A scanning circuit device for providing analog switching action for a one dimensional image sensor, comprising a voltage source (1) for providing a sawtooth wave, a first (Da.sub.1 -Da.sub.3) and a second (Db.sub.1 -Db.sub.3) group of diodes, and a first (Ra.sub.1 -Ra.sub.3) and a second (Rb.sub.1 -Rb.sub.3) group of resistors. The two groups of diodes become sequentially conductive in response to the sawtooth wave, with the result that a set of circuit elements (S.sub.1 -S.sub.3) connected in parallel with the second group of diodes are sequentially scanned electrically. The diodes used as analog switches are easier to fabricate than transistors.

The image scanner has been known which comprises photoelectric converters for translating optical information into electric signals, and analog switches for electrically scanning the photoelectric converters to selectively obtain the electric signals. The analog switches may take the form of field-effect transistors (FETs) disposed adjacent the photoelectric converters, as taught by Japanese Unexamined Patent No. 63-2377 laid open to public inspection on Jan. 7, 1988.
In an image sensor fabricated in the form of an integrated circuit, each FET must be sized to fit the width (e.g. 125 micrometers) of one photoelectric converter, that is, of one picture element. However, it is no easy task to form the FETs of that size. The difficulty increases as the three wiring conductors of minimum widths for the drain, source and gate of each FET must be formed on prescribed narrow parts of the baseplate.
The present invention aims at the provision of a scanning circuit utilizing diodes which have a smaller number of electrodes than transistors.

Scanning circuit device with sawtooth voltage source


A chemical vapor deposition process for depositing a coating comprising silicon oxide and titanium oxide is provided. A coating formed by the chemical vapor deposition process is also provided.

This invention relates in general to a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process for depositing a coating. The invention also relates to the coating formed according to the CVD process.
Forming glass articles by depositing coatings on a glass substrate is known. Also, it is known to utilize a color suppression interlayer on a glass substrate to reflect and refract light to interfere with the observance of iridescence. In certain instances, the color suppression interlayer is formed by depositing two coating layers. However, depositing a color suppression interlayer that requires two coating layers adds cost and complexity to forming the glass article. Furthermore, the coating materials known to be utilized in the first coating of a two-layer color suppression interlayer fail to block sodium diffusion from the glass substrate.
Thus, it would be desirable to provide a single layer color suppression interlayer. It would also be desirable if said single layer color suppression interlayer could block sodium diffusion from the glass substrate.

Chemical vapor deposition process for depositing a coating and the coating formed thereby


An electronic aircraft control system and an electronic aircraft control method are provided. In some embodiments, the aircraft control system includes a motor including a rotating shaft, a lever including an axis of rotation, the lever connected to the rotating shaft, wherein the position of the lever is not maintained by a mechanical clutch during normal operations. In some embodiments, the aircraft control system includes a fail-safe system for maintaining mechanical friction of the lever in an event of a failure, a sensor identifying a position of the lever, and a transmitter transmitting the lever position to a controller, the controller adjusting an aircraft performance device based on the received lever position. In some embodiments, the motor provides a torque on the lever. In some embodiments, the fail-safe system includes shear pins configured to break when a sufficient amount of manual torque is applied to the lever.

An aircraft includes numerous aircraft control systems. These aircraft control systems monitor the state of different aspects of the aircraft and give the aircraft's pilot and/or its crew control over how these different aspects of the aircraft behave. For example, an aircraft's throttle controls (also known as power or thrust levers) give an aircraft's pilot control over how much power is generated by the aircraft's engine(s). Similarly, a control yoke gives an aircraft's pilot control over the aircraft's roll and pitch, and rudder pedals give an aircraft's pilot control over the aircraft's yaw.
Conventional aircraft control systems are often constructed of mechanical components and rely on mechanical interfaces between each mechanical component. These mechanical components can be designed to provide a user with resistance or force feedback. This can be achieved using mechanical friction via a clutch or other resistive mechanism. Additionally, mechanical detents, hard walls, and force springs can be used.
However, these mechanical components often have inherent characteristics and mechanics that cannot be dynamically changed. For example, the resistance or feedback provided to a user is based on the material used and/or the structure of the assembly and cannot be changed dynamically. For instance, the location and resistance of a mechanical detent is fixed and cannot be changed dynamically (i.e., during operation of the aircraft). Additionally, mechanical friction caused by clutches or other resistive elements can wear over time, reducing the amount of friction that is provided and requiring more frequent and/or more costly maintenance, such as repair or replacement. Pilots and/or users of these systems may have become accustomed to the feeling and usage of these conventional aircraft control systems with their current disadvantages.


A system for airborne transport of flammable liquids with an aircraft. A fuel tank and a reservoir, each for storing flammable liquids, are joined to the aircraft. A fuel jettison subsystem is coupled between an interior portion and an exterior of the reservoir to selectably expel fuel from the reservoir to an exterior portion of the aircraft. The fuel jettison subsystem includes a jettison valve opening formed in the reservoir. A lid selectably closes off the opening. A biasing member urges the lid away from the jettison valve opening. A solenoid retains the lid in the jettison valve opening when unactuated and releases the lid when actuated. A jettison linkage is coupled to the solenoid, the jettison linkage being operable to actuate the solenoid. The t lid is urged away from the jettison valve opening by the biasing member when the t solenoid is actuated by the jettison linkage.

Consumers of flammable liquids, such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fuel, aviation gas and heating oil are often located at remote sites that are inconvenient or not accessible by common ground-based transport. For example, industrial mining sites and forward operating bases in military applications are often not served by improved roads. Similarly, remote villages in many wilderness or arctic areas are not accessible by land or water routes during certain seasons. Finally, remote wilderness camps and lodges are often situated far from any land or water routes and within protected wilderness areas that do not allow ground access.
One way to transport bulk flammable liquids to the inaccessible remote sites is to utilize small and medium-sized aircraft. Aircraft can be equipped with tundra tires and rugged landing gear for landing and takeoff from unimproved landing strips and beaches. Likewise, aircraft can be equipped with floats for operation upon lakes and rivers, or skis for operation upon ice and snow covered surfaces. Special consideration must be given to the air transportation of bulk flammable liquids. Traditional methods of shipping fuel within aircraft cargo bays subjects the container(s) to possible damage during loading and unloading as well as in flight with an attendant risk of explosion or fire. Another drawback of many fuel containers is that they are not conveniently sized or shaped to efficiently fit the geometries of aircraft cargo bays. Loading and unloading containers of flammable liquids is laborious and potentially hazardous. Improper stowing of the containers in an aircraft cargo bay can also result in a weight-and-balance configuration that is outside the safe operating envelope of the aircraft. Fuel containers that are flown inside conventional aircraft are vented into the cargo bays or not vented at all. Aircraft cargo bays are not an intrinsically safe environment and therefore pose a hazard when fuel containers vent or accidentally leak while transported within. Non vented fuel containers are subjected to expanding and contracting forces as an aircraft descends and ascends, respectively. Lastly, containers of flammable liquids can become hazardous if they are improperly secured in the aircraft and are dislodged during aircraft operation. There is a need for a way to safely transport bulk flammable liquids in aircraft.

System for airborne transport of flammable liquids


An exhaust silencer assembly includes an exhaust duct and an exhaust silencer. The exhaust silencer is disposed about the exhaust duct and has a plurality of solid baffles and at least one perforated baffle The exhaust silencer assembly is disposed downstream of an auxiliary power unit and at least partially attenuates the downstream noise of the combustion gases that result from operation of the auxiliary power unit. In one embodiment, at least one of the plurality of solid baffles is disposed to extend axially between generally radially extending solid baffles, perforated baffle(s), or partially perforated baffles. The axially extending solid baffle allows for cavity depth variation in the silencer to optimize tuning of particular frequencies from the auxiliary power unit.

The present invention relates to noise suppression systems. In particular, the present invention relates to noise suppression systems for use with gas turbines such as aircraft auxiliary power units (APUs).
Large commercial aircraft typically include on-board APUs, located in the tail sections of the aircraft, to provide electrical power and compressed air for systems throughout the aircraft. When an aircraft is on the ground, the primary propulsion engines of the aircraft are shut down, and the APU provides the main power source for a variety of systems and serves as a main engine starter. The APU may also provide power during in-flight operations for various systems.
For commercial passenger aircraft in particular, there is widespread demand by the airline industry to maintain noise levels generated by turbines below defined limits. This is particularly important at ground service stations for the aircraft, where ground crews load and unload luggage, fuel and provision the aircraft. When the aircraft is on the ground, minimizing APU noise is therefore desirable.
One technique for attenuating the exhaust noise of an APU involves placing an exhaust silencer directly downstream from the APU exhaust diffuser. This allows the exhaust silencer to attenuate the noise of the combustion gases as the gases exit the exhaust diffusers. The exhaust silencer is typically placed directly downstream from the APU exhaust diffuser to minimize the overall axial length of the APU. However, the combustion gases exit the APU at high velocities, and create a turbulent mixing downstream from the exhaust diffuser. The turbulent mixing generates a substantial amount of additional noise downstream from the exhaust diffuser.
To address this issue, it is common to increase the size of the exhaust silencer, and thereby increase the size of the APU housing structure so as to suppress noise generated downstream of the exhaust diffuser. However, such a solution undesirably increases the overall size and weight of the aircraft tail section.


A mechanism for selectively connecting a magazine tube to a receiver of a magazine fed shotgun. The mechanism permits the rapid attachment to or detachment from of the magazine tube to the receiver of the shotgun. The mechanism may be a connector threaded into the end of the magazine tube. A locking profile may be connected to the end of the connector and may provide an access path. A pin may be passed through the access path and the magazine tube may then be rotated to position the pin into the locking profile. The rotation may be less than one half of a rotation. A plug may be threaded into the receiver. The pin may be connected to the plug. A spring may be used to bias the magazine tube in a locked position. A protrusion and nut may prevent movement between the magazine tube and receiver.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The embodiments described herein relate to a shotgun that may be rapidly disassembled into component parts for transportation and/or storage purposes. The shotgun may be a magazine fed shotgun that does not use a magazine tube for the storage and feeding of shotgun shells into the receiver.
2. Description of the Related Art
Shotguns are typically comprised of a number of components connected together to form the firearm. A shotgun often includes a barrel and a magazine tube connected to a receiver. A stock may be connected to the other end of the receiver. The barrel and magazine tube may both be removed from the receiver permitting the storage of the components in a disassembled state. However, it takes some time to disassemble the magazine tube and barrel from the receiver. For example, the magazine tube may need to be rotated multiple times to unthread the end of the magazine tube from the receiver. The time required to disassemble the shotgun may not be desirable. It may be beneficial to provide a magazine tube that may be quickly released from the receiver. For example, it may be beneficial to provide a shotgun that may release the magazine tube from the receiver with less than one rotation of the magazine tube.


An apparatus for removing wrappers from coin rolls comprises a cascade type vibrating feeder bowl for aligning wrapped coin rolls and feeding them serially to the upper end of a coin roll chute that slopes downwardly to a lower end. A pair of contra-rotatable abrasive discs overlie and partially straddle the chute at a predetermined location along its length and a vibrating separator for separating loose coins from their torn wrappers underlies the lower end of the chute. In use, wrapped coin rolls are fed to the chute and are directed thereby to the abrasive discs. The abrasive discs, then, bear against the rolls within the chute to tear away their paper wrappers whereupon the resulting loose coins and torn wrappers fall into the separator where the coins are separated from their torn wrappers for collection.

It has long been the practice of bands and other institutions that handle large numbers of coins to arrange like coins in stacks or rolls of fifty and secure the rolls with an exterior wrapper of paper or plastic for ease of sorting, counting and transport. Such institutions also commonly find it necessary to remove large numbers of coins from their exterior wrappers for subsequent processing of the coins as, for example, in automated machinery. In the past, such removal has largely been accomplished by hand through the use of various implements and tools such as that disclosed in U.,S. Pat. No. 4,038,746 of Bromley. Sometimes, no tools are used at all and the rolls are simply smashed against a stationary object to break open the exterior wrappers whereupon the coins can be emptied into a collector.
While these manual methods of removing coins from their wrappers have been somewhat successful, they nevertheless have proven to be plagued with numerous inherent problems and shortcomings. Labor costs for such manual operations, for example, can be exceedingly high, particularly where large volumes of coins must be unwrapped on a continuing basis. Further, institutions often find it difficult to retain employees for unwrapping coin dolls because of the inherent boring and unchallenged nature of the job. Finally, as with most manual operations, unwrapping the coins by hand is slow and tedious and often becomes the bottle neck in a series of mostly automated coin handling processes.
A continuing and heretofore unaddressed need therefore exists for a method and enabling apparatus adapted to remove the wrappers from coin rolls quickly, reliably, automatically and with a minimum of required human intervention. It is to the provision of such a method and apparatus that the present invention is primarily directed.

Method and apparatus for removing wrappers from coin rolls


Code synchronization is acquired as a part of receiving and decoding a spread spectrum transmission. There are received a number of signal samples that constitute a signal sample sequence. It represents a length of a received signal spread with one full length of a pseudorandom sequence used as a spreading code. The signal sample sequence is augmented at least at one end with at least one additional symbol, which produces a padded signal sample sequence. The padded signal sample sequence is in turn correlated with a locally produced sample sequence that comprises code samples representing a known form of said spreading code. The result of said correlating is used as a basis for acquired code synchronization.

Spread spectrum communications involve spreading the signal energy to be transmitted over a relatively wide bandwidth at the transmitter and correspondingly despreading the received signal at the receiver. The spreading and despreading operations involve the use of a pseudorandom code sequence generally designated as the spreading code. Advantages of spread spectrum communications include the possibility of accommodating a large number of simultaneous transmissions onto a shared frequency band using mutually orthogonal spreading codes, as well as the inherent capability of suppressing narrowband interference during reception and despreading. Well-known examples of spread spectrum communications include the application of DS-CDMA (Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access) to terrestrial cellular radio networks, as well as the use of CDMA techniques in satellite-based positioning systems such as GPS (Global Positioning System) and navigation systems, several of which are planned under the general definition GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System).
In order to be able to correctly despread a received spread spectrum signal a receiver must know the exact timing of the spreading code in the received signal. The process of establishing correct timing at the receiver is conventionally divided into two consecutive stages, which are code acquisition and code tracking. Of these, acquisition refers to coarse synchronization of the received sequence with a locally generated despreading sequence, usually to within some fraction of a chip period in the code sequence. After successful acquisition a code tracking loop is employed to achieve and maintain fine alignment of the two sequences so that a maximum amount of signal energy can be retrieved at the receiver.
A key component of the despreading operation is a matched filter, the purpose of which is to maximize the signal to noise ratio at a sampling point of a bit stream and to minimize the probability of undetected errors in the received signal. Mathematically it can be shown that the transfer function h(t) of an optimal matched filter is a time-reversed and delayed version of the original transmitted signal g(t). The matched filter gets as input information the known form of the pseudorandom sequence that constitutes the spreading code, so it only needs to find the correct amount of delay that leads to a maximum of retrieved signal energy. Correlating a sample sequence representing the received signal with the known form of the spreading code produces a correlation result, maximum values of which give an indication about the correct code synchronization timing.
The number of available orthogonal spreading codes may become a limiting factor to the capacity of a CDMA system. According to a traditional approach the length of the code sequence has been kept constant, which sets a constraint to the selection of spreading codes. Recently it has been suggested that co-channel interference could be reduced by introducing multiple code lengths. Similar suggestions have risen also based on a different motivating factor, namely providing a variable data rate in a connection by adapting the spreading code length according to channel conditions. A prior art publication considering the last-mentioned viewpoint is H. Lervik: "One Approach to Increase Capacity in DS-CDMA", published in 2001 by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology and available at the time of writing this description at http://www.norsig.no/norsig2001/Papers/52. One_approach—2092001153625.pdf (NORSK 2001 NORSK Symposium I SIGNALBEHANDLING, 18-20 Oct. 2001, Trondheim, Norway).
Another reason for using different code lengths for transmissions on different channels is the aim at making the cross-correlation pattern non-stationary from one code cycle to another, so that an averaging process over several code cycles can help suppressing co-channel interferences. The differences do not need to be very large to achieve this purpose; a difference of one chip or a few chips, or even a fraction of a chip, will work well.
Introducing variable code length may cause problems in designing the code acquisition hardware. At the time of writing this description a typical GPS receiver comprises at least one and a maximum of four code acquisition hardware blocks. The design of the known code acquisition hardware is intimately tied to the exact length of the code. Even if the number of active GPS satellites and their unique spreading codes is as large as 28, this is not a problem because said unique spreading codes are all equal in length and consequently any of the available code acquisition hardware blocks can be allocated to perform acquisition on the signal of any satellite. However, for example the oncoming advent of Galileo, which is a European-based GNSS system, is predicted to more than double the number of satellites and simultaneously introduce variable code length. A spread spectrum receiver built according to the conventional practice might therefore need dozens of separate code acquisition hardware blocks. This is costly in terms of both required silicon area in microcircuits and complicatedness in design, manufacture and programming. Additionally it increases the vulnerability of the receiver to hardware malfunctioning, and is likely to increase the need of operating power.

Reception of multiple code length CDMA transmissions


A cremation container is foldable into a compact configuration for shipping purposes and is unfolded and erected at its destination. The cremation container comprises a bottom, a pair of side walls pivotally connected to the bottom, a pair of end walls pivotally connected to the bottom, and a cover removably positionable atop the pair of side walls and the pair of end walls. One pair of the pair of side walls and pair of end walls is foldable onto the bottom, and the other pair of the pair of side walls and pair of end walls is foldable onto the one pair of the pair of side walls and the pair of end walls, to thereby compactly configure the container for shipping. Preferably, the pair of side walls are foldable onto the bottom and the pair of end walls are foldable onto the pair of side walls. The lid comprises a pair of equal length lids positionable on the pair of side walls when the pair of side walls are folded onto the bottom and positionable between free edges of the pair of end walls when the pair of end walls are folded onto the pair of side walls.

Caskets have traditionally been employed for burial of the dead, both for in-ground burial and above-ground interment. Caskets are normally fabricated from fine furniture-grade wood or from highly polished/finished sheet metal for aesthetic reasons. So-called cremation containers, on the other hand, may be fabricated of cardboard, hardboard or plywood, and as such are usually much less ornate than wood or metal caskets and therefore much less expensive, and have been employed as containers for the dead for which the family has chosen cremation as the means for ultimate disposition of the body. Both caskets and cremation containers traditionally include a lower shell or body portion and an upper cap or lid portion closeable on the lower portion. Due to their size and shape neither caskets nor cremation containers are cost-effectively shipped.
Efforts at increasing the cost-effectiveness of shipping caskets and cremation containers have been directed toward the design and development of so-called "knock-down" or "ready-to-assemble" caskets, that is to say, caskets which are shipped in a non-erected, compact package which are then erected at the shipping destination. A major goal of designers of such knock-down caskets has been to produce designs which are relatively quickly and simply erected with few or no tools being required. Success in this area has been more readily achieved in the case of cremation containers rather than in caskets, as cremation containers are by their very nature much less expensive than caskets and as such the fabrication techniques employed in knock-down designs detract from their appearance to a much lesser degree than do they from caskets.
One example of a knock-down casket is disclosed in the assignee's U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,016, hereby incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth in its entirety. It is desirable to improve upon the design of the casket in the assignee's '016 patent, as particularly relates to cremation containers.

Cremation container foldable into compact configuration for shipping


Disclosed is a shaped article comprising a composition comprising polyamide and ionomer wherein the ionomer comprises a mixture of Zn and alkali metal (M2) cations wherein the Zn/M2 equivalent ratio is from about 0.6 to about 6. The articles prepared from the compositions with mixed ion ionomers exhibit high stiffness, hardness and toughness, good scratch resistance, desirable low melt viscosity and high processability.

Thermoplastic materials are increasingly used in a form of molded parts or extruded films or sheets in either monolayer (single composition) or in multilayer composites for applications such as sporting goods, hand held devices, cosmetic articles, and automotive exterior and interior parts. For those applications, the surface appearance of the articles is often of primary importance. Thus, the articles require high scratch and abrasion resistance for maintaining desirable surface aesthetic appearance. Excellent scratch resistance, however, is one of the properties that may be difficult to attain for a thermoplastic material compared to lacquer systems, which are often crosslinked. Coating over articles such as with a polyurethane coating in a post-molding process has often been necessary to attain high scratch resistance. A thermoplastic material with high scratch resistance may eliminate the need for such expensive coating processes. For many applications, equally important are other properties such as toughness, mechanical properties, and processability. Wide latitude of processability for making articles in varied manufacturing processes is especially desirable, which requires that the thermoplastic material exhibits appropriate melt rheology.
There is also an overall need in molded parts, particularly in automotive applications such as bumpers, fender extensions, hub caps, and other fascia components and molded exterior parts, for products that have high gloss, good weatherability, high impact strength and high temperature properties (e.g., tensile strength and dimensional stability such as sag and creep resistance). It is also desirable to be able to mold in solid and metallic colors and, optionally, to be able to paint the parts. "Solid" colors present a homogenous finish, even at very close inspection. All ingredients, which can be substantial in number, are milled and blended such that, when applied, they appear to have been produced from a single, homogenous ingredient. The solid color does not sparkle or brighten when directly illuminated by a light source, nor does it appear to change significantly when viewed from different angles. "Metallic" colors (including pearlescents) contain discrete flake pigments, which can range from pearl flakes to aluminum flakes or mica flakes. These flakes are large enough to be discretely identifiable within the field of color being observed. The metallic color has a noticeable "sparkle" when the surface is directly illuminated with a light source, plus they appear to change in color as the panel is rotated from a perpendicular angle to an oblique one. This property is called "polychromaticity". This change in color as the viewing angle is rotated is also referred to as "travel" or "flop".
Ionomers are acid copolymers in which a portion of the carboxylic acid groups in the copolymer are neutralized to salts containing metal ions. U.S. Pat. No. 3,264,272 discloses a composition comprising a random copolymer of copolymerized units of an alpha-olefin having from two to ten carbon atoms, an alpha, beta-ethylenically-unsaturated carboxylic acid having from three to eight carbon atoms in which 10 to 90 percent of the acid groups are neutralized with metal ions, and an optional third mono-ethylenically unsaturated comonomer such as methyl methacrylate or ethyl acrylate.
It is known that thermoplastic blends based on ionomers and polyamides have a combination of desirable properties (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,174,358, 5,866,658, 6,399,684, 6,756,443 and 7,144,938). For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,866,658 discloses a blend of an ionomer dispersed in a continuous or co-continuous polyamide phase in the range of 60/40 weight % to 40/60 weight % used for molded parts exhibiting toughness, high gloss, abrasion/scratch resistance, and high temperature properties. U.S. Pat. No. 6,399,684 discloses similar blends also containing phosphorous salts such as a hypophosphite salt.
The ionomers include zinc ionomers or ionomers with mixtures of zinc and magnesium cations, which have a neutralization of 65 to 100 mole percent of the acid groups. A higher degree of neutralization, however, may cause high melt viscosity. To address the high melt viscosity of the blends of nylon and ionomer, one may use nylon of lower molecular weight and/or incorporate melt flow additives. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,756,443, "Ionomer/Polyamide Blends with Improved Flow and Impact Properties", discloses an ionomer/polyamide blend with improved flow (e.g., lower melt viscosity) by incorporating a low molecular weight ethylene/acrylic acid copolymer (acid wax). The method adds complexity and also inevitably compromises properties, such as in abrasion and scratch resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 7,144,938 discloses similar blends also containing one or more esters of montanic acid.
U.S. Patent Application Publications 2005/0203253A1, 2005/020762A1, and 2006/0142489A1 disclose polyamides toughened with ionomers of ethylene copolymers containing a monocarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic acid or derivative thereof. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/507,758 discloses a blend comprising a polyamide, an ionomer of an ethylene copolymer containing a monocarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic acid or derivative thereof, and a sulfonamide. U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/440,559 discloses a blend comprising a polyamide, an ionomer of an ethylene copolymer containing a monocarboxylic acid and a dicarboxylic acid or derivative thereof, and a second ionomer.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,680,082 describes mixed ion ionomers, particularly ionomers with a mixture of zinc and magnesium, calcium, sodium or lithium for metal coating powder applications. U.S. Patent Application Publication 2008/0097047 discloses blends of polyamides with mixed ion ionomers, including zinc and sodium mixtures.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A magneto-optical disk recording and reproducing device, which carries out recording and reproducing for a magnetic super-resolution magneto-optical disk including a recording layer and reproducing layer, has a recording data processing circuit which records long recording marks at different positions between adjacent tracks in a radius direction, each of the long recording marks being larger in diameter than an aperture formed on the reproducing layer by projecting thereon the light beam. According to this arrangement, it is possible to continuously reproduce a data recording area with high accuracy and optimum reproducing power without being affected by adjacent tracks.

The present invention relates to a magneto-optical recording medium and a magneto-optical recording and reproducing device which use a magnetic super-resolution method.
In magneto-optical disk devices which use the magnetic super-resolution method, a magneto-optical disk is used which is provided with a recording layer and with a reproducing layer having in-plane magnetization. In this type of magneto-optical disk device, during reproducing, a light beam is projected onto the reproducing layer side of the magneto-optical disk. Then, part of the area of the reproducing layer within the light beam spot is heated to above a predetermined temperature, and the magnetization of this portion (referred to as an aperture) shifts from in-plane magnetization to a perpendicular magnetization conforming to that of the recording layer beneath the aperture, i.e., the magnetization of the recording layer is copied to the reproducing layer. In this way, with this type of magneto-optical disk device, by reproducing the magnetization of the aperture, recorded marks smaller in diameter than the light beam spot can be reproduced.
In magneto-optical disk devices using this magnetic super-resolution method, it is preferable if the power of the light beam during reproduction (the reproducing power) is continuously at an optimum level. However, there are cases in which the optimum level of the reproducing power fluctuates with changes in the ambient temperature at the time of reproducing. For this reason, even if the current for driving the structure which produces the light beam (the driving current) is held constant, there are cases in which the reproducing power deviates from the optimum level.
If reproducing power is much stronger than the optimum level, the aperture formed on the magneto-optical disk becomes too large. Consequently, output of reproducing signals from tracks adjacent to the track being reproduced (crosstalk) is increased, the proportion of noise signals included in the reproduced data increases, and reading errors are more likely to occur.
Again, if reproducing power is much weaker than the optimum level, the aperture becomes smaller than the recorded mark, and the reproducing signal output from the target track is reduced. Accordingly, reading errors are more likely to occur in this case as well.
In a recording and reproducing device disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 63817/1996 (Tokukaihei 8-63817, published on Mar. 8, 1996) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,617,400), in order to control reproducing power, long marks and short marks formed on a magneto-optical disk are reproduced. These long and short marks are two types of recorded marks for reproducing power control of different mark lengths. In this device, reproducing power is controlled so as to bring close to a predetermined value a ratio of the quantities of the reproducing signals from these recorded marks. By this means, in this device, reproducing power is maintained at an optimum value, and the likelihood of reading errors is reduced.
FIG. 12 schematically shows a construction of a reproducing power control section in the recording and reproducing device of the above publication. Further, FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a construction of a magneto-optical disk 30 used for the recording and reproducing device.
Prior to the explanation on the construction of the recording and reproducing device described in the publication, the construction of the magneto-optical disk 30 is firstly discussed. A track 320 is concentrically formed in the magneto-optical disk 30. A plurality of sectors 300 are successively formed in the track 320. As shown in FIG. 13, an address area 301, a reproducing power control area 302, and a data recording area 303 are formed in each of the sectors 300. The address area 301 is provided for recording information about a position of the sector. The reproducing power control area 302 is provided for recording a pattern of repeated short marks and a pattern of repeated long marks as recording marks for controlling reproducing power. The data recording area 303 is provided for recording digital data.
Here, the long mark is a mark having a larger diameter than the aperture, and the short mark is a mark having a shorter diameter than the aperture.
Next, referring to FIG. 12, the following explanation describes a reproducing operation in the recording and reproducing device. Firstly, when a light beam emitted from a semiconductor laser 32 reaches the address area 301 of the sector 300 on the magneto-optical disk 30, a sector address is recognized. And then, the emitted light is projected onto the reproducing power control area 302. Next, the light is reflected from a pattern of repeated long marks and short marks that is recorded in the area 302, and the light is converted to a reproducing signal by a photo-diode 33. The reproducing signal is inputted to an amplitude ratio detecting circuit 34. And an amplitude ratio detected in the amplitude ratio detecting circuit 34 is compared with a standard amplitude ratio by a differential amplifier 35, feedback is performed in a direction reducing a difference of the ratios, and a laser power control circuit 36 controls a driving current of the semiconductor laser 32.
After a driving current of a laser beam is controlled in such a manner so as to provide optimum reproducing power, the emitted light is projected to the area 303, the reproducing signal which has been read is inputted to a reproducing data processing circuit 37, and the likelihood of reading errors is reduced.
And then, when the emitted light reaches the next sector, the same operation is repeated so as to reset the optimum reproducing power.
In this way, the recording area of recording marks for controlling reproducing power is provided for each sector, and the quantity of reproducing signals for controlling reproducing power is detected for each sector, so that the reproducing power control can provide a response with a short time interval and correspond to short-time fluctuation of the optimum reproducing power.
However, the above magneto-optical reproducing method using the magnetic super-resolution method is more likely to be affected by a magnetic field from the outside because a signal is read based on a magnetic field stored in the recording medium and a temperature increase caused by radiation of a light beam. Namely, even when a length of the recording mark and the reproducing power remain the same, an amplitude of a signal may be changed according to the intensity of the external magnetic field.
The intensity of the external magnetic field varies due to leak of a magnetic field and others from an actuator of an optical head, and the intensity is also affected by a magnetic field from a recording mark recorded around a recording mark to be reproduced.
The intensity of the magnetic field from the surrounding recording mark depends upon a relationship between the recording mark to be reproduced and the surrounding recording mark with respect to size and polarity. Therefore, in the magneto-optical reproduction using the magnetic super-resolution method, an amplitude value of a reproducing signal may be varied depending upon a kind of recording mark recorded in adjacent tracks.
FIG. 14 is a graph showing measurement results of amplitude values regarding long and short marks (2T pattern and 8T pattern) relative to a change in reproducing power with respect to the following cases: when no recording mark is recorded in adjacent tracks of a track to be reproduced, and when a recording mark is recorded in the adjacent tracks with the same length as a recording mark belonging to a track to be reproduced. Here, a horizontal axis represents a reproduction power and a vertical axis represents an amplitude value (PEAK TO PEAK value).
According to the results, it is understood that when short marks are adjacent to each other, an amplitude value is hardly affected by the presence or absence of recording marks in adjacent tracks, and when long marks are adjacent to each other, an amplitude value sharply declines.
Further, FIG. 15 is a graph showing amplitude ratios of long and short marks (2T amplitude value/8T amplitude value) relative to a change in reproducing power regarding the following cases: when short marks are adjacent to each other, and when long marks are adjacent to each other. These ratios are obtained based on the measurement results of FIG. 14. A horizontal axis represents reproducing power and a vertical axis represents an amplitude ratio.
According to these results, when long marks are adjacent to each other, an amplitude ratio is considerably varied as compared to the case when no recording mark is recorded in the adjacent tracks of a track to be reproduced. This is because long marks being adjacent to each other result in a change in an external magnetic field of a reproducing layer in the magneto-optical disk, thereby changing an aperture diameter.
Therefore, regarding the same standard amplitude ratio, as compared with the case when no recording mark is recorded in tracks being adjacent to a track to be reproduced, when performing control in a state in which recording marks are recorded in the adjacent tracks, the control is exercised by larger reproducing power. As shown in the graph of FIG. 15, when no recording mark is recorded in the adjacent tracks at the target amplitude ratio of 0.5, the reproducing power is 2.4 mW, and when recording marks are recorded in the adjacent tracks, the reproducing power is 2.5 mW.
Namely, when an amplitude ratio is set such that a reproducing signal has an optimum signal quality, with reference to a state in which no recording mark is recorded in tracks being adjacent to a track to be reproduced, even if an amplitude ratio is set at the standard amplitude ratio, that is determined according to the above reference, reproducing power may be shifted from optimum reproducing power.
An objective of the present invention is to provide a magnetic super-resolution method magneto-optical recording medium and magneto-optical recording and reproducing device, that can reproduce a data recording area with high accuracy and optimum reproducing power without being affected by adjacent tracks.
In order to achieve the above objective, the magnetic super-resolution magneto-optical recording medium including a recording layer and a reproducing layer, is characterized in that recording marks for controlling reproducing power of a light beam are recorded at different positions between adjacent tracks in a radius direction, the recording mark being longer than a diameter of an aperture, which is formed on the reproducing layer by projecting thereon the light beam.
Like the conventional art, when long marks for controlling reproducing power of a light beam are adjacent to each other (formed at the same position between the adjacent tracks in a radius direction), an external magnetic field is varied on the reproducing layer of the magneto-optical disk during reproduction of information, so that an aperture diameter is likely to change. Therefore, when an amplitude ratio is determined so as to obtain an optimum reproducing signal with reference to a state in which no recording mark is recorded in tracks adjacent to the track being reproduced, in a state in which a recording mark is recorded in the adjacent tracks, even if an amplitude ratio is set at the standard amplitude ratio determined in accordance with the above reference, reproducing power is shifted from the actual optimum reproducing power. Hence, as described above, the present invention has a construction in which long recording marks for controlling reproducing power are formed at different positions between the adjacent tracks in a radius direction, so that it is possible to continuously reproduce a data recording area with high accuracy and optimum reproducing power without being affected by the adjacent tracks.
With the above arrangement, in the magneto-optical recording medium of the present invention, a resync pattern is preferably formed in a data recording area of a sector constituting the magneto-optical recording medium, and the recording mark is preferably recorded in the resync pattern.
Moreover, it is desirable that only a pattern for setting reproducing phase, that adjusts a phase of a reproducing clock, and short recording marks for controlling reproducing power, each of the short recording marks being smaller in diameter than the aperture, be recorded in a header area of the sector.
This arrangement makes it possible to reduce the header area of the sector and to achieve more efficient use of the magneto-optical recording medium.
Further, in order to achieve the aforementioned objective, the magneto-optical recording and reproducing device of the present invention, which carries out recording and reproducing for a magnetic super-resolution magneto-optical recording medium including the recording layer and the reproducing layer, is characterized by including a recording means which records long recording marks for controlling reproducing power of a light beam at different positions between adjacent tracks in a radius direction, each of the long recording marks being larger in diameter than an aperture formed on the reproducing layer by projecting thereon a light beam.
According to this arrangement, long recording marks for controlling reproducing power are recorded at different positions between adjacent tracks in a radius direction. Thus, it is possible to continuously reproduce the data recording area with high accuracy and optimum reproducing power without being affected by the adjacent tracks.
With this arrangement, in the magneto-optical recording and reproducing device of the present invention, it is desirable that the recording means further include a pattern generating means for generating different recording mark patterns (header pattern and resync pattern) between adjacent tracks.
The specific area is, for example, a resync pattern of a header area or a data recording area in a sector, which constitutes the magneto-optical recording medium.
The present invention is applicable to the construction for recording both a land track and a groove track of the magneto-optical recording medium. In such a construction, it is preferable to include a means for generating a recording mark pattern for a land track and a recording mark pattern for a groove track, wherein a record mark pattern corresponding to a track is recorded in each specific area such that the specific areas of the magneto-optical recording medium are aligned between the adjacent tracks in a radius direction.
For a fuller understanding of the nature and advantages of the invention, reference should be made to the ensuing detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Magneto-optical recording medium and magneto-optical recording and reproducing device capable of controlling reproduction power based on long recorded marks


The invention proposes a detection device including a selector linkage with a gear change lever, with which are associated a force threshold detector, a first analog position detector connected to gear shift means, and a circuit for firstly activating an automatic clutch actuating system and secondly processing information received by the threshold detecting means and the first detector. A second analog position detector is connected to line selector and is responsive to information applied to the gear change lever, the second detector being connected to the processing and control circuit.

A selector linkage of this kind is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,723,642, and is also adapted to operate a gear shift means and a line selection means so as to manoeuvre shift wheels (sliding pinions) in the gearbox. Also provided are: force threshold detecting means for detecting the thresholds of forces exerted on the selector linkage; an analog position detector, which is connected to the gear shift means and which is responsive to gear shift information applied to the gear change control lever, the latter being arranged at the "upstream" end of the selector linkage; and a processing and control circuit for, firstly, activating the automatic actuating system for the clutch, and secondly for processing data received by the said force threshold detecting means and by the analog position detector.
In the above mentioned U.S. patent specification, it is possible to detect whether a matched or an unmatched speed is engaged. This state of parity is representative of the position of the gear shift means, the speeds varying according to which of its limit positions is occupied by the gear shift means, such a device comprising an element which constitutes a fixed cam on a gear shift selector shaft and operating, in the limit positions, two feelers which control the operation of electrical contacts connected to the processing circuit. In a variant, an analog position detector that includes a potentiometer is used.
Although such an arrangement indicates whether the speed engaged is matched or unmatched, it does not indicate which speed, that is to say the level at which the line selection means are set.
It is also known, from the periodical "Automotive Engineering" for October 1984, to provide a device which indicates what gear ratio is engaged, by means of a detector for detecting the demultiplication ratio of the gearbox, the device comprising at least two sensors for rotational speed, one of which is responsive to the rotational velocity of the gearbox output shaft, while the other is responsive to the rotational velocity of the gearbox input shaft.
In order to fit sensors in such a device, modifications of the gearbox casing are necessary, and this involves additional machining operations. In addition, such a device will only indicate what gear ratio is engaged at a given moment if the gears are actually rotating, since the information is received on rotating elements.
It is however essential, if automatic operation of the clutch is to be soundly based, that the actual gear ratio engaged be known at any instant, whether the gears are in rotation or not. Indeed, a speed may be engaged when the vehicle is stationary; and it is accepted practice, for example, to give a warning indication to the driver if he tries to start off in third gear.

Gear position detector for the control of a clutch associated with a gearbox


Systems and methods for identifying growth of a cerebral aneurysm. The method includes forming a first virtual skeleton model from a first image segmentation and forming a second virtual skeleton model from a second image segmentation. The virtual skeleton models including a plurality of edges with each edge having a plurality of skeleton points. Each skeleton point is associated with a subset of a plurality of blood vessel surface points. The method includes identifying one or more second terminal points within the second virtual skeleton model and overlapping the first virtual skeleton model and the second virtual skeleton model by orienting the one or more first terminal points with the one or more second terminal points.

Aneurysm may occur in blood vessel walls of, for example, the aorta, the abdomen, the brain, capillaries, the heart, the kidneys, and the legs. If undiagnosed or left untreated, the blood-filled aneurysm may rupture the wall of the blood vessel into the surrounding tissue possibly leading to death.
An abdominal aortic aneurysm ("AAA") involves a regional dilation of the aorta. Current technology for detection includes ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. These technologies are employed to size segments of the aorta and compare those segment to a healthy individual. AAAs are classified by both size and shape. An AAA is usually defined as an outer aortic diameter over 3 cm or more than 50% of normal diameter. The suprarenal aorta normally measures about 0.5 cm larger than the infrarenal aorta. If the outer diameter of the AAA exceeds 5.5 cm, the aneurysm is considered to be large. The presence of abdominal pain, shock, and a pulsatile abdominal mass may indicate the AAA is ruptured. As high as 90 percent of patients die before treatment can be administered for the rupture.
A cerebral aneurysm is a cerebral vascular disorder in which weakness of the wall of a cerebral artery or vein causes a localized dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel wall. Cerebral aneurysms are classified by both size and shape. Smaller aneurysms produce few, if any, symptoms. Larger aneurysms may cause severe headaches, nausea, vision impairment, vomiting and/or loss of consciousness. Larger aneurysms have greater tendency to rupture, but, the majority of ruptured aneurysms are small. About 44 percent of patients die within 1 month after rupture. In addition, ruptured cerebral aneurysms account for about 10 percent of all strokes.
Surgical treatment may be employed for those that survive the rupture of an AAA or cerebral aneurysm. Often the surgical procedure must be employed as soon as possible after rupture for optimal results.
Endovascular treatment involves the insertion of a medical device, such as a coil, inside the aneurysm balloon or inside the affected blood vessel to prevent rebleeding. This procedure is performed intraluminally. Oftentimes, a stent, which is basically an expandable hollow bridge, is used to assist in deploying the coil into the aneurysm sac. The treatment works by promoting blood clotting around the coils, eventually sealing the aneurysm and reducing pressure on its outer wall.
In addition to coils, other endovascular treatments include use of flow diverter stents. Flow diverter stent devices block the opening at the base of the aneurysm (where it meets the vessel wall), preventing blood from flowing into the aneurysm sac. Unfortunately, endovascular treatments carry greater risks when employed post rupture.
If diagnosed prior to rupture, the endovascular treatment may be performed on the patient and mitigate against rupture occurrence. The challenge lies in correctly diagnosing the aneurysm prior to rupture. Technology in medical imaging for early diagnosis of aneurysms often relies on simple comparisons between measured segments of the patient with those of a healthy individual. In certain cases, detection of a cerebral aneurysm begins by reviewing images from 3D rotational-angiography (3DRA), computed tomography angiography (CTA), and/or magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). The detection process then involves a laborious process by a medical provider to visually analyze the images from different geometric points of view with multiple adjustments of contrast/brightness filters. As part of the detection process, the medical provider often manually determines a volume of the aneurysm for further assessment. As such, there is a need to improve diagnostic methods for identifying aneurysms.

Systems and methods for analytical comparison and monitoring of aneurysms


A UE in a wireless network receives measurement configuration for group(s) of cells wherein the measurement configuration is for positioning measurements of the UE using signals from base station(s). The UE receives criteria based on the measurement configuration for the UE to trigger report(s) for the group(s) of cells. The UE performs, using at least the measurement configuration, positioning measurements of the group(s) of cells and sends a report that is triggered based at least on the criteria. A network element sends the measurement configuration for the group(s) of cells to the UE. The network element sends the criteria based on the measurement configuration for the UE to trigger the report(s) for the one or more groups of cells. The network element receives a report from the UE that was triggered based at least on the criteria. Methods, software, computer program products, and apparatus are disclosed.

This section is intended to provide a background or context to the invention disclosed below. The description herein may include concepts that could be pursued, but are not necessarily ones that have been previously conceived, implemented or described. Therefore, unless otherwise explicitly indicated herein, what is described in this section is not prior art to the description in this application and is not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section. Abbreviations that may be found in the specification and/or the drawing figures are defined below, at the beginning of the detailed description section.
One concept that has recently become prevalent is an idea of Internet of things (IoT). This typically is used to encompass everything connected to the Internet, but this term is increasingly being used to define objects that "talk" to each other via the Internet. Such objects include wireless devices having many applications, such as home ovens, refrigerators, electric meters, automobiles, thermostats, and the like. These are also related to machine-type communication (MTC), which enables direct communications among wireless devices. Such communications could take place over a wireless network such as a cellular network or through the cellular network and through the Internet.
In Release 17 (Rel-17), New Radio (NR)-based IoT (NR-IoT) or NR-Lite might be introduced to address use cases between Massive MTC (mMTC) and Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication (URLLC). One key goal of NR-IoT or NR-Lite is to support industrial IoT deployment using low-cost, low-complexity devices with long battery life. Example requirements for NR-IoT include one or more of the following:
1) Data rates up to [10-100] Mbps to support, e.g., live video feed, visual production control, and/or process automation.
2) Latency of around [10-30] ms to support, e.g., remote drone operation, cooperative farm machinery, time-critical sensing and feedback, and/or remote vehicle operation.
3) Positioning accuracy of [30 cm-1 m] to support, e.g., indoor asset tracking, coordinated vehicle control, and/or remote monitoring.
In addition, eMTC and Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) may also continue to see further improvements in Rel-17.
One important use case for IoT and positioning of devices using IoT is geofencing. A geofence is a virtual perimeter for a geographical area (e.g., airport, city block, factory, port, school, and the like). Geofencing is a feature where an alert is triggered when a device enters or leaves a virtual geofence. Some examples of geofencing use cases include the following:
1) Asset or people tracking—a factory can use geofencing to trigger an alert when an asset leaves the factory, or a parent can use geofencing to trigger an alert when a child leaves an area.
2) Marketing—advertising, location-relevant information, collecting insights about user behaviors, and the like.
3) Smart home—home devices like heating and lighting can turn themselves off after you leave the home.
4) Drones—drones can be confined to be operated only in specific areas e.g. manufacturing plants, ports, or out of specific areas, e.g., airports, prisons, and the like.
For wireless devices and wireless networks, geofencing and other positioning could be improved.

Positioning support for wireless devices such as NR-IoT devices and useful for geofencing


A sight mount for firearms, consisting of a base plate (101), arranged to be fitted onto a firearm. The sight mount is fitted with integrated and split rings and two top ring halves (106, 124) are arranged to attach a riflescope. The sight ring (104, 111) is diagonally split (103) and has planar sides in the vertical and horizontal planes as to make visible the visible the adjustment knobs of the riflescope when in a firing position and to visualize parallel reference lines in the environment, thus providing a sub-conscious perception of the weapons vertical alignment.

Use of a firearm at varying distances necessitates that the shooter has knowledge and experience. To increase the shooter's performance at greater distances and in varying light conditions, optically magnified sights (henceforth referred to as "riflescope") are used. Many riflescopes allows for the shooter to determine the range to a target via the reticle, and to adjust the point of aim with great accuracy to coincide with the point of impact; such adjustments are done in the vertical and horizontal planes through the use of adjustment knobs on top and on one or both sides of the riflescopes body (usually the right side).
To attach a riflescopes to firearms various mounting solutions called mounts or bases, and mounting devices called rings are used. In U.S. Pat. No. 2,775,817 (FIG. 4) an example of the most commonly used type of rings may be found, which are split in the horizontal plane such that the riflescope can be simply laid in place into the lower halves of the rings after which the top halves can be screwed in place against the lower halves. The problem with this solution is that the attachments between the two halves require that the rings are wide enough around the attachment areas for the threads and screws without affecting the strength of the ring. The result is that the rings obscure the riflescopes horizontal adjustment knobs, requiring the shooter to adjust his body position in order to verify or adjust the settings of the riflescope.
In U.S. Pat. No. 2,202,000 we find another common embodiment where the rings are split along the vertical plane. The problem with this solution is that the rings block the riflescopes vertical adjustment instead, resulting in the same problem as with U.S. Pat. No. 2,775,817 (FIG. 4).
In U.S. Pat. No. 3,424,420 we find a solution where a thin arcuate sheet metal saddle member is clamped against the bottom clamp members, thus replacing the upper half of the ring. The problem with this solution is that it is difficult to ensure that the riflescope retains its alignment and is not tilted to the side. In U.S. Pat. No. 2,911,723 we find a solution that is reminiscent of U.S. Pat. No. 3,424,420, but where the arcuate saddle is clamped around the tube of the riflescope and then attached to the lower half. It is known that this solution often results in surface damage to the riflescope; it also suffers from the same problem as U.S. Pat. No. 3,424,420.
Today it is very common that military and police marksmen attach optical accessories and laser marking units to their firearms as a supplement to their standard riflescope, as to provide target identification for other assisting personnel. In U.S. 2007/0199225 A1 such a sight mount is disclosed, which protrudes forward over the firearm's barrel as to allow the mounting of equipment in front of and to the sides of the ordinary riflescope. The problem with this solution is that it increases the weight of the firearm; it also raises the riflescope's position above the firearm, which requires an adjustable cheek rest as well as raising the firearms centre of gravity. Another manufacture is the McCann Industries MIRS Mount.
Another solution is to replace the top halves of rings for halves with integrated mounting solutions for accessories. Examples of such products are the LaRue STOMP and Atlantic Research Marketing Systems #22 TRC, however these solutions amplify the problem related to obscuration of the adjustment knobs of the riflescope.
It is also very common today that a shooter wants a secondary back-up sight for use at shorter ranges or in case of the primary sight getting damaged. A common position for a back-up sight is at a 45-degree angle from the standard sight, so that if the shooter wants to use the back-up sight he only has to tilt the top of the fire-arm inwards towards himself.
To ensure that any calculations or adjustments are correct, the riflescope must be mounted so that the vertical plane of adjustment coincides and is aligned with the centre-line of the firearm's bore. If the vertical adjustment is aligned with the centre-line of the bore then the horizontal adjustments will be perpendicular to the centre-line of the bore.
There are several existing technical solutions as to ensure that a firearm is held level without tilting it to the sides; in U.S. Pat. No. 5,406,733 we find a variant of a spirit level which is mounted onto a riflescope and there are several variations of this design, as well as spirit levels that are mounted onto the existing sight mount.

Sight mount with diagonally split rings and attachments for accessories


The subject invention aims to solve the problem of production of glucose accompanying the production of galactooligosaccharides after milk raw material is treated with lactase, by additionally adding transglucosidase to convert glucose to functional isomalto-oligosaccharide. The subject invention relates to a process for the production of a milk product enhanced with oligo-saccharides, characterized in that lactase and transglucosidase are used to treat milk raw materials. The subject invention further relates to the milk product of the process of the invention, whose oligo-saccharide content reaches a functional level. Human physiological effect assays confirm that the milk product increases intestinal probiotics, reduces harmful intestinal bacteria, improves the intestinal bacterial flora, reduces blood total cholesterol, reduces blood LDL cholesterol, increases blood HDL cholesterol, and improves the immunity, and may be used as low glycemic index (GI) dietary supplements.

The milk of mammals is highly nutritious. The ingredients in milk include important nutrients such as proteins, lipids, amino acids, minerals and vitamins. Many medical and nutritional studies have shown that drinking milk frequently can prevent loss of bone mass. The sugar in milk is lactose, which is a unique disaccharide found in milk. If a human body cannot secrete a sufficient amount of lactase to digest lactose, bacteria in the intestinal tract will ferment the lactose into lactic acid, carbon dioxide and other organic acids, resulting in an imbalance of osmotic pressure in the intestinal tract. Lactose intolerance will thus be induced, causing the symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain and abdominal distension.
Galactooligosaccharide (GOS) is a natural functional oligosaccharide. The molecular structure is generally 1 to 7 units of galactose linked to a galactose or glucose molecule, i.e., Gal-(Gal)n-Glc/Gal (n is 0-6). In nature, a trace amount of GOS is present in the milk of animals, with the amount of GOS being even higher in human milk. The proliferation of Bifidobacterium flora in infants mainly relies on the GOS ingredient in breast milk. Galactooligosaccharide is known to be capable of lowering the intestinal pH value, promoting enterogastric peristalsis, inhibiting the proliferation of harmful bacteria, and reducing the toxic waste generated from the metabolism of harmful bacteria, and thus is useful in elimination of toxic substances in vivo and in activating the functions of the human body. Therefore, GOS is one of the important functional ingredients in human milk and cow milk.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,032,509 discloses a method for preparing galactooligosaccharide, the method comprising treating lactose with β-galactosidase to obtain galactooligosaccharide and some fructose followed by treatment with glucose isomerase to obtain monosaccharide. Galactooligosaccharide or monosaccharide obtained by the method can be used as a sweetener or food supplement.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,833 discloses a method for preparing galactooligosaccharide as well, the method comprising heat-treating lactose or a mixture of lactose and galactose in an anhydrous powder condition in the presence of an inorganic acid at a high temperature of 100 to 200° C. for 0.5 to 3 hours. A galactooligosaccharide conversion rate of more than 80% can be achieved. The powder obtained through the method can be neutralized, decolorized, desalted and finally spray-dried to obtain powder products.
Taiwan Patent No. 1346698 discloses a method for preparing a milk product of low lactose and low glucose, comprising treatment with lactase or a lactose-fermenting yeast. The fermentation step is carried out at a temperature of 15 to 35° C. for 10 to 48 hours. The lactose content is reduced to be less than 50% of that in the initial material, and the glucose content is reduced to be less than 50% of that in the initial material. The obtained milk product has a yeast aroma. Flavoring agents can be added to mask the undesired flavor until an optimal flavor has been achieved.
China Patent No. CN 1903052 discloses a method for preparing whey powder having casein phosphopeptides, anti-angiotensin converzyme peptides and galactooligosaccharides, comprising fermenting the raw material of animal milk with lactic acid bacteria, adding rennin during fermentation to form curd, collecting the expelled whey, concentrating the whey to obtain a concentrated whey liquid having a protein content of 75 to 90%, and spray drying the liquid to obtain a whey powder product having casein phosphopeptides, anti-angiotensin converzyme peptides and galactooligosaccharides. The product has not only the functions of conventional whey powder but also the efficacies in promoting calcium absorption, ameliorating hypertension, and improving functions of the intestinal tract.
China Patent No. CN 101700072 discloses a method for preparing a low-lactose milk beverage, comprising hydrolyzing the lactose in the milk raw material into glucose and galactose with lactase, and hydrolyzing the proteins in the milk raw material into peptides with a mixture of proteases composed of Lactobacillus helveticus cell wall protease and chymotrypsin. The low-lactose milk beverage prepared by the method contains more peptides, and thus has better anti-oxidative and anti-fatigue efficacies.
China Patent No. CN 102613297 discloses aqueous milk for improving the immunity of a subject and method for preparing the same, comprising adding to the milk long- and short-chain composite prebiotics and organic selenium in a proper ratio. Through the synergistic activities of these substances, the growth and proliferation of probiotics in the intestinal tract can be promoted, and the immunity of the subject can also be increased. The method for preparing the milk product can be conducted by routine methods in the pertinent art. Since no special requirement is needed for the production equipment, the method can be directly applied for production.
The aforementioned methods for preparing galactooligosaccharide all pertain to chemical synthetic methods, or direct addition of galactooligosaccharide to improve effects or modify flavors. Further, some of the aforementioned methods are cumbersome and the periods of treatment with yeasts, proteases and enzymes are long, which results in higher production costs. A non-chemical synthetic method for producing oligosaccharides is urgently needed in the technical field of the present invention.
Isomalto-oligosaccharide (IMO), after ingestion, can be absorbed and utilized by the probiotics such as Bifidobacterium and lactic acid bacteria in the colon for their proliferation and metabolized to produce lactic acid and acetic acid, which reduce the pH value of the intestinal tract, improve enterogastric peristalsis and inhibit the proliferation of harmful bacteria.
China Patent Nos. CN 103859042 B and CN 102715236 disclose a prebiotic milk product and a method of preparation thereof. The patents disclose functional milk, said milk being prepared from liquid milk, Nestle anhydrous milk fat, milk flavor, yeast β-glucan, stabilizer, and prebiotics, and wherein said prebiotics are composed of fructooligosaccharides and isomalto-oligosaccharides. The invention selectively adds yeast β-glucan and two prebiotics in the milk product to obtain a health-care functional milk product. The health-care functional milk product is absorbed by a human body to optimize the intestinal environment of the human body, relax the bowels, achieve the effects of reducing blood lipids and blood glucose and promoting absorption of mineral elements, and improve human immunity such as tumor resistance, virus resistance, oxidation resistance, radiation resistance, blood glucose reduction and blood lipid reduction.
China Patent Application No. CN 102475143 A discloses a health-care milk product added with isomalto-oligosaccharide and polydextrose. The product of the invention of CN 102475143 A can strengthen the propagation of probiotics, enhance intestinal microecology, and help in eliminating constipation, improving body immunity, preventing and inhibiting hyperlipidemia, as well as promoting the digestion and absorption of various nutritional components in existing milk products.
China Patent Application No. CN 101263841 A discloses a functional health-care milk product, characterized in that functional oligosaccharides, including oligomannose, xylooligosaccharide, fructooligosaccharide, galactooligosaccharide, stachyose, raffinose, isomalto-oligosaccharide, malto-oligosaccharide and soybean oligosaccharide, are added. The final product may be in the form of milk powders, liquid milk or milk tablets. The product of the invention has the efficacies of promoting the proliferation of probiotics and modulating the microorganisms in the intestinal tract, and thus can facilitate the elimination of functional constipation, increase the immunity of the subject, prevent and inhibit hyperlipidemia, and promote the digestion and absorption of various nutritional ingredients in existing milk products.
None of the prior references discloses a method of simultaneously increasing the contents of galactooligosaccharide and isomalto-oligosaccharide in a milk product.
Further, none of the prior art references discloses a method of increasing the content of oligosaccharides in a milk product while simultaneously enhancing the function of said milk product; for example, simultaneously increasing the content of galactooligosaccharide in a milk product and reducing the content of lactose so as to avoid lactose intolerance; increasing the content of isomalto-oligosaccharide and reducing the content of glucose such that the milk product thus prepared is a low glycemic index (GI) food; modulating blood lipids; improving intestinal function; increasing immunity; and/or elevating lactoprotein.

Process for preparing oligo-saccharide enhanced milk products


Inrush current to a load at the time of a power outage is reduced. A power control apparatus includes an inverter and a controller. When the controller detects a power outage in a power grid, the controller performs control so that output voltage supplied from the inverter to a switching device rises to an operating voltage. The operating voltage is the voltage at which the switching device operates to switch from electric power supplied to load devices from the power grid to electric power from the inverter. The controller also performs control to maintain the output voltage at or below the operating voltage when the output voltage reaches the operating voltage and then performs control so that the output voltage rises to a predetermined voltage exceeding the operating voltage.

In recent years, systems including distributed power supplies, such as solar cells, storage cells, and fuel cells, have increasingly been installed in consumer facilities. Such a system performs interconnected operation, to interconnect to a commercial power grid (power grid) and output electric power from the distributed power supplies, and independent operation, to output electric power from the distributed power supplies independently from the power grid.
If inrush current occurs in the system, electronic components and the like in the system may suffer damage. To address this, patent literature (PTL) 1 proposes a system that reduces inrush current flowing into the system from the power grid.

Power control apparatus, control method of power control apparatus, distributed power supply system, and control method of distributed power supply system


An apparatus and method for densifying a fibrous mat, such as scrim, to achieve a uniform mat density, comprising a set of parallel bars each having a row of pins extending downward therefrom which can engage the mat fibers, a plurality of shafts along which the bars slide so as to maintain the bars parallel, a plurality of extendable accordion linkages connecting the set of bars, and a linear positioning assembly having a reciprocating drive mechanism coupled to one of the bars which can move the bars in response to an actuation signal. As the drive mechanism retracts the bar to which it is coupled the spacing between the rows of bars is decreased uniformly and the rows of pins draw the fibers together and compress them uniformly across the width of the mat.

Processing the trees into engineered products involves a number of steps. One of the steps is crushing young trees (stripped of branches) to obtain loose bundles of fibrous strands. The bundles of fibers are formed into mats of crushed fibers with the fibers being generally parallel. Resin is added as well as other binding agents and the mat is dried under pressure to eventually reach a target moisture content and density. After the fibers are formed into mats and before resin is added the mats must be processed to provide a uniform density of fibers across the width W (i.e., perpendicular to the direction of the fibers, see FIG. 1) of the mat.
It is important for the mat to have a uniform density of fibers across the entire mat width W so that the resulting wood product has uniform and predictable strength. Density variation can cause failure of the wood product in use, which can have disastrous effects where the wood product is load bearing.
Old growth unprocessed wood generally has been more desirable for making engineered wood products than new growth unprocessed wood or pulpwood, in part because of the lower moisture content of older trees. Pulpwood is commonly defined as wood that is about 12-60 years of age or of a certain diameter (to be distinguished from veneer or dimension lumber). Old growth trees are rapidly vanishing as forests are depleted. New "immature" tree farms are increasing in development to provide a nearly limitless source of such wood. Such farms can grow trees at a faster rate using modern technology. Immature trees can be harvested at a younger age than old grow trees, however, there is a greater variation of fiber density in immature trees than in old growth trees, resulting in a need for improved methods of producing uniform density mats.
One type of conventional apparatus which attempts to create a uniform density mat of fibers utilizes a pair of parallel vertical opposing plates between which is inserted a mat coming off, for example, a scrim line, to be compressed (also referred to as "densified"). One or both plates are connected to a reciprocating drive mechanism which drives the plates toward each other, compressing the fibrous mat therebetween. A challenge with this apparatus is that the compressive force is applied to the front and rear edges (4, 6 in FIG. 1) of the mat proximate to the plates, but the compressive force is not evenly applied across the width of the mat. The result can be that the mat has a higher density near the front and rear edges and lower density in the middle of the mat. Additionally, a nonuniform density mat may tend to decompress over time. If the density is not consistent, the moisture content of the mat after drying is not consistent, which affects the rest of the manufacturing process and the performance characteristics of the final wood product. Delamination can result if the moisture content is too high; insufficient bonding can result if the moisture content is too low. In a veneer production process, if the mat thickness varies, the veneer thickness can vary. In a sawmill operation, the result of inconsistent density can be inconsistent wood dimensions.
It would be desirable to have an apparatus which could densify a fibrous mat uniformly across the mat and improve the resulting strength characteristics. It would also be desirable to use density to control moisture content.

Apparatus and method for densifying a fibrous mat


Some aspects of the present disclosure relate to techniques for measuring an angular position of a rotating shaft. As will be described in greater detail below, some angle measurement systems of the present disclosure include at least two magnets that cooperatively rotate at different rates according to a predetermined relationship (e.g., a predetermined gear ratio). Two or more magnetic field sensing elements, which are often stationary, measure the directionality of the resultant magnetic field at different positions for a particular angular shaft position. Based on the directionality measured by the magnetic field sensing elements, the techniques can determine an absolute angular position of the rotating shaft, which can be greater than three-hundred and sixty degrees.

Magnetic sensing devices, such as Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) sensors, for example, are used in a wide variety of applications. For example, GMR sensors are often used for sensing the angular position of a rotating shaft. In such applications, a permanent magnet, sometimes referred to as a "pill", can be mounted to an end of a steering shaft and centered on the shaft's axis of rotation. The GMR elements or resistors, which are typically connected to form one or more bridges, are also positioned so as to be centered on the axis of rotation, with the resulting output signals generated by the GMR resistors being indicative of the angular position of the rotating shaft. However, as the inventors have appreciated, in many applications it is inefficient to mount the GMR sensors on at the end of the shaft on its axis of rotation, due to space limitations. For example, in vehicles, the end of a steering shaft typically has a to a knuckle assembly attached thereto, and there is no practical way of mounting a GMR sensor on the steering shaft's axis of rotation because the knuckle assembly impedes such a configuration.
Therefore, improved angle sensing techniques are needed.

Angle measurement system for determining an angular position of a rotating shaft


A floor squeak eliminator and floor joist stiffening apparatus, comprising a longitudinal member for extending along a length of a joist, fasteners for attaching each end of the longitudinal member to the joist, and mechanism for pre-tensioning the longitudinal member, the pre-tensioning perpendicular to a length of the longitudinal member and the joist, whereby the joist is pre-tensioned.

Floor squeaks have long been a problem, with attempted solutions offered to date being more symptom relief approaches, rather than addressing the underlying problem. Flexion of floor joists is typically the problem. Even though joists utilized meet code requirements, they are typically not strong enough to provide quiet and stable floors. Another issue is that existing wiring and plumbing installed through and around floor joists make adding extra joists impossible. Adding more wood to existing joists does not substantially increase joist stiffness and requires not only considerable effort but also the space needed to do so. Further, floor joists typically exist in limited space environments not conducive to additional materials or working freedom. Obstacles such as heating ducts, plumbing, wiring, and the like further hinder joist access. Bonding a floor or sub-floor to the joists below can often prevent squeaks but does nothing to prevent joists flexion. Additionally, bonding floors or sub-floors to the joists below requires invasion of the members. Invasion is especially undesirable or even practically impossible when floor covering is already applied to flooring. What is needed is a floor squeak eliminator and floor joist stiffening apparatus that is compact, lightweight and easy to install, with basic pre-tensioning capability for increasing the stiffness of a joist, thereby preventing joist flexion and floor movement. Further, the apparatus should rely on stiffening each joist individually, and not require the recruitment of surrounding joists or structures.

Floor squeak eliminator and floor joist stiffening apparatus


Disclosure is provided for apparatus and methods to control the temperature of fluids being administered to patients. The apparatus consists of an I.V. reservoir, fluid administration or I.V. tubing, an in-line heater, a heater controller, a temperature sensor located near the patient and feedback circuit connecting the temperature sensor to the heater controller. A method is disclosed which provides for overheating of the fluid so that it cools down to the desired temperature (usually body temperature) by the time it reaches the patient.

This invention relates to improvements in devices to control the temperature of fluids administered to patients.
Patients often require administration of fluid and blood products at or near body temperature in order to prevent hypothermia from occurring. Such fluid administration is also known as intravenous (I.V.) fluid administration. This is especially important during anesthesia, surgery, shock and trauma when body temperature may be reduced by exposure or by interference with the body""s thermoregulatory mechanisms. Hypothermic patients often experience uncontrolled shivering. Patient recovery is often complicated and extended by hypothermia.
Patients requiring blood are often in a state of circulatory shock. Blood is generally delivered from blood banks cold and is typically not adequately warmed to body temperature prior to administration due to time limitations of emergency circumstances. This situation compounds the problems facing the patient. Patient mortality and morbidity could be substantially reduced by delivery of blood and other fluids at proper body temperature.
Current methods of controlling the temperature of intravenous fluids and blood are in-line fluid warmers and external bulk fluid warmers. In-line fluid warmers heat fluids by applying heat directly, using a heating element, to fluid as it passes from the fluid reservoir to the patient. These heaters are located a substantial distance from the patient and temperature loss is substantial by the time the fluid reaches the patient.
External bulk fluid warmers heat the I.V. fluid bottle or bag prior to administration to the patient. The bottles or bags are removed from the heaters and placed next to the patient on an I.V. stand as they are needed. The bottle or bag is attached to a fluid administration set, consisting of a drip chamber, fluid administration (I.V.) tubing, roller clamps and I.V. cannula. The fluid passes from the reservoir to the patient through the fluid administration set under the force of gravity. As the fluid passes through the administration set, it loses heat. This temperature attenuation is exacerbated by low flow rates because of increased fluid dwell time in the I.V. tubing. Because of its long length and corresponding large surface area, substantial heat loss to the room occurs in the I.V. tubing. In addition, the warm fluid bag or bottle cools down over time and will, given enough time, eventually reach ambient room temperature.
Although insulated lines help the problem, temperature losses remain substantial. Typical warming systems are cumbersome, bulky and not sufficiently user-friendly for frequent use. The limitations of existing technology force clinicians to deliver cool and unregulated intravenous fluids and blood to their patients. Although not a preferred practice, there is no convenient method for regulating the temperature and delivery of intravenous fluids and blood products to patients.
The present invention discloses an improved device and method for controlling the temperature of fluids delivered to a patient. The invention is a system that ensures that fluids delivered to the patient reach the patient at the desired temperature, generally body temperature or 37.0 degrees centigrade.
A temperature measurement probe is located at the end of the I.V. tubing nearest the patient. This temperature measurement is taken near the patient and the information is fed back through wires or by wireless methods to a circuit that controls an in-line heating element that heats the fluid. In this way, temperature losses in the I.V. tubing may be compensated by overheating the fluid so that it reaches the patient at the desired temperature.
In another embodiment of the invention, the feedback from the temperature probe is transmitted through wires, which are integral to the I.V. tubing. The transmission line wires may be embedded or co-extruded, for example, within the tubing. A connector is attached to the transmission line wires in the tubing. This connector allows transmission of information to the controller through electrical leads, attached to the connector. In this manner, cost is reduced and the system is simplified so that no additional components need be set up by the nurse or medical practitioner.
In yet another embodiment, insulated tubing may be used to minimize heat loss in the I.V. tubing and, thus, minimize the amount of overheating required of the in-line heater.
In the preferred embodiment, the in-line heating is accomplished by pumping heated fluid through channels or lumens that run parallel and adjacent to the fluid administration channel in the I.V. tubing. In this way, the heating is distributed along the length of the I.V. tubing so temperature gradients are reduced. This embodiment requires a fluid pump, heater, controller, and temperature probe as well as heat exchange tubing, a heating manifold and at least one fluid shunt.
In yet a further preferred embodiment, the heating channels are located radially exterior to the fluid administration channel. In this way, the heating channels not only heat, but they also buffer, or insulate, the fluid administration channel from ambient temperatures surrounding the I.V. tubing.
In another embodiment, the heating channels, manifold, shunt and delivery tubing are pre-filled with heat exchange fluid so that messy filling and handling are not required.
In yet another preferred embodiment, an additional insulation layer may be disposed radially outward of the heating channels to minimize heat loss to the environment.
In yet another embodiment, the distributed heating is accomplished by resistive or Ohmic heating of a metal or ceramic element that runs along the length of the I.V. tubing.
A key advantage of this system is that fragile fluids such as blood and blood products are not overheated prior to delivery to the patient. Another advantage of the system is that it may be inexpensively fabricated and it may be provided in a convenient configuration that encourages its use. The set allows for disposability, pre-sterilization, low cost and convenient operation.

Method and apparatus for fluid administration with distributed heating

Abstract: In another embodiment, apparatus is disclosed for providing distributed heat to fluids being administered to patients. This apparatus includes heating channels or elements running along a length of the fluid administration tubing. These heating elements are controlled by a controller, which is attached to a temperature sensor, preferably located near the patient. The key advantages of this system include low cost, ease of use and reduced overheating of fluids prior to delivery to the patient. Such overheating could result in degradation of the fluids being delivered to the patient.


A phospholipid composition which satisfies the following requirements (i) and (ii):. (i) a weight ratio of a nitrogen-containing phospholipid to the sum of a phospholipid, a glycolipid and a sterol derivative of less than 0.5; and PA1 (ii) a ratio of an area of a high-polar substance on a silica gel thin-layer chromatogram to the sum of areas of a phospholipid, a glycolipid and a sterol derivative on a silica gel thin-layer chromatogram of less than 500 area/.mu.g. A fat and oil composition containing from 0.001 to 30% by weight of the phospholipid composition is also disclosed. The present invention enables the blending of phospholipids with a frying oil, which has been considered difficult since it causes heat coloration. Thus a fat and oil composition, which is excellent in mold-release characteristics during cooking, has a good smell during heating, suffers from no coloration of oil after heating and shows a good flavor, can be obtained. A process for producing phosphatidic acids and lysophosphatidic acids is further disclosed.

Phospholipids, which are basic substances constituting biomembranes, belong to lipids controlling the fundamental living activities, for example, protection of cell tissues, mediation of information, adjustment of material transfer.
In recent years, it has attracted scientific and industrial attraction that various functional substances can be encapsulated in vesicles (or liposomes) consisting of phospholipids capable of forming bilayer membranes. In the field of pharmaceutical science and medicine, for example, it is expected that this phenomenon is applicable to a drug delivery system (DDS).
The present inventors have tried to apply such high-functional lipids to the food industry and they previously succeeded in the development of a cooking oil suffering from no sputtering and having good mold release characteristics as disclosed in JP-A-1-27431 (the term "JP-A" as used herein means an "unexamined published Japanese patent application").
Examples of the industrial application of PA include, furthermore, improvement of dough properties in a baking process as disclosed in JP-A-58-51853, production of an emulsifier comprising PA and a zein complex as disclosed in JP-A-62-204838, application to drugs as disclosed in JP-A-54-105222, JP-A-55-11582, JP-A-56-127308 and JP-A-60-255728, application to cosmetics as disclosed in JP-A-59-27809 and application to chemical products as disclosed in JP-A-53-108503 and JP-A-60-243171. Namely, attempts have been made to use PA in various industrial fields.
A known method for producing PA comprises treating lecithin with ground oilseeds or an oilseed extract. However, the product thus obtained is contaminated with impurities and thus should be purified. Phospholipids including PA and L-PA are commonly purified by column chromatography. In the purification by silicic acid column chromatography, in particular, each component can be eluted and fractionated by varying the polarity of the development solvent. A chloroform/methanol mixture is used as a development solvent for purifying PA and L-PA and these products are separated from each other by changing the polarity of the solvent by varying the mixing ratio. However, there arises a problem of the contamination with impurities and thus the product should be passed through the column several times in order to obtain a specimen of a high purity, which causes some disadvantages including an increase in the amount of the solvent to be used and a decrease in the yield. It is also proposed to separate PA and L-PA by thin layer chromatography and detecting each product with a non-decomposition reagent, followed by scratching and extracting the portion containing PA or L-PA from the plate. However, this method is seemingly ineffective from an industrial viewpoint, since the yield thus achieved is limited.
On the other hand, there has been known that lecithin is specifically effective, compared with a number of other surfactants, in improving the mold-release characteristics of food materials which are liable to undergo heat adhesion (for example, sponge cake dough, egg roll).
Typical examples of commonly employed lecithin, which comprises a phospholipid mixture comprising nitrogen-containing phospholipids (for example, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine) as the main components, are obtained by extracting or purifying soybean, yolk or the like.
These natural lecithins such as soybean lecithin and yolk lecithin are unstable and undergo browning when heated to 150.degree. C. or above, even in a fat-protected state, thus turning into a dark brown.
The present inventors found out that a fat and oil composition containing 0.1 % by weight or more of phospholipids, from which the nitrogen-containing phospholipids causing the heat coloration had been removed by, for example, an enzymatic treatment, would never undergo heat coloration when used in frizzling foods and have already applied the same for a patent (JP-A-2-27943).
However, a fat and oil composition containing from 0.01 to 30 % by weight of such phospholipids free from any nitrogen-containing phospholipids still suffers from disadvantages that the oil per se is seriously colored when used at a higher temperature for a long period of time (for example, in frying).

Phospholipid composition, fat and oil composition containing the same and process for producing phosphatidic acids