In a body frame, a pair of left and right main frames extend downward to the rear from the upper portion of a head pipe and a down frame extends downward to the rear from the lower portion of the head pipe, a gusset is provided in the body frame, the gusset being joined to the head pipe, and the gusset includes a center wall portion and lower extension portions, the center wall portion being disposed between inner side wall portions of the left and right main frames, the lower extension portions extending downward from the center wall portion and being joined to outer side surfaces of the down frame.

Conventionally, there has been known a body frame in which a gusset of the rear surface portion of the down frame is enlarged to keep the strength since a large stress is applied when a reinforcement member is arranged in the rear surface of the down frame (refer to Patent Literature 1 for example).
Also, there has been known a body frame in which the upper end portions of the left and right pivot plates are connected to the rear portions of the left and right main frames respectively and the upper end portions of the left and right pivot plates are connected to each other by the upper cross member that supports the upper end portion of the buffer (refer to Patent Literature 2 for example).


A method of finding delays of a multipath channel for receiving a spread spectrum signal, the multipath channel having a maximum delay spread, includes the steps of performing a first delay search within a time window in order to find first delays, the time window being located within the maximum delay spread, storing of the first delays in a delay storage, shifting the time window within the maximum delay spread, performing a second delay search within the shifted time window in order to find second delays and updating the delay storage on the basis of the second delays.

The invention is based on a priority application EP 03027017.7 which is hereby incorporated by reference.
This invention relates to the field of telecommunication and, more particularly, to spread spectrum telecommunication systems.
In a typical RF communication system, a transmitted signal may travel from a transmitter to a receiver over multiple paths, for example a direct path and also a reflected path. Each path may be considered a separate channel which is subject to the effects of fading, dispersion, etc. Moreover, the combination of signals at the receiver can result in additional fading. Such operating environments are known as multipath fading environments. Direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) receivers can operate in multipath fading environments. A DS-SS receiver typically includes a Rake receiver, which demodulates a received signal using plural demodulation "fingers", often referred to as Rake fingers. Each Rake finger demodulates the component signal from a number of the channel paths (such component signal referred to as a multipath component). The outputs of the Rake fingers are combined for improved performance.
With multipath channels a transmitted signal arrives in components, with each component having a different delay. The components can be distinguished and resolved if the delays are of sufficient duration. However, in order to demodulate the signals, the Rake receiver must know the delay of each channel path.
Typically, a Rake receiver operates in conjunction with a delay searcher and a delay tracker. The delay searcher analyzes a received signal and finds the delays. These delays are assigned to the Rake fingers. However, in mobile telecommunications the channels may be subject to additional fading due to the motion of the receiver. A delay tracker tracks the delays assigned by the searcher between channel searches. Thus, while the searcher looks over a wide range of delays, the trackers look over a smaller range surrounding the assigned delays.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,560,273 shows a DS-SS receiver for operating in a multipath fading channel. The system comprises a Rake receiver having plural Rake fingers. Each Rake finger demodulates a received signal from one of a plurality of channel paths. The output of the plural Rake fingers are combined. Each Rake finger utilizes a select assigned delay to synchronize to a delay of the one channel path. A searcher periodically performs a channel search on the received signal to detect new delays of strongest paths in the channel. Plural trackers, one for each channel path, adjust the select assigned delays between searches performed by the searcher. A delay controller is operatively coupled to the searcher and the trackers. The delay controller compares new delays of the strongest paths from the searcher to the select assigned delays and reassigns one of the select assigned delays with one of the new delays only if the new delay differs from the one select assigned delay more than a predetermined threshold.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,430,166 is aimed to increase the performance of a demodulator in a CDMA receiver by cascading of path searchers in order to obtain an optimized channel profile.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,370,183 shows a Rake receiver with a finger for each of a plurality of multipath components displaced in time. Short-term variations in the strength of each component are predicted and the coefficients of each finger are adapted accordingly, with the aim to reduce the error rate, particularly in high-data-rate applications in a time-variant environment.
Further, delay spread and its impact on Rake reception in spread spectrum telecommunication systems is discussed in the scientific literature (cf. Impact of spreading bandwidth on RAKE reception in dense multipath channels Communication Theory Mini-Conference, 1999, Win, M. Z.; Kostic, Z. Pages: 78-82; Performance of RAKE reception in dense multipath channels: implications of spreading bandwidth and selection diversity order. Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, Win, M. Z.; Chrisikos, G.; Sollenberger, N. R. Pages: 1516-1525; Impact of spreading bandwidth on RAKE reception in dense multipath channels Selected Areas in Communications, IEEE Journal on, Win, M. Z.; Kostic, Z. A. Pages: 1794-1806; Virtual path analysis of selective RAKE receiver in dense multipath channels Communications Letters, IEEE, Win, M. Z.; Kostic, Z. A. Pages: 308-310).
The present invention aims to provide an improved method of finding delays of a multipath channel, in particular for the purpose of Rake reception of spread spectrum signals.

Method of finding delays of a multipath channel


A method for manufacturing an optical element is a method for manufacturing an optical element in which laser light is transmitted, reciprocated, or reflected, and the method includes a first step of obtaining a bonded element formed by subjecting a first element part and a second element part, both being transparent to laser light, to surface activated bonding with a non-crystalline layer interposed therebetween; and after the first step, a second step of crystallizing at least a portion of the non-crystalline layer by raising the temperature of the bonded element. In the second step, the temperature of the bonded element is raised to a predetermined temperature that is lower than the melting points of the first element part and the second element part.

As a conventional method for manufacturing an optical element, there is known a method of directly bonding a first element part and a second element part, which are transparent to emitted laser light, by surface activity (see, for example, Patent Literature 1). In such a method for manufacturing an optical element, satisfactory bonding between the first element part and the second element part can be achieved by interposing a non-crystalline layer between the first element part and the second element part.

Method for manufacturing optical element and optical element

INTER-UNIVERSITY RESEARCH INSTITUTE CORPORATION NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF NATURAL SCIENCES


A formed core comprising a first and second plurality of pyramidal frustum bases, the first plurality of pyramidal frustum bases extending in a first direction and the second plurality of pyramidal frustum bases extending in a second direction, and wherein each pyramidal frustum base comprises: a node comprising a convex regular polygon, the convex regular polygon comprising a plurality of sides oriented in a first plane and wherein each side of the polygon of the node of each of the first plurality of pyramidal frustum bases is parallel to a side of the polygon of the node of at least one of the second plurality of pyramidal frustum bases; a plurality of faces extending from each of the sides of the polygon of each node of the first plurality of frustum bases to a side of the polygon of each of the second plurality of frustum bases.

Formed core sandwich structures are used in turbine, scram-jet, pulse-jet, rocket, and similar engines, as well as in their structures and housings. In such applications, the core material must be lightweight and capable of withstanding engine vibration and heat, as well as shocks from turbulence and landing. The formed structures must also be capable of retaining their strength as they withstand extreme temperatures for extended periods (e.g., 800-1500° F.), along with repeated heating-cooling cycles.
Typically, the materials that satisfy the above requirements do not allow superplastic forming at economically feasible temperatures and pressures, so forming of the core sheet leads inevitably to thinning of the already thin stock material. This thinning, combined with the large tensile forces required to form the desired core shapes, leads to fractures of the core sheet, which consequently limits the depth to which the core sheet can be drawn. Moreover, when a desired depth is achievable, the thinnest region of the formed core material is typically the point of failure, and thus is a factor in determining the ability of the sandwich structure to withstand torsion and bending loads and in determining the volume density of the finished sandwich structure. As a result of the above restrictions, there is a limit to the depths at which core materials can be drawn using known techniques.
Thus, there exists a need for a formed core that is able to resist thinning and fracturing when undergoing large tensile forces during formation of the completed sandwich into the desired shape.


An optical communication network for sheltering traffic by a simple processing when a communication path is dynamically changed. In the optical communication network system according to the present invention, the sufficiency of a resource for setting a new communication path is confirmed, and if the resource is insufficient, a communication path to be cancelled is selected from current communication paths of which priority is lower than the new communication path, so as to secure the resource, and the IP traffic of the current communication path to be cancelled is sheltered to another communication path, the current communication path is cancelled after this sheltering completes, and then the new communication path is set. When the current communication path is cancelled, the traffic of this current communication path is sheltered to another communication path before cancellation, so the loss of traffic can be prevented merely by a simple processing.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a technology for dynamically setting the communication path of an optical communication network system having a priority control function. The present invention can be applied to an optical communication network system for the Internet, for example.
2. Description of Related Art
The communication network can be divided into controllable domains which the maintenance administrator can control and manage, and external domains which the administrator cannot control and manage. When a plurality of communication paths are constructed in a controllable domain, it is desirable to allocate larger the line capacity of the communication path of which the data transfer volume is large, and to allocate smaller the line capacity of the communication path of which the data transfer volume is small. Resources can be effectively used by setting paths corresponding to the dispersion of traffic in the communication system. However in the case of an IP communication network, such as the Internet, where traffic changes are very radical, it is difficult to construct a communication path estimating the volume of traffic in advance. Therefore it is desirable to construct a communication network system such that the communication paths can be dynamically changed according to the changes of the traffic distribution. Following references I and II are known as documents proposing a dynamic communication network system.
I. Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2000-232483, and
II. "An Algorithm to Reconfigure Logical Topologies in Reliable WDM Networks" by Ishida and two others, Technical Report of IEICE 2002-9, April 2002, pp. 49-54.
In the communication network system of the reference I, the packet flow rate monitoring means PFM disposed in each packet exchange PEX monitors the traffic volume. The network management center NMC sets a new communication path in a block where traffic is high or deletes a communication path in a block where traffic is small based on the monitoring result of each packet flow rate monitoring means PFM.
In the reference II, a technology for decreasing the loss of packets when a current communication path is deleted and a new communication path is set is proposed.
However, a method for the network management center NMC to perform all the settings and cancellation of communication paths is used with the technology proposed in the reference I, so the entire system stops if the network management center NMC fails when a new path is attempted to be setup. Also to decrease the contention of the network management center NMC and network for control, the processing capability and communication capability must be increased, which increases cost.
According to the technology of reference II, a communication path to shelter traffic is established separately, for which resources are necessary.


A traction device for paying out and retrieving a flexible line including a line mover, wherein the line mover includes at least one movable friction surface, the friction surface in total defines at least two arc sections configured to move the line along with the arc sections, in use the line is wound around the friction surface such that the line has a first contact area being in contact with the first arc section and a second contact area being in contact with the second arc section, and the traction device includes a line controller coupled to the line between the first contact area and the second contact area and configured to control the velocity with which the line in use is fed to the second arc section, and also a method and use of the traction device.

The traction device includes a line mover. The line mover includes at least one movable friction surface. The friction surface in total defines at least two arc sections configured to move the line along with the arc sections. In use the line is wound around the friction surface such that the line includes a first contact area being in contact with the first arc section and a second contact area being in contact with the second arc section. Traction devices arc often used for paying out and retrieving a flexible line connected to a load, in general a heavy load. The flexible line may be a cable, rope, wire or the like.
The traction device may be used in any kind of hoisting system. In the situation that the traction device is located on a vessel, the traction device is often used for lowering or lifting heavy objects to or from the seabed. In this case one end of the line may be connected to the heavy object and the other end of the line may be connected to a winch for reeling in or out the line. The traction device is then coupled to the line between the winch and the heavy object. This means that the line runs from the winch, via the traction device to the heavy object. The traction device is coupled to the vessel and hears part of or substantially the full load during the lowering or lifting operation. Due to this the winch only bears the remaining part of the load during the lowering operation. This allows the lowering or lifting of very heavy objects to or from a seabed in a controllable manner.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,182,915 discloses a traction device including a line mover with multiple active rotation sheaves. Each active rotation sheave is drivable around a rotation axis and defines a friction surface with an arc section. Each active rotation sheave is provided with a separate driving unit to rotate the rotation sheave around the rotation axis thereof. This way the rotation speed of each rotation sheave can be optimized in relation to the velocity of the parts of the line being in contact with the different active rotation sheaves. This requires one or more very complex driving and control systems for controlling the rotation of the rotation sheaves. U.S. Pat. No. 6,182,915 also shows a further embodiment wherein the friction surfaces of the line mover arc formed by endless belts which are moveable along a track having the shape of a half circle.
An object of the traction device according the invention is to solve a problem of the prior art, or at least provide an alternative thereto.

Traction device and method for paying out and retrieving a flexible line

Heerema Marine Contractors Nederland B.V.


The present disclosure relates to a controller and a controlling method of a switching power supply. The controller of the switching power supply is used for turning on and off a power transistor so that inductor current flows through an inductor which is connected in series with the power transistor. The controller includes a frequency-jittering signal generating circuit, a superimpose circuit and a first comparator. The frequency-jittering signal generating circuit generates a frequency-jittering signal variable over time. The superimpose circuit superimposes the frequency-jittering signal on a sampling signal of the inductor current to generate a superimposed signal. The first comparator compares the superimposed signal with a control voltage to generate an OFF signal for turning off the power transistor. The controller of the switching power supply reduces conducted electromagnetic interference by a frequency-jittering control on the sampling signal of the inductor current.

Field of the Disclosure
The present disclosure relates to a switching power supply, and more particularly, to a controller and a controlling method of a switching power supply which reduces EMI (Electromagnetic Interference).
Description of the Related Art
A switching power supply is usually an EMI source due to fast switching of power transistors in operation. It is a common concern in industry to reduce EMI as required by some standards of the power supply. A conventional approach to reduce EMI of the switching power supply is to add an EMI filter into the circuit, which, however, increases cost and size of the power supply, deteriorates high-frequency performance, and increases power consumption.
The frequency jittering control is an effective method for suppressing conducted EMI, and has been widely used in some low-power switching power supplies. The method changes an operating frequency of the switching power supply periodically or non-periodically in a range, so that harmonic interference energy is dispersed and the EMI standards are met.
However, the conventional frequency jittering control in the switching power supply is based on the principle of changing a system switching frequency of the switching power supply. Although it can suppress conducted EMI, the power transistor will not be turned on at idea moment due to variation of the system switching frequency. The frequency jittering control leads to higher conduction loss, and lower system efficiency and higher heat dissipation. Moreover, because the power transistor is turned on and off at a high voltage, additional electromagnetic radiation may occur, which results in degradation of EMI.
Thus, it is desirable to further improve the frequency jittering control in a switching power supply to reduce conduction loss and suppress electromagnetic radiation of the power transistor.

Controller and controlling method of switching power supply

SILERGY SEMICONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY (HANGZHOU) LTD.


Relatively short sections of photographic roll films (such sections can consist of a single film frame or of two or another small number of film frames) are provided with elongated strip-shaped extensions for convenient transport through a copying machine. Extensions are severed from the leader of a roll of convoluted flexible material having a width matching the desired length of an extension, and one end of a freshly severed extension is caused to overlap one end of a film section so that the extent of overlap is not more than the width of a frame line between two neighboring frames of a roll film. One side of each extension is fully coated with a layer of hotmelt, and the extension is sealed to the respective film section by a narrow elongated heating element which is moved against the overlapping ends of the film section and the properly oriented extension. The roll can be subdivided into wider or narrower extensions, depending upon the width of film sections which are to be connected with extensions.

The invention relates to improvements in methods of and in apparatus for manipulating sections of photographic films, particularly prior to the making of prints in copying machines.
Published German patent application No. 30 29 046 of Peters discloses a method of preparing sections of photographic roll films for reintroduction into a copying machine for the purpose of making additional or substitute prints on photographic paper or the like. Each section is provided with a lateral extension, and such lateral extensions are affixed to an elongated strip which is transported through the copying machine. A drawback of the proposal of Peters is that the copying machine must be provided with a specially designed copying platform, i.e., that the strip with film sections extending laterally therefrom cannot be transported through an existing machine without substantial modifications.
A modern copying machine for the making of prints on photographic paper or the like is normally equipped with a platform which carries a pair of film transporting rolls ahead of as well as a pair of advancing rolls behind the copying window. Such copying machine cannot be readily used for the making of copies of two or three or four film frames on short sections of photographic roll films or of a single film frame because the distance of the upstream pair of advancing rolls from the downstream pair of advancing rolls is or can be greater than the length of a single film frame or the combined length of a small number of frames. Therefore, copying machines of the just outlined character cannot be used for the making of prints from relatively short film sections, especially sections of photographic films having a series of small frames. This creates problems because a photographic laboratory which is equipped with a modern automatic copying machine must maintain in service a second machine which is capable of making prints from individual film frames irrespective of the format of such frames.

Method of and apparatus for applying flexible extensions to sections of photographic roll films


Operating a computer network uses a routing and control protocol, the computer network having an interconnect fabric including routing and control distribution devices and fabric interface devices, each of the routing and control distribution devices and each of the fabric interface devices having a state machine having an input processing unit having parallel input buffers, an output processing unit having parallel output buffers and an arbiter; operating the state machine based on a set of instructions and a table located at the state machine; transferring data from the input processing unit to the output processing unit; choosing a highest priority currently flit occupied parallel input buffer located in the input processing unit for data transmission on a highest priority currently flit occupied channel; and; interrupting the highest currently flit occupied priority channel when one of the parallel input buffers is detected to contain a superseding even higher priority flit.

A problem with this parallel processing has been that the multiple processors need to be able to seamlessly communicate data and control signals. One unsatisfactory approach is a bus-based interconnect. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,376,295 to Lee, et al. describes opto-electronic processors with reconfigurable chip-to-chip optical interconnections. However, such an interconnect approach is not scalable beyond a modest number of processors and/or chips. Therefore, what is required is solution that is scalable and can be used with many processors.
Other disadvantages of this approach have been relatively high cost, and when the scale increases sufficiently excessive bulk and even heat. Therefore, what is also needed is a solution that meets the above-discussed requirements in a more cost-effective, compact, energy efficient manner.
Another approach, in an attempt to solve the above-discussed problems involves routing data techniques such as flow control. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 9,558,143 to Leidel describes interconnect systems and methods using hybrid memory cube links to send packetized data over different endpoints of a data handling device. However, a disadvantage of this approach is that there are performance issues especially with regard to control and latency.
Heretofore, the requirement(s) of seamless communication, economy, compact form factor, energy efficiency while avoiding control and latency issues referred to above have not been fully met. In view of the foregoing, there is a need in the art for a solution that simultaneously solves all of these problems.

Routing and control protocol for high-performance interconnect fabrics


A grading machine includes a machine body, a grading blade supported by a circle, a drawbar connecting the grading blade and the circle to the machine body, and a circle drive system including a circle drive motor and a gear box. The gear box is configured to engage with and rotate the circle relative to the drawbar around a circle axis. The gear box includes a first gear that rotates about a first axis of rotation that is parallel to the circle axis, and the gear box also includes a second gear that rotates about a second axis that is parallel to the circle axis and spaced away from the first axis of rotation.

The present disclosure relates to mobile machines that are used in grading. Grading machines, such as motor graders, are typically used to cut, spread, or level material that forms a ground surface. To perform such earth sculpting tasks, grading machines include a blade, also referred to as a moldboard or implement. The blade moves relatively small quantities of earth from side to side, in comparison to a bulldozer or other machine that moves larger quantities of earth. Grading machines are frequently used to form a variety of final earth arrangements, which often require the blade to be positioned in different positions and/or orientations depending on the sculpting task and/or the material being sculpted. The different blade positions may include the blade pitch or the blade cutting angle. A circle drive may control a position of a circle coupled to the blade, and thus adjust the blade cutting angle. Different blade positions may require different amounts of torque in order to adjust the blade, especially when the blade is engaged with material.
U.S. Pat. No. 9,540,787, issued to West et al. on Jan. 10, 2017 ("the '787 patent"), describes an apparatus for positioning a circle and a moldboard relative to a frame of a grading machine. The '787 patent includes a circle drive to control the circle and the moldboard, and the circle drive is coupled to a gear apparatus with an output shaft configured to mesh with and rotate the circle relative to the machine frame. The gear apparatus in the '787 patent may increase the torque on the output shaft that rotates the circle relative the frame. However, the apparatus for controlling the circle and moldboard of the '787 patent may interfere with other components of the grading machine, may be limited in the amount torque that may be delivered, and/or may reduce the range of motion or orientation options for the grading machine. The system for a grading machine of the present disclosure may solve one or more of the problems set forth above and/or other problems in the art. The scope of the current disclosure, however, is defined by the attached claims, and not by the ability to solve any specific problem.

Circle drive system for a grading machine


A low molecular weight polyphenylene ether having a reduced viscosity of 0.04 to 0.18 dl/g as measured at 30° C. in a 0.5 g/dl chloroform solution, and a molecular weight distribution of 1.5 to 2.5; or a low molecular weight polyphenylene ether powder comprising the low molecular weight polyphenylene ether exhibits high thermal resistance and excellent electric properties, and thus is useful as electric materials such as printed circuit board and as modifiers of other resins.

Polyphenylene ethers have been used widely as a material for products or parts in electrical or electronic fields, automotive fields, other industrial material fields, and food or packaging fields, because they are excellent in workability and productivity, and can be produced as products or parts of a desired shape by melt injection or melt extrusion molding methods.
A number of preparation processes of polyphenylene ethers have been proposed, for example, by JP-B-36-18692 (The term "JP-B" used herein means an "examined Japanese patent publication") and U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,306,875, 3,344,116, and 3,432,466.
The polyphenylene ether, which is obtained by said known method and used in the above-mentioned fields, is a high molecular weight polymer having a reduced viscosity of not less than 0.3 dl/g. Nowadays, however, it is expected that a very low molecular weight polyphenylene ether is more suitable for an electronic material such as a printed circuit board than above-mentioned high molecular weight polyphenylene ether. As the electronic material such as a printed circuit board has become more sophisticated recently, the conductivity-loss of a circuit itself has been more noticeable. Such a conductivity-loss is emitted as heat. Therefore, the material of a printed circuit board is required to have not only good dielectricity but also high thermal resistance. In the process for producing a printed circuit board, it is common to dissolve a material into a solvent to functionalize it by a modification reaction, and conduct a reaction such as thermosetting. Accordingly, it is necessary that a material of a printed circuit board is excellent in solubility in a solvent and have good reactivity with other components.
A low molecular weight polyphenylene ether is disclosed in JP-B-50-6520, JP-A-62-39628 (The term "JP-A" used herein means an "unexamined Japanese patent publication") and U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,327. However, no low molecular weight polyphenylene ether obtained by the methods disclosed in the above-mentioned documents is satisfactory in the point of thermal resistance and electric properties.
JP-B-50-6520 describes a-process for producing polyphenylene ether in a mixed solvent comprising an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as benzene, toluene and xylene, and an aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent such as n-hexane, isohexane and n-heptane. However, the resultant low molecular weight polyphenylene ether obtained by the method is not satisfactory in the point of thermal resistance and electric properties. As is apparent from the description in the example, when the reduced viscosity of the resultant polyphenylene ether is not more than 0.2 dl/g, the polyphenylene ether adheres on a reactor or the like to reduce the yield.
When a good solvent of polyphenylene ether (an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as benzene, toluene and xylene in the above-mentioned document) is, used as a polymerization solvent, the yield is reduced by adhesion of a low molecular weight polyphenylene ether on a reactor since a good solvent has good affinity for the resultant low molecular weight polyphenylene ether. In addition, problems occur such that facilities to remove a good solvent from polyphenylene ether become excessive and that the temperature of such facilities must be controlled very carefully. Therefore, a reduced viscosity at which the low molecular weight polyphenylene ether can be obtained efficiently has remained around 0.2 dl/g at most.
JP-A-62-39628 teaches that, in a process for producing low molecular weight polyphenylene ether having a number average molecular weight smaller than 2,800, a monofunctional alcohol having 1-5 carbon atoms is used optionally with water as a polymerization solvent. The low molecular weight polyphenylene ether obtained by the process cannot be said to have sufficient thermal resistance and electric properties. Moreover, the process described in the document has problems that the polymerization yield achieved is only 95% at maximum, in the examples less than 90%, and that the polymerization takes an extremely long time as described in the examples. Therefore, the process is not efficient in industry.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,327 describes a process for producing a low molecular weight polyphenylene ether, which comprises extracting catalyst components from a polyphenylene ether solution in a water phase and then devolatilizing a good solvent of polyphenylene ether from the polyphenylene ether solution using, for instance, a devolatilization extruder. This process is an improved method for producing very low molecular weight polyphenylene ether having a reduced viscosity of 0.1 dl/g or less, which process is free from problems of yield. The low molecular weight polyphenylene ether obtained by this method, however, cannot be said to have sufficient thermal resistance and electric properties.
Further, the low molecular weight polyphenylene ether obtained by the above method is generally in the form of granular particles or pellets. Because large sized particles are contained in the polyphenylene ether, troubles arise such that it requires a long time to dissolve in a solvent or adhere on a reactor in a half-dissolved state.

Low molecular weight polyphenylene ether


A solid-state light source (SSLS) with light modulation control is described. A SSLS device can include a main p-n junction region configured for recombination of electron-hole pairs for light emission. A supplementary p-n junction region is proximate the main p-n junction region to supplement the recombination of electron-hole pairs, wherein the supplementary p-n junction region has a smaller electron-hole life time than the electron-hole life time of the main p-n junction region. The main p-n junction region and the supplementary p-n junction region operate cooperatively in a light emission state and a light turn-off-state. In one embodiment, the recombination of electron-hole pairs occurs in the main p-n junction region during a light emission state, and the recombination of electron-hole pairs occurs in the supplementary p-n junction region light during the light turn off-state.

A great deal of interest has been focused on SSLSs, such as LEDs and lasers, and in particular, those that emit light in the blue and deep ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths. These devices may be capable of being incorporated into various applications, including solid-state lighting, biochemical disinfection and detection, high-density data storage, and the like.
Modern SSLSs, such as an LEDs, typically include three major components: an electron supply layer (e.g., an n-type semiconductor layer), a hole supply layer (e.g., a p-type semiconductor layer), and a light generating structure formed between the electron supply layer and the hole supply layer. A number of these SSLSs are used in applications that require a fast on/off switching time of the SSLSs, such as in a nanosecond or sub-nanosecond range. In group III-nitride based SSLSs, such as group III-nitride LEDs, the light turn-off time is limited by the recombination of electron-hole pairs injected into the p-n junctions and the light generating structure regions of the devices. A piezoelectric effect, certain type of traps, and other factors associated with the LEDs, cause the recombination of electron and holes to take a relatively long time after a pumping current has been shut off. A longer recombination of electrons and holes after the pumping current has been shut off translates into a protracted light turn-off time. Deep UV LEDs can also have a relatively long light turn-off time due to the recombination of electrons and holes.
Attempts to improve the fast on/off switching times of the SSLSs have been proposed in order to satisfy applications with faster light modulation (e.g., light being turned off). One approach involves the SSLSs having the device p-n junction regions with an increased defect concentration. A higher defect concentration in the device p-n junction region typically leads to a faster recombination rate of electrons and holes, which translates into faster switching. However, this approach inevitably results in lower light emission and lower LED efficiency. Another approach involves using external light modulators with the SSLSs. However, modulation with an external light modulator involves additional optical loss, power consumption, and leads to significant increase in the overall size, weight and cost of the SSLS devices.

Solid-state lighting structure with light modulation control


An airplane includes a wing mounted mid-level on a tubular fuselage. The wing includes carry-through that passes transversely through the fuselage and divides a cabin deck into fore and aft sections. At least one longitudinal passageway in the carry-through structure allows passenger/crew walk-through between the fore and aft sections of the deck.

Advanced designs for high capacity commercial and military airplanes require operating efficiency combined with reduced emissions and low noise. In order to meet these requirements, super-high bypass ratio jet engines, such as geared turbo fan or open rotor jet engines may be used. These engines typically employ larger diameter engine fans, rotors and/or nacelles which, because of their size, may place design constraints on other components of the airplane. For example, larger diameter engines mounted beneath the primary lifting wing on the airplane may require excessive inboard wing shear and associated large weight penalties on a low-wing airplane configuration, or alternatively may require that the wing be positioned at a higher level on the fuselage in order to provide sufficient ground clearance beneath the engines. This higher placement of the wing on the fuselage may in turn place constraints on the configuration of payload carrying decks within the fuselage.
Accordingly, there is a need for a mid-wing airplane that allows the use of high efficiency, large diameter engines with minimal adverse impact on the capacity and layout of payload carrying decks.


Provided is a method of protecting an application from reverse engineering. The method includes registering, in an electronic device, a handler capable of being called as a preset fault is generated in the application, after the handler is registered, executing a protection code for generating the preset fault in the application, determining whether an environment where the application is executed is an abnormal environment, based on whether the handler has been called as the protection code is executed, and performing an operation for protecting the application, based on a result of the determination.

With the development of reverse engineering technology, applications are reverse engineered, and important data of the applications are leaked. Reverse engineering technology refers to technology for analyzing a finished product in detail and tracing design contents. For example, when an application is executed in a virtual environment using an emulator that is one of the reverse engineering technologies, there is a risk that important data of the application may be leaked.
Data leaked due to reverse engineering can be used for technology duplication, policy bypass, security technology hacking, etc., and thus continuous damage may occur to those providing or using an application. Accordingly, a method of protecting an application from an abnormal environment caused by reverse engineering is required.

Electronic device for protecting application from abnormal environment and operating method thereof

KOREA ADVANCED INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


An inlet recirculation apparatus for an air moving device includes a housing defined by a wall extending from a base. The base includes an aperture therethrough receptive to alignment with an inlet of the air moving device. A plurality of flaps each pivotally extends radially outwardly from a center pivot to another corresponding pivot disposed around a perimeter of the wall. The center pivot is coaxial with a center of the aperture. Each flap moves to an open position due to air pressure from the air moving device causing air to flow into the inlet wherein each flap pivotally rotates about the center pivot and corresponding pivot at the wall, and moves to a closed position when air pressure from the air moving device ceases wherein a space between contiguous flaps is eliminated when each flap pivotally rotates to the closed position about the center pivot and corresponding pivot at the wall to prevent reverse airflow through the air moving device.

The present invention relates generally to cooling systems for electrical component enclosures, and in particular to a method and apparatus to prevent flow recirculation during failure of an air moving device used to cool electrical or other components within an enclosure.
Electronic cooling systems designed for high availability or continuous operation often employ redundant air moving devices (e.g., fans or blowers) that are arranged in parallel. This arrangement is used to guard against catastrophic loss of cooling flow in the event of a single blower failure. One problem with this type of parallel blower configuration is that when one blower fails, the pressure difference across the surviving blower pushes air backwards through the failed blower. This reduces the delivered flow rate that would otherwise be available from the surviving blower.
To prevent back flow, the normal practice is to add a flap-type device on the exhaust side of the blowers. Common flapper designs include swinging door flaps and multiple slat vanes. However, the aerodynamic losses created by prior art designs are substantial and must be taken into consideration during system development, because they reduce airflow rate delivery in normal operation. Therefore, although these prior art exhaust side systems prevent recirculation during a blower failure, they inadvertently produce large impedances during normal operation of the blower.
In particular, the volume of air that can be moved through a system can be increased by reducing the total system impedance. By reducing the contribution of the anti-recirulation device losses to the overall system impedance, the system blowers can move more air and thereby increase the cooling capacity of the system, or reduce the acoustic output of the system at similar flow rates achieved at lower blower speeds
Accordingly, a method and apparatus is desired that prevents recirculation during a blower failure while reducing aerodynamic losses within the device.

Method and apparatus for a low impedance anti-recirculation air moving inlet device

International Business Machines Corporation


According to one embodiment, power conversion apparatus includes a converter and a controller. A converter receives an AC power as an input, and outputs a DC voltage by turning on and off a first switching element which operates when the AC power is positive, and a second switching element which operates when the AC power is negative. A controller receives an AC input voltage and alternating input current to the converter, and a DC output voltage from the converter, as an input, determines a pulse width of a first pulse signal to turn on the first switching element and a pulse width of a second pulse signal to turn on the second switching element, and outputs the first pulse signal and second pulse signal to the converter.

A conventional power conversion apparatus for converting an AC voltage to a DC voltage includes a full-wave rectification circuit and a converter. A full-wave rectification circuit is connected to an AC power supply, and performs full-wave rectification of alternating current from an AC power supply. A converter converts the voltage full-wave rectified by a full-wave rectification circuit to a desired DC voltage. A converter supplies the DC voltage to a load.
As described above, a conventional power conversion apparatus obtains a desired DC voltage by applying a full-wave rectified alternating current to a converter. A diode bridge circuit is used for full-wave rectification. In a diode bridge circuit, a current always flows through a series circuit comprising two diodes regardless of whether an AC voltage is positive or negative. At this time, a power loss equivalent to the product of a current flowing through each diode and a forward voltage in a diode occurs in two diodes.
To prevent such a power loss, it is considerable to apply an alternating current to a converter without full-wave rectification. However, in such a case, an input voltage and input current to a converter are reverse in polarity, positive and negative.
A conventional power conversion apparatus applies a pulsating current or direct current after full-wave rectification. Thus, a converter may accept only a positive input voltage and current. In other words, a converter used in a conventional power conversion apparatus may not accept a negative input voltage and current. A power conversion apparatus able to apply an alternating current to a converter without full-wave rectification has not been realized.


A cover assembly includes a roller member rotatably supported by a bracket assembly on one end of the intake hopper of an agricultural conveyor such that a sheet member rolled onto the roller member can be unrolled to span across the intake opening. The cover assembly also includes a support frame pivotally coupled to the intake hopper between a working position and a stored position. In the working position a portion of the frame is centrally located above the intake opening and protrudes upwardly beyond respective sides of the housing of the intake hopper to support the sheet member to slope downward from a central apex to prevent accumulation of precipitation thereon. In the stored position the support frame is shorter in height relative to the housing than in the working position and the sheet member is rolled onto the roller so as not to interfere with normal operation of the intake hopper.

A typical agricultural conveyor comprises a main conveyor extending at an upward inclination from an intake end to a discharge end, and an inlet assembly coupled to the intake end. As disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,963,066 by Boppart, the inlet assembly commonly comprises a swing auger section including an intake auger coupled to the intake end of the main conveyor for relative pivotal movement about an upright swing axis and an intake hopper having a discharge outlet in communication with the swing auger section. The intake hopper comprises an intake opening substantially fully spanning the top side of the housing of the hopper. A feed mechanism feeds the material received through the intake opening through the swing auger section for conveying by the main conveyor. It is desirable to prevent access of rain into the hopper when not in use as an accumulated water in the hopper can interfere with subsequent operation of the feed mechanism and can cause undesirable oxidation of the metal parts of the hopper.
U.S. Pat. No. 7,028,731 by Jones discloses an example of a cover for the loading hopper of a grain conveyor. The cover is a flexible member arranged to span the intake opening of a hopper and be retained about the perimeter edge thereof. The cover typically requires removal for most applications such that it is typically stored separately and not always readily available when needed for covering the intake opening. Furthermore, the flexible nature of the cover can allow a puddle to form centrally thereon which can place undesired strain on the fastens such that the fastening may fail causing precipitation to enter into the hopper.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,727,977 by Arnson discloses another example of a hopper cover in which the cover comprises a generally rigid panel for covering the intake opening. The rigid configuration is not susceptible to the problem of a puddle forming centrally thereon as in the above noted example; however, the large rigid panel can be awkward to handle and store due to its size when applied to large hoppers such as the intake hopper typically found on a swing auger section.


An light apparatus used in forming a solar cell includes a housing separate from other processing in a deposition processing system, a transport mechanism for carrying a solar cell into the housing after deposition of a front contact layer in the deposition processing system, and one or more light source elements arranged to apply light on the solar cell after deposition of the front contact layer. A method of making a solar cell includes forming a back contact layer on a glass substrate, forming an absorber layer on the back contact layer, forming a buffer layer on the absorber layer, and forming a front contact layer above the buffer layer, the glass substrate, back contact layer, absorber layer, buffer layer, and front contact layer forming a first module. The method includes applying a light source to the first module after forming the front contact layer separate from other processing.

Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) is a commonly used absorber layer in thin film solar cells. CIGS thin film solar cells have achieved excellent conversion efficiency (>20%) in laboratory environments. Typical voltage-current characteristics, known as the IV curve, of a diode without and with illumination demonstrates that an applied potential is in the forward bias direction. Such an IV curve shows the turn-on and the buildup of the forward bias current in a diode. Without illumination, no current flows through the diode unless there is external potential applied. With incident sunlight, the IV curve shifts up and indicates that there is external current flow from the solar cell to a passive load. Short circuit current, Isc, flows with zero external resistance (V=0) and is the maximum current delivered by the solar cell at any illumination level. Similarly, the open circuit voltage, Voc, is the potential that develops across the terminals of the solar cell when the external load resistance is very large. The power delivered to the load is of course zero at both extremes and reaches a maximum (Pmax) at a finite load resistance value. Pmax is typically shown as the area of a shaded rectangle. A commonly used number that characterizes the solar cell is the fill factor, FF, which is defined as the ratio of Pmax to the area of the rectangle formed by Voc and Isc.
The efficiency of a solar cell is the ratio of the electrical power it delivers to the load, to the optical power incident on the cell. Maximum efficiency is when power delivered to the load is Pmax Incident optical power is normally specified as the solar power on the surface of the earth which is approximately 1 mW/mm 2 Techniques to improve efficiency can cause other issues that tend to reduce the effective usefulness of the solar cell.

Apparatus and method for producing solar cells using light treatment


A mechanism for shifting reel mower cutting units to a position whereat the undersides of the cutting units are exposed for service. A knuckle joint is provided for pivoting the cutting units as the lift arms are raised to thereby shift the cutting units to service positions. A connection point is provided between a yoke and the cutting unit which is located at the upper rear quadrant of the cutting unit's side frame for generally balancing the force distributed to the ground through the front and rear rollers during forward mowing operations.

This invention relates to reel mowers and the mechanisms used to attach or suspend reel mowers from vehicles. Conventional reel mower vehicles include a plurality of arm members that extend from the vehicle, each arm having a reel-type cutting unit attached to its outer end portion. The reel-type cutting units typically include front and rear skids or rollers that support or carry the cutting units across the surface of the ground during mowing operation. Blades of the rotating reel interact with a bedknife to cut grass or other vegetation with a scissoring action.
Conventional mowing vehicles typically drag the cutting units across the ground adjacent the vehicle, and the grass beneath the cutting unit is mowed as the vehicle travels forward. A yoke is commonly coupled with the outer portion of each arm, and is also coupled to the cutting unit. The attachment point of the yoke to each cutting unit is typically located near the upper front portion of the side frames of the cutting units. The rear portions of these conventional reel mower cutting units typically experience a large degree of bouncing over irregular terrain. Also, the front rollers of these conventional mowers tends to dig down into the ground during forward travel. The front roller therefore tends to resist rising up over a bump in the ground, and will instead tend to dig down into a hill or bump. In an attempt to solve the above problems, springs have been included for biasing the rear of the cutting unit downwardly against the ground, thereby equalizing the weight carried by the front and rear rollers during forward travel and reducing the tendency of the front roller to dig or dip. These springs tend to add manufacturing and assembly costs to the vehicle. Furthermore, these springs typically must be released or otherwise detached to allow the cutting unit to be removed for service or repair, thereby complicating the removal process.
Reel mowers cut properly only if the reel to bed knife clearance is properly adjusted. Also, to produce an even cut, it is necessary that the height of cut be properly adjusted. Both of these adjustments require the person making the adjustment to access the bottom of the cutting unit. Specifically, a typical procedure for adjusting the bed knife clearance involves placing a single sheet of paper between the reel blade and bed knife and turning the reel by hand to cut the paper. The quality of the cut across the single sheet indicates whether the clearance is correct. The procedure for setting the cutting height typically involves fastening a gauge bar to the bed knife such that the upper surface of the bar is parallel to a forward, horizontal portion of the bed knife and at the desired distance below the cutting edge of the bed knife. The front and rear rollers are then adjusted to come into contact with the upper surface of the gauge bar.
Typically, the cutting units must be removed from the mower vehicle or frame in order to place the bottom of the cutting units in the line of sight of a technician for performing reel to bed knife and height of cut adjustments; or the technician must lie on his back beneath or just in front of the cutting unit when it is raised to its transport position. Obviously, neither one of these procedures is desirable, with the first consuming much valuable time and the other being quite difficult to perform.


A compound has the following formula (I) or formula (II), an isomer thereof, a tautomer thereof, a pharmaceutical acceptable solvate thereof, or a pharmaceutical acceptable prodrug thereof.

Nucleoside analogues are effective in treating various diseases, such as cancer and viral infections like herpes simplex virus (HSV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). Nucleoside analogues are also used to selectively target telomerase activity. Most normal cells do not have telomerase activities.
There are many nucleoside analogues drugs on the market to treat cancer and viral infections. After entering cells, the nucleoside analogues are activated by nucleoside and nucleotide kinases to form phosphorylated nucleoside analogues. The phosphorylated nucleoside analogues exert their therapeutic effects.
The nucleoside analogue drugs, however, have some shortcomings. The phosphorylation of the nucleoside analogues is often inefficient. The nucleoside analogues have poor oral bioavailability due to low intestinal permeability. Resistance has been developed to some nucleoside analogues. To overcome these limitations, there is a need to for efficient and bioavailable nucleoside analogues.


A resin composition for thermosetting coating, which comprises. (a.sub.1) an acrylic copolymer having a particular acid value and/or (a.sub.2) an acrylic copolymer having a particular acid value and a particular hydroxyl value,. (b) an acrylic copolymer having a particular epoxy equivalent,. (c) a monobasic acid having a dissociation constant (pKa) of 3 or less, and, as necessary,. (d) an amino resin and. (e) a quaternary phosphoium salt,. and wherein the equivalent ratio of the acid groups of (a.sub.1) and/or (a.sub.2) and the epoxy groups of (b) is 1:0.5 to 0.5:1 and the amounts of (c), (d) and (e) are 0.01-5 parts by weight, 1-25 parts by weight and 0.01-3 parts by weight, respectively, per 100 parts by weight of the total of (a.sub.1) and/or (a.sub.2) and (b).. The resin composition, when used as a clear coating for automobiles, is superior in film appearance, acid resistance, solvent resistance water resistance, weatherability, storage stability and low temperature curing.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention rates to a thermosetting resin composition which is used as a clear coating to be coated as a top coating on a base coating by a wet-on-wet coating method.
More particularly, the present invention relates to a coating resin composition superior in acid resistance, storage stability, low temperature curing, film appearance, weatherability, etc., which is suitably used as a clear coating composition in a coating system for automobile bodies wherein a base coating containing a color pigment and a metallic pigment is coated on a substrate, a clear top coating is coated thereon by a wet-on-wet coating method, and simultaneously baking is conducted.
(b) Description of the Prior Art
In recent years, characteristics such as high-quality appearance, excellent durability and the like have been required for coatings used for coating of automobile body. In order to satisfy these requirements, a two-coating method is in wide use wherein a clear coating is applied on a base coating.
As the clear coating, acrylic melamine resin type thermosetting coatings of solvent type are in wide use.
Acrylic melamine resin type coatings, however, have no sufficient resistance to acid rain, give rise to blistering, hazing, rain-induced staining, etc., and have no sufficient durability.
In order to solve-these problems, the present applicant proposed a thermosetting solvent type coating composition which utilizes a curing reaction between carboxylic acid group and epoxy group, in Japanese Patent Application Kokai (Laid-Open) No. 139653/1989.
In the above thermosetting solvent type coating composition, problems of acid rain resistance, durability, appearance, etc. were eliminated; however, there occurs viscosity increase during the storage, and the storage stability is poor.
Coating compositions which utilize a curing reaction between acid group and epoxy group, are also described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4650718, 4681811, 4703101 and 4764430. These compositions generally have poor Storage stability because the curing reaction proceeds even at room temperature, and actually are handled as a two-pack type and the mixing of two packs is conducted right before the use in coating. Thus, the compositions have had serious problems for use in the body coating line of automobile production, as described below.
That is, in the body coating line of automobile production, coatings are generally stored in tanks controlled at a suitable temperature and are made up as they are consumed. The residence time in tank is ordinarily about one month.
In automobile plants, the production lines are often stopped for various reasons. If the stopping makes the above residence time longer, there occurs a viscosity increase of the coating in tanks or pipes as well as gelation in pipes. If such troubles happen, much time and labor are required for the cleaning of tanks and pipes, which may cause serious damage. Particularly when gelation in pipes occurs, not a few days are required until the restart of production, in some cases.

Resin composition for thermosetting coating


A turbocharger system for a combustion engine and method of installing a turbocharger system includes a turbocharger having an oil inlet configured for being coupled to a pressure side of an oiling system and an oil outlet. An oil pump is connected to the oil outlet of the turbocharger and is further connected to the oiling system. The turbocharger system also includes mounting hardware for mounting the turbocharger to an exhaust pipe away from the engine at or below the oil level of the oiling system. In one embodiment, the method of installing the turbocharger system includes removing an existing muffler from the vehicle and mounting the turbocharger in the location of the existing muffler.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates generally to a turbo system used on a combustion-type engine for increasing the power of such an engine, and more specifically, to a turbo system and method of installing a turbo system on a vehicle, water craft, or other combustion-type, engine driven device or vehicle.
2. Background of the Invention
Turbo systems in the automotive industry have been available for several decades. During that period of time, there have been many advances in such turbo systems including ways to increase their efficiency and increase their effect on engine horse power.
A turbocharger utilizes the energy in the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine to drive an impeller. The turbocharger consists of two impellers on opposite sides of a common shaft. One impeller in fluid communication with the exhaust gases of the engine functions as a fluid motor. The interaction of the flow and expansion of exhaust gases passing through the turbine impeller causes rotation of the turbine impeller and thus rotation of the shaft of the turbocharger. The other impeller, or compressor impeller, acts as an air pump to draw in ambient air, increase its velocity and density and discharge it to a pressure chamber where the energy is now higher than the energy in the ambient air. This higher pressure air is then fed into the air intake of the engine to increase the air flow into the engine.
Typically, an oil line is attached to the turbocharger housing, and feeds into bearings along the central or intermediate portion of the common shaft. This oil is then gravity fed through a lower portion of the housing into a second line, which feeds into an oil reservoir, such as the oil pan of a vehicle. As such, there is a continuous flow of lubricating oil to the bearings of the turbocharger to lubricate and thus extend the life of the bearings of the turbocharger. The oil is allowed to drain through an outlet of the turbocharger bearing housing back into the engine crankcase, which under non-accelerating conditions (e.g., when turbo shaft rpms are relatively low) may have close to atmospheric pressure conditions. Under boost conditions (e.g., when turbo shaft rpms may be in excess of 100,000 rpms and heat is being absorbed by the bearings and oil) however, during boost, crankcase pressures are substantially increased. This increase in pressure lessens the pressure differential between the inlet and outlet side of the turbocharger bearing housing, which in turn will decrease the flow of oil through the turbocharger.
It is well known that build-up of pressure in the pressure of the oil leaving the turbocharger needs to be avoided. If the oil pressure becomes great enough, some of the oil may enter the seal area immediately adjacent one or both of the impeller wheels and become mixed with the hydraulic pathways associated with the impeller wheels. Any pressure build up or restriction of the oil outlet consequently restricts inlet oil flow and results in a lower volume of lubrication across the turbocharger bearings causing damage to the bearings and shaft of the turbocharger and eventually a turbocharger failure.
In a conventional turbocharger set up, the turbocharger is placed at or near the top of the oiling system which allows gravity to drain substantially all of the oil from the turbocharger and associated fittings, oil inlet and outlet lines and hoses. This conventional turbocharger installation method results in a xe2x80x9cdryxe2x80x9d condition upon engine startup. Thus, the turbocharger can begin spinning at relatively high rpms without adequate lubrication until lubricating oil finally reaches the turbocharger. Spinning the turbocharger without adequate lubrication can cause increased wear of bearings and other components and result in premature failure of the turbocharger.
Because of the well-known problems associated with oil pressure build up inside the turbocharger, there have been attempts in the art to provide various methods of addressing this issue. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,142,608, part of the high-pressure exhaust gas is permitted to escape through a bleed in a seal which is associated with the motor impeller. Thus, according to the invention, the flow of oil is assisted because of the tendency of the bled exhaust gas to carry the exhaust oil in the same direction due to a pressure differential.
Consistent with the advances in turbocharger technology and the known problems associated with any buildup of oil pressure of oil leaving the turbocharger, it is standard practice to mount the turbocharger next to the engine block well above the oil level to facilitate unrestricted gravity draining of oil from the turbocharger back to the oil pan reservoir. In addition, because the turbocharger is connected to the engine exhaust, the turbocharger is commonly mounted directly on or adjacent to the exhaust manifold so as to make the exhaust gas interconnection between the exhaust manifold and the turbocharger more easily connected. Because of the close proximity of the turbocharger to the exhaust manifold at a point where the engine gases are still extremely hot, the turbocharger receives engine gases that are still burning as they enter the turbocharger. Accordingly, the internal temperatures of a turbocharger are typically close to those of the engines combustion chamber. Such heat surely shortens the life of a turbocharger, as heated components tend to wear more rapidly as lubricants are typically less effective at higher temperatures.
Conventional turbocharger installations are quite difficult due to the lack of space under the hood of most modern vehicles. Installing an aftermarket turbocharger system into an already overcrowded engine compartment most often necessitates the relocation of many factory-installed components to make room for the turbocharger system. Such relocation of equipment significantly adds to the expense of conventional turbocharger installations. The addition of all of these extra components and extra plumbing required to mount a traditional turbocharger system under the hood severely overcrowds an already crowded engine compartment making it extremely difficult to do the standard maintenance and any repair work required to keep the vehicle in good condition and greatly increases the labor costs associated with any future maintenance or repairs needed to be performed.
In addition, extreme under-hood temperatures are generated by turbochargers sometimes causing the cooling system of the vehicle to exceed its capabilities and require that a cooling system upgrade be performed as well. Furthermore, these extreme under-hood temperatures can effect various plastic and rubber engine and vehicle components by causing them to fail. To prevent such overheating of auxiliary components near the turbocharger, expensive heat shielding is added around the turbocharger. While protecting auxiliary components surrounding the turbocharger, such shielding compounds the temperature of the turbocharger itself by preventing, to some extent, the dissipation of heat from the turbocharger. In point of fact, turbocharger temperatures can become so extreme during aggressive driving conditions that the turbocharger bearings can be detrimentally affected unless the turbocharger is allowed to cool down for a period of time with the engine idling before the engine is shut off.
Heating air causes air expansion, which creates a xe2x80x9cfalse pressurexe2x80x9d (increase in pressure without an increase in air volume). Horsepower is lost at a ratio of approximately 1 HP per Degree Fahrenheit (within certain limits). In an attempt to combat high charge air temperatures and the consequent horsepower losses which are a result of extreme turbocharger temperatures, most typical turbocharger applications utilize an intercooler mounted in front of the radiator. The intercooler removes excess heat from the intake charge air that comes out of the turbocharger compressor. The intercooled intake charge adds additional power by providing cooler, denser air to the engine. An intercooler, however, causes a restriction in the flow of charge air creating a pressure differential across the intercooler. Accordingly, the compressor needs to make several pounds more boost than actually enters the engine to overcome the pressure drop across the intercooler. Moreover, compressing the air to a higher pressure causes further heating of the already hot air. Thus, the added demands on the turbocharger compressor further increase the operating temperature of the turbocharger.
As with the installation of a turbocharger, the installation of intercooler components is expensive and sometimes difficult to mount because of their size and the limited space available in front of the radiator of modern vehicles. Many times, the only room to mount the intercooler is below the radiator (near the ground. This exposes the expensive and fragile intercooler to damaging road debris that can clog and restrict the flow of the air through the intercooler, reducing its cooling capacity and efficiency.
The present invention of a turbo system overcomes the above-discussed drawbacks of prior art turbo systems to provide a more efficient, easier installing, and less expensive turbo system alternative.
Accordingly, a remotely mountable turbo system is configured for mounting along the exhaust of an internal combustion engine regardless of whether the turbocharger is above, at or below the oil level of the oil reservoir of the engine. The turbo system is comprised of a turbocharger that is coupled to the engine exhaust. More specifically, as with a conventional turbocharger, the exhaust is coupled to the turbocharger so as to drive the turbine impeller of the turbocharger causing rotation of the compressor impeller.
As the compressor impeller spins, outside air is pulled into the compressor and fed to the engine intake, throttle body or carburetor. In order to minimize debris entering the compressor, an air filter is coupled to the air intake of the compressor. In one embodiment, the air filter is located in a position where it will not be exposed to the elements that may otherwise require premature replacement of the air filter once air flow is significantly restricted by the collection of various particles and away from the heat of the engine.
In one embodiment, the oil for the turbocharger is supplied through a high-pressure line from an engine oil pressure supply. The oil is then evacuated from the turbocharger via an oil pump. The oil pump then pumps the oil from the turbocharger back to the oil pan, crankcase or other oil reservoir of the engine.
Remote mounting of the turbocharger of the present invention is to a large extent dependent upon the proper removal of oil from the bearing housing after it passes through the bearings. The pump of the present invention is capable of effectively pumping oil in all operating temperature ranges from the extreme cold of startup in winter to the extreme hot experienced during full boost conditions in the heat of summer. The pump has a near 100% duty cycle so that it can perform effectively during extended driving. The pump is compact, self contained and operable by an integral 12-volt DC motor for easy connection to a vehicle""s 12-volt electrical system. In one embodiment, the oil pump is a 12-volt gear pump.
The oil pump creates a xe2x80x9cvacuumxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9csuctionxe2x80x9d effect on the outlet side of the turbocharger. Thus, a pressure differential is created between the inlet and outlet sides of the turbocharger bearing housing. As such, a more free exchange or flow of oil is created (compared to the gravity fed systems of the prior art) through the turbocharger bearings resulting in more efficient lubrication of the turbocharger bearings.
Use of an electric oil pump to pump oil from the turbocharger outlet to the crankcase of the engine (for example), allows for installation of a turbocharger system in accordance with the present invention on engines that may not have an engine oiling system capable of handling a turbocharger or no oiling system at all. For example, some two stroke engines use oil mixed with the fuel to lubricate the engine.
In an alternative embodiment, use of an oil pump of the present invention on such engines is incorporated by also including a separate oil sump and oil cooler that will provide the turbocharger with its own self-contained oiling system. Thus, the turbocharger of the present invention may be installed on virtually any gas or diesel powered engine, even those where conventional turbo systems are not suitable or even possible.
In one embodiment, the turbocharger is mounted at the location of the muffler of a conventional automobile. Because of the noise reducing effects of the turbocharger, the muffler of the vehicle may be completely replaced with the turbocharger. In the alternative, a smaller supplemental muffler may be coupled to the exhaust port of the turbine to further reduce exhaust noise. By mounting the turbocharger at the location of the stock muffler, modifications within the engine compartment that may otherwise be required to create space for an engine-mounted turbocharger can be avoided. In most cases, the turbocharger installation of the present invention results in less crowding of the engine compartment than the stock vehicle before the installation, creating more access room to facilitate and lower the costs of maintenance or repair work required to be performed on the vehicle. Furthermore, the space for the stock muffler is generally sufficient space for mounting of the turbocharger once the stock muffler is removed.
When mounting the turbocharger at the location of the stock muffler, for example, the oil line into the turbocharger will most likely be below the oil level of the engine. As such, a check valve is installed in the oil feed line. For example, a 5 psi check valve will ensure that the engine is running to prevent engine oil from draining into the turbocharger when the engine is not running. When the engine is started, the oil feed line will pressurize and cause the check valve to open as exhaust flows into the intake turbine. The use of the check valve to maintain oil between the engines oil pump and the turbocharger creates a xe2x80x9cwetxe2x80x9d condition upon startup which quickly lubricates the turbocharger upon engine startup. In a conventional turbocharger installation, the turbocharger is placed at the xe2x80x9ctopxe2x80x9d of the oil system which causes gravity to evacuate the lubricating oil from the turbocharger, fittings, lines, and hoses when the engine is turned off. Upon engine startup, prior art turbo systems can run for a period time in a xe2x80x9cdryxe2x80x9d state until oil is circulated back to the turbocharger. Thus, the turbocharger turbines and shaft can be spinning at high rpms without proper lubrication effecting bearing and shaft life of the turbocharger.
In another embodiment, a wastegate valve is coupled to the exhaust prior to entry into the turbine. The wastegate opens with boost pressure to bypass exhaust around the turbocharger to slow the turbine impeller and thus control boost. Without the wastegate, the compounding effect of the exhaust with boost could cause the boost pressure to rise exponentially with engine rpm. Smaller turbine housings produce adequate boost at lower rpms but produce uncontrollably high boost at high rpms. Larger turbine housings produce little or no boost at lower rpms, but efficient boost at higher rpms. The wastegate allows use of smaller turbine housings to obtain low rpm boost and power while controlling the boost limit as rpm increases to prevent the compounding effect that could otherwise occur as engine rpm increases.
By mounting the turbocharger away from the exhaust manifold of the engine, the temperature of the exhaust can be significantly decreased before it enters the turbocharger. Heat is a major drawback of conventional turbocharger systems. The restriction of the exhaust flow causes excess heat to build up in the exhaust system. Since the turbocharger turbine and compressor are integrally connected, much of this excess exhaust heat is transferred from the turbine side to the compressor side and consequently into the compressor intake air. Such heat transfer significantly reduces the efficiency of the turbocharger.
As it is typical to mount turbochargers directly onto the exhaust manifold of the engine, the exhaust entering the turbocharger is extremely hot and often still xe2x80x9cflaming,xe2x80x9d causing extreme turbocharger temperatures. Conversely, mounting the turbocharger at the rear of the vehicle according to the present invention, allows the exhaust heat to dissipate as it flows through the exhaust system which cools down and stabilizes the gases before they enter the turbine. This greatly reduces the turbocharger temperature thereby increasing the consistency of the flow of gases through the turbocharger, and ultimately, the turbocharger performance and efficiency. Furthermore, mounting the turbocharger under the vehicle instead of under the hood where temperatures sometimes exceed 300 degrees Fahrenheit, as is the conventional mounting location, allows a higher volume of cold air to circulate around the turbocharger and related exhaust components to increase the cooling of these components. Such cooler turbocharger temperatures create less stress on the bearings of the turbocharger and related components as well as less heat effects on the engine oil and less heat transfer from the turbine to the compressor, ultimately, producing a cooler charge air.
Because of the ability to mount the turbocharger of the present invention at a location away from the engine at a downstream point along the engine exhaust pipe, the entire system operates at cooler temperatures than an engine mounted turbo system. Specifically, both the exhaust gases entering the turbocharger of the present invention and the compressed air charge exiting the turbocharger are cooler in temperature. The turbo system of the present invention produces its own xe2x80x9cintercooling effectxe2x80x9d by cooling down the already cooler than normal intake charge of air via heat dissipation produced by the extensive charge air duct surface area. Unlike a traditional intercooler, the turbo system of the present invention does not create a pressure differential to achieve the intercooling effect and thus does not require the turbocharger to increase boost pressure to compensate for the pressure drop across a conventional intercooler.
In addition, with the remote mounting of the turbocharger of the present invention, as for example under the vehicle where there is ample room, the expensive major modifications often necessary to create space under the hood in the engine compartment are significantly, if not totally, eliminated. Consequently, the elimination of these major modifications and added equipment under the hood dramatically lowers the cost of the installation and greatly reduces the costs of future maintenance and repair work required.
Moreover, remote mounting of the turbocharger of the present invention also has the result of a larger volume of engine oil. That is, engine oil contained in hoses, tubing, fittings and the pump provides additional oil to the oil system of the vehicle, reducing the frequency with which the engine oil has to pass through the turbocharger and engine components that primarily effect the lubricating capabilities of the oil. Moreover, the oil lines to and from the turbocharger function as engine oil coolers to lower the temperature of the engine oil, which in turn help to further cool the temperatures of the turbocharger, related components, and ultimately the intake air charge.
In one embodiment of the invention, a check valve is disposed between the engine oil source and the turbocharger near the turbocharger. The check valve creates a xe2x80x9cwetxe2x80x9d condition upon start up which allows rapid lubrication of the turbocharger upon engine start up.
In another embodiment, a pump controller is provided to help match the speed of the pump to the oil removal needs of the turbocharger. That is, as oil pressure within the system increases with increased engine rpm, more oil will enter the turbocharger. At lower engine rpms, the oil removal requirements for the pump are decreased with the decrease of oil pressure on the pressure side of the vehicle""s oiling system. Because a pump in accordance with the present invention may produce pump noise during operation, the controller can significantly reduce such pump noise when engine rpms are relatively low, and increase the pump speed as needed along with engine speed. Furthermore, the noise produced by the increased engine speed from the engine itself will help drown out or overcome the noise produced by the pump at such higher engine rpms.


A cable railway installation comprising cable return disks (2) arranged at he bottom and top stations, at least one of which disks (2) is driven, and comprising a carrying and hauling cable (3) arranged around the cable return disks (2) and guided over guide or deflecting rolls (12) for moving transportation means, such as seats (5). The cable return disk (2) forms the rotor of the drive motor, especially a reluctance motor.

With known cable railway installations of this type, a drive motor is provided either at the bottom station or at the top station. By means of the motor, the cable return disk is driven via a set of gears and coupling. A set of gears is necessary to reduce the speed of rotation of the cable return disk with which the carrying and hauling cable is moved. However, such a drive is disadvantageous, since in addition to the electric motor it is necessary to provide the set of gears and a coupling which prove to break down, and also because of noise caused by the set of gears and finally since these components are liable to wear, for which reason they are again liable to break down.

Konrad Doppelmayr & Sohn Maschinenfabrik Gesellschaft m.b.H. & Co. KG


Provided are a video decoding method and device. This specification provides a video decoding method comprising the steps of: acquiring a parameter indicating whether a multiple transform set is applicable to a block to be decoded, as well as information about the width of the block to be decoded and the height of the block to be decoded; determining the transform type of the block to be decoded on the basis of at least one of the parameter indicating whether a multiple transform set is applicable, or the information about the width and height of the block to be decoded, and setting a zero-out region of the block to be decoded; and inverse-transforming the block to be decoded on the basis of the zero-out region of the block to be decoded and the result of determining the transform type.

Recently, demand for high-resolution and high-quality videos, such as high definition (HD) videos and ultra-high definition (UHD) videos, is increasing in various fields. Since the amount of information or bits to be transmitted relatively increases compared to existing video data as the resolution and quality of video data are getting higher, transmission and storage costs increase when the video data are stored using a medium such as a conventional wired or wireless broadband line.
As realistic video and virtual reality services using 4K or 8K video images have been expanded after the HEVC video codec is enacted in 2013, standardization works for Versatile Video Coding (VVC), which is a next-generation video codec aiming at improving performance more than twice compared to HEVC, have begun, and the standardization works are actively in progress presently. VVC is being developed by the Joint Video Exploration Team (JVET) jointly organized by ISO/ICE MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) and ITU-T VCEG (Joint Video Exploration Team), which are video encoding standardization groups, in order to improve encoding compression performance more than twice compared to HEVC. For the standardization of VVC, as a call for proposal has been announced at the 121st MPEG and 9th JVET meeting in Gwangju in January 2018, and a total of 23 institutions have proposed video codec techniques at the 122nd MPEG and 10th JVET meeting in San Diego, video standardization has begun in full scale. At the 122nd MPEG and 10th JVET meeting, technical reviews on the video codec techniques proposed by the institutions and evaluations on the objective compression performance and subjective video quality have been performed, and some of the techniques are adopted and released as the Working Draft (WD) 1.0 and video reference software VTM (VVC Test Mode) 1.0. For the VVC standard, the Committee Draft (CD) has been completed after the 127th MPEG and 15th JVET meeting in July 2019, and standardization is in progress with the goal of enacting the Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) in October 2020.
In the encoding structure of the existing HEVC for hierarchically splitting a video into a quadtree, VVC has adopted a partitioning block structure that combines a QuadTree Binary Tree (QTBT) and a Ternary Tree (TT). As the structure may generate or process prediction residual signals more flexibly compared to the HEVC, further improved compression performance can be achieved compared to the HEVC. In addition to this basic block structure, new techniques that are not used in existing codecs, such as adaptive loop filter technique (ALF), Affine Motion Prediction (AMP) as a motion prediction technique, and decoder-side motion vector refinement (DMVR), are adopted as standard techniques. DCT-II, which is a transform kernel mainly used in existing video codecs, is continuously used as a transform and quantization technique, and the size of an application block has been changed to apply a larger block size. In addition, application of the DST-7 kernel, which is applied to a small transform block such as a 4×4 block in the existing HEVC, has been expanded to a large transform block, and even DCT-8, which is a new transform kernel, has been added as a transform kernel.
Meanwhile, in the HEVC standard, it does not need to transmit information on the transform type of a video since the transform is performed using one transform type in encoding or decoding a video. However, since Multiple Transform Selection that uses DCT-II, DCT-8, and DCT-7 may be applied in the new techniques, a technique for defining whether an MTS will be applied and which type of primary transform is applied when decoding is performed is required.


A method, device and system for method of optimizing a feature of a communication network prior to implementing a future service is provided. A plurality of network nodes in the communication network is assigned to a network cluster. At least one value for a respective key performance indicator (KPI) for data exchanged between the network nodes in the network cluster is determined, where the data is associated with a first communication service. And a need for an optimization of a feature of the communication network in response to the value for the KPI being outside of a range, prior to implementation of a second communication service is determined.

With the development of mobile broadband communications, mobile telephony and voice services are ever evolving from third generation (3G) to long term evolution (LTE) services using the same communication networks. Prior to LTE services, voice data was transmitted using circuit switched (CS) networks, by contrast LTE services use Internet Protocol (IP)-based service and Voice over LTE (VoLTE) services are likely to become more prevalent. In short, an Evolved Packed Core (EPC) network may be required to handle traditional data services such as web browsing, video transfer/streaming, and applications, but also, such networks may be required to carry voice data.
Customers of wireless services have come to expect a certain level of performance from their service providers. In order to ensure consistent high quality of service, service providers employ network monitoring/network analytics software suites customized for the service providers. Ideally, service providers would like to be able to offer perfect communications service, free from dropped calls, corrupted video, or wait time (latency) between the time a cell phone user speaks and when a recipient hears the spoken voice. In order to ensure high quality of communications service, a service provider may need to install more cells/antennas, increase transmission power of the cells/antennas, or alter the beam properties of the transmitting antennas (e.g. beam width, azimuth, tilt, etc.) It is impossible to monitor and analyze yet-to-be implemented services to determine what problems, if any, will be encountered upon their respective launches.
Consumers of voice services generally prefer well operating systems characterized by few dropped calls and high scores in other Key Performance Indicators (KPIs), such as high Radio Access Network (RAN) Accessibility, high RAN Retainability, and high channel/voice quality. While it is desirable that carriers/voice service providers prioritize voice data so that there is little latency in messaging and few dropped calls, etc., there is a need to optimize networks prior to implementation of a future service.

Method and system for optimizing a communication network feature prior to implementing a new service


The present invention relates to a calender roll cleaning apparatus for smoothing a surface of a magnetic layer of a magnetic recording medium passed through a plurality of calender rolls. The cleaning apparatus comprises a wiping cloth feeding apparatus that feeds a calender roll surface wiping cloth at a definite rate and tension. A cleaning liquid supplying apparatus supplies a controlled amount of cleaning liquid such that the cleaning liquid permeates into the wiping cloth fed from the wiping cloth feeding apparatus. A wiping cloth pressing apparatus presses the permeated wiping cloth at a controlled pressing load.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a calender roll cleaning apparatus for smoothing a surface of a magnetic layer of a magnetic recording medium.
2. Description of the Related Art
During production of a magnetic recording medium, after coating a magnetic coating material on a non-magnetic support, a calender apparatus for smoothing a surface of a magnetic layer is used. The calender apparatus includes a plurality of calender rolls, that is, metal rolls and elastic rolls, alternately disposed. After placing the side of the magnetic layer of the magnetic recording medium next to the metal roll, the magnetic recording medium is fed into a nip portion located between the metal roll and the elastic roll, whereby the surface of the magnetic layer is smoothened.
However, in the calender apparatus, a binder, a hardening agent and a lubricant of the magnetic coating material coated on the magnetic recording medium are released, whereby the surfaces of the metal rolls or the elastic rolls are stained. Also, the stains on the surfaces of rolls are transferred onto the magnetic layer, etc. of the magnetic recording medium, thereby causing drop-out of the magnetic recording medium and spoiling the recording and reproducing qualities.
In order to remove the stains from the surfaces of the metal rolls of the calender apparatus, there has hitherto been proposed a roll cleaning apparatus that brings a cleaning tape into sliding contact with the surfaces of the metal rolls.
However, in this conventional roll cleaning apparatus, the cleaning tape is brought into sliding contact with the surfaces of the metal rolls in a dry system, and therefore, the stains on the roller surfaces cannot be adequately removed. As a result, production is interrupted every hour or two, and the stains on the surfaces of the metal rolls are wiped off by hand, resulting in poor productivity.
It is an object of the present invention to adequately remove the stains from the surfaces of the calender rolls and improve productivity of the calender treatment.
A first aspect of the present invention relates to a calender roll cleaning apparatus for smoothing a surface of a magnetic layer of a magnetic recording medium passed through a plurality of calender rolls. The cleaning apparatus comprises a wiping cloth feeding apparatus that feeds a calender roll surface wiping cloth at a definite rate and tension. A cleaning liquid supplying apparatus supplies a controlled amount of cleaning liquid such that the cleaning liquid permeates into the wiping cloth fed from the wiping cloth feeding apparatus. A wiping cloth pressing apparatus presses the permeated wiping cloth at a controlled pressing load.
Incidentally, the term xe2x80x9cdefinitexe2x80x9d of xe2x80x9cdefinite tensionxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cdefinite feeding ratexe2x80x9d means a tension and a feeding rate, respectively, generated under a mechanically definite control. For example, not only does xe2x80x9cdefinite feeding ratexe2x80x9d include the case of setting the feeding rate to a definite rate of 10 cm/minute but also the case of varying the feeding rate by from 5 to 15 cm/minute by control rollers. The same logic is also applicable to the xe2x80x9cdefinite tension.xe2x80x9d
A second aspect of the present invention relates to the calender roll cleaning apparatus according to the first aspect, wherein the cleaning liquid supplying apparatus is equipped with a porous member that oozes the cleaning liquid and is brought into contact with the wiping cloth.
A third aspect of the present invention relates to a calender roll cleaning apparatus according to the first or the second aspect, wherein the cleaning liquid supplying apparatus controls the cleaning liquid supply amount to the amount at which the cleaning liquid applied to the calender roll from the wiping cloth is vaporized before reaching a magnetic recording medium nip portion located between the rolls.
Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a calender roll cleaning apparatus according to any aspects above, wherein the feeding rate of the wiping cloth is from 3 to 60 cm/minute and the pressing load is from 5 to 7 kgf.
According the first aspect of the present invention, the following advantageous effects are obtained. The use of a fresh wiping cloth fed at a proper feeding rate from the wiping cloth feeding apparatus. The use of a wet wiping cloth permeated with a cleaning liquid is supplied at a proper amount controlled by the cleaning liquid supply apparatus. The use of a wiping cloth pressed against the calender rolls at a proper pressing load controlled by the wiping cloth pressing apparatus so as to adequately remove stains from the surfaces of the calender rolls.
According to the second aspect of the present invention, the following advantages are obtained. The cleaning liquid supply apparatus is equipped with a porous member that oozes a cleaning liquid. By contacting the porous member with the wiping cloth, the cleaning liquid is uniformly distributed throughout the entire wiping cloth, whereby the stains on the surfaces of the calender rolls are adequately removed.
According to the third aspect of the present invention, the following advantages are obtained. The cleaning liquid supply apparatus controls the cleaning liquid supply amount to the amount at which the cleaning liquid applied to the calender rolls from the wiping cloth is vaporized before reaching the magnetic recording medium nip portion of the rolls. Thus, the cleaning liquid applied to the calender rolls disappears immediately after acting to remove the stains from the surfaces of the calender rolls, whereby the cleaning liquid is not brought into contact with a magnetic recording medium in the nip portion of the calender rolls to dissolve the magnetic coating material coated thereon.