We describe a wide band variable transmission optical device, mixtures for use in such a device, and methods of making the same. The wide band optical device includes a cell comprising a guest-host mixture of a liquid crystal host and a dichroic guest dye material contained between a pair of plastic substrates. The optical device does not use polarizers. The liquid crystal host has an axis orientation that is alterable between a clear state orientation and a dark state orientation perpendicular thereto and the dichroic guest dye material includes one or more dichroic dyes. The optical device is characterized in that it exhibits a wide absorption band that is greater than 175 nm within a visible wavelength range of 400-700 nm and has a clear state transmission equal to or above 30% and a dark state transmission equal to or below 40%.

Variable transmission eyewear devices (glasses, goggles, visors, etc.) that can quickly change between a high-transmission "clear" state and a low-transmission "dark" state have many advantages over fixed transmission eyewear and are highly desirable. An especially useful feature is the ability to make this quick change occur on demand, whether manually, at the touch of a button by the wearer, or automatically, under the control of a light sensor and an electronic circuit.
Previous attempts to create on-demand variable transmission eyewear have employed a variety of liquid crystal systems, using the ability of liquid crystal molecules to alter their orientation with the application of an external electric field.
Liquid crystal devices can be broadly categorized as polarizer-based (which contain, at least, one polarizer) or guest-host systems. The polarizer-based systems are used in applications where the dark state transmission is the most important parameter. In particular, they are used when it is necessary to obtain minimal transmission (nearly zero) conditions. Such applications include flat panel displays as well as welding helmets and 3D glasses. However, polarizers limit the amount of light transmission of the device, often well below a theoretical limit of only 50% transmission. Guest-host systems, on the other hand, were traditionally used for display applications where the wide viewing angle and/or true color saturation were important. Examples include cockpit displays that allow the pilot and co-pilot to observe the same image. Guest-host systems are better suited for eyewear devices since they allow for potential light transmission levels above 50%. In fact, some patents (see e.g. Palffy-Muhoray et al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,778, Issued May 29, 2001) suggest use of guest-host for eyewear applications wherein the guest-host device is comprised of a mixture of a liquid crystal "host" and a dichroic dye "guest" contained between a pair of substrates. The liquid crystal "host" includes non-polarizing liquid crystal material having an axis of orientation that is alterable by adjustment of voltage applied across the substrates that can change between a clear-state orientation and a dark-state orientation perpendicular thereto. The dye "guest" mixture comprises dichroic dyes which are dissolved within the liquid crystal host and which align with the orientation of the liquid crystal material. A commercial embodiment of this approach is the Magic™ Ski Goggles, which uses a guest-host liquid crystal system and plastic substrates (Park et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,567,306, issued Jul. 28, 2009).
Generally, it is desirable for such variable transmittance liquid crystal optical devices to have good optical properties while using plastic substrates, to exhibit a wide transmission swing (a wide difference between the clear and the dark states) and to absorb light across the broadest possible band in order to minimize the difference in color between the clear and dark states.
There is however no current commercial liquid crystal guest-host device that provides wideband absorption greater than 175 nm for eyewear applications. This is because knowledge relating to the use of guest-host systems has been based on previous knowledge of display applications, which provide no guidance as to the parameters necessary to make a successful wideband eyewear device. Liquid crystal displays have very different performance requirements than eyewear devices. For example, liquid crystal displays traditionally use glass substrates, whereas optical devices suitable for eyewear are preferably plastic based. Glass and plastic have very different properties; the sensitivity of the eye to certain parameters makes plastic products, which may be viable for display applications, unacceptable for eyewear applications. For example, non-uniformity in the visual distortions is paramount in eyewear applications. As such, traditional display materials or configurations are rendered unacceptable for eyewear applications.
Analytical parameters used to characterize guest-host systems include absorption spectrum, order parameter of the mixture, type of dielectric anisotropy (positive or negative), and the nematic to isotropic temperature (TNI) of the liquid crystal-guest mixture (B. Bahadur. "Dichroic liquid crystal displays." In Liquid Crystals—Applications and Uses (Vol. 3) (pp. 65-208), 1992, Singapore: World Scientific). In addition, a device can be characterized by the type of substrate and thickness used, liquid crystal alignment in absence of an electrical field, thickness of the cell, the swing in the transmission, optical distortion, and the cell gap of the cell as well as the pitch of a chiral liquid crystal and the "thickness to pitch" ratio (d/p) of the mixture. The performance of any device is dictated by the choice of these parameters, which themselves are inter-related. But, there is no analysis or description of the exact nature of the interplay between the parameters in commercial guest-host devices.
For example, one difficulty in defining any parameters for eyewear applications has been the inherent conflict between the properties of various components used in a guest-host system. This can lead to a perceived physical limitation on the performance. For example, Applicants have found that a large transmission swing between the clear state transmission and the dark state transmission is achieved by using high performing dichroic dyes. However, such dyes have intrinsically lower solubility, can disrupt liquid crystalline phase, and alter the nematic to isotropic phase transition temperature, TNI. Furthermore, such dyes dictate a higher degree of polarization dependence in the performance. "Polarization dependence" is a measure of a material's response to two orthogonal polarizations; i.e. where the optical properties of a material experienced by an incident light (such as index of refraction or absorption/transmittance) are dependent on the polarization of the incident light. An increase in polarization dependence can in turn reduce the swing in the transmission between the clear and dark states. Furthermore, this property may also become undesirable because a higher polarization dependence can reveal even small structural imperfections within the liquid crystal cell configuration and/or any plastic substrates used for the technology. Since the eye can easily pick out even minor variations in the field of vision, traditional systems using high performing dyes had poor optical performance.
The polarization dependence of a chiral nematic guest-host system depends upon how tightly twisted the liquid crystal molecules are (i.e. their "pitch") in relation to the thickness of the liquid crystal layer. This ratio is measured by a parameter known as "thickness to pitch ratio" or "d/p". It is known that the larger the d/p of a liquid crystal mixture, the less polarization dependent it is. For example, one way to reduce the polarization dependence of a device is to use a liquid crystal mixture with short pitch (<3 micron) in a thin cell (<3 microns) and a twisted structure with a thickness to pitch ratio (d/p) of >0.9. However, in addition to the fact that this makes manufacturing extremely difficult and has prevented production, using 3 micron cell rather than thicker cells can also reduce the clear and dark state transmission due to the surface alignment effect, in which the liquid crystal molecules are less responsive to an applied electric field because of the proximity of the two surfaces. This, in turn, can lead to a smaller transmission swing and hence a reduction in performance.
An approach to circumvent this obstacle is to trick the eye into not seeing imperfections in the cell or the plastic substrates. This can be done if the device exhibits strong color dependence in the absorption spectra. In other words, to avoid the eye seeing these imperfections, a guest-host system with strong color (i.e. a narrow absorption spectrum of <150 nm) is used. But such devices are limited in their transmission swing and/or have a relatively narrow absorption band. As such, they do not fulfill the need for a wide band optical device.
Therefore, there is still a need for a variable transmittance liquid crystal optical device with good optical properties that uses plastic substrates, exhibits a wide transmission swing and has a broad absorption band (>175 nm).
We have discovered, and describe herein, a set of material and system parameters, based on physical characteristics, and device configurations that can circumvent these obstacles and can accomplish the desired system requirements described above.

Wide band variable transmittance optical device and mixture


A vectoring nozzle with external actuation generates thrust vectoring by applying mechanical or fluidic actuation, or both, on the nozzle deck, external sidewalls, and/or air vehicle aft body to produce changes in the aft body flowfield and/or exhaust plume. An external mechanical sidewall may be integrated into a nozzle deck or side walls without the need for engine bleed to supply fluid injectors. An external fluidic vectoring system uses injectors or plasma devices located aft of the nozzle exit to vector the exhaust plume with no external moving parts. Elements of both mechanical and fluidic systems may be combined for a given application.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates in general to controlling aircraft exhaust and, in particular, to an improved system, method, and apparatus for vectoring the exhaust plume from a nozzle with external actuation relative to the nozzle.
2. Description of the Related Art
Higher demands for air vehicle performance and affordability directly impact exhaust system requirements. Future exhaust systems must provide a high thrust coefficient, thrust vectoring with quick response, compatibility with engine operation, light weight, and low cost. Mechanical vectoring systems can achieve good thrust and vectoring performance by actuating large surfaces that comprise part of the nozzle. However, these nozzles are heavy, complex and expensive.
Fluidic nozzle vectoring systems are significantly lighter and simpler than mechanical vectoring systems due to the use of integral fluid injectors for thrust vector control. This permits the elimination of most moving parts, resulting in reduced weight, complexity and cost. However, conventional fluidic vectoring systems sometimes sacrifice peak thrust performance in order to obtain a desired level of vectoring performance. This results from compromising nozzle internal shaping and bleeding high pressure flow from the engine to supply the fluid injectors. For example, the desired vectoring capability may require a larger nozzle exit area than that required for peak thrust performance, resulting in nozzle thrust loss. Also, bleeding a portion of the engine airflow to provide a source for the fluid injectors incurs engine performance penalties. Thus, although both mechanical and fluidic vectoring designs are workable, an improved design would be desirable.

System and apparatus for vectoring nozzle exhaust plume from a nozzle


Methods, systems and articles of manufacture are provided for organizing, managing and utilizing standard development templates and framework components in an application development environment. Functionality provided by embodiments of the present invention allows developers to develop applications more efficiently and cost effectively.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention generally relates to data processing and more particularly to the use of templates and frameworks for application development.
2. Description of the Related Art
During application development, there is often an opportunity to reuse code that has been previously implemented. Reuse of implemented code is advantageous because the code is already created, unit tested and validated. Further, the code has probably undergone rigorous integration testing and systems testing prior to being implemented in a production environment. For the foregoing reasons, it can be appreciated that it is desirable to reuse code during the application building process.
One manner in which code can be reused is by utilizing standard development templates. The basic principal of a standard development template is that a collection of high quality components is copied (from a design perspective) over and over again to create new instances of components. The newly instantiated components, with certain standard functionality already provided, become the foundation of a new application. Adding on to the existing code, or modifying the existing code as required can provide additional functionality needed per the requirements of the particular application being developed.
In an application development environment numerous standard development templates may exist. For example, if three different types of applications are being developed (e.g., document management, process workflow and mail services) in a particular environment, three different standard development templates may be used to serve as a foundation on which the three different types of application can be built.
Application development efficiency can be further enhanced if the components that make up the standard development template leverage framework components. Framework components are standard components that are organized based on functionality and placed into libraries. Framework components may comprise front-end (user interface) based components such as graphic user interface (GUI) window elements including buttons and menus. Framework components may also comprise back-end components such as a file IO class and security class. The framework components may be accessible to the entire development environment and made available to all the standard development templates.
An example of a development environment that can benefit from the use of standard development templates and core components is the Lotus Notes® development environment, a product available from International Business Machines of Armonk, N.Y. Lotus Notes® is used to develop applications (also referred to as projects) that solve particular business problems. Each project contains design elements or components such as forms, views, shared actions and agents. When the development of a new project begins, the development process is made more efficient via the use of standard development templates and framework components. However, developers and administrators face a difficult and cumbersome task in organizing, managing and using standard development templates and framework components.
Therefore, there is a need for methods and systems for organizing and managing standard development templates for use in application development. Preferably, the methods and systems will facilitate efficient implementation of standard development templates and core components and improve the efficiency of the application development environment.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Standard application development framework

International Business Machines Corporation


A nutraceutical formulation used to unblock receptors is disclosed herein. The nutraceutical formulation used to therapeutically treat humans includes arachidonic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), echinacea, kaempferol, coffee fruit, and probiotics.

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a biological system composed of endocannabinoids, which are endogenous lipid-based retrograde neurotransmitters that bind to cannabinoid receptors, and cannabinoid receptor proteins that are expressed throughout the vertebrate central nervous system and peripheral nervous system.
The endocannabinoid system is involved in regulating a variety of physiological and cognitive processes including fertility, pregnancy, during pre- and postnatal development, appetite, pain-sensation, mood, and memory, and in mediating the pharmacological effects of cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD).
The ECS is also involved in mediating some of the physiological and cognitive effects of voluntary physical exercise in humans and other animals, such as contributing to exercise-induced euphoria as well as modulating locomotor activity and motivational salience for rewards. In humans, the plasma concentration of certain endocannabinoids (i.e., anandamide) have been found to rise during physical activity.
Two primary endocannabinoid receptors have been identified: CB1 and CB2. CB1 receptors are found predominantly in the brain and nervous system, as well as in peripheral organs and tissues, and are the main molecular target of the endocannabinoid ligand (binding molecule), anandamide, as well as its mimetic phytocannabinoid, THC.
One other main endocannabinoid is 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), which is active at both cannabinoid receptors, along with its own mimetic phytocannabinoid, CBD. 2-AG and CBD are involved in the regulation of appetite, immune system functions, and pain management.
As of 2020, forty-two states in the United States have legalized the use of marijuana in some form. Medical marijuana is growing in popularity to treat a wide variety of ailments. Unfortunately, as a patient repeatedly uses medical marijuana, the patient may begin to develop a tolerance. The patient will need to ingest larger amounts of marijuana to receive a therapeutic dose of cannabinoids.
Increase usage of marijuana over time may lead to adverse effects the patient may not have otherwise been susceptible to, for example, damage to the lungs caused by increased smoking of marijuana. Additionally, with an increased therapeutic dose, the patient is more likely to experience psychoactive effects from the marijuana. A patient may have to alter their medical marijuana regime in order to avoid such psychoactive effects where the patient has to work, for example.
The build-up of the patient's tolerance over time may be cause by blocked or saturated endocannabinoid receptors. Thus, it is desirable for the patient to be able to unblock these receptors, which may ultimately militate against the formation of a tolerance.
There is a continuing need for a nutraceutical formulation that contains ingredients that may unblock saturated receptors. Desirably, the nutraceutical formulation will permit continued use of cannabinoids without requiring increases in dosage to obtain similar effects.

Nutraceutical formulation for unblocking receptors


A system for reporting the presence of an adverse condition is described. Adverse conditions include smoke, breaking glass and carbon monoxide. The system includes one or more detectors that sense the adverse condition. The system further includes a central controller that stores a plurality of messages that in turn include a plurality of vocal instructions. A subset of messages is selected based on the detector that sends an indication of the adverse condition to the central controller. The subset of messages is then transmitted to a plurality of audio detectors and audio devices that plays the received vocal instructions.

A home monitoring system is an important feature in any residential building. This system can provide a user with varied monitoring facilities. One such monitoring facility includes a fire monitoring system. Usually, to provide fire safety, the home monitoring system uses various smoke detectors installed at various locations in a house. A smoke detector detects presence of smoke at a location where it is mounted and then sounds an alarm. In order to ensure maximum safety, it is important that the smoke detector detects the smoke and sounds the alarm very early.
There are a number of different smoke alarm systems. One such system interconnects the smoke detectors together. These interconnected smoke detectors are mounted at different locations in the house. The interconnection is in the form of a hard-wire connection and enables one smoke detector to signal other smoke detectors when it detects smoke.
Another system issues vocal instructions on what do when smoke is detected. The recorded voice message is more effective than the alarm, especially for elderly people and children, and can guide people out of the house. However, the vocal smoke detector plays the recorded voice message only at the location where it is mounted. In this case, the recorded voice message may not be audible at other locations in the house. Moreover, the single voice message played by the vocal smoke detector may not pertain to the location of the smoke. In other words, the same voice message may not be applicable to different locations of the fire in the home. Hence, is not able to guide people out of the house effectively.
Skilled artisans will appreciate that elements in the figures are illustrated for simplicity and clarity and have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, the dimensions of some of the elements in the figures may be exaggerated relative to other elements to help to improve understanding of embodiments of the present invention.

System for reporting an adverse condition


A lock hook for a door of a computer cabinet is described. The lock hook is pivotable about a pivot axis into a closed and an open position. Commonly, locking devices project out of the main surface of the door of computer cabinets when the lock hooks thereof are in the open position. The present invention solves this problem by pivoting the lock hook completely into an opening in the main surface of the door.

The invention relates to a lock hook for a computer cabinet door.
Such lock hooks are mainly used in computer cabinets, EDP furniture, etc., in order to permit a reliable and secure locking action between the door and the cabinet frame, because it is frequently necessary to have a dust-tight and possibly also a high frequency seal.
However, in their open positions, known lock hooks can only be swivelled to such an extent that the hook-like area still projects over the main face of the corresponding object, e.g. the door or computer cabinet surface. This area, projecting out of the main face in the open position, constitutes an obstacle during assembly work, as well as a point where damage and injury can occur.
Moreover, the lock hook is typically mounted directly in an opening provided in the door or computer cabinet or the spars thereof. Thus, on completing the computer or EDP cabinet, the fitting of the corresponding small parts and connections requires time, which should appropriately be taken up during an earlier stage of the manufacturing process. This also applies with regards to the repair and maintenance work on the hitherto used lock hooks.

Knurr-Mechanik fur die Elektronik Aktiengesellschaft


A solderless terminal inspecting method and apparatus for determining if a solderless terminal has been satisfactorily crimped against an electric conductor has a main illuminating device for illuminating a solderless terminal having illuminating elements extending in substantially the same direction as a length of a solderless terminal. The inspecting apparatus also includes an auxiliary illuminating device for illuminating a solderless terminal in a direction opposite to the illuminating direction of the main illuminating device. The apparatus also includes an illuminated image receiving device for receiving the illuminated image of the solderless terminal. The image of the solderless terminal received by the image receiving device is binary-coded by using at least one binary level determined according to an area histogram which has been obtained in advance, and an image processing device determines from the image whether the solderless terminal is correctly crimped to the electric conductor.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for inspecting a solderless terminal which has been crimped against one end portion of an electric conductor. More specifically, the invention relates to a method and apparatus for illuminating and image processing to inspect a solderless terminal to determine whether or not the solderless terminal has been satisfactorily crimped against an electric conductor.
2. Description of the Related Art
FIG. 21 shows a solderless terminal 2 comprising a cylindrical shaped resin barrel 2a holding a resin cover 1a near one end portion of an electric conductor 1 which has the resin cover 1a removed, a core wire barrel 2b which also has a cylindrical shape to hold the one end portion of the electric conductor 1 having the resin cover 1a removed, a plurality of core wires 1b comprising the electric conductor 1, and an end portion 2c which is engaged with a mating solderless terminal so as to be electrically connected to the solderless terminal. As shown in FIG. 21, bell mouths 10 are formed at both ends of the core wire barrel 2b to release stress produced by crimping the solderless terminal 2 against the electric conductor 1. Heretofore, an inspecting apparatus as shown in FIG. 22 has been used in inspecting the solderless terminal 2 by image processing.
To inspect how a solderless terminal and electric conductor are crimped, the solderless terminal must first be illuminated as described later. The image of a solderless terminal 2 produced by illumination is picked up by image pick-up means 3 such as a television camera or a two-dimensional CCD camera, and displayed on a monitoring television set or monitor. The image is processed by image processing means 5, so that the resulting luminance data of the picture elements of the image are utilized to determine the presence or absence of the resin cover 1a and the core wires 1b between the resin barrel 2a and the core wire barrel 2b. The resulting luminance data is also used to determine the exposure of the core wires 1b located between the core wire barrel 2b and the end portion 2c to judge whether or not the solderless terminal 2 has been satisfactorily crimped against an electric conductor. The results of these determinations are printed out by a printer 6, or displayed on a display unit 7. Further in FIG. 22, reference numeral 8 designates an operation keyboard, with which program data or the like are inputted for an image processing operation.
In the above-described method of inspecting a crimped solderless terminal, illumination of the solderless terminal plays an important role. A variety of methods for illuminating a solderless terminal are known. For instance, Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No. 60249 (the term "OPI" as used herein means an "unexamined published application") discloses an illuminating method in which contrast is obtained by using a resin cover formed of a certain complementary color. More specifically, a spot-like convergent light beam formed by an optical fiber is applied to the solderless terminal, and the light reflected therefrom is received by image pick-up means through a filter formed a color which is the complementary color of the resin color.
Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No. 175942 discloses a method in which contrast between a resin portion and a metal portion is obtained by using polarized light. Furthermore, Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No. 198473 discloses a method in which contrast between a resin portion and a metal portion is obtained by using a light beam of a particular wavelength which the resin material readily absorbs.
The above-described conventional illuminating methods have several drawbacks. Whenever a resin color is changed, it is necessary to select either a complementary color filter suitable for the new resin color, or a light beam having a wavelength suitable for the new resin color. That is, different complementary color filters or different light beams must be used for different resin colors thereby increasing the cost and required maintenance. In addition, it is impossible for either of the illuminating methods to accurately obtain the necessary contrast between a resin portion and metal portion. Thus, the conventional methods cannot accurately determine if a solderless terminal has been satisfactorily crimped against the electric conductor.

Method and apparatus for inspecting a solderless terminal by image processing


A disturbance-limiting circuit for regulation equipment connected to an actuator controlling a process in which the actuator is controlled from a reference generator unit (1) via a plurality of regulator modules (3A, 3B, . . . , 3N) having their outputs connected to a common point (UP) so that the control value provided to the actuator at said point corresponds to the mean value of the respectively-provided voltages. The circuit is constituted by a voting circuit comprising modules (4A, 4B, . . . , 4N) each inserted between the output of one of the regulator modules and a corresponding respective resistor (RA, RB, . . . , RN), connected to the common point (UP). Each voting module includes an impedance adapter (7A) having its input connected to a regulator module and having its output connected to the corresponding respective resistor, said output is also connected via a resistor (9A) firstly to the input of the adapter via a clipping circuit (8A) and secondly to a point (UR) common to all of the adapters of the voting circuit.

The invention relates to a disturbance-limiting circuit of redundant type for regulation equipment.
In the field of regulation, it is well known to use a plurality of redundant paths to control a process, e.g. to provide regulated control for a steam turbine, on the basis of a reference value and via a circuit made up of identical regulator modules disposed in parallel.
The resulting control value applied to the process conventionally corresponds to a mean value obtained from the regulated values provided simultaneously by the regulator modules, which modules may be of the proportional and integral type, for example.
In a conventional implementation using analog technology, the control value is a mean voltage value obtained from the voltages respectively delivered by each of the regulator modules, with the voltage outputs from each of them being connected for this purpose to a common point via respective same-value resistances.
In the event of a failure concerning one of the paths, the voltage delivered by the module contained in said path is generally either zero or a maximum, and this gives rise to an unacceptable amount of variation in the applied control value, for example, if the apparatus has three paths this variation may reach 33%.

Disturbance-limiting circuit of redundant type for regulation equipment


A particulate material conveying apparatus generally consisting of an upper conduit having a material receiving inlet; a first intermediate conduit communicating with the upper conduit and swivable relative to the upper conduit about a first axis; a second intermediate conduit communicating with the first intermediate conduit and swivelable relative to the first intermediate conduit about a second axis parallel to the first axis; a lower conduit having a material discharge outlet, communicating with the second intermediate conduit and swivable relative to the second intermediate conduit about a third axis parallel to the second axis; and a mechanism for translating the angular displacement of the second intermediate conduit relative to the first intermediate conduit about the second axis to angular displacement of the first intermediate conduit relative to the upper conduit about the first axis.

This invention relates to the handling of bulk particulate materials and more particularly to filling containers of such materials. The invention further contemplates a system and apparatus for filling containers of such materials while preventing the escape of dust into the ambient atmosphere.
In many industries, it often is required to fill containers with bulk particulate materials for transporting, storing and otherwise handling such materials. Where such materials consist of fine particles such as with titanium oxide, much dust is created when filling such containers, particularly if such materials are pneumatically conveyed. Often, such materials are stored or otherwise maintained in elevated bins and merely gravity fed into containers through the use of various conduits. Whether such materials are gravity fed or force fed, dust is created which results in a possibly hazardous condition, a pollution of the ambient atmosphere, a health problem for operators and a loss of material. Filter systems may be used in certain applications for capturing such dust particles but such equipment adds to the capital investment and operating cost of an operation. Accordingly, it is the principal object of the present invention to provide a system and apparatus for filling containers such as bags with bulk particulate materials of a fine consistency in which the creation of dust is greatly reduced if not entirely eliminated without the use of filter equipment. It is a further object of the present invention to provide such system and apparatus functional to gravity feed a fine, bulk particulate material from an elevated bin by gravity flow without the loss of material in the form of dust to the ambient atmosphere.
The present invention provides an apparatus for filling a container with a bulk particulate material consisting of fine particles with a minimum of loss of such particles to the ambient atmosphere, generally consisting of an upper conduit having a material receiving inlet communicable with an elevated supply of material to be fed into the container, a first intermediate conduit communicating with the upper conduit and swivelable relative to the upper conduit about a first axis, a second intermediate conduit communicating with the first intermediate conduit and swivelable relative to the first intermediate conduit about a second axis parallel to the first axis, a lower conduit having a material discharge outlet, communicating with the second intermediate conduit and swivelable relative to the second intermediate conduit about a third axis parallel to the second axis and means for translating the angular displacement of the lower conduit relative to the second intermediate conduit about the third axis to angular displacement of the first intermediate conduit relative to the upper conduit about the first axis. Such assembly of components allows the lower conduit to be disposed and displaced vertically thus permitting such lower conduit to be inserted into an upwardly opening inlet of a container, extended to a lower end of the interior of the container and displaced upwardly as the container is filled. The ability to extend such lower conduit into the interior of the container and withdraw it as the level of material in the container rises maintains the outlet of the lower conduit within the container and adjacent the level of material in the container to correspondingly minimize the creation of dust and the escape of such dust through the container inlet to the ambient atmosphere.

System and apparatus for filling containers with bulk particulate materials


Methods and systems involving thermal desorption of an oily slurry are provided. In some embodiments, such systems include a desorption vessel including an inner chamber; a heating unit disposed adjacent to the desorption vessel configured to heat a slurry including solids and oil disposed in the inner chamber of the desorption vessel; and a plurality of vapor outlets in fluid communication with the inner chamber of the desorption vessel, wherein each vapor outlet is in fluid communication with a condenser or an eductor for condensing vapors generated by heating the slurry.

The present disclosure relates to methods and systems involving separation of liquids and solids.
Treatment fluids are used in a variety of operations that may be performed in subterranean formations. As referred to herein, the term "treatment fluid" will be understood to mean any fluid that may be used in a subterranean application in conjunction with a desired function and/or for a desired purpose. The term "treatment fluid" does not imply any particular action by the fluid. Treatment fluids often are used in, e.g., well drilling, completion, and stimulation operations. Examples of such treatment fluids include, among others, drilling fluids, well cleanup fluids, workover fluids, conformance fluids, gravel pack fluids, acidizing fluids, fracturing fluids, spacer fluids, and the like.
Treatment fluids are used in well drilling, a process used in penetrating formations that produce oil and gas. In drilling, a wellbore is drilled while a drilling fluid (also known as a drilling mud) is circulated through the well bore. After drilling the wellbore to a desired depth, a string of pipe, e.g., casing, may be run in the wellbore. The drilling fluid in the wellbore may be conditioned by circulating the fluid downwardly through the interior of the pipe and upwardly through the annulus between the exterior of the pipe and the walls of the well bore.
During the drilling process, the drill bit generates drill cuttings (e.g., rocks, sand, shale grit) as it forms the well bore. The drill cuttings may become suspended or mixed in the drilling fluid and carried in a return flow stream of the drilling fluid back to the well drilling platform. The drill cuttings may then be separated from the bulk of the drilling fluid via a separation process to generate an oily drill cutting slurry. After removing the drill cuttings therefrom, one or more components of the drilling fluid may be re-used in other treatment operations.
Various methods for removing hydrocarbons, water, and/or contaminants from drill cuttings have been employed. In some cases, indirect heat thermal desorption is applied to oily water solids such as drill cuttings. respectively. In such a process, the temperature of slurry may increase to generate sufficient vapor pressure to separate oil and/or water from the solids (which may be inert), generating vapors that are separated from the solids. In certain thermal desorption methods, a cooled liquid is used to quench and condense the vapors. Different vessels in series with various cooling fluid temperatures may be used in these methods to preferentially condense high end boiling point carbon chains hydrocarbons along with steam.
However, these configurations of thermal desorption may allow the comingling of low boiling point vapors (e.g., water or lower boiling point hydrocarbons) and high boiling point vapors (e.g., higher boiling point hydrocarbons) prior to condensation. In such cases, the high boiling point vapors may need to be heated beyond the boiling point required for volatilization to prevent vapors from high boiling vapors from prematurely condensing when they are mixed with the lower boiling point vapors. Depending upon the placement of the vapors outlet points, either the low boiling point vapors will need to be further heated or the high boiling point vapors will need to be further heated to prevent premature condensing in the desorption chamber. In certain cases, the vapors are removed at a single point, typically near the inlet or the middle of the desorption vessel, resulting in overheating the higher boiling point hydrocarbons.
Heating beyond the boiling point of each component of the liquid of the slurry may be less efficient and may require superheating the water vapor (steam), requiring additional energy. Additionally, higher vapor temperatures may lead to cracking of the hydrocarbon vapors into lower carbon chain hydrocarbons, which may cause breakdown or destruction of drilling fluid additives (e.g., emulsifiers, wetting agents, etc.). This may also lead to the generation of foul and low odor threshold compounds such as aldehydes, ketones and Sulphur-based compounds. In addition, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX compounds) may be generated along with non-condensable gases.
In certain processes, the vapors are removed from the desorption vessel by negative pressure applied by a blower downstream of the condensing vessel. However, because blowers may be damaged by liquid or solid mist or slugs of fluid, such a configuration may require equipment such as knock out vessels, filters and demisters before and after the blower, raising energy requirements and cost.
While embodiments of this disclosure have been depicted, such embodiments do not imply a limitation on the disclosure, and no such limitation should be inferred. The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modification, alteration, and equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those skilled in the pertinent art and having the benefit of this disclosure. The depicted and described embodiments of this disclosure are examples only, and not exhaustive of the scope of the disclosure.


Thermal conductivity of glassware forming blank molds and blow molds of Ni-Resist ductile iron is selectively controlled by formation of compacted graphite in the mold microstructure during preparation of the melt and casting of the mold bodies. Specifically, with a Type D5 Ni-Resist ductile iron according to ASTM-A439-84, compacted graphite is selectively formed in the cast microstructure of the mold body by reducing the magnesium and sulphur concentrations in the iron composition to the range of 0.01 to 0.04 wt % magnesium and 0.00 to 0.01 wt % sulphur, and adding titanium to the iron composition in the range of 0.10 to 0.25 wt % titanium. Whereas formation of compacted graphite in the cast microstructure is normally considered to be undesirable for glassware forming molds, it has been found that formation of a small but appreciable amount of graphite provides the opportunity selectively to tailor the thermal conductivity characteristics of the mold body.

The present invention is directed to glassware forming machines, and more particularly to a glassware forming mold and method of manufacture in which the microstructure of the mold material is tailored to obtain desired heat transfer characteristics.
The science of glass container manufacture is currently served by the so-called individual section machine. Such machines include a plurality of separate or individual manufacturing sections, each of which has a multiplicity of operating mechanisms for converting one or more charges or gobs of molten glass into hollow glass containers and transferring the containers through successive stations of the machine section. Each machine section typically includes one or more blank molds in which a glass gob is initially formed in a blowing or pressing operation, one or more invert arms for transferring the blanks to blow molds in which the containers are blown to final form, tongs for removing the formed containers onto a deadplate, and a sweepout mechanism for transferring molded containers from the deadplate onto a machine conveyor. U.S. Pat. No. 4,362,544 includes a background discussion of both blow-and-blow and press-and-blow glassware forming processes, and discloses an electropneumatic individual section machine adapted for use in either process. In the past, the blank and blow molds of a glassware forming machine have generally been cooled by directing air onto or through the mold parts. It has been proposed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,887,350 and 4,142,884, for example, to direct a liquid, such as water, through passages in the mold parts to improve heat extraction.
Mold material for manufacture of quality glassware must have the following characteristics: good wear properties, good thermal cycle resistance to cracking, good mechanical properties, good glass release properties, ease of machineability, ease of repair, and economic feasability. Ductile iron, which is defined as an iron in which free microstructural graphite is in the form of spheres, has been proposed for use as a mold material to manufacture glassware in which reduced thermal conductivity (as compared with gray iron for example) is desired. Specific examples of glassware, for which ductile iron is typically employed as the mold material, are containers that require only a small amount of heat removal in the mold equipment, such as cosmetic and pharmaceutical bottles. However, ductile iron has not been employed in manufacture of molds for larger containers, such as beer bottles, because of its reduced heat transfer and thermal cycle resistance properties. Ni-Resist ductile iron has been proposed for glassware manufacture. The increased nickel content of Ni-Resist ductile iron contributes to improved glass release properties. However, standard austenitic Ni-Resist ductile iron does not exhibit desired thermal conductivity and resistance to thermal cyclic cracking.
Copending application Ser. No. 09/400,123, filed Sep. 2, 1999 and assigned to the assignee hereof, discloses that the mold body or bodies (either blank mold or blow mold) for an individual section glassware forming machine may be constructed of austenitic Ni-Resist ductile iron. Such ductile iron is preferably a Type D Ni-Resist ductile iron in accordance with ASTM-A439-84, but modified to possess increased silicon and molybdenum contents. Type D2-C iron is a disclosed example. Silicon content is preferably in excess of 3.0 wt %, and most preferably is 4.20xc2x10.20 wt %. Molybdenum content is preferably in excess of 0.5 wt %, and most preferably 0.70xc2x10.10 wt %. The increased silicon content decreases the thermal conductivity of the mold material. The increased molybdenum content improves thermal cyclic resistance to cracking. The increased nickel content characteristic to Ni-Resist materials improves glass release properties. The austenitic Ni-Resist ductile iron composition of that application also yields desirable wear and other mechanical properties, ease of machineability and repair, and desirable economic feasability. Austenitic Ni-Resist material also provides a more stable microstructure than gray iron, for example, up to a temperature of 1400 F.
According to current technology, the blank molds and the blow molds of an individual section glassware forming machine are designed entirely separately from each other to obtain the most desirable thermal and other properties under the differing conditions in which the molds operate. A general object of the present invention is to provide a general material that can be used for both the blank molds and the blow molds of an individual section glassware forming machine, with the heat transfer properties of the molds being tailored at the time of manufacture by selectively tailoring the metal composition prior to casting the mold bodies.
Thermal conductivity of glassware forming blank and blow molds of Ni-Resist iron is selectively controlled by formation of compacted graphite in the mold microstructure during preparation of the melt and casting of the mold bodies. Specifically, with a Type D5 Ni-Resist iron according to ASTM-A439-84, compacted graphite is selectively formed in the cast microstructure of the mold body by controlling the magnesium and sulphur concentrations in the iron composition to the range of 0.01 to 0.04 wt % magnesium and 0.00 to 0.01 wt % sulphur, and adding titanium to the iron composition in the range of 0.10 to 0.25 wt % titanium. Whereas formation of compacted graphite in a cast ductile microstructure is normally considered to be undesirable for glass container forming molds, it has been found that formation of a small but appreciable amount of graphite provides the opportunity selectively to tailor the thermal conductivity characteristics of the mold body.
A mold for a glassware forming machine in accordance with one presently preferred embodiment of the invention comprises an austenitic Ni-Resist compacted graphite ductile iron having a magnesium content in the range of 0.01 to 0.04 wt %, a sulphur content in the amount of 0.00 to 0.01 wt %, and a titanium content in the range of 0.01 to 0.25 wt %. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the austenitic (Type D5) Ni-Resist compacted graphite iron has an appreciable or measurable amount of compacted graphite of 40 wt % or more, which is to say that at least 40% of the graphite is in compacted rather than nodular form. The preferred embodiment of the invention consists essentially of carbon in the amount of 1.50 to 2.40 wt %, silicon in the amount of 1.00 to 2.80 wt %, manganese in the amount of 0.50 to 1.00 wt %, phosphorus in the amount of 0.00 to 0.80 wt %, nickel in the amount of 34.0 to 36.0 wt %, chromium in the amount of 0.00 to 0.10 wt %, molybdenum in the amount of 0.00 to 0.80 wt %, magnesium in the amount of 0.01 to 0.04 wt %, sulphur in the amount of 0.00 to 0.01 wt %, titanium in the amount of 0.01 to 0.25 wt %, and balance iron.
A method of making a mold for a glassware forming machine in accordance with a presently preferred embodiment of the invention comprises the steps of casting the mold of an austenitic Type D5 Ni-Resist ductile iron according to ASTM-A439-84, while selectively controlling thermal conductivity of the mold by selectively controlling magnesium content of the mold in the range of 0.01 to 0.04 wt %, sulphur content in the range 0.00 to 0.01 wt % and titanium content in the range of 0.01 to 0.25 wt %. Selective tailoring of the heat transfer characteristics of the mold material during the mold forming process allows implementation of the same basic material for both blank molds and blow molds, while providing opportunity for selectively tailoring the heat transfer characteristics of each mold type according to the specific requirements during use.

Glassware forming mold and method of manufacture


Systems and methods for detection and reporting of small targets to an operational area. Exemplary embodiments are presented to detect targets such as avian species, UAS, UAV, and drones, and transmit unique small target identifier information via data link, such as ADS-B, to an operational area.

Exemplary embodiments of the present invention relate generally to systems and methods for the detection and reporting of targets.
In aviation, a bird strike involves the airborne collision of a bird and aircraft. Typically, very small birds (e.g., sparrow) produce little damage and risk to an airborne aircraft, while large birds (i.e., small targets such as a crow, duck, goose, flock of larger birds, etc.) produce greater potential for damage and risk to airborne aircraft. A recent well known case of a bird strike occurred to US Airways Flight 1549, which successfully landed on Hudson River with 155 passengers on-board. Roughly 10,000 strikes are reported annually, however estimates suggest that as few as half of total strikes are reported. Less than 8% of strikes occur above 3,000 feet, and 61% occur at less than 100 feet according to the FAA Wildlife Hazard Management Manual. The FAA estimates $400 million in damages annually are attributed to bird strikes in the United States alone and over $1.2 billion in damages occur annually worldwide.
The FAA has provided guidance on Wildlife Strike reports where the number and kind of strike (among other details) are required to be reported when known. These figures are public, and an estimated 39% of strikes at certificated airports from 2004-2008 were reported. However, report percentages have been increasing year-to-year (1990-2013). The FAA also has produced Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Reports to aid airports with wildlife hazard mitigation. In addition, the FAA has instituted various Wildlife Hazard Awareness campaigns to raise awareness of bird strikes with FAA posters and public wildlife strike information, including a bird strike database. The FAA has also issued various Advisory Circular guidelines for bird strike mitigation.
The FAA Advisory Circular guidelines for bird strike mitigation puts forward a Standard Avian Target (SAT), which is a theoretical target for the purpose of evaluating avian radar systems. One SAT is intended to represent the physical features of an average crow with mass of 1.1 lb (0.5 kg). This type of low radar cross section (RCS) target is also expected to be similar to the RCS of a small unmanned aircraft system (sUAS) (i.e., small unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or drone). As a result, the inventors believe exemplary embodiments of this architecture to detect and report low RCS avian targets may also be applied to low RCS sUAS/UAS targets that may operate in and around airport property (intentionally or unintentionally) and present a potential risk to airborne aircraft.
While various methods have been used to observe avian activity and report this activity to the air traffic control (ATC) tower, they lack automatic functions. Wildlife officials have visually inspected various regions of the airport property, and some experimental radar systems have been researched to detect and manually report avian activity to the ATC tower. These avian activities then may be manually reported using voice communications to pilots from radar operators at the ATC tower.
Exemplary embodiments of the present invention include systems and methods for detection of small targets with surveillance systems and reporting targets to an operational area. Embodiments of the system and methods may utilize specialized surveillance sensor detection systems and reporting methods for target distribution. Exemplary embodiments are presented to detect targets such as avian species, unmanned aerial systems (UAS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), and drones, including flocks or swarms, and transmitting this information via data link to an operational area such as the National Airspace System (NAS). For instance, exemplary embodiments for avian radar target detections from an avian radar system may produce target reports that are suitable for distribution within the National Airspace System (NAS) to mitigate bird strike risk to airborne vehicles (e.g., aircraft, UAS, UAV, rotorcraft, etc.). For aviation applications, these detected target reports may be transmitted to the airport Air Traffic Control (ATC) tower and aircraft users within the operational range of the airport. Details for formatting the target detections and target reports using an Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) message structure are illustrated that provide for unique small target identifiers that include unique Call Sign and Emitter Category. Although avian detections are illustrated in embodiments for this architecture and detection system, exemplary embodiments may also be applied to detect other small low radar cross section (RCS) targets (e.g., UAS, UAVs, etc.) that may operate in and around an operational environment such as an airport and present a potential risk to mobile vehicles. Exemplary embodiments may be employed in any operational environment where there is a target risk.
One exemplary embodiment of a surveillance and target reporting system may comprise any combination of the following features: a land-based surveillance detection system adapted to detect small targets; a data link interface configured to interface the surveillance detection system to a small target processor; a small target processor adapted to receive small target data from the surveillance detection system, the small target processor further adapted to utilize at least one type of secondary data to enhance reliability for enhanced target reporting that uses at least one small target identifier; a report formatter adapted to receive report data from the small target processor and format an enhanced target report using a predefined data link format; a transmission system adapted to receive and distribute the enhanced target report to an operational environment; a data reception system adapted to receive the enhanced target report using the predefined data link format; and a presentation device configured to receive the enhanced target report from the data reception system and present the enhanced target report.
In another exemplary embodiment, a method for surveillance and reporting may comprise any combination of the following features: providing a land-based surveillance detection system adapted to detect small targets; providing a data link interface that interfaces the surveillance detection system to a small target processor such that the small target processor receives small target data from the surveillance detection system; further providing at least one type of secondary data to the small target processor that the small target processor utilizes to enhance reliability for enhanced target reporting that uses at least one small target identifier; providing a report formatter that receives report data from the small target processor and formats an enhanced target report using a predefined data link format; providing a transmission system that receives and distributes the enhanced target report to an operational environment; providing a data reception system that receives the enhanced target report using the predefined data link format; and providing a presentation device that receives the enhanced target report from the data reception system and presents the enhanced target report.
In one exemplary embodiment, the surveillance detection system may comprise a radar system.
In one exemplary embodiment, the surveillance detection system may comprise or be used in association with at least one other sensor.
In one exemplary embodiment, the small target processor may utilize or be adapted to utilize a plurality of types of secondary data.
In one exemplary embodiment, the secondary data may be from a database system.
In one exemplary embodiment, the data link interface uses or may be configured to use an ASTERIX message format.
In one exemplary embodiment, the predefined data link format uses or may be configured to use ADS-B message format and at least one unique small target identifier.
In one exemplary embodiment, the transmission system uses or may be configured to use a wired Ethernet interface.
In one exemplary embodiment, the transmission system uses or may be configured to use a wireless communications link.
In one exemplary embodiment, the wireless communications link may be an ADS-B data link that uses or is configured to use at least one unique small target identifier.
In addition to the novel features and advantages mentioned above, other benefits will be readily apparent from the following descriptions of the drawings and exemplary embodiments.

System and method for detection and reporting of targets with data links


An enclosed fence railing set includes a set of posts with tips and fixing components for an upper beam and lower beam on both sides thereof. The fence railing set also includes a set of beams including an upper beam and a lower beam wherein the upper beam and lower beam match the fixing components and wherein there are railings between the sets of beams. A set of stakes are provided for fixing the posts. Each of the stakes includes a tube extending upwardly from the stake and a plate separating the stake and tube with a number of holes in the plate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a set of enclosed fence/railing set, including a set of posts, a set of beams, a set of railings, and a set of stakes, especially a set of enclosed fence or railings which is aluminum extruded. Different parts of the enclosed railing are linked up with one another by tenons for users to easily assemble/dissemble it and put it away. It is light and convenient for transportation. The present invention is also equipped with stakes which enables it to steadily hold the ground. Therefore, when assembled and used on the ground, the present invention is capable of enduring much external stress.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Fences, or railings, became part of our daily lives a long time ago. Living rooms and dining rooms are divided when railings are set up in the house. Railings can also be helpful to the old or the sick, so that they are able to move around. They can also be used to protect babies or young children. Railings are mostly used outside of the house in hallways. As for fences, they are used to create borders. When fences are near to the house, they circle around a yard. When they are farther away from the house, they are used to show where the larger borders are. In addition, they can also prevent captured or domesticated animals from escape or avoid attacks/intrusions from strangers/wild animals.
Most of the existing fences or railings are made of wood. In order to strengthen them, some of them are made of iron or other heavy materials. Nevertheless, whether they are made of wood or iron, they are drilled and then screwed together, and they are heavier as a whole. They are not flexible and hard to transport.
Accordingly, the present invention has been invented to solve the above-mentioned problems occurred in the prior art.


The present invention relates to the use as perfuming ingredient of a compound of formula

Compounds having fragrances of the citrus type, and in particular of the grapefruit odor, are of high interest for the perfumery industry as they can be used in a variety of articles to impart a very well appreciated scent.
Most of the compounds of formula (I) wherein R1 represents a phenyl group are known from the prior art. Indeed U.S. Pat. No. 4,654,169 cites several of them as intermediates in the synthesis of oximes. However, this prior art document does not report or suggest any organoleptic properties of the compounds of formula (I), or any use of said compound in the field of perfumery.
The compounds of formula (I) wherein R1 represents a substituted carbon-carbon double bond have never been reported in the prior art. The closest known analogue of said compounds is 2,4,4,7-tetramethyloct-6-en-3-one which has-been described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,120 as perfuming ingredient. However, this prior art document does not report or suggest any compound of the present invention and still less their organoleptic properties or any use of said compound in the field of perfumery.

Non-cyclic hindered ketones as perfuming ingredient

Abstract: wherein R represents a hydrogen atom or a methyl or ethyl group, and    R1 represents (i) a (Me)(R2)C═C(R3) group, R2 representing a hydrogen atom or a methyl group and R3 representing a methyl or ethyl group, or (ii) a phenyl group optionally substituted by one or two methyl groups;    as well as to the compositions or articles associated with these compounds.


A package may include a stack of unit chip packages, and each unit chip package may include a printed circuit board. The printed circuit board may support a semiconductor chip and a connection terminal for connecting to an adjacent unit chip package within the stack. A dummy package substrate may be disposed on the semiconductor chip of the uppermost unit chip package for protecting the semiconductor chip of the uppermost unit chip package. A method of fabricating a package may involve stacking unit chip packages so that the printed circuit board of a lower unit chip package abuts against a solder bump of an upper unit chip package, and stacking a dummy package substrate on the printed circuit board of an uppermost unit chip package.

1. Field of the Invention
Example embodiments of the present invention relates in general to a semiconductor chip package and a method of fabricating the same, and more particularly to a multi-stack package (MSP) that may include a stack of semiconductor chips, and a method of fabricating the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
One way to increase capacitance of a semiconductor product may be to increase a packing density in a unit semiconductor device. This may involve a design rule decrease, that may result in expensive and time-consuming microscopic pattern techniques.
Another way to increase capacitance of a semiconductor product may be to implement MSP techniques. MSP techniques may involve stacking a plurality of unit semiconductor devices to form a single package. Conventional integration of a semiconductor device may be regarded as an increase of the packing density within a two-dimensional area, while MSP integration may be regarded as an increase of the packing density within a three-dimensional space by virtue of the semiconductor devices being stacked.
An MSP may be embodied in several ways. For example, unit chip packages may be stacked and electrically interconnected via a multi-step wire bonding process. As another example, which may be known as a ball grid array (BGA) type MSP, conductive solder bumps may be used to electrically interconnect and stack unit chip packages. BGA type MSPs may be fabricated without performing the multi-step wire bonding process.
A wire bonding BGA type MSP (wBGA), which may expose semiconductor chips, may be a recent focus in the BGA type multi-stack package technologies. However, the wBGA type MSP may not sufficiently protect the exposed semiconductor chips.
FIGS. 1A and 1B are sectional views of a conventional wBGA type MSP.
Referring to FIG. 1A, the conventional MSP 100 may have a structure in which a plurality of unit chip packages 140a, 140b, 140c and 140d are stacked.
Referring to FIG. 1B, the uppermost Unit chip package 140d may have a semiconductor chip 130d bonded on a printed circuit board (PCB) 110d by an adhesive 135d. The semiconductor chip 130d may be connected to the PCB 110d via a conductive wire 115d, and a solder bump 125d may be disposed on a surface of the PCB 110d as a connection terminal. The PCB 110d may include a board core 106d and photo solder resist layers 104d and 108d may be provided on opposite surfaces of the board core 106d. The wire 115d may be coated with an encapsulation layer 120d.
The unit chip packages 140a, 140b, 140c and 140d of FIG. 1A may have a structure similar to the unit chip package 140d shown in FIG. 1B. A metal plate 150 may be bonded to the semiconductor chip 130d of the uppermost unit chip package 140d of FIG. 1A by an adhesive 155. The metal plate 150 may protect the semiconductor chip 130d from the external environment.
Although the conventional metal plate 150 may be thought of as generally providing acceptable performance, it is not without shortcomings. For example, separate equipment may be necessary for mounting the metal plate 150 on the MSP 100. Also, the metal plate 150 may be fabricated from a material different from the lower unit chip packages 140a, 140b, 140c and 140d.
Furthermore, the uppermost unit chip package 140d may be bent due to bending of the metal plate 150 that may occur when the MSP 100 is module-mounted. In some cases, such bending may cause portions of the MSP 100 to become inadvertently separated. Moreover, the metal plate 150 may make the MSP 100 more cumbersome and heavy so that the MSP 100 may be more easily dropped during secondary module mounting.

Package having dummy package substrate and method of fabricating the same


A semiconductor memory device stably performs a read operation at a high frequency, thereby reducing a current consumption. The semiconductor memory device is capable of performing the read operation stably by controlling a data eye. The semiconductor memory device includes an output unit and a data eye control unit. The output unit outputs data in synchronization with clock signals. The data eye control unit controls a data eye of the data output by the output unit.

The present invention relates to a semiconductor memory device, and more particularly to a read operation performed by the semiconductor memory device.
As a semiconductor memory device operates at a high frequency, it is more important for the semiconductor memory device to perform a read operation stably. Generally, the semiconductor memory device such as a double data rate (DDR) DRAM performs the read operation through a data output circuit. The data output circuit processes the data in synchronization with a clock signal outputted from a delay locked loop (DLL) circuit.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a read path of a conventional DDR DRAM. The read path is provided with a clock buffer 10, a DLL circuit 20, a pulse generator 30, a pre driver 40, and a main driver 50.
The clock buffer 10 buffers an external clock ECLK, thereby generating an internal clock ICLK. The DLL circuit 20 performs a delay locking operation on the internal clock ICLK, thereby generating a rising clock RCLKDLL and a falling clock FCLKDLL. The pulse generator 30 generates pulse type signals through nodes A and B in response to the rising and falling clocks RCLKDLL and FCLKDLL, respectively. The pre driver 40 outputs data DATA0/DATA1 outputted from a pipe register, not shown, in synchronization with the pulse type signal. The main driver 50 outputs data DQ to external devices according to an output of the pre driver 40.
The read operation according to the read path in FIG. 1 is described below.
After the data DATA0/DATA1 are transmitted from the pipe register to the pre driver 40, an output timing of the data DATA0/DATA1 from the pre driver 40 is determined by the clocks outputted from the DLL circuit 20. That is, an even number of data DATA0 is outputted in response to the rising clock RCLKDLL and an odd number of data DATA1 is outputted in response to the falling clock FCLKDLL. In more detail, the data DATA0/DATA1 are outputted in response to the pulse type signal which is generated by the pulse generator 30 in response to the rising and falling clocks RCLKDLL and FCLKDLL.
The pulse generator 30 generates a pulse signal having a predetermined pulse width in order to transmit the data without fail. Accordingly, as the semiconductor memory device operates at a high frequency, the pulse width of the pulse signal becomes bigger than the half of that of the external clock. In that case, all of the transmission gates 402, 404, 406 and 408 in the pre driver 40 are open for a certain interval. At that time, if the data DATA0/DATA1 have different logic levels, i.e., logic high and low levels, respectively, there is a data fighting. At the data fighting, the output level of the pre driver 40 is pulled to one of two different data levels, depending on which has more driving ability. As a result, the data have different data eyes as described in FIG. 2.
FIG. 2 is a signal timing diagram illustrating the data eye according to the read path in FIG. 1. For example, the data fighting occurs when the even number of data DATA0 and the odd number of data DATA1 have logic high and low levels, respectively, and the enablement period of pulse signals on nodes A and B overlap with each other. If the logic low level has more driving ability than the logic high level, that is, a voltage supplying the logic low level has more power than the other, a data eye of the even number of data DATA0 decreases and a data eye of the odd number of data DATA1 increases. Accordingly, the semiconductor memory device cannot perform a data output operation stably and a malfunction is caused. In addition, current consumption increases by the data fighting.


A photopolymeriziable composition which comprises poly butane diol diacrylate, a photoinitiator and a binding resin. Upon coating the composition onto a substrate a photographic element is formed which does not require the presence of an oxygen barrier layer.

The present invention relates to a radiation-polymerizable composition. More particularly, this invention relates to a radiation-polymerizable composition which may be employed to produce an improved photographic element such as a lithographic printing plate, or color proofing film or photoresist, especially dry film photoresists.
The use of radiation-polymerizable coatings in the graphic arts is well known. Typically, the composition of such coatings can include a polymeric constituent, which may itself be radiation-polymerizable, and a photosensitizer composition. Upon selected exposure of this coating to imaging energies, the radiation-polymerizable species within the composition would either itself undergo a reaction or promote a reaction or degradation of one or more of the other components of the composition. It is, of course, readily appreciated that such reaction is only of value in such a system where it is essentially confined, or limited, to those areas of the composition impinged upon by such imaging energies. A negative working image thus created within the coating can then be "developed" by selective removal of the non-exposed components of the film or layer which have not been subjected to imaging energies. The ability to create such selective changes in coatings prepared from a radiation-polymerizable composition has been appreciated for some time. The basic difference in the various approaches in the formulation of lithographic printing plates from radiation-polymerizable compositions has been in the search for a system which is prepared from relatively inexpensive ingredients, does not require prolonged imaging energies (has a high quantum efficiency), is able to undergo an increased number of press runs and results in the creation of high resolution images within the composition which can be manifested without prolonged and elaborate development and, significantly, may be developed with a composition which does not necessarily contain organic solvents and which need contain only a minor amount of salts and surfactants.
Most such lithographic printing plates comprise a metal substrate which is coated with a light sensitive diazonium compound in admixture with suitable binding resins, photoinitiators, photopolymerizable compositions, colorants, stabilizers, exposure indicators, surfactants and the like. On the other hand, color proofing films are frequently comprised of the foregoing compositions disposed on a transparent substrate such as polyethylene terephthalate.
Photographic processes are known which use photopolymers. There are various types of photographic color proofing methods; for example, the surprint type and the overlay type. In the overlay type of color proofing method, an independent transparent plastic support is used for producing a print of each color separation film by applying a photosensitive solution of the corresponding color, and a plurality of such supports carrying prints of corresponding colors are then superposed upon each other on a white sheet to produce a color proofing sheet. The overlay type of color proofing method has the disadvantage that the superposed plastic supports tend to darken the color proofing sheet and, as a result, the impression of the color proofing sheet thus prepared becomes vastly different from copies actually obtained by a conventional printing press or a proof press. Its primary advantage is that it is quick and can serve as a progressive proof by combining any two or three colors in register.
In the surprint type of color proofing method, a color proofing sheet is prepared by successively producing prints of different colors from different color separation films, respectively, by utilizing a single opaque support by applying toners, or by applying photosensitive solutions or coatings of photopolymers of corresponding colors on the opaque support in succession. Examples of some of these approaches are: U.S. Pat. No. 3,671,236 and U.S. Pat. No. 3,136,637. An advantage of the surprint type of color proof is that the color saturation is not influenced by the plastic support. This method more closely resembles the actual printing process and eliminates the color distortion inherent in the overlay system. Various processes for producing copies of an image embodying a photopolymerization and thermal transfer techniques are known. See U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,060,023, 3,060,024, 3,060,025, 3,481,736 and 3,607,264. In these processes, a photopolymerizable layer coated on a suitable support is exposed, imagewise, to a process transparency. The surface of the exposed layer is then pressed into contact with the image receptive surface of a separate element and at least one of the said elements is heated to a temperature above the transfer temperature of the unexposed portions of the layer. The two elements are then separated, whereby the thermally transferrable, unexposed, image areas of the composite transfer to the image receptive element. If the element is not precolored, the tacky unexposed image may now be selectively colored with a desired toner. The colored matter adheres, preferentially, to the clear unpolymerized material. The lamination, exposure and development steps are carried out for the respective colors, in sequence, thus making these processes time consuming.
Photopolymerizable imaging systems typically comprise an unsaturated monomer, a free-radical initiator which is activated by active radiation, and binder resins, colorants and the other optional additives as hereinbefore mentioned.
In the production of free-radical initiated photopolymerizable coatings, it is widely recognized that such reactions are subject to a quenching phenomenum by triplet oxygen of the free-radicals formed by irradiating the initiator. The premature return of the free-radicals to the energy ground state precludes the required energy transfer necessary to effect the polymerization reaction.
An art recognized method useful in preventing triplet oxygen quenching of radiation formed free-radicals is overcoating the base coating with a watersoluble polymeric resin. Such resins must be transparent, film-forming polymers which substantially act as oxygen barrier layers and which are inert and incompatible with all ingredients comprising the base coating.
The present invention improves upon the foregoing class of compositions by providing a photopolymerizable composition which does not require such an oxygen barrier. The composition employs a polymerizable monomer which is poly butane diol diacrylate in admixture with a polymerization initiator.

Oxygen resistant radiation-polymerizable composition and element containing a photopolymer composition


A shield includes one or more protrusion members having shapes protruding from an outer surface of the shield are provided or, alternatively, one or more recesses having shapes depressed from the outer surface of the shield are carved. The one or more protrusion members or the one or more recesses are located at vicinities of both side positions on the shield for covering a face where the lateral width of the shield in right and left directions becomes a maximum.

Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a shield and a helmet.
Related Art
The present invention relates to a shield for a helmet worn by a motorcycle rider and a helmet installed this shield.
Each motorcycle rider is required by law to wear a helmet for protecting the head at the time of possible occurrence of an accident. Such a helmet has also a function of shielding, to a certain extent, various jarring noises such as an engine sound, an exhaust sound, and a wind noise generated when traveling of a motorcycle.
Among these kinds of noises, the engine sound and the exhaust sound contain relatively high frequency components and hence are considerably reduced when passing through the helmet. In contrast, the wind noise is a sound generated by friction between air and the motorcycle or the rider's body and contains relatively low frequency components. Thus, even after passing through the helmet, the wind noise is hardly reduced and serves as a large trouble for the rider. Here, it is known that the wind noise is generated in association with a situation that the layer of air flowing along the outer surface of the helmet departs from the helmet in a rear part so as to form the air current.
In recent years, the structures of a ventilator for air intake and air exhaust or a stabilizer for air rectification and the like attached to the outer surface of a full face type helmet are complicated or their sizes are increased. Such a ventilator and a stabilizer swirl a traveling wind and increase remarkably the intensity of the wind noise. Thus, the wearers of the full face type helmets hear such a loud wind noise.
On the other hand, along with such a noise, the aerodynamic characteristics of the helmet are an issue. That is, the following three forces are generated and act on a helmet during a running: a lift force which is a force acting in a direction at right angles to the air flow such as to lift up the helmet; a drag force acting in parallel to the air flow such as to push the helmet in a direction opposite to a traveling; and a yaw force acting such as to pull the helmet sideways. Improvement of the aerodynamic characteristics such as the lift force, the drag force, and the yaw force is also required.
Patent Document 1 describes a configuration that depressions and protrusions are provided in the surface of a helmet in order to reduce the fluid resistance acting on the helmet wearer as a result of a remarkable air resistance at the high speed running. That is, like in a golf ball, depressions and protrusions (dimples) are provided in the entire surface of the helmet so that the air resistance is reduced.
Patent Document 2 describes a configuration that depressions and protrusions are provided in the outer surface of a helmet in order to reduce a noise generated close to the ears. In this configuration, the processing is performed on a half of the entire surface of the helmet so that an effect of reducing the air resistance is intended similarly to Patent Document 1.
Patent Document 3 describes a helmet in which dimple processing is performed on an upper part of a shield. Since, with increasing speed, the rider takes a more frontward-leaning posture and hence the site hit by a running wind becomes close to the position of the forehead of the helmet wearer, that is, an upper part of the shield and an upper part of the helmet (around the forehead of the wearer). Thus, a structure is arranged in the vicinity of the boundary between the shield and the helmet upper part so that the surrounding turbulence is divided into several pieces and thereby the air resistance is reduced.


A panel assembly for a building structure including a support frame that is mountable relative to a building substrate, the support frame including a plurality of first members extending in a first direction and at least one member extending in a second direction and overlaying the members in the first direction, at least one sheeting member provided on at least one side of the support frame so that the support frame and the structural sheeting define a zone for a cementitious material, and a layer of cementitious material positioned against the structural sheeting to at least partially fill the zone.

The competitive nature of the building industry has led to a need for cost-effective methods of construction. As is well known, cost effectiveness is achieved by simplicity and efficiency in construction. A major component of the cost of building is labour, those skilled and unskilled. This is particularly so in first world countries such as Australia and the United States.
Prefabricated components such as frames and panels and even fully prefabricated structures in knockdown form have been used. The aim of these concepts is to achieve a structure that can be rapidly assembled on site by non-skilled labour.
These concepts have faced a number of difficulties. One particular difficulty is the fact that building standards vary considerably throughout regional and geographic areas. An example of this is wind-loading standards for roofing and wall structures which vary significantly throughout a country such as Australia. These standards include specific requirements in cyclone rated areas.
The problem with the conventional concepts is that they are generally incapable of complying with such a variation in requirements.
The present inventor has previously developed a steel reinforced concrete wall construction system. Fibre reinforced cement sheet is supported on a steel frame wall to define a substrate for sprayed concrete. This system was a development of a method for forming screeded reinforced concrete walls in underground excavations such as car parks.
Australian patent number 708031 requires skilled labour to erect steel wall framing on site. This entails substantial design work depending upon building code requirements for differing geographical regions. Furthermore, the flexibility of the structure during application of the sprayed concrete induces a degree of thixotropy to the applied layer in some cases causing it to flow downwardly on the fibre cement sheeting support substrate.
The present inventor has also developed an improvement to the system used in Australian patent number 708031. This improvement includes a panel assembly for a building structure including a support frame that is mountable on a substrate, structural sheeting provided on the support frame so that the support frame and the structural sheeting define a zone for a cementitious material, a layer of cementitious material positioned against the structural sheeting to fill the zone and at least one post-tensioning member that extends through the layer of cementitious material with predetermined tension applied to the member.
The present inventor has now furthered the invention to simplify construction and increase efficiency.
It will be clearly understood that, if a prior art publication is referred to herein, this reference does not constitute an admission that the publication forms part of the common general knowledge in the art in Australia or in any other country.


A device is mounted on a vehicle body and housed in a space between a pillar inner and a pillar trim. A speaker is inserted into an opening portion opened in the pillar trim from an inside of a vehicle compartment and retained therein. A harness is connected to the speaker and disposed in the space. In a part of the speaker to be inserted into an inner side of the pillar trim, a protrusion portion is provided that protrudes radially outward. An insertion acceptance portion that is a gap for accepting insertion of the protrusion portion is provided in an opening edge portion facing the opening portion on an inner surface side of the pillar trim. The insertion acceptance portion has a width larger than a width of the protrusion portion.

Even some of vehicles have mounted with tweeters for a high frequency sound range as audio speakers in addition to woofers for a low frequency sound range. Among possible positions for mounting tweeters are portions on both widthwise sides of an upper surface of a dashboard and a base portion of a front pillar. Of these portions, mounting a tweeter on a base portion of a front pillar is desirable in a case of a sound-quality-oriented tweeter (Patent Literature 1).
Various devices such as a defroster duct and a curtain air bag are housed within a pillar trim of a front pillar (Patent Literature 2 and 3).

Speaker mounting structure to front pillar in vehicle and method of manufacturing vehicle


A system for automatic generation control in a wind farm is provided. The system includes a wind farm controller for controlling the plurality of energy storage elements. The wind farm controller receives an automatic generation control set point from an independent system operator, generates a farm-level storage power set point for the wind farm based on the automatic generation control set point, generates individual storage power set points for the plurality of energy storage elements based on states of charge of the respective energy storage elements, and controls the plurality of energy storage elements based on the individual storage power set points for dispatching storage power to perform automatic generation control.

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to wind farms and more particularly relate to a system and method for automatic generation control in wind farms.
Wind turbines are used to generate electrical power from wind energy. Multiple wind turbines may be coupled together to form a wind farm, and multiple wind farms may be coupled to a power grid. The wind farms are required to provide a committed output power to the power grid for scheduling generation and maintaining load-generation balance. However, due to constant fluctuations in wind speed and in load coupled to the power grid, a difference may occur between a power injected into the power grid and the committed output power. The difference leads to variations in a system frequency, which necessitates a use of reserve resources to overcome such variations. In order to overcome the variation, the wind farms provide additional power control capability to the power grid to maintain the frequency.
In one type of control methodology, the power grid is managed by an independent system operator which directs owners of the wind farms coupled to the power grid to provide the additional power control capability and maintain the frequency in the power grid. The wind farm owners maintain the frequency by employing a primary frequency response, also referred to as frequency droop, and a secondary frequency response. The wind farm owners receive additional payments from the independent system operator for the secondary frequency response based on a control band and accuracy in providing a committed power for the second frequency response.
One type of secondary frequency response technique includes automatic generation control. The automatic generation control (AGC) is a system for adjusting power output of multiple generators located at various locations in the system, in response to changes in the system frequency and multiple tie-line powers of the interconnected power system. The automatic generation control employs various approaches to provide additional power for adjusting the power output. One approach includes using a centralized wind farm battery for providing the additional power to the power grid. However, such an approach leads to additional costs and associated risks such as a single point of failure in providing additional power.
In another approach, a distributed storage wind farm may be deployed to automatically provide additional power control. In such approaches, some of the wind turbines in the wind farm include an integrated energy storage element that may be used to supplement wind generated power and provide the additional power. In the described approach, wind turbine controllers of each of the wind turbine independently control the respective integrated energy storage elements.
It would be desirable for wind farms to have further options for addressing frequency variations and controlling integrated energy storage elements.

System and method for automatic generation control in wind farms


A solar cell panel assembly for supplying power to a motor-driven screen apparatus mounted for movement between an inside glass plate and an outside glass plate spaced therefrom in a double-glazed sliding door unit includes a belt-like sheet of solar cell panels having its bottom edge portion disposed via a plurality of mount members so as to be held in contact with the lower inside portion of the outer glass plate, extending in the horizontal direction along the lower inside portion of the outer glass plate, and inclined in such manner that its top end portion extends toward the inner glass plate. Preferably, the solar cell panel is provided with a glass panel mounted in tight contact with an outer light receiving surface of the solar cell panel, and transparent resin having a refractive index equivalent to that of glass is filled by potting in a wedge-shaped space formed between the glass panel and the inner surface of the outer glass plate. Also, preferably a reflector plate of an inverse-L shape in cross section having its upper surface formed as a reflecting surface, is disposed so as to reflect toward the outside lower portion of the outer glass plate and extend along the outside lower portion of the same glass plate.

1. Field of the Invention:
The present invention relates to a solar cell panel assembly for supplying power to a motor-driven screen apparatus such as, for instance, a motor-driven blind built within a double-glazed sliding door unit.
2. Description of the Prior Art:
With regard to a motor-operated blind powered by solar cells, various proposals have been made (for instance, see Japanese Utility Model Applications Laid-open Specification No. 60-31499), and in recent years, a screen apparatus in which a motor-driven blind 2 and a solar cell panel 3 are disposed within a double-glazed sliding door unit 1 as shown in FIG. 1, has been developed.
In such a construction, heretofore, the solar cell panel 3 was mounted vertically along the indoor side surface of a bottom portion of an outdoor side, or outer, glass plate 1A as shown in FIG. 2.
However, with such method of mounting the solar cell panel 3, there exists a problem in the summer when the altitude of the sun is high and the solar cell panel 3 is directed to the south wherein the angle of incidence of the sunlight is large. Thus, due to an increase in the amount of sunlight reflected away from the collector and a decrease in the light receiving area of the collector perpendicular to the sunlight, the solar cell panel 3 does not receive a sufficient amount of sunlight, and so, the output power of the solar cells is reduced.

Solar cell panel assembly for driving a motor-driven screen apparatus