A method for fixing one of a balloon and a tubular member to an object with a thread for a medical equipment, may include covering the object with an end of the one of the balloon and the tubular member, winding the thread at a first pitch in a first direction from an edge of the end of the one of the balloon and the tubular member toward an intermediate position of the one of the balloon and the tubular member, and winding the thread at a second pitch in a second direction opposite to the first direction, the second pitch being shorter than the first pitch.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for fixing one of a balloon and a tubular member, and more particularly, to a method for fixing one of a balloon and a tubular member, which fixes an end of the tubular member by winding a thread and medical equipment with a tubular member, fixed using this method.
2. Description of the Related Art
In an endoscopic apparatus, a balloon that can expand or shrink is used for various purposes. For example, an ultrasonograph comprises a balloon surrounding an ultrasonic scanning section at an end of an ultrasonic probe to charge an ultrasonic transmission medium thereinto, and an ultrasonic endoscope comprises a balloon surrounding an ultrasonic transducer at an end of the insertion section to charge an ultrasonic transmission medium thereinto. Furthermore, a balloon is attached to an insertion section of an endoscope to fix the insertion section or a balloon is attached to an insertion adapter such as an over tube to fix the insertion adapter inside a body cavity.
In the case of such a balloon for a medical equipment, an end of the balloon is put on an object and fixed with a thread wound around the end of the balloon. For example, in the ultrasonic detection apparatus as described in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-235847, the end of a balloon is covered on a ring, a thread is wound around the balloon, and adhesive is applied further thereon, so that the balloon is fixed on the ring.
However, the method of winding or knotting a thread is not described specifically in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-235847. For this reason, since a fastening force is weakened depending on the method of winding or knotting a thread, the balloon may come off or the mounting position of the balloon may be deviated, so that an adverse effect on an inspection using ultrasound may be caused.
For example, as shown in FIG. 6A, a balloon 2 is put on an object 3 such as a ring, and a thread 1 is wound densely around the balloon 2 from an edge 2A thereof. Therefore, the balloon 2 is pressed by the thread 1 and stretches in the direction indicated by an arrow, which results in a disadvantage that the size of the expanded area (i.e., area expanded or shrunken by a supply or suction of a fluid) 2B of the balloon 2 changes. For this reason, when an ultrasonic transducer is disposed inside the balloon 2, the positional relationship between the ultrasonic transducer and the maximum expanded area of the balloon 2 may be shifted, making it hard for ultrasound to propagate and causing an adverse effect on measurement.
Such a problem can be solved by densely winding the thread 1 toward the edge 2A of the balloon 2 as shown in FIG. 6B. However, in this case, a new problem occurs depending on how the thread 1 is tied after winding.
For example, as shown in FIG. 6C, a method of tying the ends of the thread 1 together on the winding portion has a disadvantage that slackens the tying thread 1 easily, and a disadvantage that snags a jutting knot 1A of the thread 1 from rest of the part easily.
Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 6D, it is possible to consider a method of densely winding the thread 1 toward the edge 2A of the balloon 2 first and then winding the thread 1 from the edge 2A, thus winding twofold. However, this method has a problem that the twofold-winding thread 1 causes to increase the diameter of the winding part. Another problem is that the inner thread 1 is likely to slacken when the outer thread 1 is wound. In addition, since the thread 1 is tied in the vicinity of the expanded area 2B of the balloon 2, the knot 1A of the thread 1 may tear the balloon 2 when the balloon 2 is expanded or shrunken.
Therefore, depending on how the thread 1 is wound or tied, the balloon 2 would conventionally result in various problems such as the balloon 2 getting expanded or damaged or the diameter of the winding part of the thread 1 becoming large. Such problems also occur when the balloon is attached to an insertion adapter or endoscope operating equipment or when an angle rubber, etc., to cover the insertion section of the endoscope is fixed.
Additionally, Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2003-235847 does not specifically describe how to wind or tie the thread, and therefore the knot of the thread may protrude from the rest of the part. When the ultrasonograph with the protrusion is inserted into a clamp channel of the endoscope, the protrusion may be caught at the knot of the thread, tearing the balloon. Such problems may also occur when the balloon is fixed to the insertion adapter and endoscope operating equipment, or when the angle rubber and the like for covering the insertion section of the endoscope are fixed to those.

Method for fixing one of balloon and tubular member, and medical equipment


A method for treating obstructive sleep apnea includes providing MAD therapy via an adjustable mandibular advancement device structured to advance the position of the patient's lower jaw, providing CPAP therapy via a mask system structured to deliver a supply of pressurized air to a patient, and selectively adjusting the mask system and/or the mandibular advancement device to alternate and/or balance between CPAP therapy and MAD therapy.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep-related respiratory disorder, and many obstructive sleep apnea therapies have been developed to treat the disorder. One such therapy is a mandibular advancement device (MAD) that is used to adjust the position of the patient's lower jaw, e.g., bringing it forward, in an attempt to keep the patient's airway open.
The present invention provides alternative arrangements of MADs to enhance the treatment of OSA.

System and method for treating patient with obstructive sleep apnea


An online meeting is established, via a meeting server, where the online meeting facilitates exchange of content between a plurality of separate meeting endpoints engaged in the online meeting. Video content is received at the meeting server from one or more of the meeting endpoints, and presentation content is received at the meeting server from a meeting endpoint associated with a presenter attendee that selects sharing of the presentation content within the online meeting. At the meeting server, an overlay window in the presentation content is identified, video content received at the meeting server from at least one meeting endpoint is inserted within the overlay window in the presentation content to form presentation content integrated with video content, and meeting endpoints engaged in the online meeting are provided for display the presentation content integrated with video content.

When presenting in a video conference, the material being presented (for instance a slide deck presentation or a word processing document) is often shown disjointed from the live video stream of the presenter. It can be hard to switch back to looking at the presenter to see any visual cues they give when presenting, and it can be distracting to have to keep switching focus, e.g., between one screen on which the presentation is being shown and another screen showing the live video of the conference participants. Providing a more seamless integration of a live video stream (e.g., of the presenter) suitably oriented and aligned with presentation content during an ongoing or real-time online meeting would render the meeting more beneficial.

Integration of video in presentation content within an online meeting


A communication module is provided with a Transmit/Receive (T/R) element fabricated from psuedomorphic HEMT, High Electron Mobility Transistor technology (PHEMT). The T/R element drives multiple Radio Frequency MEMS switch-based phasing elements. Each of the phasing elements connects to a corresponding radiation element. A large quantity of the communication elements can be placed on a single substrate chip so as to provide for a reliable and cost effective device.

I. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to drivers for radiating elements and electronically steerable arrays.
More particularly the present invention pertains to a communication device having a Transmit/Receive (T/R) element fabricated from HEMT (High Electron Mobility Transistor) technology, that advantageously drives multiple radiating elements.
II. Discussion of the Background
Historically, electronically steerable phased arrays have utilized two types of designs.
With reference to FIG. 1, the passive Electronically Steerable Array (ESA) 14 has a transmitter/receiver 18 for driving a plurality of arrayed phase shifters 16 that are connected to a radiating element or elements 10. The array 14 is passive in that it is dependent upon a single high-peak-power tube transmitter/receiver 18. Should the transmitter receiver 18 fail, the entire array 14 becomes inoperational.
In FIG. 2, an active Electronically Steerable Array 20 has many transmit receive elements as demonstrated in a row 22 of transmit/receive elements. Each of the transmit/receive elements of row or network 22 is directly connected to a corresponding phase element in row or network 24 of phase elements. In the active ESA of FIG. 2, the row 22 of T/R elements is positioned between the radiating element or elements 26 and the row of phase elements 24. In FIG. 4, the schematic diagram of an array column 25 demonstrates the element geometry of an active ESA in that the transmit/receive element 221 is positioned between the phase element 241 and the radiating element 261.
The schematic diagram of FIG. 3 will provide explanation for the reason transmit/receive element 221 of the active ESA is positioned between the phase element 241 and the radiating element 261.
With reference to FIG. 3, transmit/receive element 221 is comprised of a number of electrical components. A switch 48 alternatively connects radiating element 261 to low noise amplifier 28 during receive mode or to power amplifier 46 during transmit mode. Low-noise amplifier 28 connects to band-pass filter 30 that connects to a mixer 32. Mixer 32 mixes the received signal with a current received from an oscillator with the mixed signal proceeding to amplifier 34. Amplifier 34 connects to a switch 36 which opens and closes depending upon the mode of operation. Amplifier 38 is located between and connects to phase shifter 241 and to multiplier or mixer 42. A mixed signal proceeds from mixer 42 to band-pass filter 44 to power amplifier 46. When switch 48 connects to power amplifier 48, a signal can be transmitted through radiating element 261.
To achieve the best performance for active ESA array elements such as those depicted in FIGS. 2-4, the low noise amplifier 28 needs to be positioned as close as possible to the radiating element 261 due to the relatively low peak power of the transmitter/receiver 221. As the distance of the low noise amplifier 28 from the radiating element increases, signal loss increases and performance decreases.
The transmitter/receiver 18 of the passive ESA of FIG. 1 has sufficient power to drive the radiating elements 10, but since the large drive signal has to travel through the phase shifters 16, unwanted noise is created. Further, as has been pointed out, should the transmitter/receiver 18 fail, the entire device will fail.

The United States of America as Represented by the Secretary of the Army


The method for regulating a generator including three stator windings (U, V, W) and a converter bridge (11) including controllable switch elements (15 to 20) includes temporarily connecting the stator windings (U, V, W) in an otherwise currentless time interval with a charge source (21) that supplies an additional charging current to the stator windings (U, V, W) in addition to induced current present in the stator windings (U, V, W). The additional charging current provides the generator (10) with additional magnetic energy. In a preferred embodiment of the method, the supply of additional charging current to the stator windings is controlled by a logistics element (27) for setting a turn-on time and a longest on-time duration of at least one switch element and a comparator (25) that produces a comparison output according to a comparing of an actual current value with a predetermined maximum value.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for regulating a generator and, more particularly, to a method of regulating a claw pole generator driven by an internal combustion engine, which is associated with a converter bridge with triggerable switch elements controlled by a regulating device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Claw pole generators are used in motor vehicles to furnish the electrical energy for the on-board vehicle electrical system. These rotary current generators are connected to the direct voltage system of the vehicle via a diode rectifier bridge. The generator outputs power as soon as its induced voltage exceeds the system voltage. The power output of the generator is regulated via the intensity of the exciter current. The system voltage or the output voltage of the generator is typically used as the controlled variable.
To reduce fuel consumption in recent motor vehicles, the idling rpm of the engine is kept as low as possible. A low engine rpm also affects the generator rpm, since the generator is driven by the engine. To allow the generator to output enough electrical energy to the on-board electrical system even during engine idling and to enable recharging of the battery, the generator is required to furnish energy, even at low generator rpm levels. Furthermore, at typical rpm levels the generator should output as much energy as possible. Optimal generator regulation should therefore, on the one hand, make a general power increase possible and, on the other, make it possible to lower the startup rpm, that is, to lower the rpm level above which the rpm can output power.
A rotary current generator for a motor vehicle that outputs improved outset power compared with conventional generators is known from European Patent Disclosure EP 0 762 596 A1. Instead of a conventional rectifier bridge, this rotary current generator has a full-wave-controlled rectifier bridge that includes six controlled switches. By suitable triggering of the switches of the bridge, which for instance include switchable semiconductor elements, phase regulation can be performed in which the phase voltages of the generator are shifted relative to the phase currents. As a consequence, additional currents flow into the stator windings and lead to an increase in the starting power of the rotary current generator compared to a rotary current generator with only a simple diode bridge.
It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved method of regulating a generator, especially a claw pole generator driven by an internal combustion engine.
According to the invention the method for controlling or regulating a generator, said generator having three stator windings and respective generator terminals associated with the windings, a converter bridge including controllable switch elements and means for controlling the switch elements, includes temporarily connecting the stator windings for a predetermined time interval with a charge source that supplies a charging current to the stator windings in addition to induced current present in the stator windings, which charges a generator inductance with magnetic energy from the charge source. The charge source is either a battery or a capacitor.
The method of the invention for regulating a generator has the advantage that the generator furnishes a higher starting power, and that in particular at low rpm it furnishes a higher starting power. It is especially advantageous that the so-called startup rpm of the generator, that is, the rpm above which it is at all possible to output power, is lowered compared with conventional generators.
The method of the invention can be employed to obtain the above objectives and advantages, since a converter bridge with switch elements instead of conventional diodes is associated with the generator. By the correct triggering of these switch elements, it is possible to connect the generator terminals to the positive or negative pole of the battery independently of the natural ignition times of a diode bridge. By suitable triggering of the switch elements, additional currents are supplied to the generator terminals, and the output power of the generator can be increased. These additional currents are initially drawn from the battery, or optionally from an intermediate circuit capacitor, and delivered to the generator via the switch elements. The feeding times into the generator phases are advantageously selected so that they are located in intervals in which the phase current in diode operation is low or disappears (ripples). The power increase of the generator because of the direct current pulsation is associated with an increased waviness of the output current. This waviness is composed of the generator output current and the withdrawal of the current pulses. Advantageously, however, smoothing can again be attained with the aid of an additional capacitor.

Method of regulating a generator, especially a claw pole generator of an on-board vehicle electrical system


The invention relates to a handheld analyzer for testing a sample, in particular of a biological fluid, for a medically significant component. It comprises a test unit, which detects the correct positioning of an analytical consumable means in a conveyance pathway. According to this invention, the test unit has both an electric switch component which mechanically senses the positioning of the analytical consumable means and an optical sensor unit which optically senses the positioning of the analytical consumable means on the conveyance pathway. The handheld analyzer is controlled as a function of a comparison of the signals of the electric switch component and the optical sensor unit. It is possible in this way to reduce malfunctions or operating errors associated therewith.

For chemical and biochemical analysis of solid and liquid sample materials, carrier-bound rapid tests have become established in specialized laboratories and in particular also for use out of stationary laboratories. Such carrier-bound rapid tests are based on a specially developed dry chemistry and can be performed easily and in an uncomplicated manner even by a layperson despite the often complex reaction involving sensitive reagents.
Test elements for determining the blood glucose level of diabetics are a familiar example of carrier-bound rapid tests. Diagnostic test elements designed in strips are also referred to as test strips. Known embodiments include for example single-field or multi-field test strips for urinalysis and various indicator papers. In addition to test elements in strip form, other forms of carrier-bound tests also exist, so we speak in more general terms of analytical consumable means. Analytical consumable means can also generally refer to lancet or sample withdrawal elements, not just testing elements.
Such analytical consumable means can be used with a handheld analyzer which analyzes a color change of a test strip, e.g. photometrically by using an optical analysis device. In some systems, analytical consumable means are stored in a rotary drum magazine, such as that described in EP 1 022 565, for example, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. A rotary drum magazine can have several chambers which are, for example, arranged in a ring and may contain the analytical consumable means. Typically, each chamber has an insertion opening and a withdrawal opening on opposite front ends of the rotary drum magazine. These openings are each closed with a sealing film to protect the analytical consumable means from harmful environmental influences such as light, humidity or dust.
With known handheld analyzers such as the "Accu-Chek® Compact Blood Glucose Meter" from Roche Diagnostics GmbH, a check is performed by actuation of a withdrawal device to determine whether an analytical consumable means is still present in a chamber of the rotary drum magazine or whether it has already been withdrawn. The known handheld analyzer has two electric test circuits. A first test circuit is closed by a dog mounted on a push rod of the withdrawal device when this push rod is inserted into a chamber of the rotary drum magazine. If a consumable means is in the chamber, it is ejected by the push rod, and in doing so, a switch is activated by the consumable means, thereby closing a second test circuit. If operation of the withdrawal device results in closing the first test circuit only but not in closing the second test circuit, this means that the respective chamber of the rotary drum magazine is empty.
Other exemplary systems with test element positioning and/or detection means are disclosed in EP 0 779 983 and EP 1 508 807, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entireties.
Handheld analyzers for testing a medically significant component of a sample, such as devices for determining the blood glucose level, are often used by people whose perception or manual dexterity is impaired due to age or illness. It is therefore important for such analyzers to be as easy to handle as possible and that operating errors or malfunctions are ruled out as much as possible.
The object of the invention is to provide a handheld analyzer for testing a medically significant component of a sample and a method for operating such a handheld analyzer that reduces malfunctions or operating errors associated therewith.


A method includes receiving information indicative of a temperature of exhaust gas emitted from an engine operating at an engine speed, determining that the temperature of the exhaust gas is below a predefined temperature threshold, determining an engine load sized to increase the temperature of the exhaust gas above the predefined temperature threshold, increasing a load on the engine to the determined engine load while maintaining the engine at the engine speed by increasing at least one of a fuel flow rate and a fuel flow pressure of the fuel pump powered by the engine, and diverting the excess fuel from the fuel flow path upstream of the engine. Increasing at least one of the fuel flow rate and the fuel pressure of the fuel pump causes excess fuel to be provided to the engine than is necessary to maintain the engine at the engine speed.

Emissions regulations for internal combustion engines have become more stringent over recent years. Environmental concerns have motivated the implementation of stricter emission requirements for internal combustion engines throughout much of the world. Government agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States, carefully monitor the emission quality of engines and set emission standards to which engines must comply. Consequently, the use of exhaust aftertreatment systems on engines to reduce emissions is increasing.
Exhaust aftertreatment systems receive an exhaust gas emitted by an engine and generally include one or more catalysts that reduce an emission of particulate matter, nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, and other environmentally harmful pollutants. Engine operation at undesirable conditions (low temperature) can result in build-up of various species in components of an exhaust aftertreatment system in exhaust gas receiving communication with the engine. For example, various species can build up in the catalysts and the reductant piping systems. Subsequent performance deterioration can only be reversed with periodic high temperature operation at various temperature thresholds depending on the species that has accumulated. Therefore, maintaining desirable exhaust gas temperatures may promote improved operation of the exhaust aftertreatment system.

Apparatus, system and method for thermal management by deploying engine fueling on demand


According to the invention there is provided inter alia a medical device for delivering a paclitaxel to a tissue, the device the device having a coating layer applied to a surface of the device, the coating layer comprising components i), ii) and iii), wherein

It has become increasingly common to treat a variety of medical conditions by introducing a medical device into the vascular system within a human. For example, medical devices used for the treatment of vascular disease include stents, stent-grafts, grafts, catheters, balloon catheters, guide wires, cannulas and the like.
In the case of a localized vascular disease, a systemic administration of a drug may not be desirable because the drug may have unwanted effects on parts of the body which are not to be treated, or because treatment of the diseased vasculature requires a high concentration of drug that may not be achievable by systemic administration. It is therefore often desirable to administer drugs in a localized manner to vascular tissues. Several devices for localized drug delivery are known, including a stent coated with an elutable drug, also known as a drug eluting stent (DES), and a balloon catheter coated with an elutable drug, also known as a drug eluting balloon (DEB).
DEBs and DESs are coated with a drug using a variety of coating techniques. When a drug-eluting device is inserted into a vascular organ, the drug may be slowly released into the surrounding vascular tissue, to provide a long lasting therapeutic effect. Alternatively, the drug may be rapidly released from the coating, with minimal drug remaining on the device shortly after implantation. Coatings with fast drug release characteristics are particularly advantageous if a medical device is not permanently implanted, as it is necessary in this situation to rapidly deliver drug to the vascular tissue at the time of treatment.
Non-stent based local delivery systems, such as DEBs, have also been effective in the treatment of vascular disease. Therapy commences when the DEB is inserted into the patient to a target site, and inflated at the target site, wherein the DEB is pressed against the vascular tissue to deliver the drug. When DEBs are used, it is advantageous for the drug in the coating to be retained on the balloon surface prior to inflation, and to be rapidly released and transferred to the vascular tissue upon inflation.
One of the potential drawbacks to the use of drug-eluting devices for the localized treatment of vascular disease, is the unintended release of drug away from the target site. This unintended release may occur during removal from the packaging and insertion into the body, tracking to and placement at the treatment site, during expansion or deployment of the device, or occur post-treatment as the device is withdrawn from the body. Such unintended release may result from physical dislodgement of the coating, drug diffusion, device contact with areas proximate the treatment site, or washing out of the drug from the surface of the device due to blood flow.
A drug commonly used for the localized treatment of vascular disease is paclitaxel. Paclitaxel can be coated onto a medical device using a variety of coating techniques. One technique involves combining the paclitaxel with an excipient, either in dry form using powder methods, or in solution or in suspension using solvent methods. The paclitaxel-excipient combination is then applied to the surface of the medical device, either in the form of a powder or via the application of the solution or suspension followed by a drying step.
There are numerous factors that must be considered when creating a paclitaxel-excipient combination, and when coating the combination onto a medical device. In general, combining drugs and excipients, and coating medical devices with drug-excipient combinations, are complicated areas of technology. They involve the usual formulation challenges, such as those of oral or injectable pharmaceuticals, together with the added challenge of maintaining drug adherence to the medical device until it reaches the target site and subsequently delivering the drug to the target tissues with the desired release and absorption kinetics.
A commercially available paclitaxel-eluting device which is currently marketed under brand name IN.PACT Admiral Drug-Coated Balloon by Medtronic is a balloon with a coating which is a formulation comprising paclitaxel and urea.
US2011/0295200 (Speck et al.) describes catheter balloons covered with paclitaxel in hydrated crystalline form or in hydrated solvated crystalline form, which are said to have immediate release and bioavailability of a therapeutically effective amount of paclitaxel at the site of intervention. In one embodiment, the catheter balloon is coated by dissolving paclitaxel in an aqueous solvent in the presence of urea, then completely or partially wetting the balloon surface with the solution, then letting the solvent evaporate. It is noted that in the presence of urea in the coating layer of paclitaxel on the balloon surface, release of the drug from the surface was promoted.
There is a need to develop further paclitaxel-containing coatings for use in the localized treatment of vascular disease. In particular, there is a need to develop coatings for medical devices comprising paclitaxel that can deliver therapeutically relevant levels of paclitaxel to a target vascular tissue, in a localised manner, on a suitable timescale. The coating should have good adherence to the medical device during device preparation, manipulation and insertion, while also having suitable release characteristics once in contact with the target vascular tissue. The paclitaxel, when formulated in the coating, should be stable to sterilization, in particular ethylene oxide sterilization. When the medical device has a coating with an additional therapeutic agent (i.e. other than paclitaxel), the paclitaxel-containing coating should be compatible with the additional therapeutic agent.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Abstract: component i) is a therapeutic agent which is paclitaxel; and

Abstract: component ii) is urea or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, or a urea derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; and

Abstract: component iii) is succinic acid, glutaric acid or caffeine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of any one thereof.


A compound represented by the formula (1), or a salt thereof (X represents carbonyl group, or sulfonyl group; R1 represents hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkanoyl group, cyano group, or carboxyl group; R2 represents an alkyl group, a cyclic carbon group, or a heterocyclic group; R3 represents hydrogen atom, or 1 to 3 substituents; R4 and R5 represents hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, or an alkyl group; and R6 represents an alkyl group, or an alkoxy group), which has an mPGES-1 inhibitory action, and is useful as an active ingredient of a medicament for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of inflammation, pain, rheumatism, and the like.

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is involved in inflammation, pain, pyrexia, and the like by means of PGE receptors, and can suppress the PGE2 production to suppress inflammation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) in the upstream of the prostaglandin biosynthesis pathway, and thereby exhibit anti-inflammatory activity. However, they totally suppress the prostaglandin biosynthesis pathway downstream from the prostanoid production in which COX is involved, and therefore they cause gastric mucosal injury as side effects due to suppression of secretion of gastric mucus or blood flow in gastric mucosa.
There are two types of isozymes of COX, COX-1 and COX-2. Among them, COX-2 is expressed and induced in inflammatory tissues by various inflammation-promoting stimuli (for example, those of cytokines such as interleukin-1β). Medicaments that selectively inhibit this COX-2 suppress the production of PGI2, which has vasodilatation and platelet aggregation actions; however, since they do not inhibit the production of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) catalyzed by COX-1 (TXA2 causes vasoconstriction and platelet coagulation), they are considered to increase risk of thrombosis, and increase cardiovascular events, either.
In the downstream of the biosynthesis pathway of PGE2, PGE2 is biosynthesized from PGH2 by the prostaglandin E synthase (PGE synthase, PGES). As PGES, there are three kinds of enzymes, mPGES-1 (microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1), mPGES-2 (microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-2), and cPGES (cytosolic PGE synthase). Among them, mPGES-1 is an inducible trimer enzyme, of which expression is increased by inflammatory stimuli (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, pp. 7220-7225, 1999), and it is known to participate in cancer, inflammation, pain, pyrexia, tissue repair, and the like.
Since mPGES-1 inhibitors can selectively inhibit the final step of the PGE2 biosynthesis pathway in inflammation lesions (Pharmacol. Rev., 59, pp. 207-224, 2007; J. Biol. Chem., 279, pp. 33684-33695, 2004), they are expected as anti-inflammatory agents that do not cause gastric mucosal injuries, unlike the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. There are also expected efficacies of mPGES-1 inhibitors for prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment of pain, rheumatism, osteoarthritis, pyrexia, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, arteriosclerosis, ocular hypertension such as glaucoma, ischemic retinopathy, systemic scleroderma, malignant tumors such as large intestine tumor, and diseases for which suppression of the PGE2 production exhibits efficacy (refer to International Patent Publication WO2015/125842 for PGE2, PGES, and mPGES-1, as well as uses of mPGES-1 inhibitors, and the like). In addition, it is also known that mPGES-1 inhibitors increase productions of other prostanoids in connection with the suppression of the PGE2 production (J. Biol. Chem., 280, pp. 16579-16585, 2005).
As such mPGES-1 inhibitors, there are known the heterocyclic derivatives disclosed in Japanese Patent No. 5601422, the substituted pyrimidine compounds disclosed in International Patent Publication WO2015/59618, the triazine compounds disclosed in International Patent Publication WO2015/125842, and the like. International Patent Publication WO2015/59618 discloses a pyrimidine compound substituted with p-trifluoromethylphenyl group and 2-chloro-5-isobutyramidobenzyl group (Example 2), and International Patent Publication WO2015/125842 discloses triazine compounds substituted with p-trifluoromethylphenyl group and 2-chloro-5-isobutyramidobenzyl group (Examples 1 to 28).


A method and a device for generating a modified statement are provided. An embodiment thereof includes obtaining a target statement, and separating words in the target statement to obtain a word collection to be modified; determining whether a target storage portion comprises a predetermined word collection to be confirmed corresponding to a word to be modified in the word collection to be modified; in response to determine to include the predetermined word collection, based on the error probabilities and the usage probabilities of the words to be confirmed, determining modification probabilities of the words to be confirmed; according to a numerical sequence of the modification probabilities, selecting predetermined numbered words to be confirmed from the word collection to be confirmed as a word sub-collection to be confirmed; and based on the word sub-collection to be confirmed, generating the modified statement. The embodiment improves the accuracy to modify the statement.

When people input characters (such as inputting search statements into a search engine, inputting comment statements, etc.) by using electronic equipment such as a mobile phone and a computer, the situation of character input errors usually occurs. At the moment, wrong characters need to be corrected. In the prior art, the search engine is generally used for correcting the search statements input by the user, and the corrected statements are displayed for the user to select.

Method and device for generating modified statement

BEIJING BYTEDANCE NETWORK TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.


In an image signal input apparatus that performs high-speed input processing of an image signal and, in particular, a brightness signal, a video signal is processed by a clamping circuit so as to achieve a constant reference level, and then input to an A/D converter. The A/D converter samples the video signal synchronously with a clock signal of a frequency 4fsc. The output of the A/D converter is input to a selector directly or via a 4-data arithmetic mean circuit. The 4-data arithmetic mean circuit obtains an arithmetic mean of every four consecutive data output from the A/D converter. The obtained 4-data arithmetic mean data correspond to the brightness signal. After the 4-data arithmetic mean data is stored in a memory through a DMA controller, the data is output to a personal computer via a Centronics.RTM. interface, thereby reducing the amount of data memory necessary for input processing to a quarter of the normal amount.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to an image signal input apparatus for inputting to a processing unit an image signal formed by superimposing a brightness signal on a color subcarrier wave having a generally sine waveform.
2. Description of Related Art
Conventional image signals, such as video signals, television signals and the like, are formed by superimposing a brightness signal on a color subcarrier wave that indicates the color of each pixel; the brightness signal varies in strength with the brightness of each pixel. These video signal may be produced by a digital camera. A conventional apparatus for inputting these image signals to a processing unit, such as a computer or the like, converts the image signal into digital data by sampling the image signal at a frequency that is 4 or 8 times the frequency (fsc) of the color subcarrier wave (i.e., a frequency of 4 fsc or 8 fsc). The conventional apparatus then inputs all the data obtained by sampling to the computer or the like.
The data obtained by sampling at a frequency of 4 fsc or 8 fsc can easily be demodulated into an original image signal. Therefore, a processing unit, such as a computer, extracts a brightness signal from the demodulated image signal, performs a preview operation of displaying a corresponding image in a monochrome view and, when a capture key is operated during the preview operation, performs a capture operation of storing in a memory the image signal available at the time of the operation of capture key.
However, the quantity of data obtained by sampling at a frequency of 4 fsc or 8 fsc is large. Therefore, a long processing time is required to input the data to the computer, perform the preview operation based on the data, and optionally perform the capture operation. Therefore, the progression of the preview operation is slower than the progression of the image signal unless the number of frames displayed during preview is considerably reduced. In addition, the displayed monochrome images are displayed after a significant delay time because of the unequal progression of the preview operation and the image signal. Consequently, it is very difficult, if not impossible to precisely input an instruction to perform image signal capture at a desired time by operating a capture key. Further, during processing, operations other than the preview and capture operations are performed on the image signal. Therefore, the problem of a long processing time is compounded. Thus, a reduction in such processing time is needed.


Provided is a restricting blade 21 which includes a blade substrate 21w and a blade end face 21u defining an aperture diameter as being an end face of the blade substrate 21w, while the blade end face 21u includes a first slant portion 21p which is curved and slanted against an optical axis O, a first leading end portion 21q which forms a leading end of the first slant portion 21p, a second slant portion 21r which is curved and slanted in the approximately same direction as the first slant portion 21p as being overlapped with the first slant portion 21p along the optical axis O, and a second leading end portion 21s which forms a leading end of the second slant portion 21r and the first leading end portion 21q is further protruded toward the optical axis O than the second leading end portion 21s.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a restricting blade, a light quantity adjusting device, an optical apparatus, and a method for manufacturing a restricting blade, and in particular, relates to a restricting blade used in a light quantity adjusting device which adjusts light quantity by varying an aperture diameter centered on an optical axis, a light quantity adjusting device using the restricting blade, an optical apparatus including the light quantity adjusting device, and a method for manufacturing the restricting blade.
2. Description of the Related Art
A light quantity adjusting device (iris) is incorporated in an optical apparatus such as an imaging apparatus like a video camera, a still camera or the like, and a projecting apparatus like a projector and is used for adjusting light quantity such as photographing light quantity and projecting light quantity. Here, a plurality of light quantity adjusting blades (hereinafter, called restricting blades) are placed openably and closably at a substrate which has an optical axis aperture on a photographing optical path (or a projecting optical path). Light quantity is adjusted by adjusting an aperture centered on an optical axis to have a large diameter or a small diameter.
As illustrated in FIG. 13A, in general, a restricting blade 21 is configured to include a blade substrate 21w and a blade end face 21u which defines an aperture diameter as being an end face of the blade substrate 21w. Similarly to other members in an optical apparatus, when undesirable internal reflection occurs at the blade end face 21u, image quality is decreased with occurrence of flare, ghost, or the like.
As illustrated in FIG. 13B, in a case that the blade end face 21u has a face parallel to an optical axis O, incoming light from the outside is reflected at the blade end face 21u, so that the reflected light undesirably reaches a sensor side. As illustrated in FIG. 13C, it is ideal that the restricting blade 21 has the blade end face 21u which does not has a face parallel to the optical axis O. For example, it is ideal that the blade end face 21u is processed to be completely oblique.
Conventionally, contrivance has been performed variously to prevent undesirable incidence of reflection light to a sensor side by processing a shape of a blade end face.
It is difficult to process a thin restricting blade (e.g., thickness of 60 μm) into a completely oblique shape. For example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 56-012629 discloses a technology to perform cutting after performing face-pressing and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2011-059237 discloses a technology to cut a blade end face with blast processing. Further, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-229095 discloses a restricting blade in which a blade end face has a plurality of stepped portions with mold-forming.
However, with the technology of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 56-012629, since a surplus part is cut after a blade end face is formed into a tapered shape with face-pressing, there is a fear that reflected light undesirably reaches a sensor side owing to formed cut face. Another embodiment thereof discloses a method to cut a blade end face with punching while setting a blade member which is to be material of a restricting blade in a slanted state. However, there is a fear that accuracy is decreased owing to that the blade member is set in a slanted state. With the technology of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2011-059237, there is a problem that cost is prone to increase owning to difficulty for mass production due to long required time for each blasting. Further, although a restricting blade having an end face formed stepwise is manufactured with forming processing with the technology of Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-229055, a thin restricting blade as described above cannot be manufactured with mold-forming.

Restricting blade, light quantity adjusting device, optical apparatus, and method for manufacturing restricting blade


The present invention relates to a method of determining the static force developed by a servo-control (10) having an actuator (20) and a hydraulic distributor control valve (30), with the actuator (20) including at least one cylinder (21) and a slidable element (25). The method comprises determining an instantaneous travel speed of the slidable element (25) relative to the cylinder (21) and determining the static force based at least in part on the instantaneous static force developed by the servo-control (10), the predetermined maximum static force, the instantaneous travel speed raised to the second power, and the maximum travel speed of the slidable element (25) relative to the cylinder (21) raised to the second power.

(1) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method of determining the static force developed by a servo-control.
(2) Description of Related Art
Conventionally, an aircraft has controllable members that can be operated by a pilot, such as the blades of a lift rotor in a rotorcraft of the helicopter type, or indeed the control surfaces of an airplane, for example.
By using flight controls, the pilot thus operates the controllable members of the aircraft. Nevertheless, the forces that need to be exerted in order to move these controllable members are sometimes very large.
Consequently, the linkage connecting a flight control to a controllable member is often provided with a hydraulic system that includes a powered servo-control so as to enable the pilot to pilot the aircraft accurately and without difficulty.
More particularly, a helicopter is provided with a main rotor providing it with lift and propulsion. In order to control the flight of the helicopter, a pilot modifies the pitch of the blades of the main rotor, i.e. the angles of incident of the blades relative to the incident air flow.
As a result, the rotorcraft has a swashplate assembly provided with a non-rotary bottom swashplate and with a rotary top swashplate, with said assembly sometimes being referred to more simply as the "swashplate". The non-rotary bottom swashplate is connected to the pilot's flight controls, generally by three distinct lines, while the rotary top swashplate is connected to each of the blades by a respective pitch-control rod. The swashplate thus slides along the mast of the main rotor in order to control the general pitch of the blades of the main rotor, while also being capable of oscillating in all directions around a ball joint in order to control the cyclic pitch of the blades.
The oscillations and the vertical movement of the swashplate, under the control of the pilot, are thus at the origin of variations in the pitch of the blades that enables the pilot to control the helicopter.
Conventionally, the pilot controls the swashplate via mechanical controls that are connected thereto by connecting rods. Nevertheless, the forces the pilot needs to exert in order to move the swashplate are very large, in particular when the rotorcraft is a heavy rotorcraft.
Consequently, a hydraulically-powered servo-control is arranged between an upstream portion and a downstream portion of each control linkage. The pilot then acts on the servo-controls without exerting large amounts of force via the upstream portion, and the servo-controls then transcribe the orders from the pilot and act on the downstream portion of the linkage.
Similarly, a helicopter is provided with a tail rotor and the pitch of its blades can be modified by means of a servo-control.
Naturally, the same applies of the ailerons or the flaps of airplanes, which may be themselves operated by servo-controls.
It should be observed that certain modern aircraft have electric flight controls that replace mechanical connections connecting the flight controls to the servo-controls.
In conventional manner, servo-controls include an actuator having at least one outer member of cylindrical shape in which a slidable element moves in translation, said slidable element having a power rod carrying a control piston. The control piston defines a retraction chamber and an extension chamber inside the cylinder constituted by the outer member.
Furthermore, the servo-control includes a hydraulic distributor control valve that feeds fluid to the retraction chamber or to the extension chamber depending on the order it has received. The movement of the control piston of the slidable element relative to the outer cylinder is then controlled by the hydraulic distributor control valve, which is actuated by the flight controls of the helicopter pilot, acting via the upstream portion of a linkage. Depending on the orders given, the hydraulic distributor control valve feeds hydraulic fluid to the retraction chamber or to the extension chamber in order to request retraction or extension of the servo-control.
It will be understood that the term "retraction chamber" is used below to mean a chamber that causes the servo-control to retract when said chamber is filled with a fluid. Conversely, the term "extension chamber" is used to designate a chamber that causes the servo-control to extend when said chamber is filled with a fluid.
The servo-control may also include slaving means, optionally incorporated in the hydraulic distributor control valve.
Two servo-control configurations then coexist.
In a first configuration, the power rod is fastened to a stationary point of the aircraft, e.g. forming part of a main gearbox, with the cylinder moving as a function of the orders received and being connected to the downstream portion of the linkage. The person skilled in the art refers to that kind of servo-control as a "moving cylinder servo-control".
In contrast, in a second configuration, the cylinder is fastened to a stationary point of the aircraft, and it is the power rod that moves as a function of the orders received, and that is connected to the downstream portion of the linkage. The person skilled in the art then refers to that type of servo-control as a "stationary cylinder servo-control".
In addition, whatever the embodiment, the person skilled in the art is aware of so-called "single" cylinder servo-controls and so-called "dual" cylinder servo-controls.
A single cylinder servo-control then has an actuator provided with a cylinder defining a single inside space defining a retraction chamber and an extension chamber, which chambers are separated by a control piston. The retraction chamber and the extension chamber are then fed by a hydraulic distributor control valve that has a single hydraulic unit. The servo-control performs its function perfectly well. Nevertheless, for safety reasons and, above a certain level of force that needs to be developed, the person skilled in the art tends to make use of a servo-control having at least two cylinders.
A dual cylinder servo-control then has an actuator provided with a lower cylinder and an upper cylinder that are assembled together in tandem or in parallel.
For example, a tandem dual cylinder servo-control comprises a sliding element having a power rod carrying two pistons, each piston defining a retraction chamber and an extension chamber in a respective one of the cylinders.
Furthermore, two hydraulic units of the hydraulic distributor control valve that are actuated by a common control lever connected to the pilot's controls serve to feed the retraction and extension chambers of the lower and upper cylinders, respectively.
There also exist cylinders that have three or even more cylinders.
During a flight at high speed, extreme maneuvers of the aircraft may give rise to high levels of mechanical stress in the load-bearing structure of the aircraft. Beyond given load factors, there is a risk of damaging the structure.
In order to warn the pilot that the aircraft has reached a maneuvering limit, it is possible to provide a device for detecting a limit static force on a servo-control. When the static force exerted on the servo-control reaches a limit threshold, i.e. a traction static force or a compression static force, then the limit static force detection device triggers a warning to inform the pilot.
Conventionally, the limit static force detection device comprises a detector element having a rod fitted with a detection piston that slides in a detection space, the detection space comprising two detection chambers that are separated by the detection piston and that are independent of the retraction and extension chambers of the outer cylinder. The first detection chamber is fed with fluid by the hydraulic circuit of the aircraft, while the second detection chamber opens out to the outside of the servo-control.
In addition, the rod of the detection element projects from the cylinder of the servo-control so as to be connected to the downstream portion of the linkage, for example. This projecting portion of the detection element also includes a lever suitable for co-operating with a pushbutton switch.
Below the limit threshold, the pressure that exists in the detection chamber holds the detection piston in a high abutment position so as to keep its lever away from the switch. In contrast, when the threshold is reached, the pressure that exists in the detection control can no longer hold the detection piston in the high abutment position. The detection piston then reaches a low abutment position with the lever then actuating the switch.
In order to avoid fluid passing from the first detection chamber to outside the servo-control, the detection piston includes a sealing ring or gasket. Since the gasket is stressed dynamically, it is possible that leaks to the outside of the servo-control will appear and will require maintenance action.
Furthermore, the limit static force detection device is subjected to the forces to which the servo-control is subjected by being connected to the control linkage. Under such circumstances, it is dimensioned so as to be capable of withstanding said forces. This results in non-negligible costs and weight.
Finally, the sliding of the detection piston gives rise, in reality, to slack in the control linkage in the event of a drop of pressure in the hydraulic circuit feeding fluid to the limit static force detection device.
A servo-control is also known that has at least one limit force detection device. That device comprises a casing secured to the cylinder of the servo-control, the casing defining a detection space. Furthermore, a movable member subdivides this detection space into a first detection chamber opening out to an inside space of said cylinder, and a second detection chamber. Finally, the device possesses means for detecting the position of the movable member in the detection space.
The state of the art also includes Document WO 2008/095525, Document US 2004/0128868, and Document US 2010/0294125.

Method of determining the static force developed by a servo-control


Example embodiments may provide a magnetic device using magnetic domain dragging and a method of operating the same. An example embodiment magnetic device may include a data storage cell with a free layer having a switchable magnetization direction and a plurality of adjoining magnetic domains, a reference layer formed to correspond to a portion of the free layer and having a pinned magnetization direction, wherein a plurality of data bit regions may be formed in an array in the free layer, each of the data bit regions being formed with an effective size unit of the reference layer, so that the data storage cell may store a plurality of bits of data in an array, and a first input portion electrically connected to at least one of the data bit regions of the free layer and the reference layer to apply at least one of a writing signal and a reading signal; and a second input portion electrically connected to the free layer to drag data stored in data bit regions of the free layer toward an adjacent data bit region, and applying a dragging signal for magnetic domain dragging.

1. Field
Example embodiments may provide a magnetic device, for example, a magnetic device that may write and/or read a plurality of bits of data using a magnetic domain dragging technique, and a method of operating the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
Magnetic devices for information storage may be classified into roughly two categories: memory devices and storage devices. Memory devices benefit from improved solid-state performance, while storage devices benefit from improved storage capacity.
A magnetic random access memory (MRAM) is a type of non-volatile memory device and a new solid-state magnetic memory that uses magnetic resistance generated from a spin-dependent conduction phenomena of nano-magnetic material. An MRAM may use giant magnetoresistance (GMR) or tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) generated by an externally-applied magnetic field's effect on electron position and net spin. Spin may be considered as a degree of freedom of electrons.
GMR is a resistance difference generated when ferromagnetic layers having a non-magnetic material placed between them have the same magnetization directions and have reverse magnetization directions in an adjoining arrangement of ferromagnetic material/metallic non-magnetic material/ferromagnetic material. TMR is resistance where a current easily flows if two ferromagnetic materials have the same magnetization direction in an adjoining arrangement of ferromagnetic material/insulator/ferromagnetic material compared to when the two ferromagnetic materials have reverse magnetization directions. Because an MRAM using GMR may have a relatively small resistance difference caused by a magnetization direction, a large voltage difference may not be possible to achieve. Also, because MRAMs have a relatively large size of metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) combining with a GMR layer to constitute a cell, there is a strong need for MRAMs with a TMR layer.
The MRAM may include a transistor, which is a switching device, and/or a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) cell in which data is stored. The MTJ cell may include a pinned ferromagnetic layer having a pinned magnetization direction, a free ferromagnetic layer whose magnetization direction may be parallel to or anti-parallel to the pinned magnetization direction of the pinned ferromagnetic layer, and/or a non-magnetic layer between the pinned ferromagnetic layer and the free ferromagnetic layer that magnetically separates the pinned ferromagnetic layer and the free ferromagnetic layer.
Because a related art MRAM may store only one bit of data per MTJ cell, the data storage capacity of the MRAM may not be increased to desired levels. A new storage technology may be required to increase the information storage capacity of a related art magnetic memory such as the MRAM.

Magnetic device using magnetic domain dragging and method of operating the same


Embodiments of the present invention relate to a system and method for comparatively increasing processor throughput and relieving pressure on the processor's scheduler and register file by diverting instructions dependent on long-latency operations from a flow of the processor pipeline and re-introducing the instructions into the flow when the long-latency operations are completed. In this way, the instructions do not tie up resources and overall instruction throughput in the pipeline is comparatively increased. Before the instructions are diverted from the pipeline, they may undergo a conventional process to map logical registers of the instructions to physical registers. Before the instructions are re-introduced into the pipeline, the physical registers mapped according to the conventional process may be re-mapped to other physical registers, thereby efficiently preserving correct program sequence information.

Microprocessors are increasingly being called on to support multiple cores on a single chip. To keep design efforts and costs down and to adapt to future applications, designers often try to design multiple core microprocessors that can meet the needs of an entire product range, from mobile laptops to high-end servers. This design goal presents a difficult dilemma to processor designers: maintaining the single-thread performance important for microprocessors in laptop and desktop computers while at the same time providing the system throughput important for microprocessors in servers. Traditionally, designers have tried to meet the goal of high single-thread performance using chips with single, large, complex cores. On the other hand, designers have tried to meet the goal of high system throughput by providing multiple, comparatively smaller, simpler cores on a single chip. Because, however, designers are faced with limitations on chip size and power consumption, providing both high single-thread performance and high system throughput on the same chip at the same time presents significant challenges. More specifically, a single chip will not accommodate many large cores, and small cores traditionally do not provide high single-thread performance.
One factor which strongly affects throughput is the need to execute instructions dependent on long-latency operations, such as the servicing of cache misses. Instructions in a processor may await execution in a logic structure known as a "scheduler." In the scheduler, instructions with destination registers allocated wait for their source operands to become available, whereupon the instructions can leave the scheduler, execute and retire.
Like any structure in a processor, the scheduler is subject to area constraints and accordingly has a finite number of entries. Instructions dependent on the servicing of a cache miss may have to wait hundreds of cycles until the miss is serviced. While they wait, their scheduler entries are kept allocated and thus unavailable to other instructions. This situation creates pressure on the scheduler and can result in performance loss.
Similarly, pressure is created on the register file because the instructions waiting in the scheduler keep their destination registers allocated and therefore unavailable to other instructions. This situation can also be detrimental to performance, particularly in view of the fact that the register file may need to sustain thousands of instructions and is typically a power-hungry, cycle-critical, continuously clocked structure.

Back-end renaming in a continual flow processor pipeline


Disclosed are a blood sugar detecting method and a cartridge using same. A cartridge according to the present invention comprises: a blood receiving unit for receiving blood injected therein; a separation unit for separating the received blood into glucose and hemoglobin; a first measuring unit for measuring the concentration of the separated glucose; a second measuring unit for measuring the concentration of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in the hemoglobin; and a third measuring unit connected to a second channel, for measuring the total concentration of hemoglobin. According to the present invention, both glucose providing short-term information on blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c providing long-term information on blood sugar can be detected by a single cartridge, thus increasing the efficiency of diabetes management.

Recently, diagnostic equipment capable of conveniently diagnosing a patient health has been researched and actively commercialized. As a result, a patient current health state can be diagnosed regardless of time and place that used to be diagnosed by personally visiting a hospital and receiving a medical diagnosis. In addition, diagnosis that has no big difference in terms of reliability from direct medical diagnosis has become available due to miniaturization and accuracy of diagnosis equipment.
Diabetes greatly needs accuracy-enhanced diagnosis equipment in terms of user convenience and accuracy in diagnosis result because diabetes must be under dietary control while checking daily blood sugar. Methods measuring blood sugar in a body include a method using urine and a method using blood. Among these methods, blood sugar diagnostic equipment configured to measure blood glucose contents in blood by collecting a predetermined amount of blood from a patient has advanced greatly in terms of research to greatly enhance accuracy and reliability and to provide a great satisfaction to a user.
Conventional blood sugar diagnostic equipment measures an amount of glucose in blood using an optical method or an electrochemical method. However, a simple measurement of an amount of glucose is not sufficient for measuring blood sugar of a patient. Rather, it would be better to measure an amount of HbA1c in blood in long terms for management of health of a diabetic patient. Nevertheless, only a temporary blood sugar state can be learned by measurement of glucose alone contained in the blood. In a nutshell, it is difficult to accomplish a long term health management of a diabetic using the conventional blood sugar diagnostic equipment.

Blood sugar detecting method and cartridge using same


A round robin interface multiplexing up to 4 lines of approximately T1 capacity onto a single J2 circuit. The interface may be built on a card that is utilized on existing telecommunications equipment boxes to allow the existing equipment to be used in conjunction with J2 lines in Japan, or on Japan infrastructure lines purchased and used outside of Japan. The interface also de-multiplexes signals from the J2 line to the separate lines of approximately T1 capacity allowing for reception and transmission of the signals.

A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.
1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to telecommunications systems. The present invention is more particularly related to dividing bandwidth of a high speed data line into separate lines provided to individual bandwidth subscribers. The invention is also more particularly related to providing an interface to a J2 line that divides the J2 bandwidth into multiple lower bandwidth data lines provided to subscribers, and dividing a J2 line into multiple T1 lines. The invention is also more specifically related to providing an interface that allows existing U.S. based telecommunications equipment to provide the lower bandwidth services to customers, based on an interface to the high speed J2 line.
2. Discussion of Background
In the United States telecommunications system, information is routed over lines of various speeds. For example, a POTs line is typically a 64k line and carries voice and/or other forms of data (all collectively referred to as data, or subscriber communications) between individual subscriber telephones and DTE""s (Data Terminal Equipment, fax, for example). The data sent over the 64k circuit is then routed via a network to a destination (destination subscriber), where the data is received and/or transmitted.
These 64k lines transport the subscriber""s data and signaling needed to direct the data sent (call set-up, etc.). However, when routed over the network, the data is typically multiplexed onto higher bandwidth trunk lines which are shared between multiple other subscriber""s communications. For example, referring to FIG. 1, 64k lines 100 are typically Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) onto T1 lines, which carry 24 64k lines for a total bandwidth of 24xc3x9764k (1.544 Mb) per T1 line.
As data is sent further into the network, additional multiplexing onto yet higher bandwidth lines is typically performed. For example, multiple T1 lines can be multiplexed onto a T3 line 150 which has a capacity of up to 28 T1 lines for a total bandwidth of 28xc3x9724xc3x9764k. In other systems, various capacity lines may be multiplexed together and share large bandwidth circuits and be transported through the network.
Thus, trunk lines of even higher capacity may multiplex any number or combination of less than 64k, 64k, T1, T3, etc, for data transport between the various nodes in the network. As the data travels closer to it""s destination, it is also de-multiplexed, either in steps (T3xe2x86x92T1xe2x86x9264k, for example), or de-multiplexed in larger steps, depending on the implementation or exact network configuration.
These same principles may be applied to private and corporate networks that stand alone or operate in conjunction with the U.S. telecommunications system. A variety of equipment is available for performing the multiplexing, de-multiplexing, and needed signaling for transporting the data through the network.
One equipment example, see FIG. 2, is the Promina line of multi-service, multi-transport solutions available through Net.com. The Promina line of solutions includes the Promina 800 series that provides carrier class WAN equipment and services ideal for private and carriers of telecommunication services. Such services include:
consolidation of diverse traffic and applications on a single platform;
delivering cost-efficient, reliable access to multiple services;
supply access to WAN services and applications ranging from carrier network applications to private network applications;
sites ranging from central offices, corporate facilities, and/or small branch offices;
creating VPN""s that interwork applications used by widely disperate clients;
mission critical availability;
technology independence by supplying appropriate technology when needed;
provides single platform delivery of ATM, advanced bandwidth management, ISDN, multi-protocol routing and bridging, voice processing, frame relay, and digital data networking; and
provides safeguards for end-to-end connections with distributed intelligence that prevents single points of failure.
Equipment such as the Promina 800 series is ideal for use in carrier networks for multiplexing, routing, and transporting multiservice traffic over the available, and different access lines (T1, T3, etc.) used in the world""s telecommunications infrastructure.
U.S. Telcos offer a variety of services to subscriber""s, including less than 64k, 64k, T1, T3, and other bandwidth lines that may be installed at a subscriber""s site, or leased as needed by the subscribers. Using a device like the Promina 800 series, a Telco can offer services at any of the standard and/or customized throughput rates by partitioning any part of a higher bandwidth line and providing it to a subscriber. Typically, a subscriber will order an amount of bandwidth to cover it""s throughput requirements for daily operations. T1 is a popular amount of bandwidth sufficient for the needs of most medium and large sized businesses.
In Japan, the telecommunications infrastructure is based on a set of trunk lines that are different from those in the U.S. For example, high capacity lines available to businesses are the J2 lines. A J2 line consists of a 6.3 Mb line that includes channels for payload, signaling, and timing signals. The J2 line carries considerably more data than a typical T1 which is common for supporting medium and large sized business communications needs, and, as a dedicated line, is also very expensive.
In Japan, currently, J2 is the only practically available line for business or other high speed data connections. One reason few other options are available for business bandwidth requirements is that the telecommunications system in Japan is a regulated monopoly and not open to competition. However, the deregulation process has started in Japan and it is expected that the introduction of competition for new and more flexible services to customers will create high demand for alternate services such as lower speed bandwidth lines to medium and large sized businesses.
Another reason that the J2 is currently the only practical bandwidth solution is that their exists an absence of multi-service, multi-transport equipment that is compatible with the J2 standard and will allow the J2 to be divided into high bandwidth lines of moderate capacity compared to the entire capacity of the J2. Therefore large amounts of development are needed to produce equipment capable of providing the new levels of service. Furthermore, other telecommunications infrastructures (countries, private companies, etc.) may also wish to purchase J2 capacity and re-sell the lower bandwidth lines to other customers.
Ideally, the J2 line would utilize already developed equipment such as the Promina 800 series to mux and de-mux the J2 lines and provide the lower bandwidth services to various customers. However, currently available equipment for multi-service applications are not available with trunks interfacing to the J2 standard, therefore the existing base of available equipment is not readily deployed.
To address the problems faced in the current state of telecommunications infrastructure, the present invention provides an interface between a J2 line to multi-service, lower speed access types transported through T1 or other lines. The lower speed access types allow businesses and other customers to take better advantage of, and more efficiently feed, the J2 line.
Although the invention is mainly directed to a T1/J2 interface, in it""s broadest sense, the invention, as described herein, may be practiced to any of different systems, providing an interface between any high speed and plural other lower speed trunk lines (J2 to E1 lines, for example). The interface allows any existing equipment compatible with the trunk lines being interfaced to provide services (E1 based series, for example) to customers.
The invention includes a round robin interface that sequentially selects portions of available J2 bandwidth and interjects data transmitted from the lower or alternate bandwidth lines (from one or more subscribers) onto the J2 line. Incoming data transmitted to each subscriber and multiplexed onto the J2 line are retrieved in round robin fashion and transmitted to the intended subscriber. In one embodiment, the lower bandwidth lines are T1 lines (or other lines of approximately T1 capacity) connected to individual subscribers or a single subscriber connected to plural multi-service applications. In a preferred embodiment, the interface is developed as a device attached to an existing multi-service, multi-transport access platform.
The invention may be embodied as a device, a J2 interface, comprising a set of connectors, each connector configured to secure a telecommunications line to the interface, a J2 connector configured to attach a J2 line to said interface, a signaling and timing device configured to produce J2 formatted signals and timing (ST) according to J2 standards, and a multiplexor attached to each of said telecommunications lines and said signaling and timing device, said multiplexor configured to select sets of data from each of said set of connectors and ST data related to the selected sets of data from said signaling device and place each set of data and ST data on the J2 connector.
The invention also includes a J2 interface, comprising a telecom connecting means for connecting plural telecommunications lines to the interface, a J2 connecting means for connecting a J2 line to said interface, a signaling and timing means for producing J2 formatted signals and timing (ST) according to J2 standards; and a multiplexing means for multiplexing each of said telecommunications lines and said produced J2 formatted ST onto said J2 connecting means, said multiplexing means including, means for selecting sets of data from each of said telecommunications lines and ST data related to the selected sets of data, and means for placing each set of data and ST data on the J2 connecting means.
The invention may also be embodied as a method of interfacing a J2 line to existing telecommunications equipment, comprising the steps of receiving signals from plural telecommunications lines, selecting sets of data from each of said plural telecommunications lines, generating signaling and timing (ST) as required by J2 standards for the selected sets of data, and placing electro-optical signals representing each of the selected sets of data and the generated signaling and timing (ST) on a J2 line.


A computer-implemented method, computerized apparatus and computer program product, the method comprising: receiving a latency constraint on a Complex Event Processing (CEP) computation; monitoring progress of the CEP computation to determine a risk of violating the latency constraint; and, responsive to determining that a risk of violating the latency constraint exists, outputting at least one possible result of the CEP computation.

Event Processing (EP) or Complex Event Processing (CEP) is a discipline that aims at identifying of and responding to relatively complex situations based on simpler events detected. EP or CEP can be depicted as the bridge between the occurrence of events, and the reaction through an adaptation that is required by the situation. A situation may be triggered by the observation of a raw event, but is more typically obtained by detecting a pattern over the flow of events. For example, a pattern consisting of multiple transactions with a single debit card performed on locations distant from each other by over 100 kilometers within less than 30 minutes may indicate a financial fraud situation.
A CEP system receives events from multiple sources, also referred to as "event producers", routes these events, filters them, transforms them, aggregates them, detects patterns over multiple events, and emits derived/output events from the event processing system to one or more end destinations, also referred to as "event consumers".
A complete definition set made up of these functions is known as an Event Processing Network (EPN). An EPN is a conceptual model, describing the event processing flow execution. An EPN comprises a collection of Event Processing Agents (EPAs), event producers, and event consumers. A single EPA may implement a function or an operator applied on incoming input events, such as AND, OR, SEQ, NOT (also referred to as "absence" operator), or the like. An outcome of one EPA, i.e. a derived event, may be provided as input to another EPA, and so forth.
One major performance objective for an event processing application relates to latency. Latency, or response time, is an important performance metric in IT systems. In some domains the acceptable latency limits are very strict and challenging. On the other hand, complexity of software is continuously increasing, as well as the complexity of the problems it is solving. Latency applied to CEP with regards to the present disclosure refer to the elapsed time from receipt of an input event to emission of the corresponding derived event. Sometimes real-time applications impose particular performance upper limits for either processing of a certain event type, or for a certain EPA implementing an intermediate calculation. Some CEP computations can be time consuming, and involve waiting until arrival of a specific event, timeouts, joins, time-related operations, or the like. All these may impact the latency.

Method and system for complex event processing with latency constraints

International Business Machines Corporation


A chassis component for a wheel suspension which has a strut arrangement with at least one strut which is in the form of a profile component with an open cross-section. The at least one strut has a profile base and two wall sections that extend away from the profile base. An articulation point is provided, at least at one end of the strut, for receiving two joint components movably connected to one another, namely, a first joint component having a spherical joint body and a second joint component that rotatably and/or pivotably holds the joint body. In the area of the at least one articulation point, the wall sections have first and second joint accommodation apertures arranged opposite one another. A cylindrical sleeve is pressed in between the first joint accommodation aperture and the second joint accommodation aperture and keeps the opposite wall sections apart from one another.

A chassis component and a method for producing a chassis component of the above-mentioned type are known from DE 10 2013 002 285 A1. The production of the chassis component, in particular the fitting of the joint components connected movably to one another, entails much assembly effort and complexity. The profile component is a shaped sheet component that can be produced from a sheet semifabricate, itself the result of a previous cutting operation such as stamping.

Chassis component for a wheel suspension and method for producing a chassis component


[Problem] To provide a space vector modulation method for a matrix converter which uses only one carrier for three phases when a carrier comparison is made.

Such a kind of matrix converter as conventionally present is a conversion device in which bidirectional switches using self-commutating semiconductor elements are changed at a high speed to convert a single phase or a multi-phase AC input into an electric power having an arbitrary voltage or frequency and configured as shown in FIG. 1
FIG. 1 shows a basic configuration of a three-phase/three-phase matrix converter. A three-phase AC power source 1 is connected to an arbitrary load 4 via an input filter section 2 constituted by reactors and capacitors and a semiconductor power conversion section 3 constituted by nine bidirectional switches (SW1 through SW9). Nine bidirectional switches SW1 through SW9 are constituted by 18 reverse blocking IGBTs, combinations of semiconductor elements such as ordinary IGBTs and diodes, or so forth. Although no bones of detailed configuration methods thereof are made, switching elements which are capable of being power supplied or power received in both directions constitute the above-described nine bidirectional switches.
It should be noted that, as shown in FIG. 1, power source three phases are RST phases and output three phases are UVW phases.
Non-patent documents 1 through 4 have conventionally described various space vector modulation methods for the matrix converters.
The AC-AC direct conversion device represented by the matrix converter is a combination form of a voltage source power converter in which a power source voltage is PWM controlled to generate an output voltage thereof and a current source power converter in which an output load current is deemed to be a current source and a PWM control causes a power source current thereof to be generated and is a direct power conversion device from the alternating current to the alternating current. In order to realize a simultaneous control for both of the power converters by the nine bidirectional switches, mutual controls are associated with each other (that is to say, a restriction condition such that instantaneous three-phase effective powers supplied and received between the input thereof and the output thereof needs to be coincident with each other is provided).
Next, the space vector of the matrix converter will, herein, be defined with the above-described matters taken into consideration. The output voltage of the matrix converter is generated from an AC power source voltage and the input current thereof is generated in the PWM method from an AC load current. Hence, as is different from the space vector of a generally available DC-AC conversion device (an inverter), an instantaneous space vector through the PWM control that can be generated by the matrix converter is fluctuated moment by moment. A fluctuation in the instantaneous space vector of the space vector of the output voltage side is dependent upon the phase and magnitude of the power source voltage which provides a base for chopping in the PWM method. The instantaneous space vector of the input current side is fluctuated in dependence upon the phase and magnitude of the output load current.
In addition, a switching pattern of the matrix converter is needed to give such restriction conditions that (1) a power source short-circuit does not occur and (2) a discontinuity of the load current does not occur. The above item (1) provides a purpose to prevent an excessive current breakage due to the power source shortage and the above item (2) provides a purpose to prevent an excessive voltage failure due to an energy stored in an inductance in an inductive load. With these conditions taken into consideration, the switching patterns of nine bidirectional switches SW1 through SW9 are limited to 27 kinds (33) of combinations.
If the 27-kind switching patterns are expanded on a stationary αβ coordinate at the input side and the output side, these switching patterns can be expressed as Table 1.
TABLE 1MCMCI/OswitchconnectON stateGroupStateUVWUVWS1simple1s1-1aRSS158harmonic2s1-1bSRR247oscillation3s1-2aSTT2694s1-2bTSS3585s1-3aTRR3476s1-3bRTT169S2simple7s2-1aSRS248harmonic8s2-1bRSR157oscillation9s2-2aTST35910s2-2bSTS26811s2-3aRTR16712s2-3bTRT349S3simple13s3-1aSSR257harmonic14s3-1bRRS148oscillation15s3-2aTTS36816s3-2bSST25917s3-3aRRT14918s3-3bTTR367R1counter-19r1-1RST159clockwise20r1-2TRS348rotation21r1-3STR267R2clockwise22r2-1RTS168rotation23r2-2SRT24924r2-3TSR357Znull25z1RRR14726z2SSS25827z3TTT369
In Table 1, the space vector is divided into six groups of: simple harmonic oscillation vectors S1 of simple harmonic oscillation vector groups, each vector with a direction of a phase angle of 30 degrees as a positive axis; simple harmonic oscillation vectors S2, each vector with the direction of the phase angle of 150 degrees as the positive axis; simple harmonic oscillation vectors S3, each vector with the direction of the phase angle of 270 degrees as the positive axis; rotation vectors R1, each vector having a maximum constant length and rotating in a counterclockwise direction; rotation vectors R2, each vector having the same constant length and rotating in a clockwise direction; and zero vectors Z, each vector being fixed on a center zero point of a hexagon. These respective base vectors are dependent upon phase θ of the input voltage. In other words, these respective base vectors are fluctuated in synchronization with an angular speed ωi of the input voltage. In addition, a length of each base vector (a magnitude of a hexagon) corresponds to the magnitude of an input line voltage.
As described before, since the instantaneous space vectors are changed moment by moment, they are fluctuated in synchronization with the respective phases. When attention is paid to the direction of fluctuation of the instantaneous space vectors on the stationary αβ coordinate, 27 kinds of vectors can be classified into 18 kinds of simple harmonic oscillation vectors (respective six kinds on three axes and respective phase relationships are constant), six kinds of rotation vectors (three kinds in the clockwise direction, three kinds in the counterclockwise direction, and the respective magnitudes are constant), and remaining three kinds of zero vectors (invariable at a position of an origin).
Table 1 is an example of the classification of 27-kind patterns with an output side space vector as a reference. Such a basic concept of the space vector as described above is well known from non-patent document 4 or so forth.
Non-patent documents 1 and 2 describe a method directly considering states of the input three-phase voltage and connections of nine switches from desired three-phase output voltage and three-phase input current (an AC-AC direct conversion method). It is a purpose to reduce output voltage harmonics and to prevent a switch change between an input maximum voltage phase and an input minimum voltage phase. In addition, it is effective for reducing a power loss and a noise reduction.
Non-patent documents 1 and 2 have proposed an addition of the following conditions to a switching pattern generation condition within a control period T in a conventional AC/AC direct conversion method.
1. Commutations from the input maximum voltage phase to the minimum voltage phase and from the minimum voltage phase to the maximum voltage phase are inhibited.
2. An input minimum voltage phase is not connected to a maximum voltage phase of an output voltage command. An input maximum voltage phase is not connected to a minimum voltage phase of the output voltage command.
FIG. 2 shows examples of the switching patterns and the output voltage to which the above-described conditions are added. FIG. 2(a) shows a case where an output voltage command value is high and FIG. 2(b) shows a case where the output voltage command value is low, respectively (it should be noted that Figs. (a) and (b) of 2 indicate a case when input phase voltage R phase>S phase>T phase and output command value phase voltages U phase>V phase>W phase.
As a technique to generate the above-described switching patterns, a triangular wave comparison method can be utilized which is a simple technique which has conventionally and frequently been used. Duties to turn on three switches respectively connected to respective phases of the output of the matrix converter are calculated and, thereafter, carrier comparisons are made separately for the respective output phases to determine pulse output duration times.
A method described in non-patent document 3 adopts a method in which, after duty values are calculated through a conventional virtual indirect modulation method, the calculated duty values are expanded to the carrier comparisons separately for respective three phases as described in non-patent document 1, in view of the fact that the conventional duty calculations are based on a direct AC/AC conversion form and the duty calculations that the direct AC/AC conversion form naturally has need to provide such a condition that the three-phase effective power is constant.
This method has a maximum feature that, although a stage at which the duties are calculated is in the virtual indirect modulation method, the same pulse pattern as the AC/AC direct conversion modulation method is obtained after the three-phase separate comparison.
Non-patent document 3 describes that the space vector at an input virtual rectifier and the space vector at an output virtual inverter are obtained from a power source voltage detection value and the output voltage command as shown in FIG. 3. At the same time, as shown in FIG. 4, sector information of the input and output command vectors and a magnitude relationship information of input power source R, S, and T phases and output U-phase, V-phase, and W-phase are obtained.
It should, herein, be noted that the sector information will be explained. The input current command and the output voltage command are three-phase to two-phase converted to obtain their respective instantaneous space command vectors. In addition, switching combinations of the virtual rectifier and the virtual inverter define the respective space vectors as shown in FIG. 3. At this time, command vectors such as to draw circle loci in spaces in FIG. 3, namely, provide three-phase sinusoidal wave current and voltage commands, respectively. Herein, these space are partitioned as shown in FIG. 4. In a case of the input current space vector of FIG. 4(a), when the phase of the input current command vector is from zero degrees (0) to 30 degrees, sector 1 is defined and when the phase of the input current command vector is from 30 degrees to 60 degrees, sector 2 is defined. In the same way, when the space partition is continued over 360 degrees, twelve sectors of sector 1 through 12 can be defined according to the phase. In a case of the output voltage command vector, six sectors for each of 60 degrees can be defined.
Base vectors IA, IB at the input rectifier side utilized to constitute the input current command vector and duties dA, dB per unit time (a control period) for the base vectors are obtained through calculations from the information on the input current command vector (refer to a second item of non-patent document 3).
In the same way, base vectors VX, VY at the output side to be utilized and duties dX, dY for the base vectors described above are obtained through the calculations, as shown in FIG. 5 from the information on the output voltage command vector. It should be noted that Iin* in FIG. 5(a) denotes the input current command vector and Vout* in FIG. 5(b) denotes the output voltage command vector, respectively.
Then, the input side duties are synthesized with the output side duties so that the switching pattern of the matrix converter and the duties thereof shown in FIG. 6 can be obtained. The sector information on the input and output command vectors and the switching pattern of the matrix converter to be outputted through the synthesis of the input and output duties are as shown in Table 2.
TABLE 2Rectifier1(R > S > T)RSRT2(R > S > T)RTST3(S > R > T)RTSTInverterAXAYBXBYZAXAYBXBYZAXAYBXBYZ1(U > V > W)100 110RSSRRSRTTRRTSSSRTTRRTSTTSSTSSSRTTRRTSTTSSTRRR2(V > U > W)110 010RRSSRSRRTTRTSSSRRTTRTSSTTSTSSSRRTTRTSSTTSTRRR3(V > W > U)010 011SRSSRRTRTTRRSSSTRTTRRTSTTSSSSSTRTTRRTSTTSSRRR4(W > V > U)011 001SRRSSRTRRTTRSSSTRRTTRTSSTTSSSSTRRTTRTSSTTSRRR5(W > U > V)001 101SSRRSRTTRRTRSSSTTRRTRTTSSTSSSSTTRRTRTTSSTSRRR6(U > W > V)101 100RSRRSSRTRRTTSSSRTRRTTSTSSTTSSSRTRRTTSTSSTTRRRRectifier4(S > R > T)STSR5(S > T > R)STSR6(S > T > R)SRTRInverterAXAYBXBYZAXAYBXBYZAXAYBXBYZ1(U > V > W)100 110STTSSTSRRSSRRRRSTTSSTSRRSSRTTTSRRSSRTRRTTRTTT2(V > U > W)110 010SSTTSTSSRRSRRRRSSTTSTSSRRSRTTTSSRRSRTTRRTRTTT3(V > W > U)010 011TSTTSSRSRRSSRRRTSTTSSRSRRSSTTTRSRRSSRTRRTTTTT4(W > V > U)011 001TSSTTSRSSRRSRRRTSSTTSRSSRRSTTTRSSRRSRTTRRTTTT5(W > U > V)001 101TTSSTSRRSSRSRRRTTSSTSRRSSRSTTTRRSSRSRRTTRTTTT6(U > W > V)101 100STSSTTSRSSRRRRRSTSSTTSRSSRRTTTSRSSRRTRTTRRTTTRectifier7(T > S > R)SRTR8(T > S > R)TRTS9(T > R > S)TRTSInverterAXAYBXBYZAXAYBXBYZAXAYBXBYZ1(U > V > W)100 110SRRSSRTRRTTRSSSTRRTTRTTSTSSSSSTRRTTRTSSTTSRRR2(V > U > W)110 010SSRRSRTTRRTRSSSTTRRTRTTSSTSSSSTTRRTRTTSSTSRRR3(V > W > U)010 011RSRRSSRTRRTTSSSRTRRTTSTSSTTSSSRTRRTTSTSSTTRRR4(W > V > U)011 001RSSRRSRTTRRTSSSRTTRRTSTTSSTSSSRTTRRTSTTSSTRRR5(W > U > V)001 101RRSSRSRRTTRTSSSRRTTRTSSTTSTSSSRRTTRTSSTTSTRRR6(U > W > V)101 100SRSSRRTRTTRRSSSTRTTRRTSTTSSSSSTRTTRRTSTTSSRRRRectifier10(T > R > S)TSRS11(R > T > S)TSRS12(R > T > S)RSRTInverterAXAYBXBYZAXAYBXBYZAXAYBXBYZ1(U > V > W)100 110TSSTTSRSSRRSRRRTSSTTSRSSRRSTTTRSSRRSRTTRRTTTT2(V > U > W)110 010TTSSTSRRSSRSRRRTTSSTSRRSSRSTTTRRSSRSRRTTRTTTT3(V > W > U)010 011STSSTTSRSSRRRRRSTSSTTSRSSRRTTTSRSSRRTRTTRRTTT4(W > V > U)011 001STTSSTSRRSSRRRRSTTSSTSRRSSRTTTSRRSSRTRRTTRTTT5(W > U > V)001 101SSTTSTSSRRSRRRRSSTTSTSSRRSRTTTSSRRSRTTRRTRTTT6(U > W > V)101 100TSTTSSRSRRSSRRRTSTTSSRSRRSSTTTRSRRSSRTRRTTTTT
Using five switching patterns and duties obtained as described above, the expansion to the duties of the input phases of R, S, and T connected to output phases U, V, and W, respectively, is again carried out. For each of the phases, the duties associated with an input voltage maximum phase, an input voltage middle phase, an input minimum phase are derived in a form of sum of virtual duties. The duties thus obtained are used to obtain the patterns through the carrier comparisons shown in FIG. 7 so as to provide the minimum phase→middle phase→maximum phase→middle phase→minimum phase of the input voltage. The synthesis of the patterns obtained for each of the output phases can obtain the switching patterns which are the same as those described in non-patent documents 1 and 2.    Non-patent document 1: "PWM Control of Three-Phase to Three-Phase Matrix Converter for Reducing Output Voltage Harmonics" by Hiroshi Shimada and Takeharu Takeshita in Semiconductor Power Conversion Study Circle SPC-05-48 (2005).    Non-patent document 2: "Matrix Converter Control Using Direct AC/AC Conversion Approach to Reduce Output Voltage Harmonics" by Hakaharu Takeshita and Hiroshi Shimada in Electrical Engineering Society paper magazine D, Vol. 126 No. 6 (2006).    Non-patent document 3: "Improvement of Pulse Pattern for Space Vector Modulated Matrix Converter" by Kiichiro Yamamoto, Katsuji Shinohara, and Tatsuya Mori in Semiconductor Power Conversion Study Circle SPC-06-159 (2006).    Non-patent document 4: "A Study of Space Vector Modulation Method for Three-Phase to Three-Phase Matrix Converter" by Yugo Tadano, Shota Urushibata, Masakatsu Nomura, and Tadashi Ashikaga in a mass meeting of electrical engineering society industrial application department in Heisei 18 1-04-4 (2006).

Matrix converter space vector modulation method

Abstract: [Means for solving problem] Provided is a matrix converter space vector modulation method in which bidirectional switches (SW1 through SW9) of a matrix converter (3) are PWM controlled in a space vector modulation from a multi-phase AC power source. Switching patterns for which virtual indirect space vectors are used are converted into switching patterns for which direct conversion space vectors constituted by five vectors are used. Any one of the converted switching patterns satisfying predetermined conditions is selected and duties of the five vectors of the selected switching pattern are calculated using duty relationship equations between the virtual indirect conversion space vectors and the direct conversion space vectors. Then, the matrix converter is PWM-controlled on a basis of the calculated duties.