In the extrusion of plastic pipe wherein the pipe is in a self supporting but semi-molten state on exiting a die orifice, the inner surface of the extrudate is cooled by a device which applies a suction for establishing flow of a cooling fluid which contacts the inner surface of the extrudate. In a further embodiment the flow of cooling fluid established for cooling the extrudate additionally cools a cavity within a mandrel of the die orifice.

Extruders commonly convert granular resin feeds into sheets, films and shapes such as pipes. Normally plastic pipe is produced by extruding molten plastic through a pipe shaping die orifice of an extruder. As used herein a pipe shaping die orifice is an elongated annular opening formed between an internal mandrel and a surrounding bushing which is spaced apart from the internal mandrel.
Since the viscosity of the molten plastic is temperature dependent, temperature measurement is an important operational guide to extruder operation. Temperature control schemes generally divide the extruder barrel into temperature control zones, with a temperature control loop including a controller, temperature sensor, heater and an over temperature alarm for each zone. Band-type electrical resistance heaters of two piece construction to facilitate removal are generally employed for directly heating the barrel.
Extruders require large heater ratings to decrease heating time. After extrusion has begun, however, heat is internally generated from friction, and at high production speeds the internal temperature, if uncontrolled, rises above the accepted maximum.
One of the factors which limits the production rate of an article formed by extruding a plastic material through an elongated die orifice is the rate at which heat can be removed from the article as it moves through the die. For an extrudate to be formed so that it is self-supporting when it emerges from the die, the plastic must be cooled below its solidification temperature before exiting the die. In the past this cooling has been accomplished by a variety of ways including, for example, circulating a cooling fluid through the outer portion or bushing of the die as well as through the mandrel. While cooling fluid circulation through the die, and other prior methods have proved effective for extruding relatively small diameter thin wall pipes, the prior art systems lack effectiveness in cooling larger diameter thicker wall pipes. This ineffectiveness in heat transfer from the plastic is due to the increased wall thickness of the large diameter pipe and thus lengthened heat conduction path for heat to escape from the extrudate so that heat is trapped around the mandrel of the die. The excessive temperature results in a condition known as control system temperature override which at least requires a reduction in extrusion speed and hence production rate to satisfy the temperature requirements.
Accordingly, it is an object of this invention to provide an improved method and apparatus for extruding plastic material.
Another object of this invention is to improve the rate of cooling the extrudate as it passes through the die of an extruder.
Still another object of this invention is to improve the production rate for extruding relatively large diameter pipes.
A yet more specific object of this invention is to provide a device for removing heat from the mandrel and from the inner surface of the extrudate passing from the die of an extruder.


In one embodiment, a method includes accessing a voice signal from a first user; compressing the voice signal using a compression portion of an artificial neural network trained to compress the first user's voice; and sending the compressed voice signal to a second client computing device.

A client computing device—such as a smartphone, tablet computer, or laptop computer—may include functionality for determining its location, direction, or orientation, such as a GPS receiver, compass, gyroscope, or accelerometer. Such a device may also include functionality for wireless communication, such as BLUETOOTH communication, near-field communication (NFC), or infrared (IR) communication or communication with a wireless local area networks (WLANs) or cellular-telephone network. Such a device may also include one or more cameras, scanners, touchscreens, microphones, or speakers. Client computing devices may also execute software applications, such as games, web browsers, or social-networking applications.

Audio compression using an artificial neural network


Various syringe systems are disclosed. One such syringe system may include a body having a hollow lumen and a distal end, a vacuum chamber disposed within the hollow lumen of the syringe body, a first plunger connected to a distal portion of the vacuum chamber, the first plunger forming a first seal against an inner surface of the syringe body and defining a fluid delivery volume between the first plunger and the distal end of the syringe body, a second plunger disposed within the vacuum chamber, the second plunger forming a second seal against an inner surface of the vacuum chamber and defining a proximal and distal volume compartments within the vacuum chamber, and a piston affixed to the second plunger, the piston configured to move the second plunger within the vacuum chamber, thereby altering a volume of the proximal volume compartment and a volume of the distal volume compartment.

During various medical procedures, it may be necessary to administer medications, supplements, fluids, contrast media, saline, and/or the like to a patient. In general, administration may occur subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, and/or intravenously. In some instances, administration may be accomplished with the use of a manually activated syringe.
Occasionally, a constant rate of administration may be of particular concern to the medical services provider and/or the patient. In an illustrative example, biological cells included in some treatments may be susceptible to damage if the pressure and/or the flow rate of the injection is too high. Furthermore, damage to the biological cells may reduce the efficacy of treatment. In another illustrative example, the rate of delivery may be important to ensure proper uptake of an agent. Even the most skilled medical services provider may struggle with the process of smoothly administering at a constant rate.
Previous attempts to ensure smooth administration of medications, supplements, fluids, contrast media, and/or the like at a constant rate have resulted in injector systems that are used to administer a fluid at a constant rate that are complicated and expensive to use and implement.


The leak magnetic field generated from the upper core layer toward the upper magnetic pole layer can concentrate in the vicinity of the gap layer to suppress side-fringing from generating while increasing the overwrite, by making the saturation magnetic flux density Bs1 of the upper magnetic pole layer to be higher than the saturation magnetic flux density Bs2 of the upper core layer, and by directly bonding the upper core layer on the upper magnetic pole layer.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a thin film magnetic head to be used for a floating type magnetic head. More particularly, the present invention relates to a thin film magnetic head that can properly reduce side-fringing and improve overwrite.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 13 is a partial front view of the structure of a conventional thin film magnetic head (an inductive head) viewed from the surface side facing a recording medium. The reference numeral 1 shown in FIG. 13 is a lower core layer formed of a magnetic material such as Permalloy.
As shown in FIG. 13, a lower magnetic pole layer 3, a gap layer 5 and an upper magnetic pole layer 6 are formed on the lower core layer 1, and the width of the upper pole layer 6 in the track width direction (the X direction in the drawing) is restricted to have a track width Tw.
The lower magnetic pole layer 3, gap layer 5 and upper magnetic pole layer 6 are formed so as to be exposed on a surface facing the recording medium.
Insulation layers 7 are formed at both sides of the lower magnetic pole layer 3, gap layer 5 and upper magnetic pole layer 6 along the track width direction (X direction) as shown in FIG. 13.
A coil layer 13 (not shown) is formed at the back of the insulation layers 7 in the height direction (the Y direction in the drawing).
A magnetically coupled upper core layer 8 is formed on the upper magnetic pole layer 6 as shown in FIG. 13. The tip surface of the upper core layer 8 is formed so as to be exposed on the surface facing the recording medium as shown in FIG. 13, and the width T3 of the upper core layer 8 in the track width direction is formed to be larger than the track width Tw.
However, the structure of the conventional thin film magnetic head involved the following problems.
The upper magnetic pole layer 6 and the upper core layer 8 were formed of magnetic materials having the same saturation magnetic flux densities Bs with each other in the conventional thin film magnetic head. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 13, the leak magnetic field generated from the upper core layer 8 formed with a width T3 larger than the track width Tw in the upper magnetic pole layer 6 did not concentrate in the vicinity of the gap layer, and the leak magnetic field was generated to spread toward the track width direction with a width larger than the track width Tw (the arrow shown by dotted arrows in FIG. 13), thereby causing side-fringing.
Side-fringing would be more evident when the track width Tw is further reduced for increasing the recording density in the future.
One method devised for suppressing side-fringing from generating is, for example, to form the tip surface 8a of the upper core layer 8 directed toward the surface side facing the recording medium so that it is retreated toward the height direction (Y direction) from the surface facing the recording medium.
When the upper core layer 8 and the upper magnetic pole layer 6 are formed of the magnetic materials having the same saturation magnetic flux densities with each other, the retreat length (the recess length) should be increased for properly preventing side-fringing from generating. However, it is a problem that the contact area between the upper magnetic pole layer 6 and the upper core layer 8 as well as overwrite decrease. Overwriting as used herein refers to writing the signals over the signals that have been already recorded. Signals are at first recorded at a low frequency, and then overwritten at a high frequency. The overwrite is accessed by the amount of decrease of remanent output of the recording signal from the recording signal output at the low frequency before high frequency overwriting.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention for solving the foregoing problems to provide a thin film magnetic head capable of properly preventing side-fringe from generating while improving the overwrite.
The present invention provides a thin film magnetic head comprising a lower core layer, a recording core, an upper core layer formed on the recording core, and a coil for inducing a recording magnetic field on the lower core layer, recording core and upper core layer; with the recording core comprising a lower magnetic pole layer, a gap layer and an upper magnetic pole layer, or a gap layer and an upper magnetic pole layer, sequentially laminated on the lower core layer, and exposed on a surface facing a recording medium, and wherein the upper magnetic pole layer is formed of a magnetic material having a higher saturation magnetic flux density than the upper core layer, and the upper core layer is directly bonded to the upper magnetic pole layer.
The upper magnetic pole layer has a higher saturation magnetic flux density than the upper core layer in the present invention. The upper core layer having a higher saturation magnetic flux density than the saturation magnetic flux density of the upper magnetic pole layer is directly bonded on the upper magnetic pole layer. Consequently, the leak magnetic field generated from the upper core layer may concentrate in the vicinity of the gap layer to hardly spread the leak magnetic field in the track width direction with a width wider than the track width Tw, thereby enabling side-fringing to be properly suppressed from generating.
Since the saturation magnetic flux density Bs1 of the upper magnetic pole layer is higher than the saturation magnetic flux density Bs2 of the upper core layer in the present invention, magnetic saturation in the upper magnetic pole layer, and thus attenuation of the magnetic flux density, may be suppressed to enable the overwrite to be improved.
Preferably, the ratio Bs1/Bs2 between the saturation magnetic flux density Bs1 of the upper magnetic pole layer and the saturation magnetic flux density Bs2 of the upper core layer is 1.08 or more, because side-fringing is suppressed while improving the overwrite when the ratio is within the range as described above.
Preferably, the saturation magnetic flux density Bs1 of the upper magnetic pole layer is 1.3 T or more, and the saturation magnetic flux density Bs2 of the upper core layer is 1.2 T or less.
It is preferable that the tip surface of the upper core layer directing toward the side facing the recording medium is located at a certain distance retreat from the surface facing the recording medium to the height direction, because side-fringing may be properly suppressed by the disposition of the tip surface as described above.
Although the overwrite decreases due to decrease of the contact area between the upper magnetic pole layer and upper core layer when the retreat distance is too large, the magnitude of generated side-fringing is not so large in the present invention even when the tip surface of the upper core layer is exposed on the surface facing the recording medium. Accordingly, generation of side-fringing can be more properly suppressed with a small retreat distance of the tip surface, thereby enabling a high OR intensity to be maintained without causing a decrease in the contact area between the upper core layer and upper magnetic pole layer.
Preferably, the shortest retreat distance L1 from the surface facing the recording medium to the tip surface of the upper core layer is within a range of 0 less than L1xe2x89xa61.5 xcexcm, because good OR intensity may be maintained without decreasing the contact area between the upper core layer and upper magnetic pole layer.

Thin film magnetic head with upper core and lower core layers reducing side-fringing


An instrumented capsule for nuclear fuel irradiation tests in research reactors includes an outer shell; a rod tip assembly assembled to a lower end plate of the shell, thus absorbing impact; fuel rod assemblies supported in the shell by means of support tubes and housing therein, sintered fuel bodies and in-capsule instruments, such as thermocouples and self-powered neutron detectors (SPND); a protective tube connected to the upper end plate and protecting instrument control cables; and a guide pipe connected to the inclined extension part of a junction tree and guiding the instrument control cables to a control unit provided outside the reactor.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates, in general, to instrumented capsules for nuclear fuel irradiation tests in research reactors and, more particularly, to an instrumented capsule for nuclear fuel irradiation tests in research reactors, which is used to measure in real time the properties of nuclear fuels irradiated in a research reactor during a nuclear fuel irradiation test, thus providing nuclear fuel irradiation test data required for the design of nuclear fuels and the determination of in-pile performance and structural integrity of nuclear fuels.
2. Description of the Related Art
In the related art, nuclear fuel irradiation tests and material irradiation tests in research reactors have been actively executed using irradiation testing facilities, such as capsules or loops. Of the irradiation testing facilities, the capsules which are in-pile testing facilities used in research reactors to execute nuclear fuel irradiation tests are classified into instrumented capsules and non-instrumented capsules. The instrumented capsules are testing facilities in which a variety of measuring instruments are installed in the shell of a capsule to measure the properties of irradiated nuclear fuel, such as the temperature of the irradiated nuclear fuel and the inner pressure and strain of irradiated nuclear fuel rods, and determine in-capsule irradiation test data, such as the quantity of neutron radiation and the temperature, flow quantity and flow rate of coolant. In the meantime, the non-instrumented capsules are testing facilities, the shells of which are not provided with such measuring instruments.
In recent years, the irradiation tests for nuclear reactor materials, nuclear fuels and other nuclear materials by the use of research reactors have been actively studied and executed. Particularly, the requirements for irradiation tests using research reactors have rapidly increased to provide: in-pile irradiation test data for pressure vessels and in-core materials of nuclear reactors in an effort to lengthen the life spans of commercial reactors; in-pile irradiation test data for in-core materials and pressure pipe materials of heavy water reactors in an effort to develop advanced materials for the reactors; and in-pile irradiation test data required for the development of advanced nuclear fuels for pressurized light water reactors, proliferation-resistant oxide nuclear fuels, nuclear fuels for next generation reactors and advanced sheath materials. Thus, a variety of irradiation test facilities which are thermohydraulically and mechanically compatible with in-core irradiation holes of research reactors and agreeable with irradiation test properties of materials have been developed and utilized. In addition, to provide further improved irradiation test facilities, many improvements to the facilities have been attempted.
To provide in-pile test data for design and performance qualification of nuclear fuels for commercial nuclear power plants and in-pile test data for qualifying in-pile performance and structural integrity of nuclear fuels to develop advanced nuclear fuels suitable for a variety of nuclear reactors, such as next generation reactors, irradiation tests using research reactors must be carried out.
To execute the irradiation tests in the research reactors, the non-instrumented capsules and instrumented capsules for the irradiation tests are installed in the irradiation holes of the research reactors to qualify in real time the properties of a variety of nuclear fuels, such as metal fuels and ceramic fuels, during the irradiation tests. In such a case, the capsules must be designed to be thermohydraulically and mechanically compatible with the irradiation holes. Furthermore, the capsules must be prevented from causing mechanical damage to the inner surfaces of the irradiation holes due to in-pile liquid vibration despite being installed in the irradiation holes for lengthy periods. In addition, the capsules must exhibit desired structural integrity and operational reliability thereof even though the capsules are irradiated in the research reactors for lengthy periods. Furthermore, the capsules must be constructed to allow the in-capsule instruments, nuclear fuel rods, fuel rod assemblies, and capsule shells to be easily assembled and disassembled through remote controls from hot cells.
An example of conventional non-instrumented capsules for nuclear fuel irradiation tests may be referred to Korean Patent Registration No. 296946, entitled "Remote-controlled Non-instrumented Capsule for Nuclear Fuel Irradiation Tests". The above-mentioned non-instrumented capsule can be used in a nuclear fuel irradiation test for a short period, three months to six months, while testing three kinds of sintered nuclear fuels at the same time.
However, the use of the non-instrumented capsule of No. 296946 is limited to an irradiation test for one nuclear fuel rod assembly having three irradiation test fuel rods. Furthermore, the non-instrumented capsule is problematic in that the capsule has a weak welded structure so that some welded parts thereof, such as a collar welded to a rod tip provided at a lower portion of the capsule, may be broken if excessive force is imposed on the welded parts during a process of assembling the capsule. In addition, the capsule is not able to resist wear or breakage induced by in-pile liquid vibration, and furthermore, may damage the inner wall of the irradiation hole caused by the wear.
Furthermore, the above-mentioned non-instrumented capsule is unable to accommodate irradiation growth of structural materials of nuclear fuels, such as sheath materials of fuel rods, induced by lengthy period neutron irradiation, so that the capsule is limited in terms of structural integrity and safety thereof in the irradiation hole when the capsule is used in a nuclear fuel irradiation test for a lengthy period, six months to three years.
Another example of conventional non-instrumented capsules for nuclear fuel irradiation tests may be referred to Korean Patent Application No. 2001-81880, entitled "Non-instrumented Capsule for Nuclear Fuel Irradiation Tests in Irradiation Holes of Research Reactors". This non-instrumented capsule was developed to solve the problems experienced in the capsule of No. 296946, and has many advantages as follows. That is, the non-instrumented capsule of No. 2001-81880 enhances its structural integrity and safety, thus solving the conventional problems in that the capsule may be easily worn or broken due to external force imposed thereon during the process of assembling the capsule or due to the in-pile liquid vibration. Furthermore, the capsule of No. 2001-81880 has a structure capable of accommodating irradiation growth of fuel rods, thus being effectively used in a lengthy irradiation test. In addition, the capsule includes a thermo-neutron absorption tube capable of allowing for control of linear power density of the nuclear fuel in the irradiation hole.
However, the non-instrumented capsule of No. 2001-81880 having the above-mentioned advantages is problematic in that the capsule does not allow for real time measurement of the properties of the nuclear fuels irradiated in the irradiation hole during an irradiation test.

Instrumented capsule for nuclear fuel irradiation tests in research reactors


A method and apparatus are provided for passing a client from a first server to which the client was connected for accessing a resource, to a second server for accessing the resource. While executing, the first server ceases to respond to the client. After the client detects that the first server has ceased to respond to the client, the client is automatically connected with the second server that has access to the resource. After automatically connecting the client, the client accesses the resource through the second server. The client stores information about the state of the session with the first server so that processing can continue where it left off after the client connects with the second server. The client may be pre-connected to the second server prior to the failure of the first server to reduce the latency caused by switching in response to a failure. The second server may be configured to pre-parse the commands that the client issues to the first server to further reduce the latency associated with switching to the second server.

A typical client-server database system includes a client, a database server, and a database. The client portion includes two main components, a database application and a client driver interface. The database application issues database language commands, such as SQL (Structured Query Language) commands, and provides an interface to a user through a keyboard, screen, and pointing devices such as a mouse. The client driver interface, on the other hand, provides the connection and communication interface between the client and the database server.
A connection is a communication pathway between a client and a database server and a specific connection between a client and a database server is termed a database session. The database server responds to the database language commands sent from the client by executing database operations for accessing and manipulating a physical database. A logical unit of work that is comprised of one or more database language commands is referred to as a transaction.
Contained within the database server is the session state data that reflects the current transaction state of the database session. To initiate a database session, human intervention is required to manually log onto a database application. The logging on process establishes a new database session by connecting a client with a database server.
Normally, the database session lasts from the time the user connects until the time the user disconnects or exits the database application. However, if a database session failure occurs, the connection between the client and the database server is lost. Once the database session fails, the user will observe a visible interrupt in his service as access to the database is terminated. To continue accessing the database, the user must reconnect a client to an active database server. This requires human intervention to manually log back onto the system to establish a new database session.
Besides requiring human intervention to manually log back onto the system, the failure of a database session creates other significant problems to the user. Because the logon process creates a new database session, all previous transactions that were not complete at the time of the failure are lost. Thus the user must resubmit all lost transactions once the connection to the database is reestablished.
Based on the foregoing, it is desirable to provide a mechanism for handling the failure of a database session without requiring someone to perform manual reconnection steps. Additionally, it is also desirable for users not to lose session state data on the occurrence of a database session failure.

Planned session termination for clients accessing a resource through a server


Provided is a cover accessory for a wireless communication device, including

The present disclosure herein relates to a cover accessory for a wireless communication device, and more particularly to, a cover accessory including an electromagnetic wave suppression function for a wireless communication device.
With the recent rapid development of IT technology and increase in communication needs of humans, wireless communication devices such as mobile terminals become necessities of our contemporaries. However, with the increase in usage of these wireless communication devices, an influence of electromagnetic waves on human bodies becomes an important issue. In addition, according to the appearance of wearable devices, concerns increase about the influence of electromagnetic waves from mobile phones on the entire body in addition to the head.
Currently, the influence of the electromagnetic waves in a frequency band used by mobile phones on the human bodies is being controversial. It is reported that when accumulated in the human bodies, these electromagnetic waves may influence various diseases such as leukemia, brain tumor, headache, and loss of vision, lead to brainwave confusion, an exhaust on male reproductive function, or the like. In particular, on Jun. 1, 2011, the international agency for research on cancer (IARS) under the world health organization (WHO) reported that mobile phones increase the risk of some brain cancers, while classifying the mobile phone call as a 2B-grade cancer-causing material, which is a third highest grade of cancer-causing material and to which an exhaust gas discharged from an automobile engine belongs.
The WHO had announced the opinion that there is no indisputable evidence showing the correlation between the use of mobile phones and occurrence of cancer. However, such a research reversed the opinion. The WHO recommends: children do not use mobile phones if not urgent, mobile phones be not placed near the human bodies, corded telephone be used for a long conversation, and a text message be used if possible.

Cover accessory including electromagnetic wave suppression function for wireless communication device

Abstract: an electromagnetic suppressing pattern layer on a surface adjoining at least one surface on which an electromagnetic wave is irradiated from the wireless communication device, wherein the electromagnetic suppressing pattern layer includes a first dielectric layer and a frequency selective surface (FSS) pattern with a unit cell having electromagnetic surface resistance periodically repeated thereon, and the FSS pattern is provided by etching the first dielectric layer to inject an FSS pattern material or by printing the FSS pattern material on the first dielectric layer.

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


An impulse-type underground supercharged jet drilling method and device. The impulse-type underground supercharged jet drilling method uses up and down vibrations of a drill string or weight on bit variation during the drilling process, so that an upper joint connected to the drill string drives a housing and a supercharging cylinder block to move up and down relative to a supercharging piston, while the supercharging piston, a high pressure line, and a drive shaft disposed outside the high pressure line make a reciprocally retractable movement relative to the housing. As a result, some working fluid entering the supercharging cylinder block is intermittently supercharged, and discharged from a high pressure fluid passage disposed in the supercharging piston and the high pressure line. The device effectively imparts an underground supercharging to parts of the drilling fluid, thus improving the rock breaking efficiency and the drilling speed.

With the extension of the borehole in the drilling process, the rocks need to be continuously broken, and usually for a distance of several kilometers. However, with the increase of the well depth, the difficulty of rock breaking increases while the efficiency of rock breaking decreases. The conventional rock breaking methods mainly include the mechanical method and the jet hydraulic one, and the latter requires very high jet pressure.
Under the current drilling conditions, the jet only has an auxiliary function of hydraulic rock breaking. When the jet pressure is increasing, the effect of hydraulic auxiliary rock breaking will be improved, and even rocks may be directly broken in a hydraulic manner. In order to directly break rocks in a hydraulic manner, the jet pressure shall exceed the threshold pressure of rock breaking. There are two methods for increasing the drilling fluid pressure. One method uses the surface supercharging, which improves the downhole jet velocity by increasing the volume of the surface pumped high pressure drilling fluid. But practices have shown that this method is unfeasible due to low efficiency, high cost and insecurity. Since the impulse jet usually has a stronger rock breaking capability than the conventional continuous jet under the same pressure, another underground supercharging method has been proposed. Although various underground superchargers emerges in china and other countries, they all have certain defects, such as complex structure, low reliability, low efficiency, or the supercharging is not enough. For example, the Chinese patent No. 93116601.2 discloses an "automatic supercharging device", which controls the direction change and activates supercharge by using a combination of the motor pilot valve and the hydraulic changeover valve. However, the defects of the device include challenges in direction control and short seal life. The Chinese patent No. 200520103214.8 discloses a "fluid supercharger", which supercharges by using an underground plunger, while the seal life is always not well prolonged and the supercharging effect is poor. The Chinese patent No. 200820019505.2 discloses "underground booster pump using positive displacement motor with double helical grooves", which uses a positive displacement motor to drive a plunger to change directions through the double helical grooves, but the fluid passage is too small due to the large volume of the helical grooves, thus the erosion is serious. The Chinese patent No. 201020125587.2 discloses an "underground drill string damping and supercharging device", which uses a spring controlled valve to implement reciprocating supercharging, but the spring does cannot guarantee working stably and reliably enough underground, and the supercharged value will be decreased. Therefore, a new underground supercharging device needs to be developed to implement the underground supercharging.
In view of the above defects of the prior art, the inventors develop an impulse-type underground supercharged jet drilling method and device of the present invention based on their years of production and design experiences in related fields for many years, which combines the advantages of both impulse jet drilling and ultrahigh jet drilling, and can greatly improve rock breaking efficiency and drilling speed.

Impulse-type underground supercharged jet drilling method and device

China University of Petroleum-Beijing (CUPB)


A hair care organizing apparatus includes a wall tap and an organizer unit attached to the wall tap. The wall tap has a plug that is inserted into a socket of an electrical outlet. The wall tap also has at least one electrical socket that receives a plug of an electrically-powered device. The organizer unit has at least first and second holders for receiving and supporting distinct hair care accessories. The first holder is intended for a hair dryer. In use, the hair dryer is plugged into the at least one electrical socket and inserted into the first holder to support the hair dryer from the organizer unit.

The present invention pertains to a hair care organizing apparatus and, more particularly, to a hair care organizing apparatus having an organizer unit attached to a wall tap.
For many people, counterspace and electrical outlets are at a premium in locations such as bathrooms and hair salons where multiple electrical devices might be used on a regular basis. In addition to the electrical devices, a wide variety of grooming products can often be found on such counters. For example, when preparing for the day, a person might use one or more dental care products, one or more skin care products, one or more makeup products and one or more hair care products, as well as an electric toothbrush, a hair dryer and a curling iron or hair straightener, on a bathroom countertop. For this reason, it would be desirable to provide a way to reduce clutter, disorganization and counterspace use in a bathroom, hair salon, or the like, while adding more electrical outlets.

Modular apparatus for increasing number of electrical sockets and organizing hair care items


A system may identify a group of first links in a document, where the first links correspond to a group of objects within the document and are associated with a same identifier. The system may replace the first links in the document with second links that point to a number of different identifiers, and forward the document with the second links to a client.

1. Field of the Invention
Implementations described herein relate generally to data communication and, more particularly, to communication between a client and a server.
2. Description of Related Art
The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a sessionless and stateless protocol that runs over Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connections. HTTP is a serial process, such that over any one TCP connection, only one object of a web page can download at a time. Web browsers, such as Internet Explorer, normally open no more than two TCP connections to a web server. Many web pages have dozens, if not hundreds, of objects that can only be downloaded two at a time (i.e., one over each of the two TCP connections). Over high latency links, it can take minutes to download all of the objects of a web page. Sometimes, a web browser can issue several requests for the objects of a web page and time out before all of the objects are downloaded since the objects download at a maximum rate of one at a time over each of the two TCP connections.

Dynamically manipulating content to force web browsers to open more connections


A polycarbonate containing a repeating segment represented by Formula (I)

This invention is generally directed to imaging members containing polycarbonates, and more specifically, the present invention is directed to multilayered photoconductive imaging members containing charge, especially hole transport binders comprised of crosslinked polycarbonates, which can be formed from the reaction of novel polycarbonates containing pendant hydroxyl groups along the polymer backbone, and functional agents comprised of, for example, isocyanates.
A number of advantages are associated with the present invention in embodiments thereof, such as excellent electrical characteristics, the provision of robust photoconductive imaging members wherein the life thereof is increased from about 170 kilocycles to over 500 kilocycles, and more specifically, from about 255 to about 510 kilocycles; compatibility with hole transport components, such as aryl amines; resistance to solvents, such as methylene chloride, tetrahydrofuran, and chlorobenzene, and substantial resistant to the disintegration of bias charging rolls. In embodiments of the present invention, the imaging members exhibit excellent cyclic/environmental stability, and substantially no adverse changes in their performance over extended time periods, and excellent resistance to mechanical abrasion, and therefore extended photoreceptor life. The aforementioned photoresponsive, or photoconductive imaging members can be positively or negatively charged when the photogenerating layer is situated between the charge transport layer and the substrate.
Processes of imaging, especially xerographic imaging and printing, including digital, are also encompassed by the present invention. More specifically, the layered photoconductive imaging members of the present invention can be selected for a number of different known imaging and printing processes including, for example, color processes, digital imaging process, digital printers, PC printers, and electrophotographic imaging processes, especially xerographic imaging and printing processes wherein charged latent images are rendered visible with toner compositions of an appropriate charge polarity. The imaging members of the present invention are in embodiments sensitive in the wavelength region of, for example, from about 500 to about 900 nanometers, and more specifically, from about 650 to about 850 nanometers, thus diode lasers can be selected as the light source. Moreover, the Imaging members of this invention are useful for color xerographic systems.
Layered photoresponsive imaging members have been described in numerous U.S. patents, such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,990, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, wherein there is illustrated an imaging member comprised of a photogenerating layer, and an aryl amine hole transport layer. Examples of photogenerating layer components include trigonal selenium, metal phthalocyanines, vanadyl phthalocyanines, and metal free phthalocyanines. Additionally, there is described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,121,006, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, a composite xerographic photoconductive member comprised of finely divided particles of a photoconductive inorganic compound dispersed in an electrically insulating organic resin binder. The binder materials disclosed in the ""006 patent comprise a material which is incapable of transporting for any significant distance injected charge carriers generated by the photoconductive particles.
The use of perylene pigments as photoconductive substances is also known. There is thus described in Hoechst European Patent Publication 0040402, DE3019326, filed May 21, 1980, the use of N,Nxe2x80x2-disubstituted perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyldiimide pigments as photoconductive substances. Specifically, there is, for example, disclosed in this publication N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(3-methoxypropyl)perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxyl-diimide dual layered negatively charged photoreceptors with improved spectral response in the wavelength region of 400 to 700 nanometers. A similar disclosure is presented in Ernst Gunther Schlosser, Journal of Applied Photographic Engineering, Vol. 4, No. 3, page 118 (1978). There are also disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,871,882 photoconductive substances comprised of specific perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid derivative dyestuffs. In accordance with this patent, the photoconductive layer is preferably formed by vapor depositing the dyestuff in a vacuum. Also, there are specifically disclosed in this patent dual layer photoreceptors with perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimide derivatives, which have spectral response in the wavelength region of from 400 to 600 nanometers. Also, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,555,463, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, there is illustrated a layered imaging member with a chloroindium phthalocyanine photogenerating layer. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,587,189, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, there is illustrated a layered imaging member with, for example, a perylene, pigment photogenerating component. Both of the aforementioned patents disclose an aryl amine component, such as N,Nxe2x80x2-diphenyl-N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl-4,4xe2x80x2-diamine dispersed in a polycarbonate binder, as a hole transport layer. The above components, such as the photogeneraling compounds and the aryl amine charge transport, can be selected for the imaging members of the present invention.
It is a feature of the present invention to provide novel polycarbonates and imaging members thereof with many of the advantages illustrated herein, such as for example extended life, and excellent Imaging performance.
A further feature of the present invention is the provision of novel polycarbonates, and improved layered photoresponsive imaging members which are responsive to near infrared radiation exposure and which imaging members in embodiments possess excellent wear resistance.
In a further feature of the present invention there are provided imaging members containing crosslinked binder layers which are compatible with transport layer components, and more specifically, wherein the polycarbonate binder, inclusive of the crosslinked components thereof, are miscible with hole transport molecules, such as arylamines, and wherein the photoconductive imaging member possesses excellent electrical performance including high charge acceptance, low dark decay and low residual charge.
Moreover, in another feature of the present invention there are provided abrasion resistant photoconductive imaging members, and wherein the imaging member corrosive erosion by bias charging rolls and mechanical erosion by cleaning blades is avoided or minimized.
Aspects of the present invention relate to novel polycarbonates; a polycarbonate comprised of a repeating segment represented by Formula (I)
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl; R2 represents a divalent linkage selected from the group consisting of alkylene optionally containing one or more heteroatoms of halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, silicon, or phosphorus, arylalkylene, and arylene; Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent aromatic groups; and P represents a hydrogen atom, or a hydroxyl protective group; a polycarbonate wherein arylene is selected from the group consisting of
and wherein the arylene optionally contains a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, alkyl of from 1 to about 15 carbon atoms, halogenated alkyl of 1 to about 15 carbons, or alkyl containing one or more heteroatoms of nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, silicon, or phosphorus; a polycarbonate containing at least one repeating segment represented by Formula (II)
wherein A is a divalent hydrocarbon optionally containing from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms, or optionally a divalent hydrocarbon linkage containing from about 2 to about 30 carbon atoms further containing a heteroatom of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, silicon, or phosphorus and wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and aryl; a polycarbonate wherein A is selected from the group comprised of
a polycarbonate and wherein the polycarbonate is comprised of
wherein x and y represent mole fractions such that x+y is equal to 1, and wherein the polycarbonate possesses a weight Mw average molecular weight of from about 2,000 to about 500,000; a monomer comprised of
wherein P is a protective group selected from the group consisting of a pyranyl, a thiopyranyl, an alkoxyalkyl, an alkylsilyl, an alkylarylsilyl, an acyl, and a benzyl; a polycarbonate of the formula
wherein x is about 0.05 and y is about 0.95; wherein x is about 0.10 and y is about 0.90; wherein x is about 0.15 and y is about 0.85; wherein x is about 0.20 and y is about 0.80; or wherein x is about 0.30 and y is about 0.70; a monomer and the alternative formulas
a crosslinked polycarbonate wherein the polymer is alternatively
a photoconductive imaging member comprised of a supporting substrate, a blocking layer, a photogenerating layer, and a charge transport layer, and wherein the charge transport layer comprises a hole transport component and a crosslinked polycarbonate binder; a photoconductive imaging member comprised in sequence of a supporting substrate, a photogenerating layer, a charge transport layer containing hole transport aryl amine molecules and a crosslinked polycarbonate binder, wherein the crosslinked polycarbonate is formed by reacting a hydroxyl-pendent polycarbonate with an isocyanate; a photoconductive imaging member comprised of a supporting substrate, a hole blocking layer thereover, a photogenerating layer, and a charge transport layer containing a polycarbonate with hydroxyl groups and/or crosslinked components thereof; a photoconductive imaging member wherein the photogenerating layer is comprised of photogenerating pigments dispersed in a resinous binder, which pigments are present in an amount of from about 5 percent by weight to about 95 percent by weight; a photoconductive imaging member wherein the photogenerating resinous binder is selected from the group consisting of polyesters, polyvinyl butyrals, polycarbonates, polystyrene-b-polyvinyl pyridine, and polyvinyl formals; a photoconductive imaging member wherein the charge transport layer comprises, aryl amine molecules; a photoconductive imaging member wherein the aryl amines are of the formula
wherein X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl and halogen; a photoconductive imaging member wherein the arylamine alkyl contains from about 1 to about 10 carbon atoms; a photoconductive imaging member wherein the arylamine alkyl contains from 1 to about 5 carbon atoms; a photoconductive imaging member wherein the arylamine alkyl is methyl, and wherein halogen is chlorine; a photoconductive imaging member wherein the aryl amine is N,Nxe2x80x2-diphenyl-N,N-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl-4,4xe2x80x2-diamine; a photoconductive imaging member further including an adhesive layer of a polyester with an Mw of preferably about 70,000, and an Mn of from about 25,000 to about 50,000, and preferably about 35,000; a photoconductive imaging member wherein the photogenerating layer is comprised of metal phthalocyanines, or metal free phthalocyanines; a photoconductive imaging member wherein the photogenerating layer is comprised of titanyl phthalocyanines, perylenes, or hydroxygallium phthalocyanines; a photoconductive imaging member wherein the photogenerating layer is comprised of Type V hydroxygallium phthalocyanine; a method of imaging which comprises generating an electrostatic latent image on the imaging member, developing the latent image, and transferring the developed electrostatic image to a suitable substrate; imaging members comprised of a supporting substrate thereover, a photogenerating layer of, for example, hydroxygallium phthalocyanine, and a charge transport layer containing the polycarbonates illustrated herein; a photoconductive imaging member comprised of a blocking layer, a photogenerating layer, and a charge transport layer, and wherein the charge transport layer comprises hole transport components and a crosslinked polycarbonate binder of the formula
wherein, for example, R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of, for example, from about 1 to about 15 carbons, a halogenated alkyl of from about 1 to about 15 carbons, an alkyl with, for example, from about 1 to about 15 carbons optionally further containing one or more heteroatoms selected, for example, from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorus, an aryl or substituted aryl of, for example, from about 6 to about 30 carbons; R2 represents a divalent link of, for example, an alkylene with from about 1 to about 15 carbons; Ar1, Ar2, Ar3 and Ar4 each independently represent aromatic groups of from about 6 to about 30 carbons; R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of from about 1 to about 15 carbons, aryl or substituted aryl of from about 6 to about 30 carbons, wherein R3 and R4 may form a combined ring structure containing from about 5 to about 20 atoms; and wherein x and y represent the mole fractions of the repeating segments with the sum of x and y being equal to about 1, and more specifically, wherein x and y can each be from about 0.03 to about 1; crosslinked polycarbonates generated from a hydroxy-pendent polycarbonate represented by the general Formula (II)
wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen throughout (for example, is intended for all examples of substituents and for the number of carbon atoms), alkyl of from about 1 to about 15 carbons, a halogenated alkyl of from about 1 to about 15 carbons, an alkyl of from about 1 to about 15 carbons further containing one or more heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorus, an aryl or substituted aryl of from about 6 to about 30 carbons; R2 represents a divalent linkage; H can be P which represents a hydrogen atom, or a hydroxyl protective group; Ar1, Ar2, Ar3 and Ar4 each independently represent aromatic groups of from about 6 to about 30 carbons; R3 and R4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl of from about 1 to about 15 carbons, aryl or substituted aryl of from about 6 to about 30 carbons, wherein R3 and R4 may form a combined ring structure containing from about 5 to about 20 atoms, wherein x and y represent the mole fractions of the repeating segment; and wherein, for example, the weight average molecular weight, Mw, and the number average molecular weight, Mn, thereof are, for example, from about 1,000 to about 1,000,000, and more specifically, Mw is preferably from about 1,000 to about 200,000 and Mn is preferably from about 500 to about 100,000; and a monomer comprised of
wherein P is a protective group selected from the group consisting of a pyranyl, a thiopyranyl, an alkoxyalkyl, an alkylsilyl, an alkylarylsilyl, an acyl, and a benzyl.
Examples of R1 include suitable substituents such as a hydrogen atom; alkyl with 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, iso-propyl, tert-butyl and the like; aryl with 6 to about 30 carbon atoms, such as phenyl, naphthyl, phenaphthyl, biphenyl, and the like. The alkyl group may contain halogen atoms such as fluoride, chloride, or bromide. Illustrative examples of halogenated alkyl are fluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, perfluoropropyl, fluorobutyl, fluoropentyl, chloromethyl, chloroethyl, and the like.
Examples of divalent linkages include suitable substituents such as alkylene, arylene, alkylenearyl groups, and more specifically, alkylene with 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, and more specifically, about 1 to about 10, such as methylene, ethylene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, and the like; arylene with 6 to about 30 carbon atoms, such as phenylene, biphenylene, naphthalene, and the like; and alkylenearyl containing from about 13 to about 60 carbon atoms, such as methylenephenyl, methylenediphenyl, ethylenephenyl, propylenephenyl, and the like.
Examples of R3 and R4 include suitable substituents such as a hydrogen atom; alkyl having 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, iso-propyl, tert-butyl and the like; substituted alkyl including halogen, such as fluoride, chloride, and bromide, and alkoxy, such as methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, iso-propoxy, butoxy and the like. Typical examples of substituted alkyl include fluoromethyl, fluoroethyl, fluoropropyl, chlorobutyl, methoxymethyl, ethoxymethyl and the like. Examples of aryl include those with 6 to about 30 carbon atoms, such as phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, and the like; and substituted aryl with 6 to about 30 carbon atoms. Illustrative examples of substituted aryl are methylphenyl, ethylphenyl, propylphenyl, butylphenyl, dimethylphenyl, trimethylphenyl, tetramethylphenyl and the like. The substituted aryl may additionally contain halogen atoms such as fluoride, chloride, or bromide. Illustrative examples include trifluoromethylphenyl, chlorophenyl, perfluorophenyl, fluorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, and the like. Illustrative examples of the ring structures R3 and R7 include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopentyl, cyclooctyl, and the like.
Examples of Ar1, Ar2, Ar3, and Ar4 and the substituted derivatives thereof with alkyl or halogen include aryl with 6 to about 60 carbon atoms, such as phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, methylenephenyl, dimethylenephenyl, binaphthyl and the like. Aryl may contain an alkyl substituent such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl and the like; a halogen substituent such as fluorine, chlorine, or bromine. Illustrative examples of halogenated aryl are fluorophenyl, perfluorophenyl, fluoromethylphenyl, fluoropropylphenyl, chlorophenyl, dichlorophenyl, and the like.
Illustrative examples of hydroxyl-pendent polycarbonates are represented by (IIa) through (IIj) wherein x and y are the molar fractions of the repeating monomer units such that the sum of x+y is, for example, equal to 1, and more specifically, wherein x represents the number of repeating segments, such as a number of from about 0.01 to about 1, and yet more specifically, from about 0.03 to about 0.99.
In embodiments, the present invention relates to the provision of a polycarbonate, especially crosslinked polycarbonate, binder illustrated herein. More specifically, the crosslinked polycarbonate (III) can be formed from the reaction of a hydroxyl-pendent polycarbonate of Formula (II) with a curing agent of, for example, a diisocyanate, ONC-L-NCO, and which reaction is illustrated in Scheme (I)
wherein R1, R2, R3, R4, Ar3 and Ar4 are as illustrated herein; and wherein L represents a divalent linkage of, for example, from about 1 to about 30 carbon atoms, and preferably from about 3 to about 15 carbon atoms. Diisocyanate examples include 1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,4-diisocyanatobutane, 1,8-diisocyanatooctane, 1,12-diisocyanatododecane, 1,5-diisocyanoto-2-methylpentane, trimethyl-1,6-diisocyanatohexane, 1,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, trans-1,4-cyclohexenediisocyanate, 4,4xe2x80x2-methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate), isophoronediisocyanate, 1,3-phenylenediisocyanate, 1,4-phenylenediisocyanate, tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate, tolylene 2,6-diisocyanate, 4,4xe2x80x2-methylenebis(2,6-diethylphenylisocyanate), or 4,4xe2x80x2-oxybis(phenylisocyanate), and the like.
The diisocyanate amount selected is, for example, from about 0.1 to about 5 equivalents of the hydroxyl group contained in the polycarbonate; the curing reaction can be accomplished by heating at, for example, about room temperature (25xc2x0 C.) to about 200xc2x0 C., and preferably from about 50xc2x0 C. to about 140xc2x0 C. Optionally a catalyst can be added to assist the crosslinking reaction. Catalyst examples include amines, tin compounds, zinc compounds and the like, with specific examples being triethylamine, tributylamine, dibutyltin diacetate, zinc octate, and the like. The hydroxyl polycarbonates, therefore, can be crosslinked by reacting with isocyanates, and which crosslinked polycarbonate products provide chemical and mechanical wear resistance without altering substantially the electrical performance, and therefore, are used to extend the life of photoresponsive imagining members.
The hydroxyl-pendent polycarbonates (II) can be prepared by known interfacial phosgenation, interfacial or solution polycondensation. More specifically, the polycarbonates can be prepared by the interfacial polycondensation method according to Scheme (II) wherein the substituents, such as R, x and y, are as illustrated herein.
Typically, the processes for the preparation of the polycarbonates are initiated with the preparation of tetrahydropyranyl ether (THP) protected hydroxyl bisphenol monomer (VI), followed by interfacial polycondensation of the protected hydroxyl bisphenol and bischloroformate (V) optionally with other suitable bisphenols (IV) to produce the THP protected hydroxyl polycarbonate (II-P), and then followed by removing the THP protecting group to provide the hydroxyl polycarbonate (III). The hydroxyl group is protected by a THP group which could prevent it from reacting with the bischloroformate to interrupt the polymer formation. Specifically, the monomer can be prepared by the following method as shown in Scheme (III): 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)valeric acid (VII) is refluxed in methanol with concentrated sulfuric acid as the catalyst to provide methyl 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)valerate (VIII). Methyl 4,4-bis(4-hydroxylphenyl)valerate (IX) is reacted with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) and chlorotrimethylsilane (TMSCl), then reduced by lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) to provide 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)valeric alcohol (VIII). 4,4-Bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)valeric alcohol (VIII) is reacted with dihydropyran (DHP) to produce the desired monomer, THP protected 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)valeric alcohol (VI).
More specifically, the hydroxy-pendent polycarbonates (II) can be prepared by the following method. A mixture of THP-protected 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)valeric alcohol (VI) and optionally other bisphenol monomers, such as 4,4-cyclohexylidenebisphenol, an aqueous inorganic base solution, such as sodium hydroxide, and an organic solvent, such as dichloromethane, a suitable amount of a phase transfer catalyst, such as benzyltriethylammonium chloride, is stirred at room temperature (25xc2x0 C.). To the mixture is added a dichloromethane solution containing a bischloroformate, such as 4,4-cyclohexylidenebisphenol bischloroformate. A catalyst, such as triethylamine, tributylamine or the like, can be added to further accelerate the reaction. The interfacial polycondensation is generally accomplished by heating at a temperature of from 0xc2x0 C. to about 100xc2x0 C., and preferably from room temperature (25xc2x0 C.) to about 50xc2x0 C.; the reaction time is generally from about 10 minutes to about 3 hours. The polymeric product obtained can be purified by dissolving it in an organic solvent, such as dichloromethane or tetrahydrofuran (THF), and then precipitating in methanol. Product structures can be confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopy. The number and weight average molecular weights of the polymer and the Mw/Mn can be obtained by a Waters Gel Permeation Chromatograph (GPC) employing four ULTRASTYRAGEL(copyright) columns with pore sizes of 100, 500, 500, and 104 Angstroms and using THF as a solvent.
The THP-protected hydroxyl polycarbonate obtained was stirred and heated with an acid or a salt, such as hydrochloric acid, toluenesulfonic acid, pyridinium toluenesulfonate and the like, and alcohol, such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and the like, in an organic solvent, such as methylenechloride, tetrahydrofuran or the like. The temperature was controlled at from about 30xc2x0 C. to about 100xc2x0 C., and preferably, from about 40xc2x0 C. to about 70xc2x0 C.; reaction time is, for example, for about 6 to about 72 hours, and preferably for about 12 to about 24 hours. The completion of the reaction was monitored by the disappearance of the singlet at xcex4 4.5 ppm on the 1H NMR spectrum, and the resulting hydroxyl polycarbonate was precipitated into methanol, collected by filtration and dried at 70xc2x0 C. under vacuum. The number and weight molecular weight of the resulting hydroxyl polycarbonate can be obtained by GPC to determine if there has been a change in the molecular weight of the product after converting from the THP-protected hydroxyl polycarbonate to a hydroxyl polycarbonate.
The substrate layers selected for the imaging members of the present invention can be opaque or substantially transparent, and may comprise any suitable material having the requisite mechanical properties. Thus, the substrate may comprise a layer of insulating material including inorganic or organic polymeric materials, such as MYLAR(copyright) a commercially available polymer, MYLAR(copyright) containing titanium, a layer of an organic or inorganic material having a semiconductive surface layer, such as indium tin oxide, or aluminum arranged thereon, or a conductive material inclusive of aluminum, chromium, nickel, brass or the like. The substrate may be flexible, seamless, or rigid, and may have a number of many different configurations, such as for example a plate, a cylindrical drum, a scroll, an endless flexible belt, and the like. In one embodiment, the substrate is in the form of a seamless flexible belt. In some situations, it may be desirable to coat on the back of the substrate, particularly when the substrate is a flexible organic polymeric material, an anticurl layer, such as for example polycarbonate materials commercially available as MAKROLON(copyright).
The thickness of the substrate layer depends on many factors, including economical considerations, thus this layer may be of substantial thickness, for example in excess of about 3,000 microns, or of a minimum thickness. In embodiments, the thickness of this layer is from about 75 microns to about 300 microns, and more specifically, from about 70 to about 150 microns.
The photogenerating layer can contain known photogenerating pigments, such as metal phthalocyanines, metal free phthalocyanines, hydroxygallium phthalocyanines, perylenes, especially bis(benzimidazo)perylene, titanyl phthalocyanines, and the like, and more specifically, vanadyl phthalocyanines, Type V hydroxygallium phthalocyanines, and inorganic components, such as selenium, especially trigonal selenium. The photogenerating pigment can be dispersed in a resin binder or alternatively no resin binder is needed. Generally, the thickness of the photogenerator layer depends on a number of factors, including the thicknesses of the other layers and the amount of photogenerator material contained in the photogenerating layers. Accordingly, this layer can be of a thickness of, for example, from about 0.05 micron to about 10 microns, and more specifically, from about 0.25 micron to about 3 microns when, for example, the photogenerator compositions are present in an amount of from about 30 to about 75 percent by volume. The maximum thickness of the layer in an embodiment is dependent primarily upon factors, such as photosensitivity, electrical properties and mechanical considerations. The photogenerating layer binder resin, present in various suitable amounts, for example from about 1 to about 50, and more specifically, from about 1 to about 10 weight percent, may be selected from a number of known polymers, such as poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinyl carbazole), polyesters, polycarbonates, poly(vinyl chloride), polyacrylates and methacrylates, copolymers of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate, phenoxy resins, polyurethanes, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyacrylonitrile, polystyrene, and the like. In embodiments of the present invention, it is desirable to select a coating solvent that does not substantially disturb or adversely effect the other previously coated layers of the device. Examples of solvents that can be selected for use as coating solvents for the photogenerator layer are ketones, alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethers, amines, amides, esters, and the like. Specific examples are cyclohexanone, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methanol, ethanol, butanol, amyl alcohol, toluene, xylene, chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, methylene chloride, trichloroethylene, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, diethyl ether, dimethyl formamide, dimethyl acetamide, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, methoxyethyl acetate, and the like.
The coating of the photogenerator layers in embodiments of the present invention can be accomplished with spray, dip or wire-bar methods such that the final dry thickness of the photogenerator layer is, for example, from about 0.01 to about 30 microns, and more specifically, from about 0.1 to about 3 microns after being dried at, for example, about 40xc2x0 C. to about 150xc2x0 C. for about 15 to about 90 minutes.
Illustrative examples of polymeric binder materials that can be selected for the photogenerator layer are as indicated herein, and include those polymers as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,121,006, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference. In general, the effective amount of polymer binder that is utilized in the photogenerator layer is from about 0 to about 95 percent by weight, and preferably from about 25 to about 60 percent by weight of the photogenerator layer.
As optional adhesives usually in contact with the supporting substrate layer, there can be selected various known substances inclusive of polyesters, polyamides, poly(vinyl butyral), poly(vinyl alcohol), polyurethane and polyacrylonitrile. This layer is, for example, of a thickness of from about 0.001 micron to about 1 micron. Optionally, this layer may contain effective suitable amounts, for example from about 1 to about 10 weight percent, of conductive and nonconductive particles, such as zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, silicon nitride, carbon black, and the like, to provide, for example, in embodiments of the present invention desirable electrical and optical properties.
The charge transport layer can be comprised of known hole transports, such as aryl amines, and which generally is of a thickness of from about 5 microns to about 80 microns, and preferably is of a thickness of from about 10 microns to about 44 microns, and which aryl amines include molecules of the following formula
wherein X is an alkyl group, a halogen, or mixtures thereof, especially those substituents selected from the group consisting of Cl and CH3.
Examples of specific aryl amines are N,Nxe2x80x2-diphenyl-N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(alkylphenyl)-1,1-biphenyl-4,4xe2x80x2-diamine wherein alkyl is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, hexyl, and the like; and N,Nxe2x80x2-diphenyl-N,Nxe2x80x2-bis(halophenyl)-1,1xe2x80x2-biphenyl-4,4xe2x80x2-diamine wherein the halo substituent is preferably a chloro substituent. Other known charge transport layer molecules can be selected, reference for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,921,773 and 4,464,450, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference.
Generally, the transport layer contains from about 10 to about 75 percent by weight of the charge transport material, and more specifically, from about 35 percent to about 50 percent of this material.
Also, included within the scope of the present invention are methods of imaging and printing with the photoresponsive devices illustrated herein. These methods generally involve the formation of an electrostatic latent image on the imaging member, followed by developing the image with a toner composition comprised, for example, of thermoplastic resin, colorant, such as pigment, charge additive, and surface additives, reference U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,560,635; 4,298,697 and 4,338,390, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, subsequently transferring the image to a suitable substrate, and permanently affixing the image thereto. In those environments wherein the device is to be used in a printing mode, the imaging method involves the same steps with the exception that the exposure step can be accomplished with a laser device or image bar.

Abstract: wherein R1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl; R2 represents a divalent linkage selected from the group consisting of alkylene containing one or more heteroatoms of halogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, silicon, and phosphorus, arylalkylene, and arylene; Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent aromatic groups; and P represents a hydrogen atom, or a hydroxyl protective group.


A powertrain has a power transmission including a pair of planetary gearsets. The planetary gearsets are selectively interconnectible with an input shaft through a plurality of synchronizer mechanisms to provide ten forward speed ratios and two reverse speed ratios.

Current automotive vehicles and trucks include a multi-speed power transmission. The use of planetary gearsets and automatic shifting power transmissions has become more prominent in the field of vehicle transportation. The planetary transmissions employed in the powertrains generally include two or more planetary gearsets and a plurality of fluid-operated torque-transmitting mechanisms, commonly termed clutches and brakes.
While these arrangements operate very well and provide for simplicity of operation, it is desirable to improve efficiency of these units. One way of improving the efficiency is to remove the hydraulic components from the transmission. This, of course, was done in many previous power transmissions utilizing countershaft arrangements and synchronizer shifting mechanisms. The synchronizer shifting mechanisms generally employed a manual control mechanism, thereby eliminating the need for high pressure hydraulic fluid within the transmission control system.
More recently, it has been found that the planetary-type gearset will lend itself quite well to mechanical- or synchronizer-type clutches and brakes.


A fluid compressor has a cylinder (17), a rotary rod (21), and a helical blade (33) that defines work chambers (44) between the cylinder and the rod. The compressor successively compresses and conveys a fluid from a suction end to a discharge end through the work chambers according to the rotation of the rod. The continuous helical blade is formed by pressurizing and injecting synthetic resin material such as tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkylvinylether polymer resin into a mold through two gates (39), so that a weld line (43) of the blade is located in an intermediate region between a suction pressure region and a discharge pressure region of the blade.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a helical blade fluid compressor for compressing a fluid such as a coolant gas in a refrigerating cycle, and particularly, to a helical blade fluid compressor with a blade having high dimensional accuracy and a method of fabricating such a blade.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Compressors are usually classified into reciprocating ones and rotary ones. There are also helical blade compressors that successively compress and convey a coolant From the suction side of a cylinder of the compressor toward the discharge side thereof through work chambers defined in the cylinder.
FIG. 1 shows an example of a conventional helical blade compressor.
The compressor includes a drive unit having a stator 101 and a rotor 103. The drive unit drives a cylinder 105. The cylinder 105 accommodates a rotary rod 109, which is eccentric to the cylinder 105 by a distance e. The rod 109 is rotatable relative to the cylinder 105 through an oldham ring 107.
A helical groove 111 is formed around the rod 109 along the length thereof. A helical blade 113 is fitted in the groove 111 in which the blade 113 is movable inwardly and outwardly. The periphery of the blade 113 is in contact with the inner face of the cylinder 105. The blade 113 and rod 109 turn together.
The rod 109 rotates relative to the cylinder 105 at the eccentric position, to produce a relative velocity between the periphery of the rod 109 and the inner face of the cylinder 105. This relative velocity changes in a period of one turn. Accordingly, the blade 113 moves inwardly and outwardly in the groove 111. At this time, the blade 113 defines work chambers 115 along the rod 109 between the cylinder 105 and the rod 109.
As shown in FIG. 2, the volume of each work chamber 115 is determined by a corresponding pitch P of the helical groove 111 to which the blade 113 is fitted. The pitches of the groove 111 gradually become shorter from the suction side of the rod 109 toward the discharge side thereof. The volumes of the work chambers 115, therefore, gradually decrease from the suction side adjacent to a suction pipe 117 toward the discharge side adjacent to a discharge pipe 119. Due to this configuration of the compressor, a coolant is gradually compressed and conveyed from the suction side toward the discharge side.
The blade 113 that defines the work chambers 115 for conveying and compressing a coolant must be resistive against the coolant and compressing pressure. In addition, the blade 113 must be elastically deformable so that it may be easily fitted to the helical groove 111. The blade 113, therefore, may be made of synthetic resin that has a small coefficient of friction, high coolant resistance, high heat S resistance, and a low bending elastic modulus. Such synthetic resin may be tetrafluoroethylene-perfluoroalkylvinylether copolymer resin (PFA resin), and the blade 113 is formed from the resin by injection molding.
FIG. 3 partly shows an example of an injection molding machine for forming the blade 113.
A metal mold 129 has a cylindrical insert 123 and a separable frame 127. The insert 123 has a helical groove 121. The pitches of the groove 121 correspond to those of the helical groove 111 formed around the rod 109. The insert 123 is removably inserted in the frame 127, to define a continuous helical blade molding chamber 125 between them. The mold 129 has a gate 131 through which synthetic resin is forcibly injected into the chamber 125 to mold the blade 113.
Proper molding conditions of the PFA resin are limited. If the molding conditions are not proper, a delamination defect will occur in the blade 113. The delamination is caused by a sudden change in the concentration of the PFA resin in the blade 113. The delamination usually occurs when a shearing speed and shearing stress are high. Accordingly, a slow injection speed and a low injection pressure are required to prevent the delamination when molding the blade 113.
If there is only one gate 131, a flow length and a pressure loss will increase during the injection molding, to deteriorate the dimensional accuracy of a blade to be Formed. To improve the dimensional accuracy, the injection speed and pressure must be high. This, however, causes the delamination because material properties easily change between the Front end and the rear end of the single gate molding system.
To solve this problem, a two-gate molding system may be employed to inject synthetic resin from both ends of a mold. This system involves a short flow length and a low pressure loss, to prevent the delamination. This technique, however, forms a weld line in a molded blade at a junction where resin materials fed from each end meet each other. Since the weld line is weak in strength, it deteriorates the reliability of the blade.

Fluid compressor having a molded helical blade


A keyboard input device including a plurality of key assemblies, at least one of the key assemblies comprising: a key cap having a top surface configured to be pressed by a user; a rigid conductive substrate (e.g., metal) coupled to a bottom surface of the key cap; a translation mechanism configured to allow translation of the key responsive to user input; and a capacitive sensor substrate disposed between the key cap and the rigid conductive substrate, the capacitive sensor substrate comprising a plurality of sensor electrodes configured to detect input objects in a sensing region of the key assembly.

Pressable touchsurfaces (touch surfaces which can be pressed) are widely used in a variety of input devices, including as the surfaces of keys or buttons for keypads or keyboards, and as the surfaces of touch pads or touch screens. It is desirable to improve the usability of these input systems.
FIG. 2 shows a graph 200 of an example tactile response curve associated with the "snapover" haptic response found in many keys enabled with metal snap domes or rubber domes. Specifically, graph 200 relates force applied to the user by a touchsurface of the key and the amount of key displacement (movement relative to its unpressed position). The force applied to the user may be a total force or the portion of the total force along a particular direction such as the positive or negative press direction. Similarly, the amount of key displacement may be a total amount of key travel or the portion along a particular direction such as the positive or negative press direction.
The force curve 210 shows four key press states 212, 214, 216, 218 symbolized with depictions of four rubber domes at varying amounts of key displacement. The key is in the "unpressed" state 212 when no press force is applied to the key and the key is in the unpressed position (i.e., "ready" position). In response to press input, the key initially responds with some key displacement and increasing reaction force applied to the user. The reaction force increases with the amount of key displacement until it reaches a local maximum "peak force" F1 in the "peak" state 214. In the peak state 214, the metal snap dome is about to snap or the rubber dome is about to collapse. The key is in the "contact" state 216 when the keycap, snap dome or rubber dome, or other key component moved with the keycap makes initial physical contact with the base of the key (or a component attached to the base) with the local minimum "contact force" F2. The key is in the "bottom" state 218 when the key has travelled past the "contact" state and is mechanically bottoming out, such as by compressing the rubber dome in keys enabled by rubber domes.
A snapover response is defined by the shape of the reaction force curve—affected by variables such as the rate of change, where it peaks and troughs, and the associated magnitudes. The difference between the peak force F1 and the contact force F2 can be termed the "snap." The "snap ratio" can be determined as (F1−F2)/F1 (or as 100*(F1−F2)/F1, if a percent-type measure is desired).
Presently known keyboard keys typically include attachment features, such as hooks, formed on underside of the key for attachment to planar translation mechanisms such as ramps, 4-bar linkages, and scissor mechanisms. When a capacitive sensor substrate is attached to the underside of the key cap, the sensor substrate typically includes voids through which the attachment features extend, resulting in local non-uniformities in the capacitive response of the sensor.
Methods and apparatus are thus needed which overcome these shortcomings.


A digital data system (100) provides 1-D, 2-D and 3-D capability and multi-band channel capability. Improved filter banks are created by generating a filter bank having an analysis portion and synthesis portion and obtaining wavelet coefficients (302) for each portion. The wavelet coefficients are expressed in a format capable of canonical signed digit (CSD) representation, such as integers (302). The canonical signed digit (CSD) representation is controlled by a value, N, selected to control resolution of the CSD coding. Optimized CSD-coded wavelet coefficients are used as filters for data signals (318).

With the advent of technologies and services related to teleconferencing and digital image storage, considerable progress has been made in the field of digital signal processing. As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, digital signal processing typically relates to systems, devices, and methodologies for generating a sampled data signal, compressing the signal for storage and/or transmission, and thereafter reconstructing the original data from the compressed signal. Critical to any highly efficient, cost effective digital signal processing system is the methodology used for achieving compression.
As is known in the art, data compression refers to the steps performed to map an original data signal into a bit stream suitable for communication over a channel or storage in a suitable medium. Methodologies capable of minimizing the amount of information necessary to represent and recover original data are desirable in order to lower computational complexity and cost. In addition to cost, simplicity of hardware and software implementations capable of providing high quality data reproduction with minimal delay are likewise desirable.
At present, the next standard of JPEG 2000 (Joint Photographic Experts Group) systems for still images proposes algorithms which use a wavelet to achieve decomposition of an input signal. In systems utilizing a wavelet, the data is typically divided through low pass and high pass filters. The implementation of wavelet filters is typically achieved using a filter bank and, in many instances, involves several levels of filtering. Filter bank operation is often implemented through numerous multiplications and additions between the wavelet coefficients and the input data. The process of implementing filter banks can be time consuming unless very fast multipliers are used. Such multipliers typically utilize parallel processing, which requires the use of fast clocks with higher current consumption as well as requiring larger chip areas in their implementation.
Some prior art filter banks have eliminated multipliers through the use canonical signed digit(s) (CSD). CSD is a powers of two representation of an integer (e.g., 9=23+20). One such filter bank is described by Horng et al. in an IEEE article entitled "The Design of Low Complexity Linear-Phase FIR Filter Banks Using Powers-of-Two Coefficients with an Application to Subband Image Coding," Vol. 1, No. 4, December 1991. This prior art system develops a method for obtaining an optimal representation for the low pass filter and high pass filter in the filter bank. The authors' premise is how close the CSD representation of the filter coefficients is to the infinite precision design. Hence, based on this language, Horng et al., have developed "an objective function that will yield good filtering performance while adhering to" a constraint equation which embodies the well known perfect reconstruction condition. This constraint equation is based on an imposed pure-delay requirement implied by perfect reconstruction. To overcome the non-linearity in this equation, low pass filter coefficients are first restricted to CSD without any constraint, then a suitable set of high pass CSD coefficients are obtained by using a complex optimization algorithm such that the constraint equation is met.
This invention further reduces the set of the optimal representation of CSD coded coefficients of the filters in the filter bank, by adaptively selecting a subset of the number of CSD terms.
While certain wavelet transforms are closely linked to the two-band (or two-channel) perfect reconstruction (i.e., lossless) filter bank, this is not always the case. Wavelet based CODECs are often used in both lossless (perfect reconstruction) and lossy (for example systems involving quantization) digital data systems. Quantization refers to the technique of taking a bit stream of data and compressing it for later reproduction. In most data compression applications, the presence of quantization in a lossy system implies a rate-distortion performance, which usually bounds the quality of the recovered image. Thus, a pure-delay requirement on the design and representation of the wavelet coefficients is too restrictive, often resulting in implementations that are more complex than required. The further reduction in the number of terms used in the CSD representation proposed by this invention is based on a system, which includes some method for lossy coding.
There is a need for a method and apparatus which provides improved wavelet filtering for both lossy and lossless digital data systems. Such wavelets should be implemented so as to minimize current drain and reduce computational intensity.

Method and apparatus for implementing wavelet filters in a digital system


An implantable apparatus for controlling fluid flow within a host body includes a constricting member for allowing fluid flow within a body canal when in an open position, and for reducing fluid flow within a body canal when in an closed position. Remote telemetry can be used to operate the constricting member from a position outside the body. The constricting member can include a piston having at least two protrusions for contacting the vessel surface of the body canal. A fluid-operated member can receive fluid to reduce fluid flow within the body canal and expel fluid to allow fluid flow within the body canal. An actuating member is provided for operating the fluid-operated member between the open and closed positions. The actuating member has structure for flowing fluid into and out of the fluid-operated member. A control device is provided for operating the actuating member. An implantable drive mechanism for a constricting member or other medical device includes a sealed housing for implantation in a patient body, a drive magnet positioned within the housing, an actuator for moving the drive magnet, and a magnetically susceptible drive member positioned outside the housing such that movement of the drive magnet within the housing will move the drive member outside of the housing.

Incontinence is a condition wherein persons lose control over their voluntary urinary function. The condition can arise from various causes, which include a variety of related and unrelated diseases, aging, and deterioration of the voluntary urethra sphincter muscle. The cost and inconvenience to persons suffering from this condition are great. Several remedies exist that are known in the prior art. Among these, the most common are surgical corrections both minor and major, drugs, devices and diaper capture systems which serve to capture discharges. Another solution is to place a patch over the urinary orifice to prevent unwanted discharge. Possibly, the most effective solution to date is the use of an artificial sphincter. This device is surgically installed and is hydraulically or pneumatically driven, operating by inflation of ballasts to suppress fluid flow. However, control of this device is sometimes difficult and is often inconvenient. Throughout the full range of the available treatment alternatives, the levels of efficacy, useful life, and complications vary greatly, with none of the current treatment alternatives being particularly effective in especially severe cases. Accordingly, there is a need for an improved apparatus to control the loss of voluntary urinary function.

Body fluid flow control method and device


A method for locating a buried casing stub may comprise a) identifying a target region, b) providing at each of a plurality of survey points in the target region a casing stub locator that includes a vector magnetometer, c) measuring the magnetic field at each of the survey points using the vector magnetometer so as to generate a plurality of magnetic field measurements, d) using the magnetic field measurements to generate a model of the magnetic field of the target region, e) fitting the model generated in step d) to a selected model of a magnetic anomaly created by the casing stub so as to generate model fit information (MFI), and f) locating the casing stub using the MFI. At each survey point, an expected Earth magnetic field can be subtracted from the measured magnetic field. A total station can measure the position and/or the azimuth of the package.

When abandoning a well, wells are often plugged below ground level. Subsequently, the wellhead is cut off and the remaining casing stub is buried. In the event that intervention of the well is necessary, such as where a well is improperly plugged, the casing stub must be located so a proper abandonment can take place. However, records of the well may not include surface location data, requiring an operator to find the buried casing stub before attempting the intervention operation.
Typically, buried casing stubs are located using a scalar magnetometer on the surface to map the target region where the buried casing stub is located for magnetic anomalies. Mapping magnetometer readings to the location each is taken within the region may generate a "hot spot" map that indicates the distribution of magnetic perturbation across the target region. The area having the highest magnetic perturbation may generally indicate the location of the buried casing stub. However, any other magnetic material in the target region such as ferrous debris, well equipment, other wells, or other magnetic materials may also be measured during the mapping operation by the scalar magnetometer. Additionally, scalar magnetometer readings may not indicate the depth to which the target casing stub is buried.

Buried wellbore location from surface magnetic measurements


Disclosed is a method for manufacturing an array substrate of an FFS type TFT-LCD, comprising the steps of: forming a first transparent conductive film, a first metal film and an impurity-doped semiconductor film on a transparent substrate sequentially, and then patterning the stack of the films to form patterns including source electrodes, drain electrodes, data lines and pixel electrodes; forming a semiconductor film and patterning it to form a pattern of the impurity-doped semiconductor layer and a pattern of the semiconductor layer including TFT channels; forming an insulating film and a second metal film, and patterning the stack of the films to form patterns including connection holes of the data lines in a PAD region, gate lines, gate electrodes and common electrode lines; forming a second transparent conductive film, and patterning it to form patterns including the common electrode.

The thin film transistor liquid crystal display devices (TFT-LCD) belong to a main kind of flat panel display devices (FPD).
Based on the direction of the electrical field for driving the liquid crystal, TFT-LCD can be divided into a vertical field type and a horizontal field type. For the vertical field type TFT-LCD, it is necessary to form pixel electrodes on an array substrate and form common electrodes on a color filter substrate. However, for the horizontal field type TFT-LCD, it is necessary to faun pixel electrodes and common electrodes on the array substrate. As a result, during manufacturing the array substrate of the horizontal field type TFT-LCD, as compared with the array substrate of the vertical field type TFT-LCD, additional masking process for forming the common electrodes is required. The vertical field type TFT-LCD can include a twist nematic (TN) type TFT-LCD. The horizontal field type TFT-LCD can include a fringe field switching (FFS) type TFT-LCD, an in-plane switching (IPS) type TFT-LCD and the like. The horizontal field type TFT-LCD, particularly FFS type TFT-LCD, has advantages of wide viewing angle, high aperture ratio and the like, and is applied widely to the field of the liquid crystal display device.
Currently, the array substrate of the FFS type TFT-LCD is manufactured by forming structural patterns using a plurality of patterning processes, each of which further comprises processes of exposing photoresist by using a mask, developing, etching and peeling off the remaining photoresist and the like. The etching process may comprise dry etching and wet etching. Therefore, the complexity of the process for manufacturing the array substrate of TFT-LCD is determined by the number of patterning processes, and thus reducing of the number of pattern processes would result in a decreased cost. The six patterning processes in the prior art comprise: pattering of a common electrode, patterning of gate lines and gate electrodes, patterning of an active layer, patterning of source electrodes/drain electrodes, patterning of via holes and patterning of pixel electrodes.
The five patterning processes in the prior art for manufacturing the array substrate of an FFS type TFT-LCD is as follows:
Step 1, depositing a first transparent conductive film and forming a pattern of a plate-like common electrode by an ordinary mask;
Step 2, depositing a first metal film and forming patterns of gate lines, gate electrodes and the common electrode by an ordinary mask;
Step 3, depositing a first insulating film, a semiconductor film, an impurity-doped semiconductor film and a second metal film sequentially, and forming patterns of an active layer (the semiconductor film and the impurity-doped semiconductor film), a TFT channel, source electrodes, drain electrodes and data lines by a dual tone mask;
Step 4, depositing a second insulating film, and forming patterns of via holes by using a second dual tone mask so as to form patterns of connection holes in the gate lines region of a PAD region, the data lines region of the PAD region and the common electrode region of the PAD region; and
Step 5, depositing a second transparent conductive film, and forming patterns of pixel electrodes with slits by an ordinary mask.

Manufacturing method for array substrate with fringe field switching type thin film transistor liquid crystal display

Beijing Boe Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd.