A type of liquid chromatographic stationary phase and preparation method thereof, the bonding terminal of the chromatographic stationary phase is zwitterionic functional group. The preparation method includes the following steps, alkenyl or alkynyl silane is bonded onto the surface of silica based on the horizontal polymerization approach to obtain alkenyl- or alkynyl-modified silica. Then the thiol click reaction with zwitterionic compound containing thiol group is performed to obtain the zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatographic stationary phase. The present stationary phase possesses both zwitterionic characteristics and excellent hydrophilicity. It can be widely applied in the separation of variety of samples.

Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) has been developed as an chromatographic technique in separating highly polar compounds for the past few years [Alpert, A. J. J. Chromatogr. 1990, 499, 177-196; Strege, M. A. Anal. Chem. 1998, 70, 2439-2445; Strege, M. A. et al, Anal. Chem. 2000, 72, 4629-4633; Wang, X. D. et al, J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1083, 58-62]. The research of HILIC stationary phases is the basis for the development and application of HILIC. The conventional chromatographic stationary phases for normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC), such as unmodified silica column, amino-based column, cyano-based column et al., can be directly used in HILIC [Guo, Y. et al, J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1074, 71-80; Garbis, S. D. et al, Anal. Chem. 2001, 73, 5358-5364]. However, the reproducibility is always poor and the service life of the columns is short. In recent years, novel polar stationary phases dedicated for HILIC such as amide-, hydroxyl- and zwitterionic functional group-modified stationary phase et al. have been successfully developed [Guo, Y. et al, J. Chromatogr. A, 2005, 1074, 71-80; Irgum, K. et al, J. Sep. Sci., 2006, 29, 1784-1821; Jandera, P., J. Sep. Sci., 2008, 31, 1421-1431]. The development of novel chromatographic stationary phases is of great significance for the research and application of HILIC.
The radical click reaction between thiol-ene and thiol-yne catalyzed by radical initiators has been widely used in the synthesis and modification of small molecules and polymers [Bowman, C. N. et al, Chem. Soc. Rev, 2010, 39, 1355-1387]. The click reaction possesses the characteristics of simplicity, high selectivity and high efficiency et al., thus it is very suitable for the preparation of chromatographic stationary phases.
Zwitterionic compounds which have high polarity and good hydrophilicity are well suited for hydrophilic interaction chromatographic stationary phase. The distribution of the oppositely charged groups on conventional zwitterionic HILIC stationary phases is perpendicular to the solid matrix and the surface charge of the stationary phase is difficult to adjust [W. Jiang et al, J. Chromatogr. A, 2006, 1127, 82-91]. The distribution of positive and negative charges is paralleled to the surface of the solid matrix on zwitterionic HILIC stationary phase prepared from compound with zwitterionic functional group at the end of it. And its surface charge can be adjusted and optimized by changing the pH values. However, no article involves such zwitterionic HILIC stationary phase has been reported and no product exists.

Zwitterionic stationary phase for hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and preparation method thereof

DALIAN INSTITUTE OF CHEMICAL PHYSICS, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES


A curl-forming apparatus (1) includes: a main body (20) configured to deform a profile strip (100); and a support body (3) configured to support the main body (20) in a holding unit (4) for the profile strip (100). The profile strip (100) is helically wound on an inside of the holding unit (4). The main body (20) is disposed in a hollow part of the holding unit (4) and is configured to draw and deform the profile strip (100) inside the holding unit (4). The support body (3) is rotatable relative to the holding unit (4), and is configured to rotate about an axis of the holding unit (4) in synchronization with the main body (20) that draws the profile strip (100).

Conventionally, a rehabilitating operation of a pipe line is widely performed, the operation helically winding a long profile strip to form a rehabilitating pipe, and laying the rehabilitating pipe in a deteriorated existing pipe. Generally, the profile strip includes a plurality of ribs continuously disposed along the longitudinal direction, and in some cases, a metal reinforcing material is attached between the ribs. Since the profile strip to which the reinforcing material is attached has a high rigidity, it is suitably used for forming the rehabilitating pipe having a high self-supporting strength. This kind of profile strip is wound in a state in which the reinforcing material is attached in advance so as to be transported to a construction site.
At the time of construction, the reinforcing material-attached profile strip, which is wound on a drum for construction, is drawn. Thus, the profile strip has curls when it is being wound on the drum. Such curls of the profile strip have different curvatures depending on where the profile strip is wound, i.e., on the inner peripheral side or on the outer peripheral side of the drum. Accordingly, the curvature changes gradually as the profile strip is drawn from the drum to form the rehabilitating pipe. Thus, the profile strip may get stuck with the inner wall of the manhole at the construction site when it is introduced from the manhole. Also, when the rehabilitating pipe with a radius of curvature smaller than that of the profile strip is formed, there is another problem that it is difficult to form the rehabilitating pipe having a target pipe diameter because the diameter of the rehabilitating pipe gradually increases due to a restoring force to allow the profile strip to restore to its original radius of curvature.
In order to resolve the above conventional problems, the Applicant of the present invention has proposed an apparatus for forming curls (hereinafter referred to as a curl-forming apparatus) for deforming the profile strip before the production of the pipe so that the profile strip has a desired helical shape, as disclosed in patent Document 1.


A method for packaging an application, for use with a system comprising the application and a plurality of libraries, the method comprising: in response to runtime execution of the application, monitoring library data associated with at least one of the plurality of libraries that is invoked by the application; associating the library data with an identifier of the application; and using the library data and the application identifier to create a package comprising the application and the at least one of the plurality of libraries.

Various aspects of the present invention relate generally to packaging an application.
An application can include references to classes (which perform a particularset of tasks) that are packaged in a library. Typically, there are two types of library used by an application at runtime: an "owned" library and an "external" library. Owned libraries are owned by the application which could be packaged as separate libraries but which are also available at build time and package time so that they can be included in a single distributable package along with the application itself. External (e.g., third party-developed) libraries are not owned by the application, and it is not typically possible or desirable to package and distribute the external libraries with the application.

Packaging an application with plurality of libraries

International Business Machines Corporation


A gene (SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 3) encoding a protein, nestin, whose expression distinguishes neural multipotential stem cells and brain tumor cells from the more differentiated neural cell types (e.g., neuronal, glial and muscle cells).

Brain tumors are a leading cause of cancer deaths in people under the age of 35. An important concept in our understanding of brain tumors is that the neoplastic cells may arise from undifferentiated neuroectodermal cells (Rubinstein, L. J. J. Neurosurg 62: 795-805 (1985)) .
At the gastrula stage of central nervous system (CNS) development, neuroectoderm, forming the neural plate is derived from ectoderm which has been induced by underlying mesoderm. (Spemann, H. Yale University Press 1938)). The neural plate then folds, in the process called neurulation, to form the neural tube. The cells of the neural tube are the precursors for the major differentiated cell types in the central nervous system: astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and the various types of neuron (Sauer, F. C. J. Comp. Neurol. 62: 377-405 (1935)). The cells of the neural tube may also be the precursors to neoplastic cells which form brain tumors.
Recent success in "tagging" individual CNS precursors and their daughter cells, either through infection by a marker-bearing retrovirus or by injection of stable, specific dyes and enzymes, has shown that neurons and non-neuronal cells (i.e., glia cells) are often derived from a common precursor. In retina a common precursor for neurons and the Mueller glial cell exists very late in development (Holt, C. E., T. W. Bertsch et al., Neuron 1: 15-26 (1988); Turner, D. L. and C. L. Cepko, Nature 238: 131-136 (1987); Wetts, R. and S. E. Fraser, Science 239: 1142-1145 (1988); a common precursor for different neuronal and glial cell types has also been demonstrated in cortex and tectum (Luskin, M. B., A. L. Pearlman et al., Neuron 1: 635-647 (1988); Price, J. and L. Thurlow, Development 104: 473-482 (1988); Walsh, C. and C. Cepko, Science 241: 1342-1345 (1988)).
Tissue culture systems have provided additional information about the differentiation potential of CNS stem cells. Single-cell microculture of embryonic day 14 rat forebrain has produced clones containing both neurons and glia (Temple, S. Nature 340: 471-473 (1989)). Analysis of a later precursor in the glial differentiation pathway has established specific factors influencing differentiation to oligodendrocytes or type II astrocytes (Raff, M Science 243: 1450-1455 1989)). Cell lines established by immortalization of CNS stem cells also reflect features of the stem cell and can differentiate along both the neuronal and glial pathways (Cepko, C. L. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 12: 47-65 (1989); Frederiksen, K. et al., supra (1988)).
Antibodies have also proven useful for analyzing stem cells. For example, antibodies A2B5 (Raff, M. C. supra 1989) D1.1 (Levine, J. M., L. Beasley et al., J. Neurosci 4: 820-831 (1984), Rat 401 (Hockfield, S. and R. McKay, J. Neurosci 5: 3310-3328 (1985), and antisera against the intermediate filament vimentin (Bignami, A., T. Raju et al Dev. Biol 91: 286-295 (1982); Federoff, S. Molecular Bases of Neural Development (1985); Tapscott, S. J., G. S. Bennett et al., Dev. Biol. 86: 40-54 (1981) bind to antigens enriched in the proliferative zone of the neural tube. However, A2B5 and D1.1 recognize glycolipid epitopes and are less useful for analysis of gene expression. Vimentin, which appears transiently in brain development, is an ambiguous marker largely because of its promiscuous expression in many cultured cells as well as in a variety of developing and differentiated tissues (Traub, N. Intermediate filaments: a review. Berlin, SpringerVerlag (1985)).
The correlation between Rat 401 and proliferating cells in the developing nervous system has been examined in detail. Rat 401 was found to recognize a transient population of embryonic columnar epithelial cells and radial glial cells in many regions of the CNS (Hockfield, S. and McKay J. Neurosci. 5: 3310-3328 (1985)). The number of Rat 401 positive cells, their proliferative rate, and the developmental kinetics of Rat 401 expression relative to neuronal differentiation revealed that the immediate precursors to neurons are also Rat 401 positive (Frederiksen and McKay, J. J. Neurosci 8: 1144-1151 (1988)). Neither neurons nor glia in the adult brain express the epitope recognized by the Rat 401 antibody.
Although "tagging", tissue culture systems and antibodies have proven useful in analyzing neural precursor cells, there is still an incomplete understanding of the lineage of tumor development. For example, medulloblastoma, a common brain tumor of children, is associated predominantly with the cerebellum and brain stem. Medulloblastoma tumors contain cell types with differentiated characteristics of neurons, glia and muscle (Rubinstein, supra 1985; Coakham H. B., et al., J. Clin. Pathol. 38: 165-173 (1985); Velasco, M. E. et al., Surg. Neurol. 23: 177-182 (1985); Hayashi, K. et al., Acta Pathologica Japonica 37: 85-96 (1987); Cras, P. et al., Acta. Neuropathol 75: 377-384 (1988)).
Because of the presence of multiple differentiated cell types found in these tumors, Bailey and Cushing (Bailey, P. and H. Cushing, Arch. Neurol. Psychiatry 14: 192-224 (1925) proposed that rather than being multiple coincident tumors, they were derived from a multi-potential stem cell, which they called a "medulloblast". According to this model, a medulloblastoma tumor would result from uncontrolled proliferation and differentiation of the medulloblast. However, the hypothetical medulloblast has not been identified.
Due to the incomplete understanding of brain tumor development, there is currently no adequate assay for detecting brain tumors at an early stage in their development. In addition, there is no specific noninvasive method of treating brain tumors. Methods of detecting and treating brain tumors would be very useful.


A method and apparatus of scanning channels of a white space zone in a wireless local area network is provided. A beacon frame includes a white space map including information about whether each white space channel in the white space zone is occupied by an incumbent user. Channels of the white space zone are scanned based on the white space map.

There are frequency bands in which different kinds of wireless communication systems can coexist. One example of the frequency bands is a TV white space. The TV white space is an idle frequency band reserved due to digitalization of an analog broadcasting. The TV white space is a spectrum of 512 to 698 MHz allocated to a broadcast TV. When a licensed device is not used in the corresponding spectrum, an unlicensed device can use the corresponding band.
When IEEE 802.11 is used in the TV white space, there is an advantage in that the coverage is remarkably expanded due to the spectrum's characteristic. However, generally, as the coverage is expanded, the number of stations considerably increases. In this situation, a problem may arise in a capability of flexibly handling users with increase of the number of the users, i.e. scalability. Moreover, since several wireless communication systems coexist and several unlicensed devices coexist, a problem may arise in coexistence. If a Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) and an Enhanced Distributed Channel Access (EDCA) protocol of IEEE 802.11 are applied in this environment, scalability may be more deteriorated.
The DCF is a channel access mechanism used in IEEE 802.11 and is based on Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA). Also, the EDCA is equivalent to a competition-based medium access method among channel access models suggested by a Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) defined by expanding a general medium access control protocol of IEEE 802.11. Here, the HCF is a protocol defined in IEEE 802.11e suggested to ensure Quality of Service (QoS).
Further, when the protocol of IEEE 802.11 is applied in the TV white space, it is expected that overlapping Basic Service Sets (BSSs) will increase sharply. For example, if a user arbitrarily installs an Access Point (AP) supporting the TV white space, since the coverage of the AP is wide, an overlapping service area may increase.
When the unlicensed device intends to use the TV white space, it should acquire an available channel in a corresponding area, using a geo-location database. In addition, a signaling protocol or a spectrum sensing mechanism is necessary to solve a problem in coexistence of the unlicensed devices using the TV white space.

Method and apparatus of scanning channels in wireless local area network


A liquid crystal display panel includes in the following order: a first substrate including pixel electrodes; a liquid crystal layer containing liquid crystal molecules; and a second substrate including a counter electrode, the liquid crystal display panel including pixels each including at least four alignment regions of a first alignment region, a second alignment region, a third alignment region, and a fourth alignment region, the four alignment regions providing different tilt azimuths to the liquid crystal molecules, the first alignment region, the second alignment region, the third alignment region, and the fourth alignment region being arranged in the given order in a longitudinal direction of each pixel, the first alignment region and the second alignment region providing tilt azimuths approximately 180° different from each other to the liquid crystal molecules or the third alignment region and the fourth alignment region providing tilt azimuths approximately 180° different from each other to the liquid crystal molecules.

Liquid crystal display devices utilize a liquid crystal composition to provide display. A typical display method for such devices irradiates a liquid crystal display panel including a liquid crystal composition enclosed between paired substrates with light from the backlight and applies voltage to the liquid crystal composition to change the alignment of liquid crystal molecules, thereby controlling the amount of light passing through the liquid crystal display panel. Such liquid crystal display devices have a thin profile, light weight, and low power consumption, and are therefore utilized in electronic products such as smartphones, tablet PCs, and automotive navigation systems.
Alignment division techniques have been studied which divide one pixel into multiple alignment regions (domains) to align the liquid crystal molecules at different azimuths in different alignment regions such that the viewing angle characteristics are enhanced. The alignment of a pixel can be divided by, for example, a method that divides a half-pixel into four alignment regions of two rows by two columns. Examples of such an alignment mode include 4 domain-reverse twisted nematic (4D-RTN) mode (e.g., Patent Literature 1, Patent Literature 2, Patent Literature 3) and 4 domain-electrically controlled birefringence (4D-ECB) mode (e.g., Patent Literature 2).


A learning process for a neural network for open-loop or closed-loop control of an industrial process with time-variable parameters. The neural network is configured either as an open-loop or closed-loop-control network with which the process is controlled. The neural network is trained with the current process data so that it builds a model of the current process. The neural network can also be configured as a background network which is trained during operation with representative process data so that it builds an averaged model of the process over a longer period of time. After a certain learning time or upon the occurrence of an external event, the open-loop or closed-control network is replaced by the background network.

The present invention relates to a learning procedure for a neural network for open-loop or closed-loop control of a process with time-variable parameters.
Neural networks must be first trained with learning or training data before they become capable of generalizing. Acquiring the training data is often time-consuming and expensive.
An example is the neural network described in German Patent Application No. 44 16 364, which calculates a process parameter from a multiplicity of previously calculated input parameters supplied to it, which serves to preset a system controlling an industrial process. Thus, for example, in a rolling process, a predictive value for the rolling force is calculated as a function of the rolled stock temperature, thickness reduction, and other material-specific and system-specific input parameters. The relationship between the rolling force and the input parameters, simulated by the neural network, is adjusted on-line after each process run, i.e., after each pass of the rolled stock, to the actual process events. For this purpose, the input parameters measured during the process run and subsequently recalculated, and the rolling force are combined at a data point, which is then used for the adjustment of the neural network parameters. The adjustment is done with each new data point, i.e., on-line. The adjustment must be characterized by special stability, since it is often carried out directly and without supervision by a person skilled in the art on the system executing the process. Therefore, only non-critical parameters of the neural network are adjusted in on-line training, using adjustment algorithms and network structures, thus ensuring stability for the procedure; i.e., minimization of the square of the error function between the network response and the recalculated rolling force, with the error function preferably having only one global minimum, and no local minima.
In order for a conventional neural network to predict, at least approximately, reasonable rolling forces from the beginning of the on-line training, the neural network can be pre-trained using a rolling force model that predicts the rolling force as a function of randomly preselected input parameters. If such a model is not available, the preliminary knowledge required for pre-training can be acquired by collecting training data, for example, on comparable systems and inputting them into the neural network.
An object of the present invention is to provide an open-loop or close-loop control for a process with time-variable parameters to ensure high quality. It is desirable, especially in the case of starting up a new system or after radical changes in an existing system which is controlled using neural networks, to enable the neural network to exhibit reasonable behavior, after just a few data points, directly within the system without pre-training. The same is true when an existing system is remodeled and data cannot be collected beforehand. Furthermore, long-term system drifts must be recognized and compensated for.
This object is achieved according to the present invention by a learning process for a neural network for open-loop or closed-loop control of a (mainly industrial) process with time-variable parameters with the neural network being configured in at least two embodiments. The first embodiment uses an open-loop or closed-loop control network with which the process is controlled and which is trained with the current process data so that it builds a model of the current process. The second embodiment uses a background network, which is trained during the operation with representative process data so that it builds an averaged model of the process over a longer period of time, with the open-loop or closed-loop control network-being replaced, after a-certain learning time on the part of the background network or on the basis of an external event by the background network.
Another embodiment of the present invention includes a learning process in which the learning during the process run is subdivided into two phases: an initial phase and an operating learning procedure. The amount of training data with which the neural network is trained grows in the initial phase and remains basically constant during the operating phase.


An ink jet cartridge which includes an ink jet housing including a first valve and a primer portion coupled to the ink jet housing and covering the first valve is disclosed The primer portion includes a priming bulb and a second valve in the priming bulb, air flowing into the ink jet housing via the first bulb when the priming valve is actuated, air flowing into the priming portion via the second valve when the priming bulb is released.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the field of printers and more particularly printer ink cartridges.
2. Description of the Related Art
As the value and use of information continues to increase, individuals and businesses seek additional ways to process and store information. One option available to users is information handling systems. An information handling system generally processes, compiles, stores, and/or communicates information or data for business, personal, or other purposes thereby allowing users to take advantage of the value of the information. Because technology and information handling needs and requirements vary between different users or applications, information handling systems may also vary regarding what information is handled, how the information is handled, how much information is processed, stored, or communicated, and how quickly and efficiently the information may be processed, stored, or communicated. The variations in information handling systems allow for information handling systems to be general or configured for a specific user or specific use such as financial transaction processing, airline reservations, enterprise data storage, or global communications. In addition, information handling systems may include a variety of hardware and software components that may be configured to process, store, and communicate information and may include one or more computer systems, data storage systems, and networking systems. One example of an information handing system is a printer.
One type of known printer is an ink jet printer. An ink jet printer includes one or more ink jet cartridges printer information onto a printing surface.
Known ink jet printers may present several problems when printing from an ink jet printer. For example, if the ink jet cartridges are exposed to air or are left in an incorrectly oriented position, the ink within the ink jet cartridges may flow away from the ink nozzles. Additionally, the ink nozzles within the ink jet cartridge are extremely small, and often become clogged with dried ink, dust and debris. Each of these problems can cause the printer to print poor quality output or to not print at all. A known solution to some or all of these problems is to prime or wick the cartridges. However, known methods for priming an ink jet cartridge are often not reliable, and often do not produce enough force to dislodge any debris.
Accordingly, it would be desirable to provide ink jet cartridges with a reliable and powerful mechanism for priming the ink jet cartridge.


A well treatment method includes drawing a solvent to a first pump, drawing a wetting liquid to a second pump, pumping the wetting liquid through a polymer mixer using the second pump, combining polymer with the wetting liquid to produce a slurry containing undissolved polymer, and combining the slurry with the solvent upstream from the first pump. Another well treatment method includes increasing dissolution time of the polymer by providing a buffering agent in the wetting liquid before combining the wetting liquid and the polymer. A well treatment system includes a polymer mixing subsystem with a mix loop having a mix loop inlet line from a first pump feed line and a mix loop outlet line back to the first pump feed line, the mix loop outlet line containing a polymer mixer.

The embodiments described herein relate generally to well treatment methods and systems.
A variety of known processes are used in the oil and gas industry to treat wells extending into subterranean formations. Oil and gas well treatments include well completion, production stimulation, fluid loss control, and water production control. Gels comprise one of a variety of materials used in the technology to accomplish these treatments.
Fracture stimulation may be used to increase the production of hydrocarbons from wells, such as in lower quality reserves. Known practices include forming a well bore in a subterranean formation and inserting a well casing in the well bore. Perforations in sections of a well casing allow fracturing fluid at high pressure to initiate and then propagate a fracture in the formation during each fracturing stage while a proppant carried by the fracturing fluid lodges in the fractures. A viscosifying agent, such as a gel, may assist with suspending proppant carried by the fracturing fluid to reduce settling before the proppant flows into the fractures. Gel may provide other benefits.
Known polymers for producing gel used in fracturing or other treatment fluids include natural polymers, such as, guar gum, xanthan gum, and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) along with chemically modified guar gum derivatives, including hydroxypropyl guar (HPG), carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar (CMHPG) and carboxymethyl guar (CMG). Natural polymers used for well treatment are often obtained as solids, for example, powders or flakes. The solid polymer is dissolved in a solvent to provide a gel. For the case of water-soluble polymers, dissolution of the solid may involve hydration in water as the solvent. The polymer may be mixed with a carrier fluid at a polymer to carrier fluid ratio to achieve desired gel properties. The carrier fluid is often an aqueous-based fluid, although other fluids are known.
A significant amount of energy and space in known well treatment processes may be committed to dissolving polymers in preparing gels. Accordingly, further advancement in well treatment methods and systems may be of benefit.


The invention discloses oxygen scavenging films having at least one oxygen scavenging layer comprising a blend of ethylene/methyl acrylate/cyclohexene methyl acrylate copolymer (EMCM) as oxygen scavenger resin and a catalyst in a carrier resin, and an outer substrate layer having a thickness greater than 5% with respect to the total thickness of the film. The invention also relates to a process for the manufacturing of such films, to the use of said films in food packaging and to the packages obtained therefrom.

It is known that many oxygen sensitive products, including food products such as dried milk, meat and cheese, smoked and processed luncheon meats as well as non-food products such as electronic components, pharmaceuticals, and medical products, deteriorate over time in the presence of oxygen, in part because of dissolved oxygen typically present in the packaged material at the time it is placed in the packaging container and also in part due to oxygen ingress which occurs during storage. Both the color and the flavor of foods can be adversely affected. The oxidation of lipids within the food product can result in the development of rancidity.
The term "rancidity" is used to describe two entirely different processes:                Oxidative rancidity is a condition caused by fat oxidation        Hydrolytic rancidity is a condition caused by fat hydrolysis.
Oxidative rancidity of fats such as lard, shortenings, salad and cooking oils refers to the undesirable odours and flavors which develop when such products are exposed to the oxygen in the air. Products containing these fats, including but not limited to food products such as dried milk, meat and cheese, smoked and processed luncheon meats can become rancid as the fats in the products react to air. The (poly)-unsaturated fatty acid portions of these foods react with oxygen to form peroxides. The peroxides decompose to yield complex mixtures of oxidized derivatives, including aldehydes, ketones, and other volatile products. These products are responsible for "rancid" odours and flavors. Highly saturated fatty acid portions of these foods, such as butter or palm oil, are not as prone to oxidative rancidity due to the absence or low amount of (poly)-unsaturated fatty acid compounds.
Hydrolytic rancidity refers to the odour that develops when triglycerides are hydrolyzed and free fatty acids and salts from free fatty acids (soaps) are released. In particular, short chain fatty acids, such as common butter fats, are odorous.
Rancidity in foods may range from very slight, resulting in loss of freshness, to very severe, resulting in objectionable odours and/or flavors. Slight degrees of rancidity are much more common in foods than severe rancidity, and are much more a practical concern. A slight degree of rancidity may not be objectionable to consumers, but products which do not seem fresh will not attract repeat purchases. If customers do not return to a product, the long-term effects of a slight degree of rancidity can be very serious.
The use of techniques that limit exposure of oxygen sensitive products to oxygen is useful to maintain quality of these products over time and to provide extended shelf life for the packaged products. Limiting the exposure of oxygen-sensitive products to oxygen maintains and enhances the quality and shelf life of many products. For instance, by limiting the oxygen exposure of oxygen-sensitive food products in a packaging system, the quality of the food product can be maintained and spoilage retarded, thus such packaging also keeps the product in inventory longer, thereby reducing costs incurred from waste and having to restock. In some embodiments, additional benefits of such packaging can be their ability to act as a barrier to moisture (water vapor), by limiting both moisture egress from the packaged material to the environment outside the package, and moisture ingress from the outside environment into the package. In some embodiments, the films may exhibit low permeability to other gases, such as 002, and to aroma and flavours. These further characteristics are particularly appreciated for food products such as dried milk.
It is important to note that, for environmental and health reasons, there is an increasing demand in the food marketplace to avoid use of highly saturated oils, such as palm kernel oil and palm oil, whose total content of unsaturated fatty acids is only 13% and 46% respectively.
At the same time, there is increasing pressure in the marketplace to use, especially in certain foods, more highly unsaturated alternatives which are healthier, but unfortunately have the disadvantage of being more oxygen sensitive.
The problem of limiting oxygen exposure become of particularly relevance in the field of certain food products wherein the trend is to substitute palm oils with oils having higher unsaturation, such as canola oil (total unsaturated fatty acids 88%), safflower oil and sunflower oil (total unsaturated fatty acids 86%), corn oil (total unsaturated fatty acids 83%), olive oil (total unsaturated fatty acids 82%) and soybean oil (total unsaturated fatty acids 81%).
In the food packaging industry, several techniques have been developed to limit oxygen exposure of oxygen-sensitive packaged materials. Such techniques include the creation of a reduced oxygen environment within the package, such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and vacuum packaging.
Another technique to limit oxygen exposure of oxygen-sensitive packaged materials is to use a barrier material or a layer (a material or layer having low permeability to oxygen) as part of the packaging. Materials that have been developed to provide oxygen barrier properties to the packaging are for example ethylene vinyl alcohol and copolymer(s) (EVOH), polyamide, polyvinyl chloride and polymer(s), polyvinylidene dichloride and copolymer(s), polyesters such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthenate (PEN), and their copolymer(s), polyacrylonitrile, and combinations thereof.
Some of these materials have been used as a barrier layer in conjunction with multilayer packaging films.
Another technique to limit oxygen-sensitive packaged materials to oxygen exposure involves the use of oxygen scavengers. Oxygen scavengers can be included within the cavity of the package in the form of a sachet or the like. Such packaging devices have the disadvantages of requiring additional packaging operations, potential breakage of the sachet causing contamination of the packaged goods, and uneven or localized scavenging. Alternately, regulating the exposure to oxygen involves incorporation of an oxygen scavenging agent directly into the packaging structure itself. For example, oxygen scavengers have been utilized as part of the package element (film, gasket, coating, etc.). Such application has been found to provide a more uniform scavenging effect throughout the package and to provide a means of intercepting and scavenging oxygen as it passes through the walls of the package. Incorporation of a scavenging agent is also used to consume oxygen contained in the packaging article either as residual air oxygen in the packaged goods and/or in the void space within the packaging article not occupied by the packaged goods (herein after referred to as "headspace oxygen scavenging' applications). Headspace oxygen scavenging often entails the removal of significant quantities of oxygen from the interior of the package.
The oxygen scavengers react with oxygen that is trapped in the package or that, over time, permeates into the package. For instance, this is described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,536,409 and 4,702,966 and the prior art discussed in these references.
Various agents have been proposed as oxygen scavengers. For example, Michael Rooney, in his article "Oxygen Scavenging: A Novel Use of Rubber Photo-Oxidation", Chemistry and Industry, Mar. 20, 1982, Pg. 197-198, describes the use of ethylenically unsaturated compounds as oxygen scavengers when exposed to light. It is known that the incorporation of compounds which are ethylenically unsaturated often cleave as a consequence of the reactions of the oxygen scavenging process. For example, films containing unsaturated compounds, such as squalene or vegetable oils, produce large amounts of volatile aldehydes and ketones upon oxidation. Unfortunately many of the resultant volatile compounds are not maintained within the film structure and find their way into the headspace of the package. Here they have the potential to degrade the taste, color and/or odour of comestible products.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,254,803 in the name of the same applicant discloses an oxygen scavenger composition comprising or including a polymer or oligomer having at least one cyclohexene group or functionality. The oxygen scavenger composition disclosed therein does not generate large amounts of oxidation fission products during scavenging and is substantially stable with respect to reaction with oxygen until triggered by an external event, such as irradiation by electromagnetic radiation.
EP 1699710 B1 in the name of the same applicant, discloses an oxygen scavenger composition and packaging materials thereof, comprising a mixture of at least one polyester condensation polymer having cycloalkenyl group(s) or functionality with a second polymer having ester groups. Said composition acts as an oxygen scavenger agent under both ambient and refrigerated conditions, and is compatible with conventional film forming packaging materials so it is readily processed using conventional film forming equipment.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,258,930 in the name of the same applicant, discloses an oxygen scavenging film comprising a layer comprising poly(ethylene methyl acrylate/cyclohexene methyl acrylate [EMCM] as oxygen scavenger and a layer, the same or different, comprising a cyclic olefin copolymer. The presence of a layer comprising cyclic olefin copolymer reduces the delamination of the EMCM layer from the adjacent layers at temperatures encountered during, or immediately after, heat sealing of the film to itself or another material.
Many of these films, although providing some level of barrier to oxygen may still permit some oxygen to pass through the film and enter the package. As a result, the film may not provide the desired level of oxygen barrier properties. Furthermore, these films still have the potential to create organoleptic issues due to the production of volatile compounds as byproducts of the oxidation of the oxygen scavenging component.
Accordingly, the present invention seek to address the problem of providing efficient oxygen scavenging films, and at the same time overcoming the organoleptic problems resulting from the decomposition products of the oxygen scavenger component.


Methods for growing spinal implants in situ using a surgical additive-manufacturing system. In one aspect, the method includes positioning a dispenser at least partially within an interbody space, between a first patient vertebra and a second patient vertebra. The method includes maneuvering the dispensing component within the space to deposit printing material forming an interbody implant part, positioning the dispensing component adjacent the vertebrae, and maneuvering the dispenser adjacent the vertebrae to deposit printing material on an exterior surface of each vertebrae and in contact with the interbody implant part forming an extrabody implant part connected to the interbody implant part and vertebrae, yielding the spinal implant grown in situ connecting the first vertebra to the second vertebra. The extrabody part can be printed around anchors affixed to the vertebrae, and the anchors may be printed in the process.

Additive manufacturing processes have been used increasingly to make a wide variety of parts, including medical implants. An example implant is a spinal interbody, or cage.
Advances in additive-manufacturing technology and material science have expanded the types and configurations of parts that can be printed, including parts having internal or otherwise intricate features that were not possible before.
Conventional additively-manufactured implants have various shortcomings.
Some of the shortcomings relate to the fact that they are typically pre-manufactured in mass quantities. They are thus not customized, specific to particular patient anatomy, for instance. They are, rather, one-size/shape fits all.
Some product lines offer multiple size options. Even so, product geometry is still generic.
As another shortcoming, conventional parts can be difficult or impossible to implant because of access issues. There may be patient tissue partially blocking the implant from being delivered to the target implant position.
As yet another shortcoming, there are undesirable costs related to off-site manufacture. These include cost of packaging, shipping, tracking, storage, and retrieving and preparing for implantation.
In many medical procedures, multiple parts are implanted. In some of these cases, the parts are connected prior to or during surgery to form a construct. In many conventional spinal surgeries, for instance, a construct of pre-manufactured components is assembled to fix adjacent patient vertebrae together, to limit relative movement between the vertebrae. Fixing relative position between select vertebrae alleviates or obviates implications such as nerve impingement or problematic intervertebral contact. Such implications can result from trauma or the intervertebral disc being compromised. The fixation can also cause adjacent vertebrae to fuse, or grow, together.
In addition to the mentioned shortcomings of pre-made implants, shortcomings specific to implant assemblies include labor associated with fitting and connecting components manually.
And no matter the type of conventional implant, there is always a challenge of ensuring precise positioning in the patient.
Solutions to the above challenges are desired for spinal surgeries, other medical procedures calling for an implant, and any industry involving some sort of device, whether referred to as an implant, including outside of the medical industry.


A moving unit provides a wheel that supports a body portion in a condition that the body portion can be moved, a supporting member that is mounted at a position that does not interfere with rotation of the wheel and an arm that is mounted at a position shifted from an axis of the supporting member and that can move a distal end of the arm toward a direction away from the axis of the supporting member by being driven with the supporting member as a foothold and is so arranged that the body portion can be lifted up together with the wheel by grounding the distal end of the arm when the moving unit is transported, the crank and the arm are incorporated around an axle of the wheel in a compact state, which makes it possible to operate the moving unit stably.

This invention relates to a moving unit that can be utilized as a transporting unit, care aid equipment, walking aid equipment, rehabilitation training equipment, an electric wheelchair or a wheel-moving robot.
(1) Varieties of moving units have been developed. For example, a forklift, a lifter or a handcart is well-known as a moving unit for transporting goods and a wheelchair is well-known as a moving unit for transporting a person.
However, all of passages where the moving unit moves are not flat and there might be a staircase or an obstacle on the passage. Then it is difficult for the moving unit having a wheel to move over a level difference whose height exceeds a radius of the wheel.
In order to make it possible for a moving unit having a wheel to move on a passage having a level difference, a level difference overcoming mechanism in which a multi-joint link or the like is incorporated has been developed so as to lift up a body portion of the moving unit.
However, the multi-joint link has a large number of components, which makes is difficult to downsize a body portion. Especially for a moving unit that transports a small package with two wheels driven it is preferable to incorporate the level difference overcoming mechanism into a body portion in a compact state.
The present claimed invention intends to realize a moving unit that is provided with a function which can serve as a role of a level difference overcoming mechanism and can be applied to other diversity of usages as well.
(2) Conventionally, in order to make it possible for a machine to make an up and down movement to go up or down a level difference such as a staircase, the machine is provided with a mechanism of the up and down movement which has previously been designed to make a specific movement in accordance with a shape of a level difference or the machine is loaded with a camera so as to recognize a level difference by an image processing.
However, for a case that the up and down mechanism has been designed in accordance with a shape of the level difference, a range of a level difference with which the up and down mechanism can deal is restricted and it becomes difficult to cope with a diversity of shapes of level differences, which leads to a problem such as that it does not function sufficiently and it is difficult to secure safety.
For a case of image processing, there is a problem that it requires a complicated and advanced signal processing and that accuracy in detecting the level difference is not high in spite of the complicated and advanced signal processing required.
(1) In order to solve the problem a moving unit of the present claimed invention comprises a wheel that supports a body portion in a condition that the body portion can be moved, a supporting member that is rotatably mounted at a position that does not interfere rotation of the wheel in a condition that can be driven and an arm that is mounted at a position shifted from a rotational center of the supporting member and that can move a distal end of the arm toward a direction away from the rotational center of the supporting member by being driven with the supporting member as a foothold, and is characterized by that the body portion can be lifted up together with the wheel by grounding the distal end of the arm when the moving unit is moved. It is especially preferable that the supporting member is mounted on the same axis as an axle of the wheel in order not to prevent rotation of the wheel.
With the above arrangement, it is possible to move a position at which the arm is supported by the supporting member within a movable range if the supporting member is rotated around the axis on which the supporting member is mounted. If the distal end of the arm whose supported position has been moved is driven by a supporting member so as to move toward a direction away from the axle, the body portion can be lifted up to a position where a level difference can be overcome by making use of reaction when the distal end of the arm touches a corresponding face every time the arm moves. Especially, in case that the supporting member is arranged to have the same axis as that of the axle of the wheel, the arm also rotates around the axle of the wheel. As a result, there is no need of considering interference among the supporting member, the arm and the axle of the wheel and it becomes possible to incorporate the arm and the supporting member around the axle in a compact state. It is a matter of course that the level difference overcoming mechanism can be arranged on a position a little shifted from the axle.
It is preferable that a driving system that drives the supporting member and a driving system that drives the arm are arranged so that each of the driving systems operates independently.
In accordance with the arrangement in which each of the arm and the supporting member is driven by a different driving system, it is possible to operate the supporting member and the arm independently, which makes it possible to operate the supporting member and the arm optimally based on a height of a level difference so as to minimize an up and down movement of the moving unit. As a result, jolt that is applied to a load or a nursed person (in case of a wheel chair) becomes small and force that is applied to the handle also becomes small. In addition, in case the moving unit is utilized as care aid equipment, it is possible to reduce a load for a cared person and a care person as well.
Especially, if the arm is arranged to be grounded near a position where the wheel is grounded, it becomes possible for the center of gravity to move less when the load is transferred from the wheel to the arm, thereby to make a movement of transferring the load smooth and effectively to prevent unstable condition due to force occurring in a moment of transferring the gravity as well.
As a result of this, since the moving unit of the present claimed invention has a pair of parallel wheels as a driving wheel and the body portion is supported by an operator through the handle while moving a passage having a level difference, it can be extremely preferable to reduce a load for an operator.
As a concrete arrangement of the arm it is preferable that the arm is in a vertical posture and at least a distal end of the arm is accommodated within a diameter of the wheel when a position where the arm is supported by the supporting member locates vertically above the axle of the wheel and that the arm moves toward a direction to project the distal end of the arm out of the diameter of the wheel when the position where the arm is supported by the supporting member moves away from the above position.
In order to make it possible to rotate a position at which the arm is supported at 360 degrees without interfering a movement of the wheel when the arm and the supporting member rotates together with the wheel it is preferable that each of the arm and the supporting member is in a shape that can be accommodated within a diameter of the wheel.
It is a matter of course that the moving unit can be utilized as objects or usages other than overcoming a level difference by making use of the above-mentioned fundamental movement.
(2) In addition, a moving unit of the present claimed invention comprises a wheel that supports a body portion in a condition that the body portion can be moved, a supporting member that is mounted at a position that does not interfere rotation of the wheel in a condition that can be rotatably driven and an arm that is mounted at a position shifted from an axis of the supporting member and that can move a distal end of the arm toward a direction away from the axis of the supporting member by being driven with the supporting member as a foothold and is characterized by that a detecting means is provided at a side where the arm is grounded so as to measure a shape of level difference by moving the detecting means with an operation of the arm in the level difference.
With this arrangement, a separately provided detecting means is not required since the arm that is used for an up and down movement can be utilized as the detecting means and an advanced processing such as an image processing is not required as well, resulting in providing a simple and secure function of overcoming a level difference. In addition, since this moving unit makes use of a continuous movement of the arm that makes an up and down movement in order to detect a level difference, it is possible to detect the level difference effectively. Further, it only requires the arm be controlled in accordance with the detected level difference, which makes it possible to deal with a diversity of level difference simply and securely.
Especially it is preferable that the supporting member and the arm are arranged to gather around a center between the facing wheels. With this arrangement, it is possible to provide the moving unit as far as there are at least a set of a supporting member and an arm, thereby to improve safety for a person who is around the wheel.
It is preferable that a grounding portion of the arm is ark-shaped and so arranged to roll over the ground. With this arrangement, since a position where the body portion is supported moves from the wheels to the level difference through the arm smoothly, force applied to the handle and fluctuation of force applied can be made small as well. Further, since rotation of the arm propels the body portion to move forward (backward), force that is to be applied forward (backward) by the operator will be made small when the moving unit moves in a passage with a level difference, thereby to lessen a load for the operator.


An integrated X-ray source is provided. The integrated X-ray source includes a target for emitting X-rays upon being struck by one or more excitation beams, and one or more total internal reflection multilayer optic devices in physical contact with the target to transmit at least a portion of the X rays through total internal reflection to produce X-ray beams, wherein the optic device comprises an input face for receiving the X rays and an output face through which the X-ray beams exit the integrated X-ray source.

This disclosure relates to X-ray imaging systems, and, in particular, to X-ray imaging systems employing optic devices to produce X-ray beams having desired spectral shape and properties.
Conventional laboratory sources produce a large cone of X rays, the majority of which typically are not utilized to analyze a sample in an X-ray system. X-ray optics may be used to redirect some of these unused X rays into useful directions. However, the efficiency of redirection decreases with increasing distance between the X-ray generation point inside the X-ray source and the collecting/redirecting optic(s). This decrease is typically due to the decrease in X-ray intensity with increasing distance between the X-ray generation point and the optics. Specifically, the X-ray intensity decreases as the square of the distance between the optics and X-ray generation point. Additional issues with respect to an X-ray source point and optics arrangement include: alignment of the optics and the X-ray generation point, and drifting of the X-ray beam generation point due to target heating or lack of dynamic electron beam control.
The optimal position for disposing the optic to obtain maximum X-ray intensity would be at the X-ray generation point, however, with commercially available optics such as polycapillary optics or the singly- or doubly-curved diffractive optics such an arrangement is not feasible. Currently, polycapillary and multilayer diffractive optics are the only commercially available optics that collect a reasonable source solid angle and redirect the X rays into usable directions. The polycapillary channel size is too large to utilize small source spots, e.g. nanometer to micron-sized focal spots. Due to its large size, the polycapillary optics needs to be placed several hundred microns to centimeters away from the X-ray generation point. This large distance between the optics and the X-ray generation point reduces the intensity of the output X-ray beam that comes out of the optics. For both singly and/or doubly curved diffractive optics, the optics are typically placed at distances on the order of centimeters from the X-ray generation point to reduce the strain in the optics, which makes the optics difficult to manufacture and reduces the optic output beam quality. In addition to reducing the X-ray intensity, placing the optic at a large distance away from the X-ray generation point also reduces the robustness of the optic alignment with the X-ray generation point. Lastly, polycapillary optics are limited to transmitting X rays below 60 keV, which prevents them from being used in a number of non-destructive testing (NDT) imaging applications, e.g. computed tomography (CT) of electronic circuit boards.
It would thus be desirable to dispose the optic device on the X-ray generation point so as to obtain optimal X-ray intensity, and to address alignment issues between the optic device and the target.

Integrated X-ray source having a multilayer total internal reflection optic device


Time-of-flight (TOF) three-dimensional sensing systems are deployed on or in a motor vehicle to image contact zones associated with potential contact between an avoidable object and the vehicle or vehicle frame and/or remotely controllable motorized moving door or liftgate. An algorithm processes depth data acquired by each TOF system to determine whether an avoidable object is in the associated contact zone. If present, a control signal issues to halt or reverse the mechanism moving the door. A stored database preferably includes a depth image of the contact zone absent any object, an image of the door, and volume of the door. Database images are compared to newly acquired depth images to identify pixel sensors whose depth values are statistically unlikely to represent background or the door. Pixels within the contact zone so identified are an object, and the control signal is issued.

Many modern motor vehicles including vans, minivans, SUVs, etc. have sliding side doors and sometimes rear liftgates or hatch-back doors as well. As used herein, the term "door" is understood to collectively encompass slideable doors, pivotable liftgates, pivotable tailgates, and pivotable hatchbacks. When closed, these doors fit against a vehicle door frame. These doors can be rather heavy and develop inertia as they move. As such, should an object be caught between a closing door and the vehicle door frame, damage can occur to the object (which may be a person), to the door and/or to the vehicle door frame. While opening, many side doors first move outward, away from the vehicle body, before moving rearward, and can cause damage to an object thus contacted. A liftgate, tailgate, or hatchback can strike an object while opening or closing, even if an object is not close to the associated vehicle door frame. As used herein, the term "contact zone" is understood to refer to region or zone of interest in which an object may be contacted by a moving door. As such, the contact zone includes the path and/or trajectory of the moving door. In some embodiments, the contact zone is defined relative to the position of the door and thus moves as the door moves, and indeed, in some embodiments the dimensions of the contact zone may vary with at least one door parameter, for example, present door position and present door velocity.
In many vehicles, doors are opened or closed using motors controlled by the vehicle operator from a remote location, e.g., the driver's seat. A practical problem is that the vehicle operator cannot always see what if any object(s) are in the contact zone. As a result, damage to the object and/or door and/or associated vehicle door frame can occur before meaningful remedial action can be taken, e.g., to reverse or halt movement of the door.
In an attempt to reduce likelihood of damage from contact between a moving vehicle door and an object, the federal government has mandated Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 118. This standard calls for implementation of so-called anti-pinch devices that sense contact when an object is between a closing vehicle door and the associated vehicle door frame. Some anti-pinch devices are contact devices that require physical contact with an object and the vehicle door and/or door frame, whereas other anti-pinch devise are contactless, and do not require such contact.
Contact type anti-pinch devices try to mitigate damage after initial contact between an object and the vehicle door and/or door frame occurs. As soon as contact is detected, a control signal is generated causing the motor moving the door to halt or to reverse direction. Some contact sensors dispose a tube or trim within the relevant vehicle door frame region, and then sense at least one contact-caused parameter such as pressure, capacitance change, optical change, electrical current increase in the door drive motor, etc. The tube or trim may contain spaced-apart electrical wires that make contact only if an object depresses the tube or trim. In practice, such sensors are sometimes difficult to install, and can exhibit varying contact responses, especially as ambient temperature changes. But even if the best contact type anti-pinch device can only begin to function after some physical contact with an object has first occurred. Thus, a corrective command signal is not issued until initial contact occurs. In some instances, corrective action may come too late. For example, upon detecting contact there may be insufficient time to fully halt the closing action of a sliding door on a vehicle parked on a steep downhill incline. An object, which may be a person's hand, could be severely damaged before the closing inertia of the sliding door can be halted.
By contrast, an ideal contactless anti-pinch device would prevent contact damage by detecting the presence of an object within a contact zone and taking immediate corrective action without first requiring initial contact.
Various attempts have been made in the prior art to implement a contactless anti-pinch device, at least with respect to a human object. One such approach seeks to detect microampere range electrical current changes resulting from capacitance in the skin of a human object. Electrical sensors disposed in regions of the vehicle door frame and/or door allegedly can thus contactlessly sense the presence of human objects by such capacitance and/or current changes. Whether such sensors can detect human proximity to a closing door under varying ambient parameters is unknown to applicants. But even if such devices worked flawlessly, and there is no evidence such is the case, passive objects such as tree limbs, other vehicles, or non-exposed human skin such as gloved hands, do not manifest skin capacitance responsive to current (or voltage) change, and thus would go undetected.
In theory, other approaches to contactless sensing might include use of conventional television-type cameras to image the contact zones. However in practice, the images produced by such cameras lack useful depth information and would not adequately identify objects in the contact zone such that remedial action could be undertaken. Approaches such as attempting to identify human objects in the contact zone using infrared (IR) sensors would similarly not work well, especially at high ambient temperatures. Further, such IR sensing would be of little use as to objects that did not generate heat. Object sensing using ultra sound would lack adequate resolution and spatial coverage.
A more promising technology for contactless sensing is true three-dimensional cameras that can form a Z or depth image of an object. Canesta, Inc., of Sunnyvale, Calif., assignee herein, has developed various time-of-flight (TOF) systems. Various aspects of TOF imaging systems are described in the following patents assigned to Canesta, Inc.: U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,942 entitled "CMOS-Compatible Three-Dimensional Image Sensor IC", U.S. Pat. No. 7,203,356 "Subject Segmentation and Tracking Using 3D Sensing Technology for Video Compression in Multimedia Applications", U.S. Pat. No. 6,906,793 Methods and Devices for Charge Management for Three-Dimensional Sensing", and U.S. Pat. No. 6,580,496 "Systems for CMOS-Compatible Three-Dimensional Image Sensing Using Quantum Efficiency Modulation", U.S. Pat. No. 6,515,740 "Methods for CMOS-Compatible Three-Dimensional image Sensing Using Quantum Efficiency Modulation". Applicants refer to and incorporate herein by reference the above-enumerated patents for background material.
FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary TOF system, as described in Canesta U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,942. TOF system 10 can be implemented on a single IC 110, without moving parts, preferably with relatively few off-chip components. System 100 includes a two-dimensional array 130 of Z pixel detectors 140, each of which has dedicated circuitry 150 for processing detection charge output by the associated detector. In a typical application, array 130 might include 100×100 pixels 140, and thus include 100×100 processing circuits 150. IC 110 preferably also includes a microprocessor or microcontroller unit 160, memory 170 (which preferably includes random access memory or RAM and read-only memory or ROM), a high speed distributable clock 180, and various computing and input/output (I/O) circuitry 190. Among other functions, controller unit 160 may perform distance to object and object velocity calculations, which may be output as DATA.
Under control of microprocessor 160, a source of optical energy 120, typical IR or NIR wavelengths, is periodically energized and emits optical energy S1 via lens 125 toward an object 20. Typically the optical energy is light, for example emitted by a laser diode or LED device 120. Some of the emitted optical energy will be reflected off the surface of target object 20 as reflected energy S2. This reflected energy passes through an aperture field stop and lens, collectively 135, and will fall upon two-dimensional array 130 of pixel detectors 140 where a depth or Z image is formed. In some implementations, each imaging pixel detector 140 captures time-of-flight (TOF) required for optical energy transmitted by emitter 120 to reach target object 20 and be reflected back for detection by two-dimensional sensor array 130. Using this TOF information, distances Z can be determined as part of the DATA signal that can be output elsewhere, as needed.
Emitted optical energy S1 traversing to more distant surface regions of target object 20, e.g., Z3, before being reflected back toward system 100 will define a longer time-of-flight than radiation falling upon and being reflected from a nearer surface portion of the target object (or a closer target object), e.g., at distance Z1. For example the time-of-flight for optical energy to traverse the roundtrip path noted at t1 is given by t1=2·Z1/C, where C is velocity of light. TOF sensor system 10 can acquire three-dimensional images of a target object in real time, simultaneously acquiring both luminosity data (e.g., signal brightness amplitude) and true TOF distance (Z) measurements of a target object or scene.
Many Canesta, Inc. systems determine TOF and construct a depth image by examining relative phase shift between the transmitted light signals S1 having a known phase, and signals S2 reflected from the target object. Exemplary such phase-type TOF systems are described in several U.S. patents assigned to Canesta, Inc., assignee herein, including U.S. Pat. No. 6,515,740 "Methods for CMOS-Compatible Three-Dimensional Imaging Sensing Using Quantum Efficiency Modulation", U.S. Pat. No. 6,906,793 entitled Methods and Devices for Charge Management for Three Dimensional Sensing, U.S. Pat. No. 6,678,039 "Method and System to Enhance Dynamic Range Conversion Useable With CMOS Three-Dimensional Imaging", U.S. Pat. No. 6,587,186 "CMOS-Compatible Three-Dimensional Image Sensing Using Reduced Peak Energy", and U.S. Pat. No. 6,580,496 "Systems for CMOS-Compatible Three-Dimensional Image Sensing Using Quantum Efficiency Modulation". Applicants refer to and incorporate hereby by reference these above-enumerated patents for further background material.
FIG. 2A is based upon above-noted U.S. Pat. No. 6,906,793 and depicts an exemplary phase-type TOF system in which phase shift between emitted and detected signals, respectively, S1 and S2 provides a measure of distance Z to target object 20. Under control of microprocessor 160, optical energy source 120 is periodically energized by an exciter 115, and emits output modulated optical energy S1=Sout=cos(ωt) having a known phase towards object 20. Emitter 120 preferably is at least one LED or laser diode(s) emitting low power (e.g., perhaps 1 W) periodic waveform, producing optical energy emissions of known frequency (perhaps a few dozen MHz) for a time period known as the shutter time (perhaps 10 ms).
Some of the emitted optical energy (denoted Sout) will be reflected (denoted S2=Sin) off the surface of target object 20, and will pass through aperture field stop and lens, collectively 135, and will fall upon two-dimensional array 130 of pixel or photodetectors 140. When reflected optical energy Sin impinges upon photodetectors 140 in array 130, photons within the photodetectors are released, and converted into tiny amounts of detection current. For ease of explanation, incoming optical energy may be modeled as Sin=A·cos(ω·t+θ), where A is a brightness or intensity coefficient, ω·t represents the periodic modulation frequency, and θ is phase shift. Thus, array 130 captures frames of Z depth and brightness data, typically at a frame rate of perhaps 30 to 60 frames/second. While the scene and object within are imaged with the same modulated optical energy Sout, each pixel detector 140 in array 130 will receive an object-reflected signal with a different delay (θ) that corresponds to the varying z depth of the surface of the imaged object within the system field of view (FOV).
As distance Z changes, phase shift θ changes, and FIGS. 2B and 2C depict a phase shift θ between emitted and detected signals, S1, S2. The phase shift θ data can be processed to yield desired Z depth information. Within array 130, pixel detection current can be integrated to accumulate a meaningful detection signal, used to form a depth image. In this fashion, TOF system 100 can capture and provide Z depth information at each pixel detector 140 in sensor array 130 for each frame of acquired data. In some systems, pixel detection information is captured at at least two discrete phases, preferably 0° and 90°, and is processed to yield Z data. System 100 yields a phase shift θ at distance Z due to time-of-flight given by θ=2·ω·Z/C=2·(2·π f)·Z/C, where C is the speed of light, 300,000 Km/sec. From the above equation, it follows that distance Z is given by Z=θ·C/2·ω=θ·C/(2·2·f·π). When θ=2·π, the aliasing interval range associated with modulation frequency f is given as Z=C/(2·f). In practice, changes in Z produce change in phase shift θ although eventually the phase shift begins to repeat, e.g., θ=θ+2·π, etc. Thus, distance Z is known modulo 2·π·C/2·ω)=C/2·f, where f is the modulation frequency.
What is needed is a contactless anti-pinch method and system for use with motor vehicles that can identify an object in the contact zone in adequate time to take remedial action to mitigate against physical contact between the object and the vehicle door or door frame. Preferably the method and system should be operable under widely varying conditions such as changes in ambient lighting. Indeed, ideally the method and system should operate even in the absence of ambient light. Finally, the method and system should be economically mass producible and readily installable.
The present invention provides such protective mechanisms and methods to detect objects in the contact zone or trajectory path of remotely controllably power doors.

Contactless obstacle detection for power doors and the like


A management server receives from a server storing information a request that a data input job be executed and from a data input device a request to assign a data input job to itself. The management server makes a list of information to be digitized through data input, based on information held on itself and input-specific information obtained from the server storing information, and transmits the list to a data input device adequate to the data input job. The data input device selects information as data input preference. The data input device obtains the selected information from the server storing information. Through the data input device, its operator inputs the obtained information as computer-usable data. The input data is transmitted to the server storing information. The management server stores, updates, and manages diverse data about input jobs.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a data input method and a data input system and, in particular, to such method and system enabling efficient execution of data input jobs by operators through the use of a network.
2. Description of the Related Prior Art
In general, to convert image information including characters and symbols and audio information into computer-usable data form such as text code, it is required that operators read or listen to such information and type in data, using keyboards. Although OCR, voice recognizer, and similar technologies are advancing, these technologies are still no match for human ability. These technologies are put into use, but, inmost case, the output of these recognition devices needs check by human and reentry or corrective input. As for handwritten manuscripts, slips, information recorded on tape, graphics input, and pictures recorded on film or VTR tape, operators appreciate content thereof and input data as text code.
If a mass of such information is generated and it is necessary to convert the information into text code through manual input for a limited period, it is difficult to secure operators in a required number and perform speedy and reliable transmission and reception of information to be converted into text code by manual input. Always securing a great number of operators just in case of the above situation demands a lot of cost and is almost impossible.

System allowing data input device to request management server to assign a data input job to itself


Embodiments relate to systems, computer readable media, devices, and computer-implemented methods for providing improved network security by receiving a network packet, applying a filter rule in a first instance of a distributed reputation database to the network packet, determining, using a network interface card with a field programmable gate array, to drop or modify the network packet based on the applying, and transmitting reputation data to a security control center that includes a second instance of the distributed reputation database, where the reputation data includes information corresponding to the network packet that was dropped or modified.

Network security systems are often employed to protect networks from, for example, misuse, unauthorized modification, malicious software, and/or denial-of-service (DOS) attacks (e.g., distributed denial-of-service (DDOS) attacks). For example, network security devices and applications can be deployed in network nodes that receive and forward network traffic to prevent or mitigate network security attacks by identifying and dropping network packets associated with an attack.
However, certain network nodes receive high levels of network traffic, and many network nodes may not have the processing capabilities to perform even a cursory analysis of each and every network packet that passes through the node to determine whether the network packet could constitute a threat without causing degraded performance of the node. Additionally, certain network nodes may perform other functions in addition to forwarding network traffic, such as thoroughly analyzing network packets, monitoring, recording, and reporting statistics associated with network traffic, creating and utilizing routing tables, and other functions. In such network nodes, the processing resources used to perform even a cursory analysis of each and every network packet may hinder or even prevent a network node from performing other functions such as these.
Therefore, systems, methods, and computer-readable media are desirable that can more efficiently provide network security on network nodes.

Systems, devices, and methods for providing improved network security


The invention found that first, the feasibility of transfer of tumor resistance and other healthy longevity characters through transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNC) or hematopoietic stem cells (HSC)/hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) consisting of genetically engineered EKLF gene encoding the hematopoietic transcription factor EKLF. Secondly, the present invention demonstrates expression of EKLF in the long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC), and thus EKLF as a target of regulation of hematopoiesis.

Hematopoiesis is the process in which the hematopoietic/blood system generates multiple types of myeloid and lymphoid blood cells. The lymphoid and myeloid lineage commitment occurs in multipotent hematopoietic progenitors including the multipotent progenitor (MPP), the common myeloid progenitor (CMP), the myeloid/erythroid progenitor (MEP), the granulocyte/macrophage progenitor (GMP), and the common lymphoid progenitor (CLP), with MPP generated through self-renewal and differentiation of the hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). HSC primarily resides in the G0 phase under homeostatic conditions. Being at the very top of the hematopoietic cellular system, HSC plays a major role in hematopoiesis, and the regulation of its homeostasis determines the downstream fates of various hematopoietic/blood cells. Notably, a number of cytokines (such as IL-3, IL-7, SCF, TPO and GM-CSF, etc.) and transcription factors (such as Notch1, Tal-1, HoxB4, GATA1, GATA2, and GATA3, etc.) are involved in the regulation of homeostasis of HSC and hematopoietic progenitors. The morphologic and functional properties of purified HSC have been extensively characterized. Also, a number of studies have been reported on the regulation of the self-renewal, maintenance, and differentiation of HSC on the molecular and cellular levels.
Longevity genes are of obvious interest and importance, both for their life-extension potential and the possibility of enhancing quality of life. However, very few of these genes have been identified and even less is understood about how these genes act to prevent aging and promote life extension. WO 2016036727 provides a non-human transgenic animal comprising one or more modified Erythroid Kruppel-like factor (EKLF) genes encoding a modified EKLF polypeptide comprising one or more amino acid modifications as compared to a wild-type EKLF polypeptide. The genetically altered EKLF mice display extended lifespan, extended healthspan, and resistance to cancer incidence and/or metastasis. Thus, the modified Eklf genes and their products are useful for preventing aging and treating tumors.
EKLF/KLF1 is the first member of the Krüppel-like factor family consisting of N-terminal activation domain, C-terminal zinc finger domain, and multiple post-translational modification sites. Genome-wide analysis of mouse fetal liver has identified a number of genes the activation or repression of which are regulated through DNA-binding of EKLF to specific regulatory regions. EKLF/KLF1 was identified initially as an erythroid-specific transcription factor, but later found to also be expressed in megakaryocyte and hematopoietic progenitors including MEP, GMP, as well as CMP (Frontelo, P., Manwani, D., Galdass, M, Karsunky, H., Lohmann, F., Gallagher, P. G., and Bieker, J. J. (2007). i Novel role for EKLF in megakaryocyte lineage commitment. Blood 110, 3871-3880). Loss-of-function and gain-of-function studies have shown that EKLF not only regulates the process of erythropoiesis (Porcu, S., Manchinu, M. F., Marongiu, M. F., Sogos, V., Poddie, D., Asunis, I., Porcu, L., Marini, M. G., Moi, P., Cao, A., et al. (2011). Klf1 affects DNase II-alpha expression in the central macrophage of a fetal liver erythroblastic island: a non-cell-autonomous role in definitive erythropoiesis. Mol Cell Biol 31, 4144-4154), but also the differentiation fate decision from MEP to erythrocyte or megakaryocyte.
However, whether and how extensively EKLF participates in the regulation of hematopoiesis other than the megakaryocyte-erythrocyte separation and monocyte-to-macrophage remains unknown.

Methods for enhancing lifespan and/or treating cellular proliferative disorders by transplantation


A pressure-sensitive adhesive composition which comprises three ingredients, i.e., polyisoprene, a styrene/isoprene/styrene copolymer, and solid polyisobutylene, in a proportion of (10-60)/(10-50)/(20-60) by weight and further contains a non-solid isobutylene polymer and a tackifier, characterized in that the amount of the non-solid isobutylene polymer is 1 to 30 pts. wt., excluding 30 pts. wt., per 100 pts. wt. of the sum of the three ingredients, i.e., the polyisoprene, styrene/isoprene/styrene copolymer, and solid polyisobutylene. When used in an adhesive patch for external use on the skin, the composition has satisfactory tackiness regardless of whether the temperature of the surrounding air is high or low, has excellent long-term storage stability, retains the necessary cohesive force, and does not unnecessarily irritate the skin.

A rubber pressure-sensitive adhesive agent generally consists of a rubber ingredient of a main ingredient and a tackifier, and in addition it is appropriately blended with a softener, a filler or the like. The rubber ingredient and the tackifier are hydrophobic materials which are extremely low in solubility and miscibility toward water, and an adhesive patch for an external use on the skin using such a pressure-sensitive adhesive agent easily peel off when having a bath, making a kitchen work or sweating, and therefore, it is necessary to let it have a high adhesive force in advance.
Although it is better to increase the amount of a tackifier in order to improve an adhesive force and a tack force, it lacks affinity toward water due to a high hydrophobicity as described above, and a grass transition temperature (Tg) of the system increases, resulting to a hard pressure-sensitive adhesive feeling to give a strong pain when removing, and therefore, it becomes not preferable as an adhesive patch for an external use on the skin.
In the meantime, a pressure-sensitive adhesive which contains no tackifier is proposed in patent document 1. By blending a liquid rubber in stead of a tackifier, Tg is reduced because the entire system is plasticized, whereby it is possible to improve adhesiveness toward a subject. However, there is a tendency that a cohesive force is slightly deficient, and therefore, a poor long-term stability due to deformation by flowing, a cohesion destruction, occurrence of a residue of an adhesive mass, and the like do not satisfy a use feeling as an adhesive patch for an external use on the skin.
In addition, although in patent document 2 it is proposed that three of a solid rubber ingredient at ordinary temperature, a tackifier and a liquid rubber are contained in combination at a specific ratio, more tackifier is needed to secure tackiness when the solid rubber at ordinary temperature is A-B-A type copolymer, and therefore, it gives a hard pressure-sensitive feeling and removal feeling, whereby skin irritations such as rash are easily caused. Further, when rubber solid at ordinary temperature, which does not have a physical cross-linking point, is used, a residue of an adhesive mass and the like due to an insufficient cohesive force do not satisfy a use feeling as an adhesive patch for an external use on the skin.
Patent document 1: JP, 8-506127 A
Patent document 2: JP, A, 2002-69405

Adhesive containing polyisoprene, sis copolymer, and solid/liquid polyisobutylene for external use on skin


A carbazole-based graft copolymer capable of controlling a self-assembled structure and a method of synthesizing the same are provided. Specifically, the copolymer is capable of controlling a self-assembled structure which can control the morphology of a polymer structure and the size of pores by controlling the molecular weights of polylactic acid (PLA) functioning as a coil and of a carbazole copolymer to prepare a poly(carbazole)-coil graft copolymer of Formula 1 below and the method of synthesizing the same is provided. In Formula 1, X represents 0.05 to 0.1, m represents an integer of 7 to 8, and n represents an integer of 56 to 84.

Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to a carbazole-based graft copolymer capable of controlling a self-assembled structure and a method of synthesizing the same. The present invention relates to a novel copolymer capable of controlling a self-assembled structure which can control the morphology of a polymer structure and the size of pores by controlling the molecular weights of polylactic acid (PLA) functioning as a coil and a carbazole copolymer to prepare a poly(carbazole)-coil graft copolymer and a method of synthesizing the same.
Background Art
A conductive copolymer structure which has a nano-scale domain size and a co-continuous morphology can function as a very ideal structure in organic electronic devices in which electron movement routes are considered important.
However, general conductive polymers have limitations both in nano-structures that can be formed by strong interaction between conductive polymers and in selectable conductive polymer blocks. However, it has been shown that a variety of nano-structures can be well arranged by using copolymers in which graft-type polymer blocks are introduced into conductive polymer blocks.
As of yet, conventionally, graft copolymer-type carbazole-based polymers have not been reported. In order to improve applicability of carbazole-based polymers with excellent optical and electrical properties to electronic devices, other block- or graft-type polymer blocks can be introduced.
In the present invention, poly(carbazole)-coil graft copolymers with a graft form, not a block form, can be used even without introducing any functional group into an end of a carbazole main chain.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Graft copolymer based on carbazole capable of controlling self-assembled structure and method of synthesizing the same

Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology


An electronic device has a keyboard with an internal membrane. The membrane has a set of strain gauges configured to respond to a key press, such as when a collapsible dome collapses into contact with the membrane. The strain gauges are connected in a half Wheatstone bridge configuration and are positioned on the membrane in order to limit effects of temperature and subtle flexure of the membrane. The strain gauges are also configured to magnify detection of a resistance differential when a keycap is pressed with sufficient force.

It is becoming more and more desirable within the industry to reduce the size and thickness, of various electronic devices such as, for example, laptop computers, keyboards, and related equipment and accessories. In doing so, device designers seek to reduce the size and number of components in keyboards and other input devices while preserving their strength, operational life, and reliability.
However, when certain types of keyboard parts are miniaturized or thinned, their stiffness can be reduced and their susceptibility to damage or debris can be negatively increased. Some parts cannot be miniaturized or otherwise reduced in thickness while maintaining desired key travel and key feel. Furthermore, many keyboards are limited in the types of input that they can provide. Typical keyboards only provide a single, on-or-off signal to a controller while other input devices such as touch pads and touchscreens can provide more dynamic input. Accordingly, there is a constant need for improvements to the effectiveness of keyboard structures.


Systems and methods are described for presenting targeted metadata associated with media asset identifiers. For example, based on stored user preferences (e.g., the user likes a particular actor) and context (e.g., whether an actor is trending on social media near the user's location), the systems and methods may rank attributes associated with the media asset (e.g., title, actors, director, genre, etc.). The systems and methods may then determine a number of attributes that can be displayed based on a size of the media asset identifier (e.g., a cell in a grid-guide) and select the number of attributes that can be displayed (e.g., based on the number of characters, the top two ranked attributes are selected). The systems and methods then display the media asset identifier (e.g., the cell in the grid-guide) with the selected attributes.

Given the plethora of media content available to consumers, it can be difficult to navigate listings for the media content and determine what to consume. Specifically, conventional systems typically include the title of the media content in a listing and little other identifying information. Instead, conventional systems require a user to select the listing to obtain more information. In this approach, a user may have to select many different listings (e.g., by pressing an "INFO" key on a remote control), since the title alone is not enough information for the user to determine if he or she wants to consume the media content. To address this problem, some conventional systems allow a user to select particular fields (e.g., title) for inclusion in a guide. However, this approach is consistently applied for all media assets, and many users may still want additional information to determine what media content to consume, as well as targeted information based on more than just the user's own preferences.

Systems and methods for presenting targeted metadata in display constrained environments


The present invention is related to a method and apparatus for a mobile unit to synchronize with the base station in WCDMA system. First, the mobile unit receives the signal transmitted from the base station. The signal includes a primary synchronization channel, a secondary synchronization channel and a common pilot channel. Then, the mobile unit obtains a sample signal and selects a part of the sample signal to be a first period signal and a second period signal. The mobile unit further synchronizes with the base station according to the first period signal, primary synchronization channel, second period signal, secondary synchronization channel and the common pilot channel.

In the CDMA system, a mobile unit needs to code and time synchronize with the serving base station before any communications with the base station can take place. In synchronous base station system, such as CDMA-2000, the same scramble code with different time offset is employed.
In asynchronous base station system, such as WCDMA, different scramble codes are used in base systems. Therefore, the mobile unit of a mobile system in WCDMA system needs not only to synchronize in the time but also to search the scramble code employed by the serving system.
Besides, the initial frequency uncertainty can be large during the synchronization. Typical voltage control temperature compensated crystal oscillators have an inaccuracy of around 10 ppm, which is equal to 20 kHz with radio frequency of 2 GHz. This frequency uncertainty induces timing inaccuracy and performance degradation. The performance of synchronization during initial cell search will cause switched-on delay of a mobile unit.
In WCDMA system, base station typically employs downlink scrambling code. There are 512 primary downlink scrambling codes for reusing. Because the method of identifying the scrambling code is complex and requires more time to synchronize with the base station, a pipelined process method in "Cell Search in W-CDMA." (IEEE journal on Selected Areas in Communication, Vol 18, No 8, August 2000) is disclosed to accelerate the synchronization. The pipelined process reduces the time of synchronization and the average time of the spreading code synchronization. Three downlink channels are used to process code synchronization: a primary synchronization channel (P-SCH), a secondary synchronization channel (S-SCH), and a common pilot channel (CPICH). The method is carried out in three steps:
Step 1: Slot Synchronization
In step 1, the mobile unit uses the primary synchronization channel to acquire slot synchronization with a base station. This is typically done with a signal matched filter (or other similar devices) matched with the primary synchronization channel. The slot timings can be obtained by detecting the peaks of the matched filter output.
Step 2: Frame Synchronization and Code-Group Identification
In step 2, the mobile unit uses the secondary synchronization channel to achieve frame synchronization and identify the code group found in step 1. This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible secondary synchronization channel sequences and identifying the maximum correlation value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences are unique the code group as well as the frame synchronization is determined.
Step 3: Scrambling-Code Identification
In step 3, the mobile unit determines the exact primary scrambling channel. The primary scrambling code is typically identified through symbol-by-symbol correlation over the common pilot channel with all codes within the code group identified in step 2. After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the primary common control physical channel can be detected. The system and specific information can be read too.
The frame, 10 ms (38400 chips), can be divided into 15 time slots, for example. Each time slot can be divided into 10 symbols.
After receiving the downlink signal from the base station in the process of synchronization, the mobile unit samples the signal. According to the sample signal, the mobile unit proceeds with the slot synchronization of step 1 during a first period. During a second period, the mobile unit executes the frame synchronization and code-group identification of step 2 according to the result of step 1, and samples the signal received from the base station to execute a new step 1. During a third period, the mobile unit executes scrambling-code identification of step 3 according to the result of step 2, executes a new step 2 according to the result of the new step 1, and re-executes step 1. If the result obtained from step 3 is determined failed (the mobile unit does not synchronize with the base station), the mobile unit re-executes step 3 according to the result of the new step 2, executes the step 2 according to the result of step 1 executed during the third period, and re-executes step 1 during a fourth period, and so on. The mobile unit finishes the steps mentioned above until it synchronizes with the base station.
FIG. 1 is an example of a prior art for a mobile unit to synchronize with base station. The mobile unit receives the signal from the base station and samples the signal. First, the mobile unit executes step 1 during a first period, obtaining a first slot synchronization by using sample signal and primary synchronization channel. During a second period, the mobile unit executes step 2, obtaining a first frame synchronization and a first code-group identification according to the first slot synchronization in step 1 and the secondary synchronization channel of the sample signal. Meanwhile, in order to avoid synchronization failure, the mobile unit uses sample signal and the primary synchronization signal to re-execute step 1 and obtains a second slot synchronization during the second period.
During a third period, the mobile unit executes step 3 according to the first frame synchronization of the second period and the common pilot channel of the sample signal, and obtains a first scrambling-code identification. Meanwhile, the mobile unit executes step 2 according to the second slot synchronization obtained of the second period and the secondary synchronization channel of the sample signal, and obtains a second frame synchronization and a second code-group identification. Similarly, in order to avoid synchronization failure, the mobile unit uses sample signal and the primary synchronization signal to re-execute step 1, and obtains a third slot synchronization during the third period.
In this case, if the result of the first scrambling-code identification of the third period is determined to be that the mobile unit does not synchronize with base station, then the mobile unit executes step 3 according to the second frame synchronization, second code-group identification and common pilot channel obtained during the third period, and obtains a second scrambling-code identification. Meanwhile, the mobile unit executes step 2 according to the third slot synchronization and secondary synchronization channel, and obtains a third frame synchronization and a code-group identification. In order to avoid synchronization failure, the mobile unit uses sample signal and the primary synchronization signal to re-execute step 1, and obtains a fourth slot synchronization during the fourth period.
Since system accuracy depends on the sample rate in step 1, increasing system accuracy complicates the design of matched filter and calculating circuits, and wastes hardware resources. In addition, the inaccuracy caused by the frequency differences of timing happened during step 1 influences the accuracy of step 2 and step 3, and prolongs the synchronization time.

Method and system for a mobile unit to synchronize with base station