The invention relates to methods for making mold tools. More particularly, the mold tools are used for molding a resin substrate which has fine pits, i.e., concavities and protuberances. The invention also pertains to a method for manufacturing a resin substrate. Such resin substrates may be used as an optical disk, a magnetic disk, a hard disk, etc., for recording data. According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a first metallic (Ni) mold tool (father) is made which is a duplicate of a master substrate, then a resin mold tool (mother) is made which is a duplicate of the first metallic mold tool and finally a second metallic (Ni) mold tool (son) is made which is a duplicate of the resin mold tool. Both the father and son may be referred to "as a stamper".

Data recording media such as optical disks, hard disks, etc., are capable of recording large quantities of information. Such data recording media are commonly referred to as CD's (compact disks), LD's (laser disks), DVD's (digital video disks, digital versatile disks), etc. These data recording media may contain music, movies, software, etc. Such media are also used as storage devices in computers. Demand for such recording media is expanding greatly. Indeed, it is anticipated that optical disk and hard disk usage will continue to expand since these are the major recording media of the multimedia age.
Optical disks are classified according to the existence or absence of a recording layer and further classified according to the type of recording layer. Optical disk types include: (1) the read-only type (CD, LD, CD-ROM, photo-CD, DVD-ROM, read-only type MD, etc.); (2) the write-once type (CD-R, DVD-R, DVD-WO, etc.); and (3) the rewriteable type capable of erasure followed by writing any number of times (magneto-optical disk, phase-change type disk, MD, CD-E, DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, etc.). Moreover, the high density HD-DVD has also been proposed as a medium of the future.
The process for manufacturing these optical disks begins with the molding of raw material resin into a resin substrate. Raw material resin, for example, polycarbonate, acrylate resin, polystyrene, etc., is heated, melted or partially melted, and then pressed using a stamper, thereby molding (manufacturing) a resin substrate. Typically, the molding method used is a pressure molding or injection molding method. The stamper forms fine concavities and protuberances which represent the information to be copied upon the substrate surface. Other than resin molding, there is no such method for manufacturing large quantities of substrates that have minute concavities and protuberances in a short time period.
Types of pits and protuberances include pits that indicate a unit of information and guide grooves that are provided for tracking by the pickup head. Generally, the manufacture of data recording media involves circular substrates provided with pits and grooves on the substrate surface in a pattern of concentric circular rings or as a spiral pattern. The region between grooves along the radial direction is called a "land." Recording upon the lands occurs during the land recording method, or alternatively, recording occurs within the groove per the groove recording method.
In order to improve the recording density, the land/groove recording method was developed to record upon both the grooves and lands. In this case, both grooves and lands are tracks, and the width of both grooves and lands are nearly equal. However, there are reasons for sometimes deliberately widening one or the other. For example, when incident light enters the backside surface (flat smooth surface) of the substrate, what appears as a land from the substrate interior side becomes a groove as seen from the substrate front.
As the recording density has increased, to meet the increased need for storage capacity, the width of grooves, lands, and pits has decreased and their depth has increased. For example, the width has decreased from <1 .mu.m to <0.3 .mu.m and the depth has increased from >40 nm to >250 nm. As the width decreases and the depth increases (i.e., as density become higher), molding of the resin substrate becomes increasingly difficult, and the yield of good product declines.
When manufacturing a hard disk, a magnetic recording layer is typically formed or deposited on an aluminum or glass substrate with recording carried out by a magnetic head. A reflection layer, a recording layer and a protection layer may then be formed on the resin substrate to produce the desired final product.
As recording density increases, the recording layer becomes extremely flat and smooth. When the magnetic head becomes relatively still, the recording head and the recording layer adhere to one other and then fail to separate. In order to avoid this phenomenon, a garage region (CSS region=contact stop and start) is provided. The surface of this garage region is deliberately finished with a rough texture using a laser such that surface adherence is prevented. Head tracking also becomes difficult as recording density increases. Therefore it is proposed that a magnetic hard disk, like an optical disk, should be provided with grooves. Due to the demand for such roughness and grooves, resin substrates are proposed as a means to increase manufacturing productivity. Increased productivity results due to the foundation of roughness and grooves during the substrate molding. Resin substrates are also said to be advantageous due to their light weight.
Previously, molding tools were manufactured by the process described in Hunyar, U.S. Pat. No. 4,211,617, which corresponds to Japanese Publication Koukoku Sho 59-16332, the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. A comparison of the method of forming the molding tool as disclosed in Hunyar and that of the present invention is provided in FIG. 3A (present invention) and 3B (Hunyar).
Generally, molding tools are manufactured using a glass substrate that is polished with the precision of an optical surface. After the substrate 1 is cleaned it is coated with a primer, for example, a silane coupling agent. A photoresist is then applied by spin coating and subjected to a pre-bake process. Positive-type, i.e., wherein the region exposed to light is removed during development, photoresist 2 is often used (see item (B1) in FIG. 3). Next, a laser beam recorder or a laser cutting machine is used to expose the photoresist 2 with a pattern of pits and/or grooves where the width of pits and grooves is generally determined by the laser beam diameter and the depth of the pits and grooves is generally determined by the photoresist thickness. When the exposed photoresist is developed, a resist pattern of pits and/or grooves is obtained upon the substrate surface. Following development, the resist pattern may optionally undergo a 20-60 minute post-bake at 80-120.degree. C. When such a post-bake is used, the resist pattern is then cooled down to room temperature. Roughly 10 hours are required to cool the resist pattern. The resist pattern formed in this manner is referred to as a "master substrate" or a "master" and is indicated by item (B2) in FIG. 3 of the present application. It is also shown in FIG. 4, reference number 46, of Hunyar U.S. Pat. No. 4,211,617. In addition to the fact that these master substrates require long production times, the laser beam recorder or a laser cutting machine used to expose the photoresist is very expensive. As a result, master substrates are expensive and time-consuming to produce.
The master substrate then undergoes metallization treatment to form a conductive layer on the surface. Generally such treatment is carried out by sputtering (dry-type method), or by non-electrolytic plating (wet-type method). Following metallization, a thick plating layer, such as nickel (Ni), is formed upon the master substrate. The result is a first metallic molding tool that has a double layer structure that consists of a conductive layer and the Ni plating layer. This is shown by item (B3) of FIG. 3 of the present application. This first metallic molding tool is referred to herein as the "father," 3. A free father is obtained when the father 3 is peeled from the master substrate resist pattern. This is indicated by item (B4) of FIG. 3. The father is equivalent to mother member 52 in FIG. 6 of Hunyar U.S. Pat. No. 4,211,617. Care must be used during peeling since the father is generally thin, approximately 200-300 .mu.m in thickness. After peeling, the father 3 undergoes solvent treatment to remove resist since a portion of the resist may remain on the father 3. Resist must be removed since the concavities and protuberances on the surface of the father would otherwise be destroyed. Only a single father 3 is obtained from a single master substrate since the resist pattern is damaged during peeling. After the resist is removed, the concavity-protuberance surface is shielded with a protective coat and the backside surface is polished. A central hole is bored in the center of the father 3, and the unused portion of the outside perimeter is cut off. This results in an annulus-shaped father.
The father that is completed in this manner has an extremely accurate pattern of concavities-protuberances. Without additional treatment, the father may be used as an injection mold to make resin substrates for use as DVD-RAM, MD, HD-DVD, and other high density recording media (<0.8 .mu.m groove width) that require an extremely high-precision pattern of concavities-protuberances.
However, the father is very expensive due to the high cost of the master substrate and the fact that only a single father is obtained from a single master substrate. Therefore a duplicate of the father is obtained in the same manner using Ni electrotype duplication. This is shown by item (B5) in FIG. 3. This duplicate molding tool is referred to herein as a "mother," 4b. A free mother is obtained when the mother 4b is peeled from the father 3. This mother 4b is equivalent to sub-master 60 in FIG. 8 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,211,617. Prior to electrotype duplication, the mother 4b undergoes surface treatment (passivation) so that the mother will readily peel away from the father 3. A typical surface treatment uses potassium dichromate solution, potassium permanganate solution, etc. It is not possible to reuse the father indefinitely since the father may become somewhat damaged when the mother is peeled away from the father. Generally, a maximum of 2 or 3 uses is possible. Therefore only 2 or 3 mothers can be obtained from a single father. The mother can also be used as a molding tool for injection molding but the concavities and protuberances of the mother are opposite those of the father.
To further increase the number of copies or to reverse the concavitics-protuberances, the mother 4b may be used in place of a master substrate, and a duplicate of the mother 4b is obtained in the same manner using Ni electrotype duplication. This is shown by item (B7) in FIG. 3. This duplicate of the mother is referred to herein as the "son," 6. A free son is obtained when the son is peeled from the mother 4b. This is shown by item (B8) in FIG. 3. The son 6 is equivalent to the stamper member 70 in FIG. 9 of Hunyar U.S. Pat. No. 4,211,617. In order to readily peel the son 6 from the mother 4b, the mother 4b also undergoes passivation prior to electrotype duplication. Since the mother 4b is also somewhat damaged when the son 6 is peeled away from the mother 4b, it is not possible to reuse the mother indefinitely. Typically, a maximum of 2 or 3 uses is possible. Therefore only 2 or 3 sons can be obtained from a single mother 4b.
Due to the damage of the father and mother molding tools, it is typical to form only about 4-9 sons from a single high-cost father. Typically, the son (or possibly the father or mother) is used during injection molding to mold a large number of resin substrates. These substrates are used for data recording media such as optical disks, hard disks, etc. Roughly 20,0000-30,000 resin substrates can be molded from a single son. However, the son itself becomes damaged and unusable after the molding of more than about 20,000-30,000 substrates. Resin substrate quality would decline if the son were to be used further.
Typically, when an extremely high precision concavity-protuberance pattern is required, the father itself is utilized as the mold. However, this results in high cost (problem A). In order to reduce costs, duplicate sons are used as the mold, but these are still expensive since the number of such duplicates which can be accurately produced is low, e.g., about 4-9. Therefore sons are still expensive (problem B). Additionally, volume production using the prior art methods is also difficult (problem C).
It has also been proposed to reduce prices by manufacturing a large number of mothers from a single father, and to manufacture a large number of sons from each mother. However, when this is done, the resultant mothers and sons are not highly precise (problem D). Consequently numerous identical fathers are required. However, for various reasons, minute differences (problem E) occur between fathers when numerous fathers are manufactured. These minute differences are referred to here as "individuality." Due to such individuality, the injection molding conditions, for example, mold temperature and injection pressure, must be carefully adjusted after a father is replaced. Adjustments must be made to the molding conditions used from mother-to-mother or son-to-son. Individuality is quite problematic for manufacturers using injection molding since substrate productivity declines during the adjustment time period (problem F).
Consequently, there is a need in the art for a process which enables the production of low cost, high volume, high precision molding tools.

Method for manufacturing a molding tool used for sustrate molding


A method of providing content attributing during an ongoing conversation includes receiving an assignment of an attribute to a selected portion of content from the ongoing conversation, and asynchronously delivering the selected portion to selected recipients based on the attribute.

The modern communications era has brought about a tremendous expansion of wireline and wireless networks. Computer networks, television networks, and telephony networks are experiencing an unprecedented technological expansion, fueled by consumer demand. Wireless and mobile networking technologies have addressed related consumer demands, while providing more flexibility and immediacy of information transfer.
Current and future networking technologies continue to facilitate ease of information transfer and convenience to users. Concurrent with the technological expansion of networking technologies has been a consumer demand for improved wireless network based services. For example, web browsing and other web based services, short message services, email and many services capable of deployment at a mobile terminal are continuously being developed. One area in which there is a demand to provide improved mobile terminal service relates to internet protocol (IP) based real time conversations. Many means for providing mobile terminal users with an ability to conduct real time conversations are currently in existence, such as instant messaging (IM) and instant relay chat (IRC).
It is becoming more common for text-based chat to be used among particular groups of people as a means for discussion of topics, organization of events or meetings, etc. IM is an example of a text-based chat mechanism that is not generally recognized as an effective group level communication tool. Although groups may communicate via IM, such communication is generally performed via a series of person-to-person instant messages. Accordingly, for example, in order for an entire group to be informed of an event, multiple instant messages must be sent among the group members. IRC is generally considered to be more conducive to group communications. In IRC, a user logs on to a channel to communicate with other channel members in an IP-based real time environment. However, particularly in the context of group based conversations where not all members of the group are currently monitoring the channel, a problem is created in that those not monitoring the channel will miss details of the discussion. Thus, for example, if a decision is made by the group to meet at a particular location, members not currently monitoring the channel will have to be contacted by separate means. In other words, IRC and other current group based communication mechanisms that are capable of serving mobile terminal users do not support asynchronous communication. Thus, for example, a series of instant messages or other communications that are manually initiated may be necessary to inform all group members of important group related information.
In light of the problems discussed above, there is a need to provide an IP-based communication mechanism that reduces the burden on users of mobile terminals to deliver notification of events, decisions, questions, etc. to members of a group that are not currently monitoring the group's communication channel.

Method, mobile terminal, system and computer program product for real time content attributing


Systems and methods for in vivo sensing are provided. An excitation signal is produced, having a first frequency component and a second frequency component. The first frequency component is swept through a plurality of excitation frequencies within a frequency range of interest. A response signal is received from an in vivo sensor. The response signal includes a mix component having a frequency equal to one of a sum of a first excitation frequency associated with the first frequency component and a second excitation frequency associated with the second frequency component and a difference between the first and second excitation frequencies. The mix component is evaluated to determine a resonant frequency of the in vivo sensor.

Information regarding the conditions inside a body cavity in a patient, such as a human, can be very helpful to a physician treating the patient. For example, it is desirable to monitor intercranial pressure to look for problems such as hemorrhaging and tumors. As another example, it is also desirable to monitor the pressure inside various blood vessels in the human body to help determine if a problem, such as stenosis or an aneurysm, exists. Due to the difficulties of providing power to a device within the body, passive sensors are often used for in vivo sensing. Passive sensors can be fabricated to detect pressure, temperature, pH, etc, by causing one element of the resonant circuit to change in response to the quantity being detected. This changes the resonant frequency of the device, and this change in resonant frequency can be detected externally using a radiofrequency (RF) probe.
Microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS, are a class of miniature electromechanical components and systems that are fabricated using techniques originally developed for fabricating microelectronics. MEMS devices, such as pressure sensors and strain gauges, manufactured using microfabrication and micromachining techniques can exhibit superior performance compared to their conventionally built counterparts, and are resistant to failure due to fatigue, corrosion, etc. Further, due to their extremely small size, MEMS devices can be utilized to perform functions in unique applications, such as the human body, that were not previously feasible using conventional devices.
Recently there has been considerable interest in exploiting microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology to simplify the fabrication and reduce the cost of in vivo sensors. In many implementations, the RF probe used to detect the resonant frequency of a passive sensor uses a "grid-dip oscillator" approach. An oscillating RF current flows through an RF coil, inducing currents in the inductance coil of a nearby sensor. The loading effect of the sensor on the RF transmit coil results in a decrease or "dip" in the phase response of the transmitter current and the frequency at which this occurs is used to deduce the value of the quantity being measured. This method benefits from the simplicity of a single RF coil, but frequency measurements are complicated by difficulties associated with separating the small receive signal from the large oscillation signal.

Method and apparatus for in vivo sensing


An object recognition and event representation system includes: a server and a broadcaster, coupled to the server. In response to a request from the broadcaster, the server sends an event metadata and a recognition data. Based on the event metadata and the recognition data, the broadcaster simultaneously performs a live video broadcasting and a real-time object recognition. If the broadcaster recognizes an object, the broadcaster sends a recognition result to the server.

1. Technical Field
The disclosure relates in general to a system for applying metadata for object recognition and event representation.
2. Description of the Related Art
The application of computer technology and multi-media has become a focus to modern people in their everydayness. In terms of entertainment and sports, the fans may release their pressures by way of watching live games in the ball field and cheering their favorite teams/players.
However, when watching live games, viewers may not understand there are accidental events happening in the stadium because the viewing field of the viewers may be restricted due to the arrangement of the seat.
For those who cannot watch live games in the stadium, they may choose to watch TV broadcasting of the game. However, it is even more difficult for the audience of TV broadcasting to understand the current atmosphere or other events happening in the stadium if the camera of the broadcasting unit is not directed towards these events.
The disclosure discloses a system for applying metadata for object recognition and event representation, which, through the relevant information collected by the on-site audience, provides real-time statistical information to other users for them to be more fit in the atmosphere no matter they are at the stadium or not.

System for applying metadata for object recognition and event representation


An improved sense amplifier for accessing data stored in a flash memory or other memory, wherein the improvement consists of adding a variable impedance switch transistor to a conventional sense amplifier having a fixed impedance. The switch transistor has a low impedance for fast settling of charge during the pre-charge state of the flash memory, and has a high impedance during the sensing state of the flash memory for achieving a high gain and thus faster access of stored data than conventional sense amplifiers. The present invention also provides for better matching of sense amplifier transistors, thereby decreasing variations in performance between different transistors.

Flash memory is a semiconductor type of non-volatile memory that does not lose its stored data when its power is turned off. Flash memory is both electronically programmable and erasable, thereby enabling it to be reprogrammed even after it has been wired into an electronic system. Flash memory is used in numerous applications including storing microprocessor programs that control the operation of electronic devices such as cell phones and pagers.
Conventional flash memory is typically comprised of an array of memory cells. Information can be stored in a flash memory cell as a charge on a floating gate of a transistor comprising the cell, or as a charge trapped in a dielectric layer of semiconductor material from which the cell is fabricated. Data stored in a flash memory cell is typically read, i.e., sensed, by increasing the control gate voltage of the memory cell on a common word-line, and then sensing whether current is flowing through the memory cell at the bit-line to which the drain terminal of the memory cell is coupled. The circuit used to sense stored data is called a sense amplifier because it amplifies a small change in the bit-line voltage during the first moments of a read into a full logic voltage swing.
Conventional flash memory operates in two stages: a pre-charge stage requiring low impedance so that a previous read can settle quickly and the memory can prepare for the next read, and a sense stage requiring high impedance in order to achieve a high gain during the read in order to access the stored data as quickly as possible. However, conventional sense amplifiers suffer from a significant drawback. Specifically, they typically have a single fixed impedance value unable to provide both the low and high impedance required for optimum performance.
A related U.S. patent application for a Switched Resistor for Sensing Low Current was filed by the applicant Malcolm Smith on Sep. 25, 1998 and has been assigned application Ser. No. 09/160,411.


The described embodiments relate generally to methods and systems for displaying on a handheld electronic device a plurality of participant images corresponding to a plurality of conference call participants. The device includes a display, a communications module configured for sending and receiving communication signals; and a display interface operatively coupled to the display and to the communications module, wherein the display interface is configured to respond to user input. The method comprises: establishing a conference call having a plurality of participants; displaying a participant screen on the display; for each participant, determining a participant identifier image; and displaying on the participant screen a dynamic carousel comprising a plurality of participant identifier images. The mobile device may include an image database comprising at least one stored image, and wherein at least one participant identifier image is selected from the at least one stored image.

Mobile devices often provide multimedia functionality. In addition to providing various communication functionality, mobile devices are also typically equipped to display images or other multimedia information to a user. Phone-equipped mobile devices may be adapted to participate in conference calls having multiple participants.
It is desired to address or ameliorate one or more shortcomings or disadvantages associated with existing ways of displaying and/or managing conference call participant identifier information on a mobile device, or to at least provide a useful alternative to such ways.

Systems and methods for presenting conference call participant indentifier images on a display of a mobile device


A technique for cooling equipment racks that contain multiple individual devices, such as computers, that each have their own internal cooling fans. An air passage (“shunt tube”) is placed between a compartment inside the rack, and the ambient air outside the rack, or between compartments inside the rack. Sensors inside the air passage detect movement of the air inside the passage, and thus indirectly measure the presence of a differential pressure. The preferred sensor embodiment uses temperature sensors, and takes advantage of the differences of the air temperatures inside the computer rack, and outside the computer rack (or between internal computer rack compartments) to determine if the air is moving through the air passage, and which direction the air is moving. In response to the measurements, a control system is configured to drive the plenum to a slight vacuum, and then slowly reduce an exhaust fan until the plenum is slightly pressurized, at which point the fan speeds up and again creates a slight vacuum. This allows the rack enclosure to continuously adapt to any changes in cooling requirements, as the computer utilization changes.

It has been estimated that in most of today's data centers, electronic equipment racks generate between 5 to 12 KiloWatts (KW) of heat. The newest computers (servers) being used in data centers are smaller and more powerful, and allow for a very dense placement of machines inside an equipment rack enclosure. Some estimates are that future heat loads inside equipment racks could go beyond 20 KW. The cooling systems used in these equipment racks are clearly important to the reliability of these data centers.
Efficiency is one of the most important aspects of a rack cooling system. The high cost of air conditioning precludes simply making and distributing more cold air than is needed for cooling. The most efficient system will deliver the right amount of cold air to the computer rack—no more, and no less.
Determining the ideal cooling rate for an equipment rack is difficult because the amount of heat generated can vary greatly. For example, computers sitting idle generate far fewer watts than those being heavily used. So if the entire rack is idle, the cooling demand will be significantly lower than if the entire rack is hard at work. Additionally, the number and type of equipment installed in the rack may change over time. A rack that is only half full of servers today may be completely full next week.
Another related challenge is due to the fact that the internal heat being generated is exhausted from the rear of each of the computers by cooling fans that are internal to each computer. Obviously, the combined airflow produced by these cooling fans must be properly managed. If this airflow is mismanaged, hot air exhausting from the rear of the computers could migrate to the front of the cabinet where it would mix with the cold air supply, and have a detrimental effect on cooling.
Finally, computer manufacturers typically publish "ambient" conditions for which their equipment is designed. The ideal equipment rack cooling system will thus maintain the desired ambient conditions to the internally monitored computers, while using the minimum amount of cooling necessary. In order to do this, the cooling system must not only provide the proper air temperature, it must also insure there are no pressure differentials between the entrance and the exhaust of the internal computers. In other words, the computers must not be allowed to pressurize the rear of the equipment rack, when all their internal fans are running. This could otherwise cause the airflow in Cubic Feet per Minute (CFM) inside the computers to drop, resulting in elevated internal temperatures. Likewise, the computer fans must not be allowed to pull a vacuum in the front of the rack, or again the CFM inside the computers could drop. Alternatively, the cooling system should neither pressurize the front of the rack, nor create a vacuum in the rear of the rack, as either of these conditions would force more cooling air to circulate than is necessary, resulting in reduced efficiency.

Adaptive cooling method for computer rack enclosure

Wilmington Research and Development Corporation


A housing and a cover member are injection-molded and these housing and cover member are joined within a pair of mold. When the housing and the cover member are joined by molten resin, a mold for suppressing deformation is positioned at a face of the housing opposite to a face receiving a pressure of the molten resin.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a manufacture method of a liquid supply member including therein a liquid supply path, a manufacture apparatus, and a liquid supply member.
Description of the Related Art
This type of liquid supply member is provided, for example, in a liquid ejection head that can eject liquid, supplied from a liquid container, from an ejection portion. The liquid supply member includes therein a liquid supply path between the liquid container and the ejection portion. The liquid ejection head may be an inkjet print head that can eject ink supplied from an ink tank (liquid container) through a plurality of ejection openings (ejection portion). A print head that can eject a plurality of types of inks includes an ink supply member (liquid supply member) including a plurality of ink supply paths (liquid supply paths) corresponding to the respective inks and these ink flow paths are formed to be bent.
Generally, the liquid supply member having such a liquid supply path as described above are configured, from the viewpoint of easy manufacturing, light weight, and corrosion resistance, by the combination of a plurality of components obtained by subjecting resin material to injection molding. For example, the plurality of components are individually injection-molded and are subsequently assembled by the adhesion by ultrasonic welding or adhesive material for example.
However, when the plurality of components individually subjected to injection molding are assembled by welding or adhesion for example, the dimensional accuracy among the plurality of components may be compromised. The reason is that the dimensional accuracy of the liquid supply members after the assembly is influenced by the molding accuracy and joint accuracy of these components for example.

Manufacture method of liquid supply member, manufacture apparatus, and liquid supply member


Motion damping apparatus is provided for use in a light beam projector including a light beam and a pendulous compensator adapted to movably support a mirror for deflecting the light beam to compensate for tilting of the projector. The apparatus comprises at least one motion damping plate formed of an electrically conducting material and coupled to the pendulous compensator. Magnets are positioned adjacent the damping plate for generating a magnetic field through which the plate passes as the result of motion of the pendulous compensator such that the motion is damped by the interaction of magnetic fields produced by the magnets and by eddy currents generated in the plate by its movement within a magnetic field. The motion damping plate preferably is curvilinear and coupled to the pendulous compensator to move in substantial conformity with a corresponding curvilinear plane defined by the movement of the pendulous compensator. In this way, the plate can be closely spaced to the magnets for efficient damping operation with the spacing being substantially maintained without contact between the plate and the magnets throughout the operating range of the pendulous compensator.

The present invention relates generally to light beam projectors including pendulous compensators and, more particularly, to apparatus for damping motion of a pendulous compensator to rapidly stabilize the light beam emanating from such a projector.
Light beam, typically laser beam, systems are used in leveling, squaring and other alignment and control functions in the building and construction industries. When using light beam systems, it is important to be able to position a light beam source or projector such that the light emitted by the projector is maintained in a desired orientation for example horizontal or at a selected angle relative to horizontal. Since stable horizontal leveling of the projector may be difficult, particularly at a construction site, prior art light beam projectors have employed pendulous compensators to direct a vertically emanating light beam in a desired horizontal direction regardless of whether the projector is tilted and hence not absolutely horizontal.
A simplified schematic diagram of a laser beam projector 100 including a housing 102, a laser beam source 104, focusing lenses 106 and a conventional pendulous compensator 108 is shown in FIG. 1. The pendulous compensator 108 is shown as being mounted to a bracket 110 and comprising a pendulum arm 112 pivotally coupled to and suspended downwardly from the bracket 110 for pivotal movement within a plane perpendicular to a pivot axis 114 of the arm 112, and a beam reflecting mirror 116 fixedly attached to the lower end of the arm 112. The laser beam source 104 and the bracket 110 are fixedly attached to the housing 102 and aligned such that a laser beam 118 projected upwardly from the laser beam source 104 lies within the pivot plane of the arm 112 and preferably passes through the pivotal axis 114 of the pendulum arm 112 if the arm 112 and beam reflecting mirror 116 are removed.
When the projector 100 is placed in a true horizontal orientation, the laser beam 118 is emitted in a true vertical orientation and the pendulum arm 112, which in theory due to gravity always assumes a true vertical orientation, is aligned with the laser beam 118. The laser beam 118, which is first focused and collimated by the lenses 106, is reflected by the mirror 116 in the horizontal direction within the pivot plane of the pendulum arm 112. If the laser beam projector 100 becomes tilted away from horizontal, such tilting is compensated by the movement of the pendulum arm 112. However, if the pendulum arm 112 is freely movable about the axis 114, compensation errors result. Accordingly, a pair of counterbalancing springs 120 may be connected between the pendulum arm 112 and the housing 102 to correct the errors which would be created by true pendulous motion of the arm 112.
As seen in FIG. 2, the housing 102 and hence the laser beam 118 are oriented at an angle "a" relative to vertical. However, the pendulum arm 112 biased by the springs 120 is now displaced counterclockwise about the axis 114 from the line of emergence of the laser beam 118 through an angle "a/2" which compensates for the angular tilt of the housing 102. In accordance with known operating principles of the pendulous compensator 108, the laser beam 118 continues to be reflected by the mirror 116 in the horizontal direction. As an alternative to the counterbalancing springs 120, the pendulum arm 112 can be cantilevered or fixedly mounted to the housing 102 with the arm 112 formed such that it bends or deflects to compensate for tilting movement of the projector 100.
The operation of a pendulous compensator as just described is satisfactory if the projector incorporating the compensator is not subject to vibrations and can tolerate substantial stabilization times whenever the projector is initially positioned or moved. However, errors arise from oscillations of the pendulum arm due to vibrations which commonly occur in building and construction environments, and extended settling or stabilization times are a source of frustration and cost time and money.
Pneumatic and eddy current motion damping arrangements have been used in the past in an attempt to nullify vibrations and reduce settling times. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,679,937 which issued to Gary Cain et al on July 14, 1987 and is assigned to the same assignee as the present invention. Unfortunately, both arrangements have various drawbacks. In the case of pneumatic damping, temperature variations can produce substantial errors or require complicated and not totally effective compensation arrangements. Further, pneumatic damping arrangements are somewhat difficult to adjust to provide the required damping and oftentimes over or under damping of the pendulous compensator result. Previous attempts at eddy current damping for pendulous compensators have not proven to be very effective for low velocity damping and would not permit operation of the pendulous compensator over an extended range of tilt angles.
Accordingly, there is a need for an improved damping arrangement for pendulous compensators used in light beam projectors which can effectively damp motion in a pendulous compensator over a substantial temperature range and an extended range of tilt angles of the light beam projectors.

Magnetic motion damping system for pendulous compensator


A method to compensate for the E-beam proximity effect which includes a post exposure, pre-development baking of the photoresist layer. The baking of the photoresist layer causes a migration of small, photo-active compound (PAC) molecules to increase the size of peripheral exposed areas so as to compensate for the exposure size variations caused by the proximity effect.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to methods for producing integrated circuits, and more particularly to methods for compensating for the E-beam proximity effect.
2. Description of the Prior Art
An integrated circuit comprising many hundreds or thousands of individual components is typically formed on a semiconductor substrate, such as a wafer of silicon. To produce integrated circuits, patterned layers of semiconducting, insulating, and conducting materials are sequentially provided over the surface of the substrate until the desired circuits are completed.
A typical method for patterning a layer of an integrated circuit is to apply a reactive material to an upper surface of the substrate, expose the reactive material to a source of radiant energy, and to develop the reactive material to produce a "mask" over the surface of the substrate. The layer is then patterned through the mask and the mask is subsequently removed. The process for forming the mask is often referred to as lithography.
Most often, the radiant energy to which the reactive material is exposed is electromagnetic radiation in the visible or ultraviolet range, the reactive material is photoresist, and the process is referred to as photolithography. However, as the size of integrated circuits decrease the relatively long wavelengths of visible and ultraviolet light become a limiting factor in the possible feature resolution of the mask. In consequence, there is considerable interest in utilizing radiant energy of shorter wavelengths to expose the reactive layers. One type of radiant energy which shows great promise in lithography comprises a beam of electrons, or E-beam.
While the E-beam lithography process is capable of superior feature resolution, the process also has its share of problems and disadvantages. One problem of major concern with E-beam lithography is the so-called "proximity effect".
Briefly, the E-beam proximity effect is caused by the back-scattering of electrons as the E-beam impacts the reactive layer, underlying layers, and the substrate. The back-scattering increases the effective exposure of portions of the reactive layer, causing undesirable variations in feature sizes. While the E-beam proximity effect is not particularly troublesome in widely separated features, it can cause considerable variation in the sizes of closely-packed features, such as those found in grating patterns.
There have been many proposed correction techniques for the E-beam proximity effect. One such method is described by Owen, et al., in "Proximity Effect Correction for Electron Beam Lithography by Equalization of Background Dose", Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 54, No. 6, June, 1983. The Owen, et al. correction method, which is named "Ghost", involves first exposing the image area in a traditional manner, and then exposing the field area with a de-focused beam at a lower dose to compensate for the back-scattered electron energy. In consequence, all of the image areas receive the same level of energy, and the background energies in the field are equalized. However, the ghost method requires an additional field exposure, and results in lower image contrast.
The proximity effect can be compensated for by several other methods, including the adjustment of the exposure dose for each subdivided shape, and the adjustment of the size of the design pattern. Parkah, in the Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 50, No. 6, Page 4371 (1979), teaches the former method; and Wittels, et al., Electron and Ion Beam Science and Technology, Electrochemical Society (1978), teaches the latter method. Unfortunately, both methods require massive computer and manual calculations of such factors as local exposure doses, and the size, shapes, and geometries of adjoining features and spaces. These calculations tend to be very expensive and time consuming.

Method for compensating for the E-beam proximity effect


An overcurrent protection apparatus that protects, from overcurrent, a load circuit including an electric load and wiring electrically connected with each other is provided. The overcurrent protection apparatus includes: a semiconductor switching element that is configured to control energization to the load circuit; and a breaker that stops the semiconductor switching element upon detection of abnormality of overheat or overcurrent at the semiconductor switching element, the breaker having a latch operation mode of continuously stopping the semiconductor switching element even upon cancellation of abnormality detection, and a retry operation mode of canceling stoppage of the semiconductor switching element upon the cancellation of the abnormality detection. The breaker is configured to initially operate in the latch operation mode upon the abnormality detection, and then be switched to the retry operation mode after satisfaction of a predetermined condition.

Patent Literature 1: JP 2013-62976 A (corresponding to US 2013/0063850 A)
Patent Literature 1 describes an overcurrent protection circuit configured to add and subtract predetermined numerical values in accordance with detected current values, and turn OFF a semiconductor switch to limit load current when the total value of addition and subtraction exceeds a first determination threshold. The overcurrent protection circuit turns ON the semiconductor switch to cancel limitation of the load current when the total value of addition and subtraction decreases to reach a second determination threshold less than the first determination threshold. Further, the overcurrent protection circuit can execute "retry operation" of turning ON the semiconductor switch and "latch operation" of keeping the semiconductor switch turned OFF when the total value of addition and subtraction decreases to reach the second determination threshold.


A system to determine a hierarchical model comprising two or more associated nodes, each of the nodes associated with one or more message producers and one or more message consumers, receive a message from one of the one or more message producers; and route the message to one or more of the one or more message consumers based on the hierarchical model. The hierarchical model may include a root node and a plurality of nodes descending from the root node, the plurality of nodes including the two or more associated nodes, wherein each of the plurality of nodes is associated with a topic, a parent node, one or more child nodes, one or more message producers, and one or more message consumers. Routing the message may comprise traversing two or more nodes of the hierarchical model based on first logic.

Messaging is a generic term referring to protocols which enable communication between software components or applications. Conventional messaging enables distributed communication that is loosely coupled, since messaging clients (i.e., message producers and message consumers) are not required to possess any knowledge of one another. Rather, such producers and consumers need only be aware of agreed destinations and messaging formats. Consequently, a messaging client can send messages to, and receive messages from, any other messaging client.
Messaging protocols include queue-based protocols, topic-based publish/subscribe protocols, and messaging bus-based protocols. Queue and topic-based protocols link message producers and message consumers using queue names or topic names. FIG. 1A illustrates system 10 including two message channels which provide communication between producers 11, 12 and consumers 21-23 using, respectively, queue and topic-based protocols. Queue 15 enforces a one-to-one relationship between message producer 11 and message consumer 21. Accordingly, once a message is received at queue 15 and transmitted to consumer 21, that message becomes unavailable to any other consumer.
A topic-based protocol, on the other hand, implies a one-to-many relationship between a message producer and message consumers. For example, a message transmitted by message producer 12 and associated with topic 17 is delivered to message consumers 22 and 23, both of whom are associated with topic 17 (e.g., through a registration/subscription process). According to the protocols illustrated in FIG. 1A, a queue name or a topic name provides the only indication of a semantic relationship between a producer of a message and its consumer(s). No semantic relationships are defined between producers or between consumers. Accordingly, each queue- or topic-based message channel exists as a substantially independent entity, even though logical relationships may exist between producers and/or consumers of the message channels.
A message bus-based protocol, such as Model-View-Controller, may utilize a central component to route messages between producers and consumers. FIG. 1B illustrates system 50 implementing such a protocol, wherein dispatcher 60 uses routing table 65 to route messages between producers 70 and consumers 80. For example, routing table 65 may associate event ids with one or more consumers. A producer 70 may publish an event along with an event id, and dispatcher 60 may determine the consumers 80 which are associated with the event id in routing table 65 and transmit the event to those consumers 80.
As described with respect to system 10, system 50 also falls short of effectively defining semantic relationships between producers, between consumers, between producers and consumers, and between message channels (e.g., represented by individual event ids). In view of the foregoing, what is needed is a messaging system to efficiently model semantic relationships among message producers and message consumers. Such a system may enable the application of semantically-meaningful routing and filtering algorithms to efficiently leverage these modeled relationships.

Message routing based on modeled semantic relationships


A system for effecting at least one prearranged notification after a calling instrument places a call using a predetermined number; the system including: (a) a jack unit for coupling the calling instrument with an outgoing telecommunication connection; and (b) a server unit coupled with the outgoing telecommunication connection. The server unit is coupled with a plurality of notification media. The jack unit detects when the calling instrument places the call using the predetermined number. When the call is completed, the jack unit alerts the server unit of a completion of the call to the predetermined number. The server unit responds to the alerting by effecting the at least one prearranged notification via at least one notification medium of the plurality of notification media.

Provision of notification following a call to a predetermined number such as such as a 9-1-1 or other emergency call has been disclosed. The disclosed notifications are either automatically triggered by a 9-1-1 call detected somewhere in a telecommunication system other than the origin of the call or triggered by a follow-up information request by a PSAP (Public Safety Answering Position; sometimes referred to as a Public Safety Answering Point) or other emergency services personnel. For example, notification that a 9-1-1 call has occurred is disclosed as being automatically generated by monitoring voice telephone trunks in U.S. Pat. No. 5,195,126 to Carrier et al. for "Emergency Alert and Security Apparatus and Method", issued Mar. 16, 1993 (hereinafter referred to as "Carrier"); by monitoring SS7 messages in U.S. Pat. No. 6,427,001 B1 to Contractor et al. for "System and Method for Notification of 911 Telephone Calls using a Link Monitoring System", issued Jul. 30, 2002 (hereinafter referred to as "Contractor"); and by using an ALI (Automatic Location Identification, or Automatic Location Information) system trigger in U.S. Pat. No. 6,151,385 to Reich et al. for "System for the Automatic Notification that a 9-1-1 Call has Occurred", issued Nov. 21, 2000 (hereinafter referred to as "Reich"). Notification that a 9-1-1 call has occurred is also disclosed as being automatically generated by monitoring wireless or wireline calls at a point along a network path in U.S. Pat. No. 6,775,356 to Salvucci et al. for "Real-Time Incident and Response Information Messaging in a System for the Automatic Notification That an Emergency Call Has Occurred from a Telecommunication Device", issued Aug. 10, 2004 (hereinafter referred to as "Salvucci1"); and in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0105529 of Jun. 3, 2004, by Salvucci et al. for "Real-Time Incident and Response Information Messaging in a System for the Automatic Notification That an Emergency Call Has Occurred from a Wireless Telecommunication Device", a Division of Salvucci1 (hereinafter referred to as "Salvucci2").
Notification generated following a request by emergency services personnel is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 5,805,670 to Pons et al. for "Private Notification System for Communicating 9-1-1 Information", issued Sep. 8, 1998 (hereinafter referred to as "Pons"); and by U.S. Pat. No. 6,600,812 to Gentillin et al. for "Method and Apparatus for Providing Emergency Response Information" issued Jul. 29, 2003 (hereinafter referred to as "Gentillin").
Notification using a hybrid method, where an alternate embodiment of the current 9-1-1 ALI system identifies a notification subscriber but the PSAP call taker initiates the notification sequence, is disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 6,587,545 to Antonucci et al. for "System for Providing Expanded Emergency Service Communication in a Telecommunication Network", issued Jul. 1, 2003 (hereinafter referred to as "Antonucci").
Sending critical subscriber data, such as subscriber language preference, medical conditions or records, building layouts from either a single database or from third party stores to public safety personnel, subscribers, or other third parties is described in Pons, Antonucci and Gentillin.
All of these patents require arrangements for monitoring various system components other than the origin of the phone call or participation by emergency service or other personnel for identifying that an emergency service call has been placed to initiate a process resulting in notifications being made.
There are numerous patents disclosing Central Station Alarm or Personal Emergency Response (PERS) systems. In many of these systems, either an electronic sensor or a call button transmits an emergency services request signal to a central monitoring service operator. A human or computer operator evaluates the emergency services request signal and then contacts a Public Safety Answering Point (PSAP) to request emergency dispatch by First Responders (police, fire or EMT) to selected signals. These emergency signal requests are not automatically routed to PSAP dispatch centers in the same way as 9-1-1 calls made from wired or wireless phones today, although systems that could enable such interconnection in the future have been disclosed. Other Central Station Alarm or Personal Emergency Response (PERS) systems have been disclosed which interface with the PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) using either wired or wireless technologies to make a 9-1-1 call on behalf of a user who may not be able to complete an emergency call request due to disability or remoteness.
In a system disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,614,883 to Baum et al. for "Emergency Call System" (hereinafter referred to as "Baum"), a user depresses a key or button on an emergency call unit or on a pendant that the user is wearing to initiate notification to a plurality of other parties using a pre-programmed message.
There is a need for a system and method for effecting prearranged notification following placing of a call using a predetermined number such as, by way of example and not by way of limitation, an emergency number, which system is installable and programmable by a user without requiring sophisticated monitoring of remote aspects of a telecommunication system.

System and method for effecting prearranged notification following placing of a call using a predetermined number


A one-piece, foldable corrugated cooler includes a storage portion having a bottom panel, two side panels, two end panels, and four corner panels; two handle panels forming a lid and a handle; and at least one locking panel. The at least one locking panel is adapted to secure the lid in a closed orientation, and the at least one locking panel is integral with at least one corner panel and at least one handle panel.

The present invention generally relates to a cooler constructed from a single sheet of corrugated material. One-piece foldable coolers are well known in the art. U.S. Pat. No. 6,837,420 to Westerman et al. discloses a hand-held container for storing beverage containers formed by folding together multiple panels defined in a pre-scored, slotless blank. The container of Westerman includes two locking panels integral with only the end panels of the container for securing the top of the container in a closed orientation.
A need exists for improvement in one-piece foldable corrugated coolers. This, and other needs, are addressed by one or more aspects of the present invention.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

One-piece foldable corrugated cooler with improved locking system


A damping circuit for speaker systems of the type containing at least one speaker having a speaker coil with an input and an output connection and having a matching coil adapted to be connected in series with the input connection of the speaker coil and a damping coil adapted to be connected in series with the output connection of the speaker coil, the matching and damping coils each having respective input and output ends, and being wound together in the same rotational direction with their respective input ends together and their respective output ends together in a method having a unity coefficient of coupling so that the primary signal current flows through both coils in the same direction, whereby electro-magnetic fields induced around the matching and damping coils interact with one another during passage of signals and damp out signal distortions due to induced transient signals in the matching coil and to reduce signal distortions due to induced transient signals in the speaker coil.

The problem of sound distortion in loudspeakers is well known. Generally it is detectable especially in the bass regions of sound reproduction as a form of "rumble", which muffles or masks the full purity of the bass tones. The problem also occur in the mid-range and upper ranges of audio frequency reproduction, but is less noticeable to an untrained ear. This distortion is apparent in coil-driven loudspeaker systems having a single coil-driven loudspeaker, as well as those having a plurality of coil-driven loudspeakers. High fidelity audio loudspeaker systems usually comprise at least two and more often, three or more separate coil-driven speakers. These speakers will include a speaker to cover the high frequency high notes (tweeter) and a speaker to cover the low frequency bass notes (woofer), and in most cases, a speaker to cover the mid-range frequency notes (mid-range). In some cases there may be multiple speakers for each range. It is customary in such multi-speaker systems to provide one or more filter circuits known as "crossovers" in which the signals for the various ranges are separated so that they are reproduced in the appropriate speakers in the system. Such crossovers incorporate one or more crossover coils as part of the filter circuit. The precise causes of the type of distortion described above are not entirely clear. However, it seems reasonable to assume that one source is the collapsing of the magnetic fields created around the crossover coil during the passage of audio signals. As the magnetic fields collapse, they induce, within the coil, a secondary transient signal related to, but not part of, the primary audio signal. Some evidence is available for this theory in the well-known relationship between the strength of the primary signal and the strength of the distortion signal. Various attempts have been made to deal with the problem.
One recent proposal is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,160,133. In this patent, the speaker itself is manufactured with an additional damping coil mounted directly on the speaker. The degree of effectiveness of this solution has not been evaluated, but it is certain that the cost of manufacturing speakers incorporating this proposal would be considerably higher than the manufacture of conventional speakers, and the efficiency of the speaker is adversely affected. Thus such a solution would be less than optimal for the consumer. Consequently, this proposal has not achieved wide acceptance.
In general terms, the present invention finds its application both to single speakers and to such crossover circuits for multiple speakers so that a damping effect is provided over a part of the frequency ranges or indeed all of the frequency ranges to damp out distortion.
It is believed that a major cause of speaker distortion is in the design of the crossover circuits themselves. Such crossover circuits inherently incorporate some form of coils, of varying inductances, whereby signals may be divided up into groups or bands of selected wavelengths for reproduction in the different speakers. It is, of course, well known that the passing of electrical current wave forms through a coil will result in the development of transient electromagnetic fields around the coil itself. As the current fluctuates, so also does the induced electromagnetic field. The fluctuation of the induced electromagnetic field is believed to induce, in turn, a fluctuating voltage across the coil which is passed through the speaker coil producing a further unwanted movement and hence sound waves from the speaker. It is believed that this is a major cause of the distortions or so-called "rumble" which can be heard in speaker systems and this distortion is generally considered to be undesirable by the great majority of listeners. While this explanation has not been scientifically proved it does seem to be a reasonable explanation for the phenomenon of sound distortion in speakers.
It will of course be understood that in most of the speaker systems to which the invention relates, the speakers will be of the moving coil type. Such speakers inherently incorporate their own integral coil means. Such speaker coils will in themselves develop a back EMF, induced as the voice coil moves through the magnetic field of the permanent magnet which surrounds the voice coil. This factor is a "given" in almost all speaker systems, and may also be, in itself, a cause of distortion.


A method for selecting a bottomhole assembly (BHA) includes inputting BHA parameters, wellbore parameters, and drilling operating parameters, performing a dynamic simulation of a first BHA based on the BHA parameters, wellbore parameters, and drilling operating parameters, and presenting a wellbore quality factor of the first BHA calculated from the dynamic simulation.

Operations, such as geophysical surveying, drilling, drilling, logging, well completion, hydraulic fracturing, steam injection, and production, are typically performed to locate and gather valuable subterranean assets, such as valuable fluids or minerals. The subterranean assets are not limited to hydrocarbons such as oil or gas. After gathering valuable subterranean assets, operations such as well abandonment may involve the sealing of a well to safely and economically decommission a well.

Methods for analyzing and optimizing drilling tool assemblies


A forming method of a foam board includes a hard plastic top plate and a hard plastic bottom plate provided respectively on and under a foam board placed in a mold. In a forming process by heating, the peripheral edges of the hard plastic top and the bottom plate respectively bend downward and upward automatically and extend to stick on the peripheral side edge of the foam board and fusing and adhering with each other to make up an integral peripheral edge so as to elevate the rigidity and safety of the foam board and enable it endure grinding.

This invention relates to a forming method of a foam board, particularly to one having a foam board wrapped up by a hard plastic upper plate and a hard plastic lower plate so as to elevate the rigidity and safety of the foam board.
A conventional foam board is a plastic foam body made of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) or polyethylene resins, light and having good buoyancy as well as easy to be carried about, and able to be made into a large area with low cost so it is widely employed to make a surfboard, a skiing board, a grass skateboard, a sand skateboard or the like for various open-air exercises.
However, a foam board is substantially a foam body with high magnifying power and cannot endure grinding so it is liable to be damaged in case of rubbing against a sandy ground or a stony ground. In view of this property, a hard bottom plate is additionally employed to glue on the bottom side of a foam board, but the top surface and the side edge of the foam board has no hard plate for protection. Thus, when sliding fast on a steep slope, a grass skateboard or a sand skateboard will most likely be bumped or overturned, and its edge will be damaged first. In other words, if the edge of a foam board is not strong enough, it cannot bear a quick rushing force to protect a user, and if the whole body of a foam board is not rigid enough, it is liable to bend, resulting in overturning.
Besides, the tip and the peripheral edge of a foam board are mostly turned up in an arcuate shape in order to let the foam board slide smoothly and controlled alertly. Further, its peripheral edge is cut in an arc-shape for the convenience of gripping and sliding. In this case, it is not easy to manually glue a hard plate on the peripheral edge of the foam board, and even if a hard plate is attached on the peripheral edge of the foam board, it cannot fixedly be glued with the hard bottom plate of the foam board, consequently easy to cause damage at the contacting edge between the hard side plate and the hard bottom plate.
The main objective of the invention is to offer a forming method of a foam board, provided with a hard plastic top plate and a hard plastic bottom plate respectively on and under a foam board and having the circumferential edges of the hard plastic top and the bottom plate automatically bend and extend to stick on the peripheral edge of the foam board and make up an integral side edge to wrap up the entire foam board to increase the rigidity and security of the foam board.
Another objective of the invention is to offer a forming method of a foam board by means of a mold in which a net layer, a hard plastic bottom plate, a foam board, and a hard plastic top plate are laid on one another orderly. Further, the hard plastic top plate or the hard bottom plate has a peripheral edge bending downward or upward and extending to stick around the edge of the foam board. Thus all of the materials are all formed integral into a finished foam board with one round of processing, elevating producing efficiency and having effect of forming a foam board without using glue or the like.


Methods and systems for conducting a transaction between a virtual USB device driver and a USB device client are provided. A hypervisor of a computer system receives one or more data packets from the client. The hypervisor stores the one or more data packets in a buffer. The hypervisor dequeues a data packet from the buffer. The hypervisor transmits the data packet to the virtual USB device driver.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) is an industry standard that defines the cables, connectors and protocols used for connection, communication and power supply between computers and electronic devices. USB was designed to standardize the connection of computer peripherals, such as keyboards, pointing devices, digital cameras, printers, portable media players, disk drives and network adapters to personal computers, both to communicate and to supply electric power. It was designed not to require specific interrupt or DMA resources, and also to be 'hot-pluggable'.
A USB host controller (i.e., a USB host, e.g., in a personal computer) communicates with a USB device (e.g., a printer). USB device communication is based on pipes (logical channels). A pipe is a connection from the USB host controller to a logical entity, found on a USB device, and named an endpoint. Each USB device has one or more endpoints. Each endpoint is a source or sink of data. Data may flow OUT from the USB host to a USB device, or IN from the USB device to the USB host. USB devices talk to the USB host through four different types of USB transfers: control, bulk, isochronous, and interrupt transfers.
Isochronous transfers are data transfers at some guaranteed data rate (often, but not necessarily, as fast as possible) but with possible data loss. Error-free delivery is not guaranteed. Isochronous transfers are employed primarily in applications such as audio data streaming, where it is important to maintain the data flow, but not so important if some data is missed or corrupted. An isochronous transfer uses either an IN transaction or an OUT transaction depending on the type of endpoint. The special feature of these transactions is that there is no handshake packet at the end. Isochronous transfers occur continuously and periodically (e.g., 8000 times per second).
Interrupt transfers are data transfers for devices that need guaranteed quick responses (bounded latency). Interrupt transfers are employed to keep up to date of any changes of status in a device. Examples of their use are for a mouse or a keyboard. Traditionally, interrupt requests on microcontrollers are device generated. However, under USB, if a device requires the attention of the USB host, it should wait until the USB host polls it before it can report that it needs urgent attention. An interrupt request is queued by a USB device driver until the USB host polls the USB device asking for data.
Bulk transfers are data transfers used for large bursty data. Examples include a print-job sent to a printer or an image generated from a scanner. Bulk transfers are designed to transfer large amounts of data with error-free delivery, but with no guarantee of bandwidth.
A control transfer is a bi-directional transfer that uses both an IN and an OUT endpoint. Control transfers are typically used for command and status operations and help to set up a USB device. They are typically bursty, random packets which are initiated by the host and use best effort delivery.
Control and bulk transfers do not have critical timing constraints, but isochronous and interrupt transfers typically do. With isochronous transfers, the USB device may need to be read/written to up to 8000 times per second and failing to do so may result in data loss. Normally this is handled by the Operating Systems (OS) USB stack and USB device drivers by queuing a number of packets in a USB host controller and as soon as the transfer has been received and acknowledged (i.e. processed or completed), re-queuing packets.
Packet completion is signaled to the USB stack by a hardware interrupt, guaranteeing that the USB device driver will be acknowledged of packet completion with minimal latency. To minimize latency (e.g. in audio/video streams), the USB device driver queues the minimum number of packets needed to ensure reliable operation, based on the maximum latency of the USB stack and interrupt handling.
These timing constrains become a problem when redirecting USB traffic from a USB device through a virtual machine to a remote client machine over a network to which the USB device is physically connected. The packets first pass through the USB stack in the machine to which the USB device is physically connected before being passed to the USB stack in the virtual machine (i.e., the guest USB stack). This adds to latency, rendering assumptions about worst case latency invalid. When performing USB redirection to a remote client machine over a network, there is also a network latency component, worsening the latency problem. For a USB interrupt transaction corresponding to, for example, a user moving a USB-connected mouse at a remote client location, the user may perceive a noticeable time delay before seeing a corresponding pointer move on their terminal screen. Further, once the USB-connected mouse has a data packet to send to a device driver (virtual or real), e.g., the mouse has moved, a corresponding data packet should be processed (complete). Once an interrupt-related data packet has completed, another data packet needs to be received within a certain time. Failing to receive a new packet may lead to data loss, i.e., some mouse movement or mouse click may be lost.
Conventional remedies for the network latency problem include changing the number of packets that a virtual device driver queues. Unfortunately, this typically requires modifications to the virtual USB device driver, which is undesirable.

USB redirection for interrupt transactions


A hand-held synchronous scan spectrometer for in situ analysis of bacteria, viruses, and fungi includes a housing that contains a light source, a first monochromator positioned to receive light from the light source and operable to direct a wavelength of the light from the light source towards a sample, a second monochromator positioned to receive fluoresced light from the sample and light from first monochromator, and a detector disposed within the housing and positioned to receive light output from the second monochromator. The hand-held synchronous scan spectrometer can include a display that is integrated into the housing or can utilize a display of a removable display device (e.g., a cell phone, PDA, tablet, and the like).

It is estimated that 2 million healthcare infections occur each year in the United States alone, causing 90,000 deaths. Treatment of these infections is estimated by the CDC to cost $5 billion per year. Usually, antibody and other chemical detection methods have made it possible to identify several thousand bacteria species. However, accurate as these methods are, they tend to suffer from the long periods of time required for identification. Long-time bacteria detection and characterization times may compromise the effectiveness of chemotherapy and can allow the infection to increase. Further, the long-time detection may allow the bacteria to develop immunity.
Several methods have been proposed for the identification of bacteria strains, these include differences in the spectra of viable bacteria, fluorescence and IR spectroscopy, and chemiluminescence. Fluorescence spectroscopy has identified Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aereus, and some 25 strains have been also identified by their fluorescence spectra excited at 250 nm. Auto-fluorescence has also been employed for the rapid detection and classification of bacteria. Similarly, bacteria rapid identification has been reported using principal component analysis. In addition, the identification of bacteria in culture plates and liquids has been reported. These methods have been successful in the identification of many viable bacteria strains in various media, which not only minimizes the period of time required for identification and classification of bacteria, but also provides an easy and rather inexpensive means for the identification of bacteria.

Hand-held synchronous scan spectrometer for in situ detection of pathogens and mineral deficiency in blood


A magnetic recording hard disk drive (HDD) uses adaptive braking of the voice coil motor (VCM) actuator upon unexpected loss of power during a track seek. An adaptive braking controller applies a preselected value of brake voltage to the VCM to reverse the motion of the freely-moving actuator. The value of the selected brake voltage is determined from the actuator velocity. A set of brake voltage values is stored in memory in the HDD, and each brake voltage value corresponds to a band of track seek lengths, with each band representing a range of actuator velocities. For each seek, the value of brake voltage corresponding to the band in which the seek length falls is stored in a register. If emergency power-off (EPO) occurs during the seek, the value of brake voltage is recalled from the register and applied to the VCM to brake the VCM. After the VCM has been adaptively braked in this manner, actuator retract occurs to unload the heads.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates generally to disk drives, and more particularly to a magnetic recording load/unload type of disk drive that unloads the recording heads when disk drive power is removed.
2. Description of the Related Art
Magnetic recording hard disk drives (HDDs) are information storage devices that use rotatable disks with concentric data tracks containing the information, a head or transducer for reading and/or writing data onto the various tracks of each disk surface, and an actuator for moving the heads. Each head is located on a head carrier and each carrier is connected to the actuator by a suspension. The actuator is a voice coil motor (VCM) comprising a coil movable through a magnetic field generated by a fixed permanent magnet assembly. The HDD has a servo control system that receives a position error signal (PES) from servo positioning information read by the heads from the data tracks and generates a VCM control signal to maintain the heads on track (track "following") and move them to the desired track (track "seeking") for reading and writing of data. The disks are stacked on a hub that is rotated by a disk drive motor, also called a spindle motor. A housing supports the spindle motor and actuator, and surrounds the heads and disks to provide a substantially sealed environment for the head-disk interfaces.
The head carrier is typically an air-bearing slider that rides on a bearing of air above the disk surface when the disk is rotating at its operational speed. The slider is maintained next to the disk surface by a suspension that connects the slider to the actuator. The slider is either biased toward the disk surface by a small spring force from the suspension, or is "self-loaded" to the disk surface by means of a "negative-pressure" air-bearing surface on the slider.
In a "load/unload" type of HDD, the sliders are mechanically unloaded from the disks when power is turned off, and then loaded back to the disks when the disks have reached a speed sufficient to generate the air bearing. The loading and unloading is typically done by means of ramps that contact the suspensions when the actuator is moved away from the data regions of the disks. Each slider is thus "parked" off its disk surface with its suspension, or a tap extending from the suspension, supported in a recess of the ramp. Load/unload HDDs provide a benefit in laptop computers because the parking of the sliders on the ramps away from the disk surfaces also provides some resistance to external shocks caused by moving or dropping the computer.
The parking of the sliders on the load/unload ramps when HDD power is removed is typically accomplished by use of the back electromotive force (EMF) generated by the freely rotating spindle motor. When the HDD is powered down, or in the event of unexpected loss of power (an emergency power-off or EPO event), actuator retract circuitry disconnects the VCM from its driver circuitry and connects it to a rectifier circuit that is coupled to the spindle motor. The output of the freely-rotating spindle motor is converted by the rectifier circuit to a DC current supplied to the coil of the VCM. This causes the VCM to retract to move the sliders to the ramps. A significant amount of torque is needed to ensure that the sliders are fully parked on the ramp, regardless of the VCM position or velocity at power down or EPO. The actuator velocity during retract needs to be controlled to avoid the sliders hitting the ramps at high speed. Excessive slider motion can cause the sliders to contact the ramp structure, or perhaps other sliders. Such contact can result in slider damage or transfer of contamination to the air-bearing surface, which can lead to head-disk interface failures.
In normal power down, the movement of the actuator can be controlled by software that controls the retract circuitry. However, during EPO, in which power to the HDD is lost unexpectedly, the software control is not active. The current supplied to the VCM during EPO retract must be large enough to unload the sliders to the ramps but small enough to prevent the suspensions and sliders from impacting the ramps at excessive speed. The EPO retract is acceptable if EPO occurs when the actuator is track following and thus has no initial velocity. However, safe retract becomes problematic if EPO occurs during track seeking, when the actuator is moving. The actuator seek velocity depends on the seek length, and can be considerably high, so that the actuator retract velocity can be significantly increased due to the initial velocity of the actuator. To address this problem, if EPO occurs during a track seek HDDs use dynamic braking of the VCM to release residual energy inside the VCM to ground before initiating actuator retract. The VCM dynamic braking is designed to brake the actuator for short track seeks, when the actuator velocity is low. For medium and long track seeks from outside diameter (OD) to inside diameter (ID) direction, the dynamic braking may be too weak so that the actuator impact speed on the ID crash stop is still high and later causes the sliders to stall at the ramps or rebound back from the ramps towards the disks. The stalling and rebounding of the sliders can cause damage to the heads and disks. For medium and long track seeks from ID to OD direction, the dynamic braking is not strong enough to avoid high speed impact during unloading. High speed impact between the sliders and the ramps also can cause damage to the heads and disks.
What is needed is an HDD with a reliable method for braking the actuator if EPO occurs during a track seek.

Disk drive with adaptive actuator braking upon unexpected power loss

HItachi Global Storage Technologies Netherlands B.V.


A canister structure for a saddle riding vehicle, including a canister connected with a fuel tank using a connection line, the canister adsorbing fuel vapor generated in the fuel tank, and a purge valve disposed in a path through which the fuel vapor is returned from the canister to an air intake system of an engine, includes an annular canister rubber that fits over an outer cylinder of the canister; a canister stay disposed on a vehicle body side; and an engagement portion disposed on the purge valve. In the canister structure, the canister rubber has, formed on an outer periphery thereof, an anterior-side mounting portion and a posterior-side mounting portion each having an insertion hole in which the canister stay is inserted and a purge valve mounting portion having an engagement portion insertion hole in which the engagement portion of the purge valve is inserted.

In a known canister structure for a saddle riding vehicle, a canister is supported via an elastic member by a stay that is fixed to a vehicle body frame and a purge valve is fixed by a bolt to an arm that extends from the stay (see, for example, Patent Document 1).

Canister structure for saddle riding vehicle


Provided herein are methods of producing erythrocytes from hematopoietic cells, particularly hematopoietic cells from placental perfusate in combination with hematopoietic cells from umbilical cord blood, wherein the method results in accelerated expansion and differentiation of the hematopoietic cells to more efficiently produce administrable erythrocytes. Further provided herein is a bioreactor in which hematopoietic cell expansion and differentiation takes place.

Each year in the United States approximately 13 million units of blood are used for transfusion or to generate life-saving blood products such as platelets. Voluntary blood donation is utilized by the Red Cross and other agencies to procure from about 500 mL to about 1000 mL whole blood samples. Self-screening of voluntary donation is relatively safe and effective in the US and Western Europe where the incidences of HIV and other adventitious pathogens are relatively low. However, in countries in which HIV and hepatitis are endemic, procurement of safe blood for transfusion can be highly problematic. As an alternative to voluntary blood donation many groups have attempted to develop safe artificial blood substitutes that could undergo long-term storage. While some of these products show significant promise in transiently treating traumatic blood loss, such products are not designed for long-term substitution of red blood cell function. Increasingly there is a need to develop a safe and plentiful supply of erythrocytes that can be administered to patients on the battlefield or civilian hospital settings around the world.
Conventional methods for producing erythrocytes are either inefficient, too small in scale, or too laborious to allow for the continuous, on-site production of erythrocytes. Conventional dish or flask-based culture systems are associated with discontinuous medium exchange, and generally dish-based culture systems cannot be used to handle single batches of >109 cells. A logical further development from dishes are bag technologies, e.g. the Wave Bioreactor, in which the medium volume is significantly enlarged by using bags and cell attachment surface can be enlarged by using buoyant carriers. However, bag-type reactors typically operate from 2×106 to about 6×106 cells/ml medium, requiring significant media dilution during culture and a laborious 10-100 fold debulking. Moreover, bag technologies, and generally all large-vessel stirred tank type bioreactors, do not provide tissue-like physiologic environments that are conducive to "normal" cell expansion and differentiation.

Method of producing erythrocytes without feeder cells


The present disclosure relates to a sprayable gel composition for hair conditioning, comprising (a) from about 0.01% to about 0.35% by weight of an acrylate/alkyl-acrylate cross-polymer, (b) from about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of a silicone oil selected from dimethylpolysiloxane, cyclic polysiloxanes, hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes, polysiloxane-polyalkylene copolymers, alkyl methyl polysiloxanes, phenylmethylpolysiloxane, hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes, divinyldimethicone/dimethicone copolymer, and combination thereof, (c) from about 0.1% to about 30% by weight of a monohydric alcohol containing from about 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, and (d) from about 40% to about 99.9% by weight of a cosmetically acceptable carrier, and to a method of treating hair in need of a conditioning treatment

Various types of hair conditioners have been widely used in hair dressing practice. Among them, gel-type of hair conditioners have become popular due to their attractive appearance which may attribute to gain more customers.
However, due to the viscous nature of hair conditioners in gel type, these conditioners are typically dispensed directly through the portal of the container and are pumped through a large orifice. Regardless of which type of dispensing system is used, a large quantity of the gel is dispensed into the hands of the beautician or user followed by vigorous rubbing of the hands, in order to liquefy the gel. If the gel conditioner is dispensed through smaller orifices, it may cause the orifices to clog and become unusable.
Prior art attempts to solve the problem can be found for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,570 B and WO1994014404 A1 both of which disclose that by incorporating an alkyl polyol and a water soluble or emulsifiable silicone based compound into a moderately viscous gel-type hair conditioning composition, a hair conditioning gel formulation is attained which is able to be delivered in a spray mist pattern using conventional small diametered pump spray nozzles.
However, there is still a need to provide a sprayable gel composition for hair conditioning which is capable of being dispensed quickly and easily in a mist-type spray form through small diameter nozzles, and not only provides excellent spray characteristics but also delivers excellent sensory properties.

Sprayable gel composition for hair conditioning


Systems and methods are disclosed to consolidate workload on cloud-based computers by co-locating one or more high-penalty tenants on one or more cloud-based servers; reducing service level agreement (SLA) violations by over-provisioning the cloud-based server; and maximizing an SLA profit.

This application relates to Multi-tenant Database Management for SLA Profit Maximization.
In recent years, there has been great interests in exploiting the cloud as a platform for database as a service. As with other cloud-based services, database services may enjoy cost efficiency through consolidation: hosting multiple databases within a single physical server. A number of multi-tenant schemes have been used:
Private virtual machine—Using virtual machine technology, multiple virtual machines can be hosted on a single physical machine. Each virtual machine, however, hosts only a single database tenant. This option gives a good isolation across tenants, but there is virtual machine (VM) performance overhead and also the number of VMs that can be hosted within a physical machine is limited.
Private DB instance—Within a physical machine, multiple database instances are run and each tenant use one database instance. Running a DB instance involves a high memory overhead, so this option has limited scalability.
Private database—Database management system (DBMS) can allow multiple databases to be created within a single instance. Hence each tenant can have its own database while sharing the DB instance. In many of DBMS offerings, each database usually comes with its own buffer pool, so memory isolation is well implemented with this scheme. However, each database has a relatively high memory overhead, which limits the number of tenants for a physical server.
Private table—In this scheme, multiple tenants share a database, while each tenant uses its own set of tables. This scheme is attractive for its relatively low memory overhead of each table compared to that of a database mentioned above, i.e. 4 KB per table in DB2, and 9 KB per table in MySQL. However, at higher scale, this scheme also suffers from memory overhead. Users have reported a significant performance degradation on a blade server when the number of tables rises beyond 50,000, mainly due to i) memory overhead of per-table metadata, and ii) buffer space waste due to per-table page loading.
Shared table—This is the most scalable scheme, since DBMS is specially designed for big tables. Packing many tenants into a single table to create a big table can nicely exploit the DBMS' inherent capability. The main challenge, however, is the heterogeneity of schemas across tenants, which requires a solution for putting them together into a single table.
Multitenant DBMS—This approach uses a new shared-table approach called Chunk Folding. The private table approach may be the ideal option for SaaS database systems in today's DBMS technology. The shared table approach can be based on the universal table and storage and indexing techniques allow for efficient query processing.
New offerings of database-as-a-service, such as Amazon RDS and Microsoft SQL Azure consolidate multiple small databases, or tenants, within a single physical server. The main goal is to reduce operational cost, and to improve business profit. While consolidation is an important and beneficial technique in multitenant database (MTDB), it raises a unique challenge, namely performance isolation. As in any other resource-sharing systems, e.g. virtual machines (VMs) sharing a physical machine, performance isolation is an important and difficult problem in MTDB: one tenant with (temporarily) high resource consumption may hurt neighbors' service quality. Naturally, there has been a large body of research effort for performance isolation, especially in VM consolidation. They focus on performance isolation in terms of low-level metric, such as response time, or higher-level metric such as violations of service level agreements (SLAs). From service providers' perspective, however, business profit is the most important optimization criteria in general, and unfortunately this has not been considered in either VM consolidation or MTDB management systems.
Salesforce provides Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS), called Force.com, which allows developers develop their applications using the provided database service. In this environment, multiple tenants share tables creating a few very large tables. They modify RDBMS and the query optimizer to facilitate highly efficient query processing on those large shared tables, while the optimization techniques are proprietary. Microsoft offers SQL Azure, which hosts multiple MS SQL Server within a physical server. They address several performance issues to support multitenant DBMS, such as consolidated logging across multiple tenants. However they do not support any performance service level agreements (SLAs). Aggressive consolidation, however, may hurt the service quality, leading to SLA violation penalty, which in turn reduces the total business profit, called SLA profit. While consolidation helps to reduce operational cost, too aggressive consolidations may increase SLA violation penalty due to the crowded environment, which leads to the reduced total profit.

Multi-tenant database management for service level agreement (SLA) profit maximization


A method and system for creating perspective drawings on a preferably curved drawing surface. An easel and a drawing surface are provided. The artist securely positions his head at a central point relative to the drawing surface and looks past an edge of the drawing surface at an object to be drawn, thereby creating an illusion of a transparent margin of the drawing surface overlapping the object. The object is then traced onto the transparent margin of the drawing surface. The traced-upon margin is cut off and removed from the drawing surface, thereby creating a new transparent margin. These steps are repeated on the new transparent margin until all of the drawing surface is used. The cut-up pieces of the drawing surface are reassembled to form a complete image. The easel includes structure that allows the artist to position an eye at the center point of the drawing surface.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to perspective drawing methods and devices. More specifically, the invention relates to an on-site method allowing the artist to capture the perspective of the space in front of him exactly as it is seen by his eyes.
2. Description of Related Art
Artists have been attempting to render perspective drawings of objects for centuries. The most common practice is using the geometrical rules of 'linear perspective' invented by Filippo Brunelleschi in the 15th century. This method is done on flat paper and involves using a straight edge and a vanishing point on the horizon line towards which everything in the artist's view diminishes. All drawn objects shrink along straight lines that converge at the vanishing point to give the allusion of space receding into the distance. However, linear perspective is only a close approximation to how space is perceived by the eye. It does not recreate the exact way in which objects appear to diminish as they move into the distance.
Some attempted advances have been put forth over the years, including those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,008,528 to Caulfield, 4,432,140 to Santamaria Ulecia, and 5,100,325 to Cutler.
The Cutler patent teaches a kit having an eyepiece and a transparent window onto which the artist draws directly. That is, the artist looks through the eyepiece with one eye open and draws on the window, or on a clear plastic overlay placed over the window. A similar system is taught in the Caulfield patent, which employs a clear curved surface as the drawing surface. Again, as with Cutler, one looks through an eyepiece with only one eye open and draws onto the clear structure. If desired, one may later place a piece of paper over the clear structure and attempt to trace the initial drawing onto the paper. Santamaria Ulecia teaches a device having a flat transparent portion and a flat opaque portion adjacent thereto. One looks through the transparent portion, again with one eye, and draws what one sees onto the adjacent opaque portion.
In all of these systems, one eye is kept closed while a single open eye looks through a transparent surface and enables the scene beyond it to be traced. The consideration of optically perceived space in these systems is limited to investigating only how light rays are taken in by a single eye. Thus, a system that takes into consideration how our brains perceive space with two eyes working in tandem comes as an innovation. There is a long-felt need for a system that documents true perspective relationships as they are seen by the binocular human optical system—a system that creates scientifically accurate drawings that can be used as tools to understand how space manifests to our two eyes.

Method and system for creating true perspective drawings and drawings created by same


This disclosure relates to a method and system for impact mitigation of sudden carrier frequency shifts in OFDM receivers that transforming a received complex digital baseband signal and decoding data from the transformed signal.

1. Technical Field
This disclosure relates to a system and method for impact mitigation of sudden carrier frequency shifts in OFDM receivers.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a GSM mobile phone with an integrated DVB-H (digital video broadcast-handheld) receiver for mobile TV reception it is desirable to share a common reference clock for reduction of cost, size, and power consumption. Certain GSM mobile phone implementations tune the reference clock by a few Hz in order to adapt to the reference clock of the base station. This tuning of the reference clock may occur as sudden frequency jumps. As a consequence, the local oscillator frequency of the DVB-H receiver will jump by the same relative amount as the reference frequency. For DVB-H reception, the amount of frequency jump may be up to about ¼ of the sub-carrier spacing of the underlying orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) transmission method. If this amount of frequency shift is not compensated for, it causes severe interference between adjacent OFDM sub-carriers, such that the error probability at the receiver increases dramatically, causing loss of information in the video stream.

Method and system for impact mitigation of sudden carrier frequency shifts in OFDM receivers