Systems and methods for aligning a satellite antenna mounted on a mobile platform to the platform. At each of several arbitrary orientations, a first directional vector is determined from the antenna to a satellite. For each orientation, an alias transformation is performed to transform the first vector having coordinates defined with respect to a first reference frame to a second vector having coordinates defined with respect to a second reference frame. A third vector is determined based on the orientation of the antenna after peaking the antenna. A rotation matrix is derived from the collection of second and third vectors. An estimate of the rotational offset of the satellite antenna with respect to the platform is determined based on the rotation matrix. The rotational offset is applied to the attitude of the platform to accurately point the antenna to the satellite.

Satellite communication systems provide a means by which data, including audio, video and various other sorts of data, can be communicated from a transmitter at one location to a receiver at another location. Satellite communication systems are currently being used on mobile platforms, such as civilian airlines and privately owned aircraft to provide entertainment and internet access to the passengers. Military platforms, such as aircraft and ships, currently use satellite communication systems to receive and transmit various types of information, including strategic and tactical information.
Satellite communication systems require an antenna to receive signals from, and transmit signals to, a satellite. The antenna typically must be pointed accurately at the satellite. A satellite antenna positioner is typically used to point the antenna at the satellite. It is common for these antenna positioners to have two axes of motion (e.g., elevation and azimuth). In the case of a system mounted on an aircraft, the elevation and azimuth that will point the antenna to the satellite can be calculated if the following information is known: (1) the location and attitude of the aircraft; and (2) the location of the satellite, assuming the relative alignment of the antenna to the body of the aircraft is known. In most commercial airliners and military aircraft, the attitude of an aircraft is determined by a position and attitude measuring device (PAMD), such as an inertial reference unit (IRU).
Such systems typically provide the attitude of the aircraft in terms of three orthogonal axes: roll, pitch, and yaw. Errors in alignment of the antenna with respect to the PAMD will cause pointing errors (i.e., the antenna will not be pointed accurately at the desired satellite when using information from the PAMD to calculate the parameters, such as azimuth and elevation, for pointing the antenna). These alignment errors can be defined as roll, pitch and yaw errors. The antenna can be "peaked" to correct for these errors for a particular orientation. Peaking involves finding the antenna direction that results in the greatest signal strength received from the satellite through the antenna. These corrections are determined within the antenna positioner. Accordingly, such corrections will be determined in the two axes of elevation and azimuth used by the antenna positioner.
While the corrections can be converted from azimuth and elevation to a three dimensional Cartesian coordinate system, a problem exists in that such corrections will only be accurate for that particular orientation of the mobile platform. Applying these corrections to the azimuth and elevation calculated for other orientations will not accurately point the antenna. In fact, applying such corrections may result in even greater pointing errors in some orientations.
It can be seen that accurately aligning the antenna to the PAMD of an aircraft is important when using the PAMD output to position a satellite antenna. However, performing the alignment poses challenges. Therefore, there is currently a need for a simple and accurate means by which to align a satellite antenna to a mobile platform, such as an aircraft frame or PAMD within an aircraft.

Mobile terminal antenna alignment using arbitrary orientation attitude


The present invention concerns a method for recycling used floor covering. Post-consumer or post-industrial fibrous floor coverings are shredded to form a fibrous dispersion. The dispersion is maintained at a content of about 20-65% low-melt thermoplastic. The shredded fibrous dispersion is conveyed into a chute feeder which converts it into a batt that is heated, compressed, and cooled to form a durable backing particularly suitable for flooring applications. The batt comprises vertical layers or strata of fibers to provide additional cushion for the backing. Additionally, a portion of the shredded fibrous dispersion can also be diverted and used to form a face layer and/or adhesive layer for a reconstituted floor covering.

Recycling of fiber-faced floor coverings or carpets by mechanical shredding is commonly known in the art. Shredding separates most of the entrapped dirt and powderized binders or fillers. In many instances, the shredded carpet is converted into congealed granules or small solid pieces, which may be mixed with additional binders or compacted to form sheets, usually reinforced with glass scrims, to serve as stabilizing backings for tufted carpet tiling. Other uses of granulated recycled carpet materials include various molded plastic structures used in construction, furniture, or packaging.
Higher end uses of conventional recycled carpeting include cushioning structures. Such cushioning structures can be produced from carpet fibers that are pneumatically or centrifugally separated from trapped dirt or powderized binders. The separated fibers are used to prepare a non-woven web through various conventional textile web-forming methods including garnetting, air-laying, and cross-lapping. Web-forming is followed by dimensional stabilization methods including stitchbonding and needlepunching. Needlepunching is a preferred method, because it provides the benefit of orienting a portion of the fibers in the normal direction, thereby improving cushion or compressive resilience. Frequently, binders are added to the textile sheet. The binders are selected so they soften, melt or set at temperatures lower than the melting temperatures of the fibers. Typically, the recycled fibers include polyolefins which start to soften around 125° C. Most commonly, the conventional webs reclaimed from recycled carpets do not have the facial integrity or durability to serve as directly exposed floor covering, and can only serve as carpet underlays under tufted or woven carpeting.
Commonly owned, co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 10/307,186, 10/611,470 and 10/611,769 and commonly owned U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,936,327 and 7,255,761 disclose floor coverings wherein cushion is provided by the backings, which may include recycled carpeting. These backings are covered with fibrous face layers attached to the backing with a layer of adhesive therebetween. The face layers present the face of the carpet and are embossable to create a three dimensional configuration that provides stability to the floor coverings and minimizes planar expansion and contraction with temperature and humidity variations, thereby preventing warping, bulging or seam-separation on the floor.
The relative ease with which a face layer stabilizes fibrous backings of this type, which may have variable structural integrity, raises the possibility that such backings could also be formed from carpeting directly after shredding, without the use of textile processing or needlepunching, and without excluding short broken fibers or thermoplastic adhesive granules which tend to fall out during conventional carding, garneting, and needlepunching processes. It is also noted by the Inventor that most of the structures disclosed in the above commonly owned applications and patents, and a large percentage of commercial carpeting, contain polyolefins or other low-melt thermoplastic components, which soften and become tacky and bondable with heat and pressure at temperatures above 125° C. Such temperatures are well below the melting/softening temperature of the rest of the components. For instance, polyester or nylon soften and melt around 250° C., and natural fibers or aramids stay intact at temperatures well above 250° C. The percentage of polyolefins or other low-melt components in most commercial carpeting varies between 20% and 65%, raising the possibility that the entire dispersed mass can be thermally consolidated using appropriate temperatures, pressures and exposure times to produce backings for structures disclosed in the above commonly owned patent applications and patents. Alternatively, the dispersed mass can be compression molded to produce durable cushioning sheeting for end uses such as carpet underlays, shock absorbing pads, automotive floor or tank coverings, and the like.


The invention relates to chimeric AAV capsids targeted to the central nervous system, virus vectors comprising the same, and methods of using the vectors to target the central nervous system. The invention further relates to chimeric AAV capsids targeted to oligodendrocytes, virus vectors comprising the same, and methods of using the vectors to target oligodendrocytes.

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) was first reported to efficiently transduce muscle over ten years ago (Xiao et al., (1996) J. Virol. 70:8098-8108). The recombinant AAV (rAAV) genome composed of a foreign expression cassette and AAV inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences exists in eukaryotic cells in an episomal form that is responsible for persistent transgene expression (Schnepp et al., (2003) J. Virol. 77:3495-3504). AAV vectors have a good safety profile. No human disease has been associated with wild-type AAV infection and low toxicity is observed in human subjects following transduction by rAAV (Manno et al., (2003) Blood 101:2963-2972).
AAV vectors have been used in clinical trials for central nervous system (CNS) disorders. While some success have been garnered, naturally-occurring AAV capsids lack specificity for the CNS and are unsuitable for certain disease applications. Recent advances in AAV engineering and directed evolution have expanded the ability to develop novel AAV serotypes, including vectors with altered tropism (Gray et al., (2010) Mol. Ther. 18:570-578). However, no AAV vectors have been capable of widespread CNS gene transfer with minimal tropism for peripheral organs.
In the brain, the vast majority of AAV vectors exhibit a dominant preference for neurons with a very low efficacy for other cell types, such as oligodendrocytes. AAV vectors that efficiently target oligodendrocytes have not been developed.

AAV vectors targeted to the central nervous system

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill


A method for controlling a hydraulic pump driven by an engine, including measuring a temperature of at least one of the engine and a hydraulic fluid, comparing the measured temperature with a first predetermined temperature to judge as to whether the measured temperature is higher than the first predetermined temperature or not, comparing the measured temperature with a second predetermined temperature to calculate a difference between the measured temperature and the second predetermined temperature, and decreasing an output flow rate of the hydraulic pump by a degree according to the difference between the measured temperature and the second predetermined temperature, when the measured temperature is judged to be higher than the first predetermined temperature.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of controlling a variable displacement hydraulic pump driven by an engine and a method of controlling a hydraulic pump driving engine.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventional methods and apparatus for preventing a hydraulic pump or an engine for driving the hydraulic pump from overheating are designed to reduce the hydraulic pump or engine load by reducing the engine speed and/or by changing the angle of a swash plate of the swash plate type hydraulic pump and thereby reducing the displacement thereof when the temperature of a cooling water exceeds a predetermined level.

Method for controlling hydraulic pump driven by engine


A compression mount assembly is provided for securing a window covering to a window frame by compression forces between vertical sides of the window frame on opposite sides of the window. A housing is coupled to the window covering and a slide translates linearly within a cavity in the housing away from the housing to abut the side of the window frame. A driver, such as a spring, is located between the slide and the housing to urge the slide away from the housing. A trigger is provided which holds the slide adjacent the housing, until the trigger is activated by pushing a button to release the slide from the housing and allow the slide to translate away from the housing. A fixed end cap is provided for an end of the window covering opposite the compression mount assembly and for abutting against an opposite side of the window frame.

Window coverings of various different configurations are provided to control the amount of light passing through a window, to selectively allow or preclude viewing through the window, and generally to decorate the window. Often windows are surrounded by a frame including a horizontal lintel above vertically oriented sides. It is often desirable that a top rail of a window covering be mounted to the window frame directly below the lintel and between the vertical sides of the window frame. Such mounting has heretofore been generally difficult to achieve requiring a relatively high level of skill and moderately complex mounting hardware. In particular, brackets are typically provided which are fastened with screws or other fasteners to either the lintel or the vertical sides of the window frame directly below the lintel. Installation of the mounting brackets is sufficiently difficult that many home owners choose to utilize window covering installation professionals, rather than performing the installation themselves.
Some attempts to avoid the requirement of installing mounting brackets or similar hardware have only achieved limited success. For instance, the patent to Schumacher (U.S. Pat. No. 5,158,127) teaches utilizing adhesive to secure a top rail of a window covering to the undersurface of the lintel of the window frame. Such mounting is generally only effective for particularly lightweight window coverings.
Another attempt to avoid mounting hardware is illustrated by the window shade roller assembly taught by Barettella (U.S. Pat. No. 4,373,569). While Barettella is somewhat effective, the Barettella assembly must necessarily limit compression mounting forces to forces which can be readily exerted by the user installing the window covering. The user of the Barettella invention is not able to hold the ends of the assembly away from the window frame sides for desired positioning without exerting forces on the ends during the entire positioning procedure until the final position for the shade has been selected. Also, the Barettella window shade roller assembly is not readily adapted to facilitating resizing of a length of the window shade roller assembly to fit the particular width of the window in which the window shade is to be mounted.
Accordingly, a need exists for a window covering mounting system which avoids the use of specialized mounting hardware, and which can be easily and readily positioned precisely where desired by a homeowner having limited strength and still securely support window coverings of various different weights where desired within the window frame.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A mounting assembly for securing an electrical fixture to a ceiling in an airtight fit. The mounting assembly includes a pair of box members connected by a bridge. A flange is provided coplanar with the bridge and extending outward transversely around the periphery of the box members. A channel is provided between the bridge and box members and mounting fasteners are frictionally held within temporary storage receptacles in the mounting assembly. The mounting fasteners are removed from the temporary storage receptacles and secured through the bridge to secure the mounting assembly to the beam. The flange provides a sealing surface for sealing against air infiltration around the periphery of the electrical box. Duct seal may be applied around the periphery of the cables at the knockout areas to provide an airtight seal for the electrical cables entering the electrical box.

To achieve energy efficiency, a common goal in building construction, it is necessary to insulate and minimize air infiltration through ceilings. Typical ceiling construction to minimize air infiltration includes installing insulation between the rafters and installing a vapor barrier, such as polyethylene, under the rafters, and applying an interior covering such as sheetrock over the vapor barrier.
Unfortunately, the installation of conventional electrical boxes to ceilings oftentimes compromises the air tightness of a building. Typically, electrical boxes are fastened to the rafters and wiring pulled into the boxes prior to installation of the vapor barrier. The vapor barrier and sheet rock are typically installed over the electrical boxes and holes then cut in the vapor barrier and sheetrock to expose the electrical boxes.
A couple of problems arise when holes are cut in the vapor barrier for conventional electrical boxes. Since the front edge of the electrical box extends to approximately level with the interior ceiling, the hole is typically cut larger than the periphery of the electrical box. With the hole larger than the electrical box, air seepage can occur around the periphery of the electrical box. The air seepage occurs as a result of the disruption of the integrity of the vapor barrier around the box and the inability of the conventional electrical box to create a proper seal with the vapor barrier.
A second source of air infiltration is through the conventional electrical box itself. This can occur as a result of oversized knockouts in the box and the lack of proper sealing materials around the electrical cables leading into the box.
What is needed therefore is an electrical fixture mounting assembly that stops air infiltration around the periphery of the box and also enables proper sealing at the knockout areas wherein the electrical cables enter the box.

Electrical fixture mounting assembly with sealing flange


A damper device includes a check valve operated to apply braking force to a rotary shaft having wing portions when rotated in a cylinder in one direction and, when the rotary shaft is rotated in the opposite direction, the check valve is not operated. Movement restricting flow passages for restricting the movement of a viscous fluid between front and rear-side oil chambers divided by the wing portions are formed between an inner wall of the cylinder and the wing portions, and a selective communication passage having the check valve is formed between the wing portions and one of two side walls forming the oil chambers, such that the side wall and the check valve can be rotated along with the rotation of the wing portions, thereby avoiding rotation of the check valve in contact with the inner wall of the cylinder, for pronged service life of the damper device.

Recently, with respect to various types of equipment which include an open/close mechanism, there has been known an equipment in which a damper device is contiguously connected to an open/close shaft so as to attenuate or alleviate an impact which the equipment receives at the time of opening or closing the equipment. For example, in a warm water part cleaning device which is popularly used in view of the cleanliness and the hygiene thereof, a damper device is connected to an open/close shaft to alleviate an impact at the time of opening or closing a toilet lid, a toilet seat or the like.
As such a conventional damper device, there has been known the structure disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication Hei5(1993)-296267.
That is, in the conventional damper device 200, as shown in FIG. 29, a columnar rotary shaft 203 is rotatably inserted in the inside of the hollow tubular cylinder 202, while a check valve 204 is formed between the cylinder 202 and the rotary shaft 204.
The cylinder 202 forms a pair of left and right partition walls 202a on an inner peripheral wall thereof in a state that the partition walls 202a project inwardly and, at the same time, the rotary shaft 203 is rotatably supported on distal end portions of the partition walls 202a. Oil is filled in an inner space 205.
The rotary shaft 203 forms wing portions 206 thereon in a state that the wing portions 206 project radially and, at the same time, check valves 204 are formed between distal end portions of the wing portions 206 and an inner peripheral wall of the cylinder 202. With the provision of these wing portions 206 and check valves 204, the inner space 205 of the cylinder 202 is divided into two chambers, that is, a pressure increasing chamber 205a which is formed on an front side with respect to the rotational direction of the rotary shaft 203 and a pressure reducing chamber 205a which is formed on a rear side with respect to the rotational direction of the rotary shaft 203.
The check valves 204 have outer portions thereof come into contact with an inner peripheral surface of the cylinder 202 and inner portions thereof surround the wing portions 206 of the rotary shaft 203. Due to such a constitution, a communication passage 207 which allows the pressure increasing chamber 205a and the pressure reducing chamber 205b to communicate with each other is formed between the inner portion and the wing portion 206, at the same time, a control port 208 is formed in the communication passage 207 on a pressure reducing chamber 205b side.
Here, in the drawing, numeral 209 indicates an O ring, numeral 210 indicates a cap which seals a distal end of the cylinder 202.
Then, in the damper device 200, when the rotary shaft 203 is rotated toward a front side, gaps between the wing portions 206 and the check valves 204 are eliminated and hence, a quantity of oil which flows into the pressure reducing chambers 205b from the pressure increasing chambers 205a is restricted by the check valves 204 whereby a rotational speed of the rotary shaft 203 is suppressed. On the other hand, when the rotary shaft 203 is rotated toward a rear side, gaps between the wing portions 206 and the check valves 204 assume a released state and hence, the quantity of oil is no more restricted whereby the rotary shaft 203 is smoothly rotated.
In this manner, the damper device 200 is configured such that when the rotary shaft 203 is rotated toward the front side, the check valves 204 are operated and hence, a large braking force is applied to the rotary shaft 203, while when the rotary shaft 203 is rotated toward the rear side, the check valves 204 are not operated and hence, a small braking force is applied to the rotary shaft 203.
The damper device 200 having the above-mentioned constitution is, as shown in FIG. 30, interposed between a cleaning device body 212 and a toilet seat 213 and a toilet lid 214 mounted on a toilet bowl.
Then, when a user merely lightly pushes the toilet seat 213 or the toilet lid 214 downwardly, the toilet seat 213 or the toilet lid 214 is gradually rotated downwardly due to an action of the damper device 200 whereby it is possible to preliminarily alleviate an impact which the toilet lid 213 or the toilet seat 214 receives upon impinging on a toilet bowl.
However, in the above-mentioned conventional damper device 200, since the check valves 204 are formed between the cylinder 202 and the rotary shaft 203, due to a size error on the cylinder 202 and the rotary shaft 203 caused during manufacturing, the cylinder 202 and the rotary shaft 203 are easily displaced from each other in the axial direction at the time of assembling the rotary shaft 203 into the cylinder 202 and hence, there exists a possibility that the individual difference (or irregularities) arises with respect to gaps between the bottom wall of the cylinder 202 and the wing portions 206.
When the individual difference arises with respect to gaps between the bottom wall of the cylinder 202 and the wing portions 206 at the time of manufacturing, a quantity of oil which flows into the pressure reducing chambers 205b from the pressure increasing chambers 205a through the gaps becomes different and hence, a braking force which is applied to the rotary shaft 203 by the damper device 200 becomes different for every damper device whereby it is difficult for the damper device 200 to obtain the stable quality and characteristics.
Further, since the check valves 204 are formed between the cylinder 202 which is not rotated and the rotary shaft 203 which is rotated, when the check valves 204 are operated so as to generate the braking force, the check valves 204 are strongly brought into contact with the cylinder 202 and hence, there exists a possibility that the check valves 204 are worn and broken thus giving rise to a drawback with respect to the durability of the damper device 200.


There is provided a semiconductor light emitting device including: first and second conductivity type semiconductor layers; and an active layer disposed between the first and second conductivity type semiconductor layers and having a structure in which a plurality of quantum barrier layers and a plurality of quantum well layers are alternately disposed, wherein at least one of the plurality of quantum well layers includes a first region in which band gap energy is reduced through a first slope and a second region in which band gap energy is reduced through a second slope different from the first slope. The influence of polarization is minimized by adjusting the shape of the band gap of the quantum well layer, crystallinity and internal quantum efficiency can be enhanced.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor light emitting device.
2. Description of the Related Art
A light emitting diode, a type of semiconductor light emitting device, is a semiconductor device capable of generating light of various colors according to electron hole recombination in p and n type semiconductor junction parts when current is applied thereto. Compared with a filament-based light emitting device, a semiconductor light emitting device has various advantages such as a long life span, low power consumption, excellent initial driving characteristics, and the like, and accordingly, demand for semiconductor light emitting devices has continued to grow. In particular, recently, a group III-nitride semiconductor capable of emitting short-wavelength blue light has come to prominence.
As semiconductor light emitting devices have made remarkable progress since being developed, the utilization thereof has been greatly expanded and research into utilizing semiconductor light emitting devices for the purpose of general illumination, as well as for light sources of electric devices, has been actively undertaken. In particular, related art semiconductor light emitting devices have largely been used as components of low-current/low output mobile products, and recently, the utilization of light emitting devices has extended into the field of high current/high output devices.
Meanwhile, in case of a nitride semiconductor grown in a polarity direction, a strong field is applied to the interior of an active layer due to polarization. Thus, wave functions of electrons and holes in the active layer are spatially separated according to the generated internal field, degrading recombination probability. Thus, in the art to which the present invention pertains, a method for improving internal quantum efficiency by minimizing a polarization effect is required.


A synthetic fuel formula using a blend of High Density Synthetic (HDS) (e.g. Decalin and Tetralin), and Low Density Synthetic (LDS) (e.g. Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene—SPK) is disclosed. This HDS and LDS blend has been shown to be useful as a jet, rocket and diesel fuel of standard density, and under low temperature conditions. The inventions described herein relate to 100% synthetic hydrocarbon fuels derived from various carbonaceous materials such as, but not limited to, biomass, municipal waste, natural gas, and coal. This 100% synthetic fuel can be universally used for both jet and diesel fuels. It meets Joint Battlefield Use Fuel of the Future (J-BUFF), or Single Battlefield Fuel (SBF) strategic requirements. The commercial advantage of the present invention is that it can be prepared from commercial available fuel stocks or co-processed using currently available chemical processes.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of a joint synthetic fuel formula for jet, rocket, or diesel engines, which contains a blend of high density synthetic (HDS) and low density synthetic (LDS) fuels.
2. Description of Related Art
Modern civilization is heavily dependent on crude oil for producing chemical feedstocks and petroleum fuels typically used in combustion engines. Due to the recent increase in demand for fuel from around the world, and the limited production of crude oil, there has been an increase in the price of liquid transportation fuels. In order to increase production of liquid fuel, low cost alternative fuels are needed to meet the ever increasing demand.
There is a vast amount of prior art available regarding non-fossil fuel denoted as carbonaceous feedstocks that can be used for the production of synthetic transportation fuel. Some of the more common carbonaceous feedstocks are coal, biomass, and solid municipal wastes.
The Coal, biomass and carbonaceous waste can be converted to a gaseous or liquid fuel by processes commonly referred to as pyrolysis and also by gasification and subsequent reforming by catalytic molecular synthesis.
Pyrolysis, or more specifically Low Temperature Carbonization (LTC), results in the chemical decomposition of organic materials such as biomass, solid waste or coal. LTC is accomplished by heating in the absence of oxygen. The Karrick process is an example of the pyrolysis of coal, but this process also results in retaining the desired cycloalkane ring structure necessary for HDS. Fuels produced by LTC typically have a density higher than normal for jet and diesel fuel.
In gasification, organic molecules from solid feedstocks are chemically degraded into smaller molecular weight molecules, known as producer gases, synthetic gas or syngas. Syngas is a mixture mainly consisting of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) that may be used as a fuel formulation feedstock. Syngas can be processed into liquid fuels (such as, gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, etc.) by the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis process. Fuel produced by this method is known as Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) fuel. Fuels made from this process have a density lower than petroleum jet and diesel fuel. Thus, SPK is classified as LDS fuel for the purpose of the invention described herein.
A significant effort is under way to certify FT synthetic fuels, SPK, for use in U.S. and international aviation fleets. However, because the majorities of SPK are linear alkanes which do not contain highly branched alkanes or aromatic compounds containing high energy content per molecule. SPK lack certain properties suitable for jet and diesel fuels, e.g. seal swelling property for o-ring of engines. The thermal stability of SPK derived fuel is also lower than petroleum derived fuel which may contain aromatic compounds or highly branched alkanes. Consequently, SPK derived fuel is required to be blended with petroleum-derived fuel or other additives for the use of jet and diesel engines.
More specifically, by way of example, U.S. PreGrant Publication No. 2010/0108568 mentioned that straight run FT products have some inherent drawbacks in meeting Jet A-1 and/or Battlefield Use Fuel of the Future (BUFF) specifications, namely a high content of linear alkanes that result in a high freezing point and low temperature viscosity and a low aromatic content. The invention disclosed in U.S. PreGrant Publication No. 2010/0108568 provides a FT jet fuel refining process which includes a step to aromatize one or more of an FT syncrude fraction. The objective is to provide a SPK that meets Jet A-1/JP-8 and/or JP-5/BUFF specifications. The present invention is distinguished from this prior art because the invention utilizes commercially available fuel stocks obtained from the technically and commercially established chemical syntheses/processes.
ASTM International published a new fuel specification for aviation turbine fuels containing synthesized hydrocarbons, D7566, which is made of renewable feedstocks such as algae, jatropha-based, camelina-based SPK. This resulting fuel is virtually identical to jet fuel except it doesn't contain aromatic compound. The aromatic compound add density to the fuel and help maintain proper seal swell. Because of this lack of aromatics in bio-SPK, it is blended with 50% blend of petroleum-derived fuel that provides enough aromatics for adequate o-ring seal swell. The present invention is distinguished from this prior art in that a blend of two synthetic fuels derived from biomass, coal and carbonaceous waste are used instead of petroleum.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,683,224 and 7,560,603 disclose a method to make jet and diesel fuel that doesn't need to blend with petroleum-derived fuel to provide aromatics for adequate seal swell. Its method alkylates linear and lightly branched alkanes with aromatic moieties to make monoaromatics for use in jet and diesel fuels. A fuel has such monoaromatics having multiple desired properties such as higher flash point, low pour point, increased density, better lubricity, aerobic degradability, and additionally can deliver benefits in blendstocks. The present invention does not need extra synthesis in order to gain properties meeting jet and diesel fuel specification.
U.S. PreGrant Publication No. 2009/0013591 disclose an alternative gasoline, diesel fuel, marine diesel fuel, jet fuel, and flexible fuel compositions. The compositions include an alcohol and/or a glycerol ether or mixture of glycerol ethers, which can be derived from renewable resources.
In U.S. PreGrant Publication No. 20100011778A, a process of energy production is disclosed. The process includes integrating three or more energy production technologies such that a first byproduct of a first energy production technology is applied to a second energy production technology and a second byproduct of the second energy production technology is applied to a third energy production technology. The related art disclosed a process that integrates three or more energy production technologies in a series arrangement. Nevertheless, the invention disclosed here is a fuel composition that can be prepared by mixing and stirring of two products (HDS fuel and LDS fuel) from Karrick process and FT synthesis although the byproduct (CO or H2) from Karrick process can be applied to FT synthesis. The two products (HDS fuel and LDS fuel) can also be co-produced in parallel. In addition, the prior art does not claim composition of matter.
Although the aforementioned related art provide examples of a fuel or fuel blendstock for jet, rocket, and diesel engines, they involve more complex synthesis or processes in order to produce the desired joint fuels. The present invention is directed at an improved fuel formula that results in a 100% joint synthetic diesel and jet fuel (JSF) using a blend of HDS and LDS fuels, which are commercially available or can be produced by well known processes currently available. JSF overcomes the shortcomings which were discussed above and/or other shortcomings in existing technology.

Formula for joint synthetic jet, rocket, and diesel fuel


A feedback signal of an ultrasonic generator (13) employed in a ball bonder (11) is sampled by an analog-to-digital converter (23) under control of a microprocessor (25) to provide a "bond signature" indicative of bond quality. The microprocessor (25) then compares the bond signature to limits representing a good quality bond to provide an indication of a good or failed bond. The indication may be visually provided by projecting the bond signature and limits on a display (27), as well as automatically provided by a programmed comparison.

1. Field of the Invention
The subject invention relates generally to electrical circuit fabrication and, more particularly, to a method and apparatus for determining the integrity of wirebonds formed by wirebonding apparatus.
2. Description of Related Art
Presently, wirebonding to integrated circuitry is performed by several methods, including ball bonding and wedge bonding. A typical ball bonding operation forms a "ball bond" to an IC and a "stitch bond" to a second bond site, followed by a "stitch tear."
Various defects are known to occur in such ball bonding procedures, including lifted balls, misregistered balls, improper ball size, cratering, and defective stitches. The "lifted" ball bond does not adequately weld to the die bond pad or conductor. Contamination or a misapplication of the bond force component is usually the cause of lifted balls. The misregistered ball is placed disproportionately on the ball bond pad site and an adjacent material, typically either silicon dioxide glassivation or dielectric. Hence, only a portion of the entire ball bond area is actually welded during the bond cycle. Additionally, the ball bond size may be either too small or too large.
A cratered die bond pad occurs explosively during the ball bond cycle. Adequate coupling takes place in the early stages of the ball bond cycle, then suddenly, high shear forces cause the underlying silicon to break away. The ball bond is thus left unsupported.
Defective stitches include cut stitches and lifted stitches. With a cut stitch, the wire tail has already been released from the bond site due to overbonding. On the other hand, with the lifted stitch, the wire at the stitch has been underbonded and a greater force is required to separate the wire tail from the stitch end of the bond.
Given the foregoing and other potential defects, wirebonds formed by wirebonding apparatus are typically required to go through laborious and expensive testing. For example, current military requirements specify internal visual inspection for determining the integrity of wirebonds and other microcircuit interconnections. Visual inspection of wirebonds has become a costly task, for example, requiring approximately eight inspection stations operating two shifts per day at some facilities. Production operators at these stations may review hundreds of thousands of initial build wirebonds and rework build wirebonds in a normal week. Some military requirements also require a 100% nondestructive wire pull test of all wirebonds. Wire pull takes longer than visual inspection and is prone to cause damage to the product. Another useful test is the simple determination of the presence of a wire in the bond tool during bonding, e.g., during wirelooping and stitch bond formation.
All of the foregoing extensive testing results in detection of a relatively small number of defective wirebonds. For example, the quantity of defective wirebonds on initial-build hybrids at one typical facility was calculated at 0.24% of the total quantity of wirebonds installed. In this instance, the capability to identify bonds likely to be visually marginal would effectively reduce the quantity of wirebonds required to be inspected and dispositioned for rework from 16,250,000 bonds to only 39,000 bonds on initial build hybrids


A medical bandaging product including a sealable enclosure and a resin-impregnated substrate including a knitted fabric layer having upper and lower surfaces with interconnected knitted fabric yarns knitted such that at least one yarn extends across a gap from the upper surface to the lower surface along a width of the substrate in a back-and-forth pattern forming a single, integrated three-dimensional structure, wherein the at least one yarn extends between non-adjacent needle positions in a back-and-forth pattern in successive courses to provide a continuous pattern on both the upper and lower major surfaces of the substrate, wherein needle bed gap spacing is between 7.1 mm and 8 mm and a total thickness of the substrate is between 4.75 mm and 4.90 mm.

This invention relates generally to the field of orthopedic medicine, and more particularly, to a medical bandaging product and material that includes a warp knitted, double-layered fabric substrate. The substrate material disclosed herein achieves enhanced strength as a result of novel structural characteristics not found in the prior art.
Medical bandages for use in the treatment of injuries, such as broken bones requiring immobilization of a body member, are generally formed from a strip of fabric or scrim material impregnated with a substance that hardens into a rigid structure after the strip has been wrapped around the body member. The hardening substance traditionally used in carrying out this procedure is plaster-of-paris.
Conventional practice has been to fabricate a cast or splint upon an injured limb by initially applying to the limb a protective covering of a cotton fabric or the like, and then overwrapping the covering and limb with a woven cloth impregnated with plaster-of-paris that has been wetted by dipping in water immediately prior to application. This practice is still in widespread use, but possesses several significant disadvantages. For example, the above-described application procedure is messy, time consuming, requires several components, and requires considerable skill.
In order to alleviate the above-recited disadvantages of the conventional application procedure for plaster-of-paris casts and splints, unitary splinting materials have been devised and are disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,900,024, U.S. Pat. No. 3,923,049, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,235,228. All of these patents describe a padding material with a plurality of layers of plaster-of-paris impregnated cloth.
A significant advance in the art of casting and splinting is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,262 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,502,479. The casting materials disclosed in these patents include bandaging materials that incorporate a substrate formed from a plurality of flexible fabric layers, such as fiberglass, impregnated with a moisture-curing resin. These bandaging materials are enclosed in a moisture-free, moisture-impervious package until use. Compared to plaster-of-paris, these products are extremely lightweight, have a very high strength-to-weight ratio and can be made relatively porous, permitting a flow of air through the casting material. However, no provision has been made for moisture-curing systems that incorporate a substrate that is formed from a single layer of fabric, yet is strong and absorbent enough to be impregnated with amounts of moisture-curing resin comparable to those amounts absorbed by conventional multi-layered substrates.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,770,299 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,003,970, among others owned by the present applicant, each disclose roll-form synthetic bandaging products that include the ability to dispense desired lengths of bandaging material when needed, while sealing the remaining length of material for later use. Similar products are also sold in precut lengths sealed in a single use, moisture-impervious envelope.
Both the conventional plaster-of-paris cast and splint products, and the more recent moisture-curable resin cast and splint products possess certain disadvantages. Plaster-of-paris casts are bulky, heavy and difficult to apply. Even though moisture-curable resin bandage products are lightweight, durable and relatively easy to apply, such products remain relatively expensive to produce due to the need to carefully assemble multiple layers of fabric into a long stack of precisely-aligned layers.
This invention combines the advantages of both plaster-of-paris and moisture-curable resin systems while avoiding their respective disadvantages. Unlike prior art resin systems that employ multiple layers of resin-impregnated substrate layers, the resin system of the present invention takes advantage of a single layer of warp-knitted fabric. Substrates of the general type described in this application are known, and are disclosed in, for example, applicant's own issued U.S. Pat. No. 7,972,288, U.S. Pat. No. 7,960,603 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,854,712. This unique substrate fabric employs a continuous inlaid stitch. This results in a double-knitted fabric that has a lighter weight, yet retains the absorption capabilities of multi-layered substrates. Using a single layer of double-knitted fabric in the substrate further results in reduced production and labor costs in comparison with other synthetic cast products. For example, assembly of prior art, multi-layered substrates requires placement of the overlying fabric layers of the substrate by hand, which is a time consuming process. To ensure that the fabric layers do not separate, the layers must then be stitched together by running one or more seams along the entire length of the substrate. Use of a substrate having only one layer eliminates these labor-intensive layering and stitching steps, and results in a bandaging product that is more cost effective to produce.
Eliminating the multi-layered substrate structure also eliminates the rough, uneven edges present on prior art cured substrates. Such frayed edges are commonplace in prior art bandaging products having multi-layered substrates, and materialize after the resin in such substrates undergoes final curing. These rough edges cause irritation and damage to the skin of the patient upon whom the bandage is ultimately applied. In contrast, the substrate of the present invention has uniform side edges that result from using the single-layer of double-knitted fabric, rather than multiple, uneven fabric layers. This novel structure results in a medical bandage product having a moisture-curable substrate that is lighter in weight than conventional products, yet is stronger and more cost-effective to produce. Careful construction and a unique and counterintuitive relationship between the technical inner and outer surfaces and the space between the technical surfaces provide further enhancement in the quality of the substrate, both in comfort, ease of application and ultimate rigidity. More rapid hardening of the substrate provides a more realistic subjective impression of rigidity more in keeping with hardening rated in prior art fiberglass splinting and casting products.

Knitted substrate for use in medical bandaging product and bandaging product


A system for web asset modification comprises a processor and a memory. The processor is configured to: receive a request for a web asset for display on a device; receive an indication of one or more user contexts; determine one or more groups for the web asset, wherein each of the one or more groups comprises a group for adapting display of the web asset on the device; and modify the web asset based at least in part on one user context of the one or more user contexts and one group of the one or more groups. The memory is coupled to the processor and is configured to provide the processor with instructions.

Web assets are requested by a variety of devices with different characteristics and with different configurations—for example, these characteristics include the screen size and/or resolution, the browser, the player software, etc. In addition, different users have different browsing priorities and preferences. A customized web asset can be delivered for each different device, configuration, and user type. However, this is difficult to maintain because of the ever evolving number of different assets that must be kept up to date.

Web asset modification based on a user context


A rear suspension (1) for motor vehicles comprises a suspension support frame (2) fixed to the body of the motor vehicle and carrying the members (3) for supporting and guiding the rear wheels (4) of the motor vehicle.. A suspension support frame (2) is connected to the body of the vehicle for rotation about a vertical axis (A), contained substantially in the longitudinal median plane of the motor vehicle, by a plurality of attachment members (5). Each attachment member (5) comprises a first element fixed to the body and a second element fixed to the suspension support frame (2). The second element is mounted for sliding on the first element in a direction which is tangential to a circumference whose center lies on the vertical axis (A).

The present invention relates to a rear suspension for motor vehicles including a suspension support-frame fixed to the body of the motor vehicle and carrying the members for supporting and guiding the rear wheels of the motor vehicle.
The invention particularly concerns a system for steering the rear axle of the vehicle in the same sense as the front wheels in order to improve road-holding, stability, travelling comfort and the general dynamic behaviour of the vehicle. The system according to the invention is also able to steer the axle in the opposite sense in order to improve the manoeuvrability of the vehicle.

Steering device for the rear axle of a motor vehicle


An electric motor assembly includes a bearing assembly including a rotating component and at least one stationary component. The electric motor assembly also includes an impeller coupled to the rotating component. The impeller includes an inlet and an outlet and is configured to direct a fluid between the inlet and the outlet. The electric motor assembly also includes a rotor assembly directly coupled to the impeller. A fluid flow channel is defined between the rotating component and the at least one stationary component. The flow channel includes a first end proximate the impeller outlet and a second end proximate the impeller inlet.

The field of the disclosure relates generally to centrifugal pump assemblies, and more specifically, to centrifugal pump assemblies that include an axial flux electric motor coupled to an impeller.
At least some known centrifugal pumps include an impeller for channeling a fluid through the pump. The impeller is coupled to a shaft via a hydrostatic bearing, which is coupled to a rotor of an electric motor such that rotation of the rotor causes rotation of the bearing and the impeller. In at least some known electric motors, a separate pump is used to deliver a pressurized fluid flow required for operation of the hydrostatic bearing. An additional pump increases both the complexity and cost of the pump system, which may inhibit the use of hydrostatic bearings in cost sensitive applications.
Furthermore, at least some known centrifugal pumps include hydrodynamic bearings. When designing a hydrodynamic bearing there are a number of factors to consider. One of them is the ability of the bearing to hydro dynamically 'lift' in operation and separate the rotating bearing component from the stationary bearing component. It is critical the bearing 'lifts' to ensure correct operation. If the bearing does not 'lift' there will be large friction between the two bearing materials causing large friction torque resistance, drag torque resistance and material ware. To ensure bearing lift, the bearing is designed to have a pressure velocity (PV) factor to fall within a predetermined range. The PV factor is based on the velocity of the rotating component and the coefficient of friction between the rotating bearing component and the stationary bearing component. However, at least some known rotating bearing components are flat disks, leading to a velocity differential between the inner diameter and the outer diameter of the disk. This velocity differential leads to a wide range of PV factors, at least some of which may be outside the desired range. Operational of the hydrodynamic bearing outside the desired PV factor range may lead to inefficient operation of the pump assembly and/or to a shortened service lifetime of the bearing components.

Centrifugal pump assemblies having an axial flux electric motor and methods of assembly thereof


Trousers provide more comfort for a user than traditional pants. The trousers comprise widefly jeans mechanically coupled to an adjustable waistband fastened by four riveted buttons. The adjustable waistband is mechanically coupled to a quick release front flap by a hook and loop fastener. The quick release front flap travels from the adjustable waistband to an area behind a user's scrotum. The user can easily open and close the widefly jeans with a single hand by simply uncoupling the adjustable waistband from the widefly jeans and removing the front flap by uncoupling the hook and loop fastener. This enables the user to access an inside of widefly jeans with the single hand and to urinate or without removing the trousers. Additionally, pockets are affixed to the widefly jeans that are partially removable with a hook and loop fastener and can store a wallet or armor or a GPS.

Prior to the disclosed invention it was difficult for a user of trousers to open the trousers with a single hand to urinate. Similarly, it was difficult to build trousers that rapidly adapted to the size of the user and existing pockets cannot adequately accommodate large items comfortably. The prior art includes: U.S. Pat. No. 4,164,044 issued to Holmes; U.S. Pat. No. 4,580,298 issued to Tuisl; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,677,699 issued to Barabe.
Barabe comprises a waist band that can be expanded or contracted simply using a hook and loop fastener. However, Barabe offers no theory about how a user can simply remove a flap to go to the bathroom without removing the trousers. Tusil teaches a waist band extender using a series of buttons on a perforated piece of materials but does not teach a hook and loop fastener, which is necessary for rapidly removing the flaps to accommodate large items. Holmes teaches an adjustable waist band in two sections with buttons and a perforated piece of material but does not teach a hook and loop fastener to enhance this device. In that manner, Holmes, Barabe and Tusil offer nothing to solve the problems described by the current invention.


A method and system for oxygen molecule scavenging is disclosed. The system employs as a novel terpolymer as the reducing agent for oxygen molecules. The terpolymer is the polymerization product of macrocyclic poly(alkylene dicarboxylate) oligomer, unsaturated functional polymer, and epoxy-functional styrene-acrylate oligomer.

Spoilage of food has plagued humanity for millennia. Containers for food have evolved from stone to ceramic to metallic to glass to plastic, particularly for single serving consumable foods and beverages.
Shelf life of foods and beverages is affected by oxidation from oxygen molecules within the volume of the container not occupied by the food or beverage ("headspace oxygen"), within the bulk of the container walls ("inherent oxygen"), and permeating through the container walls or closure ("permeated oxygen"). Also the food or beverage itself contains oxygen which equilibrates in the headspace.
Compounds that scavenge for oxygen molecules are known, such as AMOSORB DFC 4020 brand oxygen scavenger from ColorMatrix of Berea, Ohio USA. But that oxygen scavenger product utilizes MXD6 polyamide as its scavenger for oxygen, which can cause issues during recycling for sustainability reasons.


A silicon wafer after being cleaned by using a cleaning liquid is rinsed by using carbonic water. According to such a silicon wafer cleaning method, generation of static due to a rinsing treatment is not caused, so that an electrostatic breakdown is not caused, adhesion of dirt to a cleaned silicon wafer surface due to the static is not caused, adhesion of metal impurities can be prevented in the rinsing treatment of the silicon wafer and, while giving consideration to the cost, furthermore, a rinsing treatment using a clean rinsing liquid free from causing any residue can be performed.

As manufacture process rules of semiconductor products become more rigorous for higher IC integration, inclusion of trace impurities largely affects on device performance and product yield of the semiconductor products. To prevent inclusion of trace impurities, rigorous contamination control has been required and a variety of cleaning is performed in each process in manufacture processes of semiconductor products.
Generally, as a semiconductor substrate (silicon wafer) cleaning liquid to be used in FEOL before forming a wiring pattern, a mixture of ammonia water, hydrogen peroxide water and water (SC-1) for the purpose of removing fine particles, a mixture of hydrochlonic acid, hydrogen peroxide water and water (SC-2) for the purpose of removing metals, dilute hydrofluoric acid, ozone water, a mixture of ozone water and dilute hydrofluoric acid, a mixture of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide water (SPM) for the purpose of removing organic substances, and a mixture of sulfuric acid, ozone and water, etc. are used. They are used alone or in combination in accordance with the purposes.
In a conventional cleaning process (an RCA cleaning method and an improved cleaning methods thereof), after treating substrate surfaces with a cleaning liquid as above, a rinsing process for rinsing the substrates with ultrapure water for washing the cleaning liquid away is performed inevitably. At this time, if any contaminant even in a slight amount is in the ultrapure water, the contaminant adheres to the substrate surfaces, so that demands for purity of the ultrapure water for rinsing have been very high.
However, demands for purity of ultrapure water for rinsing in recent years are liable to be too high disregarding costs and conveniences for fear of causing adhesion of contaminants to substrate surfaces. Particularly, in the case of metals which become a problem of contaminants, since it is safer to lower a concentration of trace metals in the ultrapure water, the current situation is to just focus on lowering the entire concentration without verifying the effects that what components should be decreased to what level.
When using ultrapure water as a rinsing liquid, a high specific resistance value of ultrapure water results in problems, such that static generates in the rinsing treatment to cause an electrostatic breakdown or dirt adheres to cleaned substrate surfaces due to the static. To solve the problems, a technique of dissolving ammonia in the ultrapure water is disclosed in the patent article 1.
On the other hand, the patent article 2 discloses a cleaning method of removing metal impurities adhered to substrate surfaces by bringing cleaning subjects contact with a cleaning liquid obtained by dissolving an ozone gas and carbon dioxide in pure water or ultrapure water.
Furthermore, the patent article 3 describes that, when rinsing substrates having metal wirings formed thereon by using ultrapure water, ultrapure water containing a chelate agent is used as a rinsing liquid so as to prevent metal adhesion as well as re-adhesion of metals, once dissolved from the metal wirings on the substrate surfaces due to the ultrapure water, to the substrates.

Method for cleaning silicon wafer and apparatus for cleaning silicon wafer


A search query is received. One or more listings is identified responsive to the search query. For each of the one or more of listings, the following are determined: a relevancy score based on one or more parameters in the search query, an expected click through rate, and at least one of a content density boost that is based on one or more fields that are included in or excluded from the listing and a geography type boost that is based on a comparison of one or more geography parameters of the query to one or more geography parameters of the listing. For each of the one or more listings, a performance score is calculated based on the relevancy score, the expected click through rate, and at least one of the content density boost and the geography type boost.

With the proliferation of the World Wide Web and data networks such as the Internet, consumers often turn to their computers when searching for information relating to products or places, rather than using traditional printed directories. Providers such as online search engines, directories of advertisers, and the like, often charge advertisers to have listings included in a set of search results. In some instances, an advertiser pays for a listing or an advertisement to be displayed on a webpage that does not include a set of search results. In this case, an advertiser is charged simply for having the advertisement displayed on the webpage. Further, advertisers are often charged on a per-click basis, meaning that every time an online user clicks on an advertisement, the advertiser is charged. A provider may wish to display listings in a manner to maximize its own revenue as well as provide greater benefit to advertisers.


Disclosed is a mass polymerized rubber-modified monovinylidene aromatic copolymer composition with an excellent balance of physical and mechanical properties especially low temperature impact, and methods for preparing such a composition.

Monovinylidene aromatic copolymers reinforced with rubber, in particular with diene rubber, represent a well known class of commercially available engineering polymers widely described in the literature. Specific examples of the copolymers are for example styrene and acrylonitrile copolymers, generally referred to as SAN resins, containing rubber particles, for example butadiene, dispersed in the polymeric matrix, generally known as ABS resins.
The rubber-modified monovinylidene aromatic copolymers can be prepared by continuous or batch processes and by various polymerization processes such as bulk, mass-solution, or mass-suspension, these are generally known as mass polymerization processes. A continuous mass polymerization process is known and described for example in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,694,692; 3,243,481 and 3,658,946, and in published EP 400,479. This process consists of dissolving the rubbery material in the monovinylidene aromatic monomer and ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomer mixture, adding possibly a radical polymerization initiator and an inert diluent, and then polymerizing the resulting solution. Immediately after the polymerization reaction commences, the rubbery material in the monomer mixture separates into two phases, of which the former, consisting of a solution of the rubber in the monomer mixture, initially forms the continuous phase, whereas the latter, consisting of a solution of the resultant copolymer in the monomer mixture, remains dispersed in form of droplets in said continuous phase. As polymerization and hence conversion proceed the quantity of the latter phase increases at the expense of the former. As soon as the volume of the latter phase equals that of the former, a phase change occurs, generally known as phase inversion.
When this phase inversion tales place, droplets of rubber solution form in the polymer solution. These rubber solution droplets incorporate by themselves small droplets of what has now become the continuous polymer phase. During the process, grafting of the polymer chains on the rubber takes place, too.
Generally, the polymerization is carried out in several stages. In the first polymerization stage, known as prepolymerization, the solution of the rubber in the monomer mixture is polymerized until phase inversion is reached. Polymerization is then continued up to the desired conversion.
Mass polymerization affords rubber-modified monovinylidene aromatic copolymers with a good balance of aesthetic and mechanical properties such as toughness. The good aesthetic properties result, in part, because the mass polymerization process does not produce gels and does not require processing aids, such as emulsifiers, which can impart undesirable color. The good mechanical properties such as toughness result, in part, from the amount and morphology of the rubber. The morphology of the rubber is characterized by particle size and particle phase-volume to rubber ratio. There is an optimal particle size range for optimal toughness, if the rubber particles are too small or too large, toughness decreases. Due to the nature of the mass polymerization process, there are many variables, such as reaction mixture viscosity, rubber levels, rubber types, rubber particle sizing mechanisms, grafting kinetics, coupling kinetics, diluent composition, reactor stirring speed, etc., that control the rubber particle size and morphology. These variables are interrelated and can not be varied independently of each other.
Toughness of articles made from rubber-modified monovinylidene aromatic copolymers also depends upon temperature and deformation rate. Articles with adequate toughness at room temperature often demonstrate inadequate toughness at reduced temperatures. For example see U.S. Pat. No. 6,380,304 which discloses a mass polymerized rubber-modified monovinylidene aromatic copolymer composition with an excellent balance of physical and mechanical properties and high intrinsic gloss at ambient temperature, but makes no mention of good low temperature toughness.
There have been numerous attempts to obtain optimal rubber particle size by controlling the viscosity of the diene rubber used in producing rubber-modified monovinylidene aromatic copolymers, see U.S. Pat No. 4,640,959; EP 277,687; and DE 2,620,853. However, these compositions as well have large rubber particle sizes which are undesirable for toughness.
In view of the deficiencies of the rubber-modified monovinylidene aromatic copolymer compositions thus obtained by utilizing any of such methods it would be highly desirable to provide an economical rubber-modified monovinylidene aromatic copolymer composition which exhibits an improved balance of aesthetic, physical and mechanical properties in particularly good low temperature impact resistance.

Mass polymerized rubber-modified monovinylidene aromatic copolymer composition


An article is produced by welding a first piece to a second piece by a laser beam. The first piece includes an open cavity and a first sealing surface. The second piece has a second sealing surface. The first piece and second piece are inside chamber with a controllable internal pressure that is changed to cause a flow of a gas from the open cavity. The open cavity is closed by moving at least one of the pieces. The first sealing surface forms a partially gas tight preliminary joint with the second sealing surface. The first piece and the second piece define an interface. The chamber is opened after the preliminary joint has been formed. A welded seam is formed by focusing a laser beam to the interface after the chamber is opened. The first sealing surface and the second sealing surface are substantially planar.

An optical or electrical article may comprise a hermetically sealed cavity, which contains a sensitive electrical component. The hermetically sealed cavity may e.g. protect the sensitive electrical component from atmospheric humidity. It is known that a hermetically sealed cavity may be formed by positioning a layer of filler material between a first glass piece and a second glass piece, and by heating the combination in an oven. The filler material may be molten in the oven and subsequently cooled to hermetically join the first glass piece to the second glass piece.

Method and apparatus for producing a hermetic vacuum joint at low temperature


A method and apparatus are disclosed. The apparatus includes a store of at least one historical sensor measurement, a store of potential cut-off frequencies, and a filter. Each potential cut-off frequency is associated with a respective potential difference between a sensor measurement and the stored historical sensor measurement. The filter has a cut-off frequency dynamically selected from the stored potential cut-off frequencies on the basis of a difference between the stored historical sensor measurement and a current sensor measurement. The method includes determining a difference between a current sensor measurement and a historical sensor measurement; and dynamically selecting a cut-off frequency for a filter for the current sensor measurement from the difference.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to process control, and, more particularly, to signal quality in a process control system.
2. Description of the Related Art
One common process control technique is to sense some characteristic or parameter of the process and adjust an input signal to alter the process parameter. For instance, a process might be designed such that a particular process operation is performed at a specific temperature. When the process operation begins, the temperature control is set to the desired temperature. However, it is not uncommon for the actual temperature to vary from the desired temperature during the process operation and for such variation to have undesirable consequences. The actual temperature is therefore monitored so that, if it deviates from the desired temperature, the input signal can be modified to bring the actual temperature to the desired temperature. Note that this technique is used not only for temperature, but also for other types of parameters, such as pressure, flow rate, and volume.
In practice, the parameter is measured, or sensed, by a suitable type of sensor. The sensor typically outputs an electrical signal that is representative of the sensed parameter. A control system can then sample this signal at predetermined intervals and extrapolate the sensed parameter from the pertinent characteristic of the sample. For instance, in the temperature scenario introduced above, the temperature sensor might output an electrical signal whose voltage (or current) is proportional to the temperature is sensed. Every 0.05 seconds, a control system might sample that electrical signal. The control system then determines from the voltage of that signal in that sample what the actual temperature was at the time it was sensed.
This control technique relies on the accuracy of the information conveying the actual, or measured, parameter. One problem in this respect is electrical "noise" in the signal the control system samples. The electrical noise alters the signal characteristics. If the noise is severe enough, the control system cannot accurately determine what the sensed parameter is, thereby leading to degraded process control. Electrical noise arises from many sources and is largely unavoidable. However, it can be mitigated.
There are many ways to reduce or mitigate electrical noise. One technique filters out unwanted frequencies in the sampled signal on the presumption that they are noise. More particularly, a low pass filter with a fixed cut-off frequency can be used to eliminate noise when the noise frequency spectrum is beyond the specified cut-off frequency. However, the noise signal could have a wide and dynamic frequency spectrum and sometimes it is very time consuming to figure out the noise spectrum range in a certain process. The noise spectrum could also be different in the same process if the data acquisition system is located in a different place. If the filter has a very low cut-off frequency, it could eliminate the majority part of the noise, however, it could also slow down the sensor response time in the data acquisition system significantly.
The present invention is directed to resolving, or at least reducing, one or all of the problems mentioned above.

Dynamic cut-off frequency varying filter


The invention provides an antifreeze glycolipid compounds and composition comprising a polysaccharide moiety of Formula I:

Subzero winter temperatures pose a significant challenge to the survival of organisms in temperate and polar regions. In response, many poikilothermic organisms living in these areas, including fishes, amphibians, reptiles, arthropods, plants, fungi and bacteria, have evolved physiological adaptations to survive subzero temperatures. In a given organism, multiple physiological adaptations permit cold hardiness, including, but not limited to, a subset of the following: accumulation of small molecular mass antifreezes and cryoprotectants, such as sugars and polyhydric alcohols; production of large molecular mass "antifreezes" (e.g., antifreeze proteins (AFPs)); dehydration; production of protein ice nucleators; removal of ice nucleators; and membrane adaptation.
The suite of adaptations that promotes cold hardiness in a given species leads to one of the following overwintering strategies: freeze tolerance or freeze avoidance. Freeze-tolerant organisms survive the formation of extracellular ice, but typically do not survive intracellular freezing. In contrast, freeze-avoiding organisms must avoid freezing or death will result. However, exceptions to this freeze tolerance/freeze avoidance dichotomy are known, including some insect species that can switch overwintering strategies from year-to-year, within a single winter, or even employ both strategies simultaneously in different body compartments. Paradoxically, these alternative overwintering strategies share many of the same physiological adaptations. For example, both freeze-tolerant and freeze-avoiding organisms commonly accumulate polyhydric alcohols and/or large molecular mass antifreezes during cold acclimatization.
The functions of large molecular mass antifreezes, namely antifreeze proteins (AFPs) and antifreeze glycoproteins (AFGPs), are best understood in freeze-avoiding organisms, where these molecules act as "antifreezes" that prevent inoculative freezing and stabilize the supercooled state through the inactivation of ice nucleators. These functions of antifreeze (glyco)proteins (AF(G)Ps) are thought to arise from their ability to interact with the surface of ice crystals and small ice-like clusters of water molecules (embryo crystals) organized by ice nucleators, and thereby inhibit their growth. This adsorption-inhibition mechanism allows AF(G)Ps to depress the freezing point of an ice crystal without significantly affecting its melting point, thus, producing thermal hysteresis (TH), a difference between the melting and freezing points of the ice crystal that is diagnostic for the presence of AF(G)Ps.
Even though TH has been described in multiple freeze-tolerant species, including representative insects, plants, nematodes and fungi, the functions and, in many cases, the chemical structures of the responsible large-molecular-mass antifreezes remain unknown. The modest levels of TH measured, typically 0.2° C.-0.5° C. or less (Duman et al., J. Insect. Physiol. 2004, 50: 259-266; Griffiths and Yaish, Trends Plant Sci. 2004, 9:399-405), do not appear to prevent the formation of ice. In fact, many freeze-tolerant organisms typically exhibit adaptations that promote freezing at high subzero temperatures, such as extracellular ice-nucleating proteins (Zachariassen and Hammel, Nature 1976, 262:285-287). Furthermore, other freeze-tolerant species of arthropods and plants may not exhibit measureable TH in spite of producing large-molecular-mass antifreezes, and instead have only pronounced hexagonal crystal growth and/or recrystallization inhibition, indicating the presence of a low activity and/or low concentration of large-molecular-mass antifreeze.
Even at very low concentrations AF(G)Ps inhibit the recrystallization of ice, thus potentially preventing damage associated with the growth of extracellular ice crystals after the initial freeze. In addition to their "antifreeze" properties, AF(G)Ps possess other functions that rely on their ability to interact with cell membranes. For instance, fish AFGPs and type I AFPs appear to protect cell membranes against the destabilizing effects of low temperatures. AF(G)Ps may also be capable of preventing propagation of ice from the extracellular fluid into the cytosol.
Accordingly, there is a need for the identification and isolation of additional biomolecules that provide thermal hysteresis (TH) properties, and for the structural determination of additional thermal hysteresis factors (THFs). There is also a need for biomolecules that can be applied to human and agricultural uses, such as in compositions that provide cold resistance and freeze resistance properties.

Abstract: wherein D-Manp represents a D-mannopyranose moiety, D-Xylp represents a D-xylopyranose moiety, and n is about 5 to about 70; and one or more lipid moieties covalently linked to the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I or electrostatically associated with the polysaccharide moiety of Formula I. The antifreeze glycolipid compounds and compositions can be used for a variety of industrial, agricultural, medical, and cosmetic applications where recrystallization-inhibition, cyroprotection, or cryopreservation is desired. The antifreeze glycolipid compounds or compositions can be used as, for example, as cryoprotectants for tissue preservation and transplantation, improving the texture of processed frozen food and frozen meats, frostbite protection, crop protection, and green alternatives for land vehicle antifreeze and aircraft de-icing.


A heat generating container for use in a microwave oven, which includes a metallic main container, a metallic lid to be detachably applied onto said metallic main container, and microwave absorbing heat generating film layers formed on an outer surface of the metallic main container and metallic lid. The microwave absorbing heat generating film layers are varied in thickness for uniform heat generation of the main container and the lid.

The present invention generally relates to a high frequency heating arrangement and more particularly, to a heat generating vessel or container for use in a microwave oven which is one example of high frequency heating apparatuses, so as to generate heat through projection of microwaves irradiated from a magnetron (i.e., a high frequency generating means) for heating an object to be cooked, and also for baking thereof.
A microwave oven is a cooking apparatus arranged to guide microwaves emitted from a magnetron into an oven interior or heating chamber for irradiation onto an object to be cooked so as to effect cooking by causing said object itself to generate heat.
However, there are some items to be cooked which are not suitable for direct heating by microwaves such as those requiring scorched portions or those to be subjected to cooking after expediting fermentation by raising temperature thereof.
In order to deal with the cooking items as referred to above, there has been proposed a microwave oven further provided with a sheathed heater in the heating chamber so as to make it possible to subject the item to be cooked to heat treatment through utilization of heat irradiated from said sheathed heater besides the microwave radiation.
In the microwave oven of the above described type, however, since two kinds of heating means, i.e., the magnetron and the sheathed heater, must be provided as heat sources, not only do cost increase, but the construction of the microwave oven is undesirably complicated, with a consequent increase in the size of the apparatus on the whole.
Therefore, in order to overcome the various problems as described above, there has been recently developed a heat generating member composed of a plate in a double layer construction formed by laminating a heat generating substance (e.g., silicon carbide, ferrite or the like) which generates heat through irradiation of microwaves and an inorganic heat insulating base material (e.g., glass, ceramic or the like). There has also been proposed a heat generating member made of a silicon carbide group ceramic molded plate.
The microwave oven employing the heat generating members of the above described type is capable of effecting both the dielectric heating and the heating by heat radiation, only through irradiation of microwaves and is referred to as a multi-function microwave oven.
Incidentally, due to the fact that a so-called "home bakery" or household bread baking unit has recently become a popular article, a microwave oven provided with a bread baking function has been studied and manufactured as an actual commercially available product.
Although a bread baking container or hopper (referred to as a hopper hereinafter) to be disposed in the oven interior or heating chamber of the microwave oven is generally arranged to be heated indirectly, this practice requires parts for subjecting heated air to convection for efficient conduction of heat to the hopper, and thus, not only do cost increase, but power consumption is undesirably raised due to poor heating efficiency, even when the heat is conducted in an efficient manner.
On the other hand, as a direct heating practice, there has conventionally been proposed an arrangement in which a microwave absorbing heat generating material is applied over an outer surface of a hopper as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication Tokkaisho No. 58-52916, or another arrangement in which a microwave absorbing heat generating material is coated on a ceramic or glass container as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication Tokkaisho No. 58-52917.
However, the known arrangements as described above have such problems that uneven baking (or scorching) may take place or yeast for fermentation is undesirably killed if applied to the bread bakery, since microwaves are transmitted into the container. Due to uneven microwave distribution within the heating chamber, the temperature for heating the container is not uniform, thus resulting in irregular baking (i.e. scorching) of the bread.
Another disadvantage inherent in the conventional arrangement is such that, if the main container and the lid are made of metal, electric discharge takes place at the junction therebetween for undesirable fusing.
Meanwhile, in the conventional heating container for baking, for example, adapted to bake bread in a rectangular or square shape (so-called Pullman shape), an exclusive lid is provided for closing an upper opening of the heating container. In the kneading process and fermentation process for the manufacture of bread, the lid is removed for the processing, while during baking, the lid is mounted on the heating container to obtain the bread in the required shape.
However, in the known heating container for baking of the above described type, the baked bread is sliced through eye measurement, since it is provided with no marks or the like for slicing the square bread in uniform thickness, and thus, the thickness tends to differ from slice to slice.

Heat generating container for microwave oven


A software program executable on a mobile telephone suitable to cause said telephone to interrogate a distant recipient telephone by means for example of JTAPI to determine whether the recipient telephone is turned on or not. In a case where it is determined that the recipient telephone is turned on, an SMS message is sent to the recipient telephone. In a case where the voice connection cannot be made it is determined that the recipient telephone is turned off, and a further attempt to make a voice connection is made after a predetermined period. Further attempts are made repeatedly until it is determined that the recipient telephone is turned on, and an SMS message is sent to the recipient telephone, or until sending of the SMS is cancelled by a user.

Over recent years a number of communications techniques have evolved which, whilst using digital networks for transmission, nor to some extent the delayed delivery paradigm of traditional postal services rather than real time communications, although such real time communications are often supported by the same network. According to the delayed delivery paradigm, a message is composed in its entirety, and submitted to a named addressee, on the understanding that the addressee will at some undetermined point in the near future receive the message. Examples of such delayed delivery methods include Short Message Service (SMS) transmissions over cellular telephone networks, and electronic mail (email) over the internet. The advantages of such methods over real time communications include the fact that the author is not under pressure to submit his message until he is fully satisfied with it, and that the author can be sure the addressee will eventually receive the message whether or not they are at the moment of transmission able to receive the message.
The Short Message Service—Point to Point (SMS-PP) is defined in GSM recommendation 03.40. According to this mechanism, messages are submitted from an originating device to a Gateway Message Service Centre via a service channel of the network. The GMSC stores the message, and attempts to forward it to the destination device defined in the message. Where it proves impossible to successfully forward the message, the GSMC queues the message for a further attempt in the future. The time at which a message actually reaches the destination device is therefore entirely unpredictable, since it depends not only on the delays and inherent in the system, and the risks associated with the use of a service channel for data transmission but further on the time at which the user of the destination device happens to turn it on.
FIG. 1 shows the sequence of steps involved in the delivery of an SMS message 119 in a case where a destination device 17 is switched off. The message 119 is composed as indicated by communication line 111 by a user 11 and passed on from the originating device 13 to the network 15 as indicated by communication line 131. The network sends the message on to the destination device 17 as indicated by communication line 151, and in the event where the destination device is switched off or otherwise unable to receive the message, and accordingly does not acknowledge receipt of the message, the network retransmits the message as indicated by communication lines 153 and 155, until the message is successfully delivered and an acknowledgement 171 is eventually received.
The delayed delivery paradigm can however bring certain disadvantages. Imagine the scenario where the author sends a friend an SMS "give me a ring when you're free", but actually sees the addressee before he gets the message. Then, when the addressee turns on his phone, he gets the message, and calls the author for no reason.
In other words, when sending an SMS message the user is not aware of the time at which the message will be delivered although he can be advised when the message is delivered. This can mean that the message is received when it is no longer necessary.
Certain prior art publications consider some aspects of these issues.
EP1648126A2 relates to a method and system of automatically sending a message based on predefined sending condition. The method comprises registering a message sending condition in a first communication terminal device. Thereafter, the method comprises obtaining presence information of a second communication terminal device user at the first communication terminal device via communication network. The method further comprises determining whether the message sending condition is met and thereafter, sending the message if the message sending condition is met.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,119,014 relates to a method and system of displaying short messages based on user defined indicators. The user defined indicators can be for example, a predefined time and a predefined location in a service area etc. The method includes receiving and storing of a short message and a location indicator by an organizational node in a memory associated with the organizational node. The location indicator is associated with the location information sent by originating mobile terminal. The method further comprises determining the position of receiving mobile terminal in cellular network. Thereafter, displaying the short message based on the location indicator. The method further comprises moving the short message after display to an action database. Thereafter storing an additional indicator associated with the short message defined by user of the receiving mobile terminal in the action database. The short message is subsequently displayed based on the additional location indicator.
WO2005107290A1 relates to a method and system for sending and receiving messages. The method of sending comprises composing a message, determining at least one delivery condition and sending the message. The examples of delivery condition include an expiration time or date, location parameter, phone call parameter etc. The method of receiving comprises receiving a message and delaying the notification of the message to the user based on the delivery condition associated with the message. The method of receiving further comprises generating a new message notification to the user when the delivery condition is met.
EP 1613102A1 relates to a method and system allowing a subscriber to flexibly control the delivery of a short message. The system comprises a database storing instructions for handling messages by a first subscriber. The examples of instructions include forwarding all the short messages from a second subscriber to a third subscriber. The sending as well as the receiving subscriber may specify the instructions for short message handling. The method comprises storing the short message handling instructions in the database. The method further comprises sending or receiving a short message including the sending and receiving party identification information. Thereafter, the method comprises performing a lookup in the database for the instructions and executing the instructions defined in the database.
The 3GPP specification for SMS called "3GPP TS 23.040 V3.9.0 (2002-06)", which is downloadable from http://www.3gpp.org/ftp/tsg_t/TSG_T/TSGT—04/Docs/PDFs/TP-99126.pdf provides for the possibility of cancelling an already-submitted message, with regard to the "126.96.36.199 TP-Command-Type (TP-CT)" command, which has the effect "Delete previously submitted Short Message".
It is an object of the invention to address certain drawbacks of the prior art, in particular by making it unnecessary for a user to pay for the unnecessary transmission of a message, whilst ensuring that an intended recipient does not receive messages which are no longer relevant.

International Business Machines Corporation


The present invention relates to an anti-reflective coating composition, to an anti-reflective film using same, and to a method for preparing the anti-reflective film, wherein the anti-reflective coating composition is capable of forming a coating layer that has a low refractive index and adjusting the surface energy. More particularly, the present invention relates to an anti-reflective film of which the reflectance is minimized and the surface energy is adjusted, by forming a coating layer using an anti-reflective coating composition that contains, as a binder, a siloxane compound which is synthesized by reacting organosilane that has a fluroalky group with alkoxysilane at a certain weight ratio, and also relates to a method for preparing the anti-reflective film. The anti-reflective film using the anti-reflective coating composition has excellent anti-reflective performance, and is thus expected to be applicable to various display devices such as a touch film.

When a display is exposed to external light such as various illumination and natural light, an image formed inside the display is not clearly focused on an eye, thereby causing deterioration in contrast of the display. Due to such deterioration in contrast, a person has a difficulty in viewing a screen, and feels fatigue in the eye, or suffers from a headache. For this reason, there is a strong demand for anti-reflection.
In a substrate on which a single-layer anti-reflective film is formed, when an index of refraction of the substrate is defined as ns and an index of refraction of the single-layer anti-reflective film is defined as n, a minimum value of reflectance R of the anti-reflective film is represented by (ns−n2)2/(ns+n2)2. Since the reflectance R has the minimum value under the condition of n2=ns, the single-layer anti-reflective film has lower reflectance as the index of refraction n thereof is closer to (ns)1/2. Generally, considering that an index of refraction ns of polyethylene terephthalate used as a substrate in transparent conductive films is about 1.54, it is desirable that an index of refraction n of an anti-reflective film be as close to a range of about 1.22 to about 1.24 as possible in order to reduce a reflectance R of the anti-reflective film.
In typical anti-reflective films, an anti-reflective layer is mainly disposed on a transparent substrate. For example, Japanese Patent Publication No. 2002-200690 discloses a 3-layer structure in which a hard coating layer, a 1 μm or less thick high index of refraction layer and a low index of refraction layer are stacked in order from a transparent substrate.
In addition, to simplify a manufacturing process, Japanese Patent Publication No. 2000-233467 discloses a 2-layer structure in which the hard coating layer and the low index of refraction layer are stacked with omission of the high index of refraction layer from the anti-reflective layer as set forth above.
Due to development of hollow silica particles, which are a low refractive material, low refractive coating materials having an extremely low index of refraction have been studied. However, a low refractive coating material developed using an existing acrylic resin has not reached an index of refraction of 1.22 to 1.24, which is a theoretically optimum value for anti-refraction. To improve this problem, although efforts to reduce an index of refraction by addition of a fluorine-containing polymer material have been made, there occurred a problem of excessively high surface energy of a coating surface. In addition, since compatibility between the hollow silica particles and the acrylic resin is not good, in order to overcome this problem, the silica particles need to be subjected to surface treatment allowing the particles to be bound to the acrylic resin.
Korean Patent Publication No. 2004-0070225 discloses a coating composition including a silica precursor obtained by hydrolysis and polycondensation of an alkoxy silane. However, since a method of condensation and thermal curing of a silane compound does not provide sufficient curing only by low-temperature and short-term thermal curing, high-temperature or long-time curing is required for sufficient curing density of the silane compound. Thus, the method has problems such as increased manufacturing costs, deteriorated productivity, damage to a plastic film substrate, cracking of a hard coating layer due to shrinkage thereof by heating, and the like.
In addition, although a technique for manufacturing a low refractive coating layer by introduction of a fluorine-containing alkoxy silane is also considered, there is a limit in applying the technique due to problems, such as phase separation and the like.
In manufacture of touch sensor panels and the like, it is necessary to impart suitable adhesion to a film surface, and control of adhesion of a surface of a coating layer by adjustment of surface energy of the coating layer may be considered for this purpose.
Therefore, there is a continuous need for development of a method which allows a silica coating layer having a low index of refraction and suitable surface energy to be formed on a substrate without phase separation.

Anti-reflective coating composition including siloxane compound, and anti-reflective film of which surface energy is adjusted using same