A fuel economical lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines comprises a base oil and an additive composition comprising an overbased metal-containing detergent and a molybdenum-containing friction modifier, in which the overbased metal-containing detergent comprises calcium salicylate having an alkyl group having an average carbon atom number of 14-18, at least 60 mol. % of the alkyl group having a carbon atom number of 14-18, and calcium sulfonate having an alkyl group having an average carbon atom number of 20-24, at least 60 mol. % of the alkyl group having a carbon atom number of 20-24, and/or calcium salicylate having an alkyl group having an average carbon atom number of 20-28, at least 60 mol. % of the alkyl group having a carbon atom number of 20-28.

Recently, the requirements for improvement of fuel economy to land-travelling vehicles on which a gasoline engine or a diesel engine is mounted, such as automotives, have continued with increased severity. It has been known that the improvement of fuel economy is most effectively made by reduction of weight of the vehicle on which an internal combustion engine is mounted. It also has been known that the improvement of fuel economy can be attained by appropriately selecting the lubricating oil composition employed for lubricating the internal combustion engine mounted on the vehicle.
For the reason described above, until now, the companies engaged for developing lubricating oil compositions as well as the companies engaged for developing lubricating oil additives have intensively made studies for providing lubricating oil compositions which show improved fuel economy.
The improvement of fuel economy provided by the lubricating oil composition generally can be attained by reduction of torque of rotation of the engine parts which is caused by the use of a lubricating oil composition providing reduction of friction to the sliding parts of the engine. The extent of reduction of friction provided by the lubricating oil composition mainly depends on the viscosity of the lubricating oil composition and selection of additives, mainly the selection of the friction modifier. For instance, if the lubricating oil composition is formulated with a base oil of low viscosity, the friction-reducing effect provided by the lubricating oil composition increases. However, the use of the base oil of low viscosity likely results in unfavorable phenomenon such as increase of oil consumption occurring during operation of the engine. Therefore, the improvement of fuel economy by the use of a lubricating oil composition employing a base oil of low viscosity has its limit. For this reason, intensive studies have been made on employment of appropriate lubricating oil additives, whereby improving the fuel economy provided by the lubricating oil composition. Until now, a variety of inventions made from these studies have been disclosed in a number of patent applications.
Patent publication 1 (JP 5-163497 A) discloses an engine oil composition showing low friction property, which comprises a base oil and an additive composition comprising a borated alkenylsuccinimide, an alkaline earth metal salicylate and molybdenum dithiophosphate and/or molybdenum dithiocarbamate.
Patent publication 2 (JP 6-336592 A) describes that a lubricating oil composition comprising zinc dialkyldithiophosphate being mainly composed of a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate having a secondary alkyl group, a metal-containing detergent composition comprising calcium sulfonate (e.g., TBN 200-300) and calcium salicylate (e.g., TBN 10-100), and molybdenum dithiocarbamate having a C8-23 hydrocarbyl group shows increased low wear-producing property and increased low friction property.
Patent publication 3 (JP 8-302378 A) describes that an engine oil composition comprising a base oil having a specific kinematic viscosity and specific total aromatic content, an alkaline earth metal salicylate, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, a succinimide ashless dispersant having a polybutenyl group having a molecular weight of 900-3500, a phenol type-ashless oxidation inhibitor, and molybdenum dithiocarbamate shows improved fuel economy.

Fuel economical lubricating oil composition for internal combustion engines


A substrate of the present invention includes a copper layer, an alloy layer containing copper and nickel, formed on the copper layer, a nickel layer formed on the alloy layer, and an intermediate layer formed on the nickel layer. The concentration of nickel in the alloy layer at the interface between the alloy layer and the nickel layer is greater than the concentration of nickel in the alloy layer at the interface between the alloy layer and the copper layer. According to the present invention, there can be provided a substrate that allows the AC loss of a superconducting wire to be reduced, a method of producing a substrate, a superconducting wire, and a method of producing a superconducting wire.

Since the discovery of high-temperature superconductors, development in high-temperature superconducting wire is carried out actively in view of the application to power apparatus such as a cable, magnet, current-limiting device, and the like. The high-temperature superconducting wire is roughly classified into two types, i.e. a bismuth type silver sheath wire and a RE123 type thin film wire (RE=rare earth element).
The RE123 type thin film superconducting wire has raised hopes for a high-temperature superconducting wire of the next generation based on the advantages of: (1) the critical current density at the liquid nitrogen temperature (77.3K) exhibits the performance of approximately 106 A/cm2 that is two orders of magnitude greater as compared with the bismuth type silver sheath wire; and (2) the critical current density under magnetic field is high.
As a general structure of a thin film superconducting wire, a thin intermediate layer of ceramic is formed on a metal substrate, and a superconducting layer is formed thereon. In order to draw out superior superconducting properties for a thin film superconducting wire, the crystal orientation of the superconducting layer must be arranged in three dimensions. To this end, a thin film having high orientation must be produced for the aforementioned thin film intermediate layer.
Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 2005-1935 (Patent Literature 1) discloses a method including the steps of removing an oxide layer located on the surface of an oriented metal substrate, and epitaxial growth of a thin film such as an intermediate layer and a superconducting layer while maintaining the biaxial orientation of the oriented metal substrate.

Substrate, method of producing substrate, superconducting wire, and method of producing superconducting wire


According to one embodiment, an information processing apparatus includes an acquisition unit, a conversion unit, and a display controller. The acquisition unit acquires multimedia data associated with an item of record data having a plurality of items. The conversion unit performs a conversion process from the multimedia data to first display data showing a content of the multimedia data. The display controller displays the first display data when the conversion process is completed, and displays second display data showing a progress status of the conversion process when the conversion process is incomplete in association with the item of the record data.

Various information is recorded by operators, etc. at manufacturing sites and maintenance inspection sites. For example, measurement values as a result of using measurement devices and results of visual inspection are recorded as record data via forms/table preparation tools (software), etc. Such record data are often shared between operators and clients.
In many forms/table preparation tools, a template is often provided in advance. Thus, in order to input additional data, it is necessary to input it as a memo in the margin or attach a text memo for the designated item using a function of the forms tools.
The additional data is not limited to a text and may be multimedia data. For example, in order to associate multimedia data to table data, one method is to attach multimedia data to the table data as a memo and display an icon showing that the memo is attached.
However, in order to review the content of the memo attached, the operator must stop the operation and perform another reviewing operation, for example, playing the attached video memo. Furthermore, reviewing the content takes time and increases working hours. To avoid reviewing audio memo, speech recognition can convert the audio data into text and attach the text as a memo. However, conversion process such as speech recognition will take a certain time. When the text memo is not displayed before conversion, the operator cannot understand why the text is not displayed and is forced to play the multimedia data.

Information processing apparatus and information processing method


It is difficult to appropriate estimate the colorimetric values of an arbitrary patch at a desired temperature with respect to an arbitrary medium in consideration of the influence of a fluorescent whitening agent contained in the medium. Target patch colorimetric values obtained when patches of a plurality of colors formed on a medium using color samples are measured at a target temperature designated in step S101. This estimation is implemented when both media-dependent variation correction processing (S102) that estimates patch colorimetric values based on the temperature characteristics of the medium, and toner-dependent variation correction processing (S103) that estimates patch colorimetric values based on the temperature characteristics of the color samples are executed. By correcting image data whose image is to be formed based on the target patch colorimetric values (S104), an arbitrary color patch on an arbitrary medium can be coped with.

In general, the colorimetric values of a colored object change depending on temperatures, and this phenomenon is called thermochromism. The thermochromism poses a problem in a situation that requires high-precision colorimetry since it causes errors of colorimetric values according to the temperature of an object to be measured. However, many things are still unknown about the relationship between the thermochromism and colorimetry.
Color stabilization and color matching processing in a general printing apparatus will be described below. Conventionally, in order to control a printing apparatus represented by a printer apparatus to output desired colors, a color conversion lookup table (to be abbreviated as LUT hereinafter) is used. The color conversion LUT includes an LUT used in calibration required to maintain a printing apparatus in a constant state, and an LUT used in color matching represented by ICC profiles. In order to create these color conversion LUTS, for example, a printing apparatus outputs a plurality of color patches such as IT8.7/3 patches. The colors of these plurality of color patches are measured using a colorimeter such as a spectral colorimeter to obtain colorimetric values and to associate device values with device-independent values, thus creating a color conversion LUT. The created LUT absorbs a color appearance difference between devices or that due to variations of a printer engine, thus attaining color matching and color stabilization. Recently, using a color sensor incorporated in a printer, this LUT is generated in real time. In such printer, the built-in color sensor detects patches immediately after fixing, and feeds back their calorimetric values to LUT generation.
However, in a general printer, since the patches immediately after fixing have very high temperatures (about 70° C.), the colorimetric values of the patches change due to the thermochromism. For this reason, an LUT suited to an observation environment (room temperature) of the user cannot be precisely created.
Some media used in general printing contain a fluorescent whitening agent, which absorbs ultraviolet rays and emits fluorescence in the visible range (especially, in a blue-violet range) so as to increase the degree of whiteness. Since the fluorescent whitening effect by the fluorescent whitening agent increases/decreases depending on temperatures, the colorimetric values of printed materials output onto media including the fluorescent whitening agent also change depending on temperatures. Especially, spectral reflectance variations around the blue-violet range (440 nm) in the visible range are large.
Therefore, a technique for correcting calorimetric values in consideration of the temperature at the time of colorimetry in a printer apparatus is demanded, and the following methods are proposed.
In one method, spectral reflectance change amounts for respective wavelengths per unit temperature interval are calculated in advance for respective color samples, and the spectral reflectance at a desired temperature is predicted (for example, see patent reference 1).
In another method, change amounts of absorption coefficients and scattering coefficients in the Kubelka-Munk formula for respective wavelengths per unit temperature interval are calculated for respective color samples, and the spectral reflectance at a desired temperature is predicted (for example, see patent reference 2).    [Patent Reference 1] Japanese Patent No. 3776492    [Patent Reference 2] Japanese Patent No. 3555706
However, in the method which is described in patent reference 1 and calculates spectral reflectance change amounts for respective wavelengths per unit temperature interval, spectral reflectances for all combinations of device values that can be output by a printing apparatus cannot be predicted.
In the method which is described in patent reference 2 and calculates change amounts of absorption coefficients and scattering coefficients for respective wavelengths per unit temperature interval for respective color samples, the spectral reflectance of a mixed color can be predicted according to the mixing ratio of color samples. However, since a printed material that has undergone general halftoning has an uneven colored surface, it is also difficult for this method to predict spectral reflectances for all combinations of device values that can be output by a printing apparatus.
Since neither of the two methods consider the influence of a fluorescent whitening agent contained in substrates of color samples (printing media), they cannot appropriately correct colorimetric values for printed materials using media containing the fluorescent whitening agent.


A two-cycle engine having improved performance characteristics includes a block and a cylinder head coupled to the block, the cylinder head defining a cylinder bore and a precombustion chamber. The head of piston located in the cylinder bore divides the bore into first and second variable volume intake chambers. An intake port allows fresh air to be drawn into the variable volume intake chamber and be compressed by the moving piston and delivered to the precombustion chamber. Fuel is added to the compressed air, which is heated, and then delivered to the variable volume combustion chamber. In one embodiment, the piston drives a crankshaft which is mounted both for rotation and for translation. Another embodiment of the invention is a lubricating system for a piston where movement of the piston up and down generates a pumping effect moving lubricant through the piston for lubricating piston rings.

The present invention relates to two-cycle internal combustion engines, and more particularly to such an engine including a double-acting piston, a precombustion chamber and a translating and rotating crankshaft.
In accordance with the laws of thermodynamics, it is desirable to provide an engine which maximizes pressure and temperature during combustion, as such results in the most efficient conversion of energy. In addition, in accordance with the laws of physics, the power to weight ratio of an engine increases as the speed of engine operation increases.
Unfortunately, a variety of secondary effects make difficult the achievement of an engine which achieves these objectives. As engine speed increases, so do the inertial forces and the stresses placed upon moving parts in the engine. At high speeds, the failure rate of these parts increases. Increasing the size of these parts to increase their strength has limited benefits, as such further increases the inertial forces and the total weight of the engine.
In some instances, current engine designs also do not permit ready solutions to these problems. For a number of reasons, traditional piston rods are much longer than the distance of the entire piston stroke. One advantage arising from a longer piston rods is such permits a longer piston stroke, and thus a higher compression ratio. The longer piston rod also provides greater clearance between the piston and crankshaft at bottom dead center. On the other hand, the longer piston rod is subject to high inertial forces.
A problem with raising engine temperatures and pressures is that the life of parts subjected to these high heat and pressures in the engine are reduced. In order to reduced the detrimental effects of the high heat, today""s engines employ cooling systems. The cooling systems, however, serve to reduce the efficiency of the system.
Another problem with an engine operating at high speed is that the time for combustion is very short. To accommodate combustion time, combustion may be initiated before the piston is at top dead center. Combustion forces generated as the piston moves upwardly to top dead center act against the direction of the piston, contributing to a lower energy level of the engine. On the other hand, if combustion is not initiated until the piston is at top dead center, then total optimum combustion time is very short. As a result, the generated combustion force is limited, and so is the power output of the engine in relation to provided fuel.
Another disadvantage of a short combustion time is that certain less combustible alternative fuels are not usable in these engines. Simply, the combustion time is so short that slower combusting fuels do not sufficiently combust to generate efficient engine power. A problem with existing engines is that the optimal combustion time is so short, that it is detrimental to raise the speed of the engine because optimal combustion time is further shortened. This problem thus prevents achievement of an engine with otherwise higher efficiency by operation at higher speeds.
Two-cycle internal combustion engines have an advantage over four-cycle internal combustion engines in that an entire piston cycle is not lost without producing force. On the other hand, combustion effects are reduced due to incomplete scavenging: not all of the exhaust gasses are exhausted before combustion initiates, and insufficient incoming air is provided for complete combustion of the fuel.
One detrimental side effect of this incomplete combustion of fuel is the exhausting of unburned fuel and undesirable gasses. Due to the emission problems associated with two-cycle engines, in some instances U.S. laws prevent the operation of two-cycle engines.
An engine which is capable of exploiting the advantages of high pressures of combustion, high temperatures of combustion, and high engine speed is desired.
An improved internal combustion engine is disclosed. In one embodiment, the engine is a two-cycle engine with improved performance characteristics.
In one embodiment, the engine is an internal combustion engine including an engine block. Preferably, at least two cylinder heads are mounted to the block. A piston is movably mounted in a cylinder bore defined by each cylinder head. The cylinder bore is generally closed at its top and bottom, whereby the piston divides the bore into a first variable volume intake chamber and a second variable volume combustion chamber. The cylinder head farther defines a precombustion chamber, the precombustion chamber selectively in communication with the first variable volume intake chamber and the second variable volume combustion chamber.
At least one intake port is provided for permitting air to be drawn into the variable volume intake chamber. Air within the variable volume intake chamber is compressed when the piston in the cylinder bore moves downwardly.
At least one passage is provided for selectively permitting the compressed charge of air to flow into the precombustion chamber. Once in the precombustion chamber, the compressed air charge is heated, raising it to yet a higher pressure. A fuel delivery element is adapted to deliver fuel into the compressed air. A passage is provided permitting the fuel and air charge to flow from the precombustion chamber to the variable volume combustion chamber.
At least one valve is provided for selectively opening and closing the passage(s) between the variable volume intake chamber and the precombustion chamber, and the precombustion chamber and variable volume combustion chamber.
Ignition of the fuel and air mixture in the variable volume combustion chamber causes the piston to move downwardly in the cylinder bore. The piston is connected to a crankshaft which is mounted to the engine block.
In one embodiment, the block includes a first block gear and a second block gear. The crankshaft has a first end and a second end and at least one, and preferably two, piston mounting portions located between its ends. Each piston mounting portion is positioned along a first axis offset from a second axis through the first and second ends of the crankshaft. A first crankshaft gear is located at the first end of the crankshaft, the first crankshaft gear engaging the first block gear. A second crankshaft gear is located at the second end of the crankshaft, the second crankshaft gear engaging the second block gear. Movement of the piston causes the crankshaft to rotate about the second axis and the second axis to move in a generally circular pathway.
In one embodiment, the ends of the piston are supported by eccentric bearings. The bearings permit rotation and translation (i.e. movement of the rotational axis of the crankshaft) of the crankshaft.
In one embodiment of the invention, the block has four sides positioned between its ends. A cylinder head is coupled to each of the sides, and a piston is movably mounted in the cylinder bore defined by each head. The crankshaft includes a first piston mounting portion and a second piston mounting portion. A first pair of pistons mounted at opposing sides of the block are connected to one another about the first piston mounting portion. A second pair of pistons mounted at opposing sides of the block are connected to one another about the second piston mounting portion.
In one embodiment, the intake port includes an intake valve adapted to selectively open and close the intake port. A single valve is located in the precombustion chamber. The valve includes a first seal and a second seal. The first seal is adapted to selectively open and close the port or passage between the variable volume intake chamber and the precombustion chamber. The second seal is adapted to selectively open and close the port or passage between the precombustion chamber and the variable volume combustion chamber.
In one embodiment, the valve located in the precombustion chamber is driven by a rocker arm. The rocker arm is, in turn driven by an end of a follower. An opposing end of the follower is driven by a cam which is rotated by the crankshaft.
Another aspect of the invention is a lubricating and cooling system for a piston of an internal combustion engine, the piston having a head and a rod. A first end of the rod is coupled to the head and a second end of the rod is located opposite the first end thereof. A passage extends through the rod from the first end to the second end. An inlet leads from an exterior of the second end to the passage. At least one delivery passage is located in the head and extends from the passage in the head and returns to the passage in the rod. An outlet extends from the passage in rod.
At least one partition divides the passage through the rod into an inlet passage leading from the inlet to the delivery passage and an outlet passage leading from the delivery passage to the outlet. At least one lubrication directing element is located in the inlet passage and outlet passage, the at least one lubrication directing element generally inhibiting the flow of lubricant from the delivery passage to the inlet and from the outlet to the delivery passage.
Upward and downward movement of the piston during engine operation generates a pumping effect. Lubricant is drawn into the inlet and delivered to the head. The lubricant may be delivered through weeps to rings mounted on the exterior of the piston head. Excess lubricant is delivered back to the outlet.
Further objects, features, and advantages of the present invention over the prior art will become apparent from the detailed description of the drawings which follows, when considered with the attached figures.


A method for the manufacture of printed circuit boards is provided comprising conditioning the board, activating with a catalytic metal, post-activating, stabilizing and etching the copper surfaces before the desired circuit is formed on the board. This process eliminates the need for a flash coating of copper in the through holes before the use of protective coatings such as imaging resists and soldermasks.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a method for the manufacture of printed circuit boards and, in particular to improving the method by eliminating the need for a first electroless flash metal plating of the through holes prior to the use of protective coatings such as plating resists and soldermasks.
2. Description of Related Art
The metal plating of plastics and other nonconductive (dielectric) substrates is well-known in the art and the following description will be directed for convenience to plastics, especially epoxy, and the preparation of printed circuit boards.
The preparation of printed circuit boards requires the plating of conductive metal layers, usually copper, onto the plastic substrate of the board. These boards vary in design and may have a copper layer on each surface of the epoxy (two-sided boards) or they can be multi-layer boards which have a plurality of inter-leaved parallel planar copper and epoxy layers. In both types, through-holes are drilled in the board and metal plated to facilitate connection between the circuits on the copper layers.
There are basically two methods for preparing the boards, the "substractive" method and the "additive" method with many variations in the process steps being employed depending on the type board desired. Regardless of the methods used, however, the need exists to apply and remove protective films on the board during the process.
For purposes of illustration the semi-additive method will be described although the invention is applicable to other methods of manufacture. Commencing with a commercially available copper clad laminate or multi-laminate made from, e.g., paper-epoxy or glass-epoxy material, a predesigned series of through-holes is formed in the board in any conventional manner, then preferably treated to desmear or etch the plastics prior to the metal plating. A swell and etch procedure is usually used to treat the board and in one process the board is first contacted with a solvent to swell the epoxy and enhance the effect of the subsequent oxidative, e.g., permanganate solution etching step. After etching, the board is water rinsed and then neutralized with a reductant to solubilize manganese residues by lowering their oxidation state. The reductant preferably contains an acid fluoride to dissolve glass fibers in the epoxy. Thereafter the board is immersed in a catalyst, such as a tin-palladium solution, which activates the surface of the epoxy for electroless copper plating. Following a water rinse, the laminate is immersed in an accelerator to activate the catalyst by freeing the metal palladium ions on the board. After a water rinse, the board is dried and is immersed in an electroless copper plating solution for a period of time sufficient to flash plate copper on the through-hole connections.
The board is then coated with a photoresist (usually with tenting (covering) of the through holes), imaged and the unwanted copper etched using ammonium persulfate or other etchant. The photoresist is removed using a solvent such as KOH and a soldermask applied to cover the desired circuits. Electroless copper in this case is then plated on the pads and through holes for about 12-5 hours to build the copper thickness up to about 1-1.5 mils.
Flash plating is necessary to permit plating after the imaging process since the activation systems have not been able to withstand this procedure. Also, the above procedure is time consuming and costly and it is preferred to improve the process by eliminating the need for the flash electroless copper plating of the board prior to application of the coatings such as an imaging film and the procedures associated therewith.
It is an object of the invention to provide an improved process for manufacturing printed circuit boards in which a flash coating of copper is not required on the through holes during the board making process.
A further object is to provide a printed circuit board made by the improved process.
Other objects and advantages will be apparent for the following description.

Method for manufacture of printed circuit boards


The multiple compartmented and condiment dispensing apparatus includes a housing into which a plurality of packet compartments are arranged. The packet compartments open to enable a refill packet to be inserted and loaded for use in dispensing a condiment therefrom. The packet compartments are each in fluid communication with a spout provided on a distal end of the housing. The spout includes a plurality of channels that each connects via ductwork to the packet compartments where the refill packets connect. The refill packets dispense a condiment through the respective ductwork and out a channel of the spout. Each packet compartment includes a loader door that is pivotally engaged with respect to the housing, and which can open outwardly to enable the refill packets to be inserted and removed from the respective packet compartment.

A. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of condiment dispensers, more specifically, improvements to a multiple compartment and condiment dispensing apparatus.
B. Discussion of the Prior Art
As will be discussed immediately below, no prior art discloses a condiment dispenser which uses refill packets, and of which the refill packets are individually loaded into one of a plurality of packet compartments for dispensing therefrom; wherein the packet compartments are integrated into a main housing; wherein the main housing includes a spout at a distal end; wherein the spout includes multiple channels that are each in fluid communication with one of the packet compartments such that upon loading a refill packet therein, said refill packet may dispense a condiment through the spout when actuated via depression of the loader door; wherein each packet compartment includes a spring-loaded loader door that opens outwardly to enable the refill packet to be inserted therein; wherein the loader door may rotate and lock in a closed state whereby the refill packet is left unused therein; where upon inward depression of the loader door shall effect a squeezing action to the refill packet, which shall dispense the condiment stored therein through the spout; wherein the condiment dispenser shall be able to dispense multiple condiments individually or simultaneously.
The Lykes Patent (U.S. Pat. No. 2,934,242) discloses a multiple compartment condiment dispenser. However, the condiment dispenser does not use refill packets, and is not designed to be used with viscious fluid materials such as ketchup. Additionally, the dispenser does not allow for multiple condiments to be dispensed at the same time.
The Jungmann Pat. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,229,856) discloses a condiment dispenser having a plurality of condiment chambers. However, the condiment dispenser does not use refill packets, and is not designed to be used with viscious fluid materials such as ketchup. Additionally, the dispenser does not allow for multiple condiments to be dispensed at the same time.
The Usen et al. patent (U.S. Pat. No. 5,628,429) discloses a squeezable tube for dispensing a viscous fluid material such as ketchup and which has multiple chambers and spouts for dispensing multiple fluids at the same time. However, the dispensing tube does not use refill packets, and does not use a spring loaded lock button and lock pin system for loading refill packets.
The Dukess Patent (U.S. Pat. No. 3,506,157) discloses a squeeze tube for a condiment substance in which the tube has multiple compartments for housing and dispensing multiple different condiments. However, the dispensing tube does not use refill packets, and does not use a spring loaded lock button and lock pin system for loading refill packets.
The Sokolsky et al. patent (U.S. Pat. No. 6,863,178) discloses an arrangement of individual condiment serving packets in an outer container having an approximately cylinderical container with at least four dual-packet sheets within said container. However, the dispenser does not use a packet chamber to refill the compartments, and does not use a spring loaded lock button and lock pin system for loading refill packets.
The Ledewitz Patent (U.S. Design Patent No. 214,549) illustrates an ornimental design for a plural compartment bottle. However, the dispensing tube does not use refill packets and does not use a spring loaded lock button and lock pin system for loading refill packets.
The Burke Paten (U.S. Design Patent No. 517,866) illustrates a design for a two compartment condiment dispenser. However, the dispensing tube does not use refill packets, and does not use a spring loaded lock button and lock pin system for loading refill packets.
While the above-described devices fulfill their respective and particular objects and requirements, they do not describe a condiment dispenser which uses refill packets, and of which the refill packets are individually loaded into one of a plurality of packet compartments for dispensing therefrom; wherein the packet compartments are integrated into a main housing; wherein the main housing includes a spout at a distal end; wherein the spout includes multiple channels that are each in fluid communication with one of the packet compartments such that upon loading a refill packet therein, said refill packet may dispense a condiment through the spout when actuated via depression of the loaded door; wherein each packet compartment includes a spring-loaded loader door that opens outwardly to enable the refill packet to be inserted therein; wherein the loader door may rotate and lock in a closed state whereby the refill packet is left unused therein; where upon inward depression of the loader door shall effect a squeezing action to the refill packet, which shall dispense the condiment stored therein through the spout; wherein the condiment dispenser shall be able to dispense multiple condiments individually or simultaneously. In this regard, the multiple compartment and condiment dispensing apparatus departs from the conventional concepts and designs of the prior art.

Multiple compartmented and condiment dispensing apparatus


An integrated circuit that includes a controller for defining a test path that comprises at least one test access port out of multiple test access ports characterized by further comprising at least one multi-bit bypass logic for bypassing at least one of the multiple test access ports and for affecting a length of the test path. Conveniently, the length of the test path remains substantially fixed regardless of changes in a configuration of the test path. A method for testing an integrated circuit, the method includes a stage of propagating test signals across a test path. Whereas the method is characterized by a stage of defining a configuration of the test path, whereas the test path comprises at least one components out of at least one test access port and at least one bypass access logic; whereas the at least one multi-bit bypass logic bypass at least one of the multiple test access ports and affect a length of the test path.

The complexity of integrated circuits forced designers to use various testing procedures and architectures. One common architecture and protocol is defined at IEEE standard 1149.1 that is also known as JTAG.
FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art JTAP compliant test access port (TAP) 10 and a core 11 that is connected to the TAP 10. TAP 10 includes a boundary scan register 30, a one-bit long bypass register 12, an instruction register 18, a TAP controller 20, and an optional user defined data register 14.
TAP 10 receives various signals including a clock signal TCK, a test data input signal TDI, a test mode select signal TMS and outputs a test data output signal TDO.
Various control signals provided by the TAP controller 20, especially in response to TMS signals select a path between the TDI and TDO ports of TAP 10.
The instruction register 18 forms an instruction path while each of the boundary scan register 30, bypass register 12 and the optional user defined data register 14 defines a data path. Each data path and instruction path can be regarded as an internal test path of TAP 10.
The TAP controller 20 is a state machine that is controlled by the TMS signal. FIG. 2 illustrates the multiple states of the TAP controller 20: Test logic reset 40, run-test/idle 41, select DR scan 42, capture DR 43, shift DR 44, exit1 DR 45, pause DR 46, exit2 DR 47, update DR 48, select IR scan 52, capture IR 53, shift IR 54, exit1 IR 55, pause IR 56, exit2 IR 57 and update IR 58. The stages are illustrates as boxes that are linked to each other by arrows. The arrows are accompanied by digits (either 0 or 1) that illustrate the value of the TMS signal. These stages are well known in the art and require no further explanation.
Generally, the TAP controller 20 sends control signals that allow to input information into selected data and instruction paths, to retrieve information from said paths and to serially propagate (shift) information along data and instruction paths.
Typically, the instruction register 18 includes an instruction shift register as well as a shadow latch. Signals propagate serially through the instruction shift register and are provided in parallel to the shadow latch.
The IEEE standard 1149.1 defines mandatory instructions such as BYPASS instruction that selects an internal test path that includes the one-bit long bypass register, an EXTEST instruction that causes the integrated circuit to enter an external boundary test mode, and a SAMPLE/PRELOAD instruction that selects an internal test path that includes the boundary scan register, and a EXTEST instruction that causes the TAP to enter an external boundary test mode.
The IEEE standard 1149.1 also defines optional instructions such as CLAMP instruction, HIGHZ instruction, IDCODE instruction, INTEST instruction that causes the integrated circuit to enter an internal boundary test mode, RUNBIST instruction that causes the integrated circuit to enter a self test mode, and USERCODE instruction that selects an internal test path that includes an ID register.
The IEEE standard 1149.1 is suited for single core integrated circuits. The adaptation of that standard to multi-core integrated circuits such as system on chips is not trivial. For example, such an adaptation requires a provision of a one-bit long bypass register even if multiple TAP controllers exist within a single integrated circuit.
Various examples to adapt the IEEE standard 1149.1 to multiple core integrated circuits are known in the art. Some are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,073,254 of Whetsel and U.S. Pat. No. 6,311,302 of Cassetti et al., both incorporated herein by reference.
One prior art for testing a multiple TAP integrated circuit is to provide a test path by selectively linking one or more TAPs between the TDI and TDO pins of an integrated circuit. This results in varying the length of the test path, and complicates the testing procedure, due to the need to adapt to timing variations resulting from the differing test path length. Said adjustments complicate re-using existing software modules and complicates the testing procedure.
There is a need to provide a method and apparatus for testing a multiple TAP system.

Integrated circuit and a method for testing a multi-tap integrated circuit


A micro electrical mechanical system (MEMS) pressure sensor includes a base structure defining an opening, a plurality of support members coupled to the base structure, a thin-film diaphragm supported by the support members, and at least one strain-sensitive member associated with the at least one support member.

MEMS devices are a combination of micro mechanical and micro electronic systems that are revolutionizing nearly every product category by bringing together these systems. A MEMS device typically includes a movable micro mechanical structure and silicon based microelectronics. One type of known MEMS device is a MEMS transducer. Capacitive MEMS transducers may be used in an air-bag system for crash detection. For example, a crash is detected by monitoring the movement of the mechanical structure in the MEMS transducer using associated microelectronics in the MEMS transducer. The mechanical structure in the transducer often includes a dynamic capacitive plate which is positioned relative to a fixed capacitive plate. The capacitance between the capacitive plates depends, at least in part, on the distance there between. As the dynamic capacitive plate is displaced, a change in capacitance is caused by the relative change of the dynamic capacitive plate relative to the fixed capacitive plate. This change in capacitance is detected by the microelectronics. If the change is sufficiently large and/or abrupt, the microelectronic activate the air bag.
Micro electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) can also be used to create pressure sensors that are small and sensitive. These sensors have traditionally been used in aircraft testing, fluid mechanics experiments, sensor arrays, hearing aids, and other applications where small sensors of pressure or vibration are desired.
MEMS transducers are frequently manufactured from a single wafer. The mechanical structure of these transducers is created by depositing a poly-silicon layer on a silicon wafer, which is typically only a few microns thick. Many existing MEMS pressure sensors require integration with CMOS circuitry or require complex manufacturing techniques such as bonding multiple substrates. Complex manufacturing techniques require expensive machinery and materials and potentially lower the yield of functional devices.
MEMS pressure sensors have also been manufactured using piezoresistors attached to a diaphragm. Piezoresistors are inexpensive to manufacture and can be built with standard silicon wafer processing. However, the sensitivity of these devices is limited by the small amounts of strain generated by MEMS diaphragms.

Micro electrical mechanical systems pressure sensor

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A lens barrel including a subject-side lens guided by guide bars. The lens barrel has a first guide shaft disposed within a cylindrical fixed cylinder and oriented axially along the fixed cylinder; a second guide shaft disposed outside the fixed cylinder and oriented axially; a first holding member that holds a first lens and moves along the first guide shaft; and a second holding member that holds a second lens positioned on a subject side of the first lens and moves along the second guide shaft.

Patent Document 1, shown below, discloses a lens barrel that includes a moving cylinder, which moves relative to a fixed cylinder while being guided by guide pipes provided on the fixed cylinder, and a front group lens that is guided by guide bars arranged on the moving cylinder.
Patent Document 2, shown below, discloses a lens barrel including guide bars that provide guidance in a movement direction and a lens frame that holds a lens and has a sleeve engaging with the guide bars. A cam follower is arranged on the sleeve, and the lens frame is moved in the direction of the optical axis of the lens according to the rotation of a cam cylinder having a cam groove that engages with the cam follower.


The invention relates to a method for producing [1,1xe2x80x2:4xe2x80x2,1xe2x80x3]-terphenyl compounds of the formula

This application is a 371 of PCT/EP00/00834 filed Feb. 2, 2000.
The present invention relates to a method for producing [1,1xe2x80x2:4xe2x80x2,1xe2x80x3]-terphenyl compounds substituted in the 4xe2x80x3 position.
4xe2x80x3-Alkoxyterphenyl-4-carboxylic acids whose alkoxy group contains an alkyl radical of medium chain length are used in conjunction with the echinocandin B macrocycle as building blocks for producing active ingredients with antibiotic, in particular antifungal, properties.
These active ingredients display a novel principle of action and are therefore of particular interest (WO 94/25050 and EP 0 561 639).
The 4xe2x80x3-substituted p-terphenyl to be emphasized from the group thereof is 4xe2x80x3-n-pentoxy-[1,1xe2x80x2:4xe2x80x2,1xe2x80x3]-terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid, which leads, after coupling with the echinocandin B macrocycle, to a product with excellent properties.
WO 94/25050 describes a multistage method for producing 4xe2x80x3-n-pentoxy-[1,1xe2x80x2:4xe2x80x2,1xe2x80x3]-terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid (cf. pages 28 and 29 part A, part B and part C).
In a first step, 4xe2x80x2-bromo-4-hydroxybiphenyl is reacted with an n-pentyl halide to give the corresponding 4xe2x80x2-bromo-4-n-pentoxybiphenyl. The 4xe2x80x2-bromo-4-n-pentoxybiphenyl is reacted in a second step with n-butyllithium at xe2x88x9278xc2x0 C. to form, by transmetallation, 4xe2x80x2-lithium-4-n-pentoxybiphenyl which, in another step likewise at xe2x88x9278xc2x0 C., is reacted with triisopropyl borate. Hydrolysis and work-up result in 4xe2x80x2-n-pentoxybiphenyl-4-boronic acid which is reacted in further steps with 4-iodobenzoic acid in a standard Suzuki coupling. The 4xe2x80x3-n-pentoxy[1,1xe2x80x2:4xe2x80x2,1xe2x80x3]-terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid is obtained as crude product which is purified by chromatography on silica gel.
The mode of synthesis is depicted diagrammatically in simplified form below
WO 94/25050 states yields only for the stages (part A and part B) up to formation of 4-(4-n-pentyloxyphenyl)phenylboronic acid. There is no statement of yield in part C, which relates to the production of 4xe2x80x3-n-pentoxy-[1,1xe2x80x2:4xe2x80x2,1xe2x80x3]-terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid.
EP 0 561 639 discloses the production of methyl 4xe2x80x3-n-pentoxy-[1,1xe2x80x2:4xe2x80x2,1xe2x80x3]-terphenyl-4 carboxylate using the aforementioned reaction steps 2, 3 and 4, employing methyl 4-iodobenzoate in place of 4-iodobenzoic acid in step 4. The yield of 4xe2x80x2-n-pentoxybiphenyl-4-boronic acid is 44% and in the reaction thereof with methyl 4-iodobenzoate is 64% (cf. statements on page 26, table 15 and 16, in each case second line across), which means that the overall yield is only 28.2% based on 4xe2x80x2-bromo-4-n-pentoxybiphenyl.
The method described above has several disadvantages. On the one hand, it is necessary to start from a very pure 4xe2x80x2-bromo-4-hydroxybiphenyl, which ought to contain the minimum amount of Br positional isomers in order to comply with the required isomer quality in the final product. On the other hand, the transmetallation in step 2 is rather complicated because it must be carried out at very low temperatures. If this reaction is not maintained in a particular temperature range and/or if the reaction times are too long, the corresponding 4,4xe2x80x3-di-n-pentoxy-[1,1xe2x80x2:1xe2x80x3,4xe2x80x3,1xe2x80x3xe2x80x2]-quaterphenyl is produced as a result of dimerization. This compound can, however, be removed from the desired final product only in a very complicated way. The reaction in step 3 is also carried out at very low temperature. A further disadvantage is that 4xe2x80x3-pentoxy-[1,1xe2x80x2:4xe2x80x2,1xe2x80x3]-terphenyl-4-carboxylic acid is evidently obtained as very impure crude product which must be purified by chromatography on silica gel.
In view of this, the object is to provide a method which avoids the disadvantages described above and can be carried out with acceptable effort.
This object is achieved by a method for producing [1,1xe2x80x2:4xe2x80x2,1xe2x80x3]-terphenyl compounds with the formula
in which R is hydrogen or a straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkyl radical, in particular hydrogen, a C1-C2-alkyl radical or C(CH3)3, R1 is hydrogen, a straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkyl radical or a straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkoxy radical, in particular hydrogen, a C1-C2-alkyl radical or C1-C2-alkoxy radical, preferably hydrogen, and R2 is hydrogen, a straight-chain C1-C12-alkyl radical, an unsubstituted phenyl radical, a phenyl radical which is substituted by one or two C1-C4-alkyl groups or C1-C4-alkoxy groups, or a radical xe2x80x94(CH2)xOR3 in which x is an integer from 1 to 4 and R3 is a straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkyl radical, in particular a straight-chain C1-C8-alkyl radical, an unsubstituted phenyl radical or a radical xe2x80x94(CH2)xOR3, in which x is an integer from 1 to 4 and R3 is a straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkyl radical, preferably a straight-chain C1-C6-alkyl radical or a radical xe2x80x94(CH2)xOR3 in which x is an integer from 1 to 2 and R3 is a straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkyl radical.
It comprises reacting a metal aryl of the formula
in which A is a monovalent metal or MeX, where Me is a divalent metal and X is Cl, Br or I, and R2 is A or a trisubstituted silyl radical, or has the meaning indicated in formula (1), excepting hydrogen, with a boric ester at xe2x88x9280 to 40xc2x0 C. in the presence of an inert solvent, converting the reaction product by hydrolysis into a boronic acid of the formula
reacting the boronic acid, a boronic anhydride obtainable from boronic acid by elimination of water, or a mixture of boronic acid and boronic anhydride, with an alcohol, and reacting the boronic ester formed thereby with a biphenyl compound of the formula
in which R and R1 have the meaning indicated in formula (1), and D is Cl, Br, I, O3Sxe2x80x94CnF2n+1, where n is an integer from 1 to 4, or N2+Yxe2x88x92 where Yxe2x88x92 is ClO4xe2x88x92, BR4xe2x88x92 or HSO4xe2x88x92, at 40 to 180xc2x0 C. in the presence of a catalyst and of a polar solvent.
The method of the invention is depicted diagrammatically below in simplified form
The metal aryl of the formula (2) can be prepared be reacting a benzene derivative appropriately halogenated in the p position for example with Mg or an Li alkyl. There is no formation of a quaterphenyl compound which can be separated from the desired final product only with difficulty. The reaction of the metal aryl with boric ester does not in any case require the low temperatures indicated in WO 94/25050. Grignard compounds allow a reaction at distinctly higher temperatures than indicated in WO 94/25050.
A metal aryl of the formula (2) in which A is Li, Na, K, MgX or ZnX, in particular Li, MgX or ZnX and X is Cl, Br or I, in particular Cl or Br, is normally employed.
The method is particularly simple when a metal aryl of the formula (2) in which A is MgCl, MgBr or MgI, in particular MgCl or MgBr, preferably MgCl, is employed.
As already mentioned above, a metal aryl of the formula (2) in which R2 is A or a trisubstituted silyl radical, or has the meaning indicated in the compound of the formula (1), but in this case cannot be hydrogen, is employed.
If it is intended to produce a terphenyl compound of the formula (1) in which R2 is hydrogen, it is possible to start from a metal aryl (2) in which R2 is A or the trisubstituted silyl radical, and to obtain the appropriate phenolic terphenyl compound by the subsequent work-up of the reaction product.
The trisubstituted silyl radical in the metal aryl is a radical SiR4R5R6 in which the radicals R4, R5 and R6 are identical or different and are a phenyl radical or a C1-C4-alkyl radical, in particular are the same and are a C1-C4-alkyl radical. The silyl radical acts as protective group which can easily be eliminated after the reaction to form the appropriate phenolic group. A particularly suitable trisubstituted silyl radical is the Si(CH3)3 radical.
A boric ester B(ORxe2x80x2)3 in which Rxe2x80x2 is identical to or different from one another and is a straight-chain or branched C1-C8-alkyl radical, a phenyl radical which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or two C1-C4-alkyl groups or C1-C4-alkoxy groups, in particular a straight-chain or a branched C1-C4-alkyl radical, a phenyl radical which is unsubstituted or substituted by one or two C1-C4-alkyl groups, preferably a straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkyl radical or an unsubstituted phenyl radical, particularly preferably a straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkyl radical, is employed.
Since the boric esters whose Rxe2x80x2 radicals are identical can be obtained particularly readily, the boric esters of the aforementioned type employed in a large number of cases will have identical Rxe2x80x2 radicals. Examples of such boric esters are trimethyl borate, triethyl borate, tri-n-propyl borate, triisopropyl borate, tri-n-butyl borate and triisobutyl borate.
The reaction of the metal aryl with the boric ester is, as already mentioned at the outset, carried out at xe2x88x9280 to +40xc2x0 C., in particular xe2x88x9270 to 10xc2x0 C., preferably xe2x88x9240 to 0xc2x0 C. The inert solvent used is, for example, a dialkyl ether having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in each alkyl radical, a cycloaliphatic ether having 4 to 5 carbon atoms in the ring, for example tetrahydrofuran or 1,4-dioxane, a formaldehyde dialkyl acetal, a 1,2-dialkyl glycol ether having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in each alkyl radical, a mixture thereof or a mixture thereof with toluene, in particular a dialkyl ether having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in each alkyl radical, tetrahydrofuran, a 1,2-dialkyl glycol ether having 1 to 4 carbon atoms in each alkyl radical, a mixture thereof or a mixture thereof with toluene, preferably tetrahydrofuran, dibutyl glycol ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, diethyl ether, diisopropyl ether, di-n-butyl ether a mixture thereof or a mixture thereof with toluene.
The reaction of the boric ester with the metal aryl leads to a salt-like adduct (borate salt). After the reaction is complete, the reaction product which contains, were appropriate, the radical A or the trisubstituted silyl radical as radical R2, and any unreacted metal aryl which is still present, are decomposed by bringing the reaction mixture into contact with water or a water/ice mixture. The hydrolysis of the reaction product takes place very quickly, as does that of the metal aryl, because both the salt-like adduct and the metal aryl react very rapidly with water even at low temperatures. This leads to formation of the boronic acid (3), and salts derived from the reaction product and, where appropriate, from hydrolyzed metal aryl which is likewise still present are produced.
In order to dissolve salts, in particular basic salts, the resulting aqueous mixture is acidified, for example by adding a mineral acid, in particular hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid. It is advisable to adjust a pH of from 0 to 4, in particular 0.5 to 3, preferably 1 to 2, to ensure complete dissolution of the salts.
A phase separation is then carried out, and the organic phase containing the inert solvent and the boronic acid is separated off. If required, the phase separation can be assisted by adding a suitable inert solvent, for example ether, methylene chloride, chloroform, toluene, chlorobenzene.
The organic phase which has been separated off is mixed with water in order to dissolve any salts still present, and the inert solvent and the solvent employed where appropriate to assist the phase separation are distilled off.
This results in the boronic acid as a solid. It is filtered off and dried. If the drying is carried out at temperature xc2x130, in particular xc2x150xc2x0 C., the boronic acid starts to eliminate water to form the corresponding anhydride. Formation of the boronic anhydrides depends on the one hand on the temperature level, and on the other hand on the time during which the boronic acid is exposed to the temperature. High temperatures and long exposure times favor formation of boronic anhydrides.
If it is desired to obtain the boronic acid, it is advisable to carry out the drying at low temperatures and under vacuum.
It is also possible to hydrolyze the boronic anhydride for example with an aqueous alkali and to liberate the boronic acid by subsequent acidification of the aqueous solution containing salt of boronic acid.
In a large number of cases there is formation of a mixture of boronic acid and boronic anhydride. The boronic anhydride comprises cyclic anhydrides, in particular trimeric boronic anhydride. It is also possible in some circumstances for mixtures of anhydrides possibly to form. The boronic acid, the boronic anhydride and the mixture of boronic acid and boronic anhydride can be, if required, purified by recrystallization in a suitable solvent for example aliphatic, cycloaliphatic and/or aromatic hydrocarbons.
In the following step, the boronic acid, the boronic anhydride or the mixture containing boronic acid and boronic anhydride is reacted with an alcohol. This esterification takes place by conventional methods. It is unnecessary to add a catalyst, for example an acid. It is possible that the boronic acid, the boronic anhydride or the mixture of boronic acid and boronic anhydride acts as catalyst. The esterification is normally allowed to proceed at 50 to 150xc2x0 C., in particular 60 to 140xc2x0 C.
In order to favor the reaction, it is advisable to remove the water formed as a result of the esterification. This can take place, for example, by azeotropic distillation to remove water or by addition of dehydrating agents, for example orthoformic esters. Suitable entrainers for azeotropic removal of water are, for example, aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons, ethers or ketones. Without making any claim to completeness, mention may be made of pentane, hexane, heptane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, mesitylene, dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, chlorotoluene or dichlorotoluene as entrainers.
The alcohol employed is a C1-C8 alkyl alcohol, a C2-C6-alkane-1,2-diol, a C3-C6-alkane-1,3-diol, a C4-C6-alkane-1,4-diol or 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, in particular a C1-C8-alkyl alcohol, a C2-C6-alkane-1,2-diol or a C3-C6-alkane-1,3-diol, preferably a C1-C4-alkyl alcohol, a C2-C4-alkanediol or a C3-C5-alkane-1,3-diol.
Examples of alkyl alcohols are methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol, n-pentanol, 2-methylpentanol, n-hexanol, 2-ethylhexanol, in particular methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, i-propanol, n-butanol and i-butanol.
Examples of suitable alkanediols are ethylene glycol, propane-1,3-diol and 2,2-dimethylpropane-1,3-diol (neopentyl glycol).
The reaction with the alcohol results in formation of the corresponding boronic ester, which is then reacted with the biphenyl compound of the formula (4) in the presence of a catalyst, of an acid-biding agent and of a polar solvent.
However, in place of the boronic ester, it is also possible to employ the boronic acid of the formula (3), the boronic anhydride obtainable from the boronic acid by elimination of water, or the mixture of boronic acid and boronic anhydride, in this reaction and thus dispense with the preparation of the boronic ester by reaction of the boronic acid, of the boronic anhydride or of the mixture of boronic acid and boronic anhydride with the alcohol.
The reaction of the boronic ester or of the boronic acid, the boronic anhydride or the mixture of boronic acid and boronic anhydride takes place xe2x80x94as already mentionedxe2x80x94at 40 to 180xc2x0 C., in particular 50 to 130xc2x0 C., preferably 60 to 120xc2x0 C. Acid-binding agents which can be used are amines, for example, aliphatic amines, in particular trialkylamines, basic salts of organic and inorganic acids, in particular alkali metal salts and alkaline earth metal salts of organic and inorganic acids, for example Na acetate, K acetate, Na3PO4, K3PO4, NaHCO3, KHCO3, Na2CO3, K2CO3, MgCO3, CaCO3, or alkali metal oxides, alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal oxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides, for example NaOH, KOH, Mg(OH)2 or Ca(OH)2.
Very suitable acid-binding agents have proved to be alkali metal bicarbonates, alkali metal carbonates, alkaline earth metal bicarbonates and alkaline earth metal carbonates, in particular Na2CO3 and K2CO3, preferably Na2CO3. The biphenyl compound of the formula 4 which is particularly employed is that in which R is hydrogen or a straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkyl radical, in particular hydrogen, a C1-C2-alkyl radical or C(CH3)3, preferably CH3 or C(CH3)3, R1 is hydrogen or a straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkyl radical or C1-C4-alkoxy radical, in particular hydrogen, a C1-C2-alkyl radical or C1-C2-alkoxy radical, and D is Cl, Br, I or N2+Yxe2x88x92, in particular Cl, Br or I, preferably Br or I.
If is possible to use as polar solvent a protic and aprotic dipolar solvent, in particular an alcohol, a sulfoxide, a sulfone, an amide and, where appropriate, water or a mixture thereof. Examples of alcohols are straight-chain or branched C1-C4-alkyl alcohols, ethylene glycol, polyetheylene glycols of the formula HOxe2x80x94(CH2xe2x80x94CH2xe2x80x94O)nH with n=2 to 1,000 or mixtures of these alcohols with one another or with water, in particular ethylene glycol, mixtures of C1-C4-alkyl alcohols with ethylene glycol or with polyethylene glycols or with water, preferably mixtures of methanol and polyethylene glycols, methanol and ethylene glycol or butanol and water.
Examples of sulfoxides are dimethyl sulfoxide and diethyl sulfoxide.
Mention should be made of sulfolane, (thiolane dioxide) as representative from the sulfone series, and of dimethylformamide, diethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, diethylacetamide and N-methylpyrrolidone as representatives of the amides series.
In a number of cases it is also possible to employ mixtures of alcohols, sulfoxides, sulfolane and/or amides, which may also contain water where appropriate.
Suitable catalysts are palladium or a palladium or nickel compound. It is possible to employ Pd metal, Pd(O) complex compounds, Pd(II) complex compounds, Ni(O) complex compounds and Ni(II) complex compounds, in particular complex compounds which contain phosphines, preferably trisubstituted phosphines such as tri-n-butylphosphine, tri-tert-butylphosphine, triphenylphosphine (PPh3).
Examples of Pd(O) complex compounds are Pd(PPh3)4, Pd(dba)2.
Examples of Pd(II) complex compounds are PdCl2(PPH3)2, PdBr2(PPh3)2, PdCl2(Rxe2x80x3CN)2PdBr2(Rxe2x80x3CN) with Rxe2x80x3=phenyl, methyl, PdCl2(dppf), PdBr2(dppf) with dppf=1,1xe2x80x2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene, PdCl2(COD), PDBr2(COD) with COD=cycloocta-1,5-diene.
Examples of Ni(O) complex compounds are Ni(PPh3)4 and examples of Ni(II) complex compounds are NiCl2(PPh3)2, NiBr2(PPh3)2, NiCl2dppf and NiBr2dppf.
It is also possible to employ Pd(II) compounds or Ni(II) compounds, for example corresponding salts, together with the phosphines. In this case, the corresponding complex compounds are formed in situ.
Palladium compounds are particularly suitable, for example PdCl2, Pd(acetate)2.
In the production of [1,1xe2x80x2,4xe2x80x2,1xe2x80x3]-terphenyl-4-carboxylic acids (Rxe2x95x90H in formula (1)) it is advisable for the reaction product formed in the reaction of the biphenyl compound (4) to be treated with water and an acid, in particular a mineral acid, preferably HCl or H2SO4, in order to bring about or complete hydrolysis of the salts which are formed. It has proved suitable in a number of cases to carry out the hydrolysis at elevated temperatures, for example at 30 to 100xc2x0 C., in particular at 60 to 90xc2x0 C.
The present invention also relates to the compounds 4-n-pentoxyphenylboronic acid
trimeric 4-n-pentoxyphenylboronic anhydride
glycol ester of 4-n-pentoxyphenylboronic acid
and neopentyl glycolester of 4-n-pentoxyphenylboronic acid
The following examples describe the invention in detail without restricting it.
Experimental part
Preparation of the starting material

Method for producing (1,1xe2x80x2,4, 11xe2x80x3)-terphenyl compounds

Abstract: which comprises reacting a metal aryl of the formula

Abstract: at 40 to 180xc2x0 C. in the presence of a catalyst, of an acid-binding agent and of a polar solvent.


The disclosure relates to a door handle for a vehicle door which can be installed as such from the door inner side on a handle recess of the outer skin of the vehicle door, wherein the handle unit has a handle module and an especially elongate handle part which is accommodated by the handle module, wherein the handle module has a mechanism for the motorized adjustment of the handle part, wherein the handle unit can be pre-installed on the door. The door handle unit can have a fastening slide which, with the handle unit pre-installed is connected to the handle module on one side and to the motor vehicle door on the other side, wherein for the final installation of the door handle unit an installation movement can be introduced into the fastening slide by a tool in an installation direction from a narrow side of the vehicle door.

A door handle unit in question has to meet a multiplicity of demands today which are at least in part in conflict with each other. One requirement is that the handle part enables an operation of the motor vehicle door which is as comfortable as possible from the haptic point of view. Another requirement, on the other hand, is that the door handle unit overall is to impair the styling of the motor vehicle as little as possible. This has led to adjustable handle parts being used especially in the case of luxury class vehicles.
The known door handle unit (US 2011/0148575 A1), on which the disclosure is based, allows adjustment of the handle part between a parking position, in which the handle part terminates flush with the door outer skin, and an operating position, in which the handle part projects from the door outer skin and in this respect can be easily gripped by a hand of the user. To this end, the door handle unit is equipped with a handle module which provides a mechanism for the motorized adjustment of the handle part.
In order to achieve the flush termination of the handle module in the parking position with the door outer skin of the motor vehicle door, the door handle unit is to be installed as such from the door inner side on a handle recess of the door outer skin. A fastening possibility from the door outer side, such as in the region of the grip shell of older door handle units, does not as a rule exist.
The known door handle unit is therefore fixed on the door outer skin or on a door structure which is associated with door outer skin from the door inner side using screw elements, which is relatively costly. Added to this is the fact that an efficient installation when using door modules with the known door handle unit is barely possible. Such a door module, which in addition to the door handle unit can accommodate a motor vehicle lock, a window guiderail or the like, and allows a simultaneous installation of all these functional components, specifically customarily closes off the opening in the wet-dry space partition of the motor vehicle door through which the door handle unit would be accessible for its fastening. In this respect, the efficient per se use of door modules has to be dispensed when installing the known door handle unit.

Brose Fahrzeugteile GmbH SE & Co. Kommanditgesellschaft, Bamberg


A digital content providing apparatus including an interactive content composer to compose continuous interactive contents by linking at least two content units depending on at least one pre-condition or post-condition selected determined on the basis of a user's request and a reproducer to seamlessly reproduce the composed interactive contents.

1. Field
The following description relates to a digital content managing apparatus and method. More particularly, this description relates to an apparatus and method which provide digital interactive content and user requested data in real time.
2. Description of the Related Art
A story is a series of events. "Narrative" is used as a synonym of "story" but further implies a story told from one or more points of view. A narrative includes a plot that is a sequence of events conceived to achieve artistic or emotional effects where the underlying story may change in terms of discovery and dramatic effect according to composition of the plot. That is, various narratives are possible within one story.
With such properties, a narrator tends to make a story exciting by recomposing a sequence of events or focusing more significantly on a certain event while observing a listener's response. For instance, a human narrator may respond to a listener's curiosity with respect to contents, such as period background of an event, a character, the past, etc., based on the narrator's own background, knowledge, or creativity even though such contents are not included in the original story. In this case, it may be said that a story space is open.
Similarly, a digital interactive story has contents where a story varies depending on interaction between a user and a system. Technology has been developed to transfer the role of telling a story from a human narrator to a computer narrator. However, a conventional computer narrator is not aware of contents outside of an original given story and thus cannot respond to a user's curiosity that wanders from the original given content. Thus, it may be said that this story space is closed.
Planning is used to automatically organize the plot of a digital interactive story. Planning is technology that plans a route to reach a goal state from a current state. Main elements constituting planning may include a node, a pre-condition, a post-condition, a planning algorithm, etc.
The node is a situation or a state of a story, and the pre-condition of each node is a condition that has to be satisfied before reaching the node concerned. The post-condition is a condition that has to be satisfied after reaching the node concerned, and is also called an effect from the point of view of updating the current state. Meanwhile, a planning algorithm is an algorithm used to make a plan to achieve a goal state from a current state, and is roughly classified into a forward planning algorithm and a backward planning algorithm.
The forward planning algorithm retrieves a node whose pre-condition is regarded as a post-condition of a current node from the current node and searches for a path to a target node to reach the target node. The backward planning algorithm retrieves a node whose post-condition is regarded as a pre-condition of a target node from the target node and searches for a path to a current node to reach the target node.
In the case that the digital interactive story is composed through planning, the pre-condition and the post-condition of each node are generally effective only within a content area that an author wants to represent. If a user requests other contents that do not exist in an area of contents while watching/listening to the contents, desired content units cannot be linked properly even though they may exist in another content area making it impossible to recompose and provide only necessary content units. That is, conventional planning technology is limited in that it provides the user with plots of the story composed only within one content area.
At present, in the case that a user watches and listens to contents on the Internet, the user uses a method of selecting contents through a web search and watching/listening to the selected contents. In this case, a user has to repeat processes of selecting the contents through the web search and watching/listening to the selected contents whenever the unit of contents is finished, because the story space is closed.

Apparatus and method for providing digital content


An adjustable stand, for supporting a device having a lateral surface defining a number of recessed portions, includes a base, a rotating frame, and two connecting axles. The rotating frame includes a chassis and two opposing arms extending arcuately and upward from the chassis, wherein the chassis is rotatably connected to the base. The two connecting axles are rotatably connected to the two opposing arms, respectively. Each of the two connecting axles includes at least one elastic protrusion fitting into one of the plurality of recessed portions, and connecting the device to the two connecting axles, wherein the at least one elastic protrusion is able to deform to allow the device to rotatably connect with the two connecting axles.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to an adjustable stand.
2. Description of Related Art
A motor vehicle may include a stand for supporting a device, such as a mini computer, a mobile navigation apparatus, or a mobile phone. The stand usually includes a base for adhering the stand to a surface of the motor vehicle, and a rotating frame mounted on the base for supporting the device. The rotating frame is usually rotatable about a shaft of the base. However, the rotating frame can usually only rotate about one axis of rotation, which is too limiting in certain conditions.

Adjustable stand having rotatable structure

Hong Fu Jin Precision Industry (ShenZhen) Co., Ltd.


Provided is a method that enables an interpretive engine to execute in a non-homogeneous, multiple processor architecture. Am interpretive engine is modified to identify code native to a target processor that is executing an ISA different than the ISA of the processor executing the interpretive engine. An intermediate function is called to correlate the native code with a processor type and a target processor is identified. A context is created for the native code and the context is either transmitted to the target processor or stored in a memory location such that the target processor may retrieve the context. Once the context is transmitted, the target processor executes the task. Results are either transmitted to the originating processor or placed in memory such that the originating processor can access the result and the originating processor is signaled of the completion of the task.

1. Technical Field
The claimed subject matter relates generally to computer processing and, more specifically, to a method for enabling a JAVA® Virtual Machine (JVM) to execute on a multi-core processor architecture with multiple non-homogeneous, or non-similar Instruction Set Architecture (ISA), cores.
2. Description of the Related Art
International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) of Armonk, N.Y. has been at the forefront of new paradigms in computing. For example, IBM has developed novel approaches in the technology of multiple processor architectures. For years, computers included a single processor and tasks assigned to the computer were all executed on the single processor. Over time, methods were developed to off-load particular portions of a task to other devices, enabling the single processor to execute the overall task more efficiently. One early example of this was the implementation of direct memory access (DMA) in which tasks associated with the fetching and storing of information are performed by computing logic associated with the memory rather than by the processor. In this manner, a processor can continue to execute a task while data from storage is either fetched or stored, which typically takes relatively longer than many other processing tasks.
IBM has also developed novel technologies in the field of multi-processor architecture. For example, in a multi-user system, different users may be assigned to different processors. Another example, in image processing, involves the splitting of a particular image into multiple, smaller images and processing the smaller images on different processors. Another example is a "pipe-line" architecture in which a first processor executes a first task of a job and then passes the result to a second processor to execute a second task. While the second processor is executing the second task, the first processor executes the first task on another part of the job. Of course, a pipe-line architecture may employ more than two processors.
Another development in the art of computer processing is the advent of interpretive engines such as the JAVA® Virtual Machine (JVM). JVM takes instructions written in a high-level language such as JAVA® and transforms those instructions into byte codes, which are then converted into processor specific executable code, or native code. Current multiple processor systems are configured with processors running the same Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) so that a single JVM may assign native code to any processor or, in the case of different processors executing different ISAs, each processor executes its own JVM specifically tailored to the processor's ISA and corresponding native code.
Currently, there is no system in which a JVM, or other type of interpretive engine, may execute on one processor and transparently assign native code tasks to a different processor that executes a different ISA than the processor running the JVM. With the advent of non-homogeneous, multi-processor systems, this has become a serious issue.

Running native code across single or multi-core hybrid processor achitecture

International Business Machines Corporation