A control system for the mask table and substrate table predicts the momentary substrate table position error and feeds it into the mask table control loop, adding it to the mask table set point and as a force to the mask table.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a lithographic projection apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
The term xe2x80x9cpatterning devicexe2x80x9d as here employed should be broadly interpreted as referring to device that can be used to endow an incoming radiation beam with a patterned cross-section, corresponding to a pattern that is to be created in a target portion of the substrate. The term xe2x80x9clight valvexe2x80x9d can also be used in this context. Generally, the pattern will correspond to a particular functional layer in a device being created in the target portion, such as an integrated circuit or other device (see below). An example of such a patterning device is a mask. The concept of a mask is well known in lithography, and it includes mask types such as binary, alternating phase-shift, and attenuated phase-shift, as well as various hybrid mask types. Placement of such a mask in the radiation beam causes selective transmission (in the case of a transmissive mask) or reflection (in the case of a reflective mask) of the radiation impinging on the mask, according to the pattern on the mask. In the case of a mask, the support structure will generally be a mask table, which ensures that the mask can be held at a desired position in the incoming radiation beam, and that it can be moved relative to the beam if so desired.
Another example of a pattering device is a programmable mirror array. One example of such an array is a matrix-addressable surface having a viscoelastic control layer and a reflective surface. The basic principle behind such an apparatus is that, for example, addressed areas of the reflective surface reflect incident light as diffracted light, whereas unaddressed areas reflect incident light as undiffracted light. Using an appropriate filter, the undiffracted light can be filtered out of the reflected beam, leaving only the diffracted light behind. In this manner, the beam becomes patterned according to the addressing pattern of the matrix-addressable surface. An alternative embodiment of a programmable mirror array employs a matrix arrangement of tiny mirrors, each of which can be individually tilted about an axis by applying a suitable localized electric field, or by employing piezoelectric actuators. Once again, the mirrors are matrix-addressable, such that addressed mirrors will reflect an incoming radiation beam in a different direction to unaddressed mirrors. In this manner, the reflected beam is patterned according to the addressing pattern of the matrix-addressable mirrors. The required matrix addressing can be performed using suitable electronics. In both of the situations described hereabove, the patterning device can comprise one or more programmable mirror arrays. More information on mirror arrays as here referred to can be seen, for example, from U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,296,891 and 5,523,193, and PCT patent applications WO 98/38597 and WO 98/33096, incorporated herein by reference. In the case of a programmable mirror array, the support structure may be embodied as a frame or table, for example, which may be fixed or movable as required.
Another example of a pattering device is a programmable LCD array. An example of such a construction is given in U.S. Pat. No. 5,229,872, incorporated herein by reference. As above, the support structure in this case may be embodied as a frame or table, for example, which may be fixed or movable as required.
For purposes of simplicity, the rest of this text may, at certain locations, specifically direct itself to examples involving a mask and mask table. However, the general principles discussed in such instances should be seen in the broader context of the patterning device as hereabove set forth.
Lithographic projection apparatus can be used, for example, in the manufacture of integrated circuits (ICs). In such a case, the patterning device may generate a circuit pattern corresponding to an individual layer of the IC, and this pattern can be imaged onto a target portion (e.g. comprising one or more dies) on a substrate (silicon wafer) that has been coated with a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). In general, a single wafer will contain a whole network of adjacent target portions that are successively irradiated via the projection system, one at a time. In current apparatus, employing patterning by a mask on a mask table, a distinction can be made between two different types of machine. In one type of lithographic projection apparatus, each target portion is irradiated by exposing the entire mask pattern onto the target portion at once. Such an apparatus is commonly referred to as a wafer stepper. In an alternative apparatus, commonly referred to as a step-and-scan apparatus, each target portion is irradiated by progressively scanning the mask pattern under the projection beam in a given reference direction (the xe2x80x9cscanningxe2x80x9d direction) while synchronously scanning the substrate table parallel or anti-parallel to this direction. Since, in general, the projection system will have a magnification factor M (generally  less than 1), the speed V at which the substrate table is scanned will be a factor M times that at which the mask table is scanned. More information with regard to lithographic devices as here described can be seen, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,792, incorporated herein by reference.
In a known manufacturing process using a lithographic projection apparatus, a pattern (e.g. in a mask) is imaged onto a substrate that is at least partially covered by a layer of radiation-sensitive material (resist). Prior to this imaging, the substrate may undergo various procedures, such as priming, resist coating and a soft bake. After exposure, the substrate may be subjected to other procedures, such as a post-exposure bake (PEB), development, a hard bake and measurement/inspection of the imaged features. This array of procedures is used as a basis to pattern an individual layer of a device, e.g. an IC. Such a patterned layer may then undergo various processes such as etching, ion-implantation (doping), metallization, oxidation, chemo-mechanical polishing, etc., all intended to finish off an individual layer. If several layers are required, then the whole procedure, or a variant thereof, will have to be repeated for each new layer. Eventually, an array of devices will be present on the substrate (wafer). These devices are then separated from one another by a technique such as dicing or sawing, whence the individual devices can be mounted on a carrier, connected to pins, etc. Further information regarding such processes can be obtained, for example, from the book xe2x80x9cMicrochip Fabrication: A Practical Guide to Semiconductor Processingxe2x80x9d, Third Edition, by Peter van Zant, McGraw Hill Publishing Co., 1997, ISBN 0-07-067250-4.
For the sake of simplicity, the projection system may hereinafter be referred to as the xe2x80x9clens.xe2x80x9d However, this term should be broadly interpreted as encompassing various types of projection system, including refractive optics, reflective optics, and catadioptric systems, for example. The radiation system may also include components operating according to any of these design types for directing, shaping or controlling the projection beam of radiation, and such components may also be referred to below, collectively or singularly, as a xe2x80x9clensxe2x80x9d. Further, the lithographic apparatus may be of a type having two or more substrate tables (and/or two or more mask tables). In such xe2x80x9cmultiple stagexe2x80x9d devices the additional tables may be used in parallel or preparatory steps may be carried out on one or more tables while one or more other tables are being used for exposures. Dual stage lithographic apparatus are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 5,969,441 and WO 98/40791, incorporated herein by reference.
The manufacture of ICs and other devices with such apparatus generally involves the replication of extremely fine sub-micron patterns, with an exceptionally high degree of positional accuracy. For this reason, it is essential to properly isolate various critical parts of the apparatus (such as the substrate table and mask table, for example) from spurious motion, vibration, mechanical shocks, etc. In general, this is achieved using such measures as carefully designed metrology frames, air-mounts, motional counterweights and dampers, which serve to isolate the apparatus"" critical parts from most unwanted mechanical influences. However, such measures are not completely effective in eliminating a number of unwanted influences, such as, for example:
1. vibrations in the substrate table due to leveling actions during exposure;
2. vibrations caused by motion of reticle masking blades;
3. resonance effects caused by the presence of air showers;
4. vibrations in the substrate table caused by motion of the mask table, and vice versa, and;
5. influence of air shower flow on the substrate table.
Although these effects are relatively small, they become increasingly important as the need to produce ever-higher device resolutions increases, and they now form a substantial barrier to the viable realization of large-area ICs having critical dimensions of the order of 0.15 xcexcm and less.
Accordingly, it has been proposed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,373,072, incorporated herein by reference, to provide a control system for the substrate and mask tables of a lithographic apparatus in which errors in the position of the substrate table are compensated for by their inclusion as a feed-forward control in the mask table control loop. Specifically, the substrate table error is lowpass filtered, the output of the filter is then added to the mask table setpoint, and also twice differentiated, multiplied by the mask table mass and the resultant force applied to the mask table. This proposal is based on the realization that the absolute positions of the mask and substrate tables are less important than their relative position and allows the correction of substrate table errors beyond the mask table bandwidth. However, this control system has performance limits, in part caused by the inevitable time delay in processing the substrate table error.
It is an aspect of the present invention to provide an improved control system for the support structure for the patterning device, e.g. a mask, and substrate tables of a lithographic projection apparatus.
This and other aspects are achieved according to the invention in a lithographic apparatus including a radiation system constructed and arranged to provide a projection beam of radiation; a support structure constructed and arranged to support a patterning device, the patterning device constructed and arranged to pattern the projection beam according to a desired pattern; a substrate table to hold a substrate; a projection system constructed and arranged to project the patterned beam onto a target portion of the substrate; a first driving device constructed and arranged to move the support structure in a given reference direction substantially parallel to the plane of the patterning device; a second driving device constructed and arranged to move the substrate table parallel to the reference direction so as to be synchronous with the motion of the support structure; a first measuring device constructed and arranged to determine the momentary position of the patterning device with respect to a fixed reference point; a second measuring device and constructed and arranged to determine the momentary position of the substrate table with respect to a fixed reference point; a comparing device constructed and arranged to compare the measured momentary position of the substrate table with a desired momentary position of the substrate table to generate a position error signal in accordance with a difference between the two positions; and a predictor constructed and arranged to generate a future position error signal based on one or more previous position error signals and pass that future position error signal to a correction device constructed and arranged to adjust the momentary position of the patterning device so as to compensate for such difference.
With the present invention, the drawbacks of the prior art are avoided and a improvement of 30 to 50% in the high-frequency synchronization error between the substrate and mask tables can be achieved. Preferably, the prediction is a sine-based prediction which can readily be adapted to predict the second derivative of the position error signal thereby directly providing the basis for an acceleration error signal. Such a sine-based prediction can advantageously be implemented using one or more finite impulse response (FIR) filters.
According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a device manufacturing method including providing a substrate that is at least partially covered by a layer of radiation-sensitive material; providing a projection beam of radiation using a radiation system using a patterning device to endow the projection beam with a pattern in its cross-section; projecting the patterned beam of radiation onto a target portion of the layer of radiation-sensitive material, wherein the projecting moving a support structure supporting the patterning device in a given reference direction substantially parallel to the plane of the patterning device; moving the substrate table parallel to the reference direction so as to be synchronized with the motion of the support structure; determining the momentary position of the mask table with respect to a fixed reference point; determining the momentary position of the substrate table with respect to a fixed reference point; comparing the measured momentary position of the substrate table with a desired momentary position of the substrate table to generate a position error signal in accordance with a difference between the two positions; predicting a future position error based on one or more previous position error signals; and adjusting the momentary position of the mask table so as to compensate for such difference.
Although specific reference may be made in this text to the use of the apparatus according to the invention in the manufacture of ICs, it should be explicitly understood that such an apparatus has many other possible applications. For example, it may be employed in the manufacture of integrated optical systems, guidance and detection patterns for magnetic domain memories, liquid-crystal display panels, thin-film magnetic heads, etc. One of ordinary skill will appreciate that, in the context of such alternative applications, any use of the terms xe2x80x9creticlexe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cwaferxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cdiexe2x80x9d in this text should be considered as being replaced by the more general terms xe2x80x9cmaskxe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9csubstratexe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9ctarget portionxe2x80x9d, respectively.
In the present document, the terms xe2x80x9cradiationxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cbeamxe2x80x9d are used to encompass all types of electromagnetic radiation, including ultraviolet radiation (e.g. with a wavelength of 365, 248, 193, 157 or 126 nm) and EUV (extreme ultra-violet radiation, e.g. having a wavelength in the range 5-20 nm), as well as particle beams, such as ion beams or electron beams.

Lithographic apparatus, device manufacturing method, and device manufactured thereby


A liquid crystal display (LCD) device comprises a first pixel area; a second pixel area that is smaller than the first pixel area; a first pixel electrode formed in the first pixel area and having a first size; a first common electrode formed in the first pixel area, the first common electrode overlapping the first pixel electrode by a first overlap area; a second pixel electrode formed in the second pixel area and having a second size that is smaller than the first size of the first pixel electrode; a second common electrode formed in the second pixel area, the second common electrode overlapping the second pixel electrode by a second overlap area; wherein the first overlap area and the second overlap area are substantially the same.

Field of Technology
The embodiments herein relate to a fringe field liquid crystal display (LCD) device, and more particularly, to a fringe field LCD device which can enhance color purity, and prevent the occurrence of flicker.
Discussion of the Related Art
LCD devices, which are widely used as a type of display device, are largely categorized into lateral electric field LCD devices, vertical electric field LCD devices, and fringe field LCD devices depending on a direction of an electric field which is applied for controlling alignment of liquid crystal. In fringe field LCD devices, one of a common electrode and a pixel electrode is flatly formed in a pixel area, and the other electrode is formed as a slit type with a protective layer therebetween. The fringe field LCD devices enhance an aperture ratio in comparison with the lateral electric field LCD devices, and realize a wide viewing angle in comparison with the vertical electric field LCD devices. Accordingly, the fringe field LCD devices are being applied to various electronic devices.
As the demand for high-definition display devices such as ultra high definition (UHD) display devices increases, it is required to solve problems of resolution, light transmittance, and power consumption in high-definition LCD devices. To solve the problems, various pixel structures applied to LCD devices are being developed.
FIG. 1A is a view illustrating a pixel structure in a related art LCD device having a red, green, blue (RGB) stripe structure, and FIG. 1B is a view illustrating a pixel structure in a related art LCD device having an red, green, blue, and white (RGBW) quad structure.
In a related art RGB stripe structure, as illustrated in FIG. 1A, one unit pixel area is defined by three adjacent pixel areas that respectively emit red (R) light, green (G) light, and blue (B) light. Unlike organic light emitting display devices, LCD devices need a separate light source, and light emitted from the light source passes through liquid crystal, and passes through a color filter included in each pixel to realize a color.
Therefore, in the RGB stripe structure, a plurality of pixel areas and color filters which display the same color are formed as a stripe type on an arbitrary column or row. On the other hand, in the RGBW quad structure, one unit pixel area is defined by two adjacent pixel areas.
For example, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, one unit pixel area including a R pixel area and a G pixel area is provided, and each of four unit pixel areas which are upward, downward, left, and right adjacent to the one unit pixel area includes a B pixel area and a W pixel area in which a separate color filter is not formed. Light emitted from the light source is irradiated onto a screen through the W pixel area without passing through the W pixel area, and thus, a brighter screen than the related art RGB stripe structure is realized, and light transmittance is improved.
However, in the related art RGBW quad structure, as illustrated in FIG. 1B, all pixel areas are designed to have the same size. Here, the whole light transmittance increases compared to the related art RGB stripe structure, but R, G, and B pure color luminance and color coordinates are changed. That is, whole luminance is increased by the W pixel area, but since an area of the W pixel area is added, areas of RGB pixel areas are reduced, causing a reduction in luminance of colors such as R, G, and B. For this reason, in the related art RGBW quad structure, an imbalance of luminance is caused by a color, causing a change in color coordinates.

Fringe field liquid crystal display device


A method of operating a computing device that allows inspecting data that the device attempts to transmit over a network in an encrypted form for presence of malware, viruses or confidential information. The method includes intercepting a request from an application to an encryption component of an operating system to encrypt the data and acquiring encrypted data generated by the encryption component in response to the request. SSL or TLS protocol may be used for encryption. The request may be intercepted using API hooking. The data in an unencrypted form and an identifier of the encrypted data may be provided to a data inspection facility for establishing a correspondence between the unencrypted and encrypted data, using the identifier. The data inspection facility performs inspection of the unencrypted data to determine whether to allow transmission of the encrypted data over the network.

Security of computer systems is becoming an increasingly important issue, especially with the advent of the Internet which dramatically facilitated exchange of large amount of data among computers. The security may relate to protection of computer systems from attacks from malicious parties which may introduce viruses, worms and other malicious data to the systems. Another security issue relates to ensuring confidentiality of data transmitted over public networks, such as the Internet, by protecting the transmitted data from access by undesirable parties.
The security of a computer system may also encompass control of distribution and access of information stored in the computer system. For example, an enterprise or an organization may have a policy defining which information is desirable to be protected from being distributed outside of the enterprise's computer systems. Such information may include, for example, personal information, financial documents, medical records, description of confidential technology, and other sensitive information.
Computers exchange data using different network communications protocols, such as, for example, Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). The TCP/IP has been developed to enable communications between computers, without specific concerns for security. Information transmitted in accordance with the TCP/IP may therefore be subject to different security vulnerabilities. Thus, a variety of security systems have been developed to protect computers from intrusion and to control information stored on the computers. Such security systems examine data received by the computer systems and data that the computer systems attempt to send. To determine whether to allow or block sending or receiving these data over a network, the security systems typically need access to the data in an unencrypted (or decryptable) form.
To improve their security and prevent undesirable interference with transmitted data, many applications increasingly use such measures as encryption and authentication. Different protocols are used to encrypt data sent over a network. A commonly used protocol for encryption and authentication is the Secure Socket Layer (SSL) protocol and its derivatives. While using the SSL improves security, data encrypted using the SSL protocol may not be properly analyzed and interpreted by network security systems controlling access to a network, because the data is encrypted. Malicious parties (e.g., applications and services) may use this feature to bypass security protections or security policies implemented by the network security systems. For example, if data containing viruses, Trojans, or other malicious content is sent or received in an encrypted form, this may not be detected by a network security system. In addition, encrypted sensitive data may be sent outside of an organization thus compromising data privacy.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Encrypted network traffic interception and inspection


A combination engine for a flying craft capable of flying at speeds within a wide range from subsonic speeds to hypersonic speeds, is equipped with a rocket engine section that is independent of an atmospheric air supply, and a turbo air jet engine section having a compressor which is driven by a turbine that is also independent of an external air supply. The combination may further include extra fuel supply nozzles for operation as a ram jet which uses the same flow channel as the turbo air jet engine section. A gas generator equipped with two valving mechanisms is arranged coaxially with the rocket engine section. The valving mechanisms are controllable to open the gas generator chamber to the rocket combustion chamber while closing off gas flow to the turbo air jet section or vice versa. Either section can work alone or in parallel and simultaneously with the other section. Each turbine wheel forms with one compressor wheel a free wheeling rotor without any intermediate guide wheels, whereby the turbine blades extend either radially inwardly or radially outside of the compressor blades. A gas mixer or distributor is arranged downstream of the turbine and leads into the combustion chamber of the turbo or ram jet section to mix external air with the turbine propellant gases.

Flying craft capable of flying at hypersonic speeds, which have, for example, been investigated in the so-called "Saenger-Project" pose a substantial problem when it comes to the selection of a suitable engine. Compared to standard military aircraft and commercial aircraft, one must pay particular attention to the substantially larger range of flying speeds and the higher range of flying altitudes in combination with the corresponding variations in the environmental conditions such as pressure, temperature, and so forth. Further, such craft are expected to have a substantial flying range so that also the engine efficiency takes on a critical role.
It has been recognized heretofore that a single type of engine is not suitable for meeting all the above mentioned requirements in a satisfactory manner. As a result, combination systems with two or more different types of engines combined cannot be avoided. It is sensible to use air breathing engines for relatively low to moderate flying altitudes where a sufficient atmospheric air pressure is available because such air breathing engines can use the air oxygen as an oxidator. Turbo air jet engines have a special appeal for flying speeds in the range from subsonic to supersonic. One special type of a turbo air jet engine which is relatively independent from the environmental conditions is the so-called "air-turbo-rocket". This type of engine drives the compressor by means of a turbine which is independent of the atmospheric air. Propulsion gases from a rocket combustion chamber are admitted to the turbine for making it independent of the atmospheric air. Compared to conventional gas turbine engines the air turbo rocket is thus suitable for higher flying speeds as well as for higher flying altitudes. However, the air-turbo-rocket has a poor efficiency in the subsonic speed range.
So-called ram jets or scram jets are suitable for even higher flying speeds at altitudes where still sufficient atmospheric oxygen is available to sustain a subsonic or supersonic combustion.
For the highest flying speeds independent of atmospheric air, rocket engines are required which may be constructed as so-called mainstream rockets or bypass flow rockets. However, such rocket engines make sense only for high altitude flights, particularly in outer space because the oxidator for the rocket engine must be taken along as a ballast.
German Patent Publication (DE-PS) 3,617,915 discloses a conventional combination engine comprising a rocket engine section, a ram jet engine section, and a turbo air jet section forming a so-called "air-turbo-rocket".
The drive turbine of the compressor of the air turbo rocket serves also as the engine or drive for the fuel pumps of the rocket engine. Thus, it is necessary to provide a clutch or coupling between the turbine and the compressor for interrupting the power transmission between the turbine and the compressor during rocket operation. The turbo air jet engine section and the ram jet engine section are integrated into a common air jet engine and comprise a common flow channel for the inflowing external air. During ram jet operation the axial low pressure compressor is decoupled from its drive turbine and during this operation the compressor blades are tilted into a position in which they pose a low resistance, a so-called feathering position. The compressor thus must be equipped with adjustable compressor blades. Additionally, the compressor must be constructed with due regard to the high power transduction or throughput, with regard to the substantial size ratios and the high r.p.m.s and so forth, so that the compressor is a rather very critical structural component with regard to its material and structural strength. Additionally, due to the required adjustability of the compressor blades the structure becomes noticeably heavier compared to compressors with stationary non-adjustable blades. Due to the high power that must be transmitted between the turbine and the compressor, the respective clutch or coupling is also a critical structural component having a substantial weight. As a result, the compressor construction with adjustable blades has an adverse effect on the manufacturing costs and on the maintenance costs, not to mention the weight which reduces the payload. Besides, the complicated construction reduces the reliability.
German Patent Publication (DE-OS) 3,738,703 discloses a combination engine comprising a twin cycle gas turbine jet engine combined with a ram jet engine. In this known system the outer flow circuit of the gas turbine jet engine corresponds to the flow circuit of the ram jet engine. When the system operates as a turbo engine, the air in the outer flow circuit is accelerated by means of a fan having two rotor wheels without any guide blades or vanes and operating in opposition to each other. The drive of the two rotor wheels is accomplished by two turbines located in the inner flow circuit of the gas turbine jet engine. During ram jet operation the inner flow circuit is closed and the blades of the fans are brought into the feathering position.
Compared to the system of German Patent Publication (DE-PS) 3,617,915, the system disclosed in German Patent Publication (DE-OS) 3,738,703 does not require any clutch between the turbine and the fan. However, two fan rotor wheels are required and these wheels must be provided with adjustable blades which also leads to the same disadvantages as has been mentioned above. Further, a twin cycle gas turbine jet engine is substantially more complicated, heavier and more trouble-prone than a so-called air turbo rocket. Further, the system according to German Patent Publication (DE-OS) 3,738,703 is not operable independently of the atmospheric air. In other words, the turbo operation and the ram jet operation depend on the atmospheric air, so that such a system is not suitable for very high flying altitudes.

Combination propulsion system for a flying craft


The automobile emergency stop system includes a knife switch that is wired to one of the wires running to a fuel pump of a vehicle. The system is designed for use with a parking brake such that upon breaking the circuit, electrical flow to the fuel pump ceases and the engine stops. The system is designed to close the circuit when the parking brake is not lifted. The system is adapted for all types of parking brakes, and includes hand actuated or foot actuated parking brakes. The system is designed for use as an anti-theft measure as well as a safety measure for a computer controlled engine that faults and accelerates out of control.

A. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of devices that aid in stopping a vehicle, more specifically, a device that forms an additional wiring circuit with a fuel pump.
B. Discussion of the Prior Art
As a preliminary note, it should be stated that there is an ample amount of prior art that deals with emergency stop systems for a vehicle. As will be discussed immediately below, no prior art discloses a knife switch that is mounted to a parking brake and of which forms an electrical circuit to a fuel pump of a vehicle and upon which can disrupt electrical current flowing to the fuel pump and of which will cause the engine of the vehicle to stall.
The Hildebrecht Patent (U.S. Pat. No. 4,295,540) discloses a vehicle brake and engine interlock system, wherein when the parking brake is activated, the system overrides the operator's control to limit fuel intput to the engine. However, the system does not simply open a circuit that shuts off electrical current to the fuel pump of a vehicle, which ultimately stalls the engine.
The Talkes Patent (U.S. Pat. No. 1,854,868) discloses a device for automatically stopping the motor of an automobile. However, the device works with the ignition switch to turn on/off the engine as opposed to turning on/off the fuel pump, which essentially starves the engine of fuel.
The Lineberger Patent (U.S. Pat. No. 5,219,413) discloses an engine idle shit-down controller for a vehicle that includes a parking brake activated switch. However, the switch does not open a circuit that stops electrical current from entering the fuel pump of an engine, and ultimately stalling the engine.
The Mann et al. Patent (U.S. Pat. No. 4,691,801) discloses an anti-theft system for vehicles that interrupt the fuel supply when activating the vehicle's parking brake system. Again, the system is not designed to simply open or close a circuit that supplies electricity to the fuel pump for use in ceasing fuel supply to the engine and thereby stalling the engine in due course, and for use during operation of the vehicle and not as anti-theft system.
The Ueda et al. Patent (U.S. Pat. No. 4,414,937) discloses an automatic engine stop and start apparatus. However, the apparatus requires a plurality of inputs to appear before issuing an alarm, and does not simply stop the electrical current to a fuel pump.
While the above-described devices fulfill their respective and particular objects and requirements, they do not describe a knife switch that is mounted to a parking brake and of which forms an electrical circuit to a fuel pump of a vehicle and upon which can disrupt electrical current flowing to the fuel pump and of which will cause the engine of the vehicle to stall. In this regard, the automobile emergency stop system departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art.


The present invention pertains to the field of tick- or insect-repellent formulated compositions containing dihydronepetalactone, a nepetalactam, a dihydronepetalactam and/or their respective derivatives, and one or more additives to provide a useful and effective means of delivering the composition in the manner and to the location as desired by the user.

U.S. Ser. No. 04/127,553, which is incorporated in its entirety as a part hereof for all purposes, discloses dihydronepetalactone (DHN) diastereomers derived by hydrogenation of nepetalactone, and compositions thereof, as effective repellents against ticks and/or several species of insects of particular interest to people, including mosquitoes and stable flies.
U.S. application Ser. No. 11/314,672, which is incorporated in its entirety as a part hereof for all purposes, discloses nepetalactam diastereomers, and compositions thereof, as useful tick and/or insect repellents; and U.S. application Ser. No. 11/314,385, which is incorporated in its entirety as a part hereof for all purposes, discloses dihydronepetalactam diastereomers, and compositions thereof, as useful tick and/or insect repellents.
A need still remains however for formulated compositions of all these materials that would allow consumers to easily use them for tick and/or insect repellent purposes.

Formulated tick and insect repellent compositions


A mask having a first region and a second region; the first region having a multilayer mirror over a substrate, the multilayer mirror having alternating layers of a first material and a second material, the first material having a high index of refraction, the second material having a low index of refraction; and the second region having a compound of the first material and the second material over the substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of semiconductor integrated circuit manufacturing, and more specifically, to a method of creating a pattern on an EUV mask blank without particles and an EUV mask blank made with such a method.
2. Discussion of Related Art
During the fabrication of integrated circuits (IC), each semiconductor wafer is subdivided into small identical fields that are adjacent to each other. Each field includes one or more IC chips. A radiation-sensitive material, such as photoresist, is coated onto the wafer. Then a scanner with a reduction projection system is used to scan radiation across a mask and onto one field at a time to expose portions of the photoresist. The mask determines the pattern to be transferred to the wafer through the process of exposing, developing, and etching.
Deep ultraviolet (DUV) lithography uses a transmissive mask at 248 nanometers (nm), 193 nm, or 157 nm to print features with a critical dimension (CD) of 100-180 nm. Next generation lithography (NGL), such as extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography, can print features with smaller CD. For example, an EUV scanner may use 4 imaging mirrors and a Numerical Aperture (NA) of 0.10 to achieve a CD of 50-70 nm with a depth of focus (DOF) of about 1.00 micrometer (um). Alternatively, an EUV scanner may use 6 imaging mirrors and a NA of 0.25 to print a CD of 20-30 nm although the DOF will be reduced to about 0.17 um.
EUV lithography uses a reflective mask for exposure since nearly all condensed materials are highly absorbing in the EUV wavelength range of 11-15 nm. An EUV mask may be fabricated from an EUV mask blank after the EUV mask blank has been inspected for defects and repaired. In order to identify the location of the defects, a pattern, such as a fiducial mark, is etched into the reflective surface of an EUV mask blank. However, etching produces particles that may contaminate tools and degrade process yield.
Thus, what is needed is a method of creating a pattern on an EUV mask blank without generating particles and an EUV mask blank made with such a method.


There is described a method for facial features detection in a picture frame containing a skin tone area, comprising dividing (12) the skin tone area into a number of parts; and for each part of the skin tone area, constructing (14) a luminance map, constructing an edge map by extracting (18) edges from the luminance map, defining (20) an edge magnitude threshold, building (22) a binary map from the edge map by keeping only the edges having a magnitude beyond the defined edge magnitude threshold and eliminating the others; and then extracting (24) facial features from the built binary map. An inter-related facial features detector is further described.

1. Technical Field
The present invention generally relates to devices and methods for facial features detection in pictures. It finds application, in particular, in mobile devices such as mobile phones.
2. Related Art
The approaches described in this section could be pursued, but are not necessarily approaches that have been previously conceived or pursued. Therefore, unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and are not admitted to be prior art by inclusion in this section.
Face detection has been the subject of many researches and developments for many years. Many approaches have been developed in order to obtain real-time robust face detection. In the case of mobile phones, these solutions typically require the use of either (or both of) dedicated hardware or strong Central Processing Unit (CPU) capabilities, which is typically available only on high-end feature phones or smart phones.
Thus, there is a need for alternative face detection algorithms. Such algorithms may target a low CPU use on a low-cost mobile platform, without dedicated hardware for example.


A frequency agile spread spectrum radio system which uses a frequency-agile receiver that adaptively learns which frequencies to avoid as being occupied or jammed. The transmitter sends redundant transmissions on widely separated pseudo-random carrier frequencies to overcome jammed channels. A coded preamble is used to provide a greatly enhanced hybrid form of Time Division Multiple Access/Frequency Division Multiple Access for co-existence and frequency re-use with nearby systems. Anti-jam margins of 60 to 90 dB can be inexpensively achieved, far exceeding that of traditional direct sequence systems. The receiver scans the radio spectrum, identifies occupied portions, stores information on these occupied portions, skips over the occupied portions for a set period of time while scanning for radio signals, detects a repetitive preamble code in a received radio signal, maintains the frequency of the received radio signal, and receives and decodes message data in the received radio signal.

This invention relates to robust methods of frequency re-use and frequency sharing which prevent independent radio systems from co-interference due to frequency crowding of available radio bands, and, more particularly, this invention relates to a method of frequency agility which can provide a low cost solution to many burst mode and continuous data communications applications, including security systems, fire systems, access control, energy management, remote control of model planes, remote process control, traffic light control, remote power meter reading, voice communication, radio location, or local area networks.


A current transformer includes a CT core having a central opening, a height, a width, inner and outer radii, and a secondary winding disposed about the CT core. The CT core is formed from a winding of an elongated length of taped steel having a reluctance and a width. The CT core height corresponds to the taped steel width. The CT core width is equal to the difference between the outer and inner radii. An air gap having a reluctance, a width and a depth is disposed in the CT core. The depth is along a portion of the CT core height. The air gap width is substantially smaller than the CT core height and width. The air gap reluctance is substantially greater than the taped steel reluctance. The CT core has a permeability resulting from being annealed at a temperature of 1450 to 1550° F. for one hour.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention pertains generally to circuit interrupters and, more particularly, to circuit interrupters including a number of current transformers. The invention also relates to current transformers. The invention further relates to methods of manufacturing current transformers.
2. Background Information
Molded case circuit breakers (MCCBs) employ current transformers (CTs) to sense primary currents and to supply power to an electronic trip unit. Currents are sensed and the resulting sensed current values are typically used in two modes. In a normal mode, the range of current values is used to calculate trip times having intentional delays. In an override mode, the current values are higher than the normal mode current range and the corresponding trip time is instantaneous. The override mode is responsible for clearing relatively high current faults in the shortest possible time with no intentional delay. In order to be able to properly respond to a high current alternating current (AC) fault, the fault current must be sensed during its first half-cycle. However, known CTs cannot sense current accurately during this first half-cycle due to transformer core design limitations.
One of these limitations is the inability of the CT core to handle extreme changes in magnetic flux. The CT core is constructed of ferromagnetic materials, which tend to "saturate" at a predetermined level that is dictated by, for example, the core material and the core dimensions. The saturation point is where any further increase in magnetizing field force (H) does not result in a proportional increase in magnetic flux density (B) or any more increase in the secondary current resulting from this magnetic flux change. Consequently, the CT secondary waveform is highly distorted and of relatively low magnitude.
The first AC half-cycle of the CT output is dependent on the polarity of the previous AC half-cycle. Referring to FIG. 1, if the previous AC half-cycle was positive when the magnetizing field force (H) was removed, then the CT core will retain a residual or remanent magnetization referred to as +Br. The magnitude of +Br is dependent on the magnetizing field force (+H) and the type of core material.
If the next AC half-cycle is negative, then the magnetic flux density (B) can swing from approximately +Br to −Bmax depending on the magnitude of the corresponding magnetizing field force (−H). This swing will cause a relatively large ΔB (i.e., +Br−(−Bmax)=+Br+Bmax) and, therefore, a relatively large ΔI in the CT secondary current. However, if the next AC half-cycle is positive, then the magnetic flux density (B) can only swing from +Br to +Bmax. In known MCCBs, this will be a relatively small change in flux and, therefore, a resulting relatively small change in CT secondary current. Also, the CT core will reach saturation much faster now since Br is closer to +Bmax. In other words, ΔB will be much smaller in this case (i.e., +Bmax−(+Br)=+Bmax−Br) and the resulting secondary current also will be smaller in magnitude.
Accordingly, there is room for improvement in circuit interrupters.
There is also room for improvement in current transformers.
There is further room for improvement in methods of manufacturing current transformers.

Current transformer, circuit interrupter including the same, and method of manufacturing the same


Computer systems and associated methods are disclosed to implement a model development environment (MDE) that allows a team of users to perform iterative model experiments to develop machine learning (ML) media models. In embodiments, the MDE implements a media data management interface that allows users to annotate and manage training data for models. In embodiments, the MDE implements a model experimentation interface that allows users to configure and run model experiments, which include a training run and a test run of a model. In embodiments, the MDE implements a model diagnosis interface that displays the model's performance metrics and allows users to visually inspect media samples that were used during the model experiment to determine corrective actions to improve model performance for later iterations of experiments. In embodiments, the MDE allows different types of users to collaborate on a series of model experiments to build an optimal media model.

Machine learning systems for making decisions about digital media are becoming more common. For example, machine-learned image models are increasingly being used in applications such as facial recognition, text and speech processing, computer-aided medical diagnosis, autonomous vehicle control, among other areas. Traditionally, the development of machine learning models is a time-consuming and error-prone process. The process typically involves a host of labor-intensive tasks, such as image annotation, that are performed manually by humans. The training process itself may require close supervision by data scientists over the course of the training, which may in some cases last days. Moreover, once training is completed, it is often difficult for a novice user to diagnose problems with the resulting model and determine corrective actions to improve model performance. The machine learning community currently lacks holistic systems for systematically developing machine-learned media models. Current tools require coding and are mostly single-user systems; they do not collaboration among various actors in a model building process such as data scientists, engineers, analysts, and product managers. There is a general need in the field for easy-to-use model development systems for rapidly developing machine-learned media models of high quality with minimal human dependency.
While embodiments are described herein by way of example for several embodiments and illustrative drawings, those skilled in the art will recognize that embodiments are not limited to the embodiments or drawings described. It should be understood, that the drawings and detailed description thereto are not intended to limit embodiments to the particular form disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope as defined by the appended claims. The headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not meant to be used to limit the scope of the description or the claims. As used throughout this application, the word "may" is used in a permissive sense (i.e., meaning having the potential to), rather than the mandatory sense (i.e., meaning must). Similarly, the words "include," "including," and "includes" mean including, but not limited to.
It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first contact could be termed a second contact, and, similarly, a second contact could be termed a first contact, without departing from the scope of the present invention. The first contact and the second contact are both contacts, but they are not the same contact.

System for visually diagnosing machine learning models


Systems, methods, and apparatuses are disclosed for generating mapping data structures based on predicted relationships across tracking data obtained from tracking online browsing histories of users to a network of websites.

User information describing a user's browsing history on websites that are connected to a communications network (e.g., the Internet) may be gathered, stored, and analyzed. The user information may be gathered by the visited websites, where the user may be identified based on tracking data received from a browser application running on a user's computing device accessing the website. The user information may further be referenced to implement further goals involving the user within the communications network.
However, without a dedicated data structure that allows a computing device to track users and user information across different websites, different website browsers accessing the websites, and different computing devices that are running the website browsers, the gathered user information may not be a complete representation of the user's online browsing history.

Method to enrich the browser cookies' attributes by graph propagation


A medical device tray tracking system is presented that includes a medical device tray having a plurality of medical devices thereon that are configured to be used in the performance of a medical procedure. The system also includes a tracking device that is configured to be attached to the medical device tray, the tracking device having a housing, a controller having a microprocessor and memory, a communications module having a transceiver and an antenna that facilitates wireless communication, and a power source that powers electronic components of the tracking device. The system also includes a third party intermediary that provides a user interface and a database that facilitates the transmission of status updates regarding the location of the tracking device and associated medical device tray.

With advances in medicine the complexity and sophistication of medical procedures has increased exponentially. As a result, many of these advanced medical procedures require an array of highly specialized medical devices to perform the procedure. These medical devices, which can include medical tools, medical implants, medical devices, medical equipment and medical consumables, among other devices, are often consolidated and laid out in a convenient manner for the surgeon and other medical staff on what are known as medical trays, or simply trays. These trays are specifically built and assembled for specific procedures. Due to the highly specialized contents of the trays, assembled trays can be valued in the tens to hundreds of thousands of dollars. Due to the highly specialized contents of these trays, it can take in excess of six-months to build and/or rebuild a tray with the needed contents.
In practice, these trays are shipped around the country and around the world when and where they are needed. This shipping occurs through a network of sales representatives, or simply sales reps and shipping agents, such as common carriers and specialized carriers, among others.
Despite the extremely high value of these trays, these trays are shipped without any ability to track the present whereabouts of the trays. Due to the present inability to track these trays, this often results in missing, lost and/or misplaced trays.
Lost or misplaced trays can have disastrous effects. A lost or misplaced tray can cause the delay or inability to perform a needed medical procedure when and where needed. A lost or misplaced tray may require another tray to be built, which has huge financial impacts. A lost or misplaced tray can cause a delay in payment to hospitals, surgeons, sales reps and others involved in the process. A lost tray can cause substantial insurance claims.
Another problem with the inability to track these highly valuable trays is that it causes unnecessary risk to the parties involved. As an example, sales reps involved in the distribution process are responsible for the care and custody of the trays once they take possession. As such, the sales rep is held responsible when the trays go lost or missing. The sales rep may be held liable even if they had nothing to do with the tray being lost or going missing. This can cause insurance claims, loss of income and a higher cost of doing business.
For all of these reasons stated above, and the reasons stated below, there is a need in the art for an improved medical device tray tracking system and method of use.
Thus, it is a primary object of the disclosure to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that improves upon the state of the art.
Another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that provides the ability to track the location of medical trays.
Yet, another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that improves the ability to track the location of medical trays.
Another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that reduces the number of lost or misplaced medical trays.
Yet, another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that reduces the cost of medical procedures.
Another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that improves the efficiency of medical procedures.
Yet, another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that reduces the risk to medical sales reps for lost or misplaced medical trays.
Another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that reduces insurance claims due to lost or misplaced medical trays.
Yet, another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that reduces the need to build or rebuild existing medical trays.
Another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that improves the efficiency of our medical system.
Yet, another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that reduces the potential for delay in medical procedures due to a lost or misplaced medical tray.
Another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that lowers the cost of healthcare.
Yet, another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that is easy to use.
Another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that is safe to use.
Yet, another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that is easy to implement.
Another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that is practically foolproof.
Yet, another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that does not substantially increase the cost of delivery.
Another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that has a robust design.
Yet, another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that has a long useful life.
Another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that is durable.
Yet, another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that is relatively inexpensive.
Another object of the disclosure is to provide a medical device tray tracking system and method of use that is high quality.
These and other objects, features, or advantages of the disclosure will become apparent from the specification, figures and claims.

Medical device tray tracking system and method of use


Embodiments of the present invention provide a bandwidth control method, apparatus, and system. The method includes: receiving an access request message sent by a user equipment; obtaining, according to the access request message, a group identity of a group to which the user equipment belongs and group-aggregate maximum bit rate parameter information of the group to which the user equipment belongs, so that a bandwidth control device performs bandwidth control on a user equipment in the group according to the group identity and the group-aggregate maximum bit rate parameter information.

In a machine type communications (Machine Type Communications, referred to as MTC in short) application having a large number of user equipments (User Equipment, referred to as UE), a plurality of user equipments (equipment in the MTC application) may form a whole, which is referred to as a group or a user equipment group (Group), so that a network operator or a user in the industry may manage or control the group as a whole. The user equipments may form the group in different networking manner, for example, an independent access networking manner and a master/slave networking manner. In the independent access networking manner, each user equipment in the group separately accesses a network, and the network can associate all the user equipments in the group together (that is, form a group) for management and control. In the master/slave networking manner, the plurality of user equipments access the network through an access device, where the access device may be one of the user equipments, and may also be an MTC gateway (MTC GateWay, referred to as MTC GW). If the access device is one of the user equipments, the one of the user equipments is master equipment (Master UE), and other user equipments are slave equipment (Slave UE); if the access device is the MTC GW, the MTC GW is master equipment, and all the user equipments are slave equipment. The network may associate the master equipment and the slave equipment together (that is, form a group) for management and control. In the network, a bandwidth control device (a gateway or an access network element) may perform maximum bandwidth control according to an obtained aggregate maximum bit rate (Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate) of a user equipment.
During the process of implementing the present invention, the inventor finds that the prior art at least has the following problems: an existing bandwidth control device respectively obtains an aggregate maximum bit rate of each user equipment from a subscription database through a mobile management network element, and respectively performs maximum bandwidth control for each user equipment, thus increasing burdens of the bandwidth control device and the mobile management network element.

Bandwidth control method, apparatus and system


An animated plotting method in which an actual machining action is accurately simulated even if a tool rest is moved to another main spindle not directly associated therewith for cutting, or a single workpiece loaded on a main spindle is subjected to cutting operations by means of a plurality of tool rests. By virtue of a range specification command G10 for specifically setting a plottable range of each tool rest, a plottable range is imparted to each of the tool rests (S3, S4), and then the plottable range for each of the tool rests is displayed on either the left half (13a) or the right half (13b) of the display screen (13) depending on the operating position of each tool rest, or depending on whether each tool rest lies on the side of a first main spindle (14) or on the side of a second main spindle (16), thereby accurately simulating a path of the tool performing an actual machining operation and the state of cutting.

An animated plotting method in which the states of cutting workpieces by means of a plurality of tool rests of a lathe are simulatively displayed on a single screen at the same time is a known technique. According to the conventional animated plotting method, a plurality of spaces obtained by splitting a monitoring screen depending on the number of the tool rests are assigned to the plottable ranges of the tool rests, or alternatively, the entire monitoring screen is fixedly assigned as the integral plottable range of all of the tool rests.
FIG. 5 illustrates, by way of example, a conventional animated plotting with the monitoring screen split into two display spaces correspondingly to a couple of tool rests. As seen from the figure, a display screen 101 of a display means 100 such as a CRT display unit includes a halved screen consisting of a first plottable range 101a for a tool 104 mounted on a first tool rest for exclusively machining a workpiece 103 loaded on a first main spindle 102, and a second plottable range 101b for a tool 107 mounted on a second tool rest for exclusively machining workpiece 106 mounted on a second main spindle 105, whereby the states of cutting the workpieces 103 and 106 each mounted on corresponding main spindles can be simulatively plotted on the same screen. In this case, the boundary 108 between the two plottable ranges cannot be shifted on the screen 101.
Moreover, the screen 101 is not necessarily allowed to correctly represent a mutual positional relationship between the first main spindle 102 and the second main spindle 105. Hence, if either the tool 104 or the tool 107 of the tool rests has moved beyond its plottable range, and such movement is plotted, the relative positions of the tool and the workpiece lying in the other plotting range may become inconsistent with each other to cause the problem of contradictory display.
Therefore, when a tool has moved to another range beyond its plotting range, normally, the plotting of such tool (in other range) will not be executed. In other words, the plotting of each tool rest will be clipped based on the corresponding plottable range.
FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b) are conceptual diagrams illustrating a function of the clipping processing. If the tool 104, mounted on the first tool rest, lies within its plottable range 101a, then the whole image of the tool 104 can be plotted as shown in FIG. 7(a). If the part of the tool 104 lies beyond the boundary 108, however, such part of the tool 104 lying beyond the plottable range 101a will automatically be clipped as shown in FIG. 7B. Accordingly, even when the tool 104 of the first tool rest has moved into the machining area of the second tool rest, the configuration of the tool 104 and the cutting process will not be displayed. Similarly, even if the tool 107 mounted on the second tool rest has moved into the machining area of the first tool rest, the tool 107 and its cutting process will not be displayed.
Also, in the case of the conventional example shown in FIG. 6, the workpiece 103 loaded on the first main spindle 102, the tool 104 mounted on the first tool rest for cutting the workpiece 103, the workpiece 106 loaded on the second main spindle 105 and the tool 107 mounted on the second tool rest for machining the workpiece 106 are integrally displayed in the same screen 101 while maintaining their relative positional relationships with one another. For example, according to this simulative plotting, the movement of the tool 104 mounted on the first tool rest from the current position of the workpiece 103 to the side of the workpiece 106 can be sequentially plotted. As apparent from this figure, however, the sizes of the images of the workpieces 103 and 106 and the tools 104 and 107 have to be reduced inevitably, and thus it is difficult to have a clear plotting of the machining state displayed on the screen.
Since the conventional NC apparatus for a multi-system lathe was exclusively intended to perform a cutting operation for each of the main spindles by providing a plurality of tool rests corresponding to the main spindles, or intended to cut a workpiece loaded on a single main spindle by means of a plurality of tool rests, the conventional animated plotting method described above and shown in FIG. 5 is good enough for the execution of a full simulation by the conventional animated plotting method.
However, the recent NC apparatus for a multi-system lathe is often applied even to such a case where the tool 104 mounted on the first tool rest is moved to the machining area assigned to the second tool rest for cutting the workpiece 108 loaded on the second main spindle 105 as shown in FIG. 8(a), or such a case where the workpiece 103 loaded on the first main spindle 102 is subjected to the cutting operation by both the tool 107 of the second tool rest and the tool 104 of the first tool rest as shown in FIG. 8(b). In the cases of such application, therefore, it is difficult to simulatively plot such cutting operation by using the animated plotting method as such shown in FIG. 5. On the other hand, the display method shown in FIG. 6, which does not use the split screen, has a disadvantage in that it is not suited for displaying the cutting conditions, that is, the relationship between the tools and the workpieces as good as necessary as discussed previously.

Animated plotting method in NC apparatus for multi-system lathe


Disclosed is a slide type portable terminal which includes a clean back cover covering a back surface of a sliding housing during the sliding of the sliding housing. The cover prevents the back surface from being exposed. The terminal further has a double sliding assembly structure to improve the assembly strength in sliding. The slide type portable terminal including a body housing and a sliding housing sliding relative to the body housing while facing the body housing includes a guide plate formed in the body housing to double guide a sliding of the sliding housing, and a double sliding plate formed in the sliding housing to be double assembled with the guide plate and engaged with the guide plate to slide.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a slide type portable terminal, and more particularly to a slide type portable terminal that has a double sliding assembly structure.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a portable electronic device refers to a device, such as a portable terminal, an MP3 player, a PMP, or the like, with which a user enjoys various content while carrying it. Portable terminals are generally classified according to their appearance into bar-type terminals, flip-type terminals, and folder-type terminals.
The slide type portable terminal includes two housings wherein one housing slides on the other housing in a longitudinal direction to be opened/closed. This type of terminal has found increasing popularity as the design of the portable terminal becomes diversified.
Korean Patent Application No. 2002-71911 filed on Nov. 19, 2002 and filed on Mar. 6, 2003 in the United States Patent Office and afforded Ser. No. 10/379,551, discloses a sliding module incorporated into a portable terminal, which has a pair of housings coupled to each other in such a manner that one of the housings slides relative to the other housing. The disclosed portable terminal is a terminal in which one housing slides to open/close one part of the other housing, in particular, a keypad. One housing of the terminal is assembled with a spring module and the other housing is assembled with a sliding guide shaped like a rail so that the spring module and sliding guide assembles the pair of housings with each other capable of sliding.
Further, recently, the portable terminal includes a clean back cover on a back surface of the sliding housing in order to improve design attraction through covering the back surface of the sliding housing when the sliding housing slides relative to a body housing to protrude.
FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating a clean back cover exposed to an outside according to the sliding of a sliding housing in a conventional slide type portable terminal. FIG. 2 is a perspective view illustrating a clean back cover mounted on a sliding plate in a conventional slide type portable terminal. FIG. 3 is a perspective view illustrating a sliding plate mounted with a clean back cover facing a guide plate of a body housing. FIG. 4 is a perspective view illustrating a sliding plate mounted with a clean back cover slidable relative to a guide plate of a body housing in a conventional slide type portable terminal.
As shown in FIGS. 1 to 4, a slide type portable terminal 10 includes a body housing 11, a sliding housing 12 facing the body housing 11, and a clean back cover 13. Referring to FIG. 3, the body housing 11 includes a guide plate 14 and the sliding housing 12 includes a sliding plate 15 that slides in the guide plate 14 according to the sliding of the sliding housing 12, An elastic member (not shown) for providing elasticity during the sliding of the sliding housing 12 is formed between the sliding plate 15 and the guide plate 14. A guide groove 14a is formed on both lateral surfaces of the guide plate 14 so as to set both lateral surfaces of the sliding plate 15 to guide the sliding plate 15 according to the sliding of the sliding housing 12. Further, a guide rail 15a is formed on both lateral surfaces of the sliding plate 15, which is set in the guide groove 14a to slide.
As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the clean back cover 13 contacts an internal side of the body housing 11 to cover an upper part of the sliding plate 15 that protrudes from the body housing 11 to be exposed during the sliding of the sliding housing 12. Therefore, the clean back cover 13 is inserted in and extracted from the body housing 11 during the sliding of the sliding housing 12 and improves the design attraction of the slide type portable terminal 10 when being exposed to the outside. Both lateral ends of the clean back cover 13 extend in a longitudinal direction of the sliding housing 12 to be fastened to an assembly plate 15a protruding from both sides of the sliding plate 15 through a fastening member 16, such as a screw.
As shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, due to the position of the assembly plate 15b that assembles the clean back cover unit 13 with the sliding plate 15, the guide rail 15a is positioned in a lower side of the assembly plate 15b. Further, the guide groove 14a is positioned in a lower part of the guide plate 14 so as to be positioned in a lower part of the assembly plate 15b when the guide plate 14 faces the sliding plate 15.
When the sliding housing 12 slides to protrude from the body housing 11, the sliding plate 14 distantly slides from the guide plate 14, whereby causing a problem in that a part of the upper part of the guide groove 14a is not engaged with the sliding plate 15.
Due to such a non-engagement, there is a problem in that the strength of a center of the slide type portable terminal 10 corresponding to an upper part of the guide plate 14 is lessened after the sliding of the sliding housing 12. In addition, there is a strong possibility of breakage of the non-engaged part when a force is applied to the non engaged part or the slide type portable terminal 10 is dropped.
Therefore, the slide type portable terminal capable of improving the assembly strength of the non-engaged part between the guide plate and the sliding plate is necessary.
Further, the slide type portable terminal is essentially necessary in which one rail structure of the guide plate and sliding plate is changed into a double rail structure to improve the assembly strength during the sliding and to assemble the guide plate with the sliding plate after the sliding.

Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do


An assembly for lowering a person to safety from a building under a descent operation that is controlled by the person without requiring such person to manipulate a hand operated device, such as a lever. The assembly includes a rope which is connected to a storage drum via guide rollers and which passes through a gap defined by a cam element. The cam element is biased to rotate, and when in a first position jams the rope element against further movement off of the storage drum. The cam element automatically moves into the first position and is moved out of that position when the person jumps upwardly.

Fires are a major cause of death and injury in this country, and throughout the world. Fires can occur in single story buildings and can cause great destruction through the fire as well as via the smoke associated with such occurrence.
However, even more devastating than the damage and injury caused by fires in single story dwellings is the damage, injury and destruction associated with fires occurring in multiple story and high rise buildings. In such buildings, people are often trapped in upper stories, with the fire department unable to efficiently rescue them. Many times, these people are injured when they try to jump to safety. Since it is not advisable to use an elevator to in a fire emergency, many people, especially those who are handicapped and cannot walk, become trapped in the upper stories of high rise buildings.
The problem of rescue is compounded if the person being rescued is incapacitated or handicapped. This is often the case in a retirement home situation where the occupants are often handicapped and must be almost physically carried out of the building.
The problem of escaping a fire in a high rise building has engendered many different devices that are intended to lower a person to safety from a building. Examples of such devices are shown in patents such as U.S. Pat. Nos. 612,673, 1,241,701, 4,580,658 and 4,714,137 which disclose devices that are attached to the sill of a building window include a harness that encircles the user. The user controls the descent by manipulating a lever.
While somewhat effective, these devices have a shortcoming that prevents their use in many situations. The requirement that the user manipulate some form of hand control, such as a lever, or the like, to control the descent prevents these devices from being used in situations such as mentioned above wherein the user may be handicapped and not have full manipulative ability in their hands. This is especially true in the above-mentioned retirement home situation, but can also occur if the user is otherwise incapacitated, such as being unconscious or, is a young child, or the like.
Under such circumstances, the devices that require manipulation of a hand control to control descent will not be useful.
Accordingly, there is a need for an assembly for lowering a person to safety from a building which can be operated without the use of the user's hands and thus can be operated by someone having some impairment of the manipulative ability of their hands or fingers, and which can be operated without requiring the user to manipulate their fingers at all.

Assembly for lowering a person to safety from a building


An image processing apparatus includes a region setting unit configured to set a specific region where a reflection may occur in an image, a size setting unit configured to set a size of an object to be detected in association with a position in the image, and a changed region detection unit configured to detect a changed region by comparing a background model and an input image, wherein the changed region detection unit outputs the changed region in the specific region based on the size of the object associated with a position of the changed region, in a case where the changed region extends beyond a boundary of the specific region.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to image processing, and in particular to, for example, an apparatus and a method for detecting an entire or a part of a specific object such as a human, an animal, a vehicle, and a physical body in a moving image.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, the following techniques have been discussed as techniques for detecting an object in an image captured by a camera. First, there is a method for detecting a moving object by the background subtraction method. In the background subtraction method, an image without an object is captured by a fixedly installed camera and is registered as a background in advance. Then, a difference is calculated between an image input from the camera when an object is detected and the registered background, and a region with some difference is detected as a moving object. Further, improvement of this technique has been proposed.
For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2004-213572 discusses the improvement in detection accuracy by hourly recording a background, and recording reflection by a mirror, a degree of glossiness, and a change of color information. As another example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2008-299516 discusses a technique for evaluating the possibility of swing of a shadow, and automatically setting a detection region so as to reduce false detection due to the shadow. This possibility of swing of a shadow is evaluated with use of, for example, an area ratio of a changed region obtained based on the background difference and a varying region obtained based on variation in luminance of pixels, and duration time when the changed region and the varying region overlap.
As still another example, Japanese Patent No. 4171310 discusses a technique for reducing false detection by determining whether a moving object detected in a detection region is an object to be ignored, and automatically correcting the detection region. More specifically, whether a moving object is an intruding object is determined based on duration time when a changed region outside a non-detection region is detected. Further, the detection region is automatically corrected based on this result.
On the other hand, one example of techniques for detecting an object such as a face or a human in an image is discussed in "Rapid Object Detection using a Boosted Cascade of Simple Features" written by Paul Viola and Michael Jones, presented at 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (hereinafter referred to as "non-patent document 1"). This technique scans a predetermined-sized detection window in an input image, and determines pattern images formed by clipping an image in the detection window into two classes, i.e., the object or not.
To facilitate the determination of the class, the technique provides a discriminator constructed by effectively combining a large number of weak discriminators using AdaBoost to improve the determination accuracy, and provides a cascade type detector constructed by connecting these discriminators in series. Further, each weak discriminator is configured to make a determination based on a Haar type rectangular feature amount, and rapidly calculate the rectangular feature amount using an integral image.
This cascade type detector first removes a pattern candidate that is obviously not an object on the spot, using a simple discriminator (handling a smaller calculation amount) on a previous stage. Only the remaining candidates are determined whether they are an object by a complex discriminator (handling a larger calculation amount) having a higher identification performance on a latter stage. In this way, this technique eliminates the necessity of making complex determinations for all of the candidates, thereby achieving high-speed processing.
However, if there is a reflective region where a window or a highly reflective wall exists in an input image, the conventional object detection techniques may cause false detection by being affected by a reflection, and therefore such a reflective region is handled as a non-detection region. Accordingly, an object passing in front of the reflective region cannot be detected, and a limitation is imposed on a location where a camera is installed.

Image processing apparatus, image processing method, and storage medium


An Interactive Stance Mat designed for comfort or rhythmic physical activity short of exercise. Invention is interactive by means of user weight shifts ranging from nuanced to purposeful. Characteristic viscoelastic lag response in cycles provides more tactility to user than elastic force. Mat comprises top mounted flexible planar panel aligned with corrugated foamed polycarbonate-corrugation panel, where it is often unified with planar panel in sections. One or the other panel, but not both, may comprise sections. Attachment unifying the panels comprises a method where corrugation can expand freely and prevent material failure; the method comprises fixing attachment not restraining two or more of the corrugation panels expandable parts. User weight shifts are more interactive with gravity and its reaction forces than mats in the art. Modes of the invention reflect desired motion through selection of planar panel flexibility, and size, configuration of the corrugation panel.

The first consideration for identifying the likely classification of the invention is recognition that a physical activity threshold of exercise/conditioning is not intended, and not likely achieved using the invention. Functionally, this Interactive Stance Mat provides relief from gravity typical to gel mats. It provides a dynamic interaction alternative to static sitting posture; an opportunity to structurally register the spine/posture using rhythmic motion; a cushion to gravity and more interactive with ground reaction forces than found in the comfort mat art. Invention field could be Stance Mat or Exercise Mechanism under class 482, or a new sub class. Inventor prefers to view the invention as a mat based on its structure and larger commercial market. Invention is directed to health and comfort, not conditioning. Physical properties of the mechanisms viscoelastic structure place it in a different category than known elastic devices; it is much less forceful in elastic response. It has the characteristic lag response common in viscoelasticity, reaction at a level generally only tactile to the user. Inventor is not sure of the applicable art.


A method of forming a strained semiconductor material that in one embodiment includes forming a cleave layer in a host semiconductor substrate, and contacting a strain inducing material layer on a surface of a of the host semiconductor substrate. A handle substrate is then contacted to an exposed surface of the stress inducing material layer. The transfer portion of the host semiconductor substrate may then be separated from the host semiconductor substrate along the cleave layer. A dielectric layer is formed directly on the transfer portion of the host semiconductor substrate. The handle substrate and the stress inducing material are then removed, wherein the transferred portion of the host semiconductor substrate provides a strained semiconductor layer that is in direct contact with a dielectric layer.

The present disclosure relates to electrical device manufacturing, and more particularly to semiconductor devices having strain based performance enhancements.
In order to be able to make integrated circuits (ICs), such as memory, logic, and other devices, of higher integration density than currently feasible, one has to find ways to further downscale the dimensions of field effect transistors (FETs). Scaling in intended to achieve compactness and to improve the operating performance by shrinking the overall dimensions and operating voltages of the device. With scaling increasingly reaching its physical limits, other methods of increasing performance of semiconductor devices have been contemplated, such as strain based performance enhancements.

Defect free strained silicon on insulator (SSOI) substrates

International Business Machines Corporation


An electronic circuit separates frequency-overlapped GLONASS and GPS overlapped in an approximately 4 MHz passband. The circuit uses a multiple-path analog-to-digital converter circuit (ADC). A sampling rate circuit is coupled to concurrently operate the analog-to-digital converter circuit at a sampling rate between about 60 Msps and about 80 Msps. A digital processing circuit includes storage defining complex de-rotation and low pass filtering. The digital processing circuit is fed by the analog-to-digital converter circuit and is operable A) to establish an access rate and respective distinct phase increments for the complex de-rotation, B) to execute the complex de-rotation by combinations of trigonometric multiplications using the distinct phase increments approximately concurrently and C) to execute the low pass filtering on the complex de-rotation resulting at the access rate and respective distinct phase increments, thus delivering GPS and Glonass signals separated from each other.

GPS (Global Positioning System), Galileo, and Glonass (GLNS) are examples of earth-satellite-based electronic systems for enabling satellite receivers in ships, aircraft, land vehicles, mobile devices, and land stations to determine time and their geographic and spatial position such as in latitude, longitude, and altitude. These and other GNSS (global navigation satellite systems in general) exist or will exist. Discussion of particular GNSS herein is without limitation to other GNSS and other analogous electronic systems as well as applicable receiver circuits in a variety of telecommunication systems.
It would be desirable to even more accurately, reliably, rapidly, conveniently and economically maintain accurate time, position, velocity, and/or acceleration estimation in a communication device having a satellite positioning receiver (SPR) or other receiver and its clock source.
Availability of more GLNS satellites and upcoming Galileo satellites is driving interest in using them to further improve urban canyon reception. Large numbers of end-users reside in or work in areas with urban canyons so that the public importance and commercial importance of multiple-GNSS reception is high.
Past technology to support GPS, Galileo and Glonass has employed dual RF chains to support multiband RF. GPS and Galileo both lie in a band from about 1573-1577 MHz, and Glonass is in a band from about 1597-1606 MHz. Dual RF chains are likely to be double in terms of area and power, which is problematic and may diminish the attractiveness of a product to potential customers.
One approach might provide a local oscillator LO1 at 1579 MHz to a first RF chain having 2-6 MHz passband for GPS/Galileo and a second oscillator LO2 at 1596 MHz to a second RF chain having 2-11 MHz passband for Glonass.
Another approach might provide a local oscillator LO at 1579 MHz to a first RF chain having 2-6 MHz passband for GPS/Galileo, and apply the LO to a second RF chain having bandpass filter with 19-28 MHz passband for Glonass.
Using technology as above, even if a low-noise amplifier (LNA) were shared, increases chip and system cost to include or enable Glonass, for instance, in a GPS navigation product, which impedes adoption of such technology.
Some ways of solving these problems and others would be most desirable in this art.

Glonass/GPS de-rotation and filtering with ADC sampling at 60-80 MSPS


Non-ridable and non-motorized machines for removing temporary tape that include a chassis or frame having front and rear wheels, a vertical support post mounted on the frame or chassis between the front and rear wheels, a horizontal arm mounted on the vertical support post, and a rotatable spool assembly attached to one end of the horizontal arm for winding used temporary tape thereon, wherein the horizontal arm is rotatably coupled to the vertical support to allow the spool assembly to be positioned on either side of the chassis when the horizontal arm is rotated with respect to the vertical support post. The non-ridable temporary tape removal machine can be manually and guided along a pavement during a tape removal operation. The non-motorized temporary tape removal machines can be or coupled to an auxiliary motorized device that pushes the non-motorized temporary tape removal machine during a tape removal operation.

The present invention relates generally to machines that are designed to remove temporary marking tapes from roads, airport runways, parking lots, bicycle paths and other paved surfaces. More particularly the present invention relates to temporary marking tape removal machines that are designed to be guides and/or pushed by hand or towed or pushed by auxiliary devices. The temporary tape removal machines are non-ridable and can further be non-self-propelled.
Often during the construction, reconstruction, repair or maintenance of paved surfaces mobile or pedestrian travel patterns must be shifted or redirected to allow for uninterrupted and safe movements through such project sites. Before the introduction of removable tapes permanent marking paints/materials were used. Removal of such permanent markings is a slow operation. Among the methods used to remove permanent markings are grinding, milling, shot blasting, sand blasting and water blasting. Each of these removal methods causes undesirable damage to the paved surfaces.
Removable temporary marking tapes were developed in the late 1970's to the early 1980's. The quality of these tapes has improved continually. Initial application of these removable marking tapes was slow and labor intensive. Over time methods of applying these removable tapes have improved lowering the amount of physical labor and time required to apply them.
Removing removable temporary marking tapes has always been a slow and extremely physical process. The labor involved is slow, exhaustive and demoralizing and places workers in hazardous situations. Many injuries have occurred.
The present inventor was granted U.S. Pat. No. 10,112,794 on Oct. 30, 2018 which discloses a Motorized Tape Removal Apparatus (MTRA) that is designed and constructed to safely remove and handle temporary lane marking tape has been removed in a manner that reduces the amount of labor and time it has taken in the past to remove and handle the tape.
U.S. Pat. No. 10,112,794 discloses that the MTRA includes a boom arm that extends outward from the chassis of the MTRA and is movable between up and down and side to side positions relative to the chassis, The upper end of the boom arm supports a spool assembly that includes a rotatable spool upon which used temporary tape removed from a pavement surface is wound for disposal.
The present inventor was recently granted U.S. Pat. No. 10,926,969 on Feb. 23, 2021 on an improved boom arm (also referred to as a roller arm assembly) for a MTRA that allows for easily locating the spool assembly on either side of the MTRA or in a forward position for transportation.
The present inventor has also been granted U.S. Pat. No. 10,907,313 on Feb. 2, 2021 and filed U.S. Non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/094,898 which are both directed to temporary tape removal hubs for use with an MTRA.
The entire disclosures of U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,112,794; 10,926,969; and 10,907,313 and U.S. Non-provisional patent application Ser. No. 17/094,898 are expressly incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention is directed to temporary marking tape removal machines that are designed to be guided and/or pushed by hand or towed or pushed by auxiliary devices.


Peptides comprising a cadherin cell adhesion recognition (CAR) sequence, and compositions comprising such peptides, are provided. Methods of using such peptides for modulating cadherin-mediated processes in a variety of therapeutic contexts are also provided. Methods are also provided for identifying compounds that are capable of modulating cadherin-mediated processes.

Classical cadherins constitute a family of single-pass transmembrane glycoproteins that mediate calcium-dependent cell adhesion. Members of this family include E-cadherin, N-cadherin, R-cadherin, and P-cadherin. Cadherins promote cell adhesion in a homophilic manner (a cadherin on the surface of one cell binds to an identical cadherin on the surface of another cell) (Takeichi, (1990) Ann. Rev. Biochem., 59, 237-252). Cadherins are not merely "biological glues". They are also capable of regulating different signaling pathways by virtue of their ability to interact with a variety of receptor protein kinases (such as the fibroblast growth factor receptor), as well as their ability to bind the intracellular signalling protein, known as β-catenin (Qian et al., (2004) EMBO J., 23, 1739-1748).
The extracellular portion of classical cadherins is composed of five domains (EC1-EC5) of approximately 110 amino acids each separated by calcium binding sites. Calcium is absolutely required for the correct folding of the cadherin and confers a rod-like structure essential for adhesion with another cadherin molecule (Nagar et al., (1996) Nature, 380, 360-364). Cadherins are also composed of a single hydrophobic transmembrane domain and two cytoplasmic domains that link the cadherin molecule to different intracellular proteins such as β-catenin, γ-catenin and p120-catenin. These proteins in turn link cadherins to the cytoskeleton and other signaling molecules (Blaschuk et al., (2002) Mol. Membr. Biol., 19, 75-80).
Inappropriate cadherin expression by specific cells is one of the mechanisms for cancer development, cell invasion and metastasis. E-cadherin is primarily expressed in epithelial cells and acts as a tumor suppressor. In carcinomas, E-cadherin expression is reduced or lost by genetic or epigenetic events (Van Aken et al., (2001) Virchows Arch., 439, 725-751) and is accompanied by a loss of cell polarity and by cell dedifferentiation. Furthermore, transfection of carcinoma cells with E-cadherin cDNA results in a more differentiated and less invasive phenotype (Vleminckx et al., (1991) Cell, 66, 107-119). N-cadherin is expressed by many normal cell types including neural, vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells, but not normal epithelial cells. N-cadherin is inappropriately expressed in many types of cancer. It has been reported that in carcinomas, loss of E-cadherin is accompanied by a de novo N-cadherin expression (Van Aken et al., (2001) Virchows Arch., 439, 725-751). In cancer cells, N-cadherin plays an important role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis (Hazan et al., (2000) J. Cell. Biol., 148, 779-790). In some cancer cells, E- and N-cadherin are coexpressed, but the contribution of N-cadherin to invasive potential takes precedence over E-cadherin function (Nieman et al., (1999) J. Cell. Biol., 147, 631-644). In addition, tumor angiogenesis is essential for tumor development and metastasis (Folkman et al., (1992) J. Biol. Chem., 267, 10931-10934) and targeting tumor vasculature represents a new approach to cancer treatment (Kelland, (2005) Cur. Cancer Therapy Rev., 1, 1-9). N-cadherin is expressed by pericytes (smooth muscle-like cells) and endothelial cells, thereby ensuring the interactions of these cells, and therefore plays an essential role in blood vessel formation and the maintenance of blood vessel stability (Gerhardt et al., (2003) Cell Tissue Res., 314, 15-23; Paik et al., (2004) Genes Dev., 18, 2392-2403). N-cadherin antagonists have potential for selectively disrupting the tumor vasculature without effecting normal blood vessels. Such antagonists therefore represent promising anti-cancer drugs.
Permeability barriers arising from cell adhesion create difficulties for the delivery of drugs to specific tissues and tumors within the body. For example, skin patches are a convenient tool for administering drugs through the skin. However, the use of skin patches has been limited to small, hydrophobic molecules because of the epithelial and endothelial cell barriers. Similarly, endothelial cells render the blood capillaries largely impermeable to drugs, and the blood/brain barrier has hampered the targeting of drugs to the central nervous system. In addition, many solid tumors develop internal barriers that limit the delivery of anti-tumor drugs and antibodies to inner cells. Permeability barriers also make it difficult to deliver viruses (such as adenoviruses) to tissues (such as lungs), thus hampering gene therapy approaches to the treatment of diseases.
Attempts to facilitate the passage of drugs across such barriers generally rely on specific receptors or carrier proteins that transport molecules across barriers in vivo. However, such methods are often inefficient, due to low endogenous transport rates and/or to the poor functioning of a carrier protein when coupled with drugs. While improved efficiency has been achieved using a variety of chemical agents that disrupt cell adhesion, such agents are typically associated with undesirable side-effects, may require invasive procedures for administration and may result in irreversible effects.
Thus, there remains a need for agents capable of modulating one or more of the various processes mediated by classical cadherins, such as N-cadherin and E-cadherin. The present invention identifies, using phage display technology, new classes of peptide compositions effective for modulating classical cadherin-mediated processes, and offers other related advantages. The present invention also provides methods for identifying and using new compounds capable of modulating cadherin-mediated processes.

Compounds and methods for modulating cadherin-mediated processes