The present invention is a synthetic leather including a base fabric (i), an intermediate layer (ii), and a skin layer (iii), in which the intermediate layer (ii) is formed of an aqueous urethane resin composition (C) containing a urethane resin (A) and an aqueous medium (B), the urethane resin (A) is a reaction product of a polyol (a1) containing a polyol (a1-1) having an anionic group and an aromatic polyisocyanate (a2), and has an anionic group in a concentration of 0.35 mmol/g or less, the skin layer (iii) is formed of an aqueous urethane resin composition (Z) containing a urethane resin (X) and an aqueous medium (Y), and the urethane resin (X) is a reaction product obtained by using a polyol (b1), a reactive silicone (b2) having a functional group which reacts with an isocyanate group, and a polyisocyanate (b3) as essential raw materials.

A polyurethane resin is widely used in the production of a synthetic leather (including an artificial leather) due to mechanical strength and good texture of the resin. In the application, a solvent-based urethane resin containing N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) has been the mainstream so far. However, due to DMF regulation in Europe, strengthening of VOC emission regulation in China and Taiwan, and DMF regulation by major apparel makers, de-DMF of a urethane resin for each layer constituting a synthetic leather has been required.
To be compatible with such an environment, an aqueous urethane resin composition in which a urethane resin is dispersed in water has been widely studied (for example, see PTL 1). As in the invention described in PTL 1, for a skin layer of a synthetic leather, the replacement of a solvent-based urethane resin with an aqueous urethane resin is gradually increasing in the market, but use of an aqueous urethane resin for an intermediate layer has not yet progressed. This is mainly because the peeling strength of the aqueous urethane resin is insufficient compared with the solvent-based urethane resin. Therefore, it has been still difficult to produce an environmentally compatible synthetic leather for both the intermediate layer and the skin layer.


A transthoracic defibrillator for external defibrillation comprises at least three electrodes configured to be attached to the thorax of a patient to establish at least two electrical paths across the thoracic cavity and through the heart of the patient. In addition, a defibrillator circuit contained in a defibrillator housing has the capability to deliver a different defibrillation waveform across each of the at least two electrical paths.

The energy delivered by a defibrillator is typically expressed in Joules. Energy has become a surrogate for current in modern defibrillator language, but electrical current is what actually defibrillates the heart. A Joule is the unit of work associated with one amp of current passed through one ohm of resistance for one second. Electrical current may be expressed as the ratio of voltage/impedance. Both the patient and the electrical circuit of the defibrillator contain impedance, which is expressed in ohms
A multivector shock is one which utilizes three or more therapy electrodes to deliver electrical current along at least two separate current paths. Studies have shown that multivector shocks can substantially reduce the energy required for defibrillation. For example, Pagan-Carlo et al. (JACC 1998) demonstrated that a multivector shock can defibrillate pigs with about 40% less energy than a standard biphasic truncated exponential (BTE) waveform. FIG. 1 is an illustration of the electrode positions used in this study and the timing of the associated waveforms. The authors used three electrodes to generate a series of 7 different shock vectors. According to this method, current is initially delivered from electrode 1 to electrode 2. This continues for 1 ms, then current is delivered from electrode 1 to electrodes 2 and 3 together. This continues for another millisecond. Then current is delivered from electrodes 1 and 2 to electrode 3. The shock sequence continues to switch between electrode combinations (i.e. "vectors") until all seven vectors have been energized.
A circuit for delivering a three electrode multivector shock is shown in FIG. 2. Note that this implementation delivers a multivector shock from a single capacitor. In this respect, it is different from the configuration disclosed by published patent application US 2005/0107834, entitled "Multi-path Transthoracic Defibrillation and Cardioversion". As shown, the circuit of FIG. 2 contains three half-bridges, one for each electrode. If more electrodes were utilized, more half-bridges would be required. Each of the switches could be a semiconductor switch such as an IGBT (insulated-gate bipolar transistor), SCR (silicon-controlled rectifier), MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), BiMOSFET (bipolar MOSFET), or similar device. The switches in the FIG. 2 circuit are operated sequentially to deliver current to different combinations of electrodes as described above.
While Pagan-Carlo achieved good results with their shock sequence of 7 vectors, it is not clear whether that particular sequence is optimal or necessary. A smaller number of shock vectors may be equally efficacious as well as being easier to implement. For example, two shock vectors (electrode 1→electrode 2, followed by electrode 1→electrode 3) may be appropriate. In other words, a shock sequence with two or more vectors may be superior to a standard single-vector shock.
Historically, in defibrillator applications, multivector waveforms have been unattractive because of the difficulty of properly applying three or more electrodes to a patient. When a rescuer is treating a cardiac arrest patient, time is of the essence. The extra time required to apply extra defibrillation pads could be critical for survival. Applying a back pad is particularly difficult to do to a patient that is unconscious. Also, training rescuers to apply pads in novel, new locations would be difficult and confusing.
Many of the obstacles that complicate the application of a multivector shock can be overcome by a carefully designed wearable defibrillator. A wearable defibrillator may include a garment (such as a vest), a belt, or other arrangement that provides access to multiple points on the patient's thorax. This garment may allow multiple therapy electrodes to be easily placed in advantageous locations without extra hassle or confusion. Because the patient is conscious it is not difficult to access the patient's back.
A multivector defibrillator may be particularly advantageous for a wearable defibrillator because it may allow the use of smaller therapy electrodes. Pagan-Carlo proposed an "overlapping encircling" shock scheme that uses the available electrodes in different combinations to create a rotating shock vector that sweeps around the heart. This scheme uses electrodes in pairs and threesomes to create seven different shock vectors.
For a conventional two-electrode (single vector) defibrillation shock the size of the pads plays a role in ensuring the proper current distribution through the heart. In order for the shock to be successful, enough of the heart must receive enough current to depolarize the heart cells. Pads that are too small may not deliver enough current to some parts of the heart. In contrast to a conventional defibrillator, a multivector defibrillator may be able to use smaller pads because current flow through all parts of the heart is guaranteed by the multivector waveform not by pad size alone.
Therapy electrodes for multivector defibrillation might be applied to the patient in different arrangements. Pagan-Carlo suggested that the three pads be equally distributed around the perimeter of the thorax. This could be implemented using two anterior pads, one approximately beneath each breast, and one posterior pad in the middle of the back. Alternatively, there could be one anterior pad over the sternum and two back pads. Although Pagan-Carlo's arrangement worked well for pigs it is unclear whether it would be ideal for humans. The cross-section of a pig's thorax is much more cylindrical than a human's thorax and electrodes placed laterally on a human could deliver current relatively far from the heart.

Wearable defibrillator with a multivector shock waveform


A system and method for synchronizing records stored in differing formats in a shared data environment. One aspect of the invention involves distinguishing a record without regard to its format. Once a record is introduced into the environment, it is detected. A record file is generated and associated with the event. A record file typically includes a record tag uniquely identifying a given record in the shared data environment and a record type indicating information such as whether or not the record represents a recurring event as well as the format of the record. A record file also contains data indicating the status of the particular event, that is, whether it is new, unchanged, modified, or deleted. When synchronizing, only those records with equivalent record tags are compared. The record type and status are then used to guide the synchronization of equivalent records.

In today's computer networks, sharing data among devices has become desirable if not essential. Not only does the shared data need to be replicated on each device, but the replicated data must be synchronized so that changes made to one replica are reflected in all the others. Synchronization enables many users to work with their own local copy of shared data but have the shared data updated as if they were working on a single, centralized database. For shared data applications where users are geographically widely distributed, replication and synchronization are often the most efficient methods for effectively utilizing shared data.
In addition to desktop computers, workstations, and servers, modern computing environments often also include handheld computing devices that often weigh less than one pound and fit into a pocket, purse, or day planner. Modern computing environments range from private networks to the Internet. Although a wide range of application programs can be executed on handheld computers, shared data applications are particularly popular and well suited for these devices. Shared data applications include, among many others, electronic calendars and task lists, electronic mail organizers, and electronic address books.
Where the shared data applications on each device use the same file formats, synchronization is a relatively simple process. However, modern computing environments tend to be more complex, often having devices from multiple manufacturers, each with differing file formats making it difficult, if not impossible, to accurately synchronize shared data. This is often the case with calendaring applications. Records representing the same event are often stored in different formats on different devices. More specifically, some calendaring applications have the capability of representing a recurring appointment with a single complex record. A complex record typically contains a general rule and one or more exceptions. A general rule identifies information such as a beginning date and an ending date for the recurring appointment, the days of the week, month, or year on which the appointment falls, and a time for each of those days. An exception is a variance from the general rule. Exceptions fall into two categories: deletions—when an appointment does not occur, for example, on a given day or for a given week; and modifications—when the time, location, or other data for an appointment on a given day is changed. For example, a child's soccer practice might occur every Tuesday and Thursday from 5:30 to 6:30 PM in the months of March and April. There are, however, exceptions—the starting time for the second Tuesday in April will be 4:30 PM instead of 5:30, and there is no practice on the first Thursday in May.
Other less sophisticated applications represent a recurring event such as an appointment with a series of discrete records, one record for each appointment. In the soccer practice example fifteen discrete records are required—one record is for each practice on April 3, 5, 10, 12, 17, 19, 24, 26th and May 1, 8, 10, 15, 17, 22, 24, and 31st. Note, there is not a record for a practice on May 3, the first Thursday. Each record indicates a practice time of 5:30 to 6:30 PM except for April 10 when practice starts at 4:30 PM.
Conventional approaches typically fail when attempting to synchronize a recurring appointment represented by a single complex record on one device with the same recurring appointment stored as multiple discrete records on another device. What is needed is a system and method to accurately identify records representing recurring appointments as equivalent while facilitating the synchronization of each without regard to the format in which each is stored.


Implementations are directed to providing an edit profile including one or more suggested edits to a digital video, actions including receiving metadata associated with the digital video, the metadata including data representative of one or more of movement and an environment associated with recording of the digital video, processing the metadata to provide a suggested edit profile including at least one set of effects, the at least one set of effects including one or more effects configured to be applied to at least a portion of the digital video, providing a respective graphical representation of individual effect of the one or more effects within an effect interface, and receiving, through the effect interface, a user selection of a set of effects of the suggested edit profile, and in response, storing, in computer-readable memory, an edit profile comprising the set of effects for application to the digital video.

Digital cameras may be used to capture digital videos in a variety of settings. In view of the availability of expanded digital memory, users tend to capture more videos, and increasingly longer videos, as memory consumption becomes less of a concern. Increasing number and length of videos, however, results in inefficiencies in management of video libraries.
Manual review of videos to identify scenes the user finds exciting, entertaining, or otherwise interesting for view may be both time consuming, and resource intensive. For example, scrolling through multiple videos of various lengths to find such scenes burdens processors, memory, and battery of computing devices, such as mobile computing devices. Automated video processing technologies have been developed to identify scenes potentially interesting to the user. However, such video processing technologies may be resource-intensive, particularly with high-resolution, raw-format video data.
Further, after identifying an interesting scene, the user may wish to edit the scene using a digital editing environment. For example, the user may edit the scene to include effects (e.g., slow motion, zoom-in, zoom-out, color effects, and the like), which may enhance the scene, or otherwise affect user enjoyment of the scene. However, the user may undergo a trial-and-error process of adding/removing effects in different combinations, and/or with different effect attributes. Such editing processes may be time and resource intensive, thereby burdening processors, memory, and battery of computing devices, such as mobile computing devices.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A method of treatment comprises administering 4-hydroxy tamoxifen percutaneously to a patient having dense breast tissue. The 4-hydroxy tamoxifen may be formulated in a hydroalcoholic gel or an alcoholic solution.

The present invention relates to the reduction of breast density with 4-hydroxy tamoxifen (4-OHT). It also relates to improvements in mammographic sensitivity and to reductions in breast cancer risks that attend a reduction in breast density.
The density of a patient's breast tissue depends on the relative proportions of adipose tissue (fat), connective tissue and epithelial tissue. Adipose tissue is the least dense of these three, while connective tissue and epithelial tissue are relatively dense. Thus, breast density is directly proportional with connective and epithelial tissue content. Overall breast composition can range from tissue composed entirely of fat, to tissue predominated by diffuse and/or nodular densities.
The composition of an individual's breast tissue frequently varies over time. For example, breast density inversely correlates with age, postmenopausal status, number of births, and declining body weight. These correlations suggest that histologic changes associated with breast density are under hormonal control. Indeed, women who have dense breasts, as determined by mammography, have higher serum estrogen concentrations than women with less dense breasts. Moreover, estrogen replacement therapy is associated with increased breast density in postmenopausal women (Leung et al., 1997; Saftlas et al., 1987; Jenks et al., 1994; Kaufman et al., 1993).
Dense breast tissue carries at least two important health implications. First, it is one predictor of breast cancer risk (Wolfe, 1976). In fact, studies have shown that high mammographic breast density indicates a 4- to 6-fold increased risk of breast cancer (Byrne et al., 1997; Boyd et al., 1992, 1995). The association between breast density and breast cancer risk appears to stem from increased stromal and epithelial cell proliferation in dense breast tissues.
A second important implication of dense breast tissue is that it affects mammographic sensitivity (Kerlikowske et al., 1996; Ma et al., 1992). This is critical because of current widespread reliance on mammography for cancer detection. Less dense breast tissue, which is dominated by adipose tissue, is easy to assess with mammography, while denser breast tissue is more difficult to assess. On a mammogram, denser breast tissue, such as glands and connective tissue, appears white, while fat appears black. Tumors also appear white on a mammogram. Thus, dense, but normal, breast tissue surrounding a tumor can mask the tumor's presence. It has been demonstrated that higher breast density decreases mammography screening effectiveness by increasing the false-negative rate (Fajardo et al., 1988; Kolb et al., 2002). Moreover, dense mammography patterns decrease radiologists' confidence, leading to more false-positive diagnoses also. These false-positive diagnoses expose patients to unnecessary invasive procedures, such as fine needle aspirations and biopsies, causing both distress and additional health costs.
Given the negative implications of dense breast tissue, methods to reduce breast density are of particular interest. Some reduction can be achieved by carefully following specific dietary guidelines. For instance, adoption of a low-fat (mean, 21% of calories), high-carbohydrate (mean of 61% of calories) diet for 2 years has been shown to reduce the area of mammographic density (Boyd et al., 1997). Also, it has been suggested that a diet containing high amounts of soy may reduce breast density. Results from dietary approaches can be highly variable though. Moreover, ensuring patient compliance with strict dietary approaches is difficult at best.
For post-menopausal women on hormone replacement therapy (HRT), discontinuation of the therapy can decrease breast density (Rutter et al., 2001; Harvey et al., 1997). This approach to reducing breast density has obvious drawbacks. First, it can only work for women on hormone replacement therapy. A large population of women with dense breasts are not on hormone replacement therapy, particularly young women. Second, withdrawal from hormone replacement therapy effects broad systemic changes, and deprives women of HRT's therapeutic benefits. Third, and perhaps most importantly, this approach also can mask an existing tumor. Many breast tumors are hormone receptor positive, meaning that they could regress in response to cessation of hormone replacement therapy, but resume growth upon resumption of hormone replacement therapy. Harvey et al., 1996, report such an occurrence, for instance.
Another approach to reducing breast density entails chemically modulating the effect of hormones on breast tissue. One example of this involves administering a hormonal contraceptive that reduces circulating estrogen and progestogen levels (Spicer et al., 1994; Ursin et al., 1998). However, such hormonal contraceptives have broad systemic effects beyond breast tissue.
Another example involves administering the cancer drug tamoxifen, which has shown some promise for reducing breast density. Tamoxifen's effects on the breast are primarily anti-estrogenic, and mammographic patterns of density appear to be altered by oral tamoxifen. For example, studies have demonstrated a significant change toward a less dense mammographic pattern in the contralateral breasts of postmenopausal breast cancer patients treated with 20 mg/day tamoxifen (Atkinson et al., 1999; Brisson et al., 2000). More dramatic reductions occur in premenopausal patients, who tend to have more dense breasts (Son et al., 1999). Son et al. observed decreased breast parenchyma in 59.8% of women treated with 20 mg/day of tamoxifen after surgery for breast cancer. In premenopausal women, Son found an 87% decrease, compared to only 36% of patients who had not received tamoxifen, and only 10% of healthy control subjects.
Tamoxifen has significant drawbacks in this context. Its action potentially impacts on every estrogen receptor in the body, and, as both an agonist and antagonist, tamoxifen provokes a wide range of systemic effects. These effects increase the risk of endometrial cancer, endometrial hyperplasia and polyps, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, changes in liver enzyme levels, and ocular disturbances, including cataracts. Additionally, patients treated with oral tamoxifen reported having hot flashes, vaginal discharge, depression, amenorrhea, and nausea (Fentiman 1986; Fentiman 1988; Fentiman 1989; Ibis 2002).
Thus, an effective approach to reducing breast density would offer significant benefit if it also provoked few systemic side effects.

Reduction of breast density with 4-hydroxy tamoxifen


First wirings are disposed along a straight line in one row or one column of memory cell arrays. A second wiring is disposed above the first wirings and transmits a signal from one end of the second wiring to the other end thereof. Contact plugs connect the first wirings and the second wiring to each other. The first wirings are connected to a plurality of successive memory cells among all the memory cells in the row or column to which the first wirings belong. In case such an LSI is manufactured and defect analysis is made to thereby form an FBM, it is decided that the contact plugs connecting the first wirings to the second wiring are disconnected when a plurality of successive memory cells in one row or one column. Thus, a plurality of defects are expressed by the use of different categories.

The present invention relates to a defect analyzing LSI having memory cells, which is used for periodic monitoring in factories.
Semiconductor products are manufactured through a manufacturing line comprising a series of steps of process, but, for some cause or other in connection with the manufacture, defective semiconductor products are manufactured in some cases. In such a case, it is necessary to clear up the cause for the defect and improve a portion of the process to thereby eliminate the cause for the defect (process feedback) and thus to enhance the manufacturing yield of the semiconductor products. However, in order to analyze the defective semiconductor products and clear up the cause for the defect, very difficult work must be carried out.
Thus, for the purpose of enhancing the manufacturing yield of semiconductor products, there is periodically manufactured an LSI for defect analysis by the use of the semiconductor product manufacturing line. Defect analyzing LSIs are manufactured in a predetermined number without stopping the semiconductor product manufacturing line.
The defect analyzing LSI is specially manufactured solely for defect analysis, so that the structure thereof is simple. Thus, in case a defect has taken place in the semiconductor products manufactured, this defect analyzing LSI is analyzed, whereby the specifying of the defective portion in which a defect has taken place and the clearing-up of the cause for the defect, etc. become easier as compared with the case where the actual semiconductor products are analyzed.
By the way, as the defect analyzing LSI, there is known the type which is constituted in such a manner that, shown in FIG. 19 and FIG. 20, memory cell arrays (such as SRAM cell array) 11 are formed on a chip or on the chip area of a wafer. In case of a defect analyzing LSI which has memory cell arrays, the specifying of a defective portion and the clearing-up of the cause for the defect can be more easily carried out by utilizing the so-called FBM (Fail Bit Map) system.
The FBM system mentioned here is a system constituted in such a manner that the positions of the respective memory cells in a memory cell array are represented in the form of meshes, and all the memory cells are tested, so that the position of a defective memory cell is shown in the map, whereby the specifying of the defective portion and the clearing-up of the cause for the defect are made on the basis of the disposition (category) of the defective memory cell.
The wiring structure of the defect analyzing LSI is contrived in such a manner that the disposition (categories) of defective memory cells and the defective locations or the causes for the defects correspond to each other at a rate of one to one.
Table 1 shows the relationship between the categories and the defective locations or the causes for the defects in case defect analysis is made of the defect analyzing LSI shown in FIG. 19 and FIG. 20.
The xe2x80x9ccategoryxe2x80x9d mentioned here means the disposition (pattern) of the defective memory cells detected by the defect analysis. The xe2x80x9clayerxe2x80x9d means the layer in which a defect has taken place, xe2x80x9cNode1xe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cNode2xe2x80x9d each mean the wiring in which a defect has taken place; both the xe2x80x9clayerxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cNode1, 2xe2x80x9d both specify the defective locations. The xe2x80x9co/sxe2x80x9d means disconnection (open) or short-circuit (short), which specify the cause for a defect.
For example, (1) the disconnection of a word line (polycrystalline silicon layer) and (2) the disconnection of a contact plug (tungsten layer) which connects together a word line (polycrystalline layer) and a word line (first metal layer) correspond, respectively, to the disconnection of the polycrystalline silicon layer and the disconnection of a contact plug, which connects the polycrystalline silicon layer and the first metal layer to each other, in an actual semiconductor product (a logic circuit, a memory circuit or the like). However, even if the conventional defect analyzing LSI is analyzed by the use of the FBM system, these defects (disconnections) are not expressed in the form of categories.
More specifically, as shown in FIG. 21, in case of the conventional defect analyzing LSI structure, word lines (polycrystalline silicon layer) 12 and a word line (first metal layer) 13 lying above the word lines 12 both extend straight in the same direction, and they are both connected to each other at a plurality of locations by means of contact plugs 14. Further, a signal is inputted through one end of the word line (first metal layer) 13, and the other ends of the word lines (polycrystalline silicon layer, first metal layer) 12, 13 are dead ends, which are not connected to anything. Further, between the two contact plugs 14 adjacent to each other, 8 (bits) memory cells are connected to the word line (polycrystalline silicon layer) 12.
Thus, the memory cells are operated by the signal which propagates from the word line (first metal layer) 13 to the word lines (polycrystalline silicon layer) 12 via the contact plugs 14. Here, even if a disconnection has taken place in, e.g., the word lines (polycrystalline silicon layer) 12 or in the contact plugs 14, the memory cells operate without any trouble since the word lines (polycrystalline silicon layer) 12 and the word line (first metal layer) 13 are connected to each other by the plurality of contact plugs 14.
That is, as shown in FIG. 22, no category appears on the FBM, and thus, the disconnection in the word lines (polycrystalline silicon layer) and the disconnection in the contact plugs cannot be detected.
Further, in case of using a defect analyzing LSI having SRAM cell arrays (hereinafter referred to as a SRAM-TEG (Test Element Group)), the memory cells of the SRAM-TEG correspond to the memory cells formed in an actual semiconductor product (a logic circuit, a memory circuit or the like).
However, even if the conventional SRAM-TEG is analyzed by the use of the FBM system, (3) the disconnection of the contact plugs with respect to the active area (SDG area) of the SRAM cells, the disconnection of the contact plugs with respect to the polycrystalline silicon layer within the SRAM cells, and the short-circuit of the polycrystalline silicon layer within the SRAM cells all come out as belonging to utterly the same category (single-bit defect), so that these defects cannot be distinguished from one another.
More specifically, in case of the conventional SRAM-TEG structure, the respective SRAM cell (1 bit) is comprised of four MOS transistors T1 to T4 and two transfer transistors T5, T6 as shown in FIGS. 23 to 25. In FIG. 23 and FIG. 24, the transfer transistors T5, T6 are omitted. Further, in FIG. 24, the hatched portions are composed of, for example, a metal layer 1Al.
Here, the disconnection of a contact plug with respect to the active area (SDG area) of the SRAM cell, the disconnection of a contact plug with respect to the polycrystalline silicon layer within the SRAM cell, and the short-circuit of the polycrystalline silicon layer within the SRAM cell all result in disabling only one SRAM cell.
That is, even if any of the above-mentioned three types of defects has taken place, merely the category of xe2x80x9csingle-bit defectxe2x80x9d appears on the FBM as shown in FIG. 26.
As stated above, conventionally, a defect analyzing LSI is periodically manufactured separately from semiconductor products to make defect analysis on the basis of this defect analyzing LSI, but, in case of the conventional defect analyzing LSI, there is the drawback that a defect cannot be detected, or a plurality of different defects appear under the same category, so that the specifying of a defective location and the clearing-up of the cause for the defect cannot be sufficiently made.
Further, recently, in semiconductor products, the wirings thereof are becoming more and more multi-layered; for example, in case of a conventional SRAM-TEG using two-layer wirings, it is very difficult to specify all the defective locations of a semiconductor product and/or clear up the causes for all the defects.
The present invention has been made in order to solve the above-mentioned drawbacks, and it is an object of the invention to propose a defect analyzing LSI structure which can easily detect a plurality of different defects under different categories in case of periodically manufacturing a defect analyzing LSI having memory cells to make defect analysis by the use of an FBM system, whereby it becomes possible to easily specify defective locations or clear up the causes for the defects and easily effect a process feedback, thus contributing to the enhancement in the manufacturing yield of semiconductor products.
A defect analyzing semiconductor device according to the present invention comprises memory cell arrays, a plurality of first wirings disposed along a straight line in one row or one column of the memory cell arrays, a second wiring disposed above the plurality of first wirings for transmitting a signal from one end of the second wiring to the other end thereof, and a plurality of contact plugs which connect the plurality of first wirings to the second wiring, respectively, wherein the plurality of first wirings are each connected to a plurality of successive memory cells among all the memory cells in the row or the column to which the plurality of first wirings each belong.
A defect analyzing semiconductor device according to the present invention comprises memory cell arrays, a plurality of first wirings disposed along a straight line in one row or one column of the memory cell arrays, a plurality of second wirings disposed along a straight line above the plurality of first wirings, and a plurality of contact plugs which connect the plurality of first wirings and the plurality of second wirings to each other in such a manner that the plurality of first and second wirings are connected in series, wherein the plurality of first wirings are each connected to a plurality of successive memory cells among all the memory ells in one row or one column to which the plurality of first wirings each belong, and wherein a signal is transmitted from one end of the plurality of first wirings to the other end thereof.
A defect analyzing semiconductor device according to the present invention comprises memory cell arrays, two first wirings which are disposed in one column of the memory cell arrays, and to which signals complementary to each other are applied, two second wrings disposed above the two first wirings, and a plurality of contact plugs which connect one of the two first wirings to one of the two second wirings and connect the other of the two first wirings to the other of the two second wirings, wherein the two first wirings are connected to all the memory cells in the column to which the two first wirings each belong, and wherein the interval between the two first wirings is smaller than the interval between the first wiring in one of two columns adjacent to each other and the first wiring in the other column, while the interval between the two second wirings is smaller than the interval between the second wiring in one of two columns adjacent to each other and the second wiring in the other column.
A defect analyzing semiconductor device according to the present invention comprises memory cell arrays, two first wirings which are disposed in one column of the memory cell arrays and to which signals complementary to each other are applied, two second wirings disposed above or beneath the two first wirings, and a plurality of contact plugs which connect one of the two first wirings to one of the two second wirings and connect the other one of the two first wirings to the other one of the two second wirings, wherein the two first or second wirings are connected to all the memory cells in the column to which the two first or second wirings each belong, wherein the interval between the two first wirings is smaller than the interval between the first wiring in one of two columns adjacent to each other and the first wiring in the other column, while the interval between the two second wirings is larger than the interval between the second wiring in one of two columns adjacent to each other and the second wiring in the other column.
A defect analyzing semiconductor device according to the present invention comprises first and second MOS transistors which are connected in series between first and second power supplies and constitute a first inverter, third and fourth MOS transistors which are connected in series between the first and second power supplies, constitute a second inverter, and are flip-flop-connected to the first inverter, a first wiring which connects the drains of the first and second MOS transistors and the gates of the third and fourth MOS transistors to each other, and a second wiring which connects the drains of the third and fourth MOS transistors and the gates of the first and second MOS transistors to each other, wherein the contact portion between the drains of the first and second MOS transistors and the first wiring, the contact portion between the gates of the third and fourth MOS transistors and the first wiring, the contact portion between the drains of the third and fourth MOS transistor and the second wiring, and the contact portion between the gates of the first and second MOS transistors and the second wiring are each provided at two or more locations, and wherein a portion of the interval between the gates of the first and second MOS transistors and the gates of the third and fourth MOS transistors is set to a minimum work dimension.
A LSI defect analyzing method according to the present invention comprises the steps of manufacturing a semiconductor device by the use of a semiconductor product manufacturing line, forming an FBM by making tests on the memory cell arrays of the semiconductor device, and deciding that a plurality of contact plugs which connect a plurality of first wirings to a second wiring are disconnected when a plurality of successive memory cells in one row or one column are defective.
A LSI defect analyzing method according to the present invention comprises the steps of manufacturing a semiconductor device by the use of a semiconductor product manufacturing line, forming an FBM by making tests on the memory cell arrays of the semiconductor device, and deciding that a plurality of contact plugs which connect a plurality of first wirings and a plurality of second wirings to each other are disconnected when, under the assumption that a plurality of successive memory cells in one row or column constitute one unit, the memory cells n (natural number) times as many as the one unit (but the memory cells are smaller in number than all the memory cells in one row or one column) are defective.
A LSI defect analyzing method according to the present invention comprises the steps of manufacturing a semiconductor device by the use of a semiconductor product manufacturing line, forming an FBM by making tests on the memory cell arrays of the semiconductor device, and deciding that two first wirings or two second wirings are short-circuited when all the memory cells in one column are defective.
A LSI defect analyzing method according to the present invention comprises the steps of manufacturing a semiconductor device by the use of a semiconductor product manufacturing line, forming an FBM by making tests on the memory cell arrays of the semiconductor device, and deciding that the two first wirings in one column are short-circuited when all the memory cells in the one column are defective, and deciding that the two second wirings ranging over two columns which lie adjacent to each other in the row direction are short-circuited when all the memory cells in the two columns which lie adjacent to each other in the row direction are defective.
A LSI defect analyzing method according to the present invention comprises the steps of manufacturing a semiconductor device by the use of a semiconductor product manufacturing line, forming an FBM by making tests on the memory cell arrays of the semiconductor device, and deciding that a portion of the interval between the gates of first and second MOS transistors and the gates of third and fourth MOS transistors is short-circuited when a single-bit defect has taken place.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out hereinafter.

Semiconductor device and LSI defect analyzing method using the same


A hollow glass waveguide and related method are provided. The microwave waveguide includes a glass body including a first end, a second end, an outer glass surface extending between the first end and the second end, an inner glass surface defining a hollow channel that extends from the first end to the second end and a glass material between the outer surface and the inner surface. The microwave waveguide includes a layer of metal embedded in the glass body. The layer of metal surrounds the hollow channel when viewed in cross-section and extends between the first end and the second end of the glass body. The layer of metal is electrically conductive and the hollow channel is dimensioned such that microwaves introduced into the hollow channel are conducted along the hollow channel between the first end and the second end.

The disclosure relates generally to the field of waveguides, and specifically to hollow waveguides used to conduct electromagnetic radiation, such as microwave radiation. Some microwave waveguides are solid dielectric waveguides that utilize a different dielectric constant between the waveguide core and cladding layers to conduct microwave radiation along the length of the waveguide. Typically, such solid dielectric waveguides utilize polymer based constructions, rather than glass. Some other microwave waveguides are hollow waveguides formed from a piece of metal material shaped to have a hollow channel of the appropriate dimensions to provide microwave waveguide functionality.

Waveguide system comprising a hollow glass waveguide attached to glass connectors and the glass waveguide including an embedded metal layer


Aqueous ink compositions containing anti-curl agents substantially reduce or eliminate paper curl in plain-paper printed elements without adversely effecting storage stability, decap properties or print quality, and thus eliminate the need for expensive and bulky mechanical curl-arresting devices or special curl-resistant substrates. Printing the inks on plain-paper substrates is the sole step in a process for reducing paper curl in plain-paper printed elements.

Ink jet printing is a non-impact method that produces droplets of ink that are deposited on a substrate such as paper or transparent film in response to an electronic digital signal. Thermal or bubble jet drop-on-demand ink jet printers have found broad application as output for personal computers in the office and the home.
Aqueous inks used in ink jet printing have water as a major component. Water has the advantage of being non-toxic, non-combustible and environmentally sound relative to non-aqueous inks which are largely composed of organic solvents. Water is also an excellent media for dispersed pigments or dissolved dyes.
The use of water in large concentrations, however, also has several disadvantages. Water has a slow evaporation rate relative to low-boiling organic solvents, which reduces the rate of drying and, thus, the rate of printing. Water also interacts with paper to cause two major distortions known as paper cockle and paper curl. Paper cockle is a distortion in which bumps, indentations and other irregularities are randomly produced on the printed paper, giving the paper a "wrinkled" appearance. Curl is a phenomena in which the edges of the paper migrate towards the center of the paper. The direction of curl may be on the printed side of the paper, or it may be on the non-printed side (the latter being known as "reverse curl").
Curl may appear immediately after printing or may take a day or two to manifest. In its final state, the paper sheet may take the form of a tube. Curled paper cannot be stacked, sheet upon sheet, thereby causing much inconvenience to the user. Curled sheets are difficult to display or store and cannot be used in processes requiring near planarity, such as media feeding, tracking, and print alignment. Curl is most prevalent in solid fill printing and is therefore a more acute problem in graphics as opposed to text printing. For the same reason, it is mostly a concern in 4 color printing where graphics are prominent. The use of heating elements (commonly employed to increase the rate of drying of aqueous inks) are known to accelerate paper curl.
Various mechanical devices to reduce curl such as heated rollers and tension applicators have been tried. These devices are only marginally effective and add considerably to the cost and size of the printer. (Heated rollers used to reduce curl differ from the heaters used to increase drying rate; in the former heat is applied to both sides of the paper after printing whereas in the latter heat is applied during the printing process.)
It is also known to reduce curl by modifying the print media. This approach is highly undesirable, however, because it is expensive and because consumers have an overwhelming preference for printers which can use a wide variety of office papers, especially those sold into the electrophotographic copier paper market, or so-called "plain-paper" printers.
There is thus a need in the art for aqueous ink compositions which can be printed in full page graphics without producing paper curl, thus eliminating the need for expensive, ineffective and cumbersome mechanical devices or special print media.
The ink compositions of the present invention fulfil the above need without any deleterious effects such as inducing pluggage, kogation, inferior print quality, or instability in storage, and at much lower cost than can be obtained by equipment or media modifications.


Techniques and devices for improving uplink positioning techniques are described. An example method, implemented in a first node in a wireless communications network, begins with obtaining multi-antenna configuration information or multi-antenna capability data, or both, for a second node in the wireless communications network. The node carrying out the node may be a radio base station, a measuring node, or a wireless device to be positioned, in various embodiments. In some embodiments, the second node is a measuring node. In others, the second node is the wireless device to be positioned. The method continues with adapting a multi-antenna configuration of the wireless device for one or more transmissions to be measured for positioning purposes, or adapting a multi-antenna configuration of the measuring node for one or more positioning measurements, or both. The adapting is based on the obtained multi-antenna configuration information or multi-antenna capability data, or both.

The development of technologies to determine the position of a mobile device has enabled application developers and wireless network operators to provide location-based and location-aware services. Examples of these are guiding systems, shopping assistance, friend finder, presence services, community and communication services and other information services that give the mobile user information about his or her surroundings or that use this information to enhance their services.
In addition to the commercial services facilitated by these technologies, location-based emergency services are also being deployed. The governments in several countries have put specific requirements on the network operators to be able to determine the position of an emergency call. For instance, governmental requirements in the United States specify that mobile networks must be able to determine the position of a certain percentage of all emergency calls and further include accuracy requirements. The requirements make no distinctions between indoor and outdoor environments.
In many environments, the position can be accurately estimated by using positioning methods based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), such as the well-known Global Positioning System (GPS). However, GPS-based positioning may often have unsatisfactory performance, especially in urban and/or indoor environments.
Complementary positioning methods may also be provided by a wireless network to augment GPS technology. In addition to mobile terminal-based GNSS (including GPS), the following methods are currently available or will be soon be included in the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) standards developed by the 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP):                Cell ID (CID),        E-CID, including network-based angle-of-arrival (AoA),        Assisted-GNSS (A-GNSS), including Assisted-GPS (A-GPS), based on satellite signals,        Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA),        Uplink Time Difference of Arrival (UTDOA)—currently being standardized.
Several positioning techniques are based on time-difference-of-arrival (TDOA) or time-of-arrival (TOA) measurements. Examples include OTDOA, UTDOA, GNSS, and Assisted-GNSS (A-GNSS). A typical, though not the only, format for the positioning result with these techniques is an ellipsoid point with an uncertainty circle/ellipse/ellipsoid, which is the result of intersection of multiple hyperbolas/hyperbolic arcs (e.g., OTDOA or UTDOA) or circles/arcs (e.g., UTDOA, GNSS, or A-GNSS).
Several techniques, such as Adaptive Enhanced Cell Identity (AECID), may involve a mix of any of the methods above, and are thus regarded as "hybrid" positioning methods. With these methods, the position result can be almost any shape, but in many cases it is likely to be a polygon.
Cellular-based positioning methods (as opposed to satellite-based methods, for example) rely on knowledge of anchor nodes' locations, i.e., the fixed locations from which measured signals are transmitted (e.g., for OTDOA) or the fixed locations at which signals transmitted by mobile devices are measured (e.g., for UTDOA). These fixed locations may correspond, for example, to base station or beacon device locations for OTDOA, Location Measurement Unit (LMU) antenna locations for UTDOA, and base station locations for E-CID. The anchor nodes' locations may also be used to enhance AECID, hybrid positioning, etc.
Positioning Architecture
In 3GPP, location-based services are known as Location Services (LCS). Three key network elements in an LTE positioning architecture are the LCS Client, the LCS target and the LCS Server. The LCS Server is a physical or logical entity that manages positioning for a LCS target device by collecting measurements and other location information, assists the target device in measurements when necessary, and estimating the LCS target location. A LCS Client is a software-based and/or hardware entity that interacts with a LCS Server for the purpose of obtaining location information for one or more LCS targets, i.e., the entities being positioned. LCS Clients may reside in a network node, an external node (i.e., a network external to a cellular network), a Public Safety Access Point (PSAP), a user equipment (or "UE," in 3GPP terminology for an end-user wireless station), a radio base station (or "eNodeB," in LTE systems), etc. In some cases, the LCS Client may reside in the LCS target itself. An LCS Client (e.g., an external LCS Client) sends a request to LCS Server (e.g., a positioning node) to obtain location information. The LCS Server processes and services the received requests and sends the positioning result (sometimes including a velocity estimate) to the LCS Client.
In some cases, the position calculation is conducted by a positioning server, such as an Enhanced Serving Mobile Location Center (E-SMLC) or a Secure User-Plane Location (SUPL) Location Platform (SLP) in LTE. In other cases, the position calculation is carried out by the UE. The latter approach is known as the UE-based positioning mode, while the former approach includes both network-based positioning, i.e., position calculation in a network node based on measurements collected from network nodes such as LMUs or eNodeBs, and UE-assisted positioning, where the position calculation in the positioning network node is based on measurements received from UE.
LTE Positioning Protocol (LPP) is a positioning protocol for control plane signaling between a UE and an E-SMLC, which is used by the E-SMLC to provide assistance data to the UE and by the UE for reporting measurements to the E-SMLC. LPP has been designed in such a way that it can also be utilized outside the control plane domain such as in the user plane in the context of SUPL. LPP is used for downlink positioning.
LTE Positioning Protocol Annex (LPPa), sometimes referred to as LTE Positioning Protocol A, is a protocol between the eNodeB and the E-SMLC, and is specified only for control-plane positioning procedures, although it still can assist user-plane positioning by querying eNodeBs for information. For example, LPPa can be used to retrieve information such as positioning reference symbol (PRS) configuration in a cell for OTDOA positioning, or UE sounding reference signal (SRS) configuration for UTDOA positioning, and/or eNodeB measurements. LPPa may be used for downlink positioning and uplink positioning.
FIG. 1 illustrates the UTDOA architecture currently under discussion in 3GPP, including nodes found in the Radio Access Network (RAN) and the core network, as well as an external LCS Client. Although uplink (UL) measurements may in principle be performed by any radio network node, such as the illustrated LTE eNodeB 110, the UL positioning architecture also includes specific UL measurement units, known as Location Measurement Units (LMUs), which are logical and/or physical nodes that measure signals transmitted by a target UE, such as the UE 130 illustrated in FIG. 1. Several LMU deployment options are possible. For example, referring to FIG. 1, LMU 120a is integrated into eNodeB 110, while LMU 120b shares some equipment, e.g., at least antennas, with eNodeB 110. LMU 120c, on the other hand, is a standalone physical node comprising its own radio components and antenna(s).
While the UTDOA architecture is not finalized, there will likely be communication protocols established for communications between a LMU and positioning node, and there may be some enhancements to support UL positioning added to the existing LPPa or to similar protocols.
In particular, a new interface between the E-SMLC and LMU is being standardized for uplink positioning. This interface, known as SLm, is terminated between a positioning server, e.g., the E-SMLC 140 pictured in FIG. 1, and an LMU. It is used to transport messages according to the SLmAP protocol, a new protocol being specified for UL positioning, between the E-SMLC and the LMU. SLmAP can be used to provide assistance data to an LMU, as discussed in further detail below. This protocol may also be used by the LMU to report to the E-SMLC results of measurements on radio signals performed by the LMU. The SLmAP protocol was previously referred to as the LMUp protocol; thus it should be understood that references herein to SLmAP are referring to a developing protocol referred to as LMUp elsewhere, and vice versa.
In LTE, UTDOA measurements, known as UL relative time-of-arrival (RTOA) measurements, are performed on Sounding Reference Signals (SRS). To detect an SRS signal, an LMU 120 needs a number of SRS parameters to generate an SRS sequence that is correlated against the received signal. These parameters are not necessarily known to LMU 120. Thus, to allow the LMU to generate the SRS sequence and detect the SRS signals transmitted by a UE, SRS parameters must be provided in the assistance data transmitted by the positioning node to LMU; these assistance data would be provided via SLmAP. The specific contents of the assistance data to be provided to LMUs by a positioning node are currently being discussed. It has been proposed that the same parameters should be signaled from the eNodeB to a positioning node.
TABLE 1Parameter CategoryParametersGeneralC-RNTIServing eNB eCGI, PCIUL-EARFCNCyclic prefix ConfigUL-BandwidthSRSBandwidthSub-frame configurationFreguency domain positionCyclic shiftDurationTransmission combConfiguration indexMaxUpPts
Measurements for UL positioning and UTDOA are performed on UL transmissions, which may include, for example, reference signal transmissions or data channel transmissions. UL RTOA is the currently standardized UTDOA timing measurement, and may be performed on Sounding Reference Signals (SRS). The results of the measurements are signaled by the measuring node (e.g., LMU) to the positioning node (e.g., E-SMLC), e.g., over SLmAP.
FIG. 2 illustrates the current architecture under discussion in 3GPP for downlink (DL) positioning, again including nodes found in the Radio Access Network (RAN) and the core network, as well as an external LCS Client. It will be appreciated that this architecture includes many of the same components found in the UL positioning architecture illustrated in FIG. 1. Two additional components shown in FIG. 2, however, are the Serving Gateway (S-GVV) and the Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN GW, or P-GW). These gateways terminate the UE's interfaces towards the E-UTRAN network and the Packet Data Network (PDN), respectively.
LPP is currently used for downlink positioning. An LPP message may also include an LPP extension packet data unit (EPDU); Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) LPP Extensions, defined as LPPe, take advantage of this possibility. Currently, LPP and LPPe are used mainly for downlink positioning, while LPPa may be used both for DL and UL positioning.
Positioning Results
A positioning result is a result of processing of obtained measurements, including Cell IDs, power levels, received radio signal strengths or quality, etc. The positioning result is often based on radio measurements (e.g., timing measurements such as timing advance and RTT or power-based measurements such as received signal strength) received from measuring radio nodes (e.g., UE or eNodeB or LMU).
The positioning result may be exchanged among nodes in one of several pre-defined formats. The signaled positioning result is represented in a pre-defined format, e.g., corresponding to one of the seven Universal Geographical Area Description (GAD) shapes. Currently, a positioning result may be signaled between:                an LCS target, e.g., a UE, and an LCS server, e.g., over LPP protocol;        two positioning nodes, e.g., an E-SMLC or SLP, e.g., over a proprietary interface;        a positioning server (such as an E-SMLC,) and other network nodes, e.g., a Mobility Management Entity (MME), a Mobile Switching Center (MSC), a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC), an Operations and Maintenance (O&M) node, a Self-Organizing Network (SON) node, and/or a Minimization of Drive Tests (MDT) node;        a positioning node and an LCS Client, e.g., between an E-SMLC and a Public Safety Access Point (PSAP), or between an SLP and an External LCS Client, or between an E-SMLC and a UE.Note that in emergency positioning, the LCS Client may reside in a PSAP.Uplink Positioning Measurements
As the name suggests, measurements for uplink positioning (e.g., UTDOA) are performed on uplink transmissions, which may comprise, e.g., one or more of physical signal or channel transmissions, e.g., reference signal transmissions, random access channel transmissions, Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) transmissions, or data channel transmissions. Some examples of reference signals transmitted in LTE UL are SRS and demodulation reference signals.
UL Relative Time of Arrival (RTOA) is a currently standardized UTDOA timing measurement. The measurement may be performed on Sounding Reference Signals (SRS), which may be configured for periodic transmissions, typically comprising multiple transmissions but may also be one transmission. SRS transmissions may be triggered by any of the two trigger types:                Trigger type 0: higher layer signaling from eNodeB,        Trigger type 1: via downlink control channel signaling (DCI formats 0/4/1A for FDD and TDD and DCI formats 2B/2C for TDD).
Other example uplink measurements are the uplink measurements specified in 3GPP TS 36.214. These measurements include measurements of received signal strength, received signal quality, angle-of-arrival (AoA), eNodeB receive-to-transmit (Rx-Tx) timing, relative time-of-arrival (RTOA), and other other measurements performed by radio network nodes (e.g., eNodeB or LMU). Other known measurements are UL TDOA, UL TOA, UL propagation delay, etc.
Multi-Antenna Systems
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies are a range of advanced antenna techniques used to improve the spectral efficiency and thereby boost the overall system capacity. MIMO implies that both the base station and the UE ("user equipment"—3GPP terminology for an end user's wireless device, mobile terminal, mobile station, etc.) employ multiple antennas, although the term is sometimes used in a manner that includes scenarios in which only one end of the radio link uses multiple antennas. MIMO techniques are widely studied and applied in practice for downlink communications, i.e., from the base station to the mobile terminal, and are increasingly under consideration for uplink communications as well, i.e., from the mobile terminal to the base station.
There exist a variety of MIMO techniques or modes, including Per Antenna Rate Control (PARC), selective PARC (S-PARC), transmit diversity, receiver diversity, Double Transmit Antenna Array (D-TxAA), etc. The last of these, D-TxAA, is an advanced version of transmit diversity, which is already used in the Wideband-CDMA (WCDMA) networks developed by members of the 3rd-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP).
Irrespective of the particular MIMO technique under discussion, the notation (M×N) is generally used to represent MIMO configuration in terms of the number of transmit (M) and receive antennas (N). Common MIMO configurations used or currently discussed for various technologies are: (2×1), (1×2), (2×2), (4×2), (8×2) and (8×4). The configurations represented by (2×1) and (1×2) are special cases of MIMO, corresponding to techniques known as transmit diversity and receiver diversity, respectively. The configuration (2×2) will be used in systems that support Release 7 of the 3GPP's specifications for WCDMA. In particular, WCDMA FDD release 7 will support double transmit antenna array (D-TxAA) in the downlink, which is a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technique to enhance system capacity. (See 3GPP TS 25.214, "Physical Layer Procedures (FDD)".)
The E-UTRAN ("Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network," the air interface of 3GPP's Long Term Evolution (LTE) upgrade path for mobile networks, will support several MIMO schemes, including single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), in which several spatially multiplexed transmission layers are targeted to or received from a single user terminal, and multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), in which each of several spatially multiplexed downlink layers are targeted to different user terminals. MIMO technology has also been widely adopted in other wireless communication standards, such as the IEEE802.16 standards for wireless broadband communications, often referred to as "WiMAX."
The above-mentioned MIMO modes or other MIMO techniques enable spatial processing of the transmitted and received signals. In general, the spatial diversity provided by these techniques can be used to improve spectral efficiency, extend cell coverage, enhance user data rate, mitigate multi-user interference, etc. However, in practice each MIMO technique provides its own benefits. For instance, receiver diversity (1×2) particularly improves signal coverage. On the other hand (2×2) MIMO, such as D-TxAA, leads to increased peak user bit rate.
Ideally, a 2×2 MIMO scheme may double the data rate. Whether the data rate can actually be doubled in practice depends on whether the spatial channels between the transmitter and receiver are sufficiently uncorrelated, so that the rank of the 2×2 MIMO channel matrix is two. (The rank is the number of independent rows or columns of the matrix.) In general, the average data rate will be lower than two times the data rate achieved in single link conditions.
So far, MIMO techniques have generally been used only for downlink transmission (i.e., from base stations to mobile terminals), and have not been widely employed for uplink communications. The reason is that MIMO techniques may involve higher levels of complexity both in the transmitter and in the receiver, compared to single-input, single-output (SISO) type of transmissions. In the radio-frequency (RF) portion of a mobile terminal, for example, several power amplifiers may be needed for the transmitter, depending on the MIMO scheme and on the number transmit antennas. In the receiver, multiple antennas are necessary, and multiple RF chains may be needed, depending on the MIMO schemes. Moreover, each MIMO scheme introduces an additional complexity in the baseband processing.
The use of multiple power amplifiers is a feasible approach in base stations, particularly macro base stations, because the base station has fewer constrains on form factor and battery life. While these constraints are more important for smaller base stations and radio access points, they may still be less restrictive than for a mobile implementation. However, if MIMO is to be used in uplink transmission, care should be taken in the design of (possibly multiple) power amplifiers, and on battery life. MIMO in uplink will have an impact on the battery life, power consumption, form factor and complexity; hence, it is important to exploit as much as possible the benefits that these techniques can provide.
As in the downlink, different possible multi-antenna techniques can be applied in the uplink. Examples include beam-forming and antenna switching. Depending on whether the receiving eNodeB is equipped with multiple receiving antennas, transmit-diversity (2 transmit antennas, 1 receiving antenna) or Uplink-MIMO (2×2) may be candidates for use. Moreover, possible schemes include open loop or closed loop techniques. Open loop multi-antenna techniques are based on the assumption that the UE does not have information about the uplink channel; hence it cannot exploit this knowledge in order to optimize the transmission weights (i.e., the transmission beam-forming) in order to steer the beam in the direction of the base station. In contrast, in the case of closed loop multi-antenna techniques, the UE has some information about the uplink channel which it can exploit for optimizing the beam-forming vector.
Uplink Transmit Diversity
Uplink transmit diversity is also a special type of uplink multi-antenna transmission. Recently, 3GPP has started work on uplink transmit diversity for Release 11 of the specifications for UTRA systems and on uplink MIMO for Release 11 of the specifications for E-UTRA systems. In the future, the extension of the transmit diversity scheme to more evolved uplink MIMO schemes will be defined for UTRA as well as for E-UTRA.
Conventionally, a UE includes only a single uplink transmit antenna, which is used for all types of uplink transmission. However, high-end UEs may have and use multiple uplink transmit antennas for uplink transmission. This is commonly referred to as uplink transmit diversity. The objective of transmit diversity transmission is to achieve higher uplink data rate and lower UE transmission power by virtue of spatial, angular and temporal diversities.
The most common uplink transmit diversity is based on the use of two uplink transmit antennas. The signals from two or more uplink transmit diversity antennas may be transmitted in different manners in terms of their phases, amplitudes, power levels, etc. This gives rise to different uplink transmit diversity schemes. Some well-known schemes are:                Transmit beam-forming open-loop        Transmit beam-forming closed-loop        Switched-antenna uplink transmit diversity open-loop        Switched-antenna uplink transmit diversity closed-loop        Space-time transmit diversity
It should be noted that transmit diversity can be regarded as a special case of the MIMO transmission scheme, which can also be used in the uplink. Hence, the embodiments described herein for uplink transmit diversity can be extended or applied to any MIMO scheme, and vice-versa.
In any MIMO or transmit diversity scheme, a set of parameters related to MIMO or uplink transmit diversity are regularly adjusted by the UE. The objective is to ensure that the uplink transmission incorporates the desired spatial, temporal or angular diversities. This in turn improves uplink coverage, reduces interference, increases uplink bit rate and enables UE to lower its transmitted power.
The MIMO or transmit diversity parameters may comprise: relative phase, relative amplitude, relative power, relative frequency, timing, absolute or total power of signals transmitted on transmit diversity branches, etc. The adjustment of all or a sub-set of these parameters is fundamental to a transmit beam-forming scheme.
The objective of beam-forming is to direct the uplink transmission or beam towards the desired base station, which is generally the serving base station, although it may also be another radio network node, e.g., a cooperating eNodeB in a CoMP deployment. This allows the serving base station to decode the received signal more easily. Furthermore, high directivity of the beam towards the desired base station reduces the interference towards the neighboring base stations. Similarly, in the case of switched-antenna transmit diversity, transmit diversity parameter implies the selection of the most appropriate transmit antenna (e.g. in terms of radio condition) out of the available transmit diversity branches. By virtue of using the most appropriate antenna for the uplink transmission, the UE can either reduce its power while retaining a given uplink information rate, or increase the information rate while retaining a given output power.
In open-loop MIMO or transmit diversity schemes, the UE autonomously adjusts the uplink transmit diversity parameters without the use of any network transmitted control signaling or commands. These schemes are simpler, although they may not show substantial gain in all scenarios.
On the other hand, in closed-loop MIMO or transmit diversity schemes, the UE adjusts the uplink transmit diversity parameters by making use of a suitable network-transmitted control signaling or commands. These commands or control signaling reflect the uplink quality, e.g., the quality measured at the base station. These commands are signaled to the UE over the downlink. Furthermore, the commands can be sent exclusively to the UE to enable it to adjust the uplink transmit diversity parameters. Alternatively the UE can utilize any existing commands or signaling that are originally intended for other purposes, for deriving the uplink transmit diversity parameters. Examples of implicit signaling or commands are transmit power control (TPC) commands and HARQ ACK/NACK, etc., which are sent to the UE by the base station for uplink power control and uplink HARQ retransmission scheme respectively. The closed-loop schemes have a potential of leading to a larger performance gain than open-loop schemes, due to the use of network control parameters signaled for adjusting the uplink transmit diversity parameters.
MIMO or any transmit diversity scheme can be used in any technology including LTE, WCDMA or GSM. For instance in LTE, the switched antenna uplink transmit diversity is standardized in LTE release 8.
UE and Base Station MIMO Capabilities
Support for uplink and/or downlink MIMO is generally a so-called "UE capability," since it leads to significantly better performance compared to the baseline scenario (single transmit and receive antenna). Therefore, for UEs supporting MIMO, such capability may be communicated to the network at the time of call setup or doing registration process. In some cases, a network configuration may support more than one MIMO mode. In one scenario, a particular base station may support all possible MIMO modes allowed by the corresponding standard. In another scenario the base station may offer only a sub-set of MIMO modes. In a basic arrangement, a base station may not offer any MIMO operation, i.e., it supports only single transmit antenna. Therefore, the actual use of a particular MIMO technique is possible in scenarios where both the serving base station and UE bear the same MIMO capability.
Uplink and/or downlink MIMO can also work in conjunction with multi-carrier. The MIMO with multi-carrier is a different type of UE capability reported to the network.
Multi-Carrier or Carrier Aggregation
To enhance peak rates within a technology, so-called multi-carrier or carrier aggregation solutions are known. Each carrier in multi-carrier or carrier aggregation system is generally termed as a component carrier, or sometimes referred to as a cell. In simple terms, the component carrier is an individual carrier in a multi-carrier system. The term carrier aggregation is also referred to with the terms (e.g., interchangeably called) "multi-carrier system", "multi-cell operation", "multi-carrier operation", "multi-carrier" transmission and/or reception. Carrier aggregation is used for transmission of signaling and data in the uplink and downlink directions. One of the component carriers is the primary component carrier (PCC) or simply primary carrier or even anchor carrier. The remaining ones are called secondary component carriers (SCCs) or simply secondary carriers or even supplementary carriers. Generally the primary or anchor component carrier carries the essential UE specific signaling. The primary component carrier exists in both uplink and downlink direction in carrier aggregation. The network may assign different primary carriers to different UEs operating in the same sector or cell.
With carrier aggregation, the UE has more than one serving cell in downlink and/or in the uplink: one primary serving cell and one or more secondary serving cells operating on the PCC and SCCs respectively. The serving cell is interchangeably called the primary cell (PCell) or primary serving cell (PSC). Similarly, the secondary serving cell is interchangeably called the secondary cell (SCell) or secondary serving cell (SSC). Regardless of the terminology, the PCell and SCell(s) enable the UE to receive and/or transmit data. More specifically the PCell and SCell exist in downlink and uplink for the reception and transmission of data by the UE. The remaining non-serving cells are called neighbor cells.
Component carriers belonging to the CA may belong to the same frequency band (intra-band carrier aggregation) or to different frequency bands (inter-band carrier aggregation) or any combination thereof (e.g., two component carriers in band A and one component carrier in band B). Furthermore, the component carriers in intra-band carrier aggregation may be adjacent or non-adjacent in the frequency domain (intra-band, non-adjacent carrier aggregation). A hybrid carrier aggregation comprising any two of intra-band adjacent, intra-band non-adjacent and inter-band aggregations is also possible. Using carrier aggregation between carriers of different technologies is also referred to as "multi-RAT carrier aggregation" or "multi-RAT-multi-carrier system" or simply "inter-RAT carrier aggregation". For example, carriers from WCDMA and LTE may be aggregated. Another example is the aggregation of carriers from LTE Frequency-Division Duplex (FDD) and LTE Time-Division Duplexing (TDD) modes, which may also be interchangeably called as multi-duplex carrier aggregation system. Yet another example is the aggregation of LTE and CDMA2000 carriers. For the sake of clarity, carrier aggregation within the same technology as described can be regarded as 'intra-RAT' or simply 'single RAT' carrier aggregation.
The component carriers in carrier aggregation may or may not be co-located in the same site or radio network node (e.g., a radio base station, relay, mobile relay, etc.). For instance, the component carriers may originate at different locations (e.g., from non-co-located base stations, or from base stations and a remote radio head (RRH), or at remote radio units (RRUs)). Well-known examples of combined carrier aggregation and multi-point communication techniques include the Distributed Antenna System (DAS), the Remote Radio Head (RRH), the Remote Radio Unit (RRU), and Coordinated Multipoint (COMP) transmission. The techniques described herein also apply to multi-point carrier aggregation systems as well as to multi-point systems without carrier aggregation. The multi-carrier operation may also be used in conjunction with multi-antenna transmission. For example signals on each component carrier may be transmitted by the eNodeB to the UE over two or more antennas.
A general problem with current uplink positioning techniques is that the positioning measurements and techniques are defined with respect to single-antenna transmissions. Accordingly, improved techniques for uplink positioning techniques are needed.

Enhancing uplink measurements for positioning by adaptively using multi-antenna systems


A label having a sublimation transferred image constituted of an image-receiving sheet, comprising a tacky layer, a sheet substrate and an image-receiving layer laminated in this order on a peeling sheet. The tacky layer, sheet substrate and image-receiving layer form a label portion, and the image-receiving sheet has a structure peelable between the label portion and the peeling sheet. The label has one or more frames of sublimation transferred images formed by transfer of a sublimable dye in a colorant layer of a heat transfer sheet by heating according to an image information. The label portion is applied with half-cut treatment with cutting lines for sectionalizing every frame of the sublimation transferred image.

Recently, there is an increasing trend that possessors of articles such as name cards, stationary, small articles, cards, etc. themselves apply unique displays, etc. as owners to such articles, thereby adding individuality, design characteristic by the possessor in addition to the commercial value of the article itself.
As an example of the above trend, there is the case where the face picture of the possessor himself, etc. is plastered or printing is applied on, for example, a part of a name card, thereby adding an appeal element by the face picture, etc. other than the letters of the name with a desire to enhance the impression degree of himself to one to which the name card is handed.
The present invention has been accomplished in view of such technical demand as mentioned above, and its object is to provide a label attached with a sublimation transferred image which can be plastered simply and rapidly onto various articles by effecting image attachment according to the heat transfer recording system which can record an image such as a photograph directly from an image on a CRT display, as different from the photographic system or the printing system.

Label having sublimation transferred image


A sprinkler system includes a control panel including a processor, a power supply source, and a memory including software instructions for automatically toggling the system between operating and non-operating modes. The control panel includes controls mated to the processor that generate and transmit a user input control signal thereto. The processor executes a control algorithm for enabling the user to override the system. Sensors are spaced along a perimeter of the building structure, are camouflaged and shaped as an outdoor ornamental lawn art such as insects and amphibians, and generate and transmit an RF detection signal to the control panel, identifying an ambient temperature. Lawn and fire sprinkler assemblies are positioned about the building structure. The lawn and fire sprinkler assemblies are mated to the control panel and are independently operable. The sensors automatically instruct the control panel to activate and deactivate the lawn and fire sprinkler assemblies when a threshold exceeding ambient temperate is detected.

1. Technical Field
This invention relates to fire detection systems and, more particularly, to a camouflaged thermo-sensitive multi-zone fire detection system for protecting a building structure from wildfire damage.
2. Prior Art
It is a problem for rural homeowners to protect their property from the danger of wildfires. There is an increasing trend for people to build their homes in locations that are within what is called the wild-land/urban interface. This is a term that describes the border zone where structures, mainly residences, are built in wild-land areas that by nature are subject to fires. The wild-land/urban interface describes the geographical areas where formerly urban structures, mainly residences, are built in close proximity to flammable fuels naturally found in wild-land areas, including forests, prairies, hillsides and valleys. To the resident, the forest represents a beautiful environment but to a fire the forest represents a tremendous source of fuel. Areas that are popular wild-land/urban interfaces are the California coastal and mountain areas and the mountainous areas in Colorado (among others).
Residences built in these areas tend to be placed in locations that contain significant quantities of combustible vegetation and the structures themselves have combustible exterior walls and many have untreated wood roofs. Many of these houses are also built on sloping hillsides to obtain scenic views; however, slopes create natural wind flows that increase the spread of a wildfire. These homes are also located a great distance away from fire protection equipment and typically have a limited water supply, such as a residential well with a minimal water flow in the range of one to three gallons per minute.
Given this collection of factors, a wildfire entering this area is very difficult to control. Wildfire can reach an intensity that causes uncontrollable and rapid spread due to spotting, which occurs as wind-borne burning embers are carried far ahead of the main fire front and land in receptive fuels. These embers can fall on the roofs of houses, on woodpiles or can start new fires in the vegetation surrounding a structure while firefighters are occupied elsewhere with the main fire.
All prior art residential firefighting systems are grossly inadequate to deal with wildfires in the wild-land/urban interface area. One of the most significant failings of all of these prior art fire fighting systems is that they are reactive by nature and serve to attempt to extinguish a fire that has begun on the roof of a structure. Due to the limited supply of water in the homes in a wild-land/urban interface, such a method of defense is impractical as it can deliver a very limited amount of water to the structure that is ablaze. In addition, the intensity of a wildfire quickly overwhelms these limited fire extinguishing measures since they are activated once the structure is on fire and/or the wildfire has reached the structure. Many of these prior art systems operate in a preemptive manner and do not provide any environmental dependent measures to prevent the initiation of the fire or to thwart its spread.
Accordingly, a need remains for a thermo-sensitive multi-zone fire detection system in order to overcome the above-noted shortcomings. The present invention satisfies such a need by providing a fire detection system that is easy to install, versatile in use and provides improved protection to rural residences. Such a system provides fast and effective means for saturating a structure and the surrounding vegetation, thereby preventing it from being engulfed in an advancing wildfire. The small size of the system components, as well as the decorative nature thereof, makes it comparatively unobtrusive, thereby preventing it from detracting from the appearance of a structure. Such an automated system eliminates the need for the owner to remain in a fire threatened area in order to activate the system. The system also provides and effective and efficient means of watering lawns and other ornamental vegetation.


To provide a method of making measurements for a sample on the measuring surfaces of a substrate which makes it possible to simplify the control and construction of a measuring device, shorten the measuring period, make the measuring conditions constant, and improve the positional accuracy. The method and a device for carrying out the method are characterized in that measurements for the sample is performed by forming a circular orbit of detection areas, where detection is performed with a detector, on the measuring surfaces of the substrate while moving the detection areas relative to the substrate.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method and device for making measurements on the surface of a substrate, in particular, to a method and device for making measurements for portions to be measured on a substrate using scan operation (scanning).
2. Related Background Art
In recent years, with the development of biotechnology, there have been increasing needs for making measurements for and detection of the samples from living organisms. The samples from living organisms are, in general, often hard to carry out a close measurement, unlike chemical substances obtained using the technique of synthetic chemistry, because
1. they has extremely wide variegation;
2. their absolute quantity is small; and
3. those having similar physical properties must be distinguished.
To date there have been devised various methods of making measurements for such samples; and among them, the measurements using a solid phase substrate are receiving most attention now. The measuring technique using a solid phase substrate is, for example, such that it allows detection probes (for example, antibody) fixed on or absorbed into a substrate to react with a sample labeled with a fluorescent substance (for example, antigen) on the substrate and makes measurements for the sample by observing the fluorescence on the substrate.
The principal reasons (advantages) that this measuring technique attracts particular attention are, for example, as follows:
1. measurements can be performed for an infinitely small amount of sample by decreasing the amount (area) of the detection probes attached on the substrate, and hence, the absolute quantity of the sample is not required to be large;
2. measurements of multiple items can be performed simultaneously by arraying various detection substances on the substrate; and
3. the substrate is easy to handle because it is not in a liquid phase, but in a solid phase.
The measurements for a sample using a solid-phase substrate have been applied, for example, to the detection of the base sequences of nucleic acids. In such a detection operation, first, various types of single-stranded DNAs (DNA probes) with various base sequences are attached on a substrate in an array and then a DNA labeled with, for example, fluorescent pigment is applied thereto. When there exists in the sample a sequence complementary to the DNA probe on the substrate, the fluorescent substance is adsorbed on the substrate (hybridization); thus, the base sequence contained in the sample can be examined by checking the state of hybridization against the DNA probe on the substrate. As a matter of fact, Affymertrix in the U.S has developed a DNA chip such that as many as about 10,000 types of DNA probes are arrayed on its micro-area by the photolithographic process and has applied the same to the analysis of DNA base sequences.
An area on which each probe is attached in an array consists of extreme-micro-areas. The reason for this is that, when the absolute quantity of the sample is small, a highly sensitive detection is made possible by concentrating the sample on a micro-probe-area so as to allow the amount of sample per unit to be larger, that is, to provide higher sample density.
Scattering the sample on a wide-probe-area lower a detection sensitivity.
Accordingly, detectors for use in the observation of such arrays are often microscopes or devices including a cofocal optical system. In such cases, the whole of the array is not subjected to analyzing and measuring processing, but it needs to be divided into micro-areas and subjected to read processing area by area with a microscope with high magnification. In other words, detectors involving scan operation are needed. Scanning methods include, for example, methods to perform scan operation by moving a light detecting portion over a substrate having certain dimensions and by moving a substrate while fixing a light detecting portion. Thus various types detectors have been designed so as to match various types scanning methods.
For example, an exclusive detector is commercially available from Hewlet Packard which is a device for making measurements for the DNA microarrays by Affymetrix, and this device consists of both a cofocal optical system and a scanner.
In scanners in common use, for example when the substrate to be measured is rectangular, read operation is performed by scanning from one end of the substrate linearly in a fixed direction to the other end and then returning so as to scan the next area, and repeating this motion. In other words, the scan operation involves a reciprocating motion in terms of its scanning direction (scan operation is not performed in one direction, but involves a returning motion).
However, scan operation involving a reciprocating motion gives rise to problems of making the control and construction of the device more complicated and requiring a longer measuring period. The longer measuring period gives rise to another problem of creating a difference in measuring conditions between the areas of the first measurement and the last measurement. In order to prevent this problem, a special device needs to be installed. Further, detection is performed using fluorescent pigments, the problems of color fading and denaturation may occur depending on the pigment.
A discontinuous scan operation involving a returning motion attendant to a reciprocating motion is likely to cause a decrease in positional accuracy compared with a continuous scan operation. This may affect the measurements on the substrate consisting of high-density microarrays.
Accordingly, the object of the present invention is to solve the problems attendant to the above scanning method.
Specifically, an object of the present invention is to provide a method of making measurements for the sample on the measuring surface of the substrate, comprising forming a circular orbit of detection areas on the measuring surface of the substrate by moving the area to be detected with a detector relative to the substrate.
One example of the measuring methods described above is such that the measurements for the sample are made while forming a rotational surface of the subject and the circular orbit as described above by rotating the substrate around the axis perpendicular to the surface of the substrate on which measurements are made, in particular, the measurements are made by moving the detection area relative to the rotational surface of the substrate on which measurements are made.
Another example of the measuring methods described above is such that it performs measurements while forming the circular orbit of the measuring areas as described above by allowing the detector to perform a rotational motion.
The sample described above is fixed on, adsorbed into, or trapped in the substrate as described above and it is, for example, specifically fixed on the substrate by the probes arranged on the surface of the same.
Preferably, the probes and the sample on the substrate as described above are DNA, protein and peptide nucleic acid (PNA). The measurements for the above sample are made using luminescence such as fluorescence and chemicalluminescence.
Specifically, when making measurements for the sample, any one of the absorption, transmission and reflection of the incident light to said sample is measured.
When multiple labels are detected with multiple detectors in the measurements for the above sample, the multiple labels can be detected with their corresponding detectors simultaneously.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for making measurements for a sample on the measuring surface of the substrate, comprising:
a detector for measuring for a label from the sample;
a means for supporting the substrate having the sample as the subject of measurements on its measuring surface; and
a means for forming a circular orbit of detection areas on the measuring surface of the substrate by moving the detection areas, in which detection is performed with a detector, relative to the substrate.


An engine wash manifold assembly for delivering wash liquid to an engine with a radial air passage includes a feeder body, an inlet on the feeder body to receive wash fluid, a first nozzle in fluid communication with the feeder body and configured to direct wash fluid into the radial passage, and a securing device configured to support the feeder body relative to a mounting location.

The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for washing engines, and more particularly to systems and methods of washing gas turbine engines having radial passages at or near an engine inlet.
Through use, gas turbine engines become subject to buildup of contaminants on engine components. These contaminants can affect engine components and overall performance of the engine. Engine washing can help to remove these contaminants and improve engine performance and efficiency.
Conventional washing can be done by connecting a manifold to an inlet of the engine, and introducing a fluid to the inlet of the engine. Typically, during a wash, the engine is cranked and the airflow from the fan carries the wash fluid through the various sections of the engine, including the compressor. Thus, the wash fluid removes contaminants as it flows through the engine.


Disclosed is a hybrid direction detection apparatus and method that may perform a precise direction detection through a one-time rotation of a log period (LP) antenna and a one-time phase difference measurement of a dipole antenna and may remove an ambiguity error of the LP antenna by two dipole antennas spaced apart by a distance of about 0.5λ by finding an approximate direction using the LP antenna that is a directional antenna, by measuring a phase difference between arrival waves using two baselines including two dipole antenna in the corresponding direction, and thereby precisely finding a final direction.

A method of detecting a direction of a wave signal source, that is, a direction detection method generally uses an angle of arrival (AOA) method. A direction detection method using an amplitude or signal strength comparison, a virtual Doppler method, an interferometry method using a phase difference comparison, and the like, are used as the AOA method.
The amplitude or signal strength comparison method sets, as a direction, a point at which a signal strength is at a maximum in a state in which a directional antenna is being rotated or fixed. Thus, the larger an antenna size (the smaller 3 dB width), the better the accuracy.
The virtual Doppler method needs to generate a virtual Doppler by electrically rotating a circular array omni-directional antenna. Thus, the larger a rotation per minute (RPM) and the larger a rotation radius, the better the accuracy.
The basic concept of the interferometry method using the phase difference comparison is to find a direction of a signal as expressed by Equation 1 by measuring a phase difference between signals received by the interferometry based on two fixed omni-directional antennas as a single baseline as shown in FIG. 1. However, an array of a minimum of five antennas as shown in FIG. 2 is required to precisely find a direction, and a radio frequency (RF) apparatus or a portion for signal processing is complex. In Equation 1, denotes a wavelength, ΔΦ denotes a phase difference, φ denotes an AOA, and d denotes a distance between two antennas.
                              Δ                                                              ϕ                =                              -                                          2                                                                                π                                                                                d                            λ                                                      sin                                      (              φ              )                                                          [                  Equation                                                              1                ]
That is, the amplitude or signal comparison method among AOA methods requires an antenna having an aperture surface having greater directivity to obtain a high precision. Thus, there is limitation on an antenna size. The virtual Doppler method requires thousands to tens of thousands electrical RPM, which leads to complexity and high cost. The fixed phase comparison method requires a minimum of five circular array antennas to detect the omni-directions (0 degrees to 360 degrees). The accuracy increases as the number of array antennas increases. However, as the number of array antennas increases, the number of RF elements increases and signal processing becomes complex.
As shown in FIG. 3, it is possible to increase the accuracy of direction detection with the phase comparison method using a log period dipole array (LPDA) that includes a single baseline including a log period (LP) antenna that is a directional antenna and two dipole antennas. In the related art, an approximate direction is found based on a signal strength by rotating the LP antenna, and a precise direction is found by measuring a phase difference between signals received by the dipole antennas around an angle found by the LP antenna. However, in the case of inflow of a severe reflected wave, a peak pattern of received signals by the LP antenna is distorted, thereby causing, an ambiguity error that an AOA value around zero degrees with respect to a zero-degree phase difference to be detected is not detected and an AOA value by other reflected signals is detected, as shown in FIG. 4.
Accordingly, proposed is a more precise and economical direction detection method.

Apparatus and method for finding hybrid direction using two baselines

ELECTRONICS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS RESEARCH INSTITUTE