Synthetic cremastranone and cremastranone analogs are disclosed. Additionally, methods for synthesizing cremastranone and cremastranone analogs are disclosed. Methods of treating ocular neovascularization disorders and treating angiogenesis-mediated disease are also disclosed.

The present disclosure relates generally to compounds for the treatment of angiogenesis-mediated diseases. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to cremastranone analogs and methods for synthesizing cremastranone analogs.
Angiogenesis does not occur in the body, except during development and wound repair processes. However, during numerous pathological conditions, angiogenesis occurs, notably in ocular diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), diabetic retinopathy (DR), and "wet" age-related macular degeneration (AMD). After pathological angiogenesis occurs, newly formed blood vessels are fragile, porous and not fully differentiated. The formation of such new blood vessels in the eye may lead to hemorrhage, rapid photoreceptor degeneration, and eventual fibrotic scarring, with rapid, permanent vision loss.
Clinical symptoms of DR are seen in 75% of diabetic patients, with 10% of them eventually developing visual impairment. DR is currently the leading cause of blindness among working age adults and accounts for 8% of the legal blindness in the United States. Additionally, almost 2 million Americans are affected by AMD. AMD has an estimated loss of productivity burden of $5.4 billion annually in the United States. Severely affected patients have a very poor quality of life, comparable to that of catastrophic stroke victims or advanced cancer patients in constant pain.
Established treatment modalities for AMD include thermal laser photocoagulation or photodynamic therapy in conjunction with verteporfin. More recently, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapies such as pegaptanib, ranibizumab, aflibercept, and bevacizumab have shown success in slowing and even reversing vision loss in some age-related macular degeneration patients. But the significant acute, systemic side effects (non-ocular hemorrhage, myocardial infarction, and stroke) indicate that these therapies can act outside the eye even when delivered intravitreally. Blinding intraocular side effects are also possible and the long-term risks of these drugs are still unclear. Moreover, because they are biologics, the cost-benefit ratios of these drugs are unfavorable. For instance, ranibizumab costs approximately $2,000 per monthly dose, rendering these treatments unaffordable for many patients. Since recurrence after treatment cessation can also occur, treatment with drug combinations targeting different pathways that truly eradicate the disease has been touted as the future of therapy for this disease.
A similar situation exists for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is characterized by abnormal blood vessel growth in the neonatal retina. The disease develops in two stages. In the first, hyperoxic stage, from 22 to 30 weeks' gestational age, high oxygen levels (as experienced in the ventilated, extrauterine environment compared to in utero) lead to decreased VEGF production and subsequent cessation of vascularization. In the second phase, photoreceptors mature and the avascular retina grows and becomes hypoxic, prompting production of VEGF. VEGF is essential for signaling normal vessel growth during development, but when aberrantly expressed at high levels, causes improper neovessel growth. Neovessels, extending into the vitreous, do not oxygenate the retina well and easily rupture, leading to retinal ganglion cell and photoreceptor loss, retinal detachment, and blindness.
In 2010, 12% of children in the United States were born prematurely, and 1.5% were very low birth weight (VLBW; ≤1500 g). Almost 70% of these VLBW infants were likely to develop ROP, which is caused by aberrant angiogenesis after exposure to postnatal hyperoxia. The disease is estimated to cause visual loss in 1300 children per year in the United States, and severe visual impairment in a further 500 children per year. Overall, between 6% and 18% of childhood blindness is attributable to ROP. Moreover, as more and more children survive premature birth in middle income countries due to improvements in neonatal intensive care, ROP is becoming more prevalent worldwide. Aside from the acute risk of blindness, in childhood and even as adults, ROP survivors are more likely than the general population to develop posterior segment pathology, retinal detachment, myopia, amblyopia, strabismus, early cataract, and glaucoma.
Although biologic treatments are effective for retinopathy of prematurity and show fewer side effects than surgical treatments, there remain significant concerns about lasting toxic or developmental effects in neonates, especially since these drugs can have systemic actions even when delivered locally. Accordingly, there is a critical unmet need for novel small molecules to treat ocular neovascularization disorders as well as other angiogenesis-mediated diseases, to complement the existing approaches and allow lower-dose, combination therapies.
The bulb of the Orchidaceae family member Cremastra appendiculata (D. Don) is a traditional medicine in East Asia, used internally to treat several cancers, and externally for skin lesions. Several natural products have been extracted from this plant, but perhaps most intriguing of these is a compound known as cremastranone, previously known by the generic name "homoisoflavanone" (FIG. 1). Cremastranone 1,5,7-dihydroxy-3-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-6-methoxychroman-4-one, is a member of a small group of known homoisoflavanones and has also been isolated from members of the Hyacinthaceae.
Cremastranone has been identified as the component of C. appendiculata bulbs responsible for a blockade of the proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) mediated via G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Clues to cremastranone's anti-proliferative mechanism come from the discovery that the natural source compound induces expression of p21WAF1 (CDKN1A), an inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdc2 (CDK1), which in turn is down-regulated by cremastranone. Cremastranone also blocked prostaglandin synthesis from arachidonic acid in a microsome assay, without marked effects on function of cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 as purified enzymes. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 expression may explain this finding, at least in keratinocytes exposed to UV radiation, a system in which cremastranone shows anti-inflammatory effects. In this context, cremastranone also decreased phosphorylation of the mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), p38MAFK, and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK). It also blocked nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and production of cytokines TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
The natural cremastranone also inhibited angiogenesis in vivo. In the chick chorioallantoic membrane model, cremastranone was as effective as retinoic acid in blocking new vessel growth induced by bFGF. Cremastranone also showed efficacy in blocking pathogenic neovascularization in an oxygen-induced retinopathy model of retinopathy of prematurity and in the laser photocoagulation murine model of choroidal neovascularization. These models are widely used for treatment evaluations in these ocular neovascular disorders. Additionally, injection of 10 μM cremastranone into the vitreous of normal adult mice showed no cytotoxic or inflammatory effects on the retina, nor did it induce apoptosis of retinal cells.
Based on the foregoing, it would be highly advantageous to produce synthetic cremastranone and develop additional small molecule anti-angiogenic therapies to complement existing approaches for treatment of ocular and other neovascular disorders. It would be additionally beneficial, if these molecules performed as well, or better, than the natural cremastranone.

Compounds for treatment of angiogenesis-mediated diseases

Indiana University Research and Technology Corporation


Systems and methods for augmenting web conference sessions with multimedia content based on text extracted from audio content transmitted during the web conference. In one embodiment, a conference application or other application can receive audio content from at least one client participating in a web conference. The web conference can connect multiple clients for live sharing of audio and video. The conference application can also extract at least one text item from the audio content. The conference application can also generate augmented electronic content by combining electronic content received via the web conference with additional electronic content based on the at least one text item. The conference application can also provide the augmented electronic content via the web conference.

Online services such as web conference applications can allow clients at remote locations to share electronic content, such as multimedia content. Web conferences can be used to conduct meetings and training events and/or present lectures or short presentations from any computer accessing a web conference. Web conference applications allow for online collaboration via webinars, interactive conferences, online workshops, etc. Web conferences may also involve the exchange of data between various participants. Participants may communicate via text message, video chat, audio chat, etc.

Augmenting web conferences via text extracted from audio content


A disclosed vertical cavity surface emitting laser element includes a substrate, a laminated body sandwiching a semiconductor active layer with an upper reflecting mirror and a lower reflecting mirror, a lower electrode, and an upper electrode. The laser element emits laser light in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the substrate when an electric current is supplied between the upper electrode and the lower electrode. The laser element further includes a selective oxidation layer in the upper reflecting mirror having a current blocking structure made of an oxidized region and an unoxidized region, and a detectable portion formed on a side surface of a mesa structure shaped by the upper reflecting mirror including the selective oxidation layer and the active layer, thereby enabling detecting the position of the selective oxidation layer from a top of the laminated body in a depth direction of the laminated body.

The vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) element propagates in a direction perpendicular to a substrate. In comparison with an ordinary edge emitting type semiconductor laser, the vertical cavity surface emitting laser element can be achieved at a low cost, low power consumption and in a compact device, suitable for a two-dimensional device. For these reasons, the vertical cavity surface emitting laser elements attract the attention of many people.
As disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,493,577, the vertical cavity surface emitting laser element has a current blocking structure and employs a selective oxidation and confined structure made of AiAs or the like.
The current blocking structure of the vertical cavity surface emitting laser element is formed by arranging a semiconductor substrate or a semiconductor member having a mesa structure of a circular shape or a rectangular or quadrangular shape in a high-temperature steam atmosphere, oxidizing it from an outer peripheral portion on a side surface of the mesa structure, made of a p-AlAs or AlGaAs layer, to the center of the mesa structure, and forming a selective oxidation layer made of a region of the oxidized AlO and an unoxidized region. The refractive index of the oxidized region of the selective oxidation layer is about 1.6, which is lower than those of the other semiconductor layers. Therefore, emitted beams are confined in the unoxidized region surrounded by the oxidized region to thereby lower a threshold value.
Meanwhile, when the size of the unoxidized region in the selective oxidation layer deviates from an optimum value, an oscillation characteristic of light output or the like is also deviated. Thus, there may occur a problem of drop in yield.
In order to avoid such a deviation of the unoxidized region of the selective oxidation layer from the predetermined size, there have been proposed several methods.
A method of indirectly monitoring the degree of oxidation using a monitored oxidation pattern is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-95934. With this method, a pattern of stripes is provided to monitor an oxidation rate in addition to a shape of an ordinary resonator, and reflectance of the pattern is measured inside an oxidation chamber to obtain the degree of oxidation.
A method of monitoring the degree of oxidation in real time is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-179309. With this method, a semiconductor member under an oxidation process is observed via an observation port with a microscope, and the degree of oxidation is estimated using contrast observed with the microscope between an oxidized region and an unoxidized region, thereby controlling the oxidation to follow.
In the method of indirectly monitoring the degree of oxidation using the monitored oxidation pattern disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-95934, there are problems including that an area for mounting the vertical cavity surface emitting laser element is limited and cost becomes high. This is because it is necessary to make patterns around the monitored oxidation pattern blank to enable monitoring the oxidation rate with high accuracy, and an ordinary resonator cannot be mounted by this blank pattern.
Further, in the method of observing the degree of oxidation with the microscope disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2003-179309, it is necessary to enhance the degree of oxidation and also shorten the distance between a semiconductor member and the microscope to focus the microscope on a portion where the mesa structure is formed. However, when the distance between the observation port and the semiconductor member is shortened, moisture vapor concentration distribution on the semiconductor member is scattered, and therefore the amount of oxidation becomes not uniform. Thus, the yield is lowered. Further, when the distance between the observation port and the semiconductor member is shortened, the refractive index of the observation port may be changed by heat emitted from a heater, and optical elements such as a lens installed in the microscope may be deformed. In these cases, the focus is deviated to degrade measurement accuracy. Thus, the yield may be lowered. Further, because it is impossible to reuse the microscope in this method, the cost may become higher.

Vertical cavity surface emitting laser element, vertical cavity surface emitting laser array, optical scanning device, and image forming apparatus


A liquid containing body is configured to be contained in a liquid containing vessel that is inserted in the −Y axis direction with regard to a mounting section. The liquid containing body includes a flexible liquid containing section containing a liquid, a substrate with a contact section that electrically connects due to contact with regard to an apparatus side terminal section that is provided in the apparatus side wall section, and a substrate support member provided in the liquid containing section and supporting the substrate with a posturing where the contact section faces the −Y axis direction and the +Z axis direction.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a liquid containing body.
2. Related Art
A liquid containing vessel (an ink cartridge) is disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2007-83497 (PTL 1) which is mounted in a liquid ejecting apparatus (a printer) so as to be able to be attached and detached and which contains a liquid containing body which has flexibility (an ink pack) inside a casing section which is rigid. In the liquid containing body in PTL 1, a substrate is provided which has a contact section which electrically connects due to contact. Information relating to a liquid which is contained in the liquid containing body is stored on the substrate. The liquid ejecting apparatus receives supply of the liquid from the liquid containing body and is connected with the substrate with which access is possible due to an apparatus side terminal section of the liquid ejecting apparatus coming into contact with the contact section of the substrate in a case where the liquid containing vessel is mounted in the liquid ejecting apparatus.


A quality control accessory (QC accessory) is provided which is adapted for use in linear accelerator quality control or in verification of an arbitrary isocentric radiation treatment plan of a patient or radiation sensitive body. The accessory includes an absorber, a detector and an optional orientation device. The absorber is rotationally symmetric, preferably spherical or hemispherical. The detector is adapted to be fixed in a stationary spatial relationship with respect to the absorber. The optional orientation device is adapted to maintain the two dimensional detector (2d detector) and the absorber in a fixed relative spatial relationship with respect to the beam focus of the linear accelerator, when the gantry is rotated, so that the central axis of the beam is essentially orthogonal to the 2d detector and the phantom axis of symmetry is parallel to or aligned with the central axis of the gantry rotation axis.

Before a tumor patient is irradiated, the calculated dose distribution of the treatment plan has to be checked. Since the measurements cannot be performed in the patient himself, phantoms are used. The dose distribution can be checked by recalculating the treatment plan for a "verification phantom". The measured dose distribution of one or various randomly selected layers in the verification phantom is compared with the calculated dose distribution (plan related verification). Alternatively, the dose distribution of each single field is calculated and measured (field related verification). The advantages and disadvantages of these verification methods have been discussed in detail in the medical physics literature. In the current practice of radio oncology clinics, the dose distribution is checked only randomly and in two dimensions (2D).
The 2D dose distribution can be measured with a variety of devices such as films or electronic 2D arrays and EPIDs (Electronic Portal Imaging Device). The latter equipments show the advantage to make available the measured values in an electronic form. Several companies offer electronic 2D arrays and appropriate software, to verify the radiation dose distribution in a plane of special interest. The company Varian introduced a practical tool on the market, which is routinely used in many institutions for field-related 2D verification. 3D verification methods allow checking the integral dose distribution within a volume of interest. Relevant structures (body contour, anatomical structures, the planning target volume, PTV, and critical organs) and the dose distribution can be superimposed on the 3D dose distribution. By this means, evaluations and statements regarding the integral agreement between measurements and calculations are achievable, e.g., presented as a structure-based "Gamma-volume" diagram [Low et al., 1998, A technique for the quantitative evaluation of dose distributions, full cite, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference thereto]. Discrepancies between measurement and calculation can be localized and scored relative to the patient contours. Deviations outside the body contour are for instance not relevant.
Different methods have been developed to measure the 3D dose distribution in a phantom (gel dosimetry, a spirally wounded film in a phantom and mathematical estimation of doses in points outside the measurement plane. These methods are quite elaborate and time-consuming and therefore not suitable for clinical routine: First of all, the 2D measurement signal has to be converted digitally (e.g., film scanning). To convert the measured values into a radiation dose, a conversion function has to be determined, etc. Various groups succeeded in determining the 3D dose distribution, based on EPID measurements. As this equipment is attached to the linear accelerator and has a high spatial resolution, it offers significant advantages compared with other equipment. The industry has not adopted and implemented until now the 3D dose verification with EPIDs.
New products are currently on the market which determine the 3D dose distribution in a phantom based on 2D measurements. As an example, the verification phantoms "Delta4" (available from Scandidos Inc.) and "ArcCheck" (Sun Nuclear Inc.) are presented here.
The cylindrical instrument "Delta4" (IBA) incorporates two 2D detectors, which intersect in the phantom symmetry axis by 90°. The dose distribution outside the measurement planes is calculated. The beam impinges on the detectors partly at small angles, influencing the sensitivity in an adverse way, and limiting the number of detector elements suitable for measurements. (FIG. 1A). The detectors of the cylindrical "ArcCheck" (Sun Nuclear) phantom are located regularly on a cylinder shape below the phantom surface. Detectors next to the phantom symmetry axis (seen from the beam focus) are irradiated perpendicularly and show good measurement results. However, when the angle between the incident beam and the phantom symmetry axis is increased, the incident angle of the beam to the detectors decreases. Therefore, detectors at the peripheries of the phantom are only suitable for measurements when the sensitivity is angle corrected (FIG. 1B), which introduces an additional measurement error. A considerable percentage of the detectors thus cannot be used for the measurement without restrictions at a given gantry angle. The dose within the curved, closed measurement surface is set in relation to the measured dose at the detector positions. This gives information how to calculate the "measured" dose derived from the calculated one.
The Compass measurement system (IBA dosimetry): The 2D array detector is attached to the gantry and measures the field fluence (not the radiation dose). Since the measurement is performed distant to the isocenter plane, complex calculation algorithms are required to calculate the dose in a virtual 3D phantom.
As shown in FIG. 1A, the beam path is perpendicular to the detector plane 1. It delivers a well-defined measurement signal. For the detector plane 2, the opposite is true. In FIG. 1B, the beam path c is perpendicular to the detector plane on the entrance and exit side of the beam and therefore a well measurement signal is expected. For the beam path b, the opposite is true.
Due to the phantom construction of the presented 3D verification phantoms and the limited accuracy to place them in relation to the beam coordinate system, the 3D phantoms actually in use are not suitable to perform fast and accurate machine checks, especially for MLC checks (multi leaf collimator). What is needed therefore is a phantom construction that is reproducibly related to the beam coordinate system with its accessory holder. Further, what is needed is a QC accessory that is more universally applicable.
Towards this end, Häring et al presented a particular member of the RSC Phantom class. (See Häring et al., "Hochauflösende 3D IMRT Verifikation mit einem Ionisationskammerarray", Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the DGMP, Oldenburg, p. 222-223, 2008, the content of which is incorporated by reference in.). Häring et al used a semi-cylindrical phantom body. Nevertheless, Häring et al's efforts highlighted problems in calculating the dose distribution, particularly, next to the phantom surface. Cylindrical phantom shapes are therefore not suitable to verify techniques with varying collimator or table angles, when they are fixed to the gantry. What is needed therefore is a phantom class that is suitable for such purpose.

Rotationally symmetrical coherent verification phantom (virtual patient) with a flat detector disposed on a rotary axis integrated in a multi purpose QC-accessory


An apparatus and method for evaluating a digital information signal to be transmitted. A superimposition of the information with an interference signal can endanger an error-free data transmission. In order to ensure a correct data transmission, the information signal is amplified with a variable gain, where the information signal has been band-pass-filtered and demodulated beforehand, and fed to an integral-action controller that keeps the gain of the amplifier at a value corresponding to a controller threshold. Advantageously, the integral-action controller has a shorter time constant for increasing the gain than for reducing it, with the result that the gain is increased more rapidly than it is reduced. Thus, the integral-action control of the gain ensures that the band-pass-filtered and demodulated information signal is above a digitization threshold during its pulses and below the digitization threshold during its pulse intervals.

1. Field
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for evaluating a digital information signal and, more particularly, to evaluate the digital signal to ensure that the signal is transmitted error-free.
2. Discussion of Related Art
In the transmission of a digital information signal, it must, as a rule, be expected that the information signal is subject to interference or is overlaid by an interference signal. To extract the digital data from the information signal, the information signal is, as a rule, fed to a comparator as a digitizing device that extracts the data or the individual bits from the information signal. In this process, however, the interference may result in erroneous digitization of the information signal. In particular, two types of interference may endanger the correct transmission of data. On the one hand, there is continuous interference that can reach the comparator and give rise to error bits therein. If a band-pass filter is inserted upstream of the comparator, it is the continuous interference whose frequency range extends over the filter center frequency of the band-pass filter, that is especially troublesome. On the other hand, there is also aperiodic, short intensive interference that may comprise sufficient energy to induce the comparator to respond. Such aperiodic, short interference may also pass through the band-pass filter and likewise result in erroneous data.
A method is disclosed for evaluating an information signal containing digital data, that includes amplifying the information signal with a variable gain. The information signal is then compared with a digitization threshold to extract the digital data. The information signal is also used as an actual value for an integral-action controller having a setpoint value, which is a controller threshold and has a value lower than a value of the digitization threshold. A control signal is then output from the integral-action controller that alters the amplification of the information signal in such a way that the variable gain is continuously increased when the information signal is less than the controller threshold and is continuously reduced when the information signal is greater than the controller threshold.
A circuit arrangement for evaluating an information signal containing digital data is also disclosed. The circuit arrangement includes an amplifier circuit having a variable gain for amplifying the information signal. A comparator circuit is provided for comparing the information signal with a digitization threshold to extract the data. Also included is an integral-action controller having an actual-value input to which the information signal is applied and having a setpoint value that is a controller threshold, the value of which is less than the digitization threshold. The integral-action controller is configured to continuously increase the variable gain of the amplifier circuit when the information signal is below the controller threshold, and to continuously decrease the variable gain when the information signal is greater than the controller threshold.

Method and apparatus for evaluating a digital information signal


A method is described for implementing a trusted computing environment within a data processing system where the data processing system includes a single hardware trusted platform module (TPM). Multiple logical partitions are provided in the data processing system. A unique context is generated for each one of the logical partitions. When one of the logical partitions requires access to the hardware TPM, that partition's context is required to be stored in the hardware TPM. The hardware TPM includes a finite number of storage locations, called context slots, for storing contexts. Each context slot can store one partition's context. Each one of the partitions is associated with one of the limited number of context storage slots in the hardware TPM. At least one of the context slots is simultaneously associated with more than one of the logical partitions. Contexts are swapped into and out of the hardware TPM during runtime of the data processing system so that when ones of the partitions require access to the hardware TPM, their required contexts are currently stored in the hardware TPM.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improved data processing system and, in particular, to a method, apparatus, and computer program product for data storage protection using cryptography. Still more particularly, the present invention relates to a method, apparatus, and computer program product in a computing environment for providing a scalable physical hardware TPM that provides trust to a scalable number of logical partitions that require trust and that are currently supported by the environment.
2. Description of Related Art
Most data processing systems contain sensitive data and sensitive operations that need to be protected. For example, the integrity of configuration information needs to be protected from illegitimate modification, while other information, such as a password file, needs to be protected from illegitimate disclosure. As another example, a data processing system needs to be able to reliably identify itself to other data processing systems.
An operator of a given data processing system may employ many different types of security mechanisms to protect the data processing system. For example, the operating system on the data processing system may provide various software mechanisms to protect sensitive data, such as various authentication and authorization schemes, while certain hardware devices and software applications may rely upon hardware mechanisms to protect sensitive data, such as hardware security tokens and biometric sensor devices.
The integrity of a data processing system's data and its operations, however, centers around the issue of trust. A data processing system's data and operations can be verified or accepted by another entity if that entity has some manner for establishing trust with the data processing system with respect to particular data items or particular operations.
Hence, the ability to protect a data processing system is limited by the manner in which trust is created or rooted within the data processing system. To address the issues of protecting data processing systems, a consortium of companies has formed the Trusted Computing Group (TCG) to develop and to promulgate open standards and specifications for trusted computing. According to the specifications of the Trusted Computing Group, trust within a given data processing system or trust between a data processing system and another entity is based on the existence of a hardware component within the data processing system that has been termed the trusted platform module (TPM).
A trusted platform enables an entity to determine the state of the software environment in that platform and to seal data to a particular software environment in that platform. The entity deduces whether the state of the computing environment in that platform is acceptable before performing a transaction with that platform. To enable this, the trusted platform provides integrity metrics, also known as integrity measurements, to the entity that reflect the integrity of the software state of the trusted platform. The integrity measurements require a root of trust within the computing platform. In order for a system to be a trusted platform, the integrity measurements must be taken from the Core Root of Trust for Measurements and extended through the initial program load (IPL) process up to the point at which the operating system is initialized.
A trusted platform module has been generally described in a platform-independent manner, but platform-specific descriptions have been created for certain classes of systems, such as personal computers (PCs). Existing hardware for trusted computing has focused on implementations for a single hardware trusted platform module for a single system. This situation is sufficient for simple servers and PCs, which tend to be relatively low-performance computers that meet the needs of stand-alone computational environments or client-side processing environments.
High-performance servers, though, support partitionable, multithreaded environments that may need access to a trusted platform module on multiple threads simultaneously. This type of environment allocates, or partitions, physical resources to each of the supported multiple partitions. In addition, each partition can be thought of as a separate logical computer system that can execute its own operating system and applications. The operating system executed by one partition may be different from the operating systems being executed by the other partitions.
One hardware TPM is designed to provide support for a single, non-partitionable computer system. Thus, existing systems utilize a single hardware TPM to provide trust for the entire single system. These systems, however, were not partitionable environments. A problem then arises as to how to provide support for a partitionable environment which includes multiple partitions which each act as separate computer systems.
Another issue to consider in providing trust to a partitionable environment concerns the scalability of the partitionable environment. A partitionable environment may support any number of different partitions. For example, the environment may be booted to include four partitions and then later booted to support six partitions.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a mechanism in a partitionable environment which permits scaling of the environment by providing a scalable hardware TPM that provides trust to a scalable number of partitions that require trust and that are currently supported by the environment.

Method for providing a scalable trusted platform module in a hypervisor environment

International Business Machines Corporation


The invention pertains to a process for manufacturing a glycerol-tricarboxylic acid polyester foam which comprises the steps of combining glycerol and a tri-carboxylic acid to provide a liquid reaction mixture and contacting the reaction mixture with a substrate under polymerization conditions, wherein the substrate has a top layer comprising one or more of metal, metal oxide, and metal halide. The invention also pertains to a glycerol-tricarboxylic polyester foam, in particular a glycerol-citric acid polyester foam, which has a closed cell foam structure wherein at least 90 vol. % of the foam, preferably at least 95% of the foam, is built up from cells having a diameter below 2 mm. The foamed polyester of the present invention is “green”, biodegradable, and non-toxic, and can be cleanly combusted. It finds application in, int. al., packaging materials, insulation materials, and materials with a short life cycle.

The present invention pertains to a process for preparing a foamed polymer, by reacting glycerol with a tri-carboxylic acid.
Polymer foams are known in the art for various applications, e.g., as packaging material and as insulation material.
A disadvantage of polymer foams known in the art is that they are often based on petroleum-derived sources, which means that they are not renewable, and cannot be classified as "green". A further disadvantage is that they are not biodegradable, which is of particular importance for packaging materials. A still further disadvantage is that some of the materials comprise heteroatoms or aromatic rings, which may cause issues when the material is combusted, such as the formation of SOx/NOx compounds and the release of toxic fumes or other toxic compounds into the environment.
There is therefore need for a polymer foam which solves these problems.
WO2010/059925 describes a polymer obtained by reaction of glycerol with citric acid in a two-step process. In a first step, low-molecular weight polyester pre-polymers are synthesized at a temperature of 80° C. to 250° C., which are then reacted further at a pressure at or above 1 atmosphere and a temperature of 175° C. to 400° C.
It has been found, however, that the polymer and process as described in this reference have a number of disadvantages. In particular the resulting foamed product has an irregular structure. Further, it turns out that the polymer is difficult to produce in a controlled and reproducible manner.
There is therefore need for a process for producing a glycerol tri-carboxylic acid polyester foam which results in a high-quality product, and which can be carried out in a reproducible manner. There is particular need for a process for manufacturing a foam with a regular foam structure. The present invention provides such a process.
The process according to the invention comprises the steps of combining glycerol and a tri-carboxylic acid to provide a liquid reaction mixture and contacting the reaction mixture with a substrate under polymerization conditions, wherein the substrate has a top layer comprising one or more of metal, metal oxide, and metal halide.
It has appeared that the process of the invention allows the manufacture of polyester foams from glycerol and a tri-carboxylic acid, which foams have good properties while the process can be carried out in a reproducible manner, also for large reactor volumes.
The present invention will be described in more detail below.


A method and system for project and portfolio management is disclosed. The method may include tagging one or more data records of projects of a plurality of projects with one or more tags, and displaying on a display device the one or more tagged data records with information relating to said one or more tags. A computer program product is also disclosed.

Information Technology (IT) project and portfolio management (PPM) may define and validate portfolios of IT investments from a business perspective. IT managers and executives may have objectives that may include purely financial measures, for example, return on investments, limited costs, profitability, and growth of return. Other objectives may include, strategic initiatives, market expansions and responding to customer demands.
When making portfolio selection decisions, the preferences and objectives of multiple stakeholders may be taken into account. Moreover, there are constraints on the feasible allocation of budget and staffing resources to projects that may be considered.

Method and system for project and portfolio management

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A method of printing an image on a foil-covered surface wherein a portion of the surface is coated with opaque white ink provides a unique high-quality graphic wherein the designs printed on bare foil are more prominently presented than, and are sharply differentiated from, designs printed on the surfaces coated with opaque white ink.

The present invention relates to a method for creating printed images on foil-covered surfaces. The method is particularly useful in the manufacture of high-quality printed matter such as sports figure cards or makeup and perfume packaging. However, it also is applicable to other printed matter, such as playing cards, greeting cards, tags, signs and badges.
A novel method of printing an image on a foil-covered surface wherein a portion of the surface is coated with opaque white ink provides a unique high-quality graphic wherein the figures printed on bare foil are more prominently presented in comparison to figures printed on the surfaces covered with opaque white ink.
It is well known in the printing industry that images printed on foil-covered surfaces are prominently presented to the eye This result, known as "foil effect" is even more apparent when juxtaposed with an image printed on a non-foil covered surface.
Methods for producing foil effect are known. One standard industry practice involves spot lamination of foil to selected areas of paper sheets. Through a separate process and by a different machine, the portion of the desired image to be presented with a foil effect is then printed on the foil as the remaining portion of the image is also printed on the non-foil portion of the card.
In this process, as the foil base portion of the surface is created in a process separate from that which prints the image on the foil and non-foil portions of the surface, problems develop in keeping the respective images from printing on the wrong surfaces. The result of this process commonly is an undesirable soft edge between the images. This problem is exacerbated when complex designs are printed. As this procedure requires two separate machines and processes, it also is time consuming and expensive.
Another practice in the industry to create a "foil effect", particularly on baseball or other popular figure cards, comprises printing a 4-color image on plastic sheets, opposite the side from which the printed image will be viewed. Opaque white ink then is printed over areas where foil is not to be revealed. After the inks are dry, foil is laminated to the printed side of the plastic. Paper of suitable weight, which may be printed on the side which will be the back of the completed card, is laminated to the foil which previously had been laminated to the printed plastic. This procedure is complex, time consuming, and inefficient.
Still another method of producing a "foil effect" comprises coating white paper with foil over all of one surface. The parts of the paper where it is desired to block the foil effect are printed in opaque white ink on a letterpress printing press, familiar to those in the printing arts. When the opaque white ink dries, the sheets are printed via offset printing methods, also familiar to those skilled in the printing arts, in different colors, over both the exposed foil and opaque white inked surfaces.
In this process, the opaque white ink is printed on letterpress equipment, and the colors are added on different, offset equipment. The different colored inks are printed on the same offset equipment, but may be printed at different times. Problems develop in making the opaque white ink and colored ink images line up, or "register" with one another Further, letterpress printing is slower than offset printing and this process is very slow.
Thus, it has not been known in view of the prior art to utilize offset printing methods to create sharp, high quality, complex, multi-color, foil-effect designs contrasted with non-foil designs or non-foil backgrounds on the same foil-covered surfaces at relatively high speed and low cost.

Method for producing printed images on foil-covered surfaces


One or more computer-readable media including computer-executable instructions to instruct a computing system to perform geometrical calculations using seismic horizon data; and define horizon segments based on the geometrical calculations where each defined horizon segment includes points and where each point has a corresponding probability of that point belonging to a defined horizon segment. Various other apparatuses, systems, methods, etc., are also disclosed.

Seismic interpretation is a process that examines seismic data (e.g., location and time or depth) in an effort to identify subsurface structures such as horizons and faults. Once various structures in a geologic environment have been identified, a model of the geologic environment can be constructed that accounts for these structures. Structures may be, for example, faulted stratigraphic formations indicative of hydrocarbon traps or flow channels. In the field of resource extraction, enhancements to seismic interpretation can allow for construction of a more accurate model, which, in turn, improves seismic volume analysis for purposes of resource extraction. As described herein, various techniques pertain to seismic interpretation for identifying structures in a geologic environment.

Segment identification and classification using horizon structure


A line pair testing and fault diagnostic apparatus implementing three-terminal measurement techniques using a multiple frequency source waveform transmission to propagate a reflected waveform. The apparatus implements a microcomputer circuit executing a program. The program has frequency domain analysis algorithms to process the reflected waveform to provide a craftsperson with the electrical characteristic data of a line pair to inform the craftsperson the existence of a line pair fault and the location of the fault in the line pair. The apparatus implements relays for switching between several diagnostics circuits within the apparatus for providing the craftsperson with numerous methods and techniques for troubleshooting a line pair.

A microfiche appendix having one page of microfiche with a total of 86 frames of a computer program constitutes part of the specification of this invention pursuant to 37 C. F. R. 1.77 and 1.96.
The present invention relates to telephone system test equipment and more particularly to equipment operable by a single craftsperson or technician to obtain telephone measurements comprising line pair resistances, capacitances and voltages and to detect and locate faults in a telephone line pair.
Telephone line pairs can have faults caused by any number of factors. A line fault can result from repair or construction around the lines such that a line pair is broken or shorted together. These types of faults are readily identifiable and rarely is any form of test equipment required to locate the fault.
More elusive faults are caused by improper splices causing a condition known as a xe2x80x9csplit,xe2x80x9d or by improperly terminating a line pair. A fault can also result from natural influences such as moisture seeping into the line pair causing corrosion, rodents chewing through the line pair, or lightning strikes on the cable. Test equipment is needed for detecting these line pair faults.
Typically a craftsperson is sent into the field to analyze faulty telephone line pairs. The system test equipment used is often bulky and difficult to handle by a typical craftsperson. The usefulness of such test equipment is further limited because only one test function out of many essential fault analysis or location techniques is available in a single piece of test equipment. Therefore, to effectively troubleshoot a line pair, the craftsperson must bring with him a miscellaneous collection of diagnostic equipment.
Compounding an already onerous task, each piece of test equipment is functionally different and has its own nuances. The craftsperson must intimately know the intricacies of each piece to effectively troubleshoot the line pair in the field. A large learning curve and years of experience are required to adequately train craftspersons before they become sufficiently familiar with each piece equipment.
When analyzing a line pair a craftsperson verifies whether the line pair""s characteristics of capacitance, resistance, and voltage parameters are within industry standards. A line pair has a tip leg, a ring leg and a ground leg. The capacitance parameters comprise those capacitance values from ring-to-tip, ring-to-ground and tip-to-ground, or CRT, CRG and CTG, respectively. A line pair""s capacitance value is largely a function of the dielectric used and the amount of twist in the line pair. A line pair""s resistance values, RTIP, RRING and RGND, respectively, are functions of wire gauge. That is, the lower the wire gauge, the greater the thickness of the wire, and therefore the lower the resistance.
Prior meters typically implement a one-dimensional analysis which merely measures the resistance of the line pair using a direct current (xe2x80x9cDCxe2x80x9d) method or simply measure the capacitance of the line pair using an alternating current (xe2x80x9cACxe2x80x9d) method using a time domain analysis based on Laplace transforms. A barrier to effective use of the DC method is the presence of series capacitance effects between the legs of a line pair. Because the capacitance acts as a DC filter, conventional meters cannot detect a series resistance fault caused by, for example, a bad connector. Thus, another piece of test equipment would have to be used to fully diagnose the line pair. More often than not, the craftsperson would have to terminate the opposite end of the line pair to perform these additional tests, requiring the craftsperson to travel to the far end of the line pair and to travel back to complete the tests.
Some test equipment provides longitudinal balance tests that allow single-ended testing to verify that the tip and ring legs of the line pair are xe2x80x9cequalxe2x80x9d and therefore are balanced. Such a test can alert the existence of a fault to a craftsperson but cannot describe the type or location of the fault.
Examples of test equipment used to locate line pair faults and splits are the xe2x80x9cCable Fault Locator,xe2x80x9d model number C-4904A and the xe2x80x9cOpen and Split Fault Locatorxe2x80x9d model number C-4910G, both available from Communications Technology Corporation.
The xe2x80x9cCable Fault Locatorxe2x80x9d is a cable fault locator system which locates grounds, shorts, crosses and splits. The system determines the path and depth of a buried line pair or cable by transmitting a high energy tone onto the telephone line pair to induce an electromagnetic field. The craftsperson must walk the length of the line pair with an inductive wand to detect the electromagnetic field propagating from the buried line pair. While walking, the craftsperson monitors an analog meter for indications of where the fault may be. The craftsperson may have to walk anywhere from 10 feet to 40,000 feet before locating the fault.
The xe2x80x9cOpen and Split Fault Locatorxe2x80x9d provides a digital meter readout for determining the location of a split in a spliced line pair. To operate the device, a craftsperson first must determine which line pairs comprise the split and then ensure that the line pairs being tested are of equal length else the test cannot produce an accurate split location. Such xe2x80x9copen and split locatorxe2x80x9d devices utilize two-terminal capacitance measurement methods which cannot distinguish the individual CTR, CTG and CRG capacitances affected by the presence of a split. Typically, the CTG capacitance of the analyzed line pair decreases in magnitude and the line pair CRG and CTG capacitances increase in magnitude.
When devices such as the xe2x80x9ccable fault locatorxe2x80x9d and the xe2x80x9copen and split fault locatorxe2x80x9d cannot accomplish the desired objectives, the craftsperson resorts to an analog meter commonly referred to as a xe2x80x9ckick meter.xe2x80x9d The term xe2x80x9ckick meterxe2x80x9d describes the action of the meter needle when the meter is initially attached to a line pair. The needle xe2x80x9ckicksxe2x80x9d across the meter in proportion to the amount of capacitance present on the line pair up to a parallel fault. The craftsperson, based on his experience, guesses the distance along the line pair to the fault. The accuracy of the craftsperson""s guess is further cast into doubt if there is a resistance in the line, such as a series fault. The presence of a series fault affects the xe2x80x9ckickxe2x80x9d of the needle and therefore affects the craftsperson""s guess as to where the fault is located.
Advancements in measuring techniques brought into use three-terminal measurement analysis where the tip, ring and ground legs are connected for a three-terminal analysis. Although an advancement from commonplace two-terminal measurements, the devices implementing three-terminal measurement analysis also have downfalls. First, these devices operate using waveforms having only one frequency, allowing only a one-dimensional analysis. Second, these prior devices implement antiquated technology using synchronous detectors which rely heavily on electronic hardware, adding to the weight and the bulk of the unit. Furthermore, because of the reliance on hardware, numerous potentiometers are incorporated. The greater the number of potentiometers, the greater the device""s complexity and the need to calibrate the unit before each use. Also, these prior devices cannot compensate for inductances in the line pair which would render the devices useless. A further limitation inherent with these prior devices is that only direct current (DC) resistances, or xe2x80x9czero-phasexe2x80x9d impedances,xe2x80x9d are analyzed. Alternating current (AC) resistances are ignored except for determining whether xe2x80x9cclippingxe2x80x9d of test waveforms occurs in the line pair. Clipping affects the accuracy of a measurement obtained by these prior devices.
A need exists for a line pair analyzer which is compact, complete, lightweight and easily used by a craftsperson. Additionally, a need exits for devices providing exacting measurements in a minimal amount of time and training to allow a craftsperson to expeditiously obtain a complete line pair diagnostics.
According to one aspect of the invention, an apparatus for analyzing a telephone line pair is provided. The apparatus has a first line connector, a second line connector and a ground line connector, a microcomputer and a waveform generator for generating a first source waveform having at least two frequencies and a second source waveform having at least one frequency equal to at least one frequency of the first source waveform. The transmitted source waveforms propagate a first reflected waveform and a second reflected waveform over the first and the second line connector, respectively. A meter processes the first and the second reflected waveforms for impedance and phase values using a frequency domain to analysis algorithm. A first and a second power supply terminal is electrically connected to the waveform generator and the meter for connection to a power source. This aspect of the invention provides a variety of analysis to the craftsperson. Also processed from the impedance and phase values is load coil counts, frequency measurement of the reflected waveforms, and electrical characteristics of the line pair.
According to another aspect of the invention, a telephone line pair interface circuit is provided. A capacitor is incorporated into several circuits comprising a snubbing circuit, a monitoring circuit, a telephone ring signal detection circuit, and an simulated inductance circuit to maintain a telephone line electrical connection with a telephone central office. A plurality of multiple contact switching relays are connected to the snubbing circuit, the monitoring circuit, the ring signal detecting circuit and the simulated inductance circuit are so arranged constructed and interconnected as to selectably provide a selection of any of the circuits electrically connected to the connection terminals.
Another aspect of the invention provides a digital potentiometer. A first and a second connection terminal and a wiper terminal are provided for incorporating the potentiometer into an electrical circuit. A plurality of multiple contact switching relays are interconnected with a series-resistance bank. A controller circuit manipulates the plurality of multiple contact switching relays. The terminals, the resistance bank, and the relays are so arranged constructed and interconnected as to selectably provide a plurality of resistance values across the connection terminals.
In another aspect of the invention, a bridge circuit provides an automated analysis of a distance to a parallel fault in a telephone line pair. The bridge circuit has a digital potentiometer which is controllable by a microcomputer. A high DC voltage source is electrically connected to the digital potentiometer and a ground plane to stimulate the parallel fault for detection purposes. A differential amplifier circuit is connected across the digital potentiometer circuit. The potentiometer circuit is adjusted or manipulated by a microcomputer executing a program until a null or zero voltage is produced at the output of the differential amplifier.
In a further aspect of the invention, a telephone line pair diagnostics circuit is to provided. Connection terminals are provided to electrically interface the circuit with the line pair. A plurality of multiple contact switching relays are implemented to provide a predetermined variety of circuit configurations to add to the flexibility and analytical power or the analyzer. An analysis platform is provided by a transformer. The transformer is incorporated into a stressed longitudinal balance analysis circuit, a power influence analysis circuit, a phantom tone circuit and a DC voltage measurement circuit. The connection terminals, the stressed longitudinal balance analysis circuit, the power influence analysis circuit, the phantom tone circuit, the DC voltage measuring circuit, and the transformer are so arranged constructed and interconnected as to selectably provide a predetermined selection of any of the circuits to the connection terminals.

Apparatus and method for line pair testing and fault diagnostics


A positive-working radiation-sensitive mixture is disclosed which contains as essential constituents:. a) an .alpha.,.alpha.-bis(sulfonyl)diazomethane, which forms a strong acid on irradiation, of the general formula ##STR1## in which R is an optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or heteroaryl radical, PA1 b) a compound having at least one C--O--C or C--O--Si--bond which can be cleaved by acid, and PA1 c) a water-insoluble binder which is soluble or at least swellable in aqueous alkaline solutions.. The radiation-sensitive mixture according to the invention is notable for a high sensitivity over a wide spectral range. It also exhibits a high thermal stability and does not form any corrosive photolysis products on exposure to light.

The present invention relates to a positive-working radiation-sensitive mixture which contains as essential constituents:
a) a compound which forms a strong acid on irradiation, PA1 b) a compound having at least one C--O--C or C--O--Si bond which can be cleaved by acid, and PA1 c) a water-insoluble binder which is soluble or at least swellable in aqueous alkaline solutions.
The invention also relates to a radiation-sensitive copying material produced from this mixture which is suitable for producing photoresists, electronic components, printing plates or for chemical milling.
In UV lithography, the limit of resolution is governed by the wavelength of the radiation used. The continuous miniaturization of the structural dimensions, for example, in chip production, therefore requires modified lithographic techniques in the submicron region. Owing to their short wavelength, high-energy UV light or electron beams and X-ray beams, for example, are used. This modification of the lithographic techniques changes the requirements imposed on the radiation-sensitive mixture. A summary of these requirements is given, for example, in the treatise by C. G. Willson entitled "Organic Resist Materials - Theory and Chemistry" (Introduction to Microlithography, Theory, Materials, and Processing, edited by L. F. Thompson, C. G. Willson, M. J. Bowden, ACS Symp. Ser., 219: 87 (1983), American Chemical Society, Washington). There is therefore an intensified requirement for radiation-sensitive mixtures which are preferably sensitive in a wide spectral range and can accordingly be used in conventional UV lithography or, without a loss in sensitivity, in advanced technologies such as, for example, mid-UV or deep-UV, electron or X-ray lithography.
Mixtures containing acid donors and acid-cleavable compounds are described, for example, in DE 2,306,248 (=U.S. Pat. No. 3,779,778) , 2,610,842 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,101,323) , 2,718,254 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,247,611) , 2,718,259 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,189,323), 2,928,636 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,311,782), 3,151,078 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,506,006), 3,544,165 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,786,577), 3,601,264, 3,730,783, 3,730,785 and 3,730,787, in EP 0,006,626 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,250,247), 0,006,627 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,248,957), 0,042,562 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,506,003), 0,202,196 and 0,302,359, and also in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,491,628 and 4,603,101. Upon irradiation of these materials, photolysis of the compound (a) forms an acid which brings about a cleavage of the C--O--C or C--O--Si bond of the compound (b) so that the irradiated regions of the photosensitive layers become soluble in an aqueous alkaline developer.
Compounds (a) are characterized as photolytic acid donors and include, in particular, onium salts such as diazonium, phosphonium, sulfonium and iodonium salts of non-nucleophilic acids, for example of HSbF.sub.6, HAsF.sub.6, or HPF.sub.6 (J. V. Crivello, Polym. Eng. Sci., 23:953 (1983)), halogen compounds (EP 0,232,972, DE 1,572,089 (=GB 1,163,324), DE 1,817,540 (=U.S. Pat. No. 3,615,455), DE 1,949,010 (=U.S. Pat. No. 3,686,084), DE 2,317,846 (=GB 1,381,471 and 1,381,472), U.S. 3,912,606), in particular trichloromethyl triazine derivatives (DE 1,298,414 (=GB 1,234,648), 2,243,621 (=GB 1,388,492), 2,306,248, 2,718,259, 3,333,450 (=ZA 84/7165) and 3,337,024 (=U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,619,998 and 4,696,888) and also U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,515,552, 3,536,489 and 3,615,630) or trichloromethyl oxadiazole derivatives (DE 2,851,472 (=U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,212,970 and 4,232,106), 2,949,396 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,279,982), 3,021,590 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,607), 3,021,599 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,606) and DE 3,333,450), o-quinonediazidesulfochlorides or organometal/organohalogen combinations.
The use of such photolytic acid donors, however, involves certain disadvantages which drastically restrict their possible uses in various fields of application. For example, many of the onium salts are toxic. Their solubility in many solvents is inadequate, which results in a limitation of the choice of resist-coating solvents. If the onium salts are used, some undesirable foreign atoms are introduced which may result in processing troubles, in particular in microlithography. Furthermore, during the photolysis they form Bronstedt acids with very strong corrosive action which render the use of radiation-sensitive mixtures containing them unsatisfactory on sensitive substrates.
The halogen compounds and also the quinonediazide sulfonyl chlorides form hydrohalic acids with strong corrosive action. On certain substrates, such compounds have only a limited storage life. According to the teachings of DE 3,621,376 (=U.S. Pat. No. 4,840,867), this was improved in the past by introduction of an intermediate layer between substrate and radiation-sensitive layer containing compounds of the type (a), but this resulted in an undesirable increase in defects and a reduction in the process reproducibility. In addition, it was generally believed that compounds of the type (b) can be cleaved only by the acid types described above which have good mobility in the photosensitive layer.
Recent work by F. M. Houlihan et al., SPIE 920:67 (1988) has shown that, in addition to the above-mentioned acid donors, nitrobenzyl tosylates, which form sulfonic acids of low mobility on exposure to light, can be used in certain acid-labile resist formulations. The sensitivities achieved in such cases and the thermal stabilities of the photoresists have, however, proven inadequate.
Owing to the disadvantages cited there is therefore a need for further acid donors which act photolytically, which do not have the disadvantages described above as constituents of radiation-sensitive mixtures and which consequently have sufficient reactivity and acid strength to convert compounds of the type (b) into their cleavage products even with short exposure times.

Positive-working radiation-sensitive mixture and copying material produced therefrom comprising an .alpha.,.alpha.-bis(sulfonyl) diazo methane as an acid forming compound


The present invention is generally directed to using code division multiplexing (CDM) on the beacon and traffic channels while lowering the power of the beacon channel so that it rides under the traffic channel and becomes very difficult to detect. In this way, the beacon channel can contain sensitive information for decoding the traffic channel while remaining hidden from unintended recipients. By hiding the beacon channel, the CDM technique can be particularly beneficial in adaptive waveform systems where sensitive traffic channel acquisition information is regularly transmitted to the receiver.

A beacon channel is often used to provide critical information for recovering data transmitted in a traffic channel. For example, the beacon channel can contain timing, frequency, or phase information necessary for the receiver to synchronize with a received traffic channel. Once the beacon channel is received, the receiver can extract the information from the beacon channel and use the information to identify and decode the traffic channel.
When the beacon channel is used to transmit the necessary information for decoding the traffic channel, it is critical that the beacon channel be protected to ensure that an unintended recipient cannot gain access to the data in the traffic channel. Most current schemes employ some form of time division multiplexing (TDM) of the traffic and beacon channels. However, when TDM is used, the beacon channel can be relatively easy to detect. Therefore, it can be relatively easy for an unintended recipient to obtain the sensitive information in the beacon channel that is required to decode the traffic channel.

Applying code division multiplexing to a beacon channel containing data for decoding a corresponding traffic channel


An intraocular lens includes: a substantially disk-shaped optical portion; a support portion having two closed pairs of haptic portions arranged symmetrically about a first diameter of the optical portion, each pair of the haptic portions being symmetrical with each other about a second diameter of the optical portion, the second diameter of the optical portion being substantially perpendicular to the first diameter of the optical portion. Each haptic portion has two side segments, each of the side segments having a first end fixed to a periphery of the optical portion and a second end fixed to a contact portion joining the two side segments.

This invention relates to an intraocular lens designed to be inserted in a capsular sac in an eye.
Intraocular lenses are designed to correct aphakia during an operation for a cataract. A cataract is characterized by the progressive loss of vision because the cornea in the patient""s eye becomes opaque. A surgical operation is performed to extract the opacified cornea and to replace it with an artificial cornea called an intraocular lens. The intraocular lens may be placed in the anterior chamber in front of the iris or in the posterior chamber behind the iris, in a ciliary seat or in the capsular sac of the eye. The lens is composed of two parts, an optical part enabling vision that may be single-focal or multi-focal, and a support or haptic portion that will interact with the tissues by mechanical thrust and cellular growth and hold the lens in position in the eye. There are two types of implants used to replace the natural cornea at the present time, namely xe2x80x9crigidxe2x80x9d implants and xe2x80x9cflexiblexe2x80x9d implants.
Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is usually used for rigid intraocular lenses. The flexible implant can bend and be inserted through a very small cornean or scleral incision about 3 millimeters long, after extraction of the natural lens nucleus from the capsular sac. This technique reduces residual astigmatism. Many intraocular lenses made of flexible material have already been proposed. For example, these lenses may be made from polysiloxanes, or flexible hydrophobic or hydrophilic acrylic polymers (copolyhema). Intraocular lenses made of co-polyhema are made by machining in the dry state, and the material will then be hydrated to make it flexible.
A flexible single piece intraocular lens disclosed in French Patent Application FR 2 766 699, is designed to prevent movement of the lens optics along the optical axis when the lens is being put into place. This lens is shown in FIG. 4. In order to achieve this purpose, closed haptic portions 410 having legs 411, 412 that are not radial are used. Thus, in theory, forces transmitted through the legs 411, 412 onto the optical part 401 when the lens is in position in the capsular sac of the eye do not have a radial component. Consequently, the optical part 401 should not move or be deformed. However, note that according to FIG. 4, the longitudinal axes of the legs 411, 412 for each haptic portion 410 intersect at a point Sxe2x80x2 that is in the angular section with center O and with an arc defined by the contact portion 414 of the haptic portion joining the free ends of the legs 411, 412. Once the lens is in position, centripetal forces will be applied to each haptic portion 410. Considering the geometry of each haptic portion defined above, these forces will induce a rotation moment on each leg 411, 412. According to FIG. 4, these two rotation moments will have opposite signs. If the values of these two moments are the same, then the haptic portion will simply be compressed, which will necessarily cause buckling of legs. If the sum of the moments is not zero, the leg with the smallest moment will be compressed and the haptic portion will pivot towards the direction of the highest moment. Thus, in all cases, at least one leg will be compressed. This compression phenomenon is also illustrated in FIG. 5a in which the shape of a hapic portion as illustrated in FIG. 4 is shown. In this figure, the compression C exerted on the haptic portion when the lens is in position causes a centripetal component Fc1 and a tangential component Ft1 to be applied to each leg 411, 412. Due to the particular geometry of the haptic portion of the lens, the signs of these tangential components Ft1 are opposite and are in opposite directions. Depending on the value of these forces, the phenomena described above will be applied to each leg 411, 412. These phenomena will generate an accumulation of stresses that will result either in random deformation of the leg(s) causing instability in the position of the optical part, or an additional pressure exerted on the peripheral tissues of the capsular sac that can cause complications for the patient. These phenomena may also occur when the geometry of each haptic portion is such that the two legs are facing inwards instead of outwards as shown in FIG. 5b. In this case, the tangential components Ft2 will be towards each other.
The purpose of this invention is to overcome the disadvantages of prior art by proposing an intraocular lens in which the haptic portions do not cause any displacement of the optical part along the optical axis, or stress accumulation on the optical part or on the peripheral tissues.
This objective is achieved by an intraocular lens comprising an optical part approximately in the shape of a disk and a support part or haptic portion comprising two closed pairs of haptic portions laid out symmetrically about a first diameter of the optical part, the haptic portions in each pair being symmetrical with each other about a second diameter approximately perpendicular to the first diameter, characterized in that each haptic portion is provided with two arms or side segments in which a first end is fixed to the periphery of the optical part and, for each haptic portion, the longitudinal axes of the side segments intersect at a point that is not included in an angular sector with the same center as the optical center of the optical part, and in which the arc consists of a contact portion joining the second ends of the side segments of the same haptic portion.


An assembly for receiving and diffusing stormwater in underground installations includes a horizontally elongated plastic chamber having an arched cross-sectional shape with an upwardly directed apex having an inlet portal. A sediment-accumulating compartment is positioned below the chamber in vertical alignment with the portal. A rigid riser pipe of circular cylindrical configuration penetrates the portal and extends vertically between a bottom extremity located within the chamber and a top extremity positioned substantially at ground level in association with a grated street-level stormwater receiving structure.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the management of stormwater runoff, and more particularly concerns devices which minimize and facilitate sediment maintenance, expand the storage capacity of stormwater management systems, and facilitate the infiltration of stormwater into the surrounding substrate.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Culverts, catch basins, and storm sewers are the common practices for collecting and conveying stormwater runoff. In some instances such water is discharged directly into the nearest available water body despite the potentially adverse environmental effects of such action. In some other instances, stormwater management facilities are constructed to help manage the quantity and quality of the stormwater. Wet or dry retention or detention basins/ponds represent the most common structural approach to stormwater management. Although more environmentally sound than direct discharge into an existing water body, such stormwater management approaches preclude other uses of the land. This is of particular importance where land values are high and/or space is limited. The open ponds may also be undesirable in locations near airports because of birds attracted by the pond, or in locations where health, liability or aesthetic considerations make them undesirable. Even the use of "dry" detention basins frequently results in the same types of problems associated with wet ponds. Without proper maintenance, dry detention basins frequently transform into wet ponds.
Underground systems have also been developed to help manage stormwater effluent. Such systems include the use of plastic arch-shaped, open bottom chambers arranged end-to-end in rows. However, all current underground stormwater management systems are limited by the amount of area available for their installation. This is particularly relevant to the plastic stormwater chambers. Although maximum size of the chamber is desirable, the strength of the chamber with respect to crushing by the overlying substrate generally diminishes with increased chamber size.
In a typical installation of plastic stormwater chambers, elongated hollow plastic chambers are emplaced in the ground to form a leaching field for receiving stormwater and dispensing the water into the surrounding earth. Such chambers have a central cavity for receiving inflow water. An open bottom, and apertures optionally located in the sides of the chambers provide the means whereby the water is allowed to exit the central cavity and disperse into the surrounding earth. The chambers are usually attached endwise to form long rows extending in side-by-side juxtaposition and seated upon a crushed rock substrate in a multi-row array that constitutes a leaching field. The stormwater is generally conducted to the array of rows by a large diameter header manifolded pipe system that runs orthogonally to the rows closely adjacent one extremity thereof.
Examples of stormwater dispensing chambers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,017,041; 5,156,488; 5,336,017; 5,401,116; 5,441,363; 5,556,231 and 6,361,248.
Stormwater typically carries considerable amounts of suspended particulate material, commonly referred to as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), which eventually settles out as sediment within the stormwater management system. The accumulation of such sediment adversely affects the storage capacity of stormwater management facilities, decreasing their effective life. The effective life of such facilities can be significantly extended with a maintenance program for sediment removal. By virtue of the present invention, sediment removal can be achieved by a vacuuming operation conducted by a suitably equipped truck. In such operation, a tube is extended from the truck through a surface access structure, through an associated riser pipe, and into the bottom of the chamber. The sediment in the bottom of the chamber is then removed by vacuuming.
Unfortunately, the maintenance of stormwater management systems is typically neglected, causing sediment to accumulate to a point where flooding occurs because of diminished storage capacity of the system. This problem has become so serious that some municipalities have imposed a stormwater maintenance "fee" on property owners to help pay for private-sector stormwater facility maintenance.
Unlike stormwater wet and dry ponds, which are readily observable and accessible, removal of sediment from underground stormwater management facilities has historically been inherently more inconvenient and costly, resulting in resistance to their use by some municipalities. Some types of underground stormwater management facilities even have to be replaced in order to remove accumulated sediment.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,719,490 to Maestro discloses a stormwater receiving assembly wherein a box-like compartment for accumulating sediment is disposed beneath a plastic dispensing chamber having an arched wall configuration. A top portal is disposed in the apex of the arch directly above the compartment to facilitate joinder to a "riser" access pipe which extends upwardly to a surface access structure such as a manhole at surface ground level. Said riser pipe is generally constructed of rigid polyvinylchloride (PVC) having an inside diameter of 10 inches, which permits passage of a vacuuming tube, generally of 8 inch outside diameter.
Although such sediment-accumulating compartment provides effective results, it is found that because the vacuuming tube must extend further downward a distance of 3-5 feet to reach the sediment, an extra length of the tube must be added onto the customarily employed length of tube. The usual technique for adding a length of tube involves an external coupling device which increases the effective outside diameter of the tube. This, in turn, requires that the riser pipe and top portal must have a larger diameter. However, it has generally been found that enlargement of the top portal diminishes the load-bearing strength of the chamber.
In earlier described installations of the aforesaid underground leaching fields, above ground means are employed for collecting or channeling stormwater which is fed to an underground large diameter manifold pipe system that directs the stormwater to the inlet extremities of the first chambers of each row of chambers. It would be desirable to have greater versatility in the routing of stormwater to the underground leaching field, particularly by making use of conventional street-level grated stormwater receptacles, whose water-collecting capacities are generally rated greater than a conduit of 10 inch diameter.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a plastic stormwater dispensing chamber of arched configuration capable of receiving a large diameter riser pipe with minimal loss of chamber strength.
It is a further object of this invention to provide an underground stormwater receiving assembly capable of receiving stormwater from street-level grated receptacles.
It is another object of the present invention to provide structural modifications in the chamber to strengthen the chamber to accommodate an enlarged top portal.
These objects and other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A method for fabricating a semiconductor device includes forming a first semiconductor layer on a front side of the semiconductor substrate. Additional semiconductor layers may be formed on a font side of the first semiconductor layer. The substrate is subsequently removed. In some embodiments, one or more additional semiconductor layers may be formed on the back side of the first semiconductor layer after the semiconductor substrate has been removed. Additionally, in some embodiments, a portion of the first semiconductor layer is removed along with the semiconductor substrate. In such embodiments, the first semiconductor layer is subsequently etched to a known thickness. Source regions and device electrodes may be then be formed.

High-power semiconductor devices, such as insulated-gate bipolar transistors, are typically fabricated on thick substrates to, for example, provide sufficient structural support for the semiconductor device during the fabrication process. In some applications, the thick substrates may present a high parasitic series resistance in the device due to carrier freeze-out and/or low hole mobility in the substrate.

Method for fabricating a semiconductor device


A cargo bin lid hinge includes a body member, a first hinge arm, and a second hinge arm. The first hinge arm extends from the body member and is generally aligned with the body member. The second hinge arm extends from the body member, and is curved and extends away from a plane of the body member. The first and second hinge arms cooperate to define an elongated hinge pin-receiving receptacle. A hinge pin has a flat surface that facilitates snap-fitting assembly of the hinge thereon.

Cargo storage areas are well known in the art and have developed over the years in an attempt to satisfy two competing requirements. The first requirement is to maximize the storage space within the vehicle while the second requirement is to provide the interior of the automobile with an attractive appearance.
In response to these competing requirements, cargo bin lids that are movable between a closed position, wherein the cargo bin is covered, and an open position, wherein the cargo bin is accessible, have been developed.
Unfortunately, in the past such lids have proven to be difficult to assemble within the limited space available in the vehicle. Therefore, there exists a need in the art for an improved cargo bin lid that is easy to manufacture and assemble. There also exists a need in the art for an improved hinge for a cargo bid lid that facilitates assembly of the cargo bin lid to a cargo bin liner.
The present invention is directed toward a cargo bin lid that is easy to manufacture and assemble. The present invention is more specifically directed toward an improved hinge for a cargo bid lid that facilitates assembly of the cargo bin lid to a cargo bin liner.
In accordance with the present invention, a cargo bin lid hinge includes a body member and first and second hinge arms extending from the body member. The body member is secured to a cargo bin lid. The first hinge arm extends from the body member and is generally aligned with the body member. The second hinge arm also extends from the body member but is curved and extends away from a plane of the body member. The first and second hinge arms cooperate to define an elongated hinge pin receiving receptacle.
In further accordance with the present invention, a cargo bin assembly includes a cargo bin liner and a cargo bin lid. The cargo bin liner includes a raised platform that defines a pair of spaced apart openings. A hinge pin traverses each of the openings and includes a flat surface that is at an angle to the raised platform. The cargo bin lid includes an upper surface and a lower surface, the lower surface having a pair of spaced apart hinge receiving recesses formed therein.
In accordance with an inventive method for assembly of a cargo bin lid to a cargo bin liner, the cargo bin lid is positioned such that the hinges are adjacent the hinge pins and the cargo bin lid is at an angle to the raised panel, the angle being essentially equal to the angle that the hinge pin flat surface makes with the raised platform. The hinge is moved against the hinge pin such that the first hinge arms are against the leading edge and the second hinge arms are on a radially opposite side of the hinge pins. The cargo bin lid is pushed toward the hinge pins and thereby spreads the first and second hinge arms away from each other to insert the hinge pin therebetween.


A shock absorbing shoe with a triangle shock absorbing space, the shoe having an outsole and a midsole, wherein the midsole is divided into upper and lower midsoles, a plurality of upper seating holes provided on opposite sides of the upper midsole behind an area corresponding to an arch region of a foot sole, a plurality of lower seating holes provided on opposite sides of the lower midsole. The shoe includes a shock absorbing means having a body member formed longitudinally between the upper and lower midsoles, and wing members provided on opposite sides of the body member. Each wing member includes an upper inclined portion inclined upwards to be received in the associated upper seating hole, a lower inclined portion inclined downwards to be received in the associated lower seating hole, and a connecting portion connecting the upper and lower inclined portions.

Generally, shoes serve to protect a person's feet. Thus, when a person runs or walks with shoes on, the shoes isolate the feet from the outside, in addition to protecting the feet.
If a person weighing about 60 kg walks an average of 6,000 steps per day, a load of about 432 tons is consequently applied to the feet. This is equal to a load exceeding the weight (about 400 tons) of a typical jumbo jet used for international flights.
As such, the simplest method of developing a shoe that absorbs shocks transmitted to the sole of the foot is to reduce the hardness of the shoe. Provided that cushioning is simply defined as reducing a maximum force, good cushioning can be defined as absorbing shocks in order to prevent skeletal muscles from being strained. However, since a propulsive force as well as the cushioning is an important factor in exercise performance, it is undesirable that a given force be completely absorbed by a cushioning system. As a result, this is a complex problem, and it is not easy to define optimum shoe hardness for the responsive shock absorption of the skeletal muscles in the case where repeated shocks occur. This is why information about the magnitude of force should be acquired and considered.
Based on the result of analyzing a repulsive force against the ground during running using a pressure plate, it can be seen that the magnitude of a vertical force between the ground and the foot is two to three times as large as a person's weight. Assuming that the contact numbers of both feet and the ground during running are 1,000 times per 100 m, when the force that is two to three times as large as the weight acts as repeated load and shocks are not sufficiently absorbed, a joint may suffer from a degenerative change, and backache may also be caused. Thus, it is preferable to select running shoes with a good cushioning effect that guarantees excellent shock absorbing performance.
FIGS. 1(a) to 1(c) schematically illustrate a weight impact region on the sole of the foot during walking. In FIG. 1(a), for an initial 20 to 30 ins when a rear region of the foot comes into contact with the ground, an impact force is larger than the weight, that is, the foot is subjected to shocks that are 2.2 times as large as the weight. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 1(b), in the state where the sole of the foot entirely comes into contact with the ground, the weight is larger than supporting force. Further, as shown in FIG. 1(c), as for force generated for 100 ins when a front region of the foot comes into contact with the ground to perform running again and then is taken off from the ground, the propulsive force is larger than the weight. That is, it is reported that the sole of the foot is subjected to load that is 2.8 times as large as the weight.
As such, it can be seen that the shocks applied to the sole of the foot during walking or running are larger than previously thought.
Thus, in order to mitigate these shocks, various types of shock absorbers, for example, airbags or sponge foam, are utilized. In the case of using a shock absorber, it is useful for absorbing shocks to some extent. However, the better the shock absorbing force is, the lower the repulsive force against the ground is. Thereby, when a user walks or runs for a lengthy period of time, the feeling of fatigue is further increased.
That is, in the structure of the shoe, the absorption of shocks that should be reduced when the foot is comes into contact with the ground and the repulsive elasticity that should be increased when the foot is taken off of the ground are symmetric to each other. When the shoe satisfies either of the shock absorption or the repulsive elasticity, the remaining one is undesirably sacrificed.
Further, the shoe is problematic in that the shock absorber may be broken or damaged by large shocks acting on the sole of the foot.
Furthermore, when the center of a user's weight leans to the front, shocks are not absorbed.
In order to overcome the above problems, the inventor(s) of the present invention filed KR Patent No. 10-1166466, which is entitled "shoe with shock absorbing means having high durability".
However, the cited invention is problematic in that the durability of a coupling portion between an upper shock absorbing portion and a lower shock absorbing portion is poor.
Further, it is problematic in that shocks transmitted to the shock absorbing means are mitigated at a center point rather than at opposite sides, with the result that the shoe is poor in balance performance and stability.

Shock absorbing shoes with triangle shock absorbing space


In one embodiment of saw tooth assembly, the tubular saw tooth is releasably inserted with friction fit inside the hollow of a tubular mount. In an alternate embodiment, it is the tubular mount which is releasably inserted with friction fit inside the hollow of the tubular tooth. In both cases, the hollows of the mount and tooth are coextensive, whereby a common axial through-channel is defined. The tubular mount is to be anchored to the peripheral edge of a circular saw discoid plate. The wood chip generated during circular saw operation can therefore freely engage through the common through-channel, i.e. through the whole saw tooth assembly, and escape therefrom. Wood chip clogging of the saw tooth during sawing operations is therefore substantially prevented, and the aerodynamic features of the circular are accordingly enhanced.

In wood logging operations, circular saws are used. Among these circular saws, some consist of a discoid plate provided at its periphery with a plurality of successively spaced teeth. Upon driving in rotation the circular saw, these teeth are accordingly brought into rapid translation whereby tangential engagement of tree stump by the circular saw will enable sectioning thereof under shearing action.
Understandably, this shearing action generates a lot of wood chips. Moreover, wood logging is a physically demanding, messy work in a generally rough environment, whereby a lot of macroparticulate contaminants, including but not limited to the wood chips generated during wood cutting operations, come in contact with the circular saw. Concerns therefore exist with respect to the periodic clogging of the peripheral saw tooth, thus imposing periodic downtime for maintenance. Moreover, these massive teeth compromise the aerodynamic features of the circular saw.
To the knowledge of the present inventor, none of the prior art saw teeth help in controlling the wood chip clogging problem generated during wood cutting operations. For example, Canadian patent No. 1,222,930 issued Jun. 16, 1987 to Reggald ISLEY discloses at FIGS. 1 and 8 a tubular tooth 10, receiving a bolt 36 for securing the tooth to the part 32; this bolt 36 completely fills the hollow formed by the tubular tooth. U.S. Pat. No. 4,932,447 issued Jun. 12, 1990 to Armand MORIN (now deceased), discloses at FIG. 6 a tubular mount member 46, for receiving the shaft of a tooth (FIG. 7); this elongated tooth is not tubular. Similarly, U.S. Pat. No 2,736,352 issued in 1956 to John WRIGHT, discloses at FIG. 1 a saw tooth assembly with the shaft 1 of a tooth member engaging a tubular mount member 4, this mount member being anchored to the periphery of a circular saw discoid plate; again, this tooth member is full.


A bumper carrier device for a vehicle may include a carrier bar, two towing brackets, a bracket rotating unit and a linking unit. The carrier bar may extend in a left and right direction. The two towing brackets may be separated from each other, be rotatably mounted to the carrier bar, protrude toward a body of a vehicle and be provided with screws at leading ends. The bracket rotating unit may be mounted to the carrier bar and rotates one of the towing brackets relative to the carrier bar to couple or decouple the one of the towing brackets to or from the vehicle. The linking unit may transmit operational force of the bracket rotating unit to the remaining towing bracket to couple or decouple the remaining towing bracket to or from the vehicle.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a bumper carrier device for a vehicle, and more particularly to a bumper carrier device for a vehicle which can be rapidly and easily attached to and removed from a vehicle.
2. Description of Related Art
In order to enable a vehicle to carry an object which is difficult to be loaded in a vehicle, such as a bicycle, a carrier is used. That is, a carrier is fixed to the body of a vehicle and holds an object to be carried so that the vehicle can carry the object.
Such a carrier needs to be fixed to the body of a vehicle while the vehicle is carrying an object but it is good for the carrier to be removed from the body of a vehicle when the carrier is not in use, in terms of appearance and fuel efficiency. Accordingly, the carrier needs to be easily attached to and removed from the body of a vehicle, and also needs to be firmly fixed to the body of a vehicle when the carrier is in use.
The information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.


An electronic system, in some embodiments, comprises: a power source; a load coupled to the power source; an analog-to-digital converter, coupled to the power source and the load, that samples a fluctuating voltage supplied by the power source and generates a digital representation of said fluctuating voltage; control logic, coupled to the analog-to-digital converter, that generates an amplitude correction signal based on said digital representation of the fluctuating voltage and on a target voltage; correction logic, coupled to the control logic, that uses the amplitude correction signal and an audio signal to generate a switch control signal; and an output driver, coupled to the correction logic, that controls coupling between the power source and the load based on the switch control signal.

Hearing aids and other portable audio devices often use Class D output drivers due to their high power efficiencies. Since the output signal of an output driver is directly modulated by the supply voltage, this voltage should be free of disturbances. In hearing aids and other portable audio devices, this may not be possible as the power supply is often a small battery, which is also used to power circuits with a non-constant current load such as a wireless transmitter/receiver or a microphone. If such a variable current draw is active, it can cause the battery voltage to vary over time and thus produce fluctuations. One consequence is that the audio performance of the output driver can degrade significantly. A person wearing such a device may hear unwanted abrupt variations in volume, clicks, or other noises. Adding filtering components or a larger battery to a portable audio device negatively affects size, portability, and wearability.

Active output driver supply compensation for noise reduction

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