Blanks (10) made of thin cardboard for hinge-lid packets or similar are produced in the region of a packaging machine. To this end, a material web (19) made of thin cardboard and if necessary partially pre-prepared, is led through a blanks device (20) in the region of the packaging machine. The blanks device (20) can if necessary apply printing (29) to the material web (19) as well as embossing, grooves, punched-out lines, until the blanks (10) are completely produced by a transverse severance cut (32).

The invention relates to a method of manufacturing (cigarette) packets of the hinge-lid type by folding blanks made of (thin) cardboard in a packaging machine, the blanks being prepared by stamping and having punched-out lines on them as well as folding lines formed by embossing. In addition, the invention relates to a device for carrying out this method.
Hinge-lid packets are a type of packet for cigarettes which are now common throughout the world. The hinge-lid packets consist of a (lower) packet portion and a lid attached with a hinge to a rear wall of same. In addition, this type of packet includes a collar--likewise made of thin cardboard--which can be connected to the blank for the hinge-lid packet or manufactured from a separate blank.
The blanks for this type of packet have up to now been manufactured separately, especially in a paper factory. The blanks, printed (on one side) and provided with punched-out lines and embossing lines for folding, are delivered as piles of blanks and passed into the packaging machine, usually in shaft-like blanks magazines. The material supply for the packaging machine in respect of the blanks is thus expensive and susceptible to being interrupted.

Method and device for manufacturing hinge-lid packets


A plunging type constant velocity universal joint includes an inner joint member having an outer peripheral surface in which a plurality of linear track grooves are formed in an axial direction and inclined with respect to an axial line, an outer joint member having an inner peripheral surface in which a plurality of linear track grooves are formed in the axial direction and inclined with respect to the axial line in a direction opposite to that of the track grooves of the inner joint member, and having an inside filled with a lubricant, balls incorporated in respective crossing portions between the track grooves of the inner and outer joint members, and a cage arranged between the outer peripheral surface and the inner peripheral surface for retaining the balls in the same plane, in which a large number of minute recesses are formed at random in surfaces of the balls.

I. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a cross groove constant velocity universal joint being a kind of a plunging type constant velocity universal joint, which is employed in a power transmission mechanism of an automobile or various industrial machines and is incorporated in a propeller shaft or a drive shaft used in, for example, a four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicle or a front-engine rear-drive (FR) vehicle.
II. Description of the Related Art
In some cases, a propeller shaft used in an automobile such as a 4WD vehicle or a FR vehicle includes a plunging type constant velocity universal joint called "cross groove joint" so as to cope with angular displacement resulted from change in relative position between a transmission and a differential.
FIGS. 7 to 10 illustrate an example of a cross groove constant velocity universal joint of a disk type. As illustrated in FIGS. 7 and 8, this constant velocity universal joint includes as main components an inner joint member 101, an outer joint member 102, balls 103, and a cage 104.
The inner joint member 101 has an outer peripheral surface in which a plurality of linear track grooves 106 are formed in the axial direction. Further, a shaft 107 is spline-fitted in a central hole 105 of the inner joint member 101, and torque can be transmitted between the shaft 107 and the inner joint member 101 owing to this spline-fitting. Note that the shaft 107 is prevented from being detached from the inner joint member 101 by a snap ring 108.
The outer joint member 102 is positioned along the outer periphery of the inner joint member 101, and has an inner peripheral surface in which linear track grooves 109 are formed in the axial direction by the same number as that of the track grooves 106 of the inner joint member 101. The cage 104 is arranged between the inner joint member 101 and the outer joint member 102, and the balls 103 are housed in pockets 110 of the cage 104.
The track grooves 106 of the inner joint member 101 and the track grooves 109 of the outer joint member 102 form, as illustrated in FIG. 9 (cage 104 is not shown), an angle inclined in the opposite direction with respect to an axial line L (track crossing angle α). The balls 103 are incorporated in crossing portions between the track grooves 106 (indicated by solid lines in FIG. 9) of the inner joint member 101 and the track grooves 109 (indicated by chain lines in FIG. 9) of the outer joint member 102, the track grooves 106 and the track grooves 109 being paired with each other. Further, the track grooves 106 adjacent to each other of the inner joint member 101 and the track grooves 109 adjacent to each other of the outer joint member 102 are arranged while being inclined in opposite directions to each other with respect to the axial line L by the track crossing angle α.
FIG. 10 is across sectional view illustrating the track grooves 106 of the inner joint member 101 and the track grooves 109 of the outer joint member 102. As illustrated in FIG. 10, the cross sectional shape of the track grooves 106, 109 is a shape of a gothic arch having the curvature radius larger than the radius of the balls 103 and formed by broaching or the like. The gothic arch shape allows the track grooves 106 of the inner joint member 101 and the track grooves 109 of the outer joint member 102 to contact each of the ball 103 at two points P, whereby angular contact having ball contact angles β is achieved. In this case, the ball contact angles β mean angles formed between ball contact centers P at which the ball 103 and the track grooves 106, 109 come into contact with each other and groove bottom centers Q of the track grooves 106, 109 with reference to a center Q of each of the balls 103.
On the other hand, to one axial end (left side in FIG. 7) of the outer joint member 102, an end cap 111 for preventing leakage of the lubricant filled inside the joint and invasion by foreign matters is fixed by bolting. Further, a sealing device is attached between the other axial end (right side in FIG. 7) of the outer joint member 102 and the shaft 107.
The sealing device includes a boot 112 and a boot adapter 113 made of metal. The boot 112 has a small end portion and a large end portion, and has a shape folded back at the middle portion in a V-shape. The boot adapter 113 is formed into a cylindrical shape, and has a flange, which is formed at one end thereof and fitted to the outer peripheral surface of the outer joint member 102. The boot adapter 113 is fixed to the outer joint member 102 together with the end cap 111 by bolting. The small end portion of the boot 112 is attached to the shaft 107 and clamped by a boot band 114. The large end portion of the boot 112 is retained by crimping the end portion of the boot adapter 113.
This constant velocity universal joint is disclosed in Universal Joint and Driveshaft Manual Section 3.2.12 "Cross Groove Universal Joint". Universal Joint and Driveshaft Manual Section 3.2.12 "Cross Groove Universal Joint" describes a basic cross groove constant velocity universal joint including four or more (six in general) balls 103. Each of the track crossing angles α between the track grooves 106 of the inner joint member 101 and the track grooves 109 of the outer joint member 102 is designed to be such an angle that, when the constant velocity universal joint forms the maximum operating angle, the track grooves 106, 109 opposed to each other are not parallel to each other (13 to 19° in general). Further, the groove diameters of the track grooves 106, 109 having a gothic-arched cross section are set to be 1.01 to 1.04 times lager than the diameter of the balls, and the ball contact angles β are set to 30 to 45°.
Further, in the above-mentioned cross groove constant velocity universal joint, the track crossing angles α between the track grooves 106 of the inner joint member 101 and the track grooves 109 of the outer joint member 102 have relation to a sliding stroke of the joint. It is effective to reduce the track crossing angles α for increasing the stroke amount thereof.
However, when the track crossing angles α are reduced for increasing the sliding stroke of the joint, the maximum operating angle as the constant velocity universal joint becomes small. The maximum operating angle refers to an angle at which, when the joint is bent with not being rotated and then returned to the state before being bent, the maximum torque is applied. At worst, there occurs a phenomenon that the joint does not return to the former state with the angle being formed, and is hitched. The hitch during bending becomes a problem at the time of assembly of the constant velocity universal joint with respect to the automobile. That is, when assembling the constant velocity universal joint to the automobile, the operation for returning the joint to the former state after being bent once is necessary. Therefore, when the operating angle is small and the hitch occurs at the time of bending, efficiency in assembly operation of the constant velocity universal joint with respect to the automobile is low.
JP 2006-266423 A discloses means for preventing the maximum operating angle of the joint from being reduced and for increasing the sliding stroke by setting the track crossing angles α of the track grooves 106, 109 to 10 to 15° and by setting the number of balls 103 to be ten.
That is, in the cross groove constant velocity universal joint, when the balls 103 exist at a certain phase and the operating angle is increased, wedge angles formed at the crossing portions between the track grooves 106 of the inner joint member 101 and the track grooves 109 of the outer joint member 102 are reversed, whereby the force applied from the balls 103 to the cage 104 is imbalanced, and hence the cage 104 becomes unstable.
When the track crossing angles α of the track grooves 106, 109 are reduced, the above-mentioned phenomenon remarkably appears in the case of using six or less balls 103. However, in the case of using ten balls 103, even when the track crossing angles α are reduced, the cage 104 is stably driven up to a certain value. This is because driving force of the balls 103 in which the wedge angles are reversed is divided by the other balls 103 so that the driving of the cage 104 is stabilized.

Plunging type constant velocity universal joint


The invention is a method of hermetically bonding a ceramic part to a metal part by welding and brazing a component assembly comprised of metal parts, a ceramic part, and a metal ferrule having alignment lips. The ceramic part is preferably a hollow tube of partially-stabilized zirconia that is brazed to an alignment ferrule that is preferably titanium or a titanium alloy, such as Ti-6Al-4V. On one end the component assembly is brazed to an end cap for closure. On the other end the alignment ferrule is preferably brazed to a ring that is preferably comprised of a noble metal, such as platinum, iridium, or alloys of platinum and iridium. The ring is laser welded to an eyelet that is preferably comprised of a noble metal.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a bonded assembly of zirconia ceramic to platinum or other noble metal that employs an alignment ferrule comprised of titanium or an alloy of titanium. The assembly is suitable for implantation in living tissue.
2. Description of Related Art Including Information Disclosed Under 37 CFR 1.97 and 1.98
This invention is concerned with achieving a hermetic bond for an implantable medical device, where the bond is between a ceramic, preferably partially stabilized zirconia, and a noble metal, preferably platinum. A titanium or titanium alloy alignment ferrule provides a transition to allow a noble metal ring to be brazed to the alignment ferrule which is in turn welded to a noble metal eyelet or end cap. It is known that noble metal can be bonded by brazing to ceramic, U.S. Pat. No. 6,989,200. However, this has only been successful with butt joints and has not been previously demonstrated with step and lap joints, as required for certain applications such as where parts require self-centering.
It is desired that the end cap and eyelet, which are electrodes for contact with living tissue when implanted, can sustain high current density and have low impedance, as available only with noble metals, such as platinum, iridium, or their alloys.

Alfred E. Mann Foundation For Scientific Research


A method includes contacting a catalyst including a metal having an average particle size of approximately one nanometer or greater with SO2; and reducing the average particle size of the metal.

Silver catalysts can be used for ethylene epoxidation and appear promising for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with hydrocarbons. For example, silver catalysts have potential application in SCR of NOx with hydrocarbons or oxygenates to remove nitrogen oxides from various exhaust gas effluents. The promise of the silver catalysts lies in their high activity, high selectivity to dinitrogen, and moderate resistance to H2O and SO2. However, sintering (i.e. particle growth) can be a serious issue for silver catalysts,
Gold atoms/clusters are very active catalysts for a number of reactions, including low-temperature CO oxidation, water-gas shift (WGS) reaction, alcohol steam reforming reaction, selective hydrogenation, selective oxidation reaction, and SCR of NOx with hydrocarbons. See Haruta et al., J. Catal. 144, 175 (1993). For some reactions, such as WGS reaction, atomically dispersed gold strongly bound to an oxide compound provides the active sites for the reaction. See Fu et al., Science 301: 935-938 (2003); Deng et al., Topics in Catalysis 44:199-208 (2007); and Deng et al., J. Phys. Chem. C 112:12834-12840 (2008). Sintering of gold atoms/clusters to particles of size greater than 1 nm can be a serious issue for gold catalysts in WGS reaction, e.g., causing deactivation with time-on-stream.
A complex array of factors has been attributed to sintering, including the reaction gas environment, support effects, and surface binding and mobility.
There is a need for developing a process to reduce the particle size and re-disperse the silver, gold, or other metal catalysts on different surfaces.


Process and apparatus for reducing organic content of brine comprising subjecting a brine solution to at least two purification treatments selected from electrochemical treatment, chlorinolysis, or other chemical oxidation treatment, carbon adsorption, extraction, biological treatment and chrystallizing treatment; wherein the organic content of purified brine is sufficiently low to enable sense of the purified brine in an industrial process.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to purified brine, particularly brine having reduced organic content, and even more preferably reduced chlorate content. The present invention also relates to processes and apparatus for obtaining brine having reduced organic content, and even more preferably reduced chlorate content, and can relate to mineralization of brine. The present invention also relates to improvement of processes and apparatus wherein brine is used in the processes or apparatus so as to include brine therein having reduced organic content, and can also include reduced chlorate content, in brine used therein or brine obtained therefrom. The present invention is useful in various processes and technologies, such as processes involving water, waste water and brine purification, and particularly useful in chlorine/alkali processes, and processes involving conversion of glycerin to epichlorohydrin. Thus, the present invention also relates to processes and apparatus for purification of brine generated by industrial processes. Purified brine may be used in industrial processes such as a chlor-alkali process for electrolytic conversion of brine to chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide or hypochlorite.
2. Discussion of Background Information
In chemical processes, there is a need to obtain a maximum utility of incoming process streams as well as the ability to recycle process streams, or to use by-products from one process in other processes, particularly in nearby processes. Such uses of process streams are environmentally and economically desirable.
Some chemical processes use a brine stream with high organic content, such as total organic carbon (TOC) and high sodium chloride content. For example, some chemical processes result in a TOC of up to about 20,000 parts per million (ppm) with a sodium chloride content of up to about 23% by weight. If the TOC can be significantly reduced in concentration, there is the possibility for recycling the brine stream as a raw material for other processes, such as chlor/alkali processes or other electrolysis processes. The presence of sodium chloride may pose difficulties in the removal of organic compounds from various brine by-product streams because some removal processes may cause deleterious precipitation of the sodium chloride in separation equipment. Also, the presence of the chloride ion may result in the formation of undesirably corrosive or toxic chlorinated organic compounds during chemical treatment to destroy the organic compounds.
The brine stream may also contain a variety of organic compounds, some of which may be difficult to remove by traditional techniques such as extraction or carbon bed treatment.
For example, in the production of epichlorohydrin from glycerin, a by-product brine stream may have a TOC of up to about 2500 ppm, typically about 1500 ppm and a sodium chloride content of up to about 23% by weight, typically about 20% by weight. For the successful implementation of a glycerin to epichlorohydrin process and related waste reduction and economic optimization, the discharge of brine should be integrated in the site environmental strategy. The level of sodium chloride (NaCl) is too high for direct discharge, after TOC removal, to the environment. The concentration of NaCl is also too high for effective biological wastewater treatment without significant consumption of fresh water and a corresponding increase in the necessary capacity of the wastewater operation. The main TOC component of the by-product brine stream is glycerin, with the other compounds contributing to TOC of the brine including glycidol, 1,2-dichlorohydrin, or 1,3-dichlorohydrin, 1-chloro-2,3-propanediol, 2-chloro-1,3-propanediol, epichlorohydrin, diglycerol, triglycerol, other oligomeric glycerols, chlorohydrins of oligomeric glycerols, acetic acid, formic acid, lactic acid, glycolic acid, and other aliphatic acids. The TOC specifications for the usage of this brine by a nearby or on-site chlor/alkali process may be only 10 ppm or less. However, the major component of the TOC is glycerin which is difficult to remove by traditional techniques such as extraction or carbon bed treatment.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,627 to Quaderer, Jr. et al discloses a method for producing epoxides which is continuous, inhibits formation of chlorinated byproducts, and eliminates or substantially reduces waste water discharge. The method includes: (a) forming a low chlorides aqueous hypochlorous acid solution; (b) contacting the low chlorides aqueous hypochlorous acid solution with at least one unsaturated organic compound to form an aqueous organic product comprising at least olefin chlorohydrin; (c) contacting at least the olefin chlorohydrin with an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide to form an aqueous salt solution product containing at least epoxide; and (d) isolating the epoxide from the aqueous salt solution; wherein water is recovered from the product of at least Step (b) and recycled into Step (a) for use in forming the low chlorides aqueous hypochlorous acid (HOCl) solution. In this process, not only is the water internally recycled after Step (b), but a concentrated brine solution is generated in both Steps (a) and (d) which is useful in other processes such as electrochemical production of chlorine and caustic. The chlorine and caustic, in turn, may then be recycled back for use in forming the low chlorides aqueous HOCl solution. According to U.S. Pat. No. 5,486,627, it is generally preferred, prior to recycling into the chlor-alkali electrochemical cell, to remove any impurities from the brine. These impurities, it is disclosed typically comprise traces of organic solvent as well as HOCl decomposition products such as chloric acid and chlorate ion. A method for removing these impurities may include acidification and chlorine-based oxidation or absorption on carbon or zeolites.
Methods for removing impurities from brine before passing through a chlor/alkali electrochemical cell are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,389 to Trent et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,126,526 to Kwon et al, U.S. Pat. No. 4,240,885 to Suciu et al, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,415,460 to Suciu et al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,532,389 to Trent et al discloses removing chlorates from a chloride brine by contacting the chlorates with acid to convert the chlorates to chlorine. Additionally, it is disclosed that by-product organic compounds, such as propylene glycol present in a brine stream containing alkylene oxide are advantageously removed through any oxidation, extraction or absorption process.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,126,526 to Kwon et al discloses an integrated process for electrolytic production of chlorine and the production of an olefin oxide via the chlorohydrin wherein the chlorohydrin is contacted with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium chloride from the cathode compartment of an electrolytic cell, to produce the oxide and brine. The brine is contacted with gaseous chlorine to oxidize organic impurities to volatile organic fragments, which are stripped from the brine, prior to recycling the brine to the electrolytic cell.
In the processes of the two Suciu et al patents, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,240,885 and 4,415,460, organic impurities in aqueous salt solutions; e.g., alkali or alkaline earth chloride solutions in particular, brines, are oxidized with chlorate ions to convert organics to carbon dioxide. However the processes employ harsh reaction conditions of high temperatures, which are above 130 degrees centigrade (° C.), requiring high pressure equipment, a low pH of less than 5, most preferably less than 1, and chlorate ions which tend to form chlorinated organic compounds.
Conventional processes for purification of brine contaminated with organic impurities include biological treatment; oxidation with chlorine or hypochlorite; absorption over various absorption capable materials such as activated carbon; oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of dissolved or suspended catalysts or under UV irradiation conditions; oxidation with gaseous oxygen, air or oxygen enriched air in the presence of a dissolved or suspended catalyst; oxidation with ozone in combination with hydrogen peroxide or suspended catalysts. Electrical treatment of aqueous systems, including wastewater, is known, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,247 to Carey et al. and Martinez-Huitle et al., "Electrochemical Oxidation of Organic Pollutants for the Waster Treatment: Direct and Indirect Processes", Chem. Soc. Rev., 2006, 35, 1324-1340, which are incorporated by reference herein in their entireties. However, such electrical treatment is not directed to the treatment of contaminated brine to reduce contaminants therein, or for use of the purified brine as process streams, including feed and recycle process streams.
Brine is generated by industrial processes that react chlorine atom-containing compounds with an inorganic base such as sodium hydroxide to form an aqueous brine solution containing chloride salts. Examples include the production of epichlorohydrin by reacting chlorohydrins with sodium hydroxide, the production of epoxy resins by reacting epichlorohydrin with polyphenolic compounds, such as bisphenol A or bisphenol F, in which the base reacts with chlorine atoms of the epichlorohydrin and the phenolic hydrogen atoms, and scrubbing of industrial effluent to remove hydrogen chloride from a chemical stream by reacting the hydrogen chloride with sodium hydroxide, such as in the hydrogen chloride absorber used to remove hydrogen chloride during the phosgenation process used to make isocyanates. The aqueous brine solutions produced by such processes often contain one or more organic compounds (associated with the processes) from which the brine is derived.
Aqueous brine solutions containing sodium chloride as the predominant salt are useful for the production of chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide or hypochlorite by an electrolytic process known as the chlor-alkali process. Chlorine gas, hypochlorite and sodium hydroxide produced by a chlor-alkali process are useful in a number of industrial processes in which chlorine atoms and/or a strong base is/are required. It would be desirable to be able to use aqueous brine solutions produced by industrial processes in the chlor-alkali process to integrate industrial chemical processes and thereby reduce raw material acquisition and byproduct disposal costs.
A problem associated with using aqueous brine solutions produced by industrial processes in the chlor-alkali process is that the presence of impurities such as organic compounds in such aqueous brine solutions must generally be reduced to a very low concentration, because the chlor-alkali process has a low tolerance for impurities, including organic compounds, and/or because products of high purity made from such chlor-alkali process, such as high purity sodium hydroxide, are desired. Generally, the organic compound concentration in aqueous brine used in industrial chlor-alkali production should be less than 50 ppm, and preferably should be less than 10 ppm, total organic carbon (TOC).
A known method for reducing the organic compound concentration in aqueous brine solutions is to conduct chlorinolysis to oxidize organic compounds to more volatile oxidation fragments and/or carbon dioxide that can be stripped from the aqueous brine solution. Chlorinolysis is generally carried out by introducing chlorine gas or hypochlorite into the aqueous brine solution at an elevated temperature. Such a process is disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,240,885.
A disadvantage of relying solely on chlorinolysis for removal of organic compounds is that substantial amounts of chlorine gas or hypochlorite is generally required to reduce the organic compound concentration to an acceptable level when the initial organic compound concentration prior to chlorinolysis is relatively high. In that case, the purification process consumes a substantial portion of the chlorine gas or hypochlorite generated by the chlor-alkali process to thereby reduce the availability of the chlorine gas or hypochlorite generated by the chlor-alkali process for other industrial processes.
Another disadvantage of relying solely on chlorinolysis is that certain types of compounds such as acids and acid esters are generally more difficult to oxidize to break them down into oxidation fragments sufficiently volatile to be stripped from the aqueous brine solution. Reducing the concentration of such oxygen-containing compounds to an acceptable level via chlorinolysis is difficult and expensive.
Another disadvantage of relying solely on chlorinolysis is that it requires treatment of the vapor stream stripped from the brine solution to prevent discharge of chorine gas, hypochlorite and any chlorinated hydrocarbons into the environment.
Opportunities therefore remain to further improve the purification of aqueous brine solutions containing organic compounds so that the brine can be used for chlor-alkali electrolysis.


A method for metadata management in a storage system configured for supporting sub-LUN tiering. The method may comprise providing a metadata queue of a specific size; determining whether the metadata for a particular sub-LUN is cached in the metadata queue; updating the metadata for the particular sub-LUN when the metadata for the particular sub-LUN is cached in the metadata queue; inserting the metadata for the particular sub-LUN to the metadata queue when the metadata queue is not full and the metadata is not cached; replacing an entry in the metadata queue with the metadata for the particular sub-LUN when the metadata queue is full and the metadata is not cached; and identifying at least one frequently accessed sub-LUN for moving to a higher performing tier in the storage system, the at least one frequently accessed sub-LUN being identified based on the metadata cached in the metadata queue.

Dynamic Storage Tiering (DST) is the concept of grouping storage devices into tiers based on their characteristics, and relocating data dynamically to leverage specific capabilities of the underlying devices. This requires that the data is classified in some way that lets the DST mechanism place a particular data element in its "optimal" tier. The concept of DST may be applied to several different Quality of Service (QoS) attributes of a storage tier; an exemplary attribute may be performance management. For performance management, the DST objective is to identify data that has a high activity level (also called load) and place it in high performing storage tiers. The utilization of high performing storage tiers should be as high as possible as these are generally more expensive than the lower performing storage tiers and a high utilization of the more expensive storage devices provides a better return on investment for the user.
It is equally important to detect when the activity level changes from high to low and move the data back to lower performing storage tiers, so it does not take up capacity in the higher performance storage pools that may be used by more active data. Automating the movement of data with higher activity levels to higher performing storage tiers and data with lower activity levels to lower performing storage tiers makes it much easier for the customer to get the most performance of the system without having to figure out what data has the highest activity and manually move that to higher performing storage tiers.
Certain DST systems may measure the load on an entire Logical Unit Number (LUN) and automatically move entire LUNs with a high activity level to higher performing storage pools. However, often the majority of the activity is really restricted to a few Logical Block Address (LBA) ranges in the LUN so this approach leads to lower utilization of the higher performance storage tier as most of it is occupied by LBA ranges that do not have a high activity level. In response to this problem, some approaches split the LBA ranges within a LUN into subsets called sub-LUNs and monitor the activity in the individual sub-LUNs and only move the most active sub-LUNs to the higher performing storage tiers and let the sub-LUNs with less activity remain in the lower performing storage tiers. Such techniques may be referred to as sub-LUN tiering. Sub-LUNs may be specified as an absolute size, for example 1 MB; or as a percentage of the LUN LBA range, for example 0.1% of the LUN.

Method for coupling sub-LUN load measuring metadata size to storage tier utilization in dynamic storage tiering


A flexible catheter having a guidewire lumen extending throughout its length and a distal section that is insertable, over the guidewire, into a patient""s vasculature for removing obstructive material, comprising an inner tube nested in an outer tube with an unobstructed void defined between them that is connectable to negative pressure, the inner tube is preferably rotatable by a motor for reducing the frictional resistance to the sliding of the inner tube over the guidewire as well as for reducing the frictional resistance to the movement of obstructive material through the void, the distal section of the catheter consists essentially of the distal portions of the tubes, wherein the inner tube has no connection to any element for cutting or fragmenting the obstructive material thereby reducing the likelihood of dislodging the material prior to aspirating it into the void.

Occlusive diseases of the vasculature are a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. While the nature of vascular diseases vary greatly, the underlying clinical cause is basically a reduction in blood flow due to an accumulation of obstructive material in the vessels feeding (arteries) or draining (veins) the affected organ. The obstructive material varies in hardness and composition. Harder obstructive material often contain calcified atherosclerotic plaque whereas softer material often contains blood clots (thrombus) and the disease is commonly caused by a combination of the two.
When such obstructions develop abruptly in the coronary vessels (feeding the heart), a heart attack occurs and in the brain it is referred to as a stroke. When obstructions develop over a longer period in the coronary vessels patients experience angina; while in the legs, they may suffer from pain ulcers and gangrene.
Clinical treatment of a vascular disease may involve surgical, pharmaceutical, or catheter based therapies. The choice of treatment depends on many factors, including the extent and location of disease and the nature of the obstruction. Surgical methods for treating vascular occlusive disease tend to be highly invasive and are typically associated with longer hospital stays and higher costs. Pharmaceutical treatment with thrombus dissolving drugs takes time to work, may inadvertently cause bleeding elsewhere in the body and may also dislodge large particles of obstructive material which is undesirable. Catheter-based therapies use various mechanisms to fragment, displace or remove vascular obstructions, and when such catheters are used percutaneously they offer shortened procedure times and reduced hospital stays.
Various designs of catheters have been developed for removing harder obstructive material from the vasculature.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,669,469 (Gifford) shows a catheter with a distal cylindrical housing with a side window that excises the obstructive material with a rotating blade disposed in the housing. However, the rigidity of the housing limits the utility of the device in tortuous vessels such as coronary arteries so that in the process of advancing such a rigid device past the material to bring the side window into position, it may dislodge some of the obstructive material down stream.
Another example is U.S. Pat. No. 4,990,134 (Auth) which shows an abrading device carried at the distal end of a flexible drive shaft. The device uses a high speed abrasive burr that pulverizes hard atherosclerotic but is less effective in dealing with soft tissue like material which may be dislodged into the blood and travel downstream.
Other designs of catheters have been developed for removing softer obstructive material from the vasculature.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,271 (Dubrul) shows a combination of rotational and longitudinal vibrations together with an injection of a lysing agent to break up the obstructive material in the vessels with an optional aspiration channel that is located proximally at a distance from the area where the tip fragments the material. Thus, once the obstructive material is fragmented some of the fragments may flow with the blood downstream.
Another example is U.S. Pat. No. 5,476,450 (Ruggio) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,938,645 (Gordon) that show an asymmetrically partitioned lumen whose cross-sectional moment of inertia is higher in certain direction. This asymmetry together with the off-center position of the guidewire, makes it harder for the catheter to turn while advancing along a three dimensional path that is commonly encountered in the vasculature of the heart and elsewhere.
The present invention generally relates to medical devices and, more particularly, to a catheter for removing soft obstructive material such as thrombus from a patient""s vasculature.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a flexible catheter is provided having a guidewire lumen extending throughout its length and a distal section that is insertable, over a guidewire, into a patient""s vasculature for removing an obstructive material. The catheter comprises a guidewire shield in the form of an inner tube nested in an outer tube with an unobstructed void defined between them that is connectable to negative pressure.
The inner tube is preferably rotated by a motor to reduce the frictional resistance to the sliding of the inner tube over the guidewire as well as for reducing the frictional resistance to the movement of obstructive material through the void. The direction of the rotation of the inner tube is reversible to avoid wrapping-up blood fibers around the inner tube, thus avoiding the creation of a new very resilient obstruction on the inner tube. Additionally, the inner tube may have a non-circular cross section to agitate the obstructive material that is passing through the void and prevent the material from organizing to form an obstruction therein. To enhance the flexibility of the distal portion of the catheter a wall thickness of the inner tube can be reduced, gradually or in steps, since the torque that the inner tube has to carry lessens towards the distal end.
The distal section of the catheter consists essentially of the distal portions of the tubes which are made preferably from an flexible biocompatible plastic material minimizing the mechanical trauma to the vasculature. The inner tube has no connection to any element for cutting or fragmenting the obstructive material so as not to disturb the obstructive material while it is still in the vasculature, prior to being aspirated into the void, thereby reducing the danger of releasing material fragments into the blood stream. Thus, the only effect of the rotation of the inner tube on the material is to minimize the resistance to movement of the material that already has been aspirated into the void in response to the negative pressure that prevails in the void.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention, a method of removing obstructive material from a vasculature is provided, comprising several steps:
Introducing a guidewire, through a patient""s vasculature to the vicinity of the obstructive material.
Inserting into the vasculature, over the guidewire, a distal section of a catheter, with an inner tube nested in an outer tube, to the vicinity of the obstructive material while selectively rotating the inner tube as needed to reduce the frictional resistance to movement of the catheter over the guidewire.
Creating negative pressure in a void that is defined between the tubes.
Selectively rotating the inner tube as needed to reduce the frictional resistance to movement of the material and to optionally agitate the material that is already in the void.
Withdrawing the catheter from the patient.


A sensor mat, particularly for vehicle seats in connection with restraint systems, which includes at least one positioning strip that may be snapped onto a fastener.

Systems for passenger classification are used in the automotive field. These systems are based, among other things, on sensor mats that are connected with an evaluation electronics system, and that are built into the vehicle seat cushion. They supply an output signal that corresponds to the weight of the person on the seat, which is evaluated for the weight-dependent control of the restraint systems by the air bag control unit. When the seat is unoccupied, the triggering of the means of restraint is forestalled.
At this time, there are various methods to fix this sensor mat, when installing it in the seat cushion, in a setpoint position in such a way that it cannot slip out of place during the fixing on of the seat cover. This is important, since a sensor mat that has slipped out of place may lead to a wrong classification or to the triggering of means of restraint in the case of an unoccupied seat cushion.
Examples of fixing the sensor mat are described in German Patent Application No. DE 103 14 472. Thus, a sensor mat is fixed to the seat cushion foam by being adhered to it, using a double adhesive tape or adhesive strip, by being stuck to the seat cushion foam, using pins, such as fir cone pins, or by being fixed to the seat cushion foam by Velcro.


A wireless communication apparatus includes a first communication system, and a second communication system configured to transmit a transmission signal in a communication frequency band which is the same or substantially the same as that of the first communication system and at an electric power which is stronger than that of a reception signal of the first communication system. The first communication system includes a feeder circuit having a resonant frequency, the resonant frequency being within the communication frequency band if a reception signal of the first communication system is input, and the resonant frequency being out of the communication frequency band if a transmission signal of the second communication system is input.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to wireless communication apparatuses and more specifically to a wireless communication apparatus including a communication system preferably for use in an RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) system and a communication system such as a cell phone, and relates to an antenna device which is used for an RFID system in the wireless communication apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
In recent years, as an information management system for articles, the RFID system has been in practical use which establishes communication between a reader/writer for generating an induced magnetic field and an RFID tag (also referred to as "RFID device") in which predetermined information is stored and which is attached to an article in a non-contact fashion with the use of an electromagnetic field in order to transmit the predetermined information.
As the RFID device, for example, the device disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 4069958 is known. This RFID device includes a wireless IC, a feeder circuit board including a resonance circuit which has a predetermined resonant frequency, and a radiation plate. The frequency of transmission signals and/or reception signals substantially corresponds to the resonant frequency of the resonance circuit. The resonance circuit may also function as a matching circuit for matching the impedance of the wireless IC and the impedance of the radiation plate.
By the way, in recent years, incorporating an RFID communication system into a cellular communication device, such as a cell phone, a smartphone, or the like, has been realized. In this case, when a transmission wave of the cellular system is input to the RFID device, there is a concern that the wireless IC of the RFID system is driven and spurious radiation occurs. Particularly, in the GSM (registered trademark) system, the frequency band used is near to the frequency used in the RFID system, and therefore, the transmission wave is readily input to the wireless IC of the RFID. Furthermore, since the transmission power is large, spurious radiation generated by the RFID device is large.
That is, there is a problem that part of transmission signals of the cellular system, such as the GSM, flows into the RFID device so that the characteristic (communication sensitivity) of the transmission signals deteriorates. Harmonics in the 900 MHz band are used in other systems, such as GSM 1800 and W-LAN, in many cases, and there is another problem that spurious radiation from the RFID device becomes noise and causes adverse effects on those systems.

Wireless communication apparatus and antenna device


A supersonic microscope comprises a container for containing a liquid nitrogen, and an acoustic lens housed in the container to emit a supersonic beam onto the view face of a sample. A volume-variable member is provided in the liquid so that its upper part is extended from the top surface of the liquid. When the observing of the sample, the vertical position of the member is changed for moving the top surface of the liquid nitrogen up and down so that the top surface of the liquid contacts the view face of the sample.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a supersonic microscope intended to scan that face of a sample which is to be viewed through the microscope with supersonic beam and, more particularly, it relates to a supersonic microscope intended to use, as the coupler liquid, a low temperature liquid such as nitrogen, argon and helium liquids.
2. Description of the Related Art
The supersonic microscope which has been recently developed attracts attention these days as a third microscope following the optical and electronic ones. The supersonic microscope can obtain the image of a sample in such a way that supersonic beam is focused onto the viewed face of the sample by means of an acoustic lens to two-dimensionally scan the face of the sample. When a supersonic wave of high frequencies (ranging from several hundreds MHz to several GHz) is used to increase resolving power in the case of this microscope, the interval between the acoustic lens and the sample must be made smaller as the frequency of the supersonic wave becomes higher because the acoustic absorption ratio of coupler liquid (or water) is proportional to the square of frequency. The interval between the acoustic lens and the sample is defined by the curvature radius of the acoustic lens. An acoustic lens having a small radius of curvature must be used to shorten the interval. In a case where the frequency of supersonic wave used is several GHz, for example, the curvature radius of acoustic lens must be made smaller than several tens .mu.m. It is extremely difficult to make an acoustic lens which has such a finely curved surface. Even if such acoustic lens can be made, it will raise the cost of the microscope.
To enhance resolving power without setting the curvature radius of acoustic lens to the above-mentioned value, there has been provided another supersonic microscope (which will be hereinafter referred to as a low temperature supersonic microscope) intended to use, as coupler liquid, a low temperature liquid having a lower sound speed than that of water, such as nitrogen, argon and helium liquids and to scan the viewed face of sample in this low temperature liquid. The supersonic microscope of this type disclosed in U.S. Pat. Ser. No. 235,544, for example, temporarily raises the pressure of a container in which the low temperature liquid is contained to prevent the image of a sample from being blurred by the boiling of the low temperature liquid in the course of scanning or viewing the sample. Even when the image of the sample is created in this manner, it has still blurred portions. This is because the surface of the low temperature liquid which is under pressure is rippled by those vibrations which are caused by the acoustic lens scanning in directions X and Y and also caused by outside factors. Therefore, images of samples viewed through the conventional supersonic microscopes were not quite but still a little blurred.


An alternating current contactor (AC contactor) with an electronic short circuit self-locking function, includes an AC contactor body (a). The AC contactor body (a) includes a shell body. A short circuit self-locking portion is provided inside the shell body. The short circuit self-locking portion includes a current collecting unit (b) for collecting a current signal of phase lines (A, B, C); a short circuit detecting unit (c) for obtaining a voltage signal which characterizes a current signal, comparing with a reference signal, and outputting a short circuit detecting signal when short circuit occurs; a short circuit self-locking executing unit (d) for obtaining the short circuit detecting signal to trigger the AC contactor body (a) to generate and maintain a circuit-breaking action; and a self-locking releasing unit (e) for releasing self-locking of the AC contactor body (a) and resetting the alternating current contactor body (a).

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to an alternating current contactor (AC contactor) having a protective function, and more particularly to an AC contactor with an electronic short circuit self-locking function.
2. Description of Related Arts
It is well known that AC contactors are widely adopted in currently existing control equipments for switching on/off or controlling of power lines. Usually a main contact is adopted to open or close a circuit, an auxiliary contact is adopted to execute a control instruction. The main contact is ordinarily a normally open contact. The auxiliary contacts ordinarily comprise a pair of normally open contacts and a pair of normally closed contacts. Cooperated with a main circuit, a small-scale contactor is often adopted as an intermediate relay.
The contacts of the AC contactors are made of silver alloy, and have good conductivity and high-temperature ablation resistance.
In this application, a structure that is capable of achieve basic functions of an AC contactor in conventional techniques is called an AC contactor body.
In actual processes, the AC contactor mentioned above is capable of breaking a circuit under instructions of a control equipment while working. If a thermal relay is not capable of operating a protection action timely when short circuit occurs, a contactor is not capable of breaking timely, or if an electronic protective equipment does not have a self-locking protection function in a short circuit fault, the AC contactor body usually executes instructions of the control equipment to attach up, which leads to damage of equipments or a fire disaster. In addition, a short circuit accident occurs on the AC contactor body, and circuit breaking action is generated. Technicians of the related arts only see the result of the circuit breaking, but are not capable of knowing causes of the circuit breaking, which confuses maintenance staffs as well.
In view of the defects mentioned above, inventors finally obtained the present invention after a long period of research and practice.

Alternating current contactor with electronic short circuit self-locking function


A newer generation game terminal according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided with a storage access control unit. The storage access control unit accesses a newer generation storage according to a request for access from an application designed to execute a synchronization process based on the assumption of a speed of access to an older generation storage. The storage access control unit estimates time required to access the older generation storage in accordance with an evaluation function for calculating the required time. The storage access control unit executes an adjustment process to fill a time gap between the time required to access the newer generation storage and time estimated to be required to access the older generation storage.

Some applications like game applications (hereinafter, also referred to as "game AP") that require high-level real time processing assumes a speed of access to a storage as a precondition and post-access data processing is implemented based on the assumption. For example, data processing is often implemented such that the processing is synchronized with access to a storage.
Storage technology is progressing day by day and the speed of accessing data stored in a storage is also improving day by day. On the contrary, an application in which data processing is implemented on the assumption of a speed of access to a given storage may cause inconsistency in data processing when the application is executed in an information processing device provided with a storage with an access speed different from the speed of access to the storage for which the application is designed.

Synchronization system and method for storages with different access speeds


Among other things, in one aspect, in general, a system for managing data in a data storage system includes a plurality of index nodes each storing a map of entries, each entry of the map including an identifier corresponding to a particular portion of data stored in the data storage system, and metadata indicating a location where the particular portion of data is stored in the data storage system, and one or more supernodes configured to return an identification of an index node that recently submitted a request for a particular identifier associated with at least one of the portions of data.

This description relates to managing and indexing deduplicated data.
Some data storage systems are configured to include a deduplication function that is used to reduce the amount of storage capacity that is needed to store received data (e.g., data to be stored in the data storage system). In some implementations, deduplication works by segmenting received data into segments (also called "chunks") of data that are identified in an index by a value, such as a cryptographic hash value. A form of data compression can be achieved by preventing duplicate segments from being stored when the data is being stored in the data storage system. For example, a given file (made up of one or more segments) that has already been stored (e.g., an email attachment attached to multiple emails in an email storage system) can simply be replaced with a reference to the previously stored file if the previously stored file has the same segments. Alternatively, a given segment within a given file that is the same as another segment in the given file or another file (e.g., a portion of document within a ZIP archive that is also stored in another ZIP archive) can be replaced with a reference to the duplicate segment.


Frame vehicle clamp adapters which allow a frame of a frame-type vehicle to be connected to a pinch weld-type clamp. One embodiment comprises a first section having an elongated rigid protrusion extending from a base. The elongated rigid protrusion is adapted to be secured to a pinch weld clamp. A second portion of the adapter is provided with a clamp for securing a frame thereto. A preferred embodiment comprises a mechanism for adjusting the height of the adapter.

The present invention is directed to a clamp adapter, and, more particularly, to a clamp adapter which allows a frame on a frame vehicle to be securely connected to a clamp designed for attachment to a pinch weld of a unibody vehicle.
Years ago, virtually all vehicles were built upon frames having substantially tubular or channel-type construction. Some vehicles, including some SUV""s and full-size cars, as well as most trucks, are still built using frames today. Equipment designed for working on frame vehicles, such as collision frame straightening equipment, are designed with clamps adapted to secure the frame to the equipment. In more modern times, most passenger vehicles are formed with unibody construction and are provided with pinch welds. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that equipment designed to work on unibody vehicles, such as unibody straightening equipment, is typically provided with clamps which, when tightened, secure the vehicle to the unibody straightening equipment. For example, the devices disclosed in Applicant""s prior U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,644,946 and 5,910,186 show a unibody frame straightening device with clamps designed for attachment to a unibody. Since certain vehicles, made by the Honda/Acura companies are designed for attachment to pinch welds which extend both vertically and horizontally, the inventor of the invention disclosed herein also provided a Honda clamp as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,182,493 and 6,216,524.
From the present description, those skilled in the art will appreciate that there are times when it would be convenient for an auto body repair facility which already has equipment adapted for use on a unibody vehicle to be able to use that equipment on a vehicle comprising a frame construction. If the equipment in such person""s facility only comprises clamps adapted for unibodies, the technician or shop owner is faced with the obstacle of securing the vehicle to the equipment. Doing so can present an obstacle since clamps designed for attachment to the pinch weld of a unibody vehicle are not designed to be secured to the frame of a frame vehicle.
It would, therefore, be desirable to provide an adapter for securing the frame of a frame vehicle to a pinch weld-type clamp.
The various embodiments of the present invention are designed to provide adapters which allow secure connection of a frame of a frame-type vehicle to a pinch weld-type clamp on a device such as a unibody/frame straightening device.
One embodiment of the present invention comprises a first section having an elongated rigid protrusion extending from a base. The elongated rigid protrusion is adapted to be secured in a pinch weld clamp. A second portion of the adapter is provided with a clamp for securing a frame thereto.
Another embodiment of the present invention comprises a mechanism for adjusting the height of the frame securing portion in order to provide additional height adjustability for the technician when attaching the frame of the vehicle to the piece of equipment.
These and other embodiments of the present invention are described below.


A piezoelectric resonator uses a radial flexural mode vibration. In the piezoelectric resonator, an even number of at least four electrode layers and an odd number of at least three piezoelectric layers are alternately stacked. Among the three piezoelectric layers, at least two piezoelectric layers are polarized in a thickness direction. The four electrode layers are connected to one another so that, in at least one piezoelectric layer among the three piezoelectric layers, an electric field is generated in a direction that is identical to the polarization direction of the at least one piezoelectric layer, and in at least another piezoelectric layer among the three piezoelectric layers, an electric field is generated in a direction that is opposite to the polarization direction of the at least another piezoelectric layer. Among the three piezoelectric layers, at least one piezoelectric layer has a thickness that is different from each of the thicknesses of the other piezoelectric layers.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to piezoelectric resonators using a radial flexural mode vibration.
2. Description of the Related Art
General piezoelectric resonators for use in kilohertz bands, particularly in 100 kHz to 1 MHz use an area expansion mode vibration. In a piezoelectric resonator using area expansion mode vibration, the product of the length Ls of a side and resonant frequency fr is substantially constant, and is represented by the following expression:
Lsxc3x97fr=As
where As represents a constant (frequency constant) and As≈2100 mmkHz. For example, in a resonator having a resonant frequency fr=455 kHz as in an AM filter, the length of a side is represented by Ls=4.62 mm.
In recent years, electronic devices have been in the process of being reduced in size, and it is also necessary that electronic components have small sizes and reduced thicknesses. Under such circumstances, it is not preferable to use an electronic component as described above, in which a side length is about 5 mm.
In addition, the attenuation characteristics of a ladder filter are determined by the ratio between the capacitance of a parallel resonator and the capacitance of a series resonator. In other words, in order to achieve a large attenuation, the inter-terminal capacitance of the parallel resonator is increased, while the inter-terminal capacitance of the series resonator is reduced. However, to increase the inter-terminal capacitance of the parallel resonator, the thickness of the piezoelectric substrate of the parallel resonator must be reduced, so that the mechanical strength decreases. Accordingly, there is a limitation on the range of selectable thicknesses.
In view of the above-described circumstances, the assignee of the present application has proposed a piezoelectric resonator, which is described in Japanese Patent Application No. 11-294491. In this piezoelectric resonator, groups of at least four electrode layers and groups of at least three piezoelectric layers are alternately stacked and in each piezoelectric group, at least two piezoelectric layers are polarized, and in which the electrode layers are connected to one another so that a portion of the piezoelectric layers has an electric field generated in a direction that is identical to the polarization direction of the two piezoelectric layers and another portion of the piezoelectric layers has an electric field generated in a direction that is opposite to the polarization direction of the two piezoelectric layers.
In the entirety of the above-described piezoelectric resonator, radial flexural mode vibration occurs because piezoelectric layers in which the polarization direction and the electric field direction are identical contract, and piezoelectric layers in which the polarization direction and the electric field direction are opposite expand. In this type of piezoelectric resonator using radial flexural mode vibration, dimensions can be reduced at the same resonant frequency, compared with a piezoelectric resonator using area expansion mode vibration. Since the piezoelectric resonator using radial flexural mode vibration has at least four electrode layers, an inter-terminal capacitance can be generated between adjacent electrode layers and can be increased. In addition, the stacking of the piezoelectric layers is performed. Thus, it is ensured that the entirety of the piezoelectric layers has sufficient mechanical strength, even if each piezoelectric layer has a small thickness.
Nevertheless, the piezoelectric resonator using radial flexural mode vibration has the following problems. The piezoelectric layers of this piezoelectric resonator have identical thicknesses. Thus, assuming that the entirety of the piezoelectric resonator as a device is constant, when n piezoelectric layers are stacked, the thickness of one piezoelectric layer is represented by 1/n. At this time, the inter-terminal capacitance is represented by the square of n. Accordingly, a rate of capacitive change is large, and the degree of freedom in design of capacitance is limited.
In addition, to obtain a predetermined capacitance, the thickness of the entire device, the number of layers, material properties, etc., must be changed, and as a result complications in processing steps and increases in costs are inevitable.
In order to overcome the problems described above, preferred embodiments of the present invention provide a very small piezoelectric resonator in which a capacitance is accurately controlled without changing the number of stacked piezoelectric layers and the thickness of the entire resonator.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, a piezoelectric resonator uses radial flexural mode vibration and includes an even number of at least four electrode layers and an odd number of at least three piezoelectric layers which are alternately stacked, wherein at least two piezoelectric layers among the three piezoelectric layers are polarized in a thickness direction, the four electrode layers are connected to one another so that, in at least one piezoelectric layer among the three piezoelectric layers, an electric field is generated in a direction that is identical to the polarization direction of the at least one piezoelectric layer, and in at least another piezoelectric layer among the three piezoelectric layers, an electric field is generated in a direction that is opposite to the polarization direction of the at least another piezoelectric layer, and among the three piezoelectric layers, at least one piezoelectric layer has a thickness that is different from each of the thicknesses of the other piezoelectric layers.
According to preferred embodiments of the present invention, the entirety of a piezoelectric resonator generates radial flexural mode vibration because piezoelectric layers in which polarization directions and electric field directions are identical contract two-dimensionally, and piezoelectric layers in which polarization directions and electric field directions are opposite expand. This piezoelectric resonator using radial flexural mode vibration can be made much smaller than a piezoelectric resonator using area expansion mode vibration, if the same resonant frequency is used. For example, when a resonator has a resonant frequency fr=455 kHz, each side of a resonator using area expansion mode vibration is approximately 4.62 mm long, while each side of a resonator using radial flexural mode vibration can be set at approximately 1.4 mm.
Among the three piezoelectric layers, at least one piezoelectric layer has a different thickness than the other piezoelectric layers. For example, in the case of a three-layer piezoelectric resonator, when the length of a side is represented by Lb, the dielectric constant of the piezoelectric layers is represented by ∈, the thickness of the central piezoelectric layer is represented by t2, and the thicknesses of outer piezoelectric layers are represented by t1 and t3, inter-terminal capacitance Cb is given by the following expression:
Cb=(∈xc2x7∈0xc2x7Lb2) (1/t1+1/t2+1/t3)
where ∈0 represents the permeability of vacuum, and t1+t2+t3=T0.
When t1=t2=t3,
Cb=(∈xc2x7∈0xc2x7Lb2) (9/T0)
If t1=t3=t2/2,
Cb=(∈xc2x7∈0xc2x7Lb2) (10/T0)
Also, when t1=t3=2xc2x7t2,
Cb=(∈xc2x7∈0xc2x7Lb2) (10/T0)
As described above, by setting the thickness of at least one piezoelectric layer to differ from each of the thicknesses of the other piezoelectric layers, inter-terminal capacitance can be changed, without increasing or reducing the number of piezoelectric layers.
Preferably, the three piezoelectric layers have a relationship expressed by:
t1=t3xe2x89xa0t2
By using the above relationship, radial flexural mode vibration is symmetric in top and bottom surface directions because the outer piezoelectric layers have substantially equal thicknesses, so that preferable resonant characteristics can be obtained.
The three piezoelectric layers may have a relationship expressed by:
1 less than t1/t2 less than 3 and 1 less than t3/t2 less than 3
In other words, by setting the thickness of each piezoelectric layer to be larger than the thickness of the central piezoelectric layer, a piezoelectric resonator having large xcex94F (=faxe2x88x92fr) can be obtained and a piezoelectric resonator having a broad bandwidth can be obtained.
Among the three piezoelectric layers, the central piezoelectric layer may be piezoelectrically polarized in the thickness direction.
Alternatively, among the three piezoelectric layers, the central piezoelectric layer may not have piezoelectric characteristics in the thickness direction.
According to preferred embodiments of the present invention, in the range t1/t2 less than 3, wherein t1=t3, large xcex94F can be obtained by setting the central piezoelectric layer to have piezoelectric characteristics in the thickness direction, while in the range t1/t2 greater than 3, large xcex94F can be obtained by setting the central piezoelectric layer not to have piezoelectric characteristics.
When the central piezoelectric layer does not have piezoelectric characteristics, the dimensions of the entire device can be greatly reduced, compared with the case in which the central piezoelectric layer has piezoelectric characteristics.
According to preferred embodiments of the present invention, in a piezoelectric resonator which uses radial flexural mode vibration and which includes an even number of at least four electrode layers and an odd number of at least three piezoelectric layers which are alternately stacked, and in which at least two piezoelectric layers among the three piezoelectric layers are polarized in a thickness direction, at least one piezoelectric layer has a thickness that is different from each of the thicknesses of the other piezoelectric layers. Thus, inter-terminal capacitance can be freely changed, without changing the overall thickness of the device, the number of layers stacked, material properties, and other characteristics.
The capacitance can be sequentially changed based on the thickness of the piezoelectric layers. Thus, the capacitance can be easily controlled to come close to a target capacitance. Accordingly, when mounting the piezoelectric resonator on a circuit board or other mounting surface, impedance matching to an external circuit can be easily performed.
In addition, by changing the thickness of the piezoelectric layers, not only the capacitance but also xcex94f can be adjusted and the bandwidth of the piezoelectric resonator can be adjusted. Also, by changing the thickness of each piezoelectric layer, the device dimension can be changed, even in the case of using the same resonant frequency, the same number of layers stacked, and the same overall thickness.


A storage router having an internet protocol (IP) port for coupling to a network supporting IP packets, a fibre channel port for coupling to a fibre channel network to a plurality of storage devices, and a SCSI router having an iSCSI interface that extracts SCSI command and data information from packets received through the IP port, wherein the SCSI router passes the extracted SCSI command and data information to the fiber channel port. Some embodiments further include a session to an information-handling system. The session supports a target-only mapping (wherein a source-specified target value is replaced by a mapped target value that is then passed by the SCSI router toward a first storage device and its LUNs), or target-and-LUN mapping (wherein source-specified target and LUN information is replaced by mapped target-and LUN information such as a loop-ID and LUN combination, a WWPN and LUN combination, or a WWNN).

Interest in the use of network-based storage systems has increased considerably recently. Storage servers connected to a network provide commonly available mass storage that can be shared or allocated exclusively to each of a plurality of computers or other information-handling systems connected to a common network.
The small computer system interface (SCSI) is a widely used standard for accessing various storage devices such as hard discs, CDROMs, DVDs, ZIP discs, tape, Superdisks, etc. Newer versions and interface definitions have been developed, including wide, fast, wide and fast, 40 MB/s, 80 MB/s, 160 MB/s and fiber channel (both copper-wire and optical versions), etc., however these interfaces are all storage-based architectures.
The internet and many other communications networks use TCP/IP (including the software interface layers for telecommunications protocol and internet protocol) to pass data. It generally takes a dedicated computer interface to receive and decode (or code and transmit) TCP/IP packets, and to pass data carried by such packets to applications residing at higher layers
Gigabit-per-second ethernet (often abbreviated GbE and pronounced gig-E) systems exist that quickly transfer data between systems. Many such GbE network systems use TCP/IP on top of the GbE protocol used immediately on the "metal" or the hardware network itself. Placing storage servers on the network has been done, however there is an overhead in expense, speed and cost involved in maintaining such servers. Further, remote computers in such systems do not have direct access to their data, wherein they keep track of their own SCSI-based targets and LUNs (logical unit numbers), and directly access their own data using the target-LUN information they maintain.
There is a need in the art for an improved storage-area network apparatus and method.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Virtual SCSI bus for SCSI-based storage area network


The present invention is directed to the treatment of cystic fibrosis that involves the administration of a nitrosylating agent, such as S-nitrosoglutathione or ethyl nitrite.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an autosome recessive disease. Affected patients have an average life expectancy of 30 years. This early mortality is primarily related to lung disease, in particular for 95% of patients, death results from progressive respiratory failure associated with impaired mucus clearance and excessive overgrowth of bacteria and fungi in the airways. The lung disease is characterized by 1) abnormal salt and water transport in the airway epithelium, such that too much sodium and too little chloride crosses the epithelial membrane; 2) a defect in glutathione transport out of airway epithelial cells; 3) inspissated secretions and oxidant damage, in part related to salt, water, and glutathione transport abnormalities; 4) impaired ciliary motility associated with thick secretions; 5) chronic colonization with denitrifing organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginiosa and Aspergillus fumigatus; and 6) chronic bronchoconstriction associated with recruitment of neutrophils and other inflammatory cels and associated release of bronchoconstricting mediators and, as a result of all of these factors, chronic, progressively worsening, dyspnea.
Cystic fibrosis is caused by mutations in a membrane-associated chloride channel, the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulatory protein (CFTR). The most common mutation, accounting for 70% of alleles, is a 3 base pair (single amino acid) deletion at the 508 position on the first ATP binding domain, the (xcex94F508) mutation. This is referred to as a class II mutation in that intact and potentially functional protein is degraded in the endoplasm reticulum because of a small folding error. It is known that his degradation can be bypassed in vitro by hypothermia and by treatment with compounds,such as glycerol and phenylbutyrate. These treatments result in functional expression of (xcex94F508) CFTR on the cell surface. It has recently been proposed that CFTR degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We have preliminary evidence that S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) inhibits the ubiquitin proteosome pathway, stabilizing the expression of post-translationally/degradation-regulated proteins such as hypoxy inducible factor 1-xcexc.
Furthermore, GSNO is of interest in cystic fibrosis for several established reasons. We have shown in 1993, that it is a compound present endogenously in the airways and has activity as a bronchodilator. GSNO is also known to increase ciliary beat frequency, augmenting airway clearance to inhibit amiloride-sensitive sodium transport, augmenting airway lining fluid salt and water retention. It has established antimicrobial properties, inhibiting the replication of viruses, bacteria, and parasites. We have recently discovered that levels of GSNO are low in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with mild cystic fibrosis. All of these established functions could have a salutary effect in CF.
Surprisingly, we have discovered that the treatment of cells homozygous to the (xcex94F508) mutation with 100 xcexcM GSNO increases the expression of CFTR and increases the maturation of CFTR (see FIG. 1). We have also discovered that inhalation of GSNO at concentrations effective to enhance the production of CFTR (a dose of about 0.05 ml/kg of a 10 mM GSNO solution) results in improved oxygenation. Finally we have shown that GSNO is well tolerated in CF and has no adverse systemic affects. Therefore, since replacement of low levels of GSNO is well tolerated, acutely beneficial, and can increase the amount of functional CFTR expressed on the cell surface, its use is proposed to benefit people with the disease.
The present invention is directed to composition and method for treating CF patients. The method comprises the delivery of S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) in concentrations equal to or in excess of 500 nmole/kg (175 mcg/kg), or other nitrosylating agents such as ethyl nitrite, to epithelial surfaces of patients with cystic fibrosis for the purpose of insuring adequate concentrations of S-nitrosylating agent on the epithelial surfaces of CFTR and epithelial function. The compositions of the present invention comprise a nitrosonium donor including, but not limited to GSNO and other S-nitrosothiols (SNOs) in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier that allows for administration by nebulized or other aerosol treatment to patients with cystic fibrosis.

Therapeutic use of aerosolized S-nitrosoglutathione in cystic fibrosis

University of Virginia Patent Foundation


Techniques for reducing piracy of media content are described. In some embodiments, a collusion resistant method is performed at a device, where the device receives a first request for a base copy of a media content item. In response, the device determines a first transformation based on a statistical performance criterion and a viewing performance criterion. The device further generates a first copy of the media content item by replicating and applying a first transformation to the base copy, where the first copy of the media content item satisfies the viewing performance criterion, and the first copy of the media content item is statistically different from the base copy or other copies in accordance with the statistical performance criterion. The device then causes transmission of the first copy of the media content item in combination with a first watermark for the base copy of the media content item.

The process of hiding or embedding information in media content generally comes under the category of watermarking. Digital watermarking (sometimes also known as "forensic watermarking") typically refers to the watermarking process where the embedded data identifies a media content item itself, as well as the content owner, operators, redistribution networks, and/or consumer devices associated with the distribution and consumption of the media content item. For example, in case a user leaks certain media content, his/her identity (ID) may be traced using embedded data. The watermark identifier is often encoded in an imperceptible manner while still allowing recovery of the watermark identifier even if the media content is modified.
One type of attack on watermarks is collusion attack. When the media content item is a video, collusion attacks typically work by gathering copies of the same video, each embedded with a unique watermark, colluding these copies, and generating a video that is a combination of the original copies. The combination may yield to the watermark corruption, thus making the watermark detection difficult or even impossible.
In accordance with common practice the various features illustrated in the drawings may not be drawn to scale. Accordingly, the dimensions of the various features may be arbitrarily expanded or reduced for clarity. In addition, some of the drawings may not depict all of the components of a given system, method or device. Finally, like reference numerals may be used to denote like features throughout the specification and figures.

Methods and systems for reducing piracy of media content


The present invention relates to a multi-stage method for preparing alkali metal salts of specific 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylic esters of the formula (I),

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a multi-stage method for preparing alkali metal salts of specific 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylic esters which starts from malonic ester and does not require isolation of intermediates.
2. Description of Related Art
The preparation of hydroxy-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylic esters, the corresponding tautomers or the alkali metal salts thereof, and also the use thereof as a component in the synthesis of biologically active compounds, is known (WO 2011/018180, WO 2009/036899, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1985, pages 1567 to 1576, Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (1911), 44, 1759-1765). However, the known methods have disadvantages as described hereinafter.
WO-A-2012/117015 discloses a method for preparing sodium or potassium salts of 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylic esters. However, the method according to WO-A-2012/117015 is not conducted in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. Moreover, the method in step (ii) uses the expensive component ethyl chloroacetate to azeotrope the aqueous phase. The partial hydrolysis of ethyl chloroacetate leads to high reactant and disposal costs.
WO 2011/018180 describes a preparation of hydroxy-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylic ester starting from malonic ester. The latter is reacted with a haloacetyl chloride compound in the presence of a base (see reaction scheme 1). After addition of water, the desired 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylic ester is obtained. The base is selected so as to be capable of deprotonating the malonic ester, as a result of which the enolate of the malonic ester is formed, which is then acetylated by the haloacetyl chloride compound. Suitable bases are especially alkoxides of the general formula M(ORa)b, in which M is Na+, K+, Mg2+, b is 1 or 2 and Ra is methyl or ethyl. Sodium methoxide is specified as preferred. On completion of ring closure, the desired product is obtained together with an inorganic salt which is formed as a by-product (e.g. NaCl if a sodium alkoxide is used as the base).

The removal of the inorganic salt from the reaction mixture, especially when it is NaCl, is achievable only through a very high level of technical complexity, if at all, since the compounds of the formulae (P-I′) and (P-I) are of very good water solubility. Distillation is impossible since the compounds of the formulae (P-I′) and (P-I) decompose at relatively high temperatures with release of CO2. The inorganic salt is therefore not removed. Instead, it is carried over into the subsequent reaction and can only be removed following completion of the further reaction of the compounds of the formulae (P-I′) and/or (P-I).
WO 2009/036899 describes a synthesis of salts of 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylic esters, which proceeds from a malonic ester potassium salt and in which the corresponding salt of a 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylic ester is prepared using chloroacetic ester and an alkoxide base, e.g. sodium methoxide (see reaction scheme 2). This reaction does not give rise to any inorganic salts which have to be carried forward. However, it is necessary for their removal to completely remove the polar solvent dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethylacetamide (DMA) used as solvent in step 1. DMF and DMA are both toxic for reproduction and expensive and are very difficult to remove and recycle. A further disadvantage is the use of the expensive monopotassium salt of malonic ester.

Step 1 of the aforementioned reaction is an esterification in which potassium chloride is obtained as a by-product, which is subsequently removed from the reaction mixture by an aqueous wash. In step 2, the ring closure to give the desired compound (Q-II) takes place, and a transesterification may occur therein, so that the product is obtained as a mixture of the compounds of the formulae (Q-II) and (Q-II′). Compounds of the formula (Q-IV) are solids and are commercially available or can be prepared by known methods (cf. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1944, Nr. 66, p. 1286, EP-A-950653, WO 2008/150487).
The preparation of the product according to the method cited in WO 2009/036899 is industrially disadvantageous since the method proceeds from expensive malonic ester potassium salts of the formula (Q-IV) present in solid form. In the case of industrial preparation, the use of solids as starting materials is fundamentally undesirable, since the technical handling of solids is difficult and more often involves a change of solvent, which overall leads to a considerable technical complexity for performing the reaction.

Multistage process for preparing alkali metal salts of specific 4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-carboxylic esters

Abstract: in which M and R1 are as defined in the description,which proceeds from malonic ester and does not require isolation of intermediates.


In a method for ascertaining a rotational direction of a rotating body, one rotational direction and one rotational speed value which indicates the rotational frequency of the rotating body are ascertained in each of multiple measurements. The rotational speed values of the multiple measurements are compared to each other, and a rotational direction of the rotating body is ascertained from the measured rotational directions and the comparison of the rotational speed values.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for verifying, or checking the plausibility of, a rotational direction of a rotating body, e.g., a vehicle wheel or of a shaft.
2. Description of the Related Art
The utilization of acceleration sensors is known for ascertaining the rotational direction and/or rotational speed of rotating or turning systems. In particular, wheel sensor modules which detect different measured variables are utilized in vehicle wheels, for example the tire air pressure, a temperature and the accelerations themselves, and communicate these measured variables or part of these measured variables via a transmitting device to a receiver on the vehicle body. In some cases it is provided that the wheel sensor modules themselves do not receive any data with locating information, and also that no data are sent by the vehicle in such a way that their position on the vehicle is recognizable from the receiving characteristics of the electronics. The position on the vehicle is also not known by programming the wheel electronics. Hence it is provided in such systems that the wheel sensor module itself ascertains the rotational direction, and that it may be established from the rotational direction whether the vehicle wheel is located on the left or right side of the vehicle.
It is known from published German patent application document DE 10 2007 046 308 A1 to place acceleration sensors on the vehicle in a tangential direction with a 90° phase shift, so that the acceleration sensors each convey the product of the gravitational acceleration and the sine function or cosine function of an angle which determines the rotational position of the vehicle wheel. It is thus possible to deduce the rotational direction depending on whether the phase shift during the rotational motion is positive or negative; a vernier method is employed to evaluate the ascertained phase differences. Moreover, in addition to the rotational direction, the rotational speed or rotational frequency of the vehicle wheel is also ascertained.
Such direct determination of the rotational direction from ascertained phase differences and assignment of the phase differences to a sine and cosine function or two phase-shifted sine functions is not always clear, however, not even after deducting the offsets of the signals. This is the case in particular if the measuring signals deviate from a pure sine or cosine, for example due to a rough subgrade or a change in the vehicle velocity. It has been found that with multiple measurements and corresponding evaluations, by assigning the phase difference to a rotational direction, sometimes contradictory results may arise in ascertaining the rotational direction.
Placing two sensor devices on the wheel with a 90° phase shift makes it possible to obtain pure tangential acceleration measurements without a contribution of the centrifugal acceleration; but this is very complicated and costly. When acceleration sensors with other detection directions are used, a radial acceleration component must be taken into account, which is determined in particular by the centrifugal force when the vehicle wheel is turning. The centrifugal portion of the acceleration values can be calculated by deducting a mean value or determining a linear or polynomial fit from the source data.
Published German document DE 603 08 213 T2 shows a device for determining the position of a vehicle wheel, which is usable in particular with a tire pressure sensor module. The device has two acceleration sensors, whose detection directions each have a component in the vertical plane with an angular offset of 0° and 180°. With this system too, the phase shift between the measured acceleration signals is ascertained and from it the rotational direction of the vehicle wheel is determined, from which the wheel can be located on the vehicle.
Published international patent application document WO 2005/069993 A2 describes a tire sensor module for vehicle wheels that has a pair of motion sensors from whose measuring signals a position of the vehicle tire is ascertained, wireless signals being emitted to a receiving device on the vehicle.

Method for ascertaining a rotational direction of a rotating body, and wheel sensor module


Disclosed is a crystalline silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve comprising a porous framework structure and at least one single ring aromatic compound within the porous framework structure. The silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve is used to convert oxygenate feedstock to olefin product. The olefin product is high in ethylene and propylene content, with a high selectivity to ethylene. The silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve can be included with a binder and other materials in finished catalyst form.

This invention relates to introducing a hydrocarbon into the porous framework of a silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve. More specifically, this invention is to a silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve which contains an aromatic compound, and a method for forming said aromatic compound within the porous framework of the silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve.
Demand for polyolefins, e.g., polyethylene and polypropylene, has been steadily increasing. It is projected that the increased demand for polyolefins will outpace the availability of raw materials, e.g., ethylene and propylene, from which polyolefins can be made.
Olefins which are used to make polyolefins have been traditionally produced from petroleum feedstocks by either catalytic or steam cracking of the petroleum. The cost of petroleum cracking has steadily increased, however, making it important to find alternative feedstock sources for olefins.
Oxygenates are a promising alternative feedstock for making olefins. Particularly promising oxygenate feedstocks are alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, dimethyl ether, methyl ethyl ether, diethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, and methyl formate. Many of these oxygenates can be produced by fermentation, or from synthesis gas derived from natural gas, petroleum liquids, carbonaceous materials such as coal, recycled plastics, municipal wastes, or any appropriate organic material. Because of the wide variety of sources, oxygenates have promise as an economical source for olefin production.
One way in which olefins can be made is by catalytic conversion. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,499,327, for example, a catalytic process for converting methanol to olefins is disclosed. The catalyst used in that process contains a silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve.
Of course, it is highly desirable to convert as much of the oxygenate feedstock as possible into as much olefin-product as possible. Various methods of doing such have been described. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,677,242 describes a method of increasing the amount of ethylene and propylene produced from the catalytic conversion of methanol by adding an aromatic diluent to the methanol. The catalyst that is used in the process contains a silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve. The use of the diluent is considered to result in an increased amount of ethylene product.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,499,314 discloses a catalytic process for converting methanol to ethylene and para-xylene. The catalyst that is used is ZSM-5. Promoters are used to promote either the formation of aromatics products or olefins products. Benzene, toluene and para-xylene are preferred aromatics promoters. Ethylene, propylene and butenes are preferred olefin promoters.
There remains, nevertheless, a desire to improve the economic attractiveness of the oxygenate conversion process. Catalysts and methods to produce olefins from oxygenates are needed which increase the selectivity of the oxygenate conversion reaction, particularly to ethylene and propylene, without resorting to adding costly product enhancing promoters. In particular, it is desirable to avoid using aromatic olefin promoters to boost selectivity to ethylene and propylene.
In order to overcome the various problems associated with providing large quantities of olefin product which can ultimately be used in the manufacture of polyolefin compositions, this invention provides a crystalline silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve comprising a porous framework structure. Within the porous framework structure there is contained a catalytically active integrated hydrocarbon co-catalyst.
In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of making an integrated hydrocarbon co-catalyst, comprising preparing an silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve having a porous framework structure and contacting said silicoaluminophosphate with a hydrocarbon at conditions effective to form at least said integrated hydrocarbon co-catalyst within the porous framework, wherein said the silicoaluminophosphate has a catalytic activity index for methanol conversion at 250xc2x0 C. of at least 2.
The integrated hydrocarbon co-catalyst is a carbonaceous material such that the silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve containing the integrated hydrocarbon co-catalyst has a catalytic activity index for methanol conversion at 250xc2x0 C. of at least 2. The catalytic activity index is k/kini, where k is the pseudo-first order rate constant for methanol conversion at 250xc2x0 C. in the presence of the crystalline silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve and kini is the pseudo-first order rate constant for methanol conversion at 250xc2x0 C. by injecting 1 pulse of 3 microliter of methanol in a pre-calcined crystalline silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve activated by flowing He at 450xc2x0 C. for 1 hour.
In another embodiment, there is provided a catalyst for converting an oxygenate feedstock to an olefin product. The catalyst comprises a crystalline silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve having a porous framework structure, and a binder, wherein the porous framework structure contains an integrated hydrocarbon co-catalyst preferably containing a single ring aromatic compound.
In preferred embodiments of the silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve and catalyst, the aromatic composition exhibits a Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SSNMR) spectra having a peak in the 18-22 ppm region and a peak in the 125-140 ppm region. Preferably, the aromatic composition is selected from the group consisting of alkyl substituted, single ring aromatics. Alternatively, if the intensity of the peak in the 18-22 ppm region is negligible, a peak near 128 ppm also indicates the material of this invention. Such a peak represents the presence of benzene, which has the desired effect on catalytic activity, as it rapidly reacts with the oxygenate to make alkylated single ring aromatics. More preferably, the silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve is selected from the group consisting of SAPO-5, SAPO-8, SAPO-11, SAPO-16, SAPO-17, SAPO-18, SAPO-20, SAPO-31, SAPO-34, SAPO-35, SAPO-36, SAPO-37, SAPO40, SAPO-41, SAPO-42, SAPO44, SAPO47, SAPO-56, the metal containing forms thereof, and mixtures thereof The most preferred silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve is SAPO-34.
Also provided in this invention is a method for making an olefin product from an oxygenate feedstock. The method comprises introducing a hydrocarbon into a porous framework of a silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve under conditions effective to form an integrated hydrocarbon co-catalyst preferably containing a single ring aromatic compound, and contacting the silicoaluminophosphate molecular sieve containing the integrated hydrocarbon co-catalyst with an oxygenate feedstock under conditions effective to convert the feedstock to an olefin product. The invention includes the olefin product made according to the described method.
In another preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method wherein the olefin product is contacted with a polyolefin-forming catalyst under conditions effective to form a polyolefin. The invention includes the polyolefin product made according to the described method.
In a more preferred embodiment, there is provided an olefin composition. The olefin composition comprises C2 to C4 hydrocarbons such as ethylene, propylene and butene.

Catalyst pretreatment in an oxgenate to olefins reaction system