A grinding machine with a dust collector includes a driving portion, a transmitting portion, a dust-collecting tube, a fender, an air intake connector and a grinding wheel. The dust produced by the rotation of the grinding wheel is sucked by the dust-collecting tube having an inner tube. The inner tube is interconnected with an exhaust vent of the driving portion and the dust-discharging opening. An outlet of the inner tube is parallel to an airflow passage of the dust-discharging opening, such that when an exhaust gas is discharged from the inner tube, a siphon effect is produced at the airflow passage of the dust-collecting tube to suck and collect the dusts produced by the grinding wheel.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a grinding machine, and more particularly to a grinding machine having a dust-collecting tube with an inner tube, and the inner tube is interconnected with an exhaust vent and the dust-collecting tube to produce a siphon effect for collecting dust.
2. Description of the Related Art
Referring to FIG. 6 for a traditional grinding machine, the grinding machine includes a driving portion 9 and a transmitting portion 8, and an end of the driving portion 9 has an air inlet 91 and an exhaust vent 92, and an end of the transmitting portion 8 has a grinding wheel 81, such that when air is introduced into the air inlet 91, the driving portion 9 is driven to rotate the grinding wheel 81, and air is discharged from the exhaust vent 92.
However, the aforementioned grinding machine usually produces a large quantity of dusts during the grinding process, and users may inhale lots of dusts into their lungs, and the dust contamination always causes tremendous inconvenience to the work.
Referring to FIG. 7 for another common grinding machine, the difference between this grinding machine and the foregoing grinding machine resides on that the bottom of this grinding machine includes a dust-collecting tube 7; wherein an end of the dust-collecting tube 7 has a dust-discharging opening 71, and another end of the dust-collecting tube 7 has a dust-collecting opening 72, and the dust-collecting opening 72 is situated at a working area of the grinding wheel 81. During a grinding operation, a power dust collector S is used to suck the dusts produced by the grinding wheel, and thus users need to purchase a power dust collector (such as a vacuum cleaner).
Sometimes, there is a need to remove or replace a grinding wheel 81 disposed on a lateral side of the grinding machine, but there is no protection by a fender, and users may get injured easily if the users do not hold the grinding machine firmly and steadily.


A method for manufacturing a semiconductor device forms a trench of a trench isolation region in a portion of a top surface of a semiconductor substrates. Oxide is deposited as a trench liner in the trench using high temperature high density plasma (HDP) deposition. As the high temperature HDP oxide deposition is a stress neutral process, stress defects in an interface between the silicon substrate and the oxide layer are avoided, so that subsequent etching steps in a local interconnect process are less likely to overreach at the interface. This reduces the possibility of junction leakage when the local interconnect is formed.

Current demands for high density and performance associated with ultra large scale integration (ULSI) requires submicron features of about 0.25 microns and under, increased transistor and circuit speeds and improved reliability. Such demands for increased density, performance and reliability require formation of device features with high precision and uniformity.
As device features are increasingly miniaturized to increase the integration density, the need for effective isolation between individual devices becomes more critical. For the purpose of effective isolation between electrical devices, various isolation technologies have been introduced. An earlier method known as LOCOS (Local Oxidation of Silicon) was developed for MOSFET devices to prevent the establishment of parasitic channel between adjacent device. The LOCOS isolation technique involves the formation of an oxide bulk in the non-active area on the semiconductor substrate. The well-known drawbacks associated with LOCOS isolation are the formation of the so-called "bird's beak" oxide configuration and the associated encroachment of the field oxide beneath the oxidation mask.
As device dimensions reached submicron size, conventional LOCOS isolation technologies attained the limit of their effectiveness, and alternative isolation techniques were developed to increase the device density. One such isolation technology developed involves a process of creating trench structure during the integrated circuit fabrication. The utilization of trench structures to form isolation areas accomplished several major improvements such as prevention of latch-up and effective isolation of n-well regions from p-doped substrate in CMOS devices.
Typically, trench isolation involves etching a narrow, deep trench or groove in a silicon substrate and then filling the trench with a hard filling material such as silicon oxide. A problem with the use of hard materials is that they may cause dislocations and other defects in the silicon substrate during the subsequent thermal processes due to the differences in rates of thermal expansion between the filler material and the silicon substrate. For example, the trenches typically have contacts between a silicon substrate and silicon dioxide layers formed thereon. Because of the differing thermal coefficients of expansion of silicon and silicon dioxide, a stress problem from the mismatch occurs at the interface between the layers of silicon and silicon dioxide. This stress tends to cause undesirable damage in the silicon substrate near the trefich. Particularly, top edges of the trenches are susceptible to the generation of significant stress defects.
With this in mind, FIG. 1 depicts a cross-section of a portion of a prior art semiconductor device, which comprises a trench liner 12 formed on a silicon substrate 10. Conventionally, trench liner 12 is silicon dioxide formed by a conventional thermal oxidation process, i.e., at an oxidation temperature of 1050.degree. C. or less. During the thermal oxidation process to form silicon dioxide trench liner 12, oxidation stress is formed in interface region 14 within substrate 10 due to the different thermal expansion coefficients of silicon and silicon dioxide.
A trench isolation region 16 has been formed on trench liner 12 by filling the trench with oxide material, typically TEOS. The portion further includes a gate region 18 that is part of a field effect transistor having an active region 20, either a source or drain region, formed adjacent to trench isolation region 16 within substrate 10. Conductive silicide regions 22 have been formed on the top surface of active region 20 and gate region 18. A dielectric material, such as silicon dioxide derived from tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) has been deposited over the substrate 10 to form an interlayer dielectric 24, and then the surface of interlayer dielectric 24 has been planarized. A local interconnection opening 26 has been formed by conventional etching processes, extending through dielectric layer 24 to silicide regions 22. Barrier layer 28 is then formed on the inner surface of local interconnect opening 22.
During the dielectric etching process to form local interconnection opening 22, it is desirable to stop the etching process at the silicide regions 22 formed on active region 20. However, it is often difficult to precisely stop the etching process at the silicide region 22. One reason is that the thermal oxidation process to form trench liner 12 causes undesirable stress defects in an interface region 14 between substrate 10 and trench liner 12, especially near the top edges of the trench isolation region 16. The stress defects in the interface region 14 make it difficult to precisely stop etching interlayer dielectric 24 at silicide region 22. This often causes local interconnect openings to extend through silicide region 22 to substrate 10, thereby-forming a dip 29 in the top surface of interface region 14. Upon filling local interconnect opening 26 with a conductive material to form a local interconnect line, a conductive path is undesirably created between the local interconnect line and substrate 10 through dip 29, thereby resulting in an intolerable amount of leakage current which decreases circuit performance, and in extreme circumstances, may cause failure of the circuit.
Thus, there is a need for a method that substantially reduces the stress defect at the top surface of an interface region between a substrate and a trench liner to prevent undesirable formation of a conductive path between the local interconnect line and the substrate.

Method of etching contacts with reduced oxide stress


A data storage device includes a non-volatile memory and a controller coupled to the non-volatile memory. The controller is configured to receive a read command from a host device. The read command includes a starting logical block address (LBA) of the non-volatile memory, a number of logical blocks to be read (NLB), and a pointer to a scatter gather list (SGL). The controller is also configured to instruct the non-volatile memory to read a plurality of logical blocks from the non-volatile memory based on the starting LBA and the NLB. The controller is further configured to, after instructing the non-volatile memory to read the plurality of logical blocks, retrieve the SGL based on the pointer. The controller is configured to transfer a subset of the plurality of logical blocks identified by the SGL to the host device.

Data storage devices, often referred to as "memory," are a fundamental building block of computer systems. Advances in technology have resulted in increasingly smaller data storage devices with increasingly larger data storage capacities. For example, an embedded data storage device may be used for data storage in portable devices, such as wireless telephones, tablet computers, etc. Because many of the operations performed by a data storage device are read operations or write operations, increasing the speed of read operations or write operations may provide significant performance benefits.

Read operation prior to retrieval of scatter gather list


An automatic hydrologic parameter measuring system for a river flow comprises a supporting installed below a bridge surface; a waterproof box connected to a steel rope for suspending a weight; another end of the rope extending downwards out of the waterproof box for retaining the weight; a waterproof electric wire winding around the steel rope for transferring signals to the signal processor; a water pressure meter installed in a hollow space of the weight; when the weight being in water, the water pressure meter starts the measuring process; after the weight reaches to the riverbed, the water pressure is unchangeable; and a water pressure meter installed in a hollow space of the weight; when the weight being in water, the water pressure meter starts the measuring process; after the weight reaches to the riverbed, the water pressure is unchangeable.

For a river, measurements of hydrologic parameters are helpful to early warning of floods, safety of persons and bridges, etc. The parameters are such as water levels, flow speeds, riverbeds, sand density in the flows, etc. However, currently, other than water levels, other hydrologic parameters are measured manually. For example, in measurement of the height from the riverbed to the surface of a river, conventionally, a weight is tied to a rope and then they sunk into water and then to the riverbed. The length from the river surface to the riverbed can be derived by the height of the bridge to the river surface subtracting the length of the rope. However, the rope is easy to vibrate and thus is not vertical to the river surface. Especially, as great wind blows, due to wind force or water flow, the rope is bent greatly to affect the measurement results.
Practically, in typhoon period, flood flow is strong, under the consideration of personal safety or when the bridge is closed, manual monitor cannot be realized all day long so that it is very possible that no data is monitored when the flow is at a peak value. As a result, the system can not provide an effective assistance.
Although some manual operations are planned to be preformed, the time period is too long to get affect data. Furthermore, at night or heavy rain period, the personal safety and precision of the result are greatly affected. Therefore, there is an eager demand for a novel automatic monitoring system which can provide effect monitor results to replace the conventional manual operations.

Automatic hydrologic parameter measuring system for river flow and the method using the same


A new composition of matter is a blend of (i) a crosslinked elastomeric silicone polyether and (ii) a crosslinked elastomeric silicone containing alkyl groups having 3-40 carbon atoms. The new composition can be used in preparing water-in-oil emulsions, and clear solutions containing an oil(s) or an oil-soluble active ingredient(s).

A crosslinked elastomeric silicone polyether is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,811,487 (Sep. 22, 1998). A crosslinked elastomeric silicone containing alkyl groups having 3-40 carbon atoms is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,880,210 (Mar. 9, 1999). Both of these U.S. patents are assigned to the same assignee as the present invention.
However, neither of the common assignee's patents describe as a new composition of matter, a blend of (i) a crosslinked elastomeric silicone polyether, and (ii) a crosslinked elastomeric silicone containing alkyl groups having 3-40 carbon atoms.
The patents also fail to suggest either a water-in-oil emulsion containing the new composition of matter, or a clear solution containing the new composition of matter.
The patents further fail to suggest as a second new composition of matter, a blend of (i) a linear silicone polyether, and (ii) the crosslinked elastomeric silicone containing alkyl groups having 3-40 carbon atoms. In addition, the patents fail to suggest a water-in-oil emulsion containing the second new composition of matter.
These new and novel concepts are the subject matter of the present invention.


This invention enables a sensitivity enhancement in the detection of molecular compounds. A mass spectrometry analyte support with nanotube anchors are used to concentrate MALDI samples, specifically samples prepared with water-insoluble matrix compounds, on the anchor spot. The surface structure is established through patterned carbon nanotube anchor growth, providing a nucleation center for analyte and reducing sample precipitation on the surrounding MALDI wafer. Also disclosed is a method of creating a mass spectrometry support using patterned metal catalyst to grow carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotubes enhance nucleation on specific areas of a sample plate to concentrate analyte/matrix deposit during droplet evaporation.

Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is a technique used for the quantification and detection of bio-molecules and other macro-molecular substances for applications ranging from proteomics and cancer early detection to forensic investigations. Especially for proteomics and cancer research, sensitivity and analyte concentration are essential for successful measurements, since the analyte is often only available in very small quantities and/or high dilution.
The described invention aims at increasing the reproducibility and sensitivity of MALDI-MS for water-insoluble matrix based samples through improving the sample preparation process. MALDI-MS is an advanced mass spectrometry technique used to detect large molecules ("macro-molecules"). Such molecules cannot be measured using conventional mass spectrometry techniques due to fragmentation. MALDI-MS achieves ionization by proton transfer from a matrix compound (usually a crystal-forming acid) to the analyte to be analyzed. To achieve this proton transfer, the analyte needs to be embedded within the matrix compound, which generally exceeds the analyte amount by two to three magnitudes. This is achieved by creating a mixed solution of both analyte and matrix, which is drop-deposited on a sample plate. Evaporation results in a solid residue of analyte/matrix compound. This solid residue is then ablated with a laser focused into a tight (˜100 μm diameter) high-intensity spot. The ablated material forms a gaseous cloud above the sample in which protons are transferred from matrix to analyte, resulting in charging of the analyte molecules, which can subsequently be analyzed in the mass spectrometer by use of electrical or magnetic fields.
The standard matrix materials used in MALDI investigations can be generally divided into water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds. The mostly used water-soluble compounds are 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5-DBH) and 3-hydroxypicolinic acid (3-HPA), while the most popular water-insoluble material is α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA).
Since drop-deposition of matrix/analyte solution on a flat plate typically yields irregular circular deposits, such deposits are difficult to analyze. Usually a trial and error procedure is used to find a "sweet spot" that yields a good signal-to-noise ratio. This is time consuming, and yields poorly reproducible data. Consequently, this has led to the invention of so-called anchor plates, where arrays of small (100-800 μm diameter) hydrophilic spots are created on a hydrophobic substrate. This allows deposited droplets to anchor to the hydrophilic spots, since they are repelled by the hydrophobic surroundings. Successively, evaporation results in crystallization of the matrix/analyte deposit on or close to the hydrophilic spot. This allows a much more reproducible interrogation of the sample since the laser spot covers a larger portion of the area coated with the matrix/analyte deposit. This eliminates the hunt for the "sweet spot", while also increasing the sensitivity of the measurement due to the analyte concentration effect of the procedure (Schuerenberg, C. Luebbert, H. Eickhoff, M. Kalkum, H. Lehrach and E. Nordhoff: "Prestructured MALDI-MS sample supports", Analytical Chemistry 72 (15), pp. 3436-3442 (2000)).
This procedure works reliably with water-soluble matrix compounds such as 2,5-DHP or 3-HPA, while it does not work well with water-insoluble matrix compounds such as HCCA (Schuerenberg, C. Luebbert, H. Eickhoff, M. Kalkum, H. Lehrach and E. Nordhoff: "Prestructured MALDI-MS sample supports", Analytical Chemistry 72 (15), pp. 3436-3442 (2000); M. Schuerenberg: "AnchorChip™ Technology, Revision 2.3", Bruker Product Information, (2005)). When HCCA is used, the final deposit is spread over an area much wider than the anchor spot. The reason for this behavior lies in the necessity to use an organic solvent mixable with water to dissolve the HCCA matrix. Usually, acetonitrile is used as organic solvent since it dissolves HCCA, and it is polar enough to mix well with the aqueous solution containing the analyte to be investigated.

Carbon nanotube anchor for mass spectrometer


A mounting device (1) for receiving at least one preparation vessel (2) for food with a heating device having at least one receiving portion (4) for the preparation vessel (2) and at least three contact sockets (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e) for at least partially receiving corresponding contact pins (6a, 6b, 6c) on the preparation vessel (2). A mounting device (1) for receiving at least one preparation vessel (2) for food with a heating device, in which the user safety is improved, is realized in that at least one first of the contact sockets (5c) including at least one signaling means (8), that the signaling means (8) generates at least one insertion signal when one of the contact pins (6b) is inserted at least partially into the first contact socket (5c), that when the insertion signal is present, at least one other of the contact sockets (5a, 5b, 5d, 5e) can be supplied with a working voltage, and that without the insertion signal being present, none of the contact sockets (5a, 5b, 5c, 5d, 5e) can be supplied with a working voltage.

A mounting device for a preparation vessel for food with a heating device is known, for example, from DE 10 2010 016 090 A1. The disclosed mounting device comprises a receiving socket and contacts a heating device of the food preparation vessel with electrical contact sockets when it is installed into the receiving socket. The mounting device serves, for example, to keep food warm that is present in the preparation vessel and processed in a separate step with a kitchen appliance.
According to the teaching of the aforementioned publication, the electrical contact sockets of the receiving socket are covered in a non-use position of the receiving socket, wherein the covering can be penetrated by the opposing electrical contacts of the preparation vessel in order to establish an electrical connection.
However, the electrical contact sockets of the receiving socket are always supplied with a working voltage or at least can always be supplied with a working voltage. Thus, there is basically a risk of possible injury due to an electric shock if a user introduces an electrically conducting object into one of the contact sockets when the preparation vessel is not present.
Based on the prior art described above, the object of the invention is thus to provide a mounting device for receiving at least one preparation vessel for food with a heating device in which the user safety is improved.

Mounting device with a heating device for receiving at least one preparation vessel for food


Disclosed is a power supply apparatus for supplying at least one device spaced apart from the power supply with electrical power, the power supply apparatus being connectable to a power grid, the power supply apparatus including at least one position-sensing apparatus for sensing a geometric position of the at least one device. The power supply apparatus can be directed at the at least one device in such a way that power can be wirelessly transmitted by the power supply apparatus to the device and/or the device can be supplied with electrical power by the power supply device.

The invention relates to an energy supply apparatus for supplying at least one device spaced apart from this energy supply with electrical energy.
The supply of technical devices and systems with electrical energy currently takes place predominantly by wired means via supply lines (cables) or with batteries or rechargeable batteries. In the case of wired supply the problem exists that, with regard to the positioning of devices, the possibility of connection to the electrical supply must be taken into consideration and depends upon it. This possibly signifies costs in the event of changing the possibility of connection in buildings, and also a restriction of convenience or mobility (placement of devices, laying of cables, space required, safety, different connectors, adapters). Thus for example mobile communication devices or mobile telephones must usually be connected to a docking station or a charging cable for charging.
In the case of battery supply it is necessary to continually purchase new batteries and to dispose the old batteries. This also signifies a restriction in the device design, since the devices must be designed so that the batteries can be replaced by the user without problems. When storage batteries are used the storage batteries must have sufficiently large dimensions so that at least a relatively long operation is possible without charging. The charging generally takes place by means of a charging socket via cable (manual contacting) by means of a charging adapter, or the storage batteries must be removed from the device for charging.
In addition systems are also known for wireless charging of devices. In this case, however, in principle the device to be charged must be positioned in a predetermined position or in a charger.
Accordingly it is an object of the present invention to increase the mobility and/or independence of location of such battery-operated devices or generally electrically operated devices, in particular also during charging and/or during operation. This object is achieved by the provision of at least one energy supply apparatus, which supplies electrical energy to technical devices or systems in particular by means of a universal/standardised and application-Independent wireless energy supply network.


A duplexer which prevents effects between transmitter and receiver filters. The duplexer include a substrate, a transmitter filter fabricated in a predetermined first area on a surface of the substrate, a receiver filter fabricated in a predetermined second area on the surface of the substrate and an air cavity fabricated in an area between the predetermined first and second areas by etching the substrate to isolate the transmitter and receiver filters from each other. The air cavity is fabricated in the substrate perpendicular to directions along which the transmitter and receiver filters are disposed. Accordingly, physical effects among elements can be effectively intercepted.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system on chip (SoC) structure, a duplexer, and a duplexer fabrication method thereof and, more particularly, to a SoC structure including an air cavity for isolating elements, a duplexer, and a duplexer fabrication method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
The demands for compact, multifunction electronic devices have been suddenly increased with the development of electronic technology. Thus, SoC technology has been introduced. SoC means technology for integrating a plurality of elements into one chip so as to realize one system. Chips fabricated using SoC technology are called SoC structures. In particular, efforts to fabricate various types of chips in the form of SoC have been made with the introduction of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology.
However, if a plurality of elements are integrated on one substrate, the possibility of interferences among the elements occurring is great. Also, if an element is driven, heat generated from the element may be transmitted through the substrate to another element so that the heat affects another element. Thus, SoC structures may malfunction during driving.
Various types of cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), note books, and the like have been developed and popularized with the development of radio communication technology. Such portable communication devices necessarily use duplexers. Such a duplexer as a kind of representative element complexly using a filter appropriately splits signals transmitted and received through an antenna in a communication system realized using a frequency division duplex (FDD) method so as to efficiently share the antenna. The duplexer basically includes a transmitter filter and a receiver filter. The transmitter filter is a band pass filter (BPF) passing only a frequency to be transmitted, and the receiver filter is a BPF passing only a frequency to be received. The transmitter and receiver filters pass only predetermined frequency band signals so as to efficiently share one antenna.
Efforts to fabricate such a duplexer in the form of a SoC structure have been made. As general technology for fabricating the duplexer in the form of SoC structure, a transmitter filter, a receiver filter, and a phase shifter are fabricated on a single substrate. The phase shifter generally includes a capacitor and an inductor to allow a frequency phase difference between the transmitted and received signals to be 90° so as to prevent the transmitted and received signals from being affected by each other.
However, the phase shifter isolates phases of the transmitted and received signals from each other but does not effectively intercept a physical effect such as heat or noise transmitted through a substrate. In particular, the substrate must have a very small area to fabricate the duplexer in the form of an SoC structure, and thus heat or noise is easily transmitted to another element. As a result, the whole system may make an error.

System on chip structure comprising air cavity for isolating elements, duplexer, and duplexer fabrication method thereof


A system including a plurality of coil elements is provided. Each coil element is arranged with a first switch and a second switch. In a first mode, the first switch and the second switch are turned off to split each coil element into a first upper coil portion and a second lower coil portion, to transmit first radio frequency signals. In a second mode, the first switch and second switch are turned on to transform each coil element into a loop coil to simultaneously transmit or receive multiple second radio frequency signals.

Many clinical studies have shown the effectiveness of adjuvant hyperthermia when it is used in conjunction with radiotherapy and chemotherapy for cancer treatment. Increased tumor cell kill-rate is attained when the temperature in a tumor remains within 41° C. to 43° C. for a predefined period of time, while safety considerations require that the temperature of normal healthy tissue remains below some predetermined limit. In hyperthermia treatment, it is therefore necessary to control the temperature throughout the heated volume. Temperatures can be measured by invasive means, such as thermocouples, thermistors, or fiber-optic probes. However, only regions in close proximity to the probes can be monitored with these technologies, and thus, spatial sampling density of temperature is low. Furthermore, probe insertion may be painful and hazardous.
Magnetic resonance (MR) is a non-invasive and non-ionizing technique, which may produce anatomical images in any orientation. In addition, temperature measurements can be obtained by means of magnetic resonance imaging. However, conventional MR systems are not designed to accommodate hyperthermia systems. It is very challenging to combine hyperthermia and MR functions in a system by simply placing conventional RF hyperthermia apparatus inside a standard MR scanner. Significant changes are typically required for both systems to avoid crosstalk and degraded MR thermometry data, which may significantly affect the ability to track the thermal dose delivered.
For these and other reasons, there is a need for embodiments of the present invention.

RF coil array having two or more switches built within each RF coil array element, compatible with both magnetic resonance and a temperature mapping


The present specification relates to an organic transistor including an organic semiconductor layer including a compound, and a gas sensor to which the organic transistor is applied.

A field-effect transistor (FET) in the form of a thin film is composed of a source electrode, a drain electrode, a gate electrode, an insulating layer, and a semiconductor layer, and recently, interests in an organic transistor in which an organic material such as a single molecule, a polymer, and an oligomer is applied to a semiconductor layer have been increased.
Among the organic materials, a single molecule for a solution process can be applied to a flexible substrate, can be subjected to a low temperature process, and can be applied to a large area, thereby improving processability and economic feasibility. Further, the single molecule for a solution process has no batch-to-batch difference as compared to a polymer and thus is advantageous in commercialization when applied to a semiconductor layer.
Meanwhile, the structure of the organic transistor may have a top gate or bottom gate structure depending on the position of a gate electrode, and the bottom gate structure may be divided into a top contact or bottom contact structure depending on whether the source/drain electrode is disposed on or below the semiconductor layer.
The top gate structure may be advantageous in performance because the semiconductor layer has a relatively large area in which the semiconductor layer is brought into contact with the source electrode and the drain electrode, and the top gate structure may be advantageous in air stability because a top electrode is applied onto the semiconductor layer. In contrast, the bottom gate structure may be disadvantageous in stability as compared to the top gate structure.
The performance of an organic transistor may be evaluated in terms of charge mobility, on/off ratio, and the like, and a high performance organic semiconductor needs to be developed in order to improve the performance of the organic transistor.
Meanwhile, a gas sensor is installed in various places and thus serves an important role to monitor hazardous materials and contaminants in the atmosphere and environment where we live, and requires characteristics such as a quick response showing how fast the gas sensor can respond to a situation, sensibility showing that the gas sensor can respond to the detection of gas even when detecting a small amount of the gas, durability showing how long the gas sensor can operate, and economic feasibility showing that the gas sensor can be used by consumers without burdens. Further, the gas sensor needs to have characteristics of the easy integration and enumeration in order to be combined with an existing semiconductor process technology.
Examples of the operation principle of the gas sensor include a semiconductor type which uses a change of resistance values according to a change in amount of gas and an oscillator type which uses a change in frequency when gas is adsorbed onto an oscillator, which oscillates with a predetermined frequency. Most of the gas sensors have been used as the semiconductor type gas sensors having simple circuits and showing stable thermal characteristics at room temperature.
The semiconductor-type gas sensor is divided to an inorganic semiconductor-type gas sensor in which a silicon semiconductor being an inorganic material forms semiconductor crystals through interatomic covalent bonds and an organic semiconductor-type gas sensor in which the semiconductor crystals are bonded to each other by molecular bonds of a conductive polymer, that is, van der Waals interaction. Among them, a gas sensor based on tin oxide requires a high temperature to operate the sensor, so that products having a micro heater therein are commercially available, and it is difficult to manufacture the gas sensor into a thin film due to the problem. Further, the gas sensor has a limitation for being utilized over a wide application because it is impossible to measure a gas concentration with sensitivity of 50 ppm or less.
A gas sensor based on an organic semiconductor may significantly lower costs for manufacturing an existing gas sensor because the gas sensor can be manufactured in a solution phase through various printing processes by dissolving a semiconductor material in an organic solvent. Therefore, recently, studies have been actively conducted on a printing-type gas sensor which reports an organic semiconductor as a sensing material through a printing process such as inkjet printing, but there have been relatively few research studies conducted on various organic semiconductor materials for sensing.


A molten metal holding container 1 includes an extraction outer pipe 12, an extraction inner pipe 13 and a load receiving part 7 including a first protrusion 7a protruding from an outer circumference of the inner pipe 3 in the horizontal direction and a second protrusion 7b protruding from an inner circumference of the outer pipe 2 in the horizontal direction so as to be opposed to the first protrusion 7a in a vertical direction, the second protrusion 7b being configured to receive a load of the inner pipe 3 through the first protrusion 7a, in which a vertical position of the load receiving part 7 coincides with a vertical position of a central axis of the extraction inner pipe 13.

The present disclosure relates to a molten metal holding container to which a double insulating wall structure is applied.
A molten metal holding container that contains molten metal in a heat retaining state has been known. Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2015-196171 discloses a molten metal holding container in which an inner wall of a container for containing molten metal is formed by at least two types of segment members having different functions.


Disclosed herein is a display substrate comprising: first electrode; an auxiliary electrode; a first layer of an electrically insulating material over the auxiliary electrode, wherein the first layer does not cover a first portion of a sidewall of the auxiliary electrode; a second layer of a material that exhibits electroluminescence (EL), wherein the second layer is in electric contact with the first electrode and does not cover the first portion of the sidewall; a second electrode in electric contact with the second layer and in electric contact with the auxiliary electrode at the first portion of the sidewall.

An OLED display device has advantages such as: self-emitting light, quick response speed, high brightness, full view angle, flexible display, etc. It has become the next-generation display device and has a very competitive and promising future.
An OLED display device may be bottom-emitting or top-emitting. A top-emitting OLED display device may offer higher aperture ratio and higher PPI (pixels per inch) than its bottom-emitting counterpart. However, a top-emitting OLED display device uses a transparent or translucent conductive material in its cathode, which leads to relatively high electric resistance and large voltage drop ("IR-drop") across the cathode due to the small thickness of the transparent or translucent conductive material. The relatively high electric resistance and large IR-drop across the cathode negatively affect the uniformity of brightness of the OLED display device.

Display substrate and its manufacturing method


A hybrid viral vector for transfer of selected genes to cells and mammals is provided. The vector is a hybrid of human immunodeficiency-based lentivirus and murine stem cell retrovirus.

The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is an ideal target cell for gene therapy because a single modified cell can potentially regenerate the entire hematopoietic system in which every cell contains the modification. While murine HSC can be transduced using retroviral vectors based on murine leukemic viruses (MuLV), human HSC resist such manipulation (Dinauer, M. C. et al. 1999. Blood 94:914-922; Persons, D. A. et al. 1997. Blood 90:1777-1786; Hawley, R. G. et al. 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:10297-10302).
One possible explanation is that viral integration of these vectors requires cell division (Miller, D. G. et al. 1990. Molec. Cell Biol. 10:4239-4242). In human hematopoietic stem cells that divide slowly, the virus may be neutralized within the cytoplasm before division occurs. This issue is typically addressed by optimizing culture conditions for maximal cell replication. While this strategy increases the transduction of hematopoietic progenitor cells, transduction of the human HSC remains poor (Kohn, D. B. et al. 1998. Nature Med. 4:775-780; Kohn, D. B. et al. 1995. Nature med. 1:1017-1023; Knaan-Shanzer, S. et al. 1996. Gene Therapy 3:323-333). Furthermore, ex vivo initiation of replication of the stem cells is associated with commitment, differentiation, and loss of the re-population potential (Gothot, A. et al. 1998. Blood 92:2641-2649).
The murine stem cell virus (MSCV) based retroviral vectors is another effective vehicle for delivery and expression of exogenous genes in human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Again, a major limitation of this MULV-based vector, however, is that viral integration requires cell division.
These findings suggest that a vector that is less dependent on replication would be better at transducing human HSC.
Unlike the MuLV, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can integrate into the genome of non-dividing cells. The HIV virus encodes a gag core protein with a nuclear localization signal that allows entry into the nucleus by active transport through the nuclear pore (Bukrinsky, M. I. et al. 1993. Nature 365:666-669). Furthermore, the HIV vpr and vif accessory proteins contribute to transduction of some non-dividing cells (Connor, R. I. et al. 1995. Virology 206:935-944; Zufferey, R. D. et al. 1997. Nature Biotech. 15:871-875; Kafri, T. et al. 1997. Nature genetics 17:314-317). This distinctive property has been exploited to engineer vectors based on the HIV. These vectors can efficiently transduce non-dividing human hematopoietic stem cells (Evans, J. T. et al. 1999. Human Gene Therapy 10:1479-1489; Case, S. S. et al. 1999. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:2988-2993; Uchida, N. et al. 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:11939-11944; Miyoshi, H. et al. 1999. Science 283:682-686; Sutton, R. E. et al. 1998. J. Virol. 72:5781-5788), and other cells such as neurons (Naldini, L. et al. 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:11382-11388), skeletal muscle (Kafri, T. et al. 1997. Nature Genetics 17:314-317), and hepatocytes (Kafri, T. et al. 1997. Nature Genetics 17:314-317).
One disadvantage of the HIV-based vectors has been the weak expression by the HIV LTR enhancer/promoter in hematopoietic cells. To compensate for this weakness, some HIV-based vectors express the HIV accessory protein tat that enhances transcription off the HIV LTR (Evans, J. T. et al. 1999. Human Gene Therapy 10:1479-1489; Case, S. S. et al. 1999. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:2988-2993; Uchida, N. et al. 1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:11939-11944). However, tat also enhances the expression of some cellular genes (Chirivi, R. G. et al. 1999. Blood 94:1747-1754; Weiss, J. M. et al. 1999. J. Immunol. 163:2953-2959; Barillari, G. et al. 1999. J. Immunol. 164:1929-1935; Demarchi, F. et al. 1999. J. Virol. 73:7080-7086; Maggirwar, S. B. et al. 1999. J. Neurochem. 73:578-586; Lefevre, E. A. et al. 1999. J. Immunol. 163:1119-1122) potentially disrupting the normal function of the transduced cell, although hematopoiesis in mice appears not to be grossly affected by over-expression of tat (Frazier, A. L. and J. V. Garcia. 1994. AIDS Res. Human Retrovir. 10:1517-1519). Furthermore, tat protein itself can enter cells (Schwarze, S. R. et al. 1999. Science 185:1569-1572) and thus may lead to tat expression in bystander non-target cells. Other HIV-based vectors use an internal CMV enhancer/promoter to drive the expression (Miyoshi, H. et al. 1999. Science 283:682-686). However, the expression in hematopoietic cells is low (Miyoshi, H. et al. 1999. Science 283:682-686), approximately 2 logs less than expression by the MuLV-based vector.
The recently described HIV-based lentiviral vector has been shown to be efficient in integrating into non-cycling cells (Verma, I. M. and N. Somia. 1997. Source Nature 389:239-30 242). Studies to determine the usefulness of this vector have been performed by Choi, J. K. and A. Gewirtz. (1998. Blood 92:468a). Using the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) as the reporter protein, it was found that the cellular expression of the lentivirus vector either from the HIV LTR promoter/enhancer or from an internal CMV promoter/enhancer was poor. FACS analysis of transduced hematopoietic cells demonstrated that EGFP fluorescent intensity in the lentiviral-transduced cells was only one-half log greater than control cells. This value negatively contrasted with the 2 to 3 log fluorescence signal augmentation observed in cells transduced with the MSCV-based system. To obtain better expression, Uchida et al. (1998. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:11939-11944) successfully utilized a HIV-based vector system that also expressed the viral transcription co-factor tat that is critical for high expression off the HIV LTR. However, the uncharacterized physiological effect and immunological response of expression the viral tat protein is a problem for clinical safety.
Thus, the HIV-based vectors need further improvements.
A hybrid HIV/murine stem cell virus(MSCV) vector has now been developed wherein the original internal CMV enhancer/promoter is removed and the U3 region of the HIV LTR is partially replaced by the U3 region of the MSCV LTR. As demonstrated herein, this hybrid provides a safe vector with a high transduction efficiency. Thus, this new hybrid viral vector has advantages over previously available vectors.

HIV-MSCV hybrid viral vector for gene transfer

Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania


A shoe includes an upper with a first notched edge, an inner lining disposed inside the upper and having a second notched edge in alignment with the first notched edge, and a sock-like waterproof lining made of a waterproof breathable membrane and disposed between the upper and the inner lining. The waterproof lining has a third notched edge in alignment with the first notched edge. An elastic part spans the first, second and third notched edges, and has an outer layer and an inner layer both of which are elastic. The inner layer has a peripheral edge attached to the second notched edge to form an inner seam. The outer layer has a peripheral edge attached to the first notched edge to form an outer seam. The third notched edge is attached to one of the first and second notched edges along one of the inner and outer seams.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a shoe, more particularly to a waterproof shoe which has an elastic and stretchable top open end.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 1 shows a conventional sock-like lining 1 used to line an upper of a shoe. The sock-like lining 1 has a tongue portion 101 which is pleated at two side parts 1011. The lining 1 includes a waterproof breathable membrane layer so that, when it is used in a waterproof shoe, it permits ventilation, in addition to providing waterproofing characteristics.
However, the lining 1 entails the following drawbacks:
1. Since the stretchability of the waterproof breathable membrane is limited, the tongue portion 101 of the lining 1 must be pleated at two side parts 1011 to provide a larger opening for the entry of the wearer""s foot. Since the pleated side parts 1011 require an increased quantity of the waterproof breathable material and since the waterproof breathable material is generally expensive as compared with the other sheet materials used for making shoes, the use of the lining 1 can increase the cost of the shoe material. On the other hand, the pleated tongue portion 101 can produce pressure on the instep of the wearer""s foot and cause discomfort to the wearer""s foot.
2. The lining 1 is in the form of a loop which defines an opening at the top end of the lining 1. Since the waterproof breathable membrane has limited stretchability, the breathable membrane can run the risk of breaking when the wearer overly stretches the lining 1, thus impairing the waterproofing characteristics of the lining 1.
3. In extremely cold weather areas, it is common to insert an interior shoe into a waterproof shoe to keep warmness within the shoe. The conventional waterproof shoe incorporating such a lining 1 is generally inconvenient for insertion or removal of the interior shoe due to the insufficient stretchability of the lining 1.
An object of this invention is to provide a shoe with a waterproof breathable lining which incorporates an elastic part, thereby eliminating the need to pleat the lining while still providing a stretchable opening to facilitate entry of the wearer""s foot.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a shoe which comprises: an upper having a first top end and a first notched edge extending downward from the first top end; an inner lining disposed inside the upper, and having a second top end and a second notched edge extending downwards from the second top end and being substantially in alignment with the first notched edge; a substantially sock-like waterproof lining made of a waterproof breathable membrane and disposed between the upper and the inner lining, the waterproof lining having a third top end and a third notched edge extending downwards from the third top end and being in alignment with the first notched edge; an elastic part to span the first, second and third notched edges, and having an outer layer and an inner layer both of which are elastic and stretchable, the outer and inner layers including top ends connected to each other, the inner layer having a peripheral edge extending downward from the top end of the inner layer and attached to the second notched edge, thus forming an inner seam, the outer layer having a peripheral edge extending downward from the top end of the outer layer and attached to the first notched edge, thus forming an outer seam, the third notched edge of the waterproof lining being attached to one of the first and second notched edges along one of the inner and outer seams; and a watertight sealing member to seal at least one of the inner and outer seams.

Waterproof shoe having an elastic top open end


A computing device and methods of operating the same are disclosed. The computing device may include a network interface that receives web content and a display that displays a displayable format of the web content. In addition, a plurality of browser processing components are included that carry out browser processing activity to generate a displayable format of the web content, and the computing device includes a browser management component that monitors at least one browser processing activity of a corresponding browser processing component and coordinates at least one browser management activity to either reduce the likelihood that the at least one browser management activity adversely affects performance of the plurality of browser processing components, or allow the at least one browser management activity to perform activities that leads to overall improvement of the browsing experience.

With the increasing availability of powerful embedded application processors and the ongoing evolution of the improved operating standards (e.g., HTML5, CSS, JavaScript, and W3C standards), web browsers on mobile devices have gradually become one of the most popular applications. Simultaneously, web browsers have also become unique applications that are complex enough to make efficient execution on mobile devices a difficult challenge.
For example, browsers interact with a large number of software and hardware components (e.g., graphics, multimedia, networking, runtime system, and kernel components) of the embedded platform. This type of interaction with so many different components creates complex problems that need to be addressed to improve the efficiency and performance.
Browsers, for example, typically carry out management activities (e.g., DNS prefetching, speculative resource prefetching, garbage collection by virtual machines (e.g., scripting-language-based engines including JavaScript engines), block memory moves, runtime data collection, runtime profiling, etc.) that enable browser components (e.g., resource loaders, networking components, HTTP engines, virtual machines (e.g., JavaScript engines), HTML parsers, CSS components, painting, and rendering components) to function efficiently and display the web content in a viewable format on the mobile device. These management activities do not involve the direct processing of web content, but are important for the proper and/or enhanced operation of the browser components.
But when a browser management activity (e.g., garbage collection by a virtual machine such as JavaScript (JS), Dalvik VM, and ActionScript VM, DNS prefetch, resource prefetch) is performed, there can be an adverse interaction between the browser management activity and one or more of the browser components that may encounter a noticeable degradation (e.g., due to garbage collection consuming CPU) in the actual or perceived performance of the browser, or lead to overloading of the network causing additional delays (due to DNS prefetch, or resource prefetch) if the browser is already actively downloading other necessary resources. This is especially true in mobile devices, which tend to have slower memory systems and tend to be connected to slower networks when compared to the powerful laptops and desktops that are typically connected to faster Wi-Fi networks and high speed wired networks.
As a consequence, it would be desirable to have apparatus and methods for improved execution of browser management activities relative to the browser processing activities of the browser components.

Methods and apparatus for managing operations of a web browser by predicting time period of subsequent script execution activity


The present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions for the sustained release of pharmacologically active compounds and methods of their manufacture and use. Sustained release times of 10-12 days have been achieved with the present invention. The present invention provides microcrystal compositions. The microcrystals comprise pharmacologically active compounds and are contained within a phospholipid layer which contains a unique combination of phospholipids. The present invention may be applied to a wide range of pharmaceutical compositions which may be rendered suitable for injection. The microcrystals are of varying sizes. At least 50 percent of the microcrystals are from 0.5 .mu.m to about 3.0 .mu.m in diameter, at least ten percent of the microcrystals are from about 3.0 .mu.m to about 10 .mu.m in diameter, and the composition contains microcrystals which are greater than 10 .mu.m in diameter. In preferred embodiments, at least about 1% of the microcrystals are greater than 10 .mu.m in diameter. The compositions and methods are useful for treating respiratory diseases, infections, inflammation, and pain in a variety of mammals. The compounds and methods are also able to sharply reduce the toxicity of drug compounds.

It is known that water insoluble drugs can be rendered injectable by formulating them into aqueous suspensions of phospholipid-coated microcrystals. Haynes, U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,188 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,187, disclosed a method of coating pharmaceutical compounds with a phospholipid layer that makes water insoluble drugs able to be contained within an aqueous medium, and therefore suitable for injection in a mammal.
Baurain et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,973,467 describes the preparation of microcrystals of ginkolide B, kadsurenone, amphotericin B, and nystatin. Baurain et al. prepared microcrystals by the common method of forming a lipid film in a flask by dissolving the lipids to he used in organic solvent, evaporating the solvent, and then sonicating in the presence of the active compound to produce miciocrystals sized between 0.1 .mu.m and 2 .mu.m.
Animal husbandry operations which manage large numbers of animals have been unable to realize the benefits of the prior technology because it has not been successfully applied on a large scale. The procedures disclosed by Haynes and others have had limited commercial practicability since the methods involve the use of sonication or other processes which are inappropriate or impractical for producing commercially advantageous quantities of product.
The present invention provides a method suitable for economically producing yields of up to thousands of liters of pharmaceutical compositions for the sustained release of a pharmacologically active compound. The method can be applied with a commercial scale homogenizer, or any instrument or technique which provides the necessary forces to effectively coat the pharmacologically active compound with the lipid suspension.
Furthermore, the compositions of the prior art have relied on commonly available forms of phospholipid mixtures which are highly purified and prohibitively expensive for use on a commercial scale. The present invention discloses a method for isolating a composition of lipids from egg yolk which results in a suspension of lipids which can be economically produced, and can be used to coat a pharmacologically active compound to produce the microcrystals of the present invention. These microcrystals exhibit several beneficial characteristics, including a longer sustained release time and the ability to sharply decrease the toxicity of drug compounds. These microcrystals may be formed into an injectable suspension for subcutaneous injection into a mammal. The suspension may be syringeable and therefore suitable for subcutaneous injection.
One skilled in the art will realize that the microcrystals of this invention can be administered to the mammal in a variety of other ways including, but not limited to, skin patches, ocular inserts, shooting through the skin at high velocity with a medical "air gun," suppositories, or simply providing the compounds in a mammal's food and water.
It has been previously thought that it is desirable to produce a composition of microcrystals having homogeneous microcrystals of a very small size. Previously, it has been believed that it is desirable to produce microcrystals below 1 .mu.m, or at least below 2 .mu.m or 3 .mu.m. The present invention discloses that unexpected benefits, including benefits in timed release delivery, can be realized by producing a composition which contains microcrystals of varying sizes. The present invention discloses compositions wherein at least 50 percent of the microcrytals are from about 0.5 .mu.m to about 3.0 .mu.m in diameter, at least ten percent of the microcrystals are from about 3.0 .mu.m to about 10 .mu.m in diameter, and the compositions contain microcrystals which are greater than about 10 .mu.m in diameter. In a preferred embodiment, at least about 50 percent of the microcrystals will be from about 0.5 .mu.m to about 3 .mu.m in diameter, from about thirty to about forty percent of the microcrystals will be from about 3 .mu.m to about 10 .mu.m in diameter, and the composition contains microcrystals which are greater than about 10 .mu.m in diameter. We have found that by utilizing microcrystals of these varying sizes sustained release times of as long as 10-12 days can be obtained. The person of skill in the art will readily realize that even presently known lipid compositions may be put into the novel compositions claimed herein to realize these benefits. The invention teaches novel compositions which are mixtures of microcrystals of varying sizes as disclosed herein.
The present invention also di closes methods for treating infections in mammals. In preferred embodiments, methods are provided for treating respiratory diseases in mammals, in particular, infections of the respiratory tract. In particularly preferred embodiments, methods are provided for treating bovine respiratory disease (commonly known as "shipping fever"), kennel cough in dogs, and Potomac fever in horses. In another particularly preferred embodiment, methods are provided for treating infections of the respiratory tract in cats.
Prior methods of treating infections in animals have centered on the regular and repeated administration of antibiotics to the mammal until the infection was eradicated, sometimes by incorporating the drug into the animal's food or water, by oral administration in a paste or with a balling gun, or by repeated injections. Therapeutic regimens often failed due to a failure on the part of the animal owner to follow the prescribed regimen. The present invention provides a method of treating infections which requires only a single administration of the microcrystal compositions of the present invention. The microcrystal composition may be an injectable syringeable suspension. The administration can be delivered by an animal care professional and does not require further participation by the owner for a successful result of the therapy, thereby eliminating issues of therapy noncompliance by the owner as a reason for failure of the therapy. The present methods are applicable to a variety of mammals including, but not limited to, bovines, equines, porcines, caninee, and felines. The person of skill in the art will readily realize that the methods herein disclosed will find applicability to a wide variety of mammals.
The person of skill in the art will also readily realize that the compositions and techniques described herein can be applied to a wide variety of pharmacologically active compounds. Various antibiotics, anesthetics, anti-inflammatory agents, and anti-protozoan agents may all be incorporated into a microcrystal suspension, as may other chemical compounds of varied uses which will be apparent to those of skill in the art.
We have also observed that pharmacologically active compounds which are coated with the phospholipid composition of the present invention are able to attach to blood cells. In this case the pharmacologically active compound is found associated with the blood cells in blood analysis assays. This characteristic of the microcrystals of the present invention serves to facilitate the delivery of pharmacologically active compound to the body tissues.

Phospholipid-coated microcrystals for the sustained release of pharmacologically active compounds and methods of their manufacture and use


A system and method for time-shifting and chase-play for an IPTV system. A control channel is established between an originating user's set top box (STB) and an IPTV Application Server (IPTV-AS) utilizing SIP signaling over an IP Multimedia Subsystem. For time-shifting, the STB sends a start time-shifting command to the IPTV-AS over the control channel, and the IPTV-AS sends a start recording command to a Network Private Video Recorder (N-PVR). When the user is ready to resume viewing, the STB sends a start chase-play command to the IPTV-AS to establish a unicast channel. The IPTV-AS sends a playback command to the N-PVR to begin playback of the time-shifted content.

IP Multimedia services provide a dynamic combination of voice, video, messaging, data, etc. within the same session. By increasing the number of basic applications and the media that it is possible to combine, it is possible to increase the number of services offered to the end users, and thus to enrich the inter-personal communication experience. This will lead to a new generation of personalised, rich multimedia communication services, including so-called "combinational IP Multimedia" services that are considered in more detail below.
IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is the technology defined by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to provide IP Multimedia services over mobile communication networks (3GPP TS 22.228, TS 23.218, TS 23.228, TS 24.228, TS 24.229, TS 29.228, TS 29.229, TS 29.328 and TS 29.329 Releases 5 to 7). IMS provides key features to enrich the end-user person-to-person communication experience through the use of standardised IMS Service Enablers, which facilitate new rich person-to-person (client-to-client) communication services as well as person-to-content (client-to-server) services over IP-based networks. The IMS makes use of the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to set up and control calls or sessions between user terminals (or user terminals and application servers). The Session Description Protocol (SDP), carried by SIP signalling is used to describe and negotiate the media components of the session. Whilst SIP was created as a user-to-user protocol, IMS allows operators and service providers to control user access to services and to charge users accordingly.
The boundaries between the services provided by telecommunication operators, TV operators, and internet service providers are disappearing, and such companies are all offering customers all three services (so called "triple play"). For telecommunication operators wishing to offer TV services, a popular choice is to utilize so called IPTV which delivers the TV service over IP and the customer's broadband connection (e.g. ADSL, VDSL, Public Ethernet, etc.).
IPTV has a limited bandwidth at its disposal in the "first mile" of the broadband access from the xDSL modem and the broadband access (DSLAM). Linear content delivery, in which all channels in a subscription ("program package") are simultaneously delivered to the set top box (STB), is not suitable for IPTV due to the limited bandwidth. xDSL connection capacity varies depending on the DSL version used and the distance of the "first mile". ADSL can provide a capacity between 3 to 8 Mbps, whereas ADSL2 promises to deliver up to 25 Mbps downstream and VSDL data rates greater than 30 Mbps. Standard quality MPEG2 content requires 2 Mbps per channel, and HDTV will require 8-10 Mbps per channel. Luckily, the new MPEG4 standard will decrease the required bandwidth to half with the same quality as the MPEG2 coded content. Nevertheless, the available bandwidth is a scarce resource, and IPTV solutions must limit the number of channels to be delivered over the "first mile".
Existing time-shift/chase-play solutions are either based on proprietary network technology or on use of a Private Video Recorder (PVR) in the home. The solution described herein, utilizes the standardized IMS communication system and its network architecture, and a PVR residing in the Network to limit the traffic transmitted over the first mile connection to a home.

Time-shifting and chase-play for an IPTV system


A disk cartridge which comprises a cartridge case receiving a magnetic disk and a cleaning sheet fixed by spot or line welding to the inner surfaces of the cartridge case such as to contact both sides of the magnetic disk; the density of the welding spots or lines is reduced or eliminated in the regions of the cleaning sheet which undergo the most pressure exerted by pressing pads on the recording/reproducing apparatus for the disk cartridge.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a disk cartridge and, more particularly, to a disk cartridge having an improved construction for securing a cleaning sheet which is disposed on the inner side of the cartridge case.
2. Description of the Prior Art
A known disk cartridge will be described with specific reference to FIGS. 9 and 10.
The disk cartridge has a cartridge case 1, a sheet-like flexible magnetic disk 2 rotatably disposed in the cartridge case 1, and a cleaning sheet 3 which is fixed to the inner surfaces of both panels of the cartridge case 1. The cleaning sheet 3 is made of, for example, a non-woven cloth of a fiber mixture composed of fibers of rayon and polypropylene, a fiber mixture composed of rayon and polyethylene terephthalate, fibers of polyethylene terephthalate alone, or the like. In manufacturing the disk cartridge, the cleaning sheet 3 is fixed to the inner surface of the cartridge case in a state developed as shown in FIG. 10 by being welded by means of, for example, ultrasonic wave.
FIG. 11 illustrates a method in which the cleaning sheet 3 is fixed to the inner surface of the cartridge case by being welded by means of, for example, ultrasonic wave. The cleaning sheet 3 to be fixed is laid on the inner surface of the cartridge case 1 while an electrode 5 is placed in contact with the other, i.e., outer surface, of the cartridge case 1. Then, a welding pin 15 is pressed into/against the cleaning sheet 3 towards the cartridge case 1 and ultrasonic energy is supplied so as to spot-weld the cleaning sheet 3 onto the cartridge case 1.
The welding is conducted at a multiplicity of spots which are denoted by 12 in FIG. 10. After the completion of fixing of the cleaning sheet 3 to the inner surface of the cartridge case 1, a punching is conducted to form various openings or apertures such as a driving hole 8, a head opening 9 and a detection hole 10, as well as a notch 11. Then, the cartridge case which is still in the development state, is folded along an imaginary line X-X such that two opposing panels are formed and then the envelope flaps 5a and 5c are folded to overlie the opposite panel. Then, the flaps 5a and 5c are fixed by, for example, ultrasonic welding as shown in FIG. 9, thereby forming a sack-like disk cartridge. Meanwhile, the magnetic disk 2 is punched out from a green sheet and is inserted into the sack-like disk cartridge. Subsequently, the remaining flap 5b is folded to lie on the opposing panel and fixed by welding thereto, thus completing the disk cartridge.
This known disk cartridge, however, suffers from the following disadvantage in regard to the fixing of the cleaning sheet and there is an increasing demand for a method for eliminating such a disadvantage.
As a result of the spot welding, the cleaning sheet and the cartridge case are molten at the same time at a multiplicity of spots so as to be fixed together. When the pin 15 is raised after the welding, the molten material of the cartridge case is inevitably raised to form keen edges or burrs 1A which project towards the cleaning sheet 3 as shown in FIG. 12. Obviously, the formation of such burrs 1A is not preferred from the view point of protection of the disk, considering that the disk rotates in contact with the cleaning sheet.
In a conventional general method of producing a disk cartridge, welding spots 12 are uniformly distributed over the entire area of the disk cartridge 1 during the developed state as shown in FIG. 13. In contrast, in another known method as shown in FIG. 14, the welding is conducted along a plurality of parallel lines 20 so as to reduce the number of welding burrs or welding portions, thereby ensuring smooth rotation of the disk received in the disk cartridge.
FIG. 15 shows a still another known method in which there are provided belt-like zones in which the welding spots are distributed in a high density and zones in which there is no welding spot. This arrangement also reduces the area of contact between the disk and the welding burrs or welding portions, thus ensuring a smooth rotation of the disk.
Another problem encountered with the known disk cartridge is that the disk in the disk cartridge tends to be damaged by an external force which is applied to the disk cartridge by a pressing member or a pad which is incorporated in the recording/reproducing apparatus on which the disk cartridge is used.
This problem will be explained in more detail. The magnetic disk 2 in the disk cartridge is thin and is made from a material which is highly flexible. Therefore, when the magnetic disk 2 is driven for the purpose of recording or reproduction, it is a common measure to pinch the disk by pressing the cartridge case from both sides thereof in the regions A and B (see FIG. 9) which are on both sides of the head access opening 9 by means of pads which are provided on the recording and reproducing apparatus, thereby avoiding any error which may otherwise be caused by fluttering of the magnetic disk 2 in the disk cartridge case 1. The pressure applied by the pads increases the possibility for the magnetic disk to contact the welding burrs 1A directly or indirectly through the cleaning sheet, the thickness of which has been reduced at the welding spot. In consequence, problems are caused such as damaging of the disk sur faces resulting in the recording and reproduction are being impaired.

Disk cartridge with improved disk cleaning


A multi-scale mechanism comprising a rotatable driving shaft; a first scale mounted along the axis of said rotatable driving shaft, said scale including first and second sets of coarse scale divisions for indicating a coarse range of magnitude in two different systems of units as a function of the position of said first scale with respect to said rotatable driving shaft; a second scale for indicating a fine scale range of magnitude in one of said systems of units; a third scale for indicating a fine scale range of magnitude in the other of said systems of units; said third scale operatively connected to said rotatable driving shaft; and a gear assembly coupled to said rotatable driving shaft and connected to said second scale and said third scale, said gear assembly having a predetermined gear ratio such that said second scale and said third scale are each caused to move at the same time but at a different rate that is a function of their respective system of units.

There are various techniques known in the art for providing a multi-scale mechanism for enabling continuously related measurements in, for example, an inch scale and a metric scale, in a micrometer designed to measure distance, or a foot pound scale and a Newton meter scale in a torque wrench designed to enable a predetermined amount of torque to be manually applied to a component, e.g., a fastener. One technique involves equipping a torque wrench with a first scale having two sets of coarse scale divisions for indicating a coarse range of torque magnitude in both foot pounds and Newton meters, and a second scale that works in combination with the first scale to indicate a fine scale range of values for one of the systems of units on the first scale, i.e., to provide an indication of a fine adjustment of the torque wrench in either foot pounds or Newton meters. No known prior art multi-scale mechanism enables the simultaneous viewing of both a coarse scale having coarse scale divisions in two different systems of units and separate second and third scales that provide continuously related respective fine adjustments in both systems of units.


A system and method for using a pulse flow to circulate algae in an algae cultivation apparatus are provided. In order to counteract the negative effects of biofouling on algae cultivation equipment, a pulse flow is created to periodically move through an algae cultivation apparatus. The pulse flow will dislodge algae cells adhering to various surfaces of the apparatus, and it will also create turbulence to stir up any algae cells which may have settled onto the bottom of the apparatus. To produce an increased fluid flow rate required to create an effective pulse flow, a sump, which is periodically filled with drawn algal culture from the apparatus, is located at an elevated position above the apparatus. When released, the algal culture travels through a transfer pipe and into the apparatus with gravity causing the algal culture to flow at a very high rate.

As worldwide petroleum deposits decrease, there is rising concern over petroleum shortages and the costs that are associated with the production of carbon-based fuel sources. As a result, alternatives to products that are currently processed from petroleum are being investigated. In this effort, biofuel has been identified as a possible alternative to petroleum-based fuels. In general, a biodiesel is a fuel comprised of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from plant oils or animal fats. In industrial practice, biodiesel is created when plant oils or animal fats are reacted with an alcohol, such as methanol.
Apart from using animal fats, the creation of biofuels from plant oils has gained wide attention in recent years. The process of creating biofuel from plant oils, of course, necessarily begins by growing and harvesting plants such as algae cells. In particular, algae is known to be one of the most efficient plants for converting solar energy into cell growth, so it is of particular interest as a biofuel source.
In an algae cultivation system, the algae cells are typically grown in a cultivation apparatus as part of a liquid medium that is exposed to sunlight to promote photosynthetic growth. Further, the algae cell growth process normally requires the liquid medium to be continuously circulated through the system to allow algae cells to ingest nutrients. Three of the most prevalent algae cultivation apparatuses in use today which meet these requirements are: (1) a photobioreactor, (2) a cultivation pond with a circulation device, and (3) a cultivation pond without a circulation device. Despite having numerous advantages when growing algae, these apparatuses have significant disadvantages, many of which involve biofouling. With biofouling, algae cells tend to adhere to or accumulate on various surfaces. In particular, the algae cells adhere to a light transmitting cover and to the bottom and walls of the apparatus. Importantly, biofouling can significantly decrease the productivity of an algae cultivation system. In detail, if biofouling occurs because algae cells adhere to the light transmitting cover, photosynthesis is disrupted as less light reaches algae cells. In addition, when algae cells remain stationary on a surface, several problems arise: (1) algae cells may die and provide a food source for contaminants like protozoa; (2) algae cells settled too deep below the surface of the water will not receive enough light; and (3) algae cells will not move enough to ingest nutrients floating in the algal culture. All of these problems cause significant disruptions to an effective algae cultivation system.
Various efforts have been made to continuously circulate algal culture. Yet, biofouling still causes significant problems to algae cultivation systems. For one, system efficiency is hindered as algae cultivation systems must be drained and cleaned often to remove the algae cells that have adhered to various surfaces. These interruptions can be minimized by using a device or method that forcefully removes algae cells from surfaces and also serves as an impetus to circulate algae cells in the system.
In light of the above, it is an object of the present invention to provide a system and method for growing algae for biofuel production which minimizes the effects of biofouling. Another object of the present invention is to provide a system and method for growing algae that uses a pulse flow to increase the efficiency of the system. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a system and method for growing algae using pulse flow circulation that is simple to implement, easy to use, and comparatively cost effective.

System and method for using a pulse flow circulation for algae cultivation


In a method for predefining a generator-based braking power of an electric machine in a vehicle, a motor-based propulsion power is predefined as a function of the position of a first final control element, e.g., an accelerator pedal, and the generator-based braking power is predefined as a function of the position of the first final control element, the generator-based braking power assuming values which are unequal to zero, already at an actuated position of the first final control element.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method and a device for predefining a generator-based braking power of an electric machine in a vehicle.
2. Description of Related Art
In the drive train of a vehicle, a torque or a power output is usually adjusted as a function of driver input. This driver input is detected by final control elements, e.g., an accelerator pedal and a brake pedal.
A propulsion power, which is generated by an internal combustion engine, for example, may be predefined by a first final control element, the accelerator pedal, for example.
A friction braking power, i.e., the power which is generated by a friction brake, is predefined by a second final control element, the brake pedal, for example. The friction brake may be provided by a hydraulic braking system, for example.
If a generator having adequate power is installed in the drive train, the question arises as to how the braking power generated by the generator is selected as simply as possible, but also for the driver as comfortably as possible, as a function of the positions of the final control elements.
A method for operating a generator in a regenerative system of a motor vehicle is described in German patent application document DE 10 2010 041 997 (which is not believed to be prior art with respect to the present application), in which an accelerator pedal angle of an accelerator pedal of the motor vehicle is detected and a power output or a torque of the generator is adjusted as a function of the detected accelerator pedal angle.

Method and device for controlling an electric machine


An electrically conductive security screen includes an electrical resistance sensor and alarm to detect tampering with the screening material of a window. An elongated path of flexible and electrically conductive coating composition is applied to the screening material in a predetermined and non-overlapping pattern, such that a closed circuit loop is formed when it is attached to the sensor alarm; the coating having an electrical resistance that varies when it is distorted or its path interrupted. The pattern having a marginal section of high electrical resistance and being in series with at least one switch.

Prior art burglar alarm systems in the general field typically include a continuous conductive strip of soft tin/lead alloy foil applied to a window or screen. This creates a closed electric circuit which becomes open if the strip tears as a result of someone breaking the window or cutting the screen. A remote sensor and alarm detects the open circuit and signals an intrusion. Such systems provide a basic level of protection but there are inherent drawbacks.
First of all, the foil strip is extremely unsightly when applied to the window or screen and also alerts potential intruders of a protective system.
Second, the foil strip often fails to adhere to the window or screen surface as a result of long-term exposure to the sun's rays and moisture condensation.
Third, sophisticated intruders developed ways of avoiding detection by shunting the foil strip. This by-passes the closed-loop and allows the intruder to break the foil strip without setting off the alarm.
Finally, the foil strip generally could not be bent and therefore had to be pre-cut to span the area of the window or frame. This greatly increased the cost of manufacture and application of the strip.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,909,331 issued to Cohen attempted to solve the first of the foregoing problems by using pre-cut ornamental foil strips. These strips formed ornamental designs on the windows and frames. Although this may have been an improvement of sorts, it came at the cost of significantly higher manufacturing expenses. Moreover, the more serious prior art problems still existed.
More sophisticated alarm screens were developed such as those presented in U.S. Pat. No. 4,293,778 issued to Williams, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,146,293 issued to Mutten et al. These inventions included a continuous conductive strand interwoven throughout the screen mesh of a window screen.
These inventions were undetectable by outward appearance because the interwoven wire was indistinguishable from the surrounding screen mesh. However, the wires are very fragile and have little practical application. A more substantial (and hence, visible) wire is needed. In addition, manufacturing costs are extremely high. Furthermore, these alarm systems must be installed during the original manufacture of the window screen. They cannot be retrofit on a preexisting screen nor applied to any non-conducting standard screen (bug mesh) as is possible with the present invention.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,609,739 issued to Walter suggests a method of applying an electrically conductive lacquer strip to a pane of glass. The strip dries into an opaque closed circuit alarm path which triggers a remote alarm when the glass and lacquer is broken. This improvement yields a virtually undetectable alarm system which can be retrofit to existing windows. In addition, the conductive strip is relatively inexpensive to apply. However, the invention is specifically designed for application to a glass surface.
It would be preferable if an equally effective system could be installed in a window screen rather than glass pane. Since the screen can remain in place with the window open or closed occupants can freely open windows for fresh air without sacrificing protection.
Unfortunately the Walter improvement does not lend itself well to window screens. It is designed to be effective only when an intruder breaks the glass or attempts to shunt the circuit. The device relies on the travelling effect of cracks in glass. It relies on a sensitive thin lacquer strip which severs when interrupted by a travelling crack. This principle is inapplicable to screens. For application to screens there is a clear need for a "lacquer strip" or flexible conductive path which is capable of triggering an alarm when the screen is flexed, jimmied, or otherwise manipulated, in addition to being cut.
In accordance with the broad teachings of the present invention, there is herein, illustrated and described.

Screen for burglar alarms and method of making the same


The present invention relates to dexmecamylamine and the use of dexmecamylamine, substantially free of exo-R-mecamylamine, in the treatment of bladder disorders, including overactive bladder.

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a syndrome characterized by symptoms of "urgency with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia," where urgency is defined as "the complaint of a sudden compelling desire to pass urine which is difficult to defer." (Abrams et al., The standardization of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the Standardization Subcommittee of the International Continence Society, Neurourol. Urodyn. 21:167-178, 2002). OAB is one of several bladder diseases and may also be characterized by urge incontinence, detrusor instability, detrusor hyperreflexia, irritable bladder, spasmodic bladder, unstable bladder, incontinence—urge, or bladder spasms. OAB often presents itself as a strong, sudden need to urinate due to bladder spasms or contractions that can lead to frequent urination, in the daytime and at night, loss of urine (leaking) without meaning to urinate, and the sudden and urgent need to urinate (urinary urgency). Proper bladder control, therefore, requires the lower urinary tract and nervous system to work together to allow for the feeling and ability to respond to the urge to urinate at appropriate intervals, while minimizing leaking and urinary urgency.
The process of urination involves two phases: (i) filling and storage; and (ii) emptying. For the bladder to fill and store urine, the sphincter muscle (which controls the flow of urine out of the body) and bladder wall muscle (detrusor) must work together under nervous system control. During the filling and storage phase, the nervous system provides signals instructing the bladder to fill, and the bladder stretches so it can hold more urine. A typical human bladder holds anywhere from about 350 milliliters (ml) to about 550 ml of urine. A healthy adult human may, for example, feel the need to urinate when there is about 200 ml or more of urine in the bladder. The nervous system then provides signals instructing the bladder to empty. During the emptying phase, the detrusor muscle contracts and the sphincter muscle relaxes, working together to force urine out of the bladder, through the urinary tract, and out of the body.
Proper bladder control and control over urination frequency is part of normal childhood development. An infant's bladder automatically contracts when a certain amount of urine has collected in the bladder. As the child grows older and learns to control urination, part of the brain (cerebral cortex) helps prevent bladder muscle contractions. This allows for proper bladder control to delay urination until the child is ready to use the bathroom.
Disease states and advanced age, however, can alter a person's ability to control the bladder and urination frequency. The prevalence of OAB increases with age and is difficult to determine owing to the attached stigma, which may prevent patients from seeking medical care. OAB is estimated to affect 17% of the adult population in the United States and is ranked among the ten most common medical conditions. (Milson et al., The prevalence of overactive bladder, Am. J. Manag. Care 6 (11 suppl.):5565-573, 2000; Milson et al., How widespread are the symptoms of an overactive bladder and how are they managed? A population-based prevalence study, Br. J. Urol. Int. 87:760-66, 2001).
For example, a person's bladder may contract too often from nervous system (neurological) stimulation or bladder irritation, or a person suffering from OAB may leak urine because the bladder muscles contract at the wrong times. Often these contractions occur regardless of how much urine is in the bladder. OAB may have a variety of etiologies, some of which may not be true underlying causes of the disorder but nonetheless contribute to presentation of symptoms, including but not limited to bladder cancer, bladder inflammation, bladder outlet obstruction, bladder stones, infection, nervous system diseases (such as multiple sclerosis), nervous system injuries (such as stroke), and in men, urge incontinence also may be due to bladder changes caused by benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) or bladder outlet obstruction from an enlarged prostate. In many other cases, however, no cause can be found for OAB.
There are three main treatment approaches for OAB: medication, retraining, and surgery. Current medications used to treat OAB may relax bladder contractions to help improve bladder function. There are several types of medications that may be used alone or together. Anticholinergic medicines are reported to help relax the muscles of the bladder. These include oxybutynin (Oxytrol®, Ditropan®), tolterodine (Detrol®), darifenacin (Enablex®), trospium (Sanctura®), solifenacin (Vesicare®), and fesoterodine (Toviaz®). All of these anticholinergic medicines are competitive muscarinic receptor antagonists, and muscarinic receptors play an important role in several major cholinergically mediated functions, including contractions of urinary bladder smooth muscle and stimulation of salivary secretion. A relatively high incidence of dry mouth and, to a lesser extent, constipation is known as a potentially limiting side effect of anti-muscarinic therapy in humans. In addition, one significant contraindication, however, is that people with narrow-angle glaucoma cannot use anti-muscarinic medications. Flavoxate (Urispas) is a drug that calms muscle spasms. Studies have shown, however, that flavoxate is not always effective at controlling symptoms of urge incontinence. Tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine, doxepin) have also been used to treat urge incontinence because of their ability to "paralyze" the bladder smooth muscle. Reported possible side effects include: blurred vision, dizziness, dry mouth, fatigue, insomnia, and nausea. Mirabegron (Myrbetriq®) is a beta-3 adrenergic agonist that relaxes the detrusor smooth muscle during the storage phase of the urinary bladder fill-void cycle. Hypertension is a significant side effect of mirabegron, which also demonstrated very limited efficacy in human clinical trials.
All of these medicines have demonstrated limited efficacy, and not all patients achieve acceptable therapeutic responses, resulting in a significant unmet medical need. These treatments are also associated with therapy limiting side effects, notably dry mouth, dry eyes, blurred vision, constipation, hypertension, and cognitive dysfunction. The majority of available medications are metabolized by the cytochrome P450 pathway potentially leading to drug-drug interactions, especially in the elderly where OAB is most common and in whom poly pharmacy is also common. The limited efficacy and significant incidence of adverse effects diminish the usefulness of these drugs; often patients stop taking these medications altogether. More than 70% of patients do not continue therapy beyond nine months. (NDC Health Corporation: Persistency Data, Atlanta NDC Health Corporation, 2000). Of those remaining on treatment, some patients take less than the optimal dosage to avoid the side effects. Alternative OAB medications are needed with different safety, metabolic, tolerability, and efficacy profiles. Mecamylamine (N,2,3,3-tetramethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine hydrochloride), was developed and characterized by Merck & Co., Inc., as a ganglionic blocker with clinically significant hypotensive actions (Stone et al., Chemistry and structure-activity relationships of mecamylamine and derivatives, J. Med. Pharm. Chem., 5(4):665-690, 1962). Mecamylamine was sold under the tradename Inversine®. Depending on preferred naming convention, the chemical name for mecamylamine may also be N,2,3,3-tetramethylnorbornan-2-amine. Mecamylamine exists as a racemic mixture of enantiomers and can be obtained according to the methods and processes described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,986,142, incorporated herein by reference for its teaching regarding methods of producing mecamylamine.
Unique characteristics of mecamylamine, including oral efficacy for treating hypertension, rapid onset, long duration of action, and nearly complete absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, made the drug a more desirable alternative to the existing ganglionic blockers. The average total daily dose of Inversine® (mecamylamine hydrochloride) used to treat high blood pressure was 25 mg, usually administered in three divided doses. The safety/tolerability profile of mecamylamine in humans has been established during decades of clinical use as an antihypertensive agent. The most common adverse reactions to the marketed drug include constipation, orthostatic dizziness, urinary retention, and blurred vision.
Bladder contraction is primarily controlled by the autonomic nervous system with input from higher centers. Ganglion blockers, such as racemic mecamylamine, decrease bladder contraction and lead to urinary retention. Kaplan et al. reported that racemic Inversine® doses of 2.5 mg BID produced changes in bladder contractility in spinal cord injury subjects. (Kaplan et al., Reduction of bladder contractility after alpha-adrenergic blockade and after ganglionic blockade, Acta Neurol. Scandinav. 59, 172-77, 1979). However, Kaplan et al. also reported that racemic mecamylamine administration resulted in a decrease in bladder electric potential (amplitude of contraction), which would indicate incomplete bladder emptying.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,101,916, herein incorporated by reference, provides for a pharmaceutical composition that includes a therapeutically effective amount of exo-S-mecamylamine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, substantially free of exo-R-mecamylamine, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is characterized by a higher overall therapeutic index than a substantially similar pharmaceutical composition comprising exo-R-mecamylamine substantially free of exo-5-mecamylamine. The medical conditions disclosed therein include but are not limited to substance addiction (involving nicotine, cocaine, alcohol, amphetamine, opiate, other psychostimulant and a combination thereof), aiding smoking cessation, treating weight gain associated with smoking cessation, hypertension, hypertensive crisis, herpes type I and II, Tourette's Syndrome and other tremors, cancer (such as small cell lung cancer), atherogenic profile, neuropsychiatric disorders (such as bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety disorder, panic disorder, schizophrenia, seizure disorders, Parkinson's disease and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder), chronic fatigue syndrome, Crohn's disease, autonomic dysreflexia, and spasmogenic intestinal disorders. OAB is not described or disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,101,916. The patent discloses that exo-5-mecamylamine may be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, transdermally, intrathecally, orally or by bolus injection. The dosage of exo-5-mecamylamine for treating the identified diseases is described in a range of about 0.5 mg to about 1000 mg, depending on dosage form, and exo-5-mecamylamine may be administered one to four times per day. Examples include a dose of about 2.5 mg per day for adults with drug-resistant Tourette's Syndrome and 1 mg per day or less for a small child with mild ADHD.
Purified exo-5-mecamylamine and exo-R-mecamylamine can be obtained according to methods discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,101,916, and references cited therein, also incorporated herein by reference for their teaching regarding the production of purified mecamylamine enantiomers. Exo-S-mecamylamine may also be referred to as dexmecamylamine, S-mecamylamine, TC-5214, or (S)—N,2,3,3-tetramethylnorbornan-2-amine, and includes a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
Dexmecamylamine is a use-dependent potent inhibitor of the α3 nicotinic receptor subtype (e.g., α3β2 and α3β4). Such receptors are expressed in the urothelium and regulate bladder smooth muscle contraction. (Beckel et al., Expression of functional nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in rat urinary bladder epithelial cells, Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 290:F103-110, 2006). Dexmecamylamine, however, has not been studied previously in a rat model related to urinary function.
There remains a need for effective treatment of OAB, with specific focus toward symptomatic relief, having an improved side effect and tolerability profile.


A chip removing device and a chip removing method are provided. The chip removing device includes: a carrier substrate, a laser generation module, and a blowing module. The carrier substrate carries at least one substrate, and a plurality of chips disposed on the substrate. The laser generation module corresponds to the carrier substrate and is used to apply a laser beam to the chip to reduce the bonding force between the chip and the substrate. The blowing module is disposed above the carrier substrate and close to the substrate for applying a gas to the chip to blow the chip away from the substrate.

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are widely used nowadays for their excellent light quality and high luminous efficiency. Generally, in order to improve color performance, a conventional display device using a light-emitting diode as a light-emitting element adopts a combination of red, green, and blue light-emitting diode chips to form a full color light-emitting diode display device. The full-color light-emitting diode display device can respectively emit three colors of red, green and blue light through three kinds of red, green and blue light-emitting diode chips, so that a full-color light is formed to display relevant information after mixing of light. When the light-emitting diode chip on the circuit substrate is damaged, the damaged light-emitting diode chip is generally removed from the circuit substrate through a tool such as a nozzle, a knife or a jig.
However, with the evolution of technology, electronic devices have become smaller in size, and electronic components inside the electronic devices have become smaller, such as miniaturized IC chips or LED chips. Therefore, when a miniaturized chip on the circuit substrate is damaged, since a size of the nozzle, the knife or the jig is too large, the miniaturized chip cannot be removed smoothly, which can cause inconveniences during replacement with a new chip.

Chip removing device and chip removing method