Phenol/aldehyde condensation products useful in the development of colored images from colorless dyes are disclosed. The phenol/aldehyde condensation products are produced by the interaction of an alkyl-substituted salicylic acid, an alkyl-substituted phenol, an aldehyde, and a metal source. The phenol/aldehyde condensation products are particularly useful in a photosensitive imaging system in which images are formed by the image-wise reaction of the developer with one or more chromogenic materials, and in carbonless copy paper systems.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to phenol/aldehyde condensation products useful in the development of colored images from colorless dyes. The condensation products are especially useful in the imaging process described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,846 in which images are produced by a light imaging process, and in carbonless copy paper systems.
2. Description of the Prior Art
U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,846 (the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference and relied upon) discloses an imaging system in which images are formed by image-wise exposure of a photosensitive encapsulate containing a chromogenic material to actinic radiation and rupture of the capsules in the presence of a developer whereby a patterned reaction of the chromogenic material and developer is obtained which produces a contrasting image.
More specifically, U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,846 discloses an imaging system basically having:
a substrate,
a chromogenic material,
a photosensitive composition,
a coating containing said chromogenic material and said photosensitive composition on one surface of the substrate, and
a developer material which is capable of reacting with the chromogenic material to form a visible image,
wherein said photosensitive composition is encapsulated in a pressure rupturable capsule as an internal phase.
In U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,846, the term "encapsulated" refers to both so-called resin dispersion or open phase systems in which the internal phase containing the photosensitive composition and optionally the chromogenic material is dispersed as droplets throughout a dispersing medium and systems in which the capsule is formed with a discrete capsular wall, the latter encapsulation typically being in the form of microcapsules. "Pressure rupturable capsules" are, accordingly, considered by U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,846 to exist in either of these "encapsulated" systems. Furthermore, while the capsules are described as being "pressure rupturable" other means than pressure may be used to rupture them.
In accordance with U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,846, images are formed by exposing the coated composition containing the chromogenic material and the encapsulated photosensitive composition to actinic radiation and rupturing the capsules in the presence of a developer. The invention system is designed such that when these steps are carried out, the image-forming reaction between the chromogenic material and the developer discriminately occurs in the exposed or unexposed areas and produces a detectable or latent image. This is accomplished image-wise by photochemically controlling the access between the chromogenic material and the developer such that a patterned reaction occurs. By "imagewise" it is meant that the reaction between the chromogenic material and the developer occur according to the exposure such that a positive or negative image is obtained. The image may be formed by a change in color or a difference in contrast.
In accordance with the principal embodiment of U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,846, chromogenic material is encapsulated with the photosensitive composition. In general, the photosensitive composition can be described as having a viscosity which changes upon exposure to actinic radiation such that upon exposure there is a change in the viscosity of the internal phase in the exposed areas which image-wise determines whether the chromogenic material is accessible to the developer. The photosensitive composition may be a radiation curable composition which, upon exposure to light, increases in viscosity and immobilizes the chromogenic material, thereby preventing it from reacting with the developer material entirely or in proportion to the tonal depth of the image in the exposed areas. (The term "curable" as used in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,846 is not limited to materials which are cross-linked, but is open to materials which are simply polymerized.) In another case, the chromogenic material may be encapsulated with a substance which is depolymerized or otherwise decreased in molecular weight upon exposure, resulting in a decrease in molecular weight upon exposure, resulting in a decrease in viscosity which renders the chromogenic material mobile and accessible to the developer in the exposed areas upon capsule rupture.
The imaging system described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,846 is potentially useful for producing high quality images, competitive in some cases to those produced with silver-based photographic materials.
Prior patents disclose a wide variety of developer compositions for use in developing a visible image from colorless chromogenic materials, some of which are the following:
U.S. Pat. No. 3,864,146 of Oda, discloses a sheet of record material which is sensitized with a coating to produce color on contact with colorless chromogenic compounds. Such coating comprises a binder in an amount sufficient to adhere the coating to the base sheet and a color reactant material. The color material essentially comprises in combination:
a. At least one metal ion of a metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, titanium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron, tin, chromium, copper and vanadium, or at least one water insoluble inorganic compound of a metal selected from said metal group, and
b. At least one aromatic carboxylic acid derivative including as its major functional arrangement the molecular structure represented by any of the following formulae: ##STR1##
In the above formulae, R is hydroxyl, amino, amino substituted by at least one lower alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms, nitro or chlorine, which is substituted on one of the carbon atoms at the site adjacent to that of the carboxylic group on the aromatic ring, each X is substituted or unsubstituted group containing a monocyclic or bicyclic carbon ring formed with 6 or 10 carbon atoms, m is an integer of 1 or 2 and n is an integer of 1 to 3.
Among the aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives represented in the above formulae the patent lists the following specific compounds:
3-phenylsalicylic acid PA0 2-chloro-5-phenylbenzoic acid PA0 3-benzylsalicylic acid PA0 5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)salicylic acid PA0 2-nitro-3(2'-nitro-3'-carboxyphenyl)benzoic acid PA0 5,5'-methylenedisalicylic acid PA0 2-nitro-3(3'-carboxylbenzyl)benzoic acid PA0 3-methyl-5-phenylsalicylic acid PA0 3-(4'-aminophenyl)-2-aminosalicylic acid PA0 5-benzyl-6-aminosalicylic acid PA0 3-methyl-5-benzylsalicylic acid PA0 2,6-dihydroxy-3-(.beta.-phenethyl)benzoic acid PA0 2-nitro-5-(4'-methoxystilben)benzoic acid PA0 2-nitro-6-(4'-methylbenzoyl)benzoic acid PA0 3-(4'-chlorobenzyl)5-(tert-butyl)salicylic acid PA0 3-benzyl-5-(2,2'-dimethyl-iso-propyl)salicylic acid PA0 3-(tert-butyl)-5-[p-(tert-butyl)benzyl]salicylic acid PA0 3-cyclohexyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)salicylic acid PA0 4-phenyl-5-benzoylsalicylic acid PA0 3,5-di-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)salicylic acid 3-[4'-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-phenyl]-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethyl benzyl)salicylic acid PA0 2-nitro-3-[4'-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-phenyl] benzoic acid PA0 3-phenyl-5-[4'-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylben zyl]salicylic acid PA0 5-(4'-ethoxycarbonylphenyl)salicylic acid PA0 4-(3'-carboxy-4'-hydroxyphenyl)benzenesulfonic acid PA0 3-phenyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)salicylic acid PA0 3-phenyl-5-hydroxysalicylic acid PA0 4-(5'-methylnaphthyl) salicylic acid PA0 2-hydroxy-1-benzyl-3-naphthoic acid PA0 3,3'-dicarboxy-2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1-dinaphthylmethane PA0 1-benzoyl-2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid PA0 1-chloro-4'-hydroxy-dinaphthylketone-3'-carboxylic acid PA0 1,4-di(dimethylamino)-3-phenyl-2-naphthoic acid PA0 2-hydroxy-5-[4'-(tert-butyl)phenyl]-1-naphthoic acid PA0 3-hydroxy-5-cyclohexyl-2-naphthoic acid PA0 3-hydroxy-4-(2'-hydroxy-3'-carboxyphenyl) 2-naphthoic acid.
Of the above compounds, 3,5-di(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)salicylic acid, 3-[4'(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-phenyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbe nzyl)salicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)salicylic acid, 3-phenyl-5-[4'-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbe nzyl]salicylic acid, and 3-phenyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)salicylic acid are said to be most preferred.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 3,864,146, it was found that the aforementioned aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives, per se, do not provide practical color-forming reactant materials because of their very slight activity to the colorless chromogenic materials but they can be highly sensitive color-forming reactant materials when they are combined with certain metal ions or certain water-insoluble inorganic metallic compounds. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the color reactant material essentially comprises a mixture of the aromatic carboxylic acid derivatives described and one or more of oxides, hydroxides and carbonates of a metal selected from the group consisting of zinc, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, titanium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, iron, tin, chromium, copper and vanadium. Among suitable inorganic metallic compounds there may be included zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, titanium oxide, zinc hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, zinc carbonate, calcium carbonate and magnesium hydroxide. These inorganic metallic compounds are water insoluble, per se, and exhibit no substantially color forming reaction even when brought into contact with the chromagenic materials. According to U.S. Pat. No. 3,864,146, the mixing ratio by weight of the aromatic carboxylic acid derivative or derivatives to the above mentioned inorganic metallic compound or compounds is selected within the range of 95:5 to 5:95. More preferably, in order to obtain the sensitized record sheet having a high color forming ability, high printability and a low production cost, 15 to 25 parts by weight of the aromatic carboxylic acid derivative may be mixed with 85 to 75 parts by weight of the inorganic compound described. A part of the inorganic metallic compound may be replaced by other inorganic pigments such as kaolin, clay and talc.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,156 relates to record material sheets bearing a coating of an oil-soluble metal salt and an oil-soluble phenol-formaldehyde novolak resin as a combination co-reactant for colorless, chromogenic dye-precursor materials to develop a useful color therein. Prior to this patent, oil-soluble phenol-formaldehyde novolak resins, preferably those derived from the condensation of a para-substituted phenol with formaldehyde, had long been used, with great commercial success, in making acid-reactant record material sheets capable of developing color in oil solutions of base-reactant colorless, chromogenic dye-precursor materials. Such resins and the use of them had been disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 44,805, filed June 9, 1970 by Robert E. Miller and Paul S. Phillips, Jr. (now U.S. Pat. No. 3,672,935 and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 830,921, filed May 26, 1969 by Robert E. Miller and Bruce W. Brockett (now U.S. Pat. No. 3,663,256).
According to U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,156, it had been found useful to add metal salts to oil-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resin for the purposes just mentioned. The metal salts found useful for use with oil-soluble phenol-formaldehyde resins in pressure-sensitive copy-papers of the "NCR Paper" type according to that patent, include the oil-soluble salts of aluminum (III), barium (II), cadmium (II), calcium (II), cerium (III), cesium (I), cobalt (II), copper (III), indium (III), iron (II), and lead (II), magnesium (II), manganese (II), molybdenum (V), nickel (II), sodium (I), strontium (II), tin (II), titanium (IV), vanadium (IV), zinc (II), and zirconium (IV). The great diversity of the oil-soluble metal resinates tested and found useful therein was noted inasmuch as they include metals from Periodic Groups I-A and B, II-A and B, III-A and B, IV-A and B, V-B, VI-B, VII-B, and VIII.
Eligible ions of the useful metal salts according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,156 include acetylacetonate, hexafluoroacetylacetonate, benzoate, naphthenate, salicylate, 2-ethylhexanoate, abietate, oleate, and palmitate. In order to be eligible, it was said that the candidate anion should confer on the metal salt ready solubility in the oily solvents used as the core-material encapsulated chromogenic inks in carbonless copypapers. Exemplary of the oils in use are hydrocarbons such as paraffin oils, aromatic oils such as xylene and alkylated biphenyls, high molecular weight esters such as dioctyl adipate and dioctyl phthalate, halocarbons such as trichlorobiphenyl, and aromatic ethers such as diphenyl oxide. The metal modified resins of U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,156 were said to have been designed to operate and to have operated well in developing oily dye-precursor inks of the type described. The oily vehicle preferred therein was one of low volatility, such as chlorinated or alkylated biphenyl, which leaves an essentially wet print on the paper surface rather than a more volatile one such as xylene that readily evaporates to leave a dry print. The enhancement of print intensity by the metal modified resins of this invention was said to be considerably greater in wet prints than in dry prints. Rapid and substantial solubility was required to give satisfactory print speed in use. To fulfill this requirement, according to the patent, the metal salt anion should have a carbon content of at least four carbon atoms and preferably six or more carbon atoms. Metal salts of anions of less than four carbon atoms will operate to enhance color intensity and/or fade resistance provided they are still oil-soluble. However, as the anionic carbon content goes below about four carbon atoms, the metal salts tend toward water solubility, and the imaged prints developed thereon become spotty and uneven due to the effect of atmospheric moisture on stored sheets. Therefore it was said that metal salts of carbon content below about four carbon atoms, which are both oil-soluble and water soluble, were to be avoided in the record material sheets.
Of the metal ions set out above as having been found useful in the materials of U.S. Pat. No. 3,723,156, zinc (II) was preferred. All of the cited metal ions were said to improve the fade resistance of the developed prints. In addition to improved fade resistance, print intensity was markedly improved over known-art sheets by the preferred zinc (II) and furthermore, print intensity was improved or at least comparable to good commercial quality known-art sheets in sheets containing aluminum (III), cerium (III), cobalt (II), iron (II), iron (III), indium (III), manganese (II), and tin (II).
The patent also mentioned that zinc salicylate, which has a phenolic group in addition to the metallated carboxy group, gives a blue color with CVL in oil solution. Oil solutions of some of the other eligible metal salts occasionally give a light blue color when CVL is added to the solution, but this was thought to be due to excess acid present as a contaminant in the metal salt.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,372,583 discloses a pressure-sensitive chromogenic copy system comprising a transfer sheet having on at least one surface thereof a color developer capable of reacting with a chromogen to form a color image, said color developer comprising an oligomeric aromatic carboxylic acid. The patent also relates to transfer sheets utilizing said oligomeric compounds and to the compounds and method of making them as more fully described below.
The critical feature described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,372,583 is the controlled reaction of aromatic carboxylic acids with aldehydes under alkaline conditions to form "oligomers". While not entirely understood, the reaction products are similar to resoles; A-stage resoles or salicylate alcohols, formed by reacting a phenol with an aldehyde under alkaline conditions. As used in that patent, the term "oligomer" is meant to denote such reaction products as distinguished from dimers and polymers which result when aromatic carboxylic acids are polymerized under acidic conditions.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 4,372,583, higher molecular weight polymers can result in low oil affinity and hence undesirable slower image formation when the chromogen-containing oil from the ruptured microcapsules is transferred to the transfer sheet containing the acidic polymer.
The aromatic carboxylic acid used by that patent can be any polymerizable substituted or unsubstituted salicylic, benzoic, or naphthoic acid. It was preferred to use compounds which do not contain substituents of a size or location on the compound so as to create steric hindrances and thereby retard or even prevent polymerization. Examples of suitable acids are salicylic acid; acetyl salicylic acid; disalicylic acid; mono-and di-C.sub.1 -C.sub.8 alkyl substituted salicylic acids (such as methyl salicylic acid and 3,5-di-tertiary butyl salicylic acid); the corresponding benzoic and naphthoic acids; 2-nitro benzoic acid; 2-amino naphthoic acid; and the thio compounds disclosed in co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 173,254, entitled "Chromogenic Copy System", filed on Aug. 17, 1981, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,303,719. Of these, the patent preferred the salicylic acid compounds; particularly salicylic acid, 3,5-di-tertiary butyl salicylic acid, 3-octyl salicylic acid, 5-octyl salicylic acid, 3-tertiary butyl salicylic acid, and 5-tertiary butyl salicylic acid and the invention will be particularly described in connection therewith.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 4,372,583, the resultant oligomer can be used as such or as the corresponding metal salts. These are formed by reacting the acidic oligomer with zinc, aluminum, monovalent alkali metal compounds, or other known metallic compounds conventionally used to form salts of acids used as color developers in carbonless copy systems.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,052 discloses a color developer that is the metal compound of a polymer of an aldehyde or acetylene and an aromatic carboxylic acid having at least one hydroxyl group which is a product produced by the reaction of an alkali metal salt of the polymer of an aldehyde or acetylene and an aromatic carboxylic acid having at least one hydroxyl group with a water-soluble metal salt in a solvent in which both reagents are soluble. In this case, the ratio of the alkali metal salt and water-soluble metal salt is not limited particularly, but a molar ratio of 1 to 1 is preferred. Preparation of the alkali metal salt of the polymer used in the above-mentioned reaction can be carried out in a known manner, for example, by reacting the abovementioned polymer with an alkali metal hydroxide or carbonate.
Illustrative of the polymer of an aldehyde and an aromatic carboxylic acid having at least one hydroxyl group used in U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,052 are a salicylic acid-aldehyde polymer, a p-hydroxybenzoic acid-aldehyde polymer, a 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid-aldehyde polymer and a salicylic acid-acetylene polymer.
The polymer applicable to U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,052 is a polymer of an aldehyde and an aromatic carboxylic acid having at least one hydroxyl group, while metal compounds of phenol-aldehyde polymers mentioned in Japanese Patent No. 511,757, phenol-acetylene polymers, maleic acid-rosin resins and partly or extensively hydrolyzed styrene-maleic anhydride polymers were said to have no developing capacity.
The aromatic carboxylic acid used in U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,052 is a compound having at least one carboxyl group per aromatic nucleus and includes, for example, benzoic acid, o-nitrobenzoic acid, m-nitrobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, o-chlorobenzoic acid, m-chlorobenzoic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, o-toluic acid, m-toluic acid, p-toluic acid, o-bromobenzoic acid, m-bromobenzoic acid, p-bromobenzoic acid, o-indobenzoic acid, m-iodobenzoic acid, p-iodobenzoic acid, 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid, 2-chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,3-dichlorobenzoic acid, 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, p-isopropyl-benzoic acid, 2,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-dinitrobenzoic acid, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, N-phenyl-anthranilic acid, 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-acetyl-benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 5-tert-butyl-salicylic acid, 3-phenyl-salicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-salicylic acid, 3,5-di-tert-amyl-salicylic acid, 3-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-isoamyl-salicylic acid, 5-isoamyl-salicylic acid, 3,5-di-sec-butyl-salicylic acid, m-hydroxyl-benzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid, 2,4-cresotinic acid, 2,5-cresotinic acid, 2,3-cresotinic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy-benzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid, 2-hydroxyl-1-naphthoic acid, 5,5'-methylenesalicyclic acid, thiosalicylic acid, trimellitic anhydride, anacardic acid, benzoic anhydride, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, diphenic acid, etc. Above all, aromatic carboxylic acids having at least one hydroxyl group in the structure are effective.
Illustrative of the metal salts used in U.S. Pat. No. 3,772,052 are metals of Group Ib of the Periodic Table such as copper and silver, Group IIa such as magnesium and calcium, Group IIb such as zinc, cadmium and mercury, Group IIb such as aluminum and gallium, Group IVa such as tin and lead, Group IVb such as chromium and molybdenum, Group VIIb such as manganese and Group VII such as cobalt and nickel. In particular, salts of zinc, tin, aluminum and nickel are preferably used.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,874,895 discloses using a color developer containing, as necessary constituents, an acidic polymer and an organic carboxylic acid or a metal salt thereof.
The organic carboxylic acids used in that patent include organic compounds having at least one carboxyl group, and include aliphatic carboxylic acids and aromatic carboxylic acids. Most preferred of such acids were those having a maximum of three carboxyl groups and from about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms.
However, aromatic carboxylic acids were especially preferred as they were said to provide excellent effects and, in particular, aromatic carboxylic acids having at least one hydroxy group were preferred with those having from one to three hydroxyl groups being most preferred. Of course, any organic carboxylic acid exhibits an improved effect as compared to the use of acidic polymer alone, and aliphatic carboxylic acids or metal salts thereof, in particular, the monobasic acids and dibasic acids thereof were said to be excellent from the viewpoint of film quality. Monobasic acids were most preferred, however. The aromatic carboxylic acid was preferably from the benzene series, especially salicylic acid derivatives which preferably have at least one alkyl group having more than 3 carbon atoms, or at least one aryl group or a cyclohexyl group, or is substituted with a combination of such groups.
As the specific examples of organic carboxylic acids used in U.S. Pat. No. 3,874,895, there were mentioned formic acid, acetic acid, caproic acid, heptanoic acid, caprylic acid, pelargonic acid, capric acid, n-undecylenic acid, lauric acid, n-dodecylenic acid, myristylenic acid, n-pentadecylenic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, n-non-adecylenic acid, arachidic acid, heneicosanoic acid, behenic acid, n-tricosanoic acid, lignoceric acid, n-pentacosanoic acid, cerotic acid, n-heptacosanoic acid, montanic acid, n-nonacousanoic acid, melissic acid, n-hentriacontanoic acid, n-dotriacontaonic acid, n-tetratriacontanoic acid, ceroplastic acid, n-hexatoriacontanoic acid, n-octatriacontanoic acid, n-hexatetracontanoic acid, oleic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, stearolic acid, .alpha.-chlorolauric acid, .alpha.-chlorostearic acid, .alpha.-bromomyristic acid, 1,8-octanedicarboxylic acid, 1,12-dodecanedicarboxylic acid, 2,4-decanedienoic acid, 2-hydroxy-2,4-dimethylpentanoic acid, o-toluic acid, m-toluic acid, p-toluic acid, benzoic acid, o-chlorobenzoic acid, m-chlorobenzoic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, o-bromobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, salicylic acid, o-chlorosalicylic acid, m-hydroxysalicylic acid, p-hydroxysalicylic acid, anisic acid, gallic acid, phthalic acid, trimellitic acid, diphenic acid, phenylacetic acid, .alpha.-phenyl-n-valerianic acid, p-isopropylbenzoic acid, 2,4-cresotinic acid, 5-methylsalicylic acid, 5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-sec-butylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-sec-butylsalicylic acid, 3,-methyl-5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 5-isoamylsalicylic acid, 3-phenylsalicylic acid, 5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, and the like.
According to U.S. Pat. No. 3,874,895, metals forming a metal salt with the organic carboxylic acids included sodium, lithium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, zinc, cadmium, aluminum, tin, lead, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, and the like. The patent stated that there is no overly critical aspect to the selection of the exact metal used, i.e., substantially all metal salts are useful.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,255 disclosed that when a coating solution containing a metal compound of aromatic carboxylic acid was prepared, not only was the viscosity of the coating solution increased but metal compound was formed in the form of particles, so that the color development power and the film surface strength of the final color developer layer were often insufficient, and that improvements can be attained by incorporating a surface active agent in a color developer coating solution containing a metal component of an aromatic carboxylic acid.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,255 further disclosed that, while the metal compound of an aromatic carboxylic acid can be used as a color developing component alone because it has a color development power itself, it can also be used together with other color developers.
The aromatic carboxylic acid of U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,255 was preferably represented by the formula: ##STR2##
wherein R may be the same or different and represents a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, a halogen atom such as chlorine, a nitro group, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms (preferably 3 to 6 carbon atoms) of which total carbon atoms are less than 13, an aryl group such as phenyl group, an arylamino group such as anilino group, and an alicyclic group such as hexyl group, m is an integer of 0 to 7 and n is an integer of 0 to 5, and the aromatic carboxylic acid may be dimerized through the substituent R as a methylene group.
More preferable compounds were those represented by the formula: ##STR3##
wherein R, m and n are as defined above.
The most preferable compounds were those represented by the formula: ##STR4## wherein R is as defined above, n is 1 or 2, and R is attached to the meta-position relative to the hydroxy group.
Examples of the aromatic carboxylic acids in U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,255 were benzoic acid, o-, m- or p-chlorobenzoic acid, o-, m- or p-nitrobenzoic acid, 2-chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,3-dichlorobenzoic acid, 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, p-t-butyl benzoic acid, N-phenyl anthranilic acid, 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid, salicylic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 5-t-butyl salicylic acid, 3-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-butyl salicylic acid, 3,5-di-t-butyl salicylic acid, 3,5-diamyl salicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl salicylic acid, 5-cyclohexyl salicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-isoamyl salicylic acid, 5-isoamyl salicylic acid, 3,5-di-sec-butyl salicylic acid, 5-nonyl salicylic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-methyl benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-5-t-butyl benzoic acid, 2,4-cresotic acid, 5,5'-methylene disalicylic acid, o-, m- or p-acetaminobenzoic acid, 2,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid, 2,6-dihydroxy benzoic acid, anacardic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid, thiosalicylic acid, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde and the like.
Above all, aromatic carboxylic acids having at least one hydroxyl group were said to be especially effective and those having a hydroxy group in the o-position, i.e., the aromatic carboxylic acids represented by the following formulae, were most effective. ##STR5## wherein R, m and n are as defined above.
As the metals which form the metal compound of the aromatic carboxylic acid used in U.S. Pat. No. 3,896,255, there can be mentioned metals of Group IB of the Periodic Table as, e.g., copper and silver; metals of Group II A as, e.g., magnesium and calcium; metals of Group II B, e.g., zinc, cadmium and mercury; metals of Group III B, e.g., aluminum and gallium; metals of Group IV A, e.g., tin and lead; metals of Group VI A, e.g., chromium and molybdenum; metals of Group VII B, e.g., manganese; and metals of Group VIII such as cobalt and nickel. Among these metals, zinc, tin, aluminum and nickel were said to be especially effective.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,924,027 discloses a sensitized sheet for use in a pressure sensitive copy system, having a coating comprising an acceptor, the acceptor being a particulate mixture of (a) an organic acid substance selected from the group consisting of aromatic carboxylic acids and polyvalent metal salts thereof, and (b) an organic high molecular weight compound.
An aromatic carboxylic acid to be used for this purpose is represented by the formula I, ##STR6## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 each represents hydrogen, halogen or a hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, carbamoyl, N-substituted carbamoyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxyl, aryloxy, aralkyl or alkylaryl group, and any adjacent pair or R.sub.1 to R.sub.6 can, together with the carbon atoms to which they are attached, complete a ring. Compounds of formula I wherein R.sub.1 or R.sub.5 is a hydroxyl group are especially important in embodiments of the invention as mentioned in detail hereinafter.
Examples of aromatic carboxylic acids of formula I wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.6 are not a hydroxyl group include benzoic acid, o-toluic acid, m-toluic acid, p-toluic acid, p-t-butylbenzoic acid, o-chlorobenzoic acid, m-chlorobenzoic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, dichlorobenzoic acid, trichlorobenzoic acid, tetrachlorobenzoic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, 2-carboxybiphenol, p-oxybenzoic acid, paramethoxybenzoic acid, p-butoxybenzoic acid, p-octoxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, anthranilic acid, phthalic acid monoamide, phthalic acid monoanilide, 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-phenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methyl-benzyl)-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, .alpha.-naphthoic acid, .beta.-naphthoic acid, tetrachlorophthalic acid and 2,2'-dicarboxydiphenyl.
Aromatic carboxylic acids of formula I wherein R.sub.1 or R.sub.6 is a hydroxyl group are defined by formula II, ##STR7## wherein R.sub.4 to R.sub.6 are as defined in R.sub.1 to R.sub.4 of formula I.
Examples of such carboxylic acids include salicylic acid, o-cresotinic acid, p-cresotinic acid, 3-ethylsalicylic acid, 4-ethylsalicylic acid, 3-isopropylsalicylic acid, 4-isopropylsalicylic acid, 5-isopropylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-phenylsalicylic acid, 5-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-benzylsalicylic acid, 5-tert-octylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 5-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 5-nonyl salicylic acid, 5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 5-chlorosalicylic acid, 5-butoxysalicylic acid and 5-octoxysalicylic acid.
Compounds of formula II wherein R.sub.4 and R.sub.6 are halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkylaryl can be easily derived in commercial scales from phenols, alkylphenols, arylphenols or halogenated phenols. Examples of such aromatic carboxylic acids include 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid, 3-chloro-5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3-chloro-5-tertamylsalicylic acid, 3-chloro-5-tert-octylsalicylic acid, 3-chloro-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3,5-dimethylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-tertbutylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-tert-octylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-nonylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl salicylic acid, 3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-sec-butylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-chlorosalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-methylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-ethylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-(4'-tert-butylphenyl)salicylic acid and others.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,934,070 claims to have found that all defects of the color developer sheet and ink can be completely removed by using a metallic compound of an aromatic carboxylic acid.
The aromatic carboxylic acid used in that patent includes, for example, benzoic acid, o-nitrobenzoic acid, m-nitrobenzoic acid, p-nitrobenzoic acid, o-chlorobenzoic acid, m-chlorobenzoic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, o-toluic acid, m-toluic acid, p-toluic acid, o-bromobenzoic acid, m-bromobenzoic acid, p-bromobenzoic acid, o-iodo-benzoic acid, m-iodobenzoic acid, p-iodobenzoic acid, 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid, 2-chloro-4-nitrobenzoic acid, 2,3-dichlorobenzoic acid, 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, p-isopropyl-benzoic acid, 2,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, 3,4-dinitrobenzoic acid, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, N-phenyl-anthranilic acid, 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid, 4-acetyl-benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3-phenyl-salicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-tert-butyl-salicylic acid, 3-phenyl-salicyclic acid, 3-methyl-5-tert-butyl-salicylic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butyl-salicylic acid, 3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid, 5,5'-methylene-salicyclic acid, thiosalicylic acid, trimellitic anhydride, anacardic acid, benzoic anhydride, 2-carboxybenzaldehyde, diphenic acid, etc. Above all, aromatic carboxylic acids having at least one hydroxyl group in the structure, especially in the ortho positon, were said to be effective.
The metals of the metal salts to be reacted with the alkali metal salts of the carboxylic acids in U.S. Pat. No. 3,934,070 included, for example, Group Ib metals such as copper, silver, etc., Group IIa metals such as magnesium, calcium, etc., Group IIb metals such as zinc, cadmium, mercury, etc., Group IIIb metals such as aluminum, gallium, etc., Group IVb metals such as tin, lead, etc., Group VIa metals such as chromium, molybdenum, etc., Group VIIa metals such as manganese, etc., Group VIII metals such as cobalt, nickel, etc., and the like. Among these, those salts wherein zinc, tin, aluminum or nickel is used are especially effective. In using them in the reaction, they are used in the form of the inorganic salts thereof such as chloride, sulfate, nitrate, etc., or in the form of the organic salts thereof such as oxalate, acetate, etc. These metal salts or alkali metal salts of the aromatic carboxylic acid exhibit almost no colordeveloping ability when used separately, but when their reaction product is coated onto a support, the metal salts of the carboxylic acids show excellent color developing ability.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,134,847 discloses a color developer which is obtained by the process which comprises heating a mixture of at least one aromatic carboxylic acid, at least one water-insoluble organic polymer and at least one oxide or carbonate of a polyvalent metal in the presence of water to melt at least one of aromatic carboxylic acid and said polymer and to make the mixture into a homogeneous mass.
The organic carboxylic acid useful in that patent is represented by the following formula I except for the compounds having a heteroaromatic ring. ##STR8##
wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 each represents hydrogen, halogen or a hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, carbamoyl, N-substituted carbamoyl, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxyl, aryl, aryloxy, aralkyl or alkylaryl group, and any adjacent pair of R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 can complete a ring such as naphthalene ring. Compounds of formula I wherein R.sub.1 or R.sub.5 is a hydroxyl group are especially important in embodiments of the invention as mentioned in detail hereinafter.
Examples of aromatic carboxylic acids of formula I wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.5 are not a hydroxyl group include benzoic acid, o-toluic acid, m-toluic acid, p-toluic acid, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, o-chlorobenzoic acid, m-chlorobenzoic acid, p-chlorobenzoic acid, dichlorobenzoic acid, trichlorobenzoic acid, phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, p-oxybenzoic acid, p-butoxybenzoic acid, p-octoxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, anthranilic acid, phthalic acid monoamide, 3-tert-butyl-t-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-phenyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, trimellitic acid, pyromellitic acid, .alpha.-naphthoic acid, .beta.-naphthoic acid, tetrachlorophthalic acid, 2-carboxybiphenyl and 2,2'-dicarboxydiphenyl.
Aromatic carboxylic acids of formula I wherein R.sub.1 or R.sub.5 is a hydroxyl group are defined by formula II, ##STR9## wherein R.sub.6 to R.sub.9 are as defined in R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 of formula I.
Examples of such carboxylic acids include salicylic acid, o-cresotinic acid, p-cresotinic acid, 3-ethylsalicylic acid, 4-ethylsalicylic acid, 3-isopropylsalicylic acid, 4-isopropylsalicylic acid, 5-isopropylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-phenylsalicylic acid, 5-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-benzyl-salicylic acid, 5-tert-octylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 5-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 5-nonylsalicylic acid, 5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 5-chlorosalicylic acid, 5-butoxysalicylic acid and 5-octoxysalicylic acid.
Compounds of formula II wherein R.sub.6 and R.sub.8 are halogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl or alkylaryl can be easily derived in commercial scales from phenols, alkylphenols, arylphenols or halogenated phenols. Examples of such aromatic carboxylic acids, include 3,5-dichlorosalicylic acid, 3-chloro-5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3-chloro-5-tert-amylsalicylic acid, 3-chloro-5-tert-octylsalicylic acid, 3-chloro-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3,5-dimethylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-tert-octylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-(.alpha.-methyl-benzyl) salicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-nonylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3,5-diisopropylsalicylic acid, 3,5-sec-butylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-chlorosalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-methylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-ethylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-cyclohexyl-salicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-(4'-tert-butylphenyl) salicylic acid, 3-tert-amyl-5-chlorosalicylic acid, 3-tert-amyl-5-methylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-amyl-5-ethylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-tert-amyl-salicylic acid, 3-tert-amyl-5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-amyl-5-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-amyl-5-(4'-tert-amylphenyl) salicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-5-chlorosalicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-5-methylsalicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-5-ethylsalicylic acid, 3,5-dicyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-5-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-5-(4'-cyclohexylphenyl) salicylic acid, 3-phenyl-t-chlorosalicylic acid, 3-phenyl-t-isopropyl-salicylic acid, 3-phenyl-5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3-phenyl-5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-phenyl-5-benzylsalicylic acid, 3-phenyl-5-tert-octylsalicylic acid, 3-phenyl-5-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-phenyl-5-nonylsalicylic acid, 3-phenyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-benzyl-5-chlorosalicylic acid, 3-benzyl-5-methylsalicylic acid, 3-benzyl-5-ethylsalicylic acid, 3-benzyl-5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-benzyl-5-phenylsalicylic acid, 3,5-dibenzylsalicylic acid, 3-benzyl-5-tert-octyl-salicylic acid, 3-benzyl-5-nonylsalicylic acid, 3-benzyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-tert-octyl-5-chlorosalicylic acid, 3-tert-octyl-5-methylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-octyl-5-ethylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-octyl-5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-octyl-5-phenylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-tert-octylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)-5-chlorosalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)-5-methylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)-5-ethylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)-5-cylohexylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)-5-phenylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di(.alpha.-methylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)-5-{4'-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)phenyl} salicylic acid, 3-nonyl-5-chlorosalicylic acid, 3-nonyl-5-methylsalicylic acid, 3-nonyl-5-ethylsalicylic acid, 3-nonyl-5-phenylsalicylic acid, 3,5-dinonylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-5-chlorosalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-5-methylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-5-ethyl-salicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-5-t-amylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-5-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-5-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3,5-di(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-(4'-tert-butylphenyl)-5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3-(4'-cyclohexylphenyl)-5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid and 3-{4'-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) phenyl}-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid.
Aromatic carboxylic acids of formula II in which R.sub.7 or R.sub.9 is alkyl or phenyl can be derived from, for example, metacresol, metapropylphenol, metaphenylphenol, 2,3-xylenol, 2,5-xylenol, 3,4-xylenol and 3,5-xylenol. Examples of such carboxylic acids include 3,4-dimethylsalicylic acid, 4,5-dimethylsalicylic acid, 4,6-dimethylsalicylic acid, 4-methyl-5-isopropylsalicylic acid, 4-methyl-5-sec-butylsalicylic acid, 4-methyl-5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 4-methyl-5-tert-amylsalicylic acid, 4-methyl-5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 4-methyl-5-benzyl-salicylic acid, 4-methyl-5-tert-octylsalicylic acid, 4-methyl-5-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 4-methyl-5-nonylsalicylic acid, 4-methyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3,6-dimethylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-6-methylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-amyl-6-methylsalicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-6-methylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-octyl-6-methylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)6-methylsalicylic acid, 3,6-diisopropylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-6-isopropylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-octyl-6-isopropylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-6-isopropylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-6-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-amyl-6-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-6-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-tert-octyl-6-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methyl-benzyl)-6-phenylsalicylic acid or 3-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-6-phenylsalicylic acid.
Aromatic carboxylic acids derived from, for example, bisphenol A, 4,4'-dihydroxycyclohexylidenebiphenyl, 4,4'-dihydroxymethylenebiphenyl and 2,2'-dihydroxydiphenyloxide are regarded as condensates of salicyclic acid. Examples of these carboxylic acids include 5-(4'-hydroxybenzyl) salicylic acid, 5-(3'-carboxy-4'-hydroxybenzyl) salicylic acid (methylene-bissalicylic acid), 3-tert-butyl-5-(3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-5-{3',5'-di(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylben zyl)-4'-hydroxybenzyl} salicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethyl-3',5'-di-tert-butyl-4'-hydroxy-be nzyl) salicylic acid, 5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethyl-3'-carboxy-4'-hydroxybenzyl) salicylic acid, 5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethyl-4'-hydroxybenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-(2'-hydroxyphenoxy) salicylic acid, 3-(2'-hydroxy-3'-carboxyphenoxy) salicylic acid, 3-(2'-hydroxy-3'-carboxy-5'-tert-butylphenoxy)-5-tert-butyl-salicylic acid, 3-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di-tert-butylphenoxy-5-tert-butyl-salicylic acid, 3-{2'-hydroxy-3'-carboxy-5'(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethyl-benzyl)phenoxy} -5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3 -{2'-hydroxy-3',5'-di(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) phenoxy}-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid or 3-(2'-hydroxy-3',5'-dicyclohexylphenoxy)-5-cyclohexyl-salicylic acid.
Furthermore, a large number of aromatic carboxylic acids of general formula II which are difficult to express in the chemical nomenclature are said to be useful for the purposes of U.S. Pat. No. 4,134,847. For instance, there are indicated condensation products of formaldehyde with salicylic acid or nucleus-substituted salicylic acids and phenols, salicylic acid or nucleus-substituted salicylic acid adducts of propylene polymer or isobutylene polymer, salicylic acid or nucleus-substituted salicylic acid adducts of benzylchloride poly-condensation products, salicylic acid or nucleus-substituted salicylic acid adducts of styrene polymers, salicylic acid or nucleus-substituted salicylic acid adducts of .alpha.-methylstyrene polymers, salicylic acid or nucleus-substituted salicylic acid condensates of aldehydes or acetylene, salicylic acid or nucleus-substituted salicylic acid condensates of ketones, and salicylic acid or nucleus-substituted salicylic acid adducts of compounds having an unsaturated bond.
The organic polymers which U.S. Pat. No. 4,134,847 discloses for mixture with these acids include polymers of .alpha.-methyl styrene. U.S. Pat. No. 4,199,619 discloses use of organic acceptors including various aromatic carboxylic acids such as benzoic acid, p-tert-butyl-benzoic acid, 4-methyl-3-nitro benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 3-phenyl salicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl salicylic acid, 3-tert-butyl-5-methyl salicyclic acid, 3,5,-di-tert-butyl salicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-benzyl salicylic acid, 3-phenyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-5-.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-5-methyl salicylic acid, 3,5-dicyclohexyl salicylic acid, 3,5-di(.alpha.-methylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3,5-di(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl) salicylic acid, 4-methyl-5-cyclohexyl salicylic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-benzyl-3-naphthoic acid, 1-benzoyl-2-hydroxy-3-napthoic acid, 3-hydroxy-5-cyclohexyl-2-naphthoic acid and the like, and polyvalent metallic salts thereof such as zinc salts, aluminum salts, magnesium salts, calcium salts and cobalt salts as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. Nos. 3,864,146, 3,924,027 and 3,983,292.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,219,219 discloses the use of (i) developers comprising a polyvalent metal salt of a substituted salicylic acid represented by the following general formula (I) or (II) and (ii) developers comprising a polyvalent metal salt of a substituted salicylic acid represented by the following general formula (I) or (II) and one or more oxides, hydroxides, carbonates or carboxylic acid salts of zinc, aluminum, titanium, silicon, boron, magnesium and calcium or inorganic pigments such as activated clay, kaolin talc and the like: ##STR10## wherein R represents a hydrogen atom an alkyl group, an aralkyl group or an aryl group, R.sub.1 represents a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aralkyl group or an aryl group and Ar and Ar' which may be the same or different, each represents an aryl group.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,212 discloses a recording sheet coated with a color developer obtained from a dispersion containing a melamine resin and/or a urea resin, a polyvalent metal salt of an aromatic carboxylic acid and a water-soluble polymer containing hydroxyl groups.
Suitable polyvalent metal salts of aromatic carboxylic acids which can be employed include those polyvalent metal salts of aromatic carboxylic acids represented by the following general formula (I): ##STR11## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5, which may be the same or different, each may have up to 18 carbon atoms and represents, for example, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom (e.g., a chlorine atom or a bromine atom), a hydroxy group, an amino group, an alkylamino group (e.g., an alkylamino group substituted with one or two alkyl groups containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as a methylamino group, an ethylamino group, an isobutylamino group, an octylamino group, a dodecylamino group, a diethylamino group, a dibutylamino group, a di-2-ethylhexylamino group, an N-ethyl-N-octylamino group, etc.), a nitro group, an aldehyde group, an alkyl group (e.g., an alkyl group containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as a methyl group, an ethyl group, a butyl group, an octyl group, a t-butyl group, a dodecyl group, etc.), a cycloalkyl group (e.g., a cycloalkyl group containing 5 to 7 carbon atoms, e.g., a cyclohexyl group, a methylcyclohexyl group, etc.), an aryl group (e.g., an aryl group containing 6 to 10 carbon atoms, such as a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, etc.), an alkylaryl group (e.g., a phenyl group or a naphthyl group substituted with one or more alkyl groups containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as a methylphenyl group, an ethylphenyl group, a 2,4-di-t-amylphenyl group, an octylphenyl group, a dodecylphenyl group, a methylnaphthyl group, etc.), an aralkyl group (e.g., an aralkyl group containing 7 to 20 carbon atoms, such as a benzyl group, a phenethyl group, a methylbenzyl group, etc.), an alkoxy group (e.g., an alkoxy group containing 1 to 12 carbon atoms, such as an ethoxy group, a methoxy group, a butoxy group, etc.), and so on. Also, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 and/or R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 may combine and form a 5- or a 6-membered ring (e.g., a 5- or 6-membered carbon-containing ring).
Of the compounds represented by the abovedescribed general formula (I), those compounds in which at least either R.sub.1 or R.sub.5 is a hydroxy group and which are substituted with an alkyl group, an aryl group, an aralkyl group or other groups in positions ortho and para to such a hydroxy group, are especially useful in the present invention.
Specific examples of aromatic carboxylic acids represented by the general formula (I) include 2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid, p-isopropylbenzoic acid, 2,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, p-t-butylbenzoic acid, N-phenylanthranilic acid, 4-methyl-3-nitrobenzoic acid, salicylic acid, m-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, 5-t-butyl-salicylic acid, 3-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-t-butylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-t-amylsalicylic acid, 3-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-isoamylsalicylic acid, 5-isoamylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-sec-butylsalicylic acid, 5-nonylsalicylic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-5-t-butylbenzoic acid, 2,4-cresotinic acid, 5,5-methylenedisalicylic acid, acetoamino-benzoic acids (o-, m- and p-), 2,4 dihydroxybenzoic acid, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid, anacardic acid, 1-naphthoic acid, 2-naphthoic acid, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acid, thiosalicylic acid and the like. Preferred examples of aromatic carboxylic acids represented by the general formula (I) include 3,5-di(.alpha.-methyl-benzyl)salicylic acid, 3-(.alpha.-methylbenzyl)-5-.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethyl-benzyl)salicylic acid, 3-(4'-.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)phenyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)sali cylic acid, 3,5-di-t-butylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-5-octylsalicylic acid, 3-cyclohexyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)salicylic acid, 3-phenyl-5-(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-salicylic acid, 3,5-di(.alpha.,.alpha.-dimethylbenzyl)-salicylic acid and so on.
Suitable polyvalent metals forming salts with the above-described aromatic carboxylic acids which are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,212 are, for example, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, scandium, titanium, vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, gallium, germanium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, molybdenum, silver, cadmium, indium, tin, antimony, barium, tungsten, lead, bismuth and so on. Of these metals, especially effective polyvalent metals include zinc, tin, aluminum, magnesium, calcium and the like. The most preferred polyvalent metal is zinc.
In the compositions of U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,212, a specific binder is employed in preparing a coating solution containing a color developer. The binder is selected depending upon the strength of the film which the binder forms, the dispersibility of the color developer to be employed into the binder, and the extent of influence of the binder upon the color development capability of the color developer.
Examples of suitable water-soluble polymers which can be used as binders include water-soluble binders where crystals and cross-linking are not present and containing hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, sulfo groups, or salts thereof, for example, natural macromolecular compounds such as proteins (e.g., gelatin, albumin, casein, etc.), starches (e.g., cereal starch, .alpha.-starch, oxidized starch, etherified starch, esterified starch, etc.), celluloses (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxymethyl cellulose, etc.), saccharides (e.g., agar, sodium alginate, carboxymethyl starch, gum arabic, etc.) and the like, and water-soluble, synthetic high polymers, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide, maleic acid copolymers and the like.
Examples of suitable latex binders disclosed by U.S. Pat. No. 4,234,212 include styrene-butadiene latex (SBR), acrylonitrile-butadiene latex, acrylic acid type latexes, vinyl acetate type latexes, methylmethacrylate-butadiene latex, and the carboxy denatured latexes thereof.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,671 discloses a process for producing a color developer in which zinc oxide is combined with at least one acid selected from the group consisting of salicylic acid and nuclear substituted salicylic acids and at least one metal silicate as an inorganic pigment. The salicylic acid compound used in U.S. Pat. No. 4,374,671 can be represented by the following general formula: ##STR12## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 represents hydrogen, chlorine, a saturated and unsaturated alkyl group having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a phenyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a phenyl alkyl group having 7 to 21 carbon atoms, an alkyl.sup.1 phenyl alkyl.sup.2 group wherein the alkyl.sup.1 and alkyl.sup.2 groups have 1 to 15 carbon atoms, a 1-hydroxy-2-carboxy benzyl group and a 4-hydroxy-3-carboxy benzyl group.
The nuclear substituted salicylic acid includes, for example, 5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3-phenylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-isopropylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-tert-amylsalicylic acid, 3-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 5-cyclohexylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-isoamylsalicylic acid, 5-isoamylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-sec-butylsalicylic acid, 5-laurylsalicylic acid, 3-methyl-5-laurylsalicylic acid, 3-methylsalicylic acid, 2-4-cresotonic acid, 2,5-cresotonic acid, 2,3-cresotonic acid, 4-hydroxysalicylic acid, 5-hydroxysalicylic acid, 6-hydroxysalicylic acid, 5,5'-methylenesalicylic acid, anacardic acid, 5-benzylsalicylic acid, 3,5-bis-(2-phenyl-isopropyl) salicylic acid, 3-(2-phenyl-isopropyl)-5-methylsalicylic acid, 4-chlorosalicylic acid, etc.
Developer materials of the type described in these patents are not satisfactory for the image forming systems described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,440,846. For the purposes of such imaging systems, it is desirable for the developer to provide a number of related properties, including the following:
1. Glossing. When the image is processed by heating, it is desirable for the developer to be capable of forming a glossy surface. It is important that the developer be capable of glossing at a temperature which is not inconsistent with temperatures which are suitable for other materials in the imaging material.
2. Transparency. The developer must be transparent in the areas which do not develop a visible image. This is particularly important in imaging systems coated onto a transparent backing, for use in producing transparencies.
3. The refractive index of the developer must be similar to that of other materials on the imaging sheet.
4. The density of the image produced by the developed image should be high.
5. The color purity must be high.
6. The resolution of the image must be high.
7. The developer must have a high enough softening temperature that it is not glossed during coating of the product on a support, during manufacture.
8. The developer should not produce a yellow background in non-imaged areas.
9. The developed image should not fade.
10. The developer should not emit toxic vapors either at normal temperatures or at the elevated temperatures used for glossing.
11. The developer must adhere well to the support materials used for the imaging system, especially oriented polyester film used for transparency materials.
12. The developer must be capable of forming a fine dispersion, so that, prior to development, the particles of developer on the support will be small.
13. The developer must be capable of forming a dispersion which is easily coated.
14. The developer must have good shelf-life prior to formation of an image and development. In particular, the coated substrate must be nonblocking.
15. The developer must not undergo yellowing prior to development.
16. The developer must not cause problems with sheet feeding mechanisms used for automated imaging apparatus.

Alkyl salicylate developer resin for carbonless copy paper and imaging use


A tape for use in closing a tissue opening including a substrate and a plurality of sutures sewn directly into the substrate. The tape may have serrated edges in order to facilitate closure of a nonlinear tissue opening. Moreover, the tape may include windows in order to facilitate viewing of the tissue opening during closure and wound healing thereof. The sutures may be sewn laterally across the tape or not, and they may be imbedded individually into each side of the substrate, or they may be disposed under bridges between the windows in the substrate. The tape may have an adhesive affixed to one side thereof. Also disclosed is a method for closing a tissue opening by first cleaning the tissue; applying a layer of adhesive to the tissue adjacent to the opening; applying the tape over the opening; and, then tying each of the sutures together in order to pull the opening in the tissue closed.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an improved type of suture tape and an improved method for using the same.
2. Description of Related Art
For centuries physicians have used stitches to close up gashes, cuts and surgical incisions in the skin tissue of patients. The medical techniques taught to and refined by the skill of the surgeon are basic; that is, the wound edges must be approximated and everted to allow for optimal wound closure and wound healing wherein both aid in producing acceptable cosmetic results. The traditional medical art of sealing up such tissue openings is to use sutures or stitches, which are literally sewn directly into the tissue. The sutures are then synched down to pull the tissue together for healing. The sewing of stitches directly into the skin adds further discomfort to the patient.
More recently, physicians have used glue or STERI-STRIPS(copyright), or the like to close small or medium openings in the skin tissue. These techniques hold the parted tissue together, and are less painful to the patient, but they cannot be used to pull the tissue together as can be done with the original technique of sewing stitches into the skin. Problems identified with the use of glues increases scarring and abnormal wound healing due to poor approximation and lack of wound edge eversion performed by the surgeon or medical personnel. Leakage of the glue into the wound prevents adequate approximation and results in a widening of the scar as opposed to a fine line when traditional sutures are used. Likewise, the glue does not provide the mechanism for wound edge eversion, which is essential to the basic tenents of wound closure and optimal healing. STERI-STRIPS(copyright) and other tape-based wound closure instruments likewise do not provide for wound edge eversion. Hence, these devices fail to provide the patient with the proper basic tenets for wound closure and optimal wound healing.
Therefore, a need exists for a painless suture that can also pull the tissue together for healing. The present invention teaches the application of proper wound closure for optimal wound healing and is simple enough to be taught to the most basic of individuals. This invention in non-invasive and requires no anesthetic, as opposed to standard sutures in use today.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide a simple means for skin closure following a gash, cut or surgical incision.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a satisfactory method and structure for closing skin that does not add further pain or uncomfort to the patient.
These and other objects, which will become apparent as the invention is described in detail below, are provided by a tape for use in closing a tissue opening including a substrate and a plurality of sutures sewn directly into the substrate. The tape may have serrated edges in order to facilitate closure of a nonlinear tissue opening. Moreover, the tape may include windows in order to facilitate viewing of the tissue opening during closure and wound healing thereof. The sutures may be sewn laterally across the tape or not, and they may be imbedded individually into each side of the substrate, or they may be disposed under bridges between the windows in the substrate. The tape may have an adhesive affixed to one side thereof. Also provided is a method for closing a tissue opening by first cleaning the tissue; applying a layer of adhesive to the tissue adjacent to the opening; applying the tape over the opening; and, then tying each of the sutures together in order to pull the opening in the tissue closed.
Still other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, wherein is shown and described only the preferred embodiment of the invention, simply by way of illustration of the best mode contemplated of carrying out the invention. As will be realized, the invention is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the invention. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive, and what is intended to be protected by Letters Patent is set forth in the appended claims. The present invention will become apparent when taken in conjunction with the following description and attached drawings, wherein like characters indicate like parts, and which drawings form a part of this application.


A suspension for a wheeled vehicle includes a leaf spring extending longitudinally relative to the vehicle and having first and second lugs protruding downward therefrom. The lugs are spaced from one another a length of the leaf spring to define a pocket therebetween. An axle passes perpendicularly beneath the leaf spring such that a portion of the axle is disposed in the pocket and is clamped between the lugs. The lugs may be fabricated integrally with the leaf spring.

In the wheel suspension of modern motor vehicles different types of springs are used to connect the main (sprung) vehicle structure to the wheels of the vehicle. In addition to spiral springs, leaf springs are also used, amongst others, most commonly in the case of rigid axles. Such a leaf spring extends along the longitudinal axis of the vehicle and generally has a concave-upward shape, for example in the manner of a parabola. In addition to leaf springs made of spring steel, leaf springs made of composite material, for example fiber-reinforced plastics, are sometimes also used. Individual springs or even spring assemblies consisting of two or more springs may be used. The at least one spring is normally connected in a central region via a clamping device, for example by spring clips, to the axle to be sprung.
Such clamping devices complicate the structure of the suspension, whereby the assembly and maintenance become more complex and expensive. Moreover, the use of clamping devices contributes to an increase in the mass and/or the weight, since generally relatively heavy metal parts have to be used to this end. In this case, care also has to be taken that the clamping device is part of the unsprung mass, which should be kept as low as possible. Moreover, the static clamping forces in the case of leaf springs made of composite material may lead to damage and/or to creep.
EP 3 006 237 A1 discloses a leaf spring for a wheel suspension which has an elongated spring body made of composite material. A central region of the spring body has a recess, for example a slot. In the assembled state, a cover part with a projection engages in the recess. Optionally, a further intermediate part made of rubber may be arranged between the cover part and the leaf spring. The leaf spring is clamped via the cover part, for example by means of spring clips, to an axle.
EP 0 162 189 A1 discloses a suspension in which a leaf spring is clamped onto an axle. In this case, it is provided that the leaf spring has a row of transverse ribs on a side facing the axle, said ribs corresponding to transverse grooves configured on the axle. By the cooperation of the transverse grooves and the transverse ribs, a positive connection is produced. Optionally the transverse grooves may be configured on a separately produced intermediate plate which engages by means of a bolt with the axle.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,643,406 A discloses a suspension with a leaf spring which is produced from fiber-composite material and which is clamped onto an axle. In this case, the leaf spring in a connecting region has steel plates which are adhesively bonded, on the one hand, to the leaf spring and, on the other hand, to rubber cushions. The rubber cushions engage in turn in recesses of metal shoes which are arranged on the upper face and lower face of the leaf spring. A lower metal shoe is connected to the axle whilst an upper metal shoe is clamped thereagainst by spring clips.
A clamping device for a leaf spring is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,801,129 A, in which a plate-like first clamping element is fastened, for example, by welding to an axle. The leaf spring is positioned against this first clamping element by the interposition of a first rubber element. A second rubber element and a second clamping element adjoin the upper face of the leaf spring, said second clamping element arching over the leaf spring and the rubber elements and positively engaging in the first clamping element. By means of a profile which changes in the longitudinal direction of the leaf spring, a positive connection is provided between the leaf spring and the rubber elements and between the rubber elements and the second clamping element. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,684,110 A and 4,630,804 A disclose a similar structure.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,991,223 B2 discloses a suspension in which a leaf spring made of composite material is clamped between two clamping elements, which in turn produce the connection with an axle. In this case, the clamping elements are arranged in a region of the leaf spring, tapering toward one end within the horizontal plane and widening within the vertical plane. As a result, a type of wedge effect is produced, said wedge effect preventing a longitudinal displacement of the leaf spring relative to the axle via a positive connection.
U.S. Pat. No. 9,470,980 B2 discloses a leaf spring arrangement for a motor axle. This arrangement has a leaf spring, in particular a transverse leaf spring, which has at its ends receivers for attaching to other axle components. The receivers may consist of metal, for example, and are adhesively bonded to the leaf spring. In this case, a positive connection is present between the corresponding joining surface of the leaf spring and the receiver.
With regard to the prior art disclosed, the attachment of an axle to a leaf spring provides further room for improvement. This relates, in particular, to the mass and/or the weight, the complexity of the structure and the avoidance of damage to the leaf spring.


A recirculating gravel pack system includes a tubular member having an outer surface, an inner surface defining a flow path, a first opening extending from the inner surface through the outer surface and a second opening, spaced from the first opening extending from the inner surface through the outer surface. A screen is positioned about the tubular member spaced from the outer surface defining a passage that is selectively fluidically connected to the second opening. A return tube extends between the screen and the outer surface running axially along the tubular member. The return tube includes a first end defining an inlet arranged in the passage and a second end defining an outlet positioned in a low-pressure zone outside the passage downhole from the first opening.

In the resource recovery industry, it is often times necessary to install equipment at a sandface or internal surface of a wellbore. The equipment also benefits from sand control, in the form of screens, that allow formation fluid in but exclude sand and other debris that may impede flow. Often times sand control is supported by a gravel pack in which a slurry is deposited in an annulus between two packers.
Typically, the slurry is run into a tubular as a fluid flow passing into the wellbore, the slurry exits the tubular between the two packers depositing the slurry. The fluid flow passes through a screen assembly, is filtered and run back into the tubular and returned to the surface. Special equipment is required to guide the slurry down hole and clean fluid back uphole. For example, a crossover tool may be installed into the wellbore.
The use of a crossover tool or other equipment that directs fluid back up hole requires a certain amount of space in the wellbore. Even more so for multizone single trip systems. As such, the wellbore must be sized to accommodate the additional equipment. Further, at the surface there must provisions for storing and treating the fluid coming back uphole. As such, the industry would welcome a system for gravel packing that did not require the use of crossover tools, circulated fluid storage and the like.


A printer device includes a guide section, a first projecting section, and a second projecting section. The guide section is disposed to be opposed to a side surface of roll-like continuous paper and includes a guide surface for restricting movement of the continuous paper along a width direction of the continuous paper during conveyance of the continuous paper. The first projecting section is provided on the guide surface side of the guide section and rotatably holds a core section of the continuous paper. The second projecting section has an outer diameter larger than an outer diameter of the first projecting section and is movable between a supporting position where the second projecting section contains an outer circumference of the first projecting section and a storing position where the second projecting section is stored further on an inner side than the guide surface. In the supporting position, the second projecting section rotatably holds a core section of another continuous paper having a core diameter larger than a core diameter of the continuous paper.

There has been a printer (hereinafter referred to as printer device) that prints on a recording medium, which roll-like continuous paper such as a label or a receipt. On the inside of the printer device, a housing section (hereinafter referred to as hopper), which houses and holds the continuous paper, rotatably supports the center (hereinafter referred to as core section) of a roll of the continuous paper. In the hooper, a supporting member supporting the core section includes a projection insertable into the inner circumference of the core section. For example, the hooper includes a pair of paper guides that restricts movement of the continuous paper along the width direction of the continuous paper. The supporting member is provided in each of the pair of paper guides. The pair of paper guides is opposed to two side surfaces in the continuous paper and provided in the hopper to be capable of moving in association in the width direction of the continuous paper. Consequently, the pair of paper guides supports the core section to align the center portion in the width direction of the continuous paper with the center portion of a printing region in the printer device.
As the inner diameter of the core section of the continuous paper, there are several kinds of diameters such as 1 inch (approximately 25.4 mm), 1.5 inches (approximately 38 mm), and 42 mm. Accordingly, with the hopper having the configuration explained above, it is necessary to prepare, as many as the kinds of the inner diameters of core sections, supporting members (bosses) supporting the core section of the continuous paper and replace the supporting members according to continuous paper in use. Therefore, replacement work is complicated.


A system and method for emulating or monitoring the communications behavior of any system component connected to a data bus. These functions are accomplished through the implementation of software component emulators (SCE) that encode and decode message data for any system component automatically. The present invention includes a means for development of an interface specification based on information contained in an Interface Control Document (ICD), and enables the user to create the ICD file without having to worry about formatting considerations, and view and define message data in a meaningful, human-readable format. The information in the ICD is automatically reduced to an application that combines the user-friendly, time-efficient aspects of a traditional SCE with the flexibility and universality of a bus monitor.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to software development tools, particularly to software tools that support the development, test, and integration of digital system components that communicate with each other over a data bus.
2. Background of the Invention
In a network of distributed components, wherein data is transmitted between them during operation, testing of individual components requires a simulation/stimulation of the component under testing to evaluate its operation. The traditional challenges of test and integration of such system components are well understood, and include the limited test functionality of the actual system and components thereof, parallel development of several components requiring parallel testing, and design performance standards that predicate that the components under testing achieve a certain level of qualification before integrating it with other components. These conditions necessitate the use of test equipment that can somehow temporarily replace, or "emulate" the system environment so that components under test can be properly evaluated. Traditionally, engineers have resorted to two solutions to these problems: either a bus analyzer that permits monitoring of actual machine-formatted data transmitted in the system or an emulator that translates such data for a user while testing.
Bus analyzers can monitor and display raw data that has been transmitted over a network data bus (for example, Ethernet TCP/IP, or MIL-STD-1553) between system components. These applications also typically enable the user to define message data and transmit that data to a system component, thus acting as a rudimentary system component emulator, without the human-readable features.
When viewing or defining message data with a bus analyzer, the test engineer must decode or encode the message data himself/herself, as bus analyzers display data in "raw" format (usually hexadecimal). To do this, the engineer looks up the message type in question in the documented interface specification, and manually, using a scientific calculator or his own mind, encodes or decodes the raw message data. Generally, an engineer will expend much of his/her test and integration activity performing this encoding and decoding process. Unfortunately, the bus analyzer cannot decode the raw data into something meaningful for the user, because the bus analyzer has no knowledge of the interface specification.
An alternative solution for testing is a System Component Emulator (SCE). For this solution, an engineer will develop a software application which will "emulate" a particular system component. This means that the SCE will encode messages to, and decode messages from, the component under testing automatically in a manner exactly consistent with the requirements specification Oust as the component the SCE emulates would). As a consequence, the SCE can then represent the message data in a meaningful, human-readable format to the user. The SCE, therefore, automates the encoding and decoding of message data that the engineer would otherwise do manually with a bus monitor.
Also, an engineer may develop a complementary application that acts as a human-readable bus monitor, rather than a human-readable emulator. That is, rather than replace a system component, the application monitors the data messages passed between components, and displays them in a human-readable format. Software engineers must develop a human-readable emulator or monitor by writing the message encoding and decoding algorithms with respect to documented interface requirements. The resulting software application emulates or monitors one system component.
Compared to the bus analyzer, an SCE provides an advantage to the user by performing the encoding and decoding of the message data automatically. This enables the user to always deal with the message data in a meaningful, human-readable way, saving the engineer the time and effort it takes to encode and decode message data manually (i.e. "in his/her own head") with established interface specifications.
However, an SCE exhibits some disadvantages compared to a bus analyzer. First, an engineer or team of engineers must develop it from scratch, rather than simply purchasing an off-the-shelf bus analyzer. These development efforts consume money and valuable man-hours that managers would otherwise allocate to other engineering and development activities. Second, and more importantly, engineers typically develop SCEs to only emulate one system component, whereas a bus analyzer can mimic any system component. This means they have to repeat this development effort for every system component they need to emulate. Third, if the interface specification changes, this means expending more man-hours making corresponding changes to the SCE on top of the man-hours it takes to make the changes to the components in the system and the component under test (CUT).
A bus analyzer forces the tester to engage in the manual, time-consuming process of encoding and decoding message data that passes between the CUT and the rest of the system. However, after the organization purchases one, no time and money are involved. On the other hand, a SCE encodes and decodes message data automatically for the user, but can only be used as an emulator of one component, and takes a significant investment of time and money to develop and maintain.
There is a need, therefor, for an improved device which can emulate a variety of components, monitor, display and define their communications in human readable form, record communications, and automate communications without requiring human intervention.

Universal system component emulator with human readable output


Systems and methods for closed loop fluid velocity control for jetting are disclosed. A method includes dispensing a first volume of viscous fluid from a nozzle of a dispensing device according to a first value of an operating parameter that affects the exit velocity of the first volume. A characteristic of the first volume is measured using a sensor. The characteristic of the first volume is then compared to a range of values to determine whether the characteristic of the first volume is outside of the range. The value of the operating parameter is adjusted to a second value in response to determining that the characteristic of the first volume is outside the range. A second volume of viscous fluid is dispensed according to the second value of the operating parameter. The exit velocity of the second volume is different than the first volume.

Jetting valves are used in electronic packaging assembly, as well as other processes, to jet minute dots or droplets, stream or discontiguous volume of a viscous or fluid material onto a substrate. Numerous applications exist for jetting valves that jet fluid materials, such as those concerning underfill materials, encapsulation materials, surface mount adhesives, solder pastes, conductive adhesives, and solder mask materials, fluxes, and thermal compounds.
A "jetting valve" or "jetting device" is a device which ejects, or "jets", a droplet, stream or discontiguous volume of material from the jetting device to land on a substrate, wherein the droplet, stream or discontiguous volume may disengage from the nozzle of the jetting device before making contact with the substrate. Thus, in this type of jetting device, the droplet, stream or discontiguous volume of material may be dispensed "in-flight" between the jetting device and the substrate, and not in contact with either the jetting device or the substrate, for at least a part of the distance between the jetting device and the substrate.
A jetting device may also refer to a device that ejects a droplet, stream or discontiguous volume of material such that the droplet, stream or discontiguous volume of material is in contact with the nozzle and the substrate simultaneously. The momentum of the fluid may be the primary factor for transporting the fluid from the nozzle to the substrate, as well as the primary mechanism for causing the separation of the droplet, stream or discontiguous volume of material from the nozzle. In this case, the material is delivered to the substrate without depending on adhesion of the droplet, stream or discontiguous volume of material to the substrate to pull the droplet, stream or discontiguous volume of material away from the nozzle of the jetting device.
Yet a dispensing device, including a jetting or similar device, may suffer from degraded or non-conforming performance in one or more aspects. One such performance aspect relates to the various dimensional and directional characteristics of the volumes of fluid dispensed by the device. For example, the volumes of fluid may develop an undesirable shape or may travel in an atypical direction. In other instances, a dispensing device may have sat idle for an extended period of time and requires calibration before entering service.
The activities required to perform such calibration and/or correction of the undesirable characteristics of the fluid volumes may prove time consuming and require significant human intervention. These and other shortcomings are addressed in the present disclosure.


This application relates to a portable electronic device including a processor and an operational component assembly, the operational component assembly including a frame. The frame carries a sensor that is coupled to the frame, where the sensor is capable of (i) receiving an environmental stimulus, and (ii) subsequently, generating an environmental parameter based on the environmental stimulus. The operational components further include a speaker that includes a magnetic driver that is capable of generating a magnetic field in response to receiving the instructions, and a diaphragm that is capable of actuating in response to the magnetic field being generated by the magnetic driver. An opening is disposed at an external surface of the frame such that when an amount of moisture is present within the volume, the magnetic driver receives the instructions from the processor to generate a magnetic field that actuates the diaphragm so as to expel the moisture.

Recently, there has been a proliferation in the number of different user functions that are capable of being executed by a portable electronic device. In particular, due to recent technological advances, many user functions which were previously only capable of being executed by dedicated electronic devices (e.g., cameras, altimeters, GPS devices, video cameras, telephones, etc.) can be presently executed by a single portable electronic device. However, these user functions suffer when the portable electronic device is exposed to moisture. Accordingly, there is a need to expedite removal of the moisture within internal cavities of the portable electronic device in order to quickly resume performing these user functions.

Systems for increased drying of speaker and sensor components that are exposed to moisture


Provided is an AlGaN unipolar carrier solar-blind ultraviolet detector that is based on the AlGaN polarization effect and that uses the double heterojunction of the p-AlzGa1-zN/i-AlyGa1-yN/n-AlxGa1-xN (0.45=<x,z<y) as the main structure of the detector. It makes full use of the polarization built-in electric field pointing from n-type AlGaN to p-type AlGaN to enhance the electric field strength of the i-type absorption region and enhance the efficiency of carrier absorption and separation. At the same time, the valence band step of the p-AlzGa1-zN/i-AlyGa1-yN heterojunction is used to effectively restrict holes from entering the absorption region to recombine with electrons, thereby increasing the carrier lifetime. Furthermore, during device manufacturing the structure is such designed that makes it difficult for photo-generated holes to participate in the photoconductivity so as to realize unipolar conduction of electrons, thereby obtaining a high response speed and high gain current.

Solar radiation with a wavelength of 200 nm-280 nm rarely reaches the surface of the earth, so solar-blind ultraviolet detection has very important applications in military and civilian fields. The band gap of AlGaN materials is continuously adjustable from 3.4 eV to 6.2 eV, and the corresponding wavelength ranges from 200 nm to 365 nm. It is one of the major basic materials for solar-blind ultraviolet detectors. Currently, a variety of UV detectors based on AlGaN materials have been studied, and their structure types include photoconductive, Schottky, metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM), p-n junction, and avalanche photodiode (APD). For the time being, various types of AlGaN-based solar-blind ultraviolet detectors are based on the working mode of simultaneous conduction of electrons and holes. In this mode, the probability of electron-hole recombination increases, the recombination rate increases, and the carrier lifetime is shortened. This results in a low detector gain value, a strong composite noise, and a slow response speed, thus making it difficult to meet the high speed and high sensitivity detection requirements.
AlGaN materials have a strong spontaneous polarization effect. According to Gauss's theorem, the change of polarization intensity will give rise to polarization charge at the interface position, and the density and charge type of polarization charge are determined by the magnitude and direction of the polarization intensity change. The abundant heterojunction structures of AlGaN materials create favorable conditions for the regulation and utilization of the polarization electric field. For AlGaN heterojunctions, when the composition of the heterojunction grown along the (0001) orientation becomes larger, positively polarized charges may be formed at the interface. Otherwise when the composition of the heterojunction growing along the (0001) orientation decreases, negatively polarized charges may be formed at the interface. After the double heterojunction AlGaN is formed, due to the effect of the interface charge, the polarization built-in electric field will be generated in the heterojunction AlGaN region. This polarization built-in electric field can play an important role in the separation of photo-generated carriers, and also has a significant role in the design of the detector structure.

AlGaN unipolar carrier solar-blind ultraviolet detector and manufacturing method thereof

CHANGCHUN INSTITUTE OF OPTICS, FINE MECHANICS AND PHYSICS, CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES