The disclosure discloses a method for decoding a Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) in a Time Division Duplexing (TDD) system, which includes: performing de-Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) processing on received data frames respectively according to antenna modes supported by the TDD system and buffering the data frames; descrambling the data frames which are buffered and subjected to the de-MIMO processing and combining, in unit of frame, the data frames descrambled in respective antenna modes; and decoding the data frames combined. The disclosure further discloses an apparatus for decoding a PBCH in a TDD system. The disclosure greatly improves the speed, correctness and performance for decoding PBCH data frames.

The LTE system is a new generation wireless communication system based on the technologies of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO). In a physical layer of the LTE system, the PBCH bears Master Information Block (MIB) information of the system, and System Frame Number (SFN), bandwidth, Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) Indicator Channel (HICH) information and the like can be acquired by decoding the PBCH. For a cell, a User Equipment (UE) cannot complete subsequent cell residence and transmission of all services until the UE acquires the MIB information by correctly decoding the PBCH. It can be seen that, a way, speed and performance of decoding the PBCH are very important.
FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a LTE-TDD frame structure in a normal Cyclic Prefix (CP) mode, as shown in FIG. 1, areas overlapped by oblique lines are the locations where the PBCH is born in a system frame; the length of a Transmission Time Interval (TTI) of the PBCH is 40 ms constantly, and PBCH data of four frames within the same TTI are the same but are scrambled by different scrambling codes. The number of antennas should be considered when the PBCH is decoded due to the MIMO technology used by LTE. The bearings of other channels in the system are demonstrated as icons shown in FIG. 1, thereby needing no further description.
The LTE system is the newer wireless communication system, and there is no detailed description so far for a specific implementation of decoding the PBCH. For example, a conventional online serial decoding mode may be adopted, that is, every time when a PBCH signal is received, a possible decoding mode is attempted, then the total of the attempt is 3 (antenna number)×4 (scrambling mode)=12 with one frame (10 ms) for each attempt and 120 ms in total. Such decoding mode consumes a lot of time and is difficult to guarantee correctness of the decoding in a poor channel environment.

Method and apparatus for decoding physical broadcast channel in time division duplexing system


A magnetic spectrometer is integrated in a semiconductor substrate and provides high sensitivity without using an external magnet field. The spectrometer includes one or more highly stable on-chip oscillator and LC resonator. A current caused to pass through the inductor generates a magnetic field and polarizes the nanoparticles placed in its proximity, thereby changing the effective inductance of the inductor, and in turn, modifying the oscillation frequency of the LC resonator. The shift in the oscillation frequency is used to characterize the nanoparticles and measure their magnetic susceptibility frequency profile. The spectrometer operates at multiple frequencies over a diverse range without using a reference sensor thereby effectively increasing its spatial multiplexing density. The magnetic spectrometer uses the relationship between the sizes of the particles and the resonance frequency Fres and/or the magnetic frequency spectrum of the particles as a spectroscopic means of differentiating between the particles.

The demand for at-home and point-of-care medical diagnostics tools is on the rise. A number of diagnostic tools exist to quantify and analyze biological cells or molecules in a sample. In accordance with one conventional technique, commonly referred to as magnetic labeling, magnetic nanoparticles (labels) are caused to bind to the target molecules, such as DNAs or protein, undergoing analysis. Integrated biosensors designed to operate based on the magnetic labeling principle dispense with costly optics and thus are less expensive than systems that use fluorescence for bio-molecular detection.
However, despite their relatively higher sensitivity and lower cost, conventional magnetic biosensors measure changes in the magnetic susceptibility either at low frequencies or at a fixed radio frequency (RF), and thus do not differentiate between a large number of small magnetic particles and a smaller number of larger magnetic particles containing a similar magnetic content.

Integrated magnetic spectrometer for multiplexed biosensing


The present disclosure relates generally to wallboards, for example, suitable for use in constructing internal walls. The present disclosure relates more particularly to a wallboard and a method that provides simplified high-quality surface finishing. The wallboard includes a wall panel having a front surface and a rear surface. A sandable coating is disposed on the front surface of the wall panel. The method includes positioning wallboards adjacent to one another, applying sandable joint compound over joint formed between the wallboards, and sanding the joint compound and the sandable coating of the wallboards.

1. Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates generally to wallboards, for example, suitable for use in constructing internal walls. The present disclosure relates more particularly to a wallboard including a sandable coating on a front surface thereof.
2. Technical Background
Wallboards, for example gypsum wallboards that are commonly referred to as drywall, are often used to construct internal walls. The wall is framed with wooden or metal framing elements, such as studs, and the wallboards are hung on the frame using screws or other fasteners. Once the wallboards are hung, they provide a surface that forms the wall and is substantially flat. However, at the joints between adjacent wallboards and in the areas where the fasteners are inserted into the wallboards, the wall surface is not flat; these details cannot be covered over simply with paint.
In order to conceal the joints and fasteners, the wall is typically "finished" by covering the joints and fasteners with a joint compound. The finishing of the wall provides a uniformly smooth surface for paint or wall paper, so that the fasteners and the joints are not visible. The type of finish applied to the wall and the amount of effort used to achieve that finish can vary significantly based on the importance of achieving a visibly uniform surface and the lighting on the wall.
When a high quality finish is desired to accommodate a certain type of paint or certain lighting, the process for finishing the wall can be very laborious and require a skilled craftsman. For example, to achieve a level 5 finish according to the standard set collectively by five trade associations (AWCI, CISCA, DWFC, PDCA and GA), the wall finisher must apply at least two coats of joint compound over flat joints, cover the fasteners with joint compound, and apply a skim coat over the entire wall surface. In addition to applying the different layers of coating, the finisher must allow the coats to dry and sand away defects to produce a smooth, monolithic surface. The finished wall must be smooth and free of tool marks or ridges. The process is expensive and takes multiple days to complete. In addition, the process is artisanal and requires skill to avoid unsightly defects.
What is needed is a wallboard that allows a high quality finish to be achieved more efficiently and with less expertise.

Wallboards, wallboard systems and methods for installing them


A method for scheduling traffic in wide area cellular telephone networks supporting the High-Speed Downlink Packet Access. The traffic contains packets related to users that are buffered in priority queues according to a value (i) which indicates a priority for transmission assigned to an incoming packet. The method includes determining a delay td of the incoming packet. The method also includes calculating at a current scheduling time t at least one value of a scheduling priority SchedP(i,t) where scheduling priority SchedP(i,t) is a function of the value (i) indicating the priority of the incoming packet and the delay td of the incoming packet. The further includes scheduling the packets buffered in the priority queues according to the values of the scheduling priority SchedP(i,t), and repeating the method every transmission time interval.

UTRAN (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network) is a collective term which includes the Radio Network Controller (RNC), the 3G radio base stations (Nodes-B) and the air interface to the User Equipment (UE). More particularly, Node-B handles radio channels, including the multiplexing/demultiplexing of user traffic (voice and data information).
Traffic scheduling is needed when a plurality of users has physical resources allocated onto a specific shared channel, as in the High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). Typically, the High Speed-Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH) is used as transport channel by the User Equipment (UE) for receiving and by Node-B for transmitting data packets.
In the standard protocol HSDPA, scheduling strategies and packet schedulers are widely known. For HSDPA, the packet scheduler is located at the MAC-hs sub-layer of OSI layer 2 on the UTRAN side, in accordance to the technical specification 3GPP TS 25.321 "Medium Access Protocol (MAC) Specification (Release 5)".
FIG. 1 shows the MAC-hs model specified by 3GPP TS 25.321 v5.13.0 for traffic handling in a 3G base station (Node-B). The MAC-d flows (1) consist of traffic on a transport channel dedicated to a specific UE, containing packets with one or several priorities. These packets are buffered by the MAC-hs entity (2) in the Node-B using a priority queue distribution entity (3). There exists a scheduling/priority handling routine that select which priority queue (4) can transmit the traffic, belonging to a user or multiple users, at a certain transmission time interval —TTI-; in HSDPA, the typical value of TTI is 2 milliseconds. Various selections can be done at every 2 ms i.e., every TTI or scheduling instant, generally speaking The selected priority queue (4) has resources allocated for transmission by a Hybrid Automatic repeat Request—HARQ- entity (5), which supports one or more HARQ process per HS-DSCH per TTI for storage of the scheduled packet to be transmitted or retransmitted. A Transport Format and Resource Combination —TFRC- selection routine (6) determines how much physical resources must be allocated for each packet to be transmitted on HS-DSCH (7). MAC control processes (8) and associated signalling in uplink and downlink (9, 9′) are also involved for exchanging information between layer 2 and physical layer.
The 3G specifications provide traffic with different Quality of Service (QoS). The attributes of QoS are mapped onto the transport format and the priority parameters of the transport channels. A Scheduling Priority Indicator (SPI) is sent to the Node-B together with the corresponding payload within every data packet. The SPI consists of 4 bits; hence, 16 different priorities can be distinguished. Although the Node B Application Part (NBAP) standard (3GPP TS 25.433) specifies these priorities, it is vendor-specific how the different priorities are handled by the Node-B.
On the other hand, the UE feeds back a channel quality indicator (CQI) report to provide the base station scheduler with channel-state information.
Within the 3G networks, the HSDPA uses a scheduler in the Node-B that has to be optimised to differentiate traffic/users to provide the appropriate Quality of Service to everyone. Most of the algorithms for HSDPA scheduler are based on throughput measurements. Several HSDPA scheduling strategies are also based on delay but with complicated functions which are difficult to implement in the infrastructures of the current 3G networks. The algorithm used in the current HSDPA networks is the weighted proportional fair, wherein the scheduling priority (SchedP) of a user is calculated by equation 1:
                    SchedP        =                                            R                                            (                t                )                                                    r                                            (                t                )                                              *          SPIweight                                    (                  equation                                                              1                )
In equation 1, R(t) is the instant rate of the UE that can be reached according to the reported CQI at the scheduling time t, r(t) is the user scheduling rate in the last T seconds and SPIweight is the weight of the user taking into account its priority. The user scheduling rate r(t) is representing the throughput in the Node-B.
Normally, the SPIweight is a relative weight between different users, therefore a determined fix value is given to every SPI parameter (there are a maximum of 16 different SPI values) and these 16 possible SPIweight values are defined in the 3GPP standards.
The HSDPA scheduler calculates the different scheduling priorities (SchedP) of the packets every tti, i.e., every 2 ms, taking into account the different inputs, and then the HSDPA channel is allocated to the packet with the highest scheduling priority (SchedP). This scheduling priority (SchedP) is a fixed value, independent from the packet delay. If the HSDPA dedicated transport channel allows more than one packet per tti, then the next packet to be transmitted is chosen from the packets with a higher priority value buffered in the corresponding priority queue.
However, there are several kinds of applications/users that need different QoS priorities, not only in terms of throughput but also in terms of delay. Furthermore, simplification of algorithms is desirable. Therefore, the HSDPA scheduling optimization requires for considering the packet delays in the calculation of the scheduling priorities as well as simplifying said calculation.

Method and radio base station for scheduling traffic in wide area cellular telephone networks


A method of identifying wagers trends from a user's wagering history in order to alert the user of similar wagers that are available. The user interacts with a betting platform which displays all of the live plays available to be wagered upon, and the odds of those wagers. The user's interaction with the application may be recorded, along with their wagering data and a plurality of play characteristics. As the betting platform receives a new live play available to be wagered on, it may compare the characteristics of the new play to the user's history and may notify the user of the new play if it is highly correlated with their past wagering interactions with the platform.

The subject matter discussed in the background section should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned in the background section or associated with the subject matter of the background section should not be assumed to have been previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the background section merely represents different approaches, which in and of themselves may also correspond to implementations of the claimed technology.
Play by play wagering happens very rapidly and there are often multiple events occurring simultaneously, such as Sunday afternoons during American football season, when as many as a dozen games are occurring simultaneously. With a forty second play clock, there is very little time to determine which wager or wagers a user is interested in, understand the odds and make a decision based on the available information. Currently in the art there is no solution to allow users to be notified of potential wagers that they may be interested in. Also, in the art there is no solution for users to be able to filter currently available wagers that are similar to wagers the user has previously wagered on.

Real time action of interest notification system


To obtain frame synchronization and identify the cell codegroup in a cellular communication system (such as a system based upon the standard 3GPP FDD), there are available the synchronization codes organized in chips or letters transmitted at the beginning of respective slots. Slot synchronization is obtained previously in a first step of the operation of cell search. During a second step, there are acquired, by means of correlation or fast Hadamard transform, the energy values corresponding to the respective individual letters with reference to the possible starting positions of the corresponding frame within the respective slot. Operating in a serial way at the end of acquisition of the aforesaid energy values of the individual letters, or else operating in parallel, the energies of the corresponding words are determined. Of these energies only the maximum word-energy value and the information for the corresponding starting position are stored in a memory structure. Said maximum value and said starting position identify, respectively, the cell codes and the frame synchronization sought. One application is in mobile communication systems based upon standards such as UMTS, CDMA2000, IS95, or WBCDMA.

1. Field of the Invention
The present disclosure generally relates to telecommunication techniques and has been developed with particular but not exclusive attention paid to its possible application to telecommunication systems based upon the CDMA/3GPP FDD standard (where said acronyms stand for Code-Division Multiple Access/Third-Generation Partnership Project Frequency Division Duplex).
Even if in what follows, for reasons of clarity and simplicity of exposition, practically exclusive reference will be made to this application, it should, however, borne in mind that the scope of the invention is more general. The invention is, in fact, applicable to all the telecommunication systems in which operating conditions of the type described in what follows occur: by way of non-exhaustive example, the satellite-telecommunication systems and the mobile cellular systems corresponding to the UMTS, CDMA2000, IS95 or WBCDMA standards may be cited.
2. Description of the Related Art
To enable acquisition of a base station by a mobile terminal included in a telecommunication system based upon the standard 3GPP FDD mode or the like, the corresponding receiver requires means capable of carrying out the function of frame synchronization and identification of the so-called codegroup. The possibility of executing the said functions is essential for the execution of the subsequent steps in the context of the cell-search system.
In particular, when a mobile terminal is turned on, it does not have any knowledge of the timing of the transmitting cell to which it is to be assigned. The 3GPP standard, therefore, proposes an initial cell-search procedure for acquiring the cell signal and synchronizing therewith.
Said procedure basically comprises three steps:                slot synchronization (first step);        frame synchronization and identification of the codegroup, i.e., the group of cell codes (second step); and        identification of the scrambling code (third step).
In the implementation of the second step described above, it is assumed that the slot synchronization has previously been obtained during the first step.
To obtain at this point the frame synchronization and identify the codegroup, in the second step the Secondary Synchronization Channel (SSCH) is used, on which there are transmitted, at the beginning of each slot, 256-chip codes (i.e., letters).
The sixteen 256-chip complex codes used by the standard are generated on the basis of the following rules:                a first sequence at chip rate b having a repetition period of 16 (i.e., repeating every 16 elements) is multiplied by a sequence 16 times slower according to the two formulas appearing below so as to obtain the base sequence z:z=<b, b, b, −b, b, b, −b, −b, b, −b, b, −b, −b, −b, −b, −b>b=<1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, −1, −1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, 1, −1>
The base sequence z is then multiplied element by element by a Hadamard code of length 256 chosen according to the following rule: if m is the number identifying the Secondary Synchronization Code (SSC) to be generated, the number of the Hadamard code to be multiplied by the sequence z is equal to 16×(m−1), with m ranging from 1 to 16.
In the solutions known to the art, execution of the second step of cell search envisages that in a frame there will be transmitted on the Synchronization CHannel (SCH) only 15 Secondary Synchronization Codes SSCs making up a word which identifies the cell. The possible letters are sixteen (as many as the codes). Of all the possible words made up of 15 letters that can be formed from the previous set (formed by the 16 letters), the standard uses only a set of 64 possible words (belonging to a Reed-Solomon code defined by the standard).
To identify a single letter, the solutions according to the known art envisage sending the input to a bank of correlators or to a bank of furniture which carry out the Fast Hadamard Transform (FHT), so as to obtain at output the energies corresponding to the individual letters.
The values representing the energy of the individual letters (codes) are appropriately summed and stored in a bank of registers, in which each row represents one of the words of the code that is to be recognized. The columns represent, instead, the possible starting points of the frame in the slot (15 possible starting points).
The above solution is schematically represented in the diagram of FIG. 1, where the reference 10 designates a bank of correlators at the output of which signals indicating the energies of the individual letters are generated. After a possible masking, represented by a block 12, the energies are added in a node 14 and are then stored in a bank of registers 16.
In the example represented in FIG. 1, the bank 16 comprises 64 rows and 15 columns, each row representing one of the words of the code that is to be recognized, whilst each of the columns represents a possible starting point of the frame.
Designated by the reference number 18 is a block basically comprising a comparator which enables the search for the maximum value on the memory bank 16 to be carried out, so as to define both the codegroup CD used by the cell currently being evaluated and the start of the frame, basically expressed as frame offset OF, transmitted by the cell itself; it is, in other words, a quantity which identifies the frame synchronization with reference to the slot timing obtained in the first step (not illustrated specifically in the drawings).
The solution according to the known art represented in FIG. 1 requires therefore a memory formed by 64 rows and 15 columns, where each cell is formed by (n+log215) bits, where n corresponds to the number of bits at output from the bank of correlators.
An accumulator is moreover necessary, which adds the energy of the new letter for the word corresponding to the memory cell according to the value contained therein. This is performed for all the 64*15 memory cells, with an appropriate choice of the letters to be added each time. Said choice is managed by a control unit 20 programmed with an appropriate software.

Process and device for synchronization and codegroup identification in communication systems of the cellular type


The invention relates to a course-correction system provided with a transmitting and control device 1 for wireless correction of the course of a launched object provided with a receiving device 2 by transmitting a course-correction signal containing course-correction information C.sub.q and identification codes I.sub.q for individual or collective correction of objects arranged into fixed or variable groups. The receiving device 2 of each object is thereto provided with identification parameter P.sub.k for selecting an identification code I.sub.q=m from the course correction signal, for which I.sub.q=m =P.sub.k. A fixed group is obtained by identical identification parameters P.sub.k for the objects within the group, while variable group is obtained with different identification parameters P.sub.k but identical course-correction information C.sub.q for the objects within the group. The identification parameter P.sub.k of a launched object has a known relation with the trajectory data, such as e.g. the time of lauching the object.

The invention relates to a course-correction system for wireless correction of the course of a launched object, provided with at least one transmitting and control device which, supplied with course data of the launched object, is suitable for generating and transmitting a course-correction signal for correction of the course of the launched object and with a receiving device fitted in the object for receiving the course-correction signal and supplying at least a part of the course-correction signal to course-correction means for the purpose of executing the course correction.
The invention furthermore relates to a transmitting and control device suitable for use in such a course-correction system.
The invention furthermore relates to a receiving device suitable for use in such a course-correction system.
The invention furthermore relates to an object suitable for use in such a course-correction system.
An embodiment of such a system is known from patent application WO 83/03894. This application describes a fire control system provided with a target sensor, a fire control computer and a weapon for launching course-correctable projectiles. The fire control computer continuously calculates the expected misdistance between projectile and target on the basis of a target position measured by the target sensor and a position of a correctable projectile launched at the target, calculated by the fire control computer itself. Should this distance become too long, e.g. as a result of unexpected course changes of the target within the time of flight of the projectile, the fire control computer generates a single correction signal for a practically immediate wireless detonation of the course-correction thrusters fitted to the projectile. For this purpose, the fire control computer is provided with a transmitting and control device and the projectile is provided with a receiving device for wireless transmission of the correction signal. The instant of detonation is determined by the fire control computer itself, on the basis of orientation reference signals transmitted by the projectile, which signals are received by means of a polarized antenna located in the vicinity of the target sensor.
A disadvantage of this invention is that it is not suitable for individual course correction of several projectiles simultaneously. A transmitted correction signal is understood by all simultaneously in-flight projectiles as a correction signal intended for each individual projectile. As a result of the mutual distance along the trajectory between the projectiles, a correction signal calculated for a certain position will arrive early or late for part of the projectiles. Moreover, if these projectiles have a different orientation, a correction signal intended for a projectile having a particular orientation will have the wrong effect on another projectile with a different orientation. For projectiles spinning about their longitudinal axis, the correction system will not work in case several projectiles are in flight simultaneously. The above-mentioned disadvantages will manifest themselves in particular in case of weapon systems having high firing rates or in fire control computers provided with several weapon systems.

Course-correction system for course-correctable objects


An internal combustion engine having a cross-flow cylinder head with improved cooling. The cylinder head includes a pivotally mounted intake rocker arm which engages an intake push rod located proximal a first side of the cylinder head, and includes a pivotally mounted exhaust rocker arm which engages an exhaust push rod located proximal a second side of the cylinder head which is opposite to the first side of the cylinder head.

Not Applicable
Not Applicable.
The present invention relates to internal combustion engines. In particular, the present invention relates to a cross-flow cylinder head having improved cooling.
Internal combustion engines generally have a cylinder extending from a crankcase. The cylinder receives a reciprocating piston which closes off one end of the cylinder. A cylinder head closes off the opposing end of the cylinder, and defines a combustion chamber in the cylinder between the head and piston.
Fuel and combustion air is guided into the cylinder combustion chamber by a intake passage. The flow of fuel and combustion air through the intake passage is controlled by an intake valve. The intake valve can be opened to allow the flow of fuel and combustion air, and can be closed to block the flow of fuel and combustion air into the combustion chamber.
Hot exhaust gasses formed in the combustion chamber are exhausted through an exhaust passage which guides the exhaust gasses out of the combustion chamber. The flow of exhaust gasses out of the combustion chamber is controlled by an exhaust valve. The exhaust valve can be opened to allow gasses to flow out of the combustion chamber, and can be closed to prevent the flow of gasses out of the combustion chamber.
Combustion of the fuel and air in the combustion chamber creates a tremendous amount of heat which raises the temperature of the cylinder, cylinder head, and surrounding engine components. This heat can cause metallic parts, such as the cylinder and cylinder head to deform which is detrimental to the engine performance. In order to maintain engine performance, cooling the engine is an important aspect of engine design.
One known method for cooling engine is to circulate a cooling liquid in passageways surrounding the cylinder and cylinder head to extract heat from the metal parts. The liquid is routed through a radiator which extracts heat from the liquid prior to being recirculated past the maintains heat generating portions of the engine. Liquid cooled engines, however, are expensive compared to engines which depend upon air flowing past heat generating parts for cooling.
Known air-cooled engines, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,584, employ a fan which forces cooling air over the cylinder and cylinder head to cool the engine. The engine disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,570,584 also incorporates a cross-flow cylinder head which has an intake passage and an exhaust passage which are aligned vertically and open in opposite directions. The exhaust passage is shielded from the forced cooling air generated by the fan, and thus does not benefit significant from the cooling ability of the forced air.
It would therefore be advantageous if an improved cylinder head was provided which takes full advantage of the cooling air generated by a fan.
The present invention provides an internal combustion engine which has improved cylinder head cooling. The engine includes a crankcase and a cylinder having a proximal end and a distal end. The proximal end of the cylinder is fixed to the crankcase. A cylinder head covers the distal end of the cylinder, and includes an intake passage and an exhaust passage. The intake passage opens toward a first side of the cylinder head for guiding combustible material to the cylinder. The exhaust passage opens toward a second side of the cylinder head which is opposite to the first side, and guides exhaust gasses away from the cylinder. An intake valve for controlling the flow of combustible material into the cylinder barrel through the intake passage includes an intake valve stem which extends through the cylinder head. An exhaust valve for controlling the flow of exhaust gasses out of the cylinder barrel through the exhaust passage includes an exhaust valve stem extending through the cylinder head. The intake valve stern and the exhaust valve stem define a central valve region therebetween. An intake rocker arm, is pivotally mounted relative to the cylinder head. The intake rocker arm has a first end engaging the intake valve stem and a second end extending toward the first side of the cylinder head, wherein pivotal movement of the intake rocker arm axially moves the intake valve stem to move the intake valve between an open position and a closed position. An exhaust rocker arm is pivotally mounted relative to the cylinder head. The exhaust rocker arm has a first end engaging the exhaust valve stem and a second end extending toward the second side of the cylinder head, wherein pivotal movement of the exhaust rocker arm axially moves the exhaust valve stem to move the exhaust valve between an open position and a closed position. An intake push rod adjacent to the first side of the cylinder head extends parallel to the intake push rod, and engages the intake rocker arm to pivot the intake rocker arm. An exhaust push rod adjacent to the second side of the cylinder head extends parallel to the exhaust push rod, and engages the exhaust rocker arm second end to pivot the exhaust rocker arm.
A general objective of the present invention is to improve the cooling of the cylinder head. This objective is accomplished by locating the push rods adjacent opposite sides of the cylinder head to clear out the central valve region between the valve stems, and allow more cooling air to flow through the region.


A hinge assembly for an articulated vehicle having front and rear frame portions joined at a pair of vertically aligned hinges. Each hinge includes a similar roller bearing assembly attached to the front frame portion and having a rotatable protruding trunnion. The rear frame portion includes recesses for receiving the trunnions and trunnion caps for retaining the trunnions. The trunnion of each bearing assembly includes a shoulder pin with a first bearing cone placed against the shoulder and a second bearing cone spaced apart from the first cone. A spacer ring received on the pin is biased against the second cone by an end cap secured to the end of the pin. A shim pack between the end cap and the end of the pin limits the amount by which the space between the cones may be to limit and control the pre-load of the bearing assembly.

Articulated vehicle hinge joints must withstand the substantial forces generated by loading, traveling, power train operation and vehicle weight. Ideally, the hinge assemblies should not be excessively bulky or heavy, and should be readily adjustable and replaceable.
A first prior art system uses spherical bearings, as shown in U.S. Pat. No. 3,806,158 to Casey. Spherical bearings function in the manner of a ball-and-socket, and are capable of withstanding large radial and thrust loads because of their large bearing surface contact area. However, spherical bearings are vulnerable to wear because they employ sliding contact. Abrasive contaminants from a construction or mining environment can exacerbate wear.
Roller bearings have been employed in prior art articulated vehicles to avoid the wear problems associated with spherical bearings. However, roller bearings have several disadvantages as applied in the prior art, including weight, bulk, and complexity of maintenance and replacement. One prior art system employs two roller bearing assemblies. The first assembly is a large main bearing having dual races of tapered rollers for transmitting a large portion of the radial load between the frame portions, and for carrying all of the vertical thrust load. The second assembly includes a vertically floating bearing that transmits only radial loads. The second bearing must float to accommodate tolerances between the frame weldments to which the bearings are attached. Sufficiently accurate spacing between the weldments is achievable only by costly machining of the weldment surfaces. If two similar tapered-roller bearing assemblies were attached to a vehicle frame having normal welding tolerance errors, unacceptable thrust pre-loading of the bearings would result, substantially diminishing the bearings' capacity to carry working loads.
A further disadvantage of conventional roller bearing designs is that the fixed main bearing must carry the entire thrust lead, making it bulky and heavy. While the floating bearing may be more compact and lightweight, the bulk and weight of the fixed bearing makes it undesirable for certain applications such as underground mining vehicles requiring compact dimensions. In addition, the frame itself must be larger and heavier at the weldments to which the fixed bearing is attached to transmit the entire vertical lead.
Prior art vehicle hinges using roller bearings are also difficult to service and replace. For maximum system rigidity, a tapered-roller bearing assembly is generally adjusted for a pre-load, meaning that the cone races are biased together to compress the bearing rollers between the cones and the bearing cup. To accommodate minor wear, it may be necessary to adjust the bearing to restore the pre-load to its desired level. Existing roller bearing assemblies require the removal and disassembly of the bearing assembly to adjust the pre-load. This process violates the bearing seal, exposing the interior of the assembly to contaminants, which is particularly a problem when adjustments are required in the field. Furthermore, complete replacement of a prior art bearing assembly usually requires at least two reinstallations to arrive at the proper shim to achieve the desired pre-load in the new bearing. Service and installation in the field also requires heavy, specialized tools that are not ordinarily available, and which would be costly to include on the vehicle.
Because of the foregoing problems associated with existing articulated vehicle hinge assemblies, there is a need for an effective articulated vehicle hinge that overcomes such problems. This, therefore, is the primary objective of the present invention.

Wagner Mining and Construction Equipment Co.


A signal transmission cable includes: at least one conductor including at least one wire; a covering layer coating the at least one conductor, the covering layer being made of an insulator; a coating layer coating a periphery of the covering layer; and a plated layer coating the coating layer, the plated layer being made of a material including a metallic material.

The present disclosure relates to a signal transmission cable.
Commonly known signal transmission cables each comprise: a conductive wire; a covering layer of resin provided around the conductive wire; and a conductive shielding layer provided outside the covering layer. Some conventional signal transmission cables comprise, as the shielding layer, a tape formed of layered copper and polyester and wrapped around the covering layer.
Instead of such a shielding layer configured with the tape formed of layered copper and polyester, a shielding layer formed by applying metallic plating to an outer peripheral surface of the covering layer has been proposed recently for the purposes of reducing manufacturing costs and the size of the signal transmission cable and improving the performance thereof (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2005-149892).
An end portion of the above-described signal transmission cable is stripped stepwise when the conductive wire is to be electrically connected to a substrate or the like (see, for example, Published Japanese Translation of PCT International Publication for Patent Application No. 2016-529664). The stepwise stripping is a process of exposing a core wire of the signal transmission cable and also a process of removing (stripping off) the shielding layer from the covering layer. As a result of the stepwise stripping, the exposed core wire and an end of the shielding layer are spaced apart from each other in a longitudinal direction of the signal transmission cable. This makes it easier to secure a distance between a contact between the conductive wire and the substrate and a contact between the shielding layer and the substrate, thus facilitating insulation.


A synchronous control system for a pair of spindles of a machine tool including a master spindle and a slave spindle. Current positions of the main spindles are detected, and a deviation between the detected current positions is calculated. In case the deviation is within 180 degrees, the current position of one of the main spindles which precedes in the forward direction of rotation is determined as a target position for positioning. In case the deviation is greater than 180 degrees, the detected current position of the master spindle or the slave spindle is offset by an amount equal to an integral number of times 180 degrees so that the deviation between current positions of the main spindles after such offset is within 180 degrees. Then, that one of the current position of the main spindle thus offset and the current position of the other main spindle not offset which precedes in the forward direction of rotation is determined as a common target position for positioning. When a positioning instruction is provided by an operator, the main spindle which follows in the forward direction of rotation is controlled so that the position of rotation of the following main spindle approaches the target position.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a synchronous control system for synchronously controlling positions of rotation of a pair of main spindles of a machine tool including a master spindle and a slave spindle between and by which a work is to be supported for rotation at the opposite ends thereof (such a position of rotation will be hereinafter referred to only as "position").
2. Description of the Prior Art
In an apparatus of the type mentioned, working is required to position, upon preparation for operation of the apparatus, the master spindle and the slave spindle to a common target position of a same phase.
In such positioning, if the common target position is fixed to a current position of one of the main spindles, for example, the master spindle, then the slave spindle will be rotated to adjust the position thereof to the current position of the master spindle.
In this instance, if it is tried to make such positioning within a minimum angle of rotation, the slave spindle may have to be rotated reversely.
However, the two spindles including the master spindle and the slave spindle described above are connected to respective servomotors each by way of a gear box disposed on a spindle stock. Accordingly, since there is some backlash present in a gear system, there is a problem that reverse rotation of one of the main spindles has a bad influence on accuracy in positioning thereof.
On the other hand, when the slave spindle is rotated always in the forward direction to adjust the position thereof to the current position of the master spindle, the angle of rotation of the slave spindle is sometimes greater than a half cycle of rotation of the main spindles, that is, greater than 180 degrees. The angle of rotation greater than 180 degrees is not desirable for working for preparation for operation of the apparatus.

Synchronous control system and method therefor


An ink jet recording apparatus, including: (1) a recording head to eject ink which is hardened by irradiation of ultraviolet rays; (2) an ultraviolet ray irradiation section to harden the ink ejected from the recording head; and (3) a recording head maintenance device, including, (3-1) a maintenance section for carrying out maintenance of the recording head; (3-2) a coupling section to make the recording head maintenance device to come into close contact with the recording head; and (3-3) a cover section to cover the maintenance section, on which an opening section is formed to make the coupling section to project beyond the maintenance unit cover, including a light shield section to shield the coupling section from the ultraviolet rays emerging from the ultraviolet ray irradiation section.

The present invention relates to ink jet recording apparatuses and particularly to ink jet recording apparatuses using ultraviolet ray hardening type inks.
Conventionally, compared to the gravure printing method and the flexo-graphic printing method, ink jet recording apparatuses have come to be used widely because it is possible to reduce the cost when carrying out small-lot printing jobs since no plate making process is necessary, because it is possible to print on various types and sizes of recording media, and because images equal in quality to silver halide photographs, and other reasons.
In recent years, in such ink jet recording apparatuses, ultraviolet ray hardening type inks such as radical polymerization type inks or cation polymerization type inks are being used because it is possible to print on various types of printing media using such ink jet apparatuses, and several recording heads of each color have come to be arranged in ink jet recording apparatuses in order to carry out high quality and high speed printing on still wider range of types of recording media.
However, when recording is done using plural recording heads, there is the problem that ink clogging occurs in the nozzles of the recording heads due to ink remaining in the recording head or due to paper dust or paper waste accumulated near the nozzles, thereby causing degradation of the image quality due to ink dot dropouts.
In view of this, as is indicated in Patent Document 1, there have been proposals to provide maintenance apparatuses in ink jet recording apparatuses to carry out maintenance of the recording heads. In the maintenance head of such a maintenance apparatus, the cap bases (which are coupling sections) for carrying out the maintenance tasks of suctioning the ink in the recording heads of each color are arranged to correspond to the recording heads of different colors that are arranged in a zigzag manner while being adjacent to each other. Thus, deterioration in the recorded image quality is attempted to be prevented by preventing nozzle clogging by carrying out maintenance of all the plural recording heads using this maintenance apparatus.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid Open No. 2003-127407
However, as is indicated in Patent Document 1, there is the problem that arranging the same number of maintenance units in the maintenance apparatus as the number of recording heads not only increases the manufacturing cost but also makes the maintenance apparatus very large in an ink jet recording apparatus requiring a large number of recording heads.
Further, in the conventional maintenance apparatuses, since no cover for preventing exposure to ultraviolet rays from the ultraviolet ray irradiating apparatus had been provided and since light shut off measures were insufficient, the ink remaining in or the ink adhering to the cap bases become hardened due to the ultraviolet ray irradiation during the operation of the ink jet recording apparatus or due to the ultraviolet rays in the ambient natural light, particularly in the case of ultraviolet ray hardening cation type inks that are more susceptible to accumulate optical activation energies. Because of this, there was the problem that it is not possible to carry out thoroughly the maintenance operations such as suction using cap bases etc., thereby leading to defects of the ink jet recording apparatus.


A film formation device includes a target holder configured to hold a target for emitting sputtering particles in a processing space inside a processing chamber, a sputtering particle emitting part configured to emit the sputtering particles from the target, a sputtering particle shielding plate having a passage hole through which the emitted sputtering particles pass, a shielding member provided to shield the passage hole, a movement mechanism configured to move the shielding member in the horizontal direction, and a controller. The controller controls the shielding member, which has the placement portion on which a substrate is placed, to be moved in one direction of the horizontal direction, and controls the sputtering particles to be emitted from the target. The sputtering particles passed through the passage hole are deposited on the substrate.

In the manufacture of electronic devices such as semiconductor devices, a film forming process is performed to form a film on a substrate. As a film formation device used in the film forming process, for example, a film formation device as disclosed in Patent Document 1 is known.
The film formation device disclosed in Patent Document 1 is configured as a sputtering device having a vacuum container, a stage for substrate placement provided inside the vacuum container, and a target. The target is provided above the stage. In this film formation device, a film is formed by depositing sputtering particles emitted from the target on a substrate while rotating the stage.
On the other hand, as a technique for implementing film formation having high directionality in which the incidence direction of sputtering particles is aligned with respect to a pattern on a substrate, a technique in which the sputtering particles are obliquely incident on the substrate has been proposed in Patent Document 2.
A film formation device disclosed in Patent Document 2 includes a vacuum container, a substrate holder provided inside the vacuum container, a target holder for holding a target, and a shielding assembly which is provided between the target holder and the substrate holder and has an opening (passage hole). Then, while the substrate holder is being moved by a movement mechanism, the sputtering particles emitted from the target pass through the opening of the shielding assembly and are incident on the substrate at a predetermined angle.

Film formation device and film formation method


A medium for electrophoresis comprises:. (a) a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibril matrix, and PA0 (b) particulate, electrically mobile ions, and sufficient liquid in the interstitial spaces of said matrix to allow for ion transport, PA0 the ratio of said particulate to PTFE being in the range of 99:1 to 4:1 by weight, and said ions being present in said liquid in an amount to provide a solution of concentration in the range of 1 to 1000 millimolar.. Preferably the medium is self supporting.

Electrophoretic processes are known in the art and provide a means of separating, purifying, and analyzing mixtures.
Electrophoresis is an electromigration separation process based on differences in mobilities of electrically charged particles, solutes, or components of mixture in an electrical field. Species separated are generally charged. Neutral species can be separated if electroendoosmotic flow is present. Generally, there are two types of electrophoresis in use: moving boundary or "free" electrophoresis, in which separation takes place in free solution, and zone electrophoresis in which separation takes place utilizing solid supports. Electrophoresis is discussed in New Directions in Electrophoretic Methods, Phillips, Marwhall, Ed., American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C., 1987, pp. 1-20, and in Electrophoresis, Z. Deyl, Ed., G. Chromatography Library, Elsevier, New York, N.Y., 1979, pp. 1-37.
Presently, the most common type of electrophoresis is zone electrophoresis wherein certain solid or gel-type supports are used. The support serves as an anticonvection medium that limits free diffusion, and can aid the separation process through physical or chemical interactions with components of the mixture being separated.
Supports generally used in electrophoresis are solids such as paper and cellulose derivatives, and gels which are prepared from acrylamide, starch, agarose, and other materials. Gel electrophoresis is the most widely used form in this separation technique and finds application in analytical and preparative separation of proteins, nucleic acids, and other biological macromolecules. Several forms of gel electrophoresis in use include normal or native gel electrophoresis, denatured/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing (IEF) and immunelectrophoresis, as is known to those skilled in the art.
A conventional gel or gel slab for use in gel electrophoresis must be very thin to optimize speed, resolution, and to minimize localized heating. Thin gels, however, are very fragile and difficult to handle especially when concentrations of the gel material, for example, polyacrylamide, is low. Low concentration gels are necessary for separation of large (high molecular weight) molecules. However, these gels have little structural integrity.
To improve the mechanical stability and handling properties of such fragile gels, heretofor nonconductive support backings have been used. Unfortunately, these backings interfere with uniform transfer of heat generated from the electrical potential and from the resistance of the separation media and they cannot be used in electro-blotting experiments. Moreover, thin gels also have very low sample capacity and are not useful for separations on a preparative scale.
Preparative gel electrophoresis can be performed on a bed of granulated swellable beads such as crosslinked polyacrylamide or other particulates such as crosslinked polydextrans. Preparation of the beds and isolation of products from them is laborious and time consuming. Further, the bed has very little structural integrity.
Composite articles comprising a polytetrafluoroethylene matrix with particulate enmeshed therein have been disclosed. U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,381 discloses a composite chromatographic article comprising a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) fibril matrix and non-swellable sorptive particulate enmeshed therein. Other art disclosing polytetrafluoroethylene fibrillated matrix containing various particulate include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,906,378, 4,871,671; 4,810,381; 4,565,663; 4,460,642; 4,373,519; 4,153,661; 3,407,249; and 3,407,096. Electrophoresis application is not taught or suggested in any of these references.
Processes for electrophoretic analyses are known. U.S. Pat. No. 4,006,069 discloses an electrophoresis process utilizing a supported analysis member comprising a porous polymeric flat plate and a polymeric gel enclosed in the open pores of the plate. Materials used include nonwoven fabrics. PTFE is not disclosed.
Japanese Patent No. 60-164,242 (English language abstract) discloses a process for a polyacrylamide gel film using a nonwoven polyester fabric. This process is also published in an article "Fabric Reinforced Polyacrylamide Gels for Electroblotting," in Electrophoresis, 6, 34-350, 1985.
Other patents of interest in electrophoretic applications include U.S. Pat. No. 3,922,432. This reference discloses a medium for a separation process prepared by bonding to the surface of a hydrated gel sheet a layer of discrete particles of a sorptive material. The particles themselves may be swellable so that they can become a continuous conductive medium for electrophoresis. U.S. Pat. No. 3,875,044 discloses a method of drying and adhering an electrophoresis gel to a polymer film backing and then precisely cutting sample wells into the gel. U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,656 discloses a method of increasing elasticity of polyacrylamide gels by adding a modifier such as glycerol to keep the gel elastic even when dry. U.S. Pat. No. 4,718,998 discloses a method of making a gel with an adhesive top and a thin polymer film overcoat useful for autoradiography. U.S. Pat. No. 4,722,777 discloses a method of making gels with improved adhesion to a polymer support backing using inorganic oxides in the adhesive.

Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company


An embodiment of the invention provides for one or more miniature-browser buttons, used with a downloadable toolbar for an Internet browser. The method may comprise sending downloadable toolbar characteristics from a predetermined Internet site, which includes miniature-browser button characteristics, creating a miniature-browser button in the downloadable toolbar and loading the miniature-browser button using the miniature-browser button characteristics.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention is directed to computer interfaces and, more particularly, to a method and system of providing browser functionality through a button or toolbar of a browser.
2. Description of Related Art
When accessing the Internet and the World Wide Web, an Internet user typically executes, via a computer, a browser software program such as, for example, Netscape Navigator™ or Microsoft™ Internet Explorer™. The browser program (i.e., a browser) establishes a link to the Internet (via a modem and an Internet Service Provider (ISP), for example) and also provides a textual and graphical user interface (for example, an application window), and included in the application window, a window for displaying Internet content (for example, a browser window) and toolbars for interfacing with the browser.
The toolbars assist a user in interfacing with the browser. Toolbars can include textual regions, graphical regions, or a combination of both textual and graphical regions. Selecting an item on a toolbar by, for example, a mouse click, can instruct the browser to perform a certain function, or such selection may open a menu of items from which a user can choose from a plurality of items. Other browser toolbars allow a user to enter an Internet address and instruct the browser to navigate to that address. Some of the browser functions that can be implemented include, for example, save, forward, back, stop and refresh.
A deficiency with present browser systems, however, is that the toolbars and their buttons are typically static in their look and functionality. Accordingly, a need exists for an improved method and system for toolbars and toolbar buttons with added functionality and richer content. In addition, although present browser systems allow users to make modifications to the toolbar settings, a deficiency with present browser systems is that the settings are limited to the computer where the modifications were implemented, and once set, are the same for each user who uses a computer. Accordingly, a need exists for an improved method and system for providing customizable buttons for a browser.

Method and system of providing browser functionality through a browser button


Slugging of fluids produced in petroleum wells creates major disturbances for production rigs, and leads to major variation in process pressures and levels. In many cases, these disturbances cause unscheduled production stops, and in others may damage equipment such as heat exchangers. Thus slugging may have a major impact on the reliability of the operation, as it may affect product availability and quality (BSW, TOG and Moisture). Therefore, there is a complex control problem to use measurements to dynamically act on the production choke valves to set a new type of flow, without major slugging. The purpose of this invention is to provide an Advanced Automated Control System for minimizing slugging that can quickly act to avoid this type of flow as well as protect the process equipment. This system is comprised of sensors, valves and numerous PID or ONFC type controllers using aggregate computer algorithms to monitor a set of operating variables that enable diagnosing and controlling production well slugging. This advanced control system is efficient and eliminates or minimizes slugging during production well operation.

A major challenge for producing crude oil in deep waters is the result of severe instability resulting from what is known as slugging.
This phenomenon varies during the lifetime of the platform, since it depends on a number of factors such as the pressure in the reservoir and lines, the size of the lines, the composition of the multiphase fluid (water content), and the aperture of the well's top-side choke valve, among others.
The use of advanced control techniques to eliminate or minimize slugging has great potential for increasing the output of these units, as well as for making the entire process more stable, minimizing product flaring and unscheduled stops.
A simplified explanation of slugging is the following:—since the platforms are located kilometers away from the wells, as the fluid flows through the pipelines, it can give rise to a phenomenon known as slugging, with periods during which fluids accumulate in the risers and only a limited amount reaches the platform, and other periods in which large amounts of fluid (slugging) reach the platform.
The submerged pipelines, particularly those commonly referred to as flow lines and, in particular, those pipelines that run from the production wells to the loading sites can be susceptible to accumulation or retention of material that produces the slugging phenomenon when it is released.
As a rule, said flow lines extend for thousands of meters along the ocean floor, making the job of identifying and controlling these production intermittences even more critical.
Worsening the problem, often the flow line is several meters below the waterline, and a vertical leg or bypass may be required, along with other measures to re-establish suitable flow to the surface.
These problems are worsened when the production lines have descending sections and the top-side facilities do not have large capacitance (or volume) to absorb such disturbances, which may lead to a large number of unscheduled stops due to excessively large volumes in the separators.
Another loss point is that these oscillations result in a mean flow that is less than the potential flow of the lines.
When there is slugging during production, the bottom hole pressure is found to vary from high (due to accumulated liquid—greater loss of hydrostatic pressure and load) to low.
Thus, the flow also varies, with the mean flow possibly being considerably less than the potential flow. For this reason, developing advanced automated control systems to avoid slugging could result in considerable gains for platform operation.
The main object of the present invention is to provide a system that automatically controls and ensures the operation and production in deepwater petroleum wells without the incidence of slugging, by using pressure gauges in numerous alternative points of the flow line, and continuously acting on the production choke valves using aggregate computer algorithms that monitor a set of operating variables.
As advantages for the system of the present invention we have fewer losses due to flaring and fewer unscheduled production stops; the production is optimized by reducing well and processing plant start-up and stopping times due to unexpected slugging in the production wells, and the transients generated in the procedures required to return to production are also optimized; the result is the unit stabilization and an increased equipment lifetime and safety.
These and other advantages are achieved as the system of the present invention "automates" the operational best practices.
Traditionally, there is a paradigm in the prior art that so long as the choke valve on the top-side of the well is kept in the full-open position, the well will be producing at the maximum output.
However, this is not always true, especially in the face of instabilities such as those discussed above.
For instance Hu, B. (2004) in "Characterizing gas-lift instabilities", Department of Petroleum Engineering and Applied Geophysics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Ph.D. Thesis, NTNU, 2004, shows that a control system acting on the top-side choke valve stabilized the process and increased output by 17%. Also consider that, in this case, the mean bottom hole pressure is lower.
The literature has numerous other examples showing a potential gain in output from using different types of technologies aimed to control slugging in petroleum production wells.
Brazilian patent PI9913875-1, filed on Sep. 10, 1999, and its corresponding U.S. Pat. No. 6,041,803 filed on Mar. 28, 2000 describe a method to eliminate severe slugging in multiphase flow lines, and an associated device located near to the point of junction of the flow line, introducing a pressure drop into the flow. However, this document does not consider controlling the choke valve on the wet tree or upstream of the choke valve to control and reduce slugging.
Brazilian document PI0518401-0 describes another prior art attempt to control slugging, and concerns a method and device to control the formation of liquid or gas accumulations in the flow lines by injecting a surface tension reducing agent such as a foamant. A control unit is mentioned, but the aim of said control unit is to control the device, injecting the surface tension reducing agent. Likewise, that document does not include the pressure control proposed in the present invention by monitoring the choke valve on the wet tree or upstream from the choke valve, and the use of computer algorithms to monitor a set of operating variables.
In his Ph.D. Thesis entitled "Severe Slugging Elimination in Ultra Deep Water Tiebacks and Risers" University of Tulsa—College of Engineering and Natural Sciences—Petroleum Engineering, published on Oct. 7, 2002, Jarl Oystein Tengesdal finds that by creating a small additional pressure drop using a choke valve one can eliminate severe slugging. Tests are conducted considering flow points totally or partially obstructed by severe slugging.
As seen, the type of flow known as slugging in the fluids produced in producing oil wells creates major disturbances for production platforms, and causes major variation in process pressures and levels.
In many cases, these disturbances lead to unscheduled production stops, and in others may damage equipment, such as heat exchangers.
Thus, slugging have a major impact on the reliability of the operation, as they affect product availability and quality (BSW, TOG and Moisture).
Therefore, there exists a complex control problem, which is to use measurements to dynamically act on the production choke valves to generate a new type of flow, without major slugging.
Adopting the system of the present invention will allow platforms to be more stable and consequently increasing their output by implementing an advanced anti-slugging control system.
This technology will also impact production, minimizing losses with fewer unscheduled stops.

Advanced automated control system for minimizing slugging


A printing system has a laser scanner and a print bar such as a page-width-array printhead associated with an array of photodetectors. The scanner scans the array of photodetectors, to selectively light activate photodetectors in the array. Each photodetector, when activated by the scanner triggers its associated inkjet nozzle(s) in the printhead to deposit ink on a media surface. In one embodiment the page-width-array is stationary and the media is periodically advanced as ink drops are deposited.

(Not applicable)
(Not applicable)
This invention relates to inkjet printing technology, and laser-scanning technology where a laser is used to transfer image data.
Currently, two commonly used technologies for imaging are laser (also referred to herein as xe2x80x9celectrophotographicxe2x80x9d) systems, and ink jet systems. In both of these systems, digital image data, produced by a computer, or the like, is transferred to the printer, which renders this data as a visible image upon a media. In most computer and printer systems, the image data for the printer is digital data which is stored in computer memory. This is the case for inkjet and laser printers, including both color and monochrome. The data is stored in a matrix or xe2x80x9crasterxe2x80x9d which identifies the location and color of each pixel which comprises the overall image. The raster image data can be obtained by scanning an original analog document and digitizing the image into raster data, or by reading an already digitized image file. The former method is more common to photocopiers, while the latter method is more common to printing computer files using a printer. Accordingly, the technology to which the invention described below is applicable to either photocopiers or printers. Recent technology has removed this distinction, such that a single printing apparatus can be used either as a copier or as a printer for computer files. These apparatus have been known as multifunction printers (xe2x80x9cMFPs)xe2x80x9d, a term indicating the ability to act as a photocopier, a printer, or a facsimile machine. Accordingly, the expression xe2x80x9cprinterxe2x80x9d should not be considered as limiting to a device for printing a file from a computer, but should also include a photocopier capable of printing a digitized image of an original document. xe2x80x9cOriginal documentsxe2x80x9d include not only already digitized documents such as text and image files, but photographs and other images, including hybrid text-image documents, which are scanned and digitized into raster data.
In any event, the image to be printed onto tangible media is stored as a digital image file. The digital image data is then used to drive a printing element to create an image. The raster image data file is essentially organized into a two dimensional matrix, that is translated by the printer into an image on the media. The image comprises a number of lines with each line comprising a number of discrete dots or pixels across the line. Each pixel in the image is assigned a binary value in the data file relating information pertaining to its color and potentially other attributes, such as density. The combination of lines and pixels makes up the resultant image.
As described the raster data is stored in computer readable memory as a raster image. That is, the image is cataloged by line, and each line is cataloged by each pixel in the line. A computer processor reads the raster image data line by line, and actuates the printer. For laser printers, this involves actuation of a laser that scans a photosensitive surface to selectively expose a pixel on the surface, based on the presence or absence of coloration, and the degree of coloration for the pixel. Typical pixel densities for images are in the range of 300 to 1200 pixels per inch, in each direction. For inkjet printers, actuation of the printer involves selective actuation of an inkjet nozzle to form, based upon the presence of absence of coloration, pixels upon a media surface.
Scanning in Laser Printers
In laser printers, the method of transferring the digital raster data to a photoconductor via a laser, lasers or LEDs is known as the image scanning process or the scanning process. The scanning process is performed by a scanning portion or scanning section of the electrophotographic printer. The process of attracting toner to the photoconductor is known as the developing process. The developing process is accomplished by the developer section of the printer. Image quality is dependent on both of these processes. Image quality is thus dependent on both the scanning section of the printer, which transfers the raster data image to the photoconductor, as well as the developer section of the printer, which manages the transfer of the toner to the photoconductor.
In the scanning process, a laser is scanned from one edge of the photoconductor to the opposing edge and is selectively actuated or not actuated on a pixel-by-pixel basis to scan a line of the image onto the photoconductor. The photoconductor advances and the next line of the image is scanned by the laser onto the photoconductor. In a multiple laser printer, more than one laser can be actuated simultaneously so as to more quickly generate the complete image onto the photoconductor. The side-to-side scanning of each laser is traditionally accomplished using a dedicated multi-sided or faceted rotating mirror. Such a mirror will be known herein as a xe2x80x9cpolygonxe2x80x9d due to the polygonal shape of the mirror. The reflective surface of the mirrors is typically ground and polished aluminum. The laser beam impinges on one facet of the polygonal mirror and is reflected to a secondary or deflector mirror, which directs the laser beam to a unique, relative lineal position on the light sensitive surface of the photoconductor. By xe2x80x9crelativexe2x80x9d, it is understood that the photoconductor moves with respect to the linear position, but the position remains fixed in space. As the polygonal mirror rotates, the angle of incidence, and hence the angle of reflection, of the laser beam will vary. This causes the laser beam to be scanned across the photoconductor at the unique relative lineal position from a first edge to a second edge of the photoconductor. As the mirror rotates to an edge of the polygon between facets, the laser is essentially reset to the first edge of the photoconductor to begin scanning a new line onto the photoconductor. These mirrors tend to rotate at very high speeds, often in excess of 20,000 rpm.
Examples of laser scanning systems used in laser printers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,691,759; 5,745,152; 5,760,817; 5,870,132; 5,920,336; 5,929,892; and 6,266,073 which are hereby incorporated by reference.
Inkjet Printheads
Most commercial inkjet printers use a moving or scanning printhead system wherein a printhead comprising ink nozzles is moved or scanned across the surface of a media. As the printhead moves over the surface, each ink nozzle is selectively activated to eject an inkjet or ink droplet to form a pixel on the media as the head passes over the surface.
To eject the droplet, ink is delivered under pressure to a printhead nozzle area. According to one method, the ink is heated causing a vapor bubble to form in a nozzle which then ejects the ink as a droplet. Droplets of repeatable velocity and volume are ejected from respective nozzles to effectively imprint characters and graphic markings onto a printout.
An inkjet printhead is formed by a substrate plus several layers defining multiple nozzle areas. The substrate and layer qualities and dimensions are selected to achieve desired thermodynamic and hydrodynamic conditions within each nozzle. Various patents teach aspects of printhead fabrication, including U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,513,298 (Scheu); 4,535,343 (Wright et al.); 4,794,410 (Taub et al.); 4,847,630 (Bhaskar et al.); 4,862,197 (Stoffel); and 4,894,664 (Tsung Pan), which are incorporated by reference.
Conventional inkjet printheads extend over a limited portion of a page-width and scan across the page. This contrasts with a page-wide-array (xe2x80x9cPWAxe2x80x9d) printhead that extends over an entire page-width (e.g., 8.5xe2x80x3, 11xe2x80x3, A4 width) and is fixed relative to the media path. The PWA printhead is formed on an elongated printbar and includes thousands of nozzles. The PWA printbar is generally oriented orthogonally to the paper path. During operation, the printbar and the PWA printhead are fixed while a page is fed adjacent to and moves under the printhead. The PWA printhead prints one or more lines at a time as the page moves relative to the printhead. This compares to the printing of multiple characters at a time as achieved by scanning-type printheads.
In a PWA inkjet printhead the printhead includes a flexible printed circuit (xe2x80x9cflex circuitxe2x80x9d) coupled to the printbar. Attached to the flex circuit are silicon substrates in which are formed nozzle chambers with firing resistors. The flex circuit with silicon substrates is adhesively attached to the printbar. The printbar includes recessed areas for receiving respective silicon substrates. Signal paths in the flex circuit carry signals to the firing resistors. An addressed firing resistor heats up ink in a corresponding nozzle chamber resulting in an ejection of an ink droplet.
The printhead of a PWA inkjet printer includes thousands of nozzles. For an 11-inch printhead printing at 600 dpi, there are at least 6600 nozzles along the printhead. Ink is delivered from a resident reservoir to a nozzle chamber of each nozzle. During operation, the printer element is fixed while a page is fed adjacent to the printhead by a media handling subsystem. When printing, a firing resistor within a nozzle chamber is activated so as to heat the ink therein and cause a vapor bubble to form. The vapor bubble then ejects the ink as a droplet. Droplets of repeatable velocity and volume are ejected from respective nozzles to effectively imprint characters and graphic markings onto a media sheet. The PWA printhead prints one or more lines at a time as the page moves relative to the printhead. Examples of PWA printer systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,589,865; 5,719,602; 5,734,394; 5,742,305; and 6,135,586 which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The PWA printhead contrasts with the moving or scanning printheads, where scanning type printheads scan across a page while the page is intermittently moved by a media handling subsystem. A PWA printer element is analogous to the moving printhead as both eject ink drops upon a media surface that has relative movement to the printhead. However, the PWA has substantially more nozzles and it is fixed in position. There is relative movement between the printhead and the media in both PWA and moving printhead systems, which accounts for some similarities in construction. However, a PWA printhead is fixed, and typically much larger that a moving printhead. A PWA printer element can include several thousand nozzles extending the length of a page-width, while that of a conventional moving printhead usually has between 100 and 300 nozzles extending a distance of approximately 0.15 to 0.50 inches.
One of the driving motivations for creating a page-wide-array printhead is to achieve faster printing speeds. In particular it is desirable that a PWA printhead run at a print speed approaching nozzle speed. Nozzle speed is the highest frequency at which a nozzle is capable of firing as limited by nozzle technology, which under current technologies approaches 1500 Hz for conventional inkjet printers, and up to 6000 to 8000 Hz for certain high resolution inkjet printers. Print speed in a PWA is directly related to the frequency at which nozzles are actually fired during a print operation. Print speed typically is less than the maximum nozzle speed due to limitations in data handling (i.e., data throughput) and media handling. With more nozzles the PWA printer element should print much faster than a smaller scanning printhead, but because of limitations, particular with data handling, the potential speed of PWA systems has not been reached. Conceivably, with faster data throughput, the printing speed could be faster than many laser printers. Given a 1000 Hz firing rate for the inkjet nozzles, which is well within the rate commonly achieved in current inkjet printers, the printing speed could be 13.8 inches second over the width of the page for a 600 dpi resolution. Basically, a PWA printhead should be able to print an entire page in approximately the same timeframe it takes a moving printhead to make one scan across a page. If the data handling for the many thousand of nozzles in a PDA can be achieved in the same time frame as the data handling for the relatively few nozzles in a conventional moving printhead, the potential speed of the PWA can be more closely realized.
A part of the data-handling problems in a PWA is to assure that pixel or dot data is available at each nozzle in a timely fashion. With thousands more nozzles than a conventional scanning printhead, the rapid data transfer to achieve such data throughput is a significant challenge. Directly connecting the raster data memory storage and processor in parallel fashion could conceivably achieve a rapid data transfer, but because of the high number of nozzles and the high number of separate conductors and connectors that this would require, such an approach is not practical. A solution to this problem is to reduce the number of conductors and use any of a number of multiplexing schemes, wherein the firing signals are processed and firing signals for several nozzles are sent serially over a common conductor. While these systems significantly reduce the number of conductors required for the data transfer and make PWA construction practical, the data processing involved and the inherently slower communication rate for serial, as compared to parallel communication, significantly slows the rate of data transfer. Thus a challenge that has not yet been met is to increase the rate of data transfer for the thousands of the nozzles within the space constraints of a print head.
An aspect of the present invention is an imaging apparatus comprising a media transport for transporting media through a print zone, a page-wide-array inkjet printhead, and a photodetector array associated with the PWA printhead that is adapted to receive data from a laser scanner. The media transport is any suitable system known in the art for use with the PWA inkjet system, such that a PWA printhead is disposed with respect to the media to image the media as it is transported through the print zone. The PWA printhead comprises a plurality of the inkjet nozzles activated by an electrical pulse. When activated the nozzles create alphanumeric text, graphics and/or images by selectively applying ink drops to a pixel grid on the media surface as it passes under the nozzle. The photodetector array is associated with the PWA printhead and comprises a plurality of photodetectors with each photodetector of the photodetector array electrically connected to one of the nozzles. Upon light activation, the photodetector generates the electrical pulse to activate the nozzle.
The laser scanner is so disposed and constructed to direct a scanning laser at the photodetector array. By modulating the laser beam it is possible to selectively activate each photodetector to fire its associated nozzle. The laser scanner is programmed with raster data which defines the on/off pixel pattern of ink drops to be applied to the media. The use of a laser beam for transmitting the raster data eliminates the use of multiple interconnects typically formed by separate electrical conductors connecting each nozzle resistor of the printhead to the data processor. In a simple embodiment of the invention, the only electrical interconnect conductors required for the printhead are a power line and a ground line.
The advantages of the present invention can be obtained using laser-scanning technology that is well developed for electrophotographic printing systems. The PWA printhead construction uses known PWA construction, the difference being in the system for data transfer. Data is transferred to the PWA printhead by a laser scanning system similar to those used in electrophotographic systems. The laser scanner scans an array of photodetectors on the printhead. Each photodetector is associated with and electrically connected to a single firing resistor of an inkjet nozzle. Thus, an inkjet nozzle is actuated when the laser scanner is modulated to activate its associated photodetector.
There is no physical electrical connection between the printhead and the print data source for data transfer, as the data is now transferred by the scanning modulated laser beam. The data stream is much the same as a laser printer, where the data stream is used to create a raster image upon a photoelectric (i.e. photoconductive) surface. However, in the present invention, instead of creating an undeveloped electrostatic image, the scanner laser selectively activates individual photodetectors, which through activation of inkjets, results in selective creation of ink pixels on the media to form an image. As further described below, the data stream, and hence the modulations of the laser beam, may be identical to that used to modulate a laser in an electrophotographic system. However, the data stream may also be modified as desired to accommodate different designs for the PWA printhead and the photoconductor array.
Another advantage of the present invention is the mechanical simplicity. In addition to eliminating multiple conductors and connectors, the amount of moving parts is minimized. In one aspect of the invention, the only moving part for the pen or printhead is the scanning mirror for the laser scanner. Essentially, the only other moving parts are involved with the media-transfer system. In contrast laser printer systems require moving photosensitive belts or drums, and toner transfer and fixing systems, while inkjet printing requires carriage systems for the printhead with associated indexing and control systems.
The present invention can be easily adapted for either a monochrome printing system or a multicolor printing system. Color can be easily implemented using, for example, variations of multi-chamber inkjet designs known in the art.
The present invention can be seen as an optical multiplexing system where the data is transmitted to the PWA by an optical system, with the power to fire inkjet resistors carried to the PWA through electrical conductors. The only electrical connections required are for the power connection, since the data controlling the activation of the resistors is transmitted by the optical systems.

Hewlett-Packard Development Company, L.P.


A gauge for measuring both the depth and the diameter of a bore hole comprises a member having a first longitudinal slot therethrough and a surface perpendicular to the slot to engage the face of the bore hole; a first arrangement slidably engaging the slot adjacent one end thereof having a first protrusion extending below the surface; a second arrangement slidably engaging the member adjacent the other end of the slot having first and second arms thereon each disposed at a given angle with respect to and on opposite sides of the member, each of the first and second arms having a second protrusion extending below the surface; the first protrusion and second protrusions engaging a selected one of an inner surface of the bore hole and an outer surface concentric with the inner surface of the bore hole to cooperate in aligning the member with the center line and the diameter of the bore hole; a third arrangement slidably engaging the first slot and the member to measure the depth of the bore hole; and a fourth arrangement slidably engaging the first slot and a first portion of the third arrangement and having a first thereof pivotably connected to a second portion of the third arrangement and a second portion thereof slidably engaging a third portion of the third arrangement to measure the diameter of the bore hole.

The present invention relates to measuring devices and more particularly to a gauge for measuring both the depth and the diameter of a bore hole.
The measurement of single or multiple dimeters and depths of bore holes now accomplished with the use of telescope gauges, inside micrometers, dial bore gauges, calipers, digital micrometers and plug gauges often requires having to have different measuring instruments for each of the various diameters to be machined and inspected.
In the case of plug gauges and dial bore gauges, the narrow range of measurement of this type of tool requires the possession of a large inventory of plug gauges in incremental sizes for general machining and inspection work.
Telescope gauges and inside micrometers have a somewhat greater range, but are difficult to use in bore holes beyond the depth of the handles.
Telescope gauges and calipers have the additional disadvantage of inaccuracy due to the need for "feel" on the part of the machinist and inspector to estimate true size.
All of the instruments above were solely for the purpose of diameter measurements only.
The measurements of depths of each diameter is accomplished quite well by the use of vernier calipers, micrometer depth gauges and digital depth gauges, but this is accomplished separately from the measurement of diameters.
In practice, the measurement of bore holes of various close-tolerance diameters at various depths requires a multiplicity of tools and a significant expenditure of time in the location and use of these tools by both the machinist doing the work and the inspector who must verify the work done.

Gauge for measuring both the depth and the diameter of a bore hole


An organic light-emitting display device is provided. The organic light-emitting display device includes a substrate; a display unit on the substrate; and a sealing substrate on the display unit. The sealing substrate includes a first surface facing the display unit and a second surface opposite to the first surface. A first barrier layer is on the first surface or the second surface of the sealing substrate. Thus, the organic light-emitting display device may easily reduce or prevent penetration of external air and moisture.

1. Field
Aspects of embodiments of the present invention relate to a display device, and more particularly, to an organic light-emitting display device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Organic light-emitting display devices are self-emitting display devices. Organic light-emitting display devices have features such as a wide viewing angle, high contrast, and a fast response time. Thus, organic light-emitting display devices have drawn much attention because they may be used in mobile display devices such as a digital camera, a video camera, a camcorder, a portable information terminal, a smart phone, an ultra-slim notebook, and a tablet personal computer, or in electronic products such as an ultra-slim television.
Recently, flexible display devices have drawn attention as a next-generation display device. In addition, research into flexible display devices that may be used in electronic devices having various shapes has been conducted. Among these, flexible display devices based on organic light-emitting display technology have been most notable. Research into flexible display devices with various touch panel functions is being conducted to improve user convenience. Such flexible display devices can be damaged or have their display quality degraded by penetration of external air and moisture.


The aid/simulator provides an improvement in known equipment to enable the user to simulate a range of shots which can be expected during a round of golf. According to this invention, the aid/simulator comprises a base (1) providing a standing area (4) on which the user takes a stance in relating to a ball playing area (3) which is characterized by the base including a platform (2) adjustably mounted on the base so that it can be tilted to a position in relation to the ball the user wishes to practice or simulate, such as an uphill, or downhill lie or standing above, or below the ball, and a drive mechanisms (11, 12) is provided for tilting the platform to a selected position. Advantageously, two marked areas (14) are provided corresponding to the user's foot positions, and pressure responsive devices are provided for detecting the weight distribution between the respective feet, signals from which are fed during a golfing swing to a comparator mechanism, and thence to an indicator mechanism (17) for showing the percentage of bodyweight taken by each foot during a swing.

This invention relates to a golf training aid/simulator.
Such equipment is known, of which the most basic is a golf practice range where individual booths are provided, each comprising a base normally in the form of a rubber mat alongside of which is provided a strip of artificial grass on which the ball can be placed to be hit. Also, golf training aids/simulators are known which include means for detecting the speed and direction of the ball after impact to provide an indication of the quality of the golf shot.


An embodiment of the invention provides a backlight module, comprising: a metal rear plate, comprising a bottom plate, a side edge structure and a bended structure; a light strip structure including a circuit substrate and a light source disposed on the circuit substrate; and an outer frame, wherein, the bended structure is provided with a first protruding structure extending toward the light strip structure, the bottom plate is provided with a second protruding structure extending toward the light strip structure, the circuit substrate of the light strip structure is fixed on the side edge structure by the first and second protruding structures, the side edge structure is provided with a first opening aligned with to the light source, the outer frame is provided with a second opening corresponding to the first opening.

An embodiment of the present invention relates to a backlight module.
A liquid crystal display, which generally includes a liquid crystal panel and a backlight module, is a flat panel display that has been commonly used. The backlight module is an important component for supplying the liquid crystal panel with light in the liquid crystal display.
FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a structure of a backlight module. As shown in FIG. 4, the backlight module includes a reflective plate 25, a light guide plate 24, an optical sheet 23, a light source 26, a circuit substrate 27, a metal rear plate 21, and an outer frame 22. The light guide plate 24 is located above the reflective plate 25, the optical sheet 23 is located above the light guide plate 24, the light source 26 is disposed on the circuit substrate 27, the light source 26 and the circuit substrate 27 are disposed within a chamber 29 surrounded by the metal rear plate 21 and the light guide plate 24, the light source 26 and the circuit substrate 27 are disposed on a side of the light guide plate 24, the circuit substrate 27 is fixed on the metal rear plate 21 by a heat dissipation glue 18, and the outer frame 22 is mounted on the metal rear plate 21.
When the light source 26 is turned on, a large amount of heat will be generated. The generated heat is transferred to the metal rear plate 21 via the circuit substrate 27 and the heat dissipation glue 18, and then transferred to the outside of the backlight module by the metal rear plate 21. As the liquid crystal display has been becoming larger, higher luminance of the light source is required, and it has to use a light source with higher power or more light sources for the backlight module to meet the requirement of the liquid crystal display. However, the light source with higher power or more light sources will generate much heat. The structure and the heat dissipation mode of the above backlight module can not meet the requirement for heat dissipation of the large-size liquid crystal display. With regard to the large-size liquid crystal display, the heat dissipation efficiency of the backlight module is low, so that the heat is accumulated in the backlight module. As a result, the light source is damaged and the life span of the backlight module is reduced.

Hefei Xinsheng Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd.


A hydraulic drilling machine comprises a drill tool (1) connected to a hydraulic motor (3), a hydraulic percussive mechanism (4) connected via a hydraulic distributor (15) to a hydraulic pressure line (11) and to a hydraulic discharge line (21), and a means (16) for sucking the liquid from the working chamber of the hydraulic percussive mechanism (4) during its idle stroke. The means (16) includes a mixing chamber (17) connected to the discharge line of the hydraulic percussive mechanism, an ejector (18) connected to the discharge line of the hydraulic motor (3), and a diffuser (19) connected to the hydraulic discharge line (21) and accommodating a nozzle of the ejector (18).

There is known a hydraulic drilling machine comprising a drill tool and a hydraulic percussive mechanism. The hydraulic percussive mechanism includes a housing, a piston hammer, a pressure stabilizer, a liquid flow distributor, and a feeding air line with a source of compressed air. The pressure stabilizer serves to reduce inertia losses of the machine and increase the impact power of the hydraulic hammer, and has the form of a cylinder with a freely floating piston dividing the cylinder into a gas cavity and a hydraulic cavity. Part of the liquid that worked in the hydraulic hammer is conveyed to the hydraulic cavity. The gas cavity of the stabilizer communicates with the air network and with the idle stroke chamber (cf., SU, A, 337, 485).
However, in this hydraulic drilling machine the pressure stabilizer is structurally complicated, requiring a high degree of manufacturing accuracy of its moving parts.
One disadvantage of the above machine resides in that the moving parts are susceptible to fast wear, making the machine less reliable in operation.
From the working chamber of the hydraulic hammer the spent liquid is directed in a pulsed flow to the discharge line to be forced out of the discharge cavity of the hydraulic hammer by a plunger, which necessitates extra power consumption.
Another disadvantage is that operation of the pressure stabilizer requires the use of one more type of power in the form of compressed air.
There is also known a hydraulic drilling machine in which the hydraulic hammer accommodates in its housing a movable piston hammer, as well as work and idle stroke chambers periodically communicating with pressure and discharge lines by way of a hydraulic distributor, such as a rotary valve. The pressure line includes a hydraulic accumulator. The hydraulic hammer has one more hydraulic accumulator serving to reduce inertia losses of liquid in the course of the return stroke of the piston hammer. The hydraulic accumulator has the form of a cylinder whose interior is divided by a piston into two chambers of smaller and larger cross section. The first such chamber communicates continuously with the pressure line, whereas the second chamber communicates with the discharge line and periodically communicates with the pressure line in the course of the return stroke of the piston hammer (cf., SU, A, 354, 123).
However, in this hydraulic drilling machine the accumulator is overcomplicated, necessitating high manufacturing accuracy of the piston and precise centering of its elements.
In addition, the provision of a part movable on two surfaces speeds up wearing of the mating parts to result in a leak of the liquid through the piston and less reliable operation. The spent liquid is conveyed from the hydraulic percussive mechanism to the discharge line periodically by the piston and plunger to necessitate extra power expenditures.
The spent liquid moves along the discharge line in a pulsed flow to make the line less reliable.