camshaft timing values. The variable valve timing control module is also configured to drive the variable valve timing mechanism according the first camshaft timing value. The fuel injection control module is configured to adjust the fuel amount according to a difference between the second camshaft timing value and a camshaft timing corresponding to the position of the camshaft detected by the sensor.

Control device for four cycle engine of outboard motor


Provided herein are methods, compositions, and kits for targeted sequencing of polynucleotides with high accuracy and low amplification and sequencing errors and bias.

Many current next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies use a form of sequencing by synthesis (SBS). NGS technologies have the ability to massively parallel sequence millions of DNA templates. To attain high-throughput, many millions of single stranded templates are arrayed across a chip and the sequence of each template is independently read. Second-generation NGS platforms clonally amplify DNA templates on a solid support followed by cyclic sequencing. Third-generation NGS platforms employ single molecule PCR-free protocols and cycle-free chemistry (Schadt et al., Hum Mol Genet., 19(R2):R227-40, (2010)).
Major limitations of NGS methods and other high-throughput sequencing methods include sequencing and amplification error and bias. Due to error and bias associated with amplification and sequencing, these sequencing technologies deviate from the ideal uniform distribution of reads and can impair many scientific and medical applications. For clinical applications, labs must verify the accuracy of a mutation or a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) call before reporting to a patient. Typically sequence verification is done by making a Sanger library of the target after obtaining the sequences and "Sanger qualifying" the next-generation sequencing (NGS) results. To overcome the higher error rate of NGS platforms compared to traditional Sanger sequencing a high level of redundancy or sequence coverage is required to accurately call bases. A 30-50× coverage is typically required for accurate base calling, although this can vary based on the accuracy of the sequencing platform, variant detection methods, and the material being sequenced (Koboldt D C et al., Brief Bioinform., 11:484-98 (2010)). In general, all second-generation platforms produce data of a similar accuracy (98-99.5%), relying upon adequate sequence depth e.g., coverage) to make higher accuracy base calls.
Sequencing bias can manifest as coverage bias (deviation from a uniform distribution of reads) and error bias (deviations from uniform mismatch, insertion, and deletion rates). Current sequencing technologies are limited because the chemistries used in high-throughput sequencing methods are inherently biased. Some nucleotide sequences are read more frequently than other sequences, and have an inherent error rate. Depending on many factors, including the sequencing platform used, read errors (most of which are misidentified bases due to low quality base calls) can occur anywhere in the range of one error per 100-2000 bases. While coverage bias is an important sequencing metric, variations in sequence accuracy are also important.
Another major limitation is PCR amplification bias, because conditions during library construction of nucleotide templates for sequencing can significantly influence sequencing bias. PCR amplification for library construction has been shown to be a source of sequencing data error (Keohavong P et al., PNAS 86:9253-9257 (1989); Cariello et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 19:4193-4198 (1991); Cline et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 24:3546-3551 (1996)). Library construction methods can affect evenness of coverage. For example, PCR amplification is also a known source of under coverage of GC-extreme regions during library construction (Aird et al., Genome Biol., 12:R18 (2011); Oyola et al., BMC Genomics, 13:1; 22 (2012); Benjamini et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 40:e72 (2012)). Similar biases may also be introduced during bridge PCR for cluster amplification and on some NGS platforms strand-specific errors can lead to coverage biases by impairing aligner performance (Nakamura et al., Nucleic Acids Res., 39:e90 (2011)). Other platforms that utilizing a terminator-free chemistry can be limited in their ability to accurately sequence long homopolymers, and can also be sensitive to coverage biases introduced by emulsion PCR in library construction (Rothberg et al., Nature, 475:348-352 (2011); Margulies et al., Nature 2005, 437:376-380 (2005); Huse et al., Genome Biol., 8:R143 (2007); Merriman et al., Electrophoresis, 33:3397-3417 (2012)).

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A surface emitting laser with spatially varying optical loss to provide single mode operation. The optical loss may be introduced with an anti-phased ohmic contacts. Current injection may be constricted to a diameter that is different than the diameter of the ohmic aperture, allowing for optimization of carrier profiles for high-speed performance. Methods for index guiding are introduced to further the reproducibility of the invention.

Over the past decade, the demand for increased speed (gigabit communications) has forced the data communications infrastructure to evolve beyond the limits of traditional copper based transmission media to the higher bandwidth achievable with fiber optics. The emergence of these high bandwidth communication systems has created a need for standards-based optical transceiver components. While edge-emitting lasers remain the dominant technique for long-wavelength Fabry-Perot type transceivers, vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) technology has become more cost effective for manufacturing short-wavelength transceivers and are emerging for long wavelength applications. In addition single mode lasers have advantages in terms of high speed data transmission due to the well define rise and fall time of the single optical mode. When simulating emissions from lasers with multiple modes complex interactions between the modes and the carrier lead to non-deterministic results that are typified in digital systems as jitter. Reducing jitter is one of the challenges to increasing data rates from single Gigabit/sec rates to tens of Gigabits/sec and above. Another advantage of single mode lasers is the pure spectral content, beam shape and high coherency which is desirable for sensor application such as for example, laser scanners, interferometers, position sensors and medical spectroscopic sensors.
A principal characteristic of a VCSEL is that it emits beams vertically, i.e. in a direction normal to the p-junction of the semiconductor wafer from which it was fabricated. Historically, VCSELs have been fabricated using crystalline growth techniques to deposit many layers of semiconductor material upon a substrate. These lasers include highly reflective surfaces above and below an active layer, forming a short laser cavity perpendicular to the active layer plane. This enables laser output normal to the surface of the device instead of horizontally, as with edge-emitting lasers. Vertical cavity devices thus take up less space and require less power to drive the lasing action.
VCSELs generate light by a laser current flowing through a relatively large cross-sectional area of semiconductor material in a light-generating region. When the laser current is just above the threshold level, a VCSEL operates in a single transverse -mode. However, when the laser current is increased beyond a second, higher, threshold level, the laser begins to emit a light beam with a multi-mode distribution. Known VCSELs typically use a short optical cavity which inherently limits operation to a single longitudinal (or axial) mode. However, VCSELs are typically on the order of about three microns versus twenty microns across so that lateral (or transverse) modes tend to become multi-mode due to the large transverse dimensions relative to the lasing wavelength. VCSELs sized to ensure single-mode operation suffer from increased thermal impedance and electrical resistance which restricts the VCSEL""s range of operation.
Many approaches for controlling the transverse mode structure have been developed in recent years. One approach controls the current injection profile to match the desired mode. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,245,622 (hereinafter known as the ""622 patent) which issued to Jewell et al on Sep. 14, 1993, describes a vertical cavity surface emitting laser with intra-cavity structures. The intra-cavity structures allow the vertical cavity surface emitting laser to achieve low series resistance, high power efficiencies and TEM00 mode radiation. In one embodiment of the invention, a VCSEL comprises a laser cavity disposed between an upper and a lower mirror. The laser cavity comprises upper and lower spacer layers sandwiching an active region. A stratified electrode for conducting electrical current to the active region is disposed between the upper mirror and the upper spacer. The stratified electrode comprises a plurality of alternating high and low doped layers for achieving low series resistance without increasing the optical absorption.
The VCSEL disclosed in the ""622 patent further comprises a disc shaped current aperture formed in the stratified electrode by reducing the conductivity of an annular region of material surrounding the current aperture. The current aperture suppresses radiation of higher mode. In another embodiment, a metal contact layer having an optical aperture is formed within the upper mirror of the VCSEL. The optical aperture blocks the optical field in such a manner that introduces lasing of higher order transverse modes. The content of the ""622 patent is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in fill.
Alternative approaches to single mode laser operation spatially modulate the optical loss so as to increase the threshold of selected modes. The principle of spatial mode control is shown below in FIG. 1. The optical loss, given by L=1xe2x88x92R where R is the reflectivity as seen from the laser cavity, is modulated spatially. The overlap integral of the intensity profile Im(r) with the optical loss L(r) makes the modal loss Lm as given in Equation 1. By making the modal loss significantly higher for the undesired modal profiles, those modes may be selected to be suppressed by design.
xe2x80x83Lm=∫∫Im(r)L(r)r dr dxcex8xe2x80x83xe2x80x83(1)
An example of spatial mode control is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,940,422 (hereinafter known as the ""422 patent) which issued to Johnson et al on Aug. 17, 1999. The ""422 patent discloses a vertical cavity surface emitting laser having a mode control structure that selectively encourages or inhibits the lasing of the laser in regions of the mode control structure. The mode control structure is a patterned dielectric coating on the lasers surface which is stepped from an optical thickness of xc2xd xcexs (where xcexs is the wavelength in the material) in the regions where lasing is desired to xc2xc xcexs in regions where lasing is not desired. The content of the ""422 patent is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in full.
A further example of spatial mode control is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,941 (hereinafter known as the ""941 patent) which issued to Shin et al on May 19, 1998. The Shin patent discloses a vertical cavity surface emitting laser with an electrode layer comprising a metal layer having a high electrical conductivity and a conductive auxiliary reflector layer formed between the metal layer and the VCSEL semiconductor mirrors. The auxiliary reflector layer is formed of nickel, molybdenum, platinum or chromium. The reflectivity of the auxiliary reflector layer is approximately 98-99%, which is lower than the reflectivity of the semiconductor mirrors. Therefore, the intensity of the light reflected from the lower surface of a protruding portion of the auxiliary reflector layer is less than the intensity of the light reflected from the surface without the metal. Thus, the auxiliary reflector layer suppresses the emission of light of higher order modes and thus serves to emit low-noise light of a single mode via the cavity. The content of the ""941 patent is hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in full.
An additional example of spatial mode control is disclosed in a PhD thesis entitled xe2x80x9cVertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers: Tailoring of Optical Admittances,xe2x80x9d by Kevin J. Knopp, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1999 (hereinafter the Knopp reference) which describes the use of an anti-phase metal on the surface of the upper semiconductor mirror to introduce spatially selective loss. The loss is increased at the periphery of the laser, thereby effecting the higher order modes and preferentially selecting the fundamental mode. Equations for the reflectivity of the semiconductor mirrors with either air or metal terminations are presented and convoluted with the modal intensity profiles to provide estimates of the modal loss discrimination. The Knopp reference is hereby explicitly incorporated by reference.
However, conventional methods for controlling the operating mode of a laser are either complicated to manufacture or utilize only one of the two major approaches to mode control. Some provide for discrimination between the threshold of different modes by introducing spatially varying losses while others adjust the current injection to match the spatial profile of the desired modes. For example, the ""622 patent requires a relatively complicated fabrication sequence and only addresses spatial matching of the current to the fundamental mode. Similarly, the ""422 patent teaches the use of optical loss modulation via anti-phased dielectrics but does not teach or suggest the benefits of spatial current modulation. Therefore, the non-lasing regions will be electrically pumped but will not lase, leading to higher overall threshold currents and slower optical rise and fall times as carriers from the non-lasing regions of the active layer diffuse into the lasing regions. Similarly, the ""941 patent integrates a low reflectance metal under the ohmic contacts to realize spatially varying losses. However, the low reflectance metal may make the device resistance difficult to control. In addition, the ""941 patent does not utilize spatial current modulation.
The Knopp reference suggests a single mode laser design using anti-phased gold, silver or aluminum metal annulus. However, the anti-phase resonance achieved by the Knopp technique has a very narrow spectral band, making the manufacturing difficult. In addition, no method of transverse index guiding to control the lateral profile of the modes is taught. Further, no spatial current modulation, or current constriction is taught or discussed.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to provide a system and a robust method of providing spatial variation in current and optical loss that may be readily implemented, to provide a highly manufacturable single-mode VCSEL.

Single mode vertical cavity surface emitting laser


An apparatus comprising a chemically sensitive sensor material, having an electrical resistance or dielectric constant which changes under the effect of the gases or vapors. According to the invention, this sensor material, which comprises either hydrophobic metal complexes, or a mixture of at least one phthalide and at least one acidic compound, serves as resistance or as dielectric material. These sensor materials change their ion mobility and/or their ionic concentration under the effect of gases or vapors, thereby changing their resistance or capacitance. The change in resistance or the change in capacitance can expediently be converted into a frequency change by a multivibrator. Thus, one obtains an especially simple and very effective sensor for gases and vapors.

Generally known sensors for measuring gases and vapors are optical filters containing a sensor material which reversibly changes color in the presence of a gas or vapor. This color change affects the transmittancy of the filter under the influence of the gases or vapors. These filters contain a mixture of an alkaline, or acid, color former, also known as a colorant, and a complementary compound. Triphenylmethane compositions, preferably crystal violet lactone, for example, can be utilized as color formers ("colorants"). These filters may also comprise colorants of the triphenylmethane system, preferably phthalein or sulphophthalein, which can be embedded in a matrix and provided with a carrier. The change in the transmittancy of the filter, under the effect of the gases or vapors, is converted into an electric signal and processed electronically. A filter such as generally described above is discussed in German Published Patent Application No. 35 06 686.
Metal complexes having ligands with hydrophobing properties are generally known. Examples of these metal complexes include: monodentate ligands, for example dimethyl formamide; bidentate ligands; chelate ligands, for example ethylenediamine and acetylacetone, podandens and macrocylenes such as crown ethers and cryptands.
A change in electrical properties, such as a change in the dielectric constant or the electrical conductivity of a material, can be utilized to measure, or sense, gases or vapors, see, for example, Sensorik, Springer Publishers, Heidelberg, 1986, pages 195-199. This effect can be utilized in a simple way, such as with a gas sensor in the form of a condenser, to measure the humidity of the air. In this type of sensor the water-adsorbing dielectric material is applied to metal electrodes. The second electrode of the condenser is applied to the dielectric material, in the form of two engaging finger patterns, to form a comb-like structure. A dielectric material, which changes its dielectric constant under the effect of a gas, is superimposed over this comb-like structure. The corresponding change in the capacitance serves as a sensor signal.
The present invention provides a simple sensor system for gases or vapors, which enables the partial pressure or the concentration of virtually all solvents and gases to be continuously measured, even at low temperatures.

Apparatus for measuring the partial pressure of gases or vapors


An optical fiber includes: a central core portion; an intermediate layer formed around an outer circumference of the central core portion; a trench layer formed around an outer circumference of the intermediate layer; and a cladding portion formed around an outer circumference of the trench layer. Further, when, relative to the cladding portion, a relative refractive-index difference of the central core portion is Δ1, a relative refractive-index difference of the intermediate layer is Δ2, and a relative refractive-index difference of the trench layer is Δ3, relationships Δ1>Δ2>Δ3 and 0>Δ3 are satisfied and Δ1 is equal to or greater than 0.34% and equal to or less than 0.40%, |Δ3| is equal to or less than 0.25%, and Δ1×|Δ3| is less than 0.08%2.

Optical fibers with three-layer structures including trench structures have conventionally been disclosed in order to achieve single-mode optical fibers having low bending loss characteristics specified by, for example, ITU-T (the International Telecommunication Union's Telecommunication Standardization Sector) G.657.A2 (Patent Literatures 1 to 6). An optical fiber with a three-layer structure includes, for example, a central core portion, an intermediate layer formed around the outer circumference of the central core portion, a trench layer formed around the outer circumference of the intermediate layer, and a cladding portion formed around the outer circumference of the trench layer.
Optical characteristics of such an optical fiber with a three-layer structure are designed by setting structural parameters, such as a relative refractive-index difference Δ1 of the central core portion, a relative refractive-index difference Δ2 of the intermediate layer, a relative refractive-index difference Δ3 of the trench layer, a core diameter 2a of the central core portion, an inner diameter 2b of the trench layer (in other words, the outer diameter of the intermediate layer), and an outer diameter 2c of the trench layer. Usually, Δ3 is a negative number and Δ2 is a number smaller than Δ1. Japanese Patent No. 4833071 and Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication Nos. 2008-139887, 2010-181641, 2012-212115, 2013-242545, and 2013-235261 have also disclosed various combinations of values of these structural parameters.
The disclosed optical fibers, however, have room for improvement in terms of manufacturability. For example, if Δ1 is designed to be high, the amount of use of a dopant to enhance the refractive index during manufacture is increased. Likewise, if the absolute value of Δ3 is designed to be high, the amount of use of a dopant to lower the refractive index during manufacture is increased. Meanwhile, if Δ1 in particular is designed to be too low, the amount of use of the dopant has to be controlled accurately, and the optical fibers are susceptible to disturbances, which may lead to a large error in manufacturing.

Optical fiber and method for manufacturing optical fiber


A box-type staple pack (1) formed in accordance with planer dimensions of a staple sheet is provided with an upper face window (3), a bottom face window (4), and a rear face window (5) and is provided with a staple outlet (6) in a slit-like shape at a front face thereof. When the staple pack is charged to a staple cartridge, a pressing plate in the staple cartridge is brought into elastic contact with a lower face of the staple sheet via the bottom face window (4) and a whole staple pack (1) is pressed to a ceiling face at inside of the staple cartridge. A feed claw disposed at an upper portion at inside of the staple cartridge is brought into contact with an upper face of a topmost staple sheet exposed to the upper face window (3) and feeds the staple sheet to a front side via the staple outlet (6). Charging is facilitated by dispensing with time and labor of unpacking a package or removing a bundling strap.

In a conventional electric stapler, it is general to use a throwaway type staple cartridge in which a whole staple cartridge is replaced when staples inside are used up. However, a staple cartridge of a refilling type refillable staple sheets has been spread, in order to achieve saving of resources and a reduction in wastes. A staple for refilling is distributed in a condition that staple sheets adhered with linear staples in parallel with each other are stacked and bound by a bundling strap of paper or a resin sheet, and accommodated in a paper box. A bundle of the staple sheets are taken out from the paper box and charged into a staple cartridge. The strap is removed and a cover of the staple cartridge is closed. Thereby, a mounting of the staple cartridge the electric stapler is completed.


Example embodiments presented herein are directed toward a seat assembly, and corresponding method, for seat retraction in a vehicle during an autonomous driving mode. Seat refraction is provided by detecting a user initiated input for the retraction. Thereafter, a front seat is refracted such that an occupant of the front seat is out of reach of at least one driving control input device, for example, a steering wheel, pedals or a gear shift, during an autonomous driving mode. Such seat retraction prevents the occupant from providing inadvertent driving inputs to the driving control input devices during the autonomous driving mode.

An autonomous vehicle is one which is capable of sensing its environment and navigating without the use of human input. It is envisioned that such vehicles will be capable of transitioning from an autonomous driving mode and a manual driving mode, in which a driver manually operates the vehicle. It is further envisioned that such autonomous driving may only be allowed on preapproved or certified roads or zones.
It should be appreciated that the functionality of a vehicle will differ during an autonomous driving mode and a manual driving mode. Furthermore, during the different driving modes of a vehicle, different safety precautions will be needed. In particular, during an autonomous driving mode, precautions are needed in order to prevent an inadvertent driving input to affect the autonomous driving. For example, a driver of a vehicle may accidently engage the steering wheel or the foot pedals during the autonomous driving mode. To account for this problem, many car manufactures disengage the steering wheel and foot pedals such that if an inadvertent driving input were to be applied, the input would have no effect during the autonomous driving mode.

System and method for seat retraction during an autonomous driving mode


An X-ray imaging system includes an X-ray image receiving unit configured to convert a spatial intensity distribution of X-ray radiation which has passed through a subject into image data, a wireless base station configured to perform wireless communication with the X-ray image receiving unit, and a control unit configured to limit a communication possible range of the wireless base station when imaging by the X-ray image receiving unit is controlled with respect to the communication possible range when image data captured by the X-ray image receiving unit is communicated.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an X-ray imaging system suitable for medical and non-medical imaging, more in particular the present invention relates to an X-ray imaging system and wireless communications therefor.
2. Description of the Related Art
Currently, digital X-ray images are used for examining an internal structure of a human body or a subject. Such images are spatial distribution images of X-ray intensity passing through the subject. In the field of medical care and non-destructive inspection, a flat panel semiconductor imaging device (flat panel detector (FPD)) is used for obtaining a digital image used for examining the inside of a comparatively large object such as a human body. By using the FPD, a digital X-ray image, which is a digitized image of the X-ray intensity distribution, is obtained.
A digital image is generally characterized by an accurate and high-speed transmission of image information without damaging it. As typified by the technique of wireless local area network (LAN), which has developed rapidly during recent years, image data acquired by the FPD can be transmitted to a computer system by wireless transmission for purposes such as observation, storage, and management of the image data.
A difficult part of imaging an inside of a large object (subject) by using an X-ray beam is to set the subject between an X-ray source and the FPD. Generally, since the allowable movement range of the subject is small when the subject is large, the positions of the X-ray source and the FPD are changed so that the subject can be set between them.
Since it is necessary to set the FPD close to the subject, the FPD needs to be provided with a greater degree of flexibility when its position is changed than when it is not. For example, if a power control cable or an image transmission cable is connected to the FPD, the freedom of the FPD, when its position is changed, is reduced. Thus, an FPD using wireless connections (hereinafter referred to as a wireless FPD) is attracting attention. According to the progress in the technique of wireless LAN that aids in stable digital communication, the wireless FPD is close to practical use.
In addition to the high degree of flexibility in the selection of an imaging position, the wireless FPD is characterized by its flexibility in the determination of a utilization site. For example, even if a plurality of X-ray sources is provided in a plurality of rooms or locations, a plurality of wireless FPDs are not necessary. In other words, a single wireless FPD can be carried to the room or the location of each X-ray source and used. Accordingly, usability of the comparatively expensive wireless FPD can be improved.
FIG. 7 illustrates an example of X-ray imaging performed by two X-ray systems A and B. Each of X-ray sources 101 and 102 includes an X-ray tube and a collimator. High voltage control devices 103 and 104 are for X-ray generation. Each of X-ray interfaces 105 and 106 controls the high voltage control device to generate pulsed X-rays. Each of access points (APs) 107 and 108 is a wireless base station of a wireless LAN and is used for controlling the X-ray interface by wireless communication. In FIG. 7, imaging of a subject 110 is performed by the X-ray system B by using a wireless FPD 109.
One feature of the X-ray control is to generate an X-ray pulse in synchronization with a driving operation of the FPD. Thus, immediacy is required in the transmission of a control system. Normally, one AP for wireless FPD is uniquely determined for each X-ray system. To be more precise, immediate and stable control is realized according to the provision of the dedicated APs 107 and 108 for the X-ray systems A and B, respectively.
Whether to use the X-ray system A or B is set in advance before the wireless FPD 109 is used. Thus, the wireless FPD 109 is connected to either the AP 107 or 108 by wireless communication and not connected to both APs. Further, since the wireless FPD cannot include a plurality of wireless communication devices, image data is generally transmitted via the AP used for the X-ray control.
Japanese Patent No. 3494683 discusses a technique useful for solving the issues below.
Radio waves of wireless LAN can cover a comparatively wide range. Thus, as illustrated in FIG. 7, even if a user desires to perform imaging by the X-ray system B, actually the X-ray system A may be connected to the wireless FPD 109.
For example, even if the user sets the wireless FPD 109 in the vicinity of the X-ray system B, since it is the X-ray system A that is connected to the wireless FPD 109 by wireless connection, the user may perform the X-ray irradiation by using the X-ray system B, which is not connected to the wireless FPD 109, when the communication with the AP 107 is established. In this case, either the X-ray is not emitted from the X-ray system B or the X-ray is emitted but not in synchronization with the wireless FPD. Accordingly, normal X-ray imaging cannot be performed.
In order to prevent such an issue from occurring, for example, the user needs to change the setting of the wireless connection so that the X-ray system B can be used. However, when the user moves the FPD to a different location, the user tends to forget to change the setting of the wireless connection.
One of the resolution methods of such a case focuses on the distance between the X-ray source, which includes the X-ray tube and the collimator, and the wireless FPD. For example, since the X-ray imaging is generally performed by close-range imaging (normally 1 to 3 meters), whether the distance between the wireless FPD and the X-ray tube is within a distance defined in normal X-ray imaging can be used in the determination. In this case, by setting an AP that communicates with the wireless FPD at the X-ray tube or the collimator and limiting an allowable range of the wireless communication, the issue can be easily solved.
However, the original purpose of using a wireless device in the wireless FPD is to transmit the image data obtained by the wireless FPD. Thus, the intended purpose of the wireless device is not limited to confirming the correct wireless connection by setting an AP at the position of the X-ray tube, limiting the distance of the wireless communication, and substantially matching the distance of the wireless communication with the distance of the X-ray imaging.
The important thing is to reliably transmit the captured image data even if the wireless FPD is moved to a different location after imaging and, further, even if it is not at a location not appropriate for imaging. In other words, imaging with connection to the correct X-ray tube, which is realized by limiting the distance between the AP and the FPD for the wireless communication, is required as well as reliably transmitting the obtained image data regardless of the distance after imaging.

X-ray imaging system, x-ray imaging method, and storage medium


It is provided a method of converting a diaryl ether source such as lignin and/or polyphenylene oxide (PPO) containing 4-O-5 linkages and an inorganic chemical such as ammonia into an organic compound, comprising reacting said diaryl ether source with the inorganic chemical in presence of a catalyst, preferably palladium, transforming the 4-O-5 linkages of said diaryl ether source into the organic compound. It is provided a palladium-catalyzed synthesis of aniline derivatives from 4-O-5 linkage lignin model compounds and cheap industrial inorganic chemical ammonia via dual C(Ar)—O bond cleavage.

Converting lower value renewable biomass, e.g., forestry and agricultural wastes, and disused polymers such as polyphenylene oxide (PPO) into higher value-added chemical products is becoming increasingly important for social, economic, and resource sustainability. Lignin is a major renewable biomass waste product in the pulp and paper industry, with a production of 150-180 million tons per year. On the other hand, polyphenylene oxide (PPO) is widely used as important engineering-plastics. Diaryl ether, a common 4-O-5 linkage lignin model compound and the building block of PPO, has the highest bond dissociation energy among the three types of ether linkages (including α-O-4, β-O-4 and 4-O-5) in lignins, and is the most challenging to cleave. Thus far, success has been achieved to cleave this type of ether bond to form simple molecules, including hydrocarbon (benzene, cyclohexane) and oxygen-containing compounds (phenol, cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone, and cyclohexylalkyl ether).
Converting cheap inorganic chemicals into high value-added organic chemicals has very important economic value.
There is thus still a need to be provided with means to convert lower value renewable biomass into high value-added organic chemicals.

Method to convert lignin 4-O-5 diaryl ethers and their model compounds into organic chemicals

THE ROYAL INSTITUTION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING / MCGILL UNIVERSITY


A debugging tool, such as may take the form of a software daemon running in the background, can provide for the monitoring of utilization of access mechanisms, such as Direct Memory Access (DMA) mechanisms, for purposes such as debugging and performance improvement. Debugging tools can obtain and provide DMA utilization data, as may include statistics, graphs, predictive analytics, or other such information. The data can help to pinpoint issues that have arisen, or may arise, in the system, and take appropriate remedial or preventative action. Data from related DMAs can be aggregated intelligently, helping to identify bottlenecks where the individual DMA data might not. A debugging tool can store state information as snapshots, which may be beneficial if the system is in a state where current data is not accessible. The statistics and predictive analytics can also be leveraged to optimize system-performance.

Various computing devices that include one or more processors can utilize approaches such as direct memory access (DMA) to provide access to data without involving at least one of these processors, so as to not occupy a portion of the processing capacity for access operations. The wide use of access technologies such as DMA makes it a point of focus for hardware troubleshooting, but debugging the DMA can be a complicated process for a number of reasons such as those discussed herein.


Method, retention mechanism and bearing device for retaining at least one pad inside the bearing device. The bearing device includes a ring having at least a retaining head, at least one pad disposed inside the ring and having a bottom recess portion configured to receive the at least a retaining head, the at least one pad being configured to pivot on the at least a retaining head, and a retention mechanism configured to retain the at least one pad within a predetermined volume inside the ring. The retention mechanism is configured to apply a retaining force on the at least one pad, in addition to a force between the retaining head and the at least one pad, where the retaining force acts substantially along a radial direction of the ring, away from a center of the ring.

Embodiments of the subject matter disclosed herein generally relate to methods and systems and, more particularly, to mechanisms and techniques for retaining pads within a bearing device.
Turbo machinery is evolving and the latest technology in this field is making use of high speed bearings. In many areas of bearing design, the design of the rotor-bearing system directly influences the performance of the machine. Traditional designs have provided bearings with rolling elements, i.e., pads or shoes that may pivot around a retaining head while supporting a rotor. However, at high speeds and/or high pressures, the load capacities and stiffness limits of the rolling elements are exceeded and thus, the performance and life expectancy of the machinery is reduced. For example, at peripheral speeds above the typical speed for a traditional turbo machinery, ball-bearings placed at the ends of a rotating shaft to accommodate bearing speed limits may lead to super critical (i.e., operating above critical speed) rotor design. In turn, the super critical rotor design may result in an unstable rotor which may be subject to destructive and unpreventable subsynchronous whirl and to large radial deflections.
While conventional applications of a turbo machinery employ a traditional peripheral speed, it appears that a machine that can operate at higher speeds would improve power consumption and also heat distribution in pads, among other advantages. However, these higher-than-normal speeds may contribute to other problems that are discussed next.
In order to reduce friction between a rotor and a bearing, oil may be introduced to separate the two components of the machine. In the art, this system is known as a journal bearing. The shaft and bearing are generally both simple polished cylinders with lubricant filling a gap between the shaft end and the shoes of the bearing. Rather than the lubricant just "reducing friction" between the surfaces of the shaft and the shoes, letting one slide more easily against the other, the lubricant is thick enough that, once rotating, the surfaces do not come in contact at all. If oil is used, it is generally fed into a hole in the bearing under pressure, as is done for loaded bearings.
Such an example is shown in FIG. 1, which is an illustration of FIG. 2 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,204, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. FIG. 1 shows the journal bearing 10 enclosing a shaft 12 that rotates as shown by arrow 14. Journal bearing 10 includes five pads 16 that are retained in place by a ring 18. Each pad 16 includes a pad support 20 inserted into a recess region 22 of the pad 16. The pad support 20 is connected to an insert 24 that is fixed to the ring 18. Each pad support 20 and recess region 22 have cooperating spherical surfaces to allow the pad 16 to pivot freely in any direction to conform to the surface of the shaft 12 as it rotates. In addition, the journal bearing 10 has oil supply devices 26 regularly formed inside the ring 18 for supplying the oil between pads 16 and shaft 12.
However, when shaft 12 rotates relative to the pads 16 with a speed of 80 m/s, oil starvation is one of the problems found in traditional turbo machinery. This problem is exacerbated when the peripheral shaft speed is increased. Oil starvation is the lack of enough oil for the rotating shaft and/or pads such that the oil film between the shaft and the pads is interrupted, which may lead to high friction between the shaft and pads, leading to high temperature and subsequent damage.
Another problem that may appear in traditional turbo machinery is cavitation. Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles of a flowing liquid (oil for example) in a region where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapor pressure. As the rotor rotates with a high speed, the pressure of the oil may fall below its vapor pressure, leading to cavitation and formation of shock waves. Since the shock waves formed by cavitation are strong enough to significantly damage moving parts, cavitation is usually an undesirable phenomenon.
As the peripheral shaft speed of new applications require speeds in excess of 170 m/s, the above summarized problems have to be addressed and solved in order for these applications to function appropriately. While the above problems have been discussed in the context of journal bearings, these problems are found in other bearings in which the shaft rotates relative to the pads at high speeds.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide devices, systems and methods that avoid the afore-described problems and drawbacks as well as others understood by those of ordinary skill after consideration of the subject matter disclosed below.

Bearing device, retention mechanism and method for retaining at least one pad


Provided herein are a multi smartphone and a method of controlling the same. The multi smartphone includes a display part configured to output a screen when an input signal is sensed; a memory part configured to store a plurality of operating systems (OSs) which are operated differently based on a time at which the input signal is sensed, a place at which the input signal is input, or a user who inputs the input signal; and a control part configured to perform control such that at least one OS of the plurality of OSs is selected and operated based on any one of a time at which the input signal is sensed, the place at which the input signal is input, and the user who inputs the input signal when the input signal is sensed.

The present invention relates to a multi smartphone and a method of controlling the same, and more particularly, to a multi smartphone configured to select and operate an operating system (OS) based on any one of a time and place at which an input signal is input and user who has input the input signal through a smartphone storing a plurality of OSs and a method of controlling the same.
Generally, a smartphone is a mobile terminal having an Internet connection function, and is excellent in an Internet connection function and a data processing speed, and thus watching moving images and surfing the Internet while moving are possible.
Recently, since various tasks have become possible through smartphones, the number of users performing private tasks as well as other tasks other than private tasks such as business-related tasks using smartphones is increasing.
Also, according to the increase in the number of users performing various tasks using smartphones, the number of users requiring smartphones capable of switching to OSs for performing different tasks corresponding to users' smart usage patterns is increasing.
Thus, a multi smartphone configured to automatically select and operate one OS based on a smartphone usage pattern of a user such as a time or place at which the smartphone is used or a user using the smartphone is required.

Mobile device and method for operating the same

FOUNDATION OF SOONGSIL UNIVERSITY-INDUSTRY COOPERATION


Described is a system for stimulating a target region of a vagus nerve from a location within an internal jugular vein. The system comprises a medical lead and an insulating element. The insulating element is formed from a flexible sheet of electrically insulative material, and is to be implanted within the internal jugular vein to insulate nerve structures proximate the vagus nerve from stimulation. The insulating sheath includes at least one window through which the electrical stimuli can be delivered to the target region of the vagus nerve.

The use of nerve stimulation for treating and controlling a variety of medical, psychiatric, and neurological disorders has seen significant growth over the last several decades, including for treatment of heart conditions, epilepsy, obesity, and breathing disorders, among others. For example, modulation of the autonomic balance with neural stimulation has been shown to be possible and have positive clinical benefits, such as protecting the myocardium from further remodeling and predisposition to fatal arrhythmias following a myocardial infarction (MI).

Systems and methods for stimulation of vagus nerve


Damage to a linkage in a truck loading mechanism including a tilt link, a secondary link and a dump link is avoided by providing interlocking tabs where one of the tabs is slidably and pivotally mounted to the dump link and normally held in an operative position by means of a frangible element that breaks before damage can occur when excessive forces exist between the links.

This invention relates to on-off loading and dumping linkages for load receiving bodies carried on a truck frame.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,108,247, issued Apr. 28, 1992, entitled xe2x80x9cLoading Linkagexe2x80x9d and assigned to the same assignee as the instant application, the entire disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference, discloses a loading linkage that is multi-functional and which is intended to be mounted on the frame of a dumpster hauling truck. The linkage provides for on loading or off loading the dumpster to the truck frame as well as a dumping mode wherein the contents of the dumpster may be dumped while still attached to the truck. This linkage has been in commercial use for a goodly number of years and has been very successful in the applications for which it is intended. The linkage includes a secondary link and a tilt link pivoted to the frame and which extend under and up the front of a dumpster on the truck. A dump link is also provided and extends under the dumpster and is pivoted to the rear of the truck frame. A first power cylinder pivotally engages the secondary link for tilting the secondary link relative to the truck frame and a second power cylinder is provided for pivoting the tilt link relative to the secondary link.
The tilt link, adjacent the dump link, has a locking tab that underlies a similar tab on the dump link in one position so as to lock all of the links for movement in unison under power from the first cylinder to effectuate a dumping mode. In addition, the tilt link may be tilted relative to the secondary link under the power of the second power cylinder to remove the tab from a position underlying the dump link to disconnect the dump link from the remaining links, thus allowing movement of the tilt and secondary links without movement of the dump link under power from the first cylinder to effectuate the on-off loading mode.
Typically, the tilt link has a hook at its end remote from the secondary link which is engageable with a grab bar mounted on the front wall of the dumpster. The hook, when engaged with the grab bar, provides the necessary engagement with the dumpster to provide on-off loading of the dumpster on the truck as well as to hold the dumpster in place during the dumping mode.
Proper operation of the linkage requires that when on loading a dumpster, the operator should totally retract the first power cylinder before retracting the second power cylinder. If this order of operation is not followed and the second power cylinder is retracted before the first power cylinder, the tilt tab and dump tab at the interface of the tilt link and the dump link may not properly align with the tab on the tilt link coming down on top of the tab on the dump link, rather than underlying the same as is intended. The result may cause damage to the tilt or secondary links.
The present invention is directed to obviating the possibility of such damage when linkage is improperly operated.
It is the principal object of the invention to provide an improved multi-function linkage for use on a truck that may be operated in an on-off loading mode for loading or unloading a dumpster on the truck and which may additionally be operated in a dumping mode for dumping the contents of a dumpster while the dumpster is secured to the truck. More specifically, it is an object of the invention to provide such a linkage wherein the possibility of damage to one or more links of the system is obviated even when the linkage is improperly operated.
In one exemplary embodiment, the invention contemplates a truck frame of a dumpster hauling truck that provides on-off loading and dumping modes which includes a dump link pivoted to the truck frame, a secondary link pivoted to the dump link and a tilt link pivoted to the secondary link to extend under and up the front of a dumpster. A first extendable dump motor is provided for pivoting the secondary link relative to the truck frame and a second extendable motor is provided for pivoting the tilt link relative to the secondary link. Interengageable tabs, one on the tilt link and one on the dump link, are provided to connect all of the links for movement in unison under power from the first extendable motor to effectuate the dumping mode. The invention contemplates the improvement wherein one of the tabs is pivotally and slidably mounted to one of the tilt and dump links and further includes an element normally connecting the one tab to one of the tilt and dump links to normally hold the one tab against the pivotal and slidable movement when the one tab is subjected to excessive force.
In a preferred embodiment, the connecting element is a frangible element.
In a preferred embodiment, the frangible element is a breakaway bolt connecting the one tab to the one of the secondary and dump links.
A preferred embodiment contemplates the provision of a pivot pin connecting the one tab to the one of the tilt and dump links and that the frangible bolt be spaced from the pivot pin.
In a highly preferred embodiment, the one tab, at a location remote from the other tab, includes an elongated opening of greater size than the pivot pin and the pivot pin extends through the elongated opening.
Even more preferably, the elongated opening is defined by a tube fixed to the one tab at the aforementioned location.
In a highly preferred embodiment, the tube is of generally rectangular cross section and even more preferably, the one tab is mounted to the dump link.

Linkage for on-off loading and dumping of a dumpster on a truck frame