A modulated magnetic field generation circuit is used in a disk recording apparatus which can overwrite data on a magneto-optical disk. The modulated magnetic field generation circuit includes a first coil for applying the magnetic field modulated for recording to the magneto-optical disk, a second coil for storing the energy used to reverse the direction of the current flowing to the first coil, a current limiter for limiting the current flowing to the second coil, and switching elements for changing the direction of the current flowing to the second coil to the first coil. Thus, a high frequency modulated magnetic field is generated with low power consumption and low voltage.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a modulated magnetic field generation circuit used in magnetic field modulation method magneto-optical memory apparatuses
2. Description of the Prior Art
Various data overwriting methods have been proposed to increase the data recording speed of magneto-optical memory apparatuses. One of these methods is the magnetic field modulation method (JP-B-60-48806). Data is recorded in this magnetic field modulation method by modulating the magnetic field applied from an external source according to the data being recorded. The magnetized direction of the recording film in the area heated by laser beam irradiation is modified, and data is recorded. The external magnetic field is generated using a magnetic head comprising a coil and core, or using a floating magnetic head (U.S. Pat. No. 5,020,041). A magnetic field modulation circuit having a constant current switching circuit is used to modulate the external magnetic field generated by the magnetic head according to the data. This magnetic field modulation circuit functions to change the current direction through the coil of the magnetic head, and composes two or four transistors or other switching devices.
Several problems are presented by this conventional magnetic field modulation circuit. When a switching operation is effected to change the direction of the magnetic head current, the current through the magnetic head will be changed with a delay determined by a time constant R/L (where L is the coil inductance and R is the DC resistance). Thus, it has been difficult to obtain a high frequency change of the electric current direction at the magnetic head.
Two methods have been used to decrease the current reversing time (A) reducing the magnetic head inductance, or (B) increasing the DC resistance of the magnetic head.
It is difficult to use method (A), however, because it is necessary to apply a magnetic field of sufficient strength to the magneto-optical storage medium. With method (B), it is necessary to increase the power supply voltage, and circuit power consumption becomes extremely high. These factors make it extremely difficult to reduce the size and power consumption of magneto-optical disk apparatuses using the magnetic field modulation method.

Modulated magnetic field generation circuit for magneto-optical disks

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


Provided in the present disclosure are a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor, a crystal form thereof, a preparation method therefor and an application thereof. The structural formula of the EGFR inhibitor is as shown in formula I, and the pharmaceutically acceptable salt is a mesylate, p-toluenesulfonate, phosphate, hydrochloride or citrate salt of the EGFR inhibitor. The pharmaceutically acceptable salt of EGFR inhibitor of the present disclosure has a specific crystal form, has a higher solubility and stability than a corresponding free base, is more suitable for preparing drugs for use in treating cancer (especially non-small cell lung cancer), and satisfies the requirements for bioavailability and drug efficacy.

For patients suffering from late phase non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), targeted therapies against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutations are standard treatment regimens today. However, the duration of efficacy of these drugs is generally very short, with resistance occurring within 9 to 11 months, due to the ability of cancer cells to evade the therapeutic activity of EGFR or ALK inhibitors by mutation and altered growth patterns. It has been reported that for Asian patients with late phase non-small cell lung cancer, 50% of the acquired resistance to anti-EGFR treatments is caused by T790M mutation.
In order to overcome the related drug resistance caused by T790M mutation, some irreversible ATP competitive inhibitors (such as HMPL-813, CI-1033, HKI-272, HS-10182) have entered the clinical research phase. The structure of the irreversible inhibitor contains a receptor fragment that may undergo Michael addition reaction, which is capable of generating a covalent bond with a thiol group (SH) in a conserved amino acid residue (Cys797) of the receptor binding site. The binding ability of such inhibitors to EGFR via irreversible covalent bonds is generally stronger than the binding ability of the reversible inhibitors to EGFR (see Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 2009, 52:1231-1236). Nevertheless, the clinical trial results of the above irreversible inhibitors indicate that these inhibitors still have certain limitations, such as toxic effects due to off-target effects, and failure to achieve sufficient drug concentration in patients due to side effects caused by low selectivity. Therefore, the development of a new type of irreversible EGFR inhibitor has a great clinical significance and application prospect.
AZD9291, developed and marketed by AstraZeneca, is the first third-generation oral, irreversible, selective EGFR mutation inhibitor that may be used for both activated and resistant mutant EGFR, that is, AZD9291 may make the drug resistance caused by T790M mutation ineffective. AZD9291 has a relatively good therapeutic effect on NSCLC patients who have resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) and have T7901M mutation. The structure of AZD9291 is disclosed in Chinese patent application CN103702990A, which also discloses the polymorph of AZD9291 and its pharmaceutically acceptable form mesylate salt.
Since the third generation EGFR inhibitor has unique efficacy and AZD9291 is the only product in the market, competition for new drugs is very fierce. Chinese patent application CN106132957A discloses a series of 2-arylamine pyridine, pyrimidine or triazine deriviatives, which were structurally characterized. In addition, this application also conducted activity tests for the above compounds at cellular level. The results show that these compounds have high EGFR inhibitory activity, while have relatively low inhibitory activity towards wild type EGFR, thus may be developed into novel anti-tumor drugs. However, the above application lacks research and protection of the pharmaceutically acceptable form (for example, a salt-based crystal form) of the crude drug, and needs further development and improvement.

Pharmaceutically acceptable salt of EGFR inhibitor, crystal form thereof, preparation method therefor and application thereof

Wuxi Shuangliang Biotechnology Co., Ltd.


The present invention provides a method for moving and transferring nanowires using tapered hair of diameter in micron range. The nanowires have a diameter of 60-150 nm. The tapered hair has a diameter of 1-100 μm, a tip curvature radius of 0.8-3 μm and a length of 4-10 mm. A plastic film on a copper grid used for a TEM is removed, the copper grid is reserved, and holes have a diameter of 50-100 μm. The copper grid after ultrasonic cleaning gains the nanowires from the acetone liquid with ultrasonic dispersed nanowires. The copper grid with distributed nanowires and the tapered hair are respectively placed on mobile platforms of two different optical microscopes. Millimeter movement and micron movement of the tapered hair are realized, thereby realizing movement and transfer operation for the nanowires. The tip of the tapered hair is dipped in a small drop of conductive silver epoxy, and the conductive silver epoxy is respectively dropped on both ends of the nanowires; and the radius of the dropped conductive silver epoxy is 4-8 μm. The present invention realizes a method for moving and transferring nanowires using tapered hair through the mobile platforms of the two optical microscopes.

High-performance equipment requires the surfaces of high-performance parts to have nano-level planarity and subnano-level roughness. This harsh ultra-precision machining requirement is close to the limit of physical machining, which needs to be satisfied by developing new ultra-precision machining technologies and equipment. The nano-precision surface manufacturing method is an effective method to satisfy this harsh machining requirement. To develop the new nano-precision surface manufacturing technologies and methods, it is necessary to study an atomic-dimension damage generation and evolution mechanism, a material removal mechanism and a stress-induced damage formation mechanism. In-situ TEM nanomechanics is a scientific method to study the basic principle. In the past, due to the limitation of experimental conditions, it is difficult to conduct in-situ TEM nanomechanical test and representation. One of the important reasons is that the operation of cutting, welding, transferring and moving nanowires by focused ion beams and electron beams will cause pollution and damage to the nanowires. When the nanowires are fixed by the two methods, chemical vapor deposition or physical vapor deposition is generally adopted, which is easy to pollute the nanowires, so that subsequent in-situ test and representation are significantly affected, or even cannot be carried out, and it is also difficult to obtain atomic-demension high-resolution TEM images. In addition, in the process of moving and transferring the nanowires by the two methods, it is easy to produce defects such as cavity, interstitial atom, stacking fault and dislocation ring in the nanowires, which makes it difficult for the SEM and TEM images obtained at micro-nano scale to extend to macroscopic materials.
To eliminate the pollution and the damage to the nanowires caused by the traditional focused ion beams and electron beams in the process of moving, transferring, cutting, welding and fixing the nanowires, it is urgent to develop a novel method of moving, transferring and fixing the nanowires for bringing convenience for subsequent in-situ SEM and TEM nanomechanical test and representation, thereby eliminating the pollution and the damage caused by the operation for the nanowires by the traditional focused ion beams and electron beams.

Method for moving and transferring nanowires using tapered hair of diameter on micron range


A wireless access node to facilitate communication quality adjustments during voice over long term evolution (VoLTE) communication sessions comprises a wireless communication transceiver and a processing system. The wireless communication transceiver is configured to exchange VoLTE packets with a wireless communication device during a VoLTE emergency call with a public safety answering point (PSAP), and receive a scheduling request transmitted from the PSAP, wherein the scheduling request includes an identifier associated with the wireless communication device and specifies hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) settings for the VoLTE emergency call. The processing system is configured to, responsive to the scheduling request, issue a scheduling grant to the wireless communication device based on the HARQ settings specified in the scheduling request.

Wireless communication devices transmit and receive information wirelessly via a wireless access node to communicate over a communication network. Typically, the wireless access node is part of a radio access network (RAN) which provides the wireless communication devices with access to further communication networks, systems, and devices. The wireless communication devices utilize forward link communication channels to receive voice and/or data transmitted from the wireless access node, and reverse link communication channels to transmit information up to the node.
Given the nature of transmitting information in the form of energy over the air, errors can be introduced while the data is in-route to its destination. These errors can be introduced from a variety of factors, such as environmental obstructions, distance between a sender and receiver, strength of the signal being transmitted, and others. This can be especially problematic during voice over long term evolution (VoLTE) communication sessions, where satisfactory performance relies on a constant, uninterrupted flow of voice and/or video data to ensure the parties are able to understand what is being communicated. The problem is particularly relevant during critical and/or time-sensitive calls, such as emergency calls and other critical communications. To address these concerns, error control techniques for data transmissions may be utilized to ensure data is communicated reliably over an unreliable service. One such technique, termed hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), provides such error control by encoding data with a forward error correction (FEC) code.
Overview
A method of operating a wireless access node to facilitate communication quality adjustments during voice over long term evolution (VoLTE) communication sessions is disclosed. The method comprises exchanging VoLTE packets with a wireless communication device during a VoLTE emergency call with a public safety answering point (PSAP). The method further comprises receiving a scheduling request transmitted from the PSAP, wherein the scheduling request includes an identifier associated with the wireless communication device and specifies hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) settings for the VoLTE emergency call. The method further comprises, responsive to the scheduling request, issuing a scheduling grant to the wireless communication device based on the HARQ settings specified in the scheduling request.
A wireless access node to facilitate communication quality adjustments during voice over long term evolution (VoLTE) communication sessions comprises a wireless communication transceiver and a processing system. The wireless communication transceiver is configured to exchange VoLTE packets with a wireless communication device during a VoLTE emergency call with a public safety answering point (PSAP), and receive a scheduling request transmitted from the PSAP, wherein the scheduling request includes an identifier associated with the wireless communication device and specifies hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) settings for the VoLTE emergency call. The processing system is configured to, responsive to the scheduling request, issue a scheduling grant to the wireless communication device based on the HARQ settings specified in the scheduling request.
A computer apparatus to facilitate communication quality adjustments during voice over long term evolution (VoLTE) communication sessions comprises software instructions and at least one non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing the software instructions. The software instructions are configured, when executed by a wireless access node, to direct the wireless access node to exchange VoLTE packets with a wireless communication device during a VoLTE emergency call with a public safety answering point (PSAP). The software instructions are further configured to direct the wireless access node to receive a scheduling request transmitted from the PSAP, wherein the scheduling request includes an identifier associated with the wireless communication device and specifies hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) settings for the VoLTE emergency call. The software instructions are further configured to direct the wireless access node to, responsive to the scheduling request, issue a scheduling grant to the wireless communication device based on the HARQ settings specified in the scheduling request.

Quality adjustment for volte emergency calls


A catheter system for fluid connection between a patient""s vasculature and a fluid system that has a luer lock connector including a luer tip. The catheter system includes a catheter having a hub having an open end sealed with an elastomeric septum. The hub defines a female luer sized to be received into and locked to the connector of the fluid system when the luer tip is advanced into the septum. A needle extends through at least a portion of the septum, the needle having a tip projecting adjacent the catheter tip and a needle hub disposed adjacent the outer face of the septum. The needle is removable from the catheter and septum after the catheter is advanced into a blood vessel. The elastomeric septum seals subsequent to withdrawal of the hollow needle to provide a sealed outer face for engaging and receiving the luer tip.

The risk of needle stick during the insertion of a peripheral catheter into a patient is well known. Such catheters generally utilize an internal needle which projects beyond the tip of the catheter for insertion into a vein. A variety of safety devices have been developed which retract the needle from the catheter into an enclosed container, thereby preventing needle stick after the catheter has been inserted. However, such catheters after insertion can still pose a risk of blood exposure to the nurse inserting the device because the end of the catheter is open or will need to be opened if luer access is desired so that blood can drip from the hub of the catheter after the catheter has been inserted and the needle has been withdrawn. This represents a serious problem and requires meticulous technique to prevent significant blood exposure. Nurses often try to occlude the vein adjacent the tip of the catheter so as to prevent blood from refluxing back into the catheter and out the hub during the engagement of a luer fitting to the catheter. The open hub is generally attached to a heparin well (also called a saline well or prn adapter). Alternatively, an IV tubing may be connected directly to the catheter hub. In both these situations the connection needs to be made quickly to keep blood from refluxing out the open hub. Another technique is to hold the finger or thumb over the tip of the hub while preparing the heparin well for attachment to the hub.
Another problem is that direct luer access to a patient""s vascular system generally requires the attachment of a secondary device, such as a heparin well, which comprises a chamber connected to a luer receiving valve. These secondary devices are expensive and cumbersome to attach when blood is leaking out the hub. Indeed blood, leaking out of the hub often is caught in the threads of the saline well where it forms a potential source for bacterial colonization. In addition, such heparin wells can become disconnected, exposing the patient""s vascular system to the introduction of air or microorganisms and can result in silent death due to bleeding out the hub when the disconnection is unnoticed as during sleep.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,758,255 to Cox et. al. discloses a catheter having a closed hub. This patent provides background for the present invention. However, this device of Cox requires an adapter to mate with a luer connector eliminating the desired self-sealing function. Further, no mechanism to mitigate the negative pressure associated with luer withdrawal is provided and there is no needle protection mechanism.
The present invention comprises a closed luer vascular access system, which can allow for the safe withdrawal of the needle from the catheter hub while still preventing reflux of blood out the hub before and during any future luer access of the hub after the catheter has been inserted.
The present invention comprises a catheter having a hub. The hub includes a luer-receiving valve, which can be for example of the types described in my U.S. Pat. No. 6,171,287, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated by reference as if completely disclosed herein. The closed luer access system further includes a needle sized and configured to project through the luer-receiving valve and into the lumen of the catheter so that the sharp point of the needle projects beyond the tip of the catheter. The needle preferable includes the hub, which projects proximally away from the face of the luer receiving valve. The hub preferably includes a lumen, which is enclosed and vented to the atmosphere so that blood can reflux through the needle and into the hub when the catheter containing the needle is inserted into the vein.
The luer-receiving valve, which is interposed between the catheter and the needle hub, preferably, surrounds and is attached to the proximal end of the projecting plastic catheter thereby comprising the hub of the projecting catheter. The one preferred embodiment includes the plastic catheter defining a distal end and a proximal end and a lumen there through. The proximal end of the catheter is connected with a hub. The hub includes a lumen and a proximal end and an elastomeric sealing member occluding the proximal end. The sealing member has a perforation sized and configured to receive a luer male end. The hub and the elastomeric sealing member are sized and configured to be received within a luer lock end of a conventional IV connection terminal or syringe. The closed luer access system further includes a needle having a sharp distal end and a proximal end and a hub connected to the proximal end. The needle defines a lumen extending from the sharp distal end to the hub. The hub defines a lumen which is preferably vented to the outside atmosphere so that blood which enters the lumen of the needle through the tip upon insertion of the needle into the vein can reflux through the needle into the hub so that entry into the vein can be identified by the nurse through the visualization of the blood refluxing back into the lumen of the needle hub. In one preferred embodiment the needle hub includes an open proximal end and a filter which is permeable to air but not to blood occluding the open proximal end. In a presently preferred embodiment, the closed luer access system further includes a retractor for retracting the needle out of the catheter and out of the luer receiving valve hub after the catheter has been inserted into the vein. The retractor can include a spring, which can be held in a compressed state prior to the insertion of the catheter and then released by a trigger to engage the needle hub and thereby retract the needle hub out of the catheter. In operation, the nurse preps the patient""s skin and inserts the catheter into the vein. Once the reflux of blood is identified within the needle hub the nurse advances the catheter over the needle into the vein and once he or she is sure that he catheter is in adequate position the trigger is pressed which releases a spring so that it expands and pulls the needle out of the catheter and out of the luer receiving valve catheter hub and into a receptacle wherein it is safely contained. At this point, the enclosed catheter is immediately ready for use and for closed luer access and there is no need for the attachment of a heparin well, saline well or other luer access based catheter-closing device.
It is the purpose of the present invention to provide a closed luer access system which includes an integral luer receiving valve hub configured to mitigate the negative pressure associated with withdrawal of the luer tip from the valve so that the attachment of a saline well is no longer required.
It is further the purpose of the present invention to provide a closed luer access system having a luer receiving valve hub and a retractor for retracting the needle throughout the luer receiving valve hub out of the closed luer access system.
It is further the purpose of the present invention to provide a closed luer access system having a luer receiving valve hub connected to a needle-receiving receptacle so that the needle can be retracted from the catheter into the needle-receiving receptacle.
It is further the purpose of the present invention to provide an automatic retractor such as a spring adjacent the needle so that the needle can be automatically retracted out of the luer receiving valve hub.
It is further the purpose of the invention to provide a catheter having an integral luer receiving valve hub so that upon inadvertent disconnection of the catheter from an attached IV tubing system does not result in an open passageway from the environment into the patient""s vascular system.
It is further the purpose of the invention to provide a catheter having an integral luer receiving valve hub with a flexible tube intermediate the catheter and the valve hub to allow the luer to be threaded onto the hub without transferring torsion force to the catheter and vein.


The present invention is an air shock absorber having a multiple stage design. The design includes a first algorithm for determining the compressed and extended lengths of the air shock based on the lengths of the parts for each stage. The first algorithm offers the air shock an extended length that is greater than twice its compressed length, an optimized extended length, and a construction capability based on adding stages. In particular, the extended length-compressed length relationship is a quality inherently unobtainable by current shock absorbers. The design also includes a second algorithm for determining the spring rate. The second algorithm offers the capability to both set-up the air shock with a relatively linear spring rate and make the relatively linear spring rate more linear.

In connection with our investigation of the independent and solid axle suspension systems for four wheel drive vehicles, which are disclosed in patent application Ser. Nos. 14/059,062 and 14/324,105, respectively, we sought a shock absorber with unique compressed length, extended length properties. A survey of the art uncovered one feature common to virtually all shock absorbers—the extended length is less than twice the compressed length. This feature results from the inherent design of a shock absorber, namely, a single shaft that travels into/out of a single working tube. The length of the shaft defines the shock's travel. A shaft length of 6-8 inches is common and adequate for most vehicles. Such shocks have a relatively short compressed length thereby easing installation on production-based vehicles. However, in the off-road environment, a vehicle routinely encounters trail obstacles—e.g., boulders, fallen trees, ravines, cliffs—that exceed the limit of shock travel. To contend with such obstacles, engineers have designed long travel shocks with 12 inches or more of shaft length. These shocks require a working tube length at least equal to their shaft length. To account for the working piston, the working tube length of these shocks can be several inches longer than their shaft length—at least 14 inches or more. Such shocks have a relatively long compressed length thereby hampering installation on production-based vehicles. Typical methods of dealing with long travel shock issues include allowing the upper portion of the shock to protrude through the hood of the vehicle (for front shocks), or to protrude into the bed or trunk of the vehicle (for rear shocks). Such intrusive methods of installation are not practical for our needs, nor for production-based vehicles. Rather, our attention was drawn to a concept for a shock absorber whose extended length is greater than twice its compressed length. Moreover, given that many types of production-based vehicles are routinely used in industries that involve off-road driving, e.g., construction, farming and ranching, mining, forestry, gas and oil exploration, then automobile manufacturers and numerous other industries would greatly benefit from a long travel shock that could be easily installed on production-based vehicles.
A technique for resolving long travel shock issues would involve a shock with a relatively short compressed length and a relatively long travel length. Conceptually, this technique would require a shock that could extend several times greater than just twice its compressed length. A shock whose shaft would push down completely into a working tube of the same length thus giving a fully compressed shock; and, then push out of and seemingly grow several times greater than the working tube thus giving a fully extended shock whose length is several times greater than its compressed length.
In principle, a shock whose shaft was segmented like a simple telescope or spyglass could extend many times beyond its original compressed length. This principle refers to a design that consists of more than one independent shock-unit operating in series where the working tube for one shock-unit serves as the shaft for the next larger shock-unit, and so on. This design would have one shock-unit pushing down into the next larger one, and so on, so that by ignoring end caps and working pistons, the length of just one (the largest) working tube is representative of the shock's compressed length while the number of shock-units used in the shock's construction is representative of its extended length—e.g., three shock-units could extend three times beyond the compressed length, four shock units could extend four times beyond the compressed length, and so on—in effect, a shock within a shock. This shock within a shock design is ideally suited for our needs, and for installation on production-based vehicles thereby fulfilling the need of numerous industries that would benefit from a long travel shock with a short compressed length.
During the course of our investigation, it was brought to our attention that the shock within a shock design is known in the art as a multiple stage shock absorber. Therefore, our investigation was re-focused on developing a process for constructing this shock absorber. The construction process comprises novel means that are absent in the art, including means for adding stages to the shock, determining various lengths for the shock, and determining various spring rates for the shock.


The invention relates to a method for processing a video data set, which comprises a sequence of original images, into a modified video data set which, in addition to the sequence of original images, comprises virtual images derived therefrom in one or more data processing units, wherein an SfM analysis is carried out for each of the original images and a respectively assigned original position of a recording device which was used to record the original image, virtual positions are formed for a recording device for recording virtual images, for each virtual position of the recording device with the associated virtual initial image, a respective assignment is created to at least one of the original positions of the recording device with the associated original image, for each assignment, a homography is determined between the virtual initial image and the associated original image, and for each virtual initial image, a virtual final image is formed from the associated original image in that the original image is formed in the associated final image using the respectively determined homography.

Methods of this type for processing video data sets are used inter alia for creating 'multiple view videos from monocular videos. Video sequences of this type can be used, for example, in conjunction with 3-D displays or autostereoscopic displays in order to convey to the observer an impression of depth in the image being observed. The method for processing video data sets effectively transforms video sequences for two-dimensional imaging into video sequences for three-dimensional imaging. A variety of methods have been proposed for this purpose. The existing methods can be roughly divided into methods for generating a complete 3-D model for the scene captured in the image (Hartley et al., "Multiple view geometry", Cambridge University Press, UK, 2003; Pollefeys: "Tutorial on 3D modeling from images", European Conf. on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2000; Tomasi et al., Journal of Computer Vision 9(2), pp. 137-154, 1992; Knorr et al., "A modular scheme for 2D/3D conversion of TV broadcast", 3rd Int. Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission (3DPVT), Chapel Hill, USA, 2006) and methods wherein a stereoscopic representation is generated, either by means of calculations of planar transformations (see Rotem et al., Proc. of the SPIE: Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XII, vol. 5664, pp. 198-206, March 2005; WO 02/091754) or with the aid of a depth analysis for each image in the video sequence, wherein DIBR technology (DIBR—'Depth-Image-Base-Rendering'); (K. Moustakas et al., IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol. 15, No. 8, pp. 1065-1073, August 2005; K. T. Kim et al., "Synthesis of a high-resolution 3D stereoscopic image pair from a high-resolution monoscopic image and a low-resolution depth map", Proc. of the SPIE: Stereoscopic Displays and Applications IX, San José, USA, 1998; C. Fehn, "Depth-image-based rendering (DIBR), compression and transmission for a new approach on 3D-TV", Proc. of the SPIE: Stereoscopic Displays and Virtual Reality Systems XI, San José, USA, 2004; L. Zhang et al., "Stereoscopic image generation based on depth images", IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Processing (ICIP), Singapore, 2004; WO 2005/013623) is used.
The methods which attempt to create a complete 3-D model of a recorded scene include SfM analysis or SfM technology (SfM—'Structure from Motion'); (Pollefeys: "Tutorial on 3D modeling from images", European Conf. on Computer Vision (ECCV), 2000). With the aid of SCM analysis, in a freely selectable coordinate system, the spatial coordinates of the recording device, for example, a camera used for recording the images of the video sequence are determined. At the same time, using this analysis, in the chosen coordinate system the spatial coordinates of reference image points in the 2-D images of the existing video sequence can be calculated. However, SfM technology cannot supply dense and exact 3-D modelling, although this is required for the generation of stereoscopic images in high quality. The DIBR method requires dense depth estimation, which is time-consuming and error-laden.
In the document "The ORIGAMI Project: Advanced tools for creating and mixing real and virtual content in film and TV production", in: IEE Proceedings—Vision, Image and Signal Processing, August 2005, vol. 152, No. 4, pp. 454-469, ISSN: 1350-245X by O. Grau, R. Koch, F. Lavagetto, A. Sarti, S. Tubaro and J. Woetzel, a method for processing a video data set is described wherein virtual images derived from the original images are added to the original images of the video data set, wherein an SfM analysis is carried out, at least for the "environment portion" of the original images, by which means the initial position of a recording device used to record the original images is determined.
In the document "Video Synthesis at Tennis Player Viewpoint from Multiple View Videos", in: IEEE Proceedings—Virtual Reality 2005, March 2005, pp. 281-282, ISSN: 1087-8270, ISBN: 0-7803-8929-8 by K. Kimora and H. Saito, a method for generating virtual views of a tennis game is described. In this document virtual images are derived from original images, wherein an original image is assigned to a virtual image based on corresponding points in the original image and a homography is determined for a virtual initial image and the virtual final image is generated using this homography on the original image. With the known method, an SfM analysis of the initial images and a respective associated original position of a recording device used to record the original images is carried out.


A clip assembly for attaching an optical scanner mirror to an associated mounting structure including a U-shaped clip body for resiliently, snappingly engaging the mounting structure for holding the clip assembly in stationary relationship with the mounting structure, and a compliant member integrally formed with the clip body for urging the mirror against the mounting structure such that the mirror is resiliently held in stationary relationship therewith.

The present invention relates generally to optical scanners and, more particularly, to a clip assembly for attaching an optical scanner mirror to an associated support structure.
Optical scanners generally contain a number of mirrors which are mounted on supporting structure within the scanner. The mirrors are positioned in a preset relationship which provides a light path of predetermined length between a scanned object and the light processing electronics of the scanner. Such mirrors are typically held in position by clip assemblies provided at the ends of each mirror which hold the mirrors firmly in place.
One prior art scanner mirror clip assembly is illustrated in FIG. 1. A scanner mirror 1 is supported on a support block 2. The support block has planar surface portions 3 and 4 which engage abutting planar surface portions of the scanner mirror 1. A clip assembly 5 urges the scanner mirror against the support block. The clip assembly includes an L-shaped metal clip member 6 which is mounted on the support block by a screw 7. A rubber grommet 8 is mounted on the clip member. The grommet contacts the mirror 1, urging it against the support block 2.


An anti-burglar device of a door locker is disclosed. The locker comprises a rotating button, a rotating shaft body, and an external gear, the rotating shaft body being fixed to the rotating shaft body having one end mounted to the external gear, the other end of the external gear provided with an axle having a spring and a sleeve, and the spring urged between the rotating shaft body and the sleeve, the interior of the sleeve provided with internal gear which is engaged with the external gear, the tail end of the axle mounted to a fixing button so that the sleeve cannot be disengaged, whereby in unlocking or locking the locker, a force is applied to move the sleeve so that the inner gear and the external gear are engaged, and the sleeve is turned to unlock or lock the latch of the locker.

(a) Technical Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a door locker mounted within a door at the door edge thereof and in particular, a door locker with anti-burglar structure by having a rotating shaft body mounted onto a rotating button of the door locker.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
Conventional door locker structure is designed in such a way that the locking and unlocking of lock-core has to use a matching key. However, the inner face of the door locker in order to facilitate operation, a manual rotating button is provided to drive the locker latch and therefore, if the rotating button triggers the rotating button, the latch can be easily locked or unlocked.
As a result, the door is normally provided with an observation hole with a lens confirm the visitor coming to the house.
However, a burglar can easily remove the observation lens and a special tool can be inserted to trigger the rotating button and the door is thus easily opened by the burglar.
In order to mitigate the shortcomings of the conventional door locker, an anti-burglar device of a door locker is provided.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an anti-burglar device of a door locker having a rotating button, a rotating shaft body, and an external gear, the rotating shaft body being fixed to the rotating shaft body having one end mounted to the external gear, the other end of the external gear provided with an axle having a spring and a sleeve, and the spring urged between the rotating shaft body and the sleeve, the interior of the sleeve provided with internal gear which is engaged with the external gear, the tail end of the axle mounted to a fixing button so that the sleeve cannot be disengaged, whereby in unlocking or locking the locker, a force is applied to move the sleeve so that the inner gear and the external gear are engaged, and the sleeve is tuned to unlock or lock the latch of the locker.
A further object of the present invention is to provide an anti-burglar device of a door locker, wherein the end face of the rotating shaft body is provided with a combination hole having a shape identical to and match the rotating button within the door locker.
Yet a further object of the present invention is to provide anti-burglar device of a door locker, wherein the external diameter of the rotating shaft body is provided with screw hole which is perpendicular in communication with the combination hole.
Still a further object of the present invention is to provide anti-burglar device of a door locker, wherein the nearby position of the tail end of the axle of the rotating shaft body is provided with a sunken hole and the sunken hole contains a spring and an insertion peg.
The foregoing object and summary provide only a brief introduction to the present invention. To filly appreciate these and other objects oft he present invention as well as the invention itself, all of which will become apparent to those skilled in the art, the following detailed description of the invention and the claims should be read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Throughout the specification and drawings identical reference numerals refer to identical or similar parts.
Many other advantages and features of the present invention will become manifest to those versed in the art upon making reference to the detailed description and the accompanying sheets of drawings in which a preferred structural embodiment incorporating the principles of the present invention is shown by way of illustrative example.


The mounting bracket assembly has a main structural member for attaching an electronic instrument. The main structural member has a joining portion to secure the main structural member to a frame of an automotive vehicle. A strut is secured to the main structural member, and the strut is able to abut against a trim secured to the frame so as to receive a reaction force from the trim. A stop lever is fitted on the main structural member, and the stop lever has a first end and a second end opposed to the first end. The stop lever pivots around the first end so that the second end comes toward and away from the trim. The second end is positioned near the trim when the stop lever is in its working position. The main structural member is located between the strut and the stop lever in the working position.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a mounting bracket assembly, for example, to secure an electronic instrument such as a speaker on a ceiling trim of an automotive vehicle.
2. Background Art
Recently, it has been proposed that a speaker is secured to a ceiling trim of a car cabin. Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 2002-144973 discloses a mounting bracket assembly for securing a speaker to a frame of a car. The frame holds a ceiling trim made of a synthetic resin material.
The mounting bracket assembly has a jack nut and a base engaged with the jack nut. The jack nut is press-fitted in a hole of the frame. The base secures a support pillar of the speaker. To secure the speaker on the ceiling trim, a part of the ceiling trim is removed to expose the hole so that the jack nut engages with the base.
However, it is not popular that a car has such a frame with a securing hole. Thus, another mounting bracket assembly made of a metal and hooked on a synthetic-resin-made ceiling trim has been proposed.
The mounting bracket assembly disclosed in the laid-open application is not suitable for securing speakers to various types of cars most of which have no holes in a ceiling trim frame to secure speakers.
Even when the ceiling trim has a securing hole, the hole is covered by the ceiling trim. Thus, it is necessary to remove a part of the ceiling trim for fitting the mounting bracket assembly to the frame. This tends to require a laborious process to secure a speaker on the frame.
Meanwhile, it is difficult to secure a comparatively heavy speaker on a ceiling trim. Because, the ceiling trim is weak in mechanical strength. Thus, only a comparatively small speaker can be fitted on the ceiling trim.
In view of the above-mentioned situation, an object of the present invention is to provide a mounting bracket assembly for fitting a comparatively large electronic instrument such as a larger speaker to trims of various types of automotive vehicles.


In one embodiment, an apparatus is provided for testing for the presence of analytes in a sample. The apparatus comprises a source of light directed at the bottom surface of a substrate to achieve total internal reflection and to generate an evanescent field. An array of capture elements is immobilized on the top surface of the substrate. The bottom surface of the substrate is configured as a sawtooth (in cross section), the “teeth” aligned with the rows or the columns in the array. The outer faces of the sawtooth “prisms” are non-parallel to the substrate top surface, and specific requirements are imposed on the prism light-entrance face, and the substrate thickness and refractive index.

U.S. Pat. No. 6,594,011 issued Jul. 15, 2003 describes an apparatus which employs a substrate with an array of capture elements immobilized on the top surface of the substrate. When the array is exposed to a fluid sample, patterns of binding events occur in the array depending on the analytes present in the sample. The patterns of binding events are captured by directing a beam of polarized light through a prism abutting the bottom surface of the substrate. The beam is directed at an angle to obtain total internal reflection (TIR) and to generate an evanescent field in the plane of the array. The pattern of binding events is imposed on a detection device such as a CCD camera and compared with a stored image of the array captured prior to exposure to the sample. The localized changes in the intensities of reflected light and the locations of those changes in the array are representative of the various analytes present in the sample.

Biological testing with sawtooth-shaped prisms


A coin cassette (10) formed by a channeled sleeve (11) in which a cartridge (12) is slidably mounted between the two open ends (25, 26) of the sleeve (11). The cartridge (12) includes variously-sized slotted formations (43) for coins (55). Ribs (31, 32) on the cartridge (12) mate with corresponding grooves (21, 22) in the sleeve's panels (13, 14) to provide direction of sliding motion of the cartridge (12) out of the sleeve (11). Stop members (33, 34) are mounted on the top edges (17, 18) of the panels (13, 14), for engagement with ears (35, 36) on the sides (46, 48) of the cartridge (12) to restrict its extent of sliding motion, preventing it from being separated from its sleeve (11). A serrated thumb pad (19) on a sleeve panel (13) provides for gripping the sleeve (11) in the casette's operation.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a pocket sized coin receptacle or holder, and is more particularly directed to a cassette having a coin-holding cartridge slidably but restrictively mounted in a sleeve, and from which coins are stored in or dispensed from the receptacle.
2. Identification of Known Related Art
Various kinds of coin receptacles are disclosed in the following prior art teachings, hereby made of record: U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,470,358; 2,600,311; 2,550,437; and 4,033,452.


A push button switch including a housing, an operating member slidably received in the housing, a contact switch section located under the operating member, an actuator rotatably supported to the housing for opening and closing the contact switch section, a spring retained between the actuator and the operating member, and a pusher pin extending downwardly from the operating member and adapted to push the actuator, wherein when the operating member is depressed to make the pusher pin abut against the actuator, the actuator starts to be rotated for generation of buckling of the spring. Accordingly, the switching time of the buckling of the spring can be made constant, thereby ensuring a constant on-timing of the switch.

The present invention relates to a push button switch for use with personal computers, word processors, etc., and more particularly to such a push button switch using a membrane switch for a contact switch section and providing a click feeling.
FIGS. 5A and 5B show a conventional push button switch of this kind, wherein FIG. 5A shows an undepressed condition of a key top of the push button switch, and FIG. 5B shows a depressed condition of the key top.
Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the key top designated by reference numeral 1 is slidably received in a hollow cylindrical support 3 extending upright from a frame 2 of a keyboard. The frame 2 is mounted on a substrate 4 in the keyboard, and has a plurality of supports 3 corresponding to a plurality of key tops 1.
The key top 1 is fixedly provided with a stem 5 extending downwardly and slidably received in the cylindrical support 3. The stem 5 is formed with a pair of skirts 6 (one of which is shown) forked from an upper portion of the stem 5. The stem 5 is formed on its outer surface with ribs, and the cylindrical support 3 is formed on its inner surface with grooves. The ribs of the stem 5 are slidably engaged with the grooves of the cylindrical support 3 to guide the vertical travel of the key top 1 in the cylindrical support 3.
A rocking actuator 8 is located under the key top 1, and a compression coil spring 7 is interposed between the key top 1 and the actuator 8. Reference numeral 10 designates a contact switch formed in a membrane contact switch structure 9 formed on the substrate 4. The actuator 8 is adapted to be rocked by depressing the key top 1 and thereby closing the contact switch 10. An upper end of the spring 7 is engaged with a mounting base 11 formed on the inner wall surface of the stem 5. The mounting base 11 is slightly inclined so that the spring 7 may be deflected and buckled in a preselected direction (e.g., rightwardly as viewed in FIG. 5A) upon depression of the key top 1. However, the buckling of the spring 7 in a direction perpendicular to a plane of the sheet of the drawing is prevented by the skirts 6 of the stem 5.
The actuator 8 is normally urged against an upper surface 12 of the membrane contact switch structure 9 by a biasing force of the spring 7, and the key top 1 is also normally urged upwardly by the biasing force of the spring 7. A pair of stoppers 13 (one of which is shown) are formed on the outer surfaces of the skirts 6 of the stem 5 at a lower end thereof. The stoppers 13 are adapted to engage a pair of shoulders 14 (one of which is shown) formed on the inner surface of the cylindrical support 3. Thus, the upward movement of the key top 1 is restricted by the engagement of the stoppers 13 with the shoulders 14. Specifically, each of the stoppers 13 has a slant surface cooperating with a slant surface of each of the shoulders 14 for easy assembling of the key top 1 with respect to the cylindrical support 3. However, after assembling, an upper surface of each stopper 13 abuts against a lower surface of each shoulder 14 to restrict the vertical travel of the key top 1.
Under the rest condition of the actuator 8 shown in FIG. 5A, a lower surface 16 of a supporting base 15 of the actuator 8 and a lower surface 18 of another supporting base 17 of the actuator 8 are maintained in pressure contact with the upper surface 12 of the membrane contact switch structure 9. The lower surfaces 16 and 18 are separate from the contact switch 10 so as not to apply a force to the contact switch 10 even by the compression of the spring 7. Under the rest condition, there is defined a small gap between a lower surface 21 of a projecting portion 20 of the actuator 8 and the upper surface 12 of the membrane contact switch structure 9.
The membrane contact switch structure 9 includes an upper layer 22, an intermediate layer 23 and a lower layer 24. The intermediate layer 23 has a plurality of circular openings 29 (one of which is shown) for providing a plurality of the contact switches 10 therein, respectively. Each of the contact switches 10 is comprised of an upper circular contact 26 formed on a lower surface 25 of the upper layer 22 and a lower circular contact 28 formed on an upper surface 27 of the lower layer 24. With this structure, when the upper layer 22 is depressed by the actuator 8 upon rocking thereof, the upper circular contact 26 is brought into electrical contact with the lower circular contact 28, thus closing the contact switch 10.
In operation, when the key top 1 is depressed from its rest position, a depression force applied to the key top 1 is transmitted through the coil spring 7 to the actuator 8, and there is generated a counterclockwise moment about pivot points 30 and 31. Thereafter, when the depression force is gradually increased, the coil spring 7 is further compressed and is simultaneously deflected rightwardly as viewed in FIG. 5B. As a result, there is generated a clockwise moment about the pivot points 30 and 31 by the lateral (rightward) deflection of the coil spring 7. Finally, when the clockwise moment exceeds the counterclockwise moment, the actuator 8 is rocked clockwise about the pivot points 30 and 31 as shown in FIG. 5B. As a result, the lower surface 21 of the projecting portion 20 of the actuator 8 is brought into pressure contact at point 32 with the upper surface 12 of the membrane contact switch structure 9 to thereby depress the upper circular contact 26 against the lower circular contact 28. Thus, the contact switch 10 is closed. At this time, the buckling of the coil spring 7 is generated to obtain a click feeling.
In the prior art switch as mentioned above, the actuator 8 is rocked by the compression and the buckling of the coil spring 7 retained between the key top 1 and the actuator 8, and the contact switch 10 is turned on by the depression of the actuator 8 against the upper circular contact 26. Accordingly, the time between key depression and electrical contact at the contact switch 10 ("on-timing") is affected by variations of the spring force of the coil spring 7. Furthermore, when the key top 1 is depressed at its edge, the stem 5 is inclined because of the existence of an annular clearance between the cylindrical support 3 and the stem 5, causing fluctuation in the time between the key depression and the buckling of the coil spring 7 ("start-timing"). In some cases, the actuator 8 is not rocked because of fluctuation of the depression force.

Spring loaded push-button switch having predictable switching time despite varying spring characteristics


Managing data traffic among three or more bus agents configured in a topological ring includes numbering each bus agent sequentially and injecting messages that include a binary polarity value from the bus agents into the ring in a sequential order according to the numbering of the bus agents during cycles of bus agent activity. Messages from the ring are received into two or more receive buffers of a receiving bus agent, and the value of the binary polarity value is alternated after succeeding cycles of bus ring activity. The received messages are ordered for processing by the receiving bus agent based on the polarity value of the messages and a time at which each message was received.

Computer chips can contain multiple computing cores, memories, or processors, and these elements can communicate with each other while the chip performs its intended functions. In some computer chips, individual computer core elements may contain caches to buffer data communication with memories, and when the memory is shared among the computing cores, the data held in each individual core cache can be maintained in a coherent manner with other core caches and with the shared memory.
This coherence among the cache cores can be maintained by connecting the communicating elements in a shared bus architecture in which the shared bus includes protocols for communicating any changes in the contents of one cache to the contents of any of the caches. However, the speed at which such a shared bus can operate to communicate information among the agents connected to the bus is generally limited due to electrical loading of the bus, and this limitation generally become more severe as more agents are added to the shared bus. As processor speeds become faster and the number of shared elements increases, limitations on the communication speed on the bus impose undesirable restrictions on the overall processing capability of the chip.


This document describes techniques and apparatuses for handling Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) selection while user equipment is in an inactive mode at a radio resource control layer. In aspects, the UE performs a cell-selection procedure that selects a first cell that serves a first Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). The UE establishes a radio connection to the first PLMN. The UE transitions from a connected mode at a radio resource control layer to an inactive mode at a radio resource control layer. After a period of time, the UE performs a cell-reselection procedure that selects a second cell that serves a second PLMN. The UE determines if the second PLMN is an equivalent PLMN to the first PLMN. If the second PLMN is an equivalent PLMN to the first PLMN, the UE sends an indication to a lower layer that triggers an action.

The evolution of wireless communication to Fifth Generation (5G) standards and technologies provides higher data rates and greater capacity, with improved reliability and lower latency, which enhances mobile broadband services. 5G technologies also provide new classes of services for vehicular, fixed wireless broadband, and the Internet of Things (IoT).
A core network operator provides its telecommunication services to user equipment (UE) through a network. One example of a network is a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) that includes the core network and one or more base stations, which collectively form a Radio Access Network (RAN) connected to the network. To communicate wirelessly with the network, a UE may establish a connection to the network via a cell (e.g., a base station, a serving cell).
After establishing the connection, the UE may transition between different resource control states (e.g., RRC connected state, RRC inactive state, RRC idle state) at a radio resource control (RRC) layer. For example, the UE may transition from an RRC connected state (e.g., RRC_CONNECTED) to an RRC inactive state (e.g., RRC_INACTIVE) at the RRC layer. A UE can be in an RRC inactive state when: (1) the UE is in 5GMM-CONNECTED mode with RRC inactive indication at the Non-Access Stratum layer (NAS layer) (e.g., the UE is in 5GMM-CONNECTED mode over 3GPP access at the NAS layer and the UE is in the RRC_INACTIVE state at the Access Stratum (AS) layer), or (2) the UE is in RRC_INACTIVE at the RRC layer.
When a UE is switched on, the NAS layer may select a PLMN. With cell selection, the UE searches for a suitable cell of the selected PLMN, chooses that cell to provide available services, and monitors its control channel (aka "camps on the cell"). The UE, if necessary, then registers its presence, utilizing a NAS registration procedure, in the tracking area of the chosen cell of the selected PLMN. As an outcome of successful location registration, the selected PLMN then becomes a "registered" PLMN. After selection to the registered PLMN, the NAS of the UE may select a more-suitable cell, according to the cell reselection criteria, and camp on it. The new cell may belong to a new PLMN that is not an equivalent PLMN to the registered PLMN.
If the UE selects a new PLMN that is not an equivalent PLMN to the registered PLMN, the UE triggers a transition from an inactive state (e.g., 5GMM-CONNECTED mode with RRC inactive indication) to an idle state (e.g., 5GMM-IDLE mode). In such an instance, the upper layers (e.g., the NAS layer) of the UE enter the idle mode (e.g., 5GMM-IDLE) and the lower layer (e.g., RRC layer) remains in the inactive mode (e.g., RRC_INACTIVE). The lower layer does not know that the upper layer(s) have already left the inactive mode.
As a result, there is a state mismatch between at least one upper layer (e.g., NAS layer, 5GMM layer) and at least one lower layer (e.g., Access Stratum (AS) layer, RRC layer). Due to the state mismatch between an upper layer and a lower layer, a situation may arise where the NAS layer may request the RRC layer to establish an RRC connection while the RRC layer is in an inactive state. When the RRC layer is in an inactive state, it cannot establish an RRC connection. According to the current 3GPP specification, the RRC layer ignores this request from the upper layer (e.g., the NAS layer, the 5GMM layer). Furthermore, due to the state mismatch, the RRC layer may perform an unnecessary radio access network-based (RAN-based) notification area (RNA) update procedure and waste its power while in the radio resource control (RRC) inactive mode; because the NAS layer is already in idle mode, the RNA update is not needed.

Public land mobile network selection by user equipment in an inactive mode at a radio resource control layer


Disclosed are pharmaceutical compositions for enhancing human host resistance against opportunistic infection in an individual immunocompromised by an AIDS-related virus, consisting essentially of an anti-viral, anti-AIDS drug selected from the group consisting of ansamycin, ribavirin, dideoxycitidine, HPA-23, AL-721, foscarnet, and azidothymidine and a glycolipid compound consisting essentially of the formula: ##STR1## where: R.sup.1 is .alpha. or .beta.-D-1-thiomannopyranoside, .alpha. or .beta.-L-1-thiofucopyranoside.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to steroidal derivatives of glycolipids, in which steroids are bridged, via a medium length hydrocarbon chain, to 1-thio-D-mannopyranoses or 1-thio-L-fucopyranoses that protect an immunocompromised host, particularly resulting from an AIDS-related virus, against opportunistic infection.
2. Brief Description of Disclosures in the Art
The search for new immunostimulator agents for augmenting host defenses to combat infection, cancer and congenital immunodeficiency disorders is an increasingly important area of pharmaceutical endeavor particularly as it relates to AIDS-related viruses.
Seven years ago few had ever heard of acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS. This puzzling affliction, then seen in only a small number of young, homosexual men, was something new and unnamed. Today, it's hard to find anyone in the U.S. who hasn't heard of AIDS, the disease that can debilitate and then kill its victim with horrific swiftness.
AIDS has come to be recognized as a public health emergency. More than 27,700 American men, women, and children have been stricken by it; the death toll is 16,000 and rising. The U. S. Public Health Service predicts that by the end of 1991 more than 179,000 persons will have succumbed to the disease.
Thus far, there is no cure for AIDS.
Technically, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a transmissible deficiency of cellular immunity characterized by opportunistic infections and certain rare malignancies. The dominant risk groups for AIDS include homosexually active males, intravenous drug abusers, recipients of transfusions and blood products, and the heterosexual partners and children of high-risk individuals, suggesting the involvement of an infectious agent transmitted through intimate contact or blood products.
Recent evidence indicates that the infectious agent responsible for disease transmission is a novel lymphotropic retrovirus, currently designated HIV-I (human immunodeficiency virus) and also known as lymphadenopathy-associated virus (LAV) (Barre-Sinoussi et al., Science 220: 868 (1983)). Similar viruses have been reported by other scientific groups (Popovic et al., Science 224: 497 (1984); Levy et al. Science 225: 840 (1984)) and designated human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III), AIDS-associated retrovirus (ARV), or immune deficiency-associated virus (IDAV). Still more recent data indicates that LAV, HTLV-III, ARV and IDAV share several important characteristics, including substantial nucleotide homology (Wain-Hobson et al., Cell 40: 9 (1985); Muesing et al., Nature 313: 450 (1985); Sanchez-Pescador et al., Science 227: 484 (1985)), and should be considered isolates of the same virus, although there is a likelihood that strain-to-strain variations among the viral isolates will exist. In addition to exhibiting substantial nucleotide homology, the isolates are similar with respect to morphology, cytopathology, requirements for optimum reverse transcriptase activity, and at least some antigenic properties (Levy, supra: Schupbach et al., Science 224: 503 (1984)). The above materials are hereby incorporated by reference to characterize the phrase "AIDS-related virus".
Glycolipids are known in the immunological and pharmaceutical arts, e.g. M. M. Ponpipom et al., in "Liposomes Technology Vol. III, Targeted Drug Delivery and Biological Interactions", ed. by G. Gregoriadis, CRC Critical Reviews, Ch. 7, pp. 95-115.
Steroidal glycosidic compounds are known in the art as being useful immunological adjuvants. For example see, U.S. Pat. No. 4,259,324; U.S. Pat. No. 4,229,441; U S. Pat. No. 4,189,471 (all three patents being assigned to Merck & Co., Inc.); Carbohydrate Res. 67, pp. 55-63 (1978) by J. C. Chabala and T. Y. Shen; J. Med. Chem. 23. p. 1184-1188 (1980) by M. M. Ponpipom et al.; and Can J. Chem. 58, pp. 214-220 (1980) by M. M. Ponpipom et al.
Glycosides are also known in the art for exhibiting pharmacological effects. For example, see U.S. Pat. No. 4,228,274; Chem. Pharm. Bull. Jap., 12, 528-532 (1964); and Proc. Nat'l Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 78, No. 12, pp. 7294-7298 (1981).
Another reference, J. Med. Chem., 15, pp. 1284-1287 (1972), describes synthesis of epimeric 20-and and 22-azacholesterols as potential therapeutic mediators for hyperfunctioning adrenal glands.
However, the above disclosures do not specifically describe glycolipids bearing steroidal substituents for use as host resistance enhancing agents, i.e., immunostimulators specifically to viral infection in immunocompromised hosts.

Steroidal glycolipids as host resistance stimulators against viral infection


A spatial light modulator may be adapted to receive bi-directional drive signals. The spatial light modulator may include a plurality of pixel elements having individual first electrodes and a common electrode providing a second electrode for each of the pixel elements. The pixel elements may be adapted to change between a first state and a second state in accordance with signals applied thereto, and the bi-directional drive signals may include at least a first drive signal and a second drive signal. Both drive signals are applied to change the pixel elements from the first state to the second state and from the second state to the first state.

Various light modulator structures are well known in the art. Such structures includes liquid crystal displays (LCDs), light emitting diodes (LEDs), and micro-electronic mirror systems (MEMS). LCDs may be reflective or transmissive. Crystalline silicon may be used to manufacture liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) displays.
With reference to FIG. 1, a conventional display system 10 includes a spatial light modulator (SLM) 12 connected to a drive circuit 14. The drive circuit 14 provides a drive signal 16 to the SLM 12.
With reference to FIG. 2, in a liquid crystal display system 20, liquid crystal material 22 is positioned between two electrodes 23 and 24. The liquid crystal material includes crystals 25 which are affected by the voltage applied across the two electrodes 23 and 24. One electrode 23 is grounded and the other electrode 24 is connected to a drive signal. For example, the drive signal may be a DC voltage signal. In the example illustrated in FIG. 2, when a voltage of zero volts (0 V) is applied to the electrode 24 the crystals 25 lie in a plane approximately parallel to the plane of the electrodes 23 and 24.
With reference to FIG. 3, changing the state of the voltage applied to the electrode 24 causes a corresponding change to the state of the crystals 25. In the example illustrated in FIG. 3, when a voltage of three volts (3 V) is applied to the electrode 24 the crystals 25 change their orientation to lie in a plane approximately perpendicular to the plane of the electrodes 23 and 24. Changing the orientation of the crystals 25 changes the polarization properties of the liquid crystal material 22.
With reference to FIG. 4, a drive signal 40 has a voltage of 0 V at time T0, changing to Von at time T1 and back to 0 V at time T2. When the drive signal changes voltage levels, the liquid crystal material 22 transitions between respective parallel and perpendicular orientations of the crystals 25. For example, one orientation corresponds to an ON state for a pixel element (e.g. a dark spot on the LCD) and the other orientation corresponds to an OFF state for the pixel element (e.g. a light spot on the LCD).
With reference to FIGS. 5-6, for an LCD system 50 the change from one orientation to another in one direction is relatively fast (see FIG. 5) while the change in the other direction is much slower (see FIG. 6). The relatively slower transition is limited by the relaxation properties of the liquid crystal material. The response time is related to the fluid dynamics. MEMS systems have similar mechanical properties where one orientation of the reflective element is influenced by an applied signal and the other orientation is dependent on mechanical restoring forces.
An important performance aspect of an SLM display system is the response time of the SLM. With reference to FIG. 7, a drive signal V is represented by the dashed line and the response time of the SLM is represented by the solid line. The horizontal axis T corresponds to time and the vertical axis A corresponds to normalized amplitudes of the drive signal and the ON state of the pixel. When a drive signal V is applied, the response time of the SLM under the influence of the applied signal (e.g. 3 V) is very fast, as represented by the steep ramp R in the graph. When the applied signal is removed (e.g. 0 V), the SLM relies on natural restoring forces to return the pixels to their original state. This transition is relatively slower, as represented by the curve C in the graph. LCDs, MEMS, and other conventional display systems all may have a response graph similar to the graph of FIG. 7.

Light modulator with bi-directional drive


An integrated circuit comprising at least one MOS-type transistor, further comprising a system for detecting the variations of the electrical quantities of the at least one transistor, and a biasing device modifying the bias voltage of the bulk of the at least one transistor according to the variations measured by the detection system.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an integrated circuit comprising MOS-type transistors.
2. Description of the Related Art
The technological progress of methods for manufacturing integrated circuits and in particular circuits comprising MOS-type transistors generally goes along with a decrease in the surface area taken up by each transistor. The drain, source, and channel surface areas, as well as the gate oxide thickness, are decreased. This geometric decrease generally goes along with a decrease in the bias voltage of the integrated circuit components. However, the bias voltage of transistors decreases proportionally slower than the thickness of their gate oxide, to avoid decreasing their switching speed, or even to increase it.
This faster gate oxide thickness decrease results in increasing the average electric field crossing a gate oxide. This causes "degradations" of the transistors along their use and a decrease in their switching speed. Such physical degradations correspond to an increase in the equivalent drain-source resistance of the transistors and a decrease in their switching speed.
Accordingly, a fast gate oxide thickness decrease, to have high switching speeds, results in reliability problems and variations in the electric characteristics of the transistors along their use.
Such variations are particularly disturbing for certain types of circuits. For the latter, it is then necessary to provide transistors exhibiting thicker gate oxides, to the detriment of their switching speed.

Compensation for electric drifts of MOS transistors


An improved process for the preparation of 1,3 substituted indenes which are useful intermediates in the synthesis of aryl fused azapolycyclic compounds as agents for the treatment of neurological and psychological disorders.

The present invention relates to an improved process for the preparation of 1,3-substituted indenes of the formula
wherein R1, R2, R3 and R4 are as defined below.
Compounds of formula I are useful intermediates in the preparation of certain aryl fused azapolycyclic compounds which exhibit activity as agents for the treatment of neurological and psychological disorders.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/514002 filed Feb. 25, 2000 discloses the preparation of 3-aminomethyl-indan-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester and the use of that compound as an intermediate in the synthesis of certain aryl fused azapolycyclic compounds.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/124,135 filed April 04, 2002 discloses the preparation of aryl-fused azapolycyclic compounds from intermediates having the formula I.
The synthesis, composition, and methods of use of certain aryl fused azapolycyclic compounds which exhibit activity as agents for the treatment of neurological and psychological disorders is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,410,550 B1. The foregoing patent applications and patent are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.

Process for the preparation of 1,3-substituted indenes


An optical scanning system uses a multiple synchronizing sensing device to device a row of modulated signals into multiple blocks so that the effect of velocity jitter of a polygon scanning mirror is evenly distributed on each zone. In this manner, the influence of printing quality by the velocity jitter is reduced. For instance, the multiple synchronizing sensing device is provided with twenty sensing elements, the influence of the velocity jitter is lessened to be one twenth time as much as its original value. Therefore, the cost is greatly lowered by applying the system of the present invention to a high resolution optical scanning device which utilizes a polygon scanning mirror of less precision.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an optical scanning system, and in particular to a polygon mirror scanner with poorer precision that can distribute its velocity jitter, further can improve the quality and lower the cost of the optical scanning system.
2. Description of Prior Art
For equipment that employs an optical scanning system, such as a laser printer, the requirements of the velocity jitter (i.e., speed variation) of an optical scanner increases as the resolution degree is improved. In addition, the accuracy of a scanning velocity jitter also increases as the resolution degree improves.
Besides, the standard for the velocity jitter and the cost become increasing high as a printing paper is enlarged or resolution degree improves.
Nowadays, if the standard of the velocity jitter is too strict, the polygon mirror scanner technique will be difficult to meet specifications.
FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a prior art optical scanner system employing a laser printer. The prior art optical scanner system is suited for use in the electronic control system 10. A light beam is emitted by a modulated laser diode 12, and then impinges on a photoconductive drum 14. The prior art optical scanner system primarily comprises a collimating lens 20, a cylindrical lens 30, a polygon mirror 40 and an optical scanning lens 50. The light beam of laser diode 12 having image information which is a series of modulating signals. The collimating lens 20 makes all the light beam parallel. The parallel light beam as a whole is considered as a modulating signal beam 11. The cylindrical lens 30 focuses the modulation light beam 11 which is passed through the collimating lens 20 and the cylindrical lens 30. Then, the light beam impinges on a rotating polygon mirror 40. The rotating polygon mirror 40 is driven to rotate by a motor at constant speed. The polygon mirror 40 is provided with a plurality of identical flat mirrors, and, thus, the light beam incident upon one of the mirror surfaces of the polygon mirror 40 is reflected so that the reflected light beam now passes through an optical scanning lens 50, which serves as a linear focusing lens. Then the light beam is reflected by a flat mirror 16 to impinge upon a photoconductive drum 14.
Besides, the synchronizing light beam 22 passes through the optical scanning lens 50, a reflecting mirror 62, a focusing lens 64, and an optical fiber 66 and then impinges on a photodiode 68. The photodiode 68 receives the light beam 22 and transfers it to an electronic signal. Then, the electronic signal passes through the electronic control system 10. The electric signal is used as a starting synchronizing signal of each line printing signal. Because the position of the optical scanning lens 50, the reflecting mirror 62, the focusing lens 64, the optical fiber 66 and the photodiode 68 are fixed, the light beam position can be treated as a reference point, so as to lessen the influence caused by the angle inaccuracy and velocity jitter of the polygon mirror 40, and let the starting points of all printing lines be the same. Therefore, the synchronizing light beam 22 can be treated as the starting synchronizing signal of each line printing signal.
FIG. 2a-2d are comparative diagrams of the effect of the velocity jitter of the prior art optical scanner system in FIG. 1 on the printing velocity (or printing length), in which FIG. 2a shows a synchronizing signal, FIG. 2b shows a normal printing velocity, FIG. 2c shows that the scanning velocity becomes faster and the printing length becomes longer when the velocity jitter is positive, and FIG. 2d shows that the scanning velocity becomes slower and the printing length becomes shorter when the velocity jitter is negative. When the rotating velocity of the polygon mirror scanner 40 is a constant, i.e., the scanning velocity of every edge of the polygon mirror scanner is the same, the printing length of every line will also be the same. However, if the polygon mirror scanner 40 has a phenomenon of velocity jitter, there will be a change to the scanning velocity. Although all the starting printing points are at the same position 80 as shown in FIG. 2, when the velocity jitter is positive, the scanning velocity becomes faster, the printing length becomes longer, and produce a position error E. When the velocity jitter is negative, the scanning velocity becomes slower, the printing length becomes shorter, and is produced a position error E'. Therefore, when the polygon mirror scanner 40 has a phenomenon of velocity jitter, the printing velocity will be sometimes faster and sometimes slower, this will cause a bad effect on a printed graph or character. Although it is impossible for the velocity jitter to be zero, it can be small enough such that the position error is approximately to be zero and therefore there is almost no influence to the printing quantity. However, the smaller the velocity jitter is, the higher the cost becomes.

Multisynchronizing signal optical scanning system for dispensing position error

Industrial Technology Research Institute


An apparatus is provided for testing storage elements that include a variable impedance element switchable between a first impedance state and a second impedance state. The apparatus includes an interconnect circuit for coupling storage elements in a selected arrangement. The apparatus includes an impedance sensing circuit operable to measure at least a resistive component of an impedance of the coupled storage elements and a test controller operable to configure the interconnect circuit and initiate measurement of the combined impedance of the coupled storage elements by the impedance sensing circuit. The impedance sensing circuit compares the measured impedance with at least a resistive component of an expected impedance. The storage elements and apparatus may form part of an integrated circuit. A storage element may include a correlated electron switch, for example.

A memory array may be tested by checking if memory cells of the array can be both set to logical-1 and reset to logical-0. One method of testing writes values to a row of an array and then reads the values back. The parity of the written values is compared with the parity of the read values. A difference in parities indicates a failure of one or more memory cells. However, the method fails when an even number of bits are in error (flipped).
A memory cell may be constructed using an element with a variable impedance. An example is a cell that utilizes Correlated Electron Material (CEM) in a Correlated Electron Switch (CES). Correlated Electron Material (CEM) exhibits an abrupt transition from a conductive/low impedance state to an insulative/high impedance state, the transition arising from electron correlations in a material, rather than from solid state structural phase changes.

Fast quasi-parity checker for correlated electron switch (CES) memory array


An object is to provide a semiconductor device in which lower power consumption is realized by lowering voltage for data writing without increase in types of power supply potentials. Another object is to provide a semiconductor device in which threshold voltage drop of a selection transistor is suppressed without increase in types of power supply potentials for data writing. A diode-connected transistor is electrically connected in series with a word line electrically connected to a gate of an n-channel selection transistor. A capacitor is provided between the word line and a bit line electrically connected to one of a source and a drain of the selection transistor; alternatively, the capacitance between the bit line and the word line is used. In data writing, the timing of selecting the word line is earlier than the timing of selecting the bit line.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device including a plurality of circuit elements arranged in matrix.
2. Description of the Related Art
There is known a technique for driving a plurality of circuit elements that are arranged in matrix and includes a selection transistor with a plurality of signal lines and a driver circuit. Such a technique is applied, for example, to image display devices such as liquid crystal display devices, light-emitting display devices, and electronic paper and storage devices such as DRAM and SRAM.
An n-channel transistor is often used as the selection transistor. Some of the reasons are as follows: an n-channel transistor operates at high speed because electrons with high mobility are used as carriers, and is suitable for miniaturization because large current can flow through even a relatively small n-channel transistor.
Application of such a technique to image display devices is generally referred to as an active matrix technology or the like. For example, most of active-matrix liquid crystal display devices include a pixel portion including n-channel transistors.
Storage devices using semiconductor elements are broadly classified into two categories: a volatile storage device that loses stored data when power supply stops, and a non-volatile storage device that holds stored data even when power supply stops.
A typical example of a non-volatile storage device is flash memory. Flash memory holds electric charge in a floating gate and thus has a semi-permanent data retention time (e.g., see Patent Document 1). However, flash memory consumes large power because it requires high voltage for writing and erasing data, and in addition, it is not easy to increase the speed of these operations.
Typical examples of volatile storage devices are dynamic random access memory (DRAM) and static random access memory (SRAM). Such volatile storage devices lose stored data when power supply stops, but consume relatively less power because they do not need high voltage as in non-volatile memory.
In recent years, development of devices for which low power consumption is required, for example, portable electronic devices such as mobile phones and small computer and wireless devices to which power is wirelessly supplied, such as non-contact IC cards and RFID tags, has progressed. In such devices, even a slight increase in power consumption sometimes becomes problematic. The increase in power consumption leads to a reduction in the communication range in RFID tags, and leads to a reduction in the driving time with a battery in portable phones, for example.

Semiconductor device and method for driving the same

Semiconductor Energy Laboratory Co., Ltd.


A heating assembly is provided for attachment to an existing ceiling fan to heat airflow being generated by the fan blades. The heating assembly is adapted to connect to the base of the ceiling fan directly below the blades by means of the centrally located mechanical attachment mechanism associated with the fan and conventionally provided to allow attachment of a light kit thereto. The heating assembly includes a vented housing enclosing on or more electrical filaments, heat tubes or other heating elements arranged to radiate heat outwardly of the vented housing into the airflow generated by the fan blades and electrically connected by electrical leads extending through the attachment mechanism to wiring extending from the ceiling fan, which is normally used for a light kit assembly. The heating apparatus may also include an on/off switch and thermostat control located on the fan or at a remote location.

The present invention is directed to ceiling fan apparatus and more particularly to heating apparatus for attachment to ceiling fans.
Conventional ceiling fans are used only in warm temperatures to enhance cooling ventilation. A conventional fan is virtually useless in cool temperatures because the effect of circulating warm air near the ceiling is offset by the cooling effect of the additional air movement.
Some prior art devices have attempted to include a heating element as part of a ceiling fan to provide additional heat to the air being circulated. U.S. Pat. No. 4,508,958, granted to Kan et al. discloses a device having a circular heating element near the center of a ceiling fan with a second set of blades circulating directly above the heating element so as to direct hot air into the main air flow. Other devices such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,782,213 to Teal and U.S. Pat. No. 4,504,191 to Brown provide for heating elements in the fan blades to heat the air flow generated by the blades. Both such prior art devices involve complicated circuitry and apparatus integral with conventional ceiling fan apparatus must be included at the time of manufacture.

Electric heater assembly for attachment to ceiling fans


A hard disk drive (HDD) including a slider. The slider includes a resistive temperature detector (RTD) configured to detect a temperature generated by one or more of slider spacing and contact with a media of said HDD. HDD also includes a slider signal controller configured to control bias signal of a slider with respect to a media potential, a real-time media-disk fly-height and contact detector configured to detect one or more of temperature generated by real-time media-disk slider spacing and real-time media-disk contact, and a real-time relative fly-height determiner configured to detect real-time relative fly-height of the slider based on analysis of a modulated portion of a high-frequency signal coupled to an element of the slider.

Hard disk drives (HDD) include read and write transducers that reside within a slider, which flies over a recording media/disk. Increasing demand in data density requires that the read and write transducers fly closer to the media. Accordingly, the fly-height between the slider and disk is increasingly important as storage densities also increase.
A thermal fly-height control (TFC) device (e.g., heater element) can be disposed within a slider to contort the slider near the read and write transducers (or elements), which lowers the fly-height for the read and write transducers. To verify the relative fly-height, the read-back signal's amplitude and a Wallace spacing loss relationship can be utilized. However, the read-back signal measurement may not provide an accurate fly-height. With a slider flying as close as possible to a disk, write element slider-media contact (WEC) may occur, which creates unstable slider-fly dynamics, which in turn, creates data imprint errors in the media. Moreover, fly-height is also affected by lubricant-slider interaction and electrostatic force.
The drawings referred to in this description should be understood as not being drawn to scale except if specifically noted.

Integrating control of slider bias potential, touch-down detection and fly-height determination in a HDD


The installation structure for the lithium battery box of the electric vehicle includes a battery box body and a vehicle frame oblique beam, where an insertion hole is produced in a front end of the battery box body; an installation groove is produced in the vehicle frame oblique beam; a front battery box base is installed in a front installation groove; an insertion bolt driven through a key is arranged on the front battery box base; where an upwards-bulged arc-shaped limit groove is produced in the middle of the lower cover in the axis of the box body; the installation groove of the vehicle frame oblique beam is an installation groove with a front opening and a rear opening; a limit bulge adaptive to the arc-shaped limit groove is produced on a groove bottom of the installation groove.

With popularization and continuous development of electric vehicles, requirements of people for the electric vehicles are higher and higher. The electric vehicles meet not only sensory and aesthetic demands of people from appearance but also use demands of people from functions and practicability thereof.
There are two existing installation manners for a lithium battery of an electric vehicle, one is front-mounted installation, and the other one is rear-mounted installation. A front-mounted battery box is generally installed on an oblique beam of a vehicle frame, that is, an installation groove provided with a groove wall at periphery is produced in the oblique beam, and the battery box internally filled with a lithium battery is embedded in the installation groove; and in order to enhance stability of the vehicle frame, a cross beam is further arranged on the oblique beam generally, so that the cross beam, the oblique beam and a saddle vertical tube together form a subtriangular shape with stability. However, when taking the battery box out of interior of the installation groove, the battery box needs to be lifted so as to be higher than the groove wall of the installation groove so that to take out the battery box; however, taking-out for the lithium battery is influenced if the cross beam above the oblique beam is designed to be low; moreover, it is more inconvenient due to a high dead weight of the lithium battery; and aesthetic property of the whole vehicle is influenced if the cross beam is designed to be high.

Installation structure for lithium battery box of electric vehicle


A fluid sampling apparatus is disclosed for withdrawing samples of groundwater or other fluids from a well or other monitoring site. The apparatus preferably includes pump means, conduit means and a wellhead assembly that are substantially permanently installed at such well or monitoring site and are thereby dedicated thereto in order to avoid or minimize cross-contamination of samples from site to site. The apparatus preferably also includes a removable and portable controller means adapted for easy and convenient transportation and connection to such dedicated fluid sampling components at various wells or monitoring sites.. The questions raised in reexamination request No. 90/001,494, filed Apr. 18, 1988, have been considered and the results thereof are reflected in this reissue patent which constitutes the reexamination certificate required by 35 U.S.C. 307 as provided in 37 CRF 1.570(e).

The invention relates generally to fluid pumping apparatus. More particularly, the preferred embodiment of the invention relates to apparatus for obtaining liquid samples from a well or the like.
Recent increases in public concern for the environment have resulted in various government-imposed environmental regulations. Among such regulations are requirements relating to the monitoring of groundwater quality. In response to these requirements, water quality analytic capabilities have been improved and water sampling equipment has been developed. Much of the previously-developed sampling equipment has not been effective, however, in obtaining consistent, non-contaminated water samples that are accurately representative of the water system from which the sample is taken.
The inadequacies of previous sampling equipment stem largely from such causes as cross-contamination between sampling sites, ineffective and inconsistent field cleaning methods, contamination due to equipment handling, and inconsistent well depth sampling. In addition to presenting sample quality problems, much of the previous equipment has been heavy and bulky and thus difficult to transport from one monitoring site to another. Finally, much of such previous equipment has proved to be complicated to operate, inordinately expensive, and impractical for sampling at remote locations where site access is severely limited.
In accordance with the present invention, a fluid sampling apparatus is provided for use in obtaining accurate samples of groundwater or other fluids. In the preferred embodiment, the pump is dedicated to a particular monitoring well or other sampling site in order to substantially avoid cross-contamination of samples from site-to-site and is constructed from lightweight, non-contaminating materials.
The preferred sampling pump is a submersible, fluid-actuated pump wherein the actuating fluid is preferably a gas. A flexible bladder member separates and isolates the interior of the pump into two chambers; a first chamber that contains the sample fluid and is in communication with both the pump inlet and outlet, and a second chamber that surrounds the first chamber, with the bladder disposed therebetween, and that is connected to a source of the actuating gas. The sample fluid is conveyed through the pump by alternately pressurizing and venting or relieving the pressure in the second chamber to contract and relax the bladder member, thus alternately decreasing and increasing the volume of the first chamber. Sample fluid is drawn into the first chamber during such increases in volume under the influence of the natural hydrostatic head of the groundwater and is discharged through the pump outlet during such decreases in volume, thereby conveying the sample fluid through the pump. The components of the pump are preferably composed of low-cost, lightweight synthetic materials that are non-corrosive and do not otherwise affect the chemical composition of the sampled fluid.
The sampling pump is preferably dedicated to, and thus remains in, a p articular sampling site or well, which is substantially isolated from the above-ground surroundings by a wellhead assembly in order to reduce potential contamination during sampling. A portable controller apparatus is provided with quick connect-disconnect means and includes means for alternately pressurizing and de-pressurizing the actuating fluid. The fluid sampling apparatus may also optionally include means for measuring the standing level of the fluid in the well.
Additional advantages and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following description and the appended claims taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.