In the case where there is a conflict over a band between communication stations that have reserved the band, the communication stations mediate and avoid the conflict of reservation use with low-load processing. In a wireless communication system, band reservation use is permitted, and a plurality of reservation types are provided according to priority of communication. A communication station that performs reservation use describes a reservation type and a rock-paper-scissors value in a beacon. When there occurs a conflict of reservation use at some area, reservation use having higher priority remains, and a communication station that has performed reservation use having a lower priority moves it to another area. In the case where there is a conflict between reservations having the same priority, the communication apparatuses that have performed reservation use perform control by rock-paper-scissors between themselves, and move the reservation of the apparatus that has lost by the judgment.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a wireless communication system, a wireless communication apparatus, a wireless communication method, and a computer program such as a wireless LAN (Local Area Network) for communicating between a plurality of wireless stations. In particular, the present invention concerns a wireless communication system, a wireless communication apparatus, a wireless communication method, and a computer program for managing a network in such a manner that at least part of the communication stations notify a beacon in which information about the network is described.
Further, more specifically, the present invention relates to a wireless communication system, a wireless communication apparatus, a wireless communication method, and a computer program for allowing a communication station to perform data communication in which a band is guaranteed with a band reservation scheme. In particular, the present invention relates to a wireless communication system, a wireless communication apparatus, a wireless communication method, and a computer program for mediating a conflict over a reservation band between communication stations with low-load processing and avoiding the conflict of reservation use.
2. Description of the Related Art
Computer networking including a LAN can efficiently realize the sharing of information resources and the sharing of equipment resources. Nowadays, attention is being given to a wireless LAN as a system that frees users from cabling of conventional wired LANs. The wireless LAN can eliminate most of cables from workspaces such as offices. Accordingly, it is possible to relatively easily move communication terminals such as personal computers (PCs).
In recent years, there is remarkably increasing demand for wireless LAN systems as they achieve higher speeds and become available at reduced costs. Particularly, introduction of a personal area network (PAN) is being considered to construct small-scale networks for information communication between electronic devices available around users. For example, some different wireless communication systems and wireless communication apparatuses have been standardized by utilizing such frequency bands as 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz which require no license from an administrative government office.
Canonical standards concerning wireless networks can include IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) 802.11 (e.g., see non-patent document 1), HiperLAN/2 (e.g., see non-patent document 2 or 3), IEEE802.15.3, and Bluetooth communication, for example. The IEEE802.11 has enhanced standards such as IEEE802.11a (e.g., see non-patent document 4), b, and g depending on differences of wireless communication systems and frequency bands.
Further, a so-called "ultra-wideband (UWB) communication" for carrying out the wireless communications by putting information on very weak impulse series is attracting attention as a short range, ultra-high speed wireless communication system, and this system is expected to be made practicable. An access control system of ultra-wideband (UWB) communication is now under review in IEEE802.15.3 and the like.
According to a general method of constructing a local area network using the wireless technology, there is provided one apparatus called an "access point" or a"coordinator" functioning as a control station inside the area. The network is formed under overall control of the control station. For this kind of wireless network there is broadly used an access control method based on the band reservation, in which communication apparatuses synchronize with each other through the mediation of the access point. In other words, when a given communication apparatus transmits information, a band needed for the information transmission is firstly reserved through the access point so that the communication apparatus can use a transmission path without conflict with information transmission by another communication apparatus.
On the other hand, there arises a problem to significantly decrease efficiency of using the transmission path in the case of performing asynchronous communication between transmitting and receiving communication apparatuses in the wireless communication system having the access point because it is absolutely necessary to perform wireless communication through the access point. For this reason, as another method of constructing a wireless network, there is proposed a so-called "ad-hoc communication" for directly performing asynchronous communication between communication stations operating autonomously. Particularly, in a small-scale wireless network composed of a relatively small number of clients that locate close to each other, it is considered that such ad-hoc communication is suitable because any terminal can directly perform asynchronous wireless communication without using a particular access point.
An ad-hoc wireless communication system has no central control station. Accordingly, this system is suited for constructing a home network composed of household electric appliances. The ad-hoc network has several features. For example, if one apparatus fails or is powered off, the routing is automatically changed, making the network strong against crash. Since a packet is hopped more than once between mobile stations, data can be transferred to a relatively distant destination with a high data rate maintained. There are known various development examples about the ad-hoc system (e.g., see non-patent document 5).
In the case of transmitting real-time, namely, consecutive data such as AV contents which need to be sent at evenly spaced time intervals, it is necessary to guarantee the band.
In conventional band reservation communication, the above-mentioned wireless communication system managed under the control of the control station is typically employed, and the control station reserves a band in response to a band use request from each terminal station.
For example, according to the standard of a wireless personal area network (WPAN) in IEEE 802.15.3, there is defined time-division multiplexing in which a control station called a coordinator assigns a necessary communication band as a guaranteed time slot (GTS) in response to a request from a communication apparatus as a terminal station. In this case, the control station can perform the centralized management of bands to be used, so that a communication apparatus as a terminal can transmit without conflict with transmission by another communication apparatus. Further, there is proposed a method that, in the case where a conflict over a use band occurs between communication apparatuses belonging to different networks, communication apparatuses that have detected the conflict report the situation to their respective control stations, which then assign different bands to the communication apparatuses.
[Non-patent document 1] International Standard ISO/IEC 8802-11:1999(E) ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, 1999 Edition, Part11:Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications
[Non-patent document 2] ETSI Standard ETSI TS 101 761-1 V1.3.1 Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); HIPERLAN Type 2; Data Link Control (DLC) Layer; Part1: Basic Data Transport Functions
[Non-patent document 3] ETSI TS 101 761-2 V1.3.1 Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); HIPERLAN Type 2; Data Link Control (DLC) Layer; Part2: Radio Link Control (RLC) sublayer
[Non-patent document 4] Supplement to IEEE Standard for Information technology-Telecommunications and information exchange between systems-Local and metropolitan area networks-Specific requirements-Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications: High-speed Physical Layer in the 5 GHZ Band
[Non-patent document 5] C. K. Tho, "Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Network" (Prentice Hall PTR)

Wireless communication system, wireless communication apparatus, wireless communication method, and computer program


Methods and devices for successively advancing a plurality of catheters over a guide element to a body tissue are described. In some of the methods, the guide element may be attached to the body tissue, which may be accessible minimally invasively. In certain variations, the guide element may not be detached from the body tissue after the catheters have been advanced over the guide element. The methods may further comprise deploying at least one implant from at least one of the plurality of catheters. In some variations, a method may comprise advancing a first delivery catheter to a first region of a body tissue, deploying a first anchor from the first delivery catheter, where the first anchor is attached to a guide element, proximally withdrawing the first delivery catheter, advancing a second delivery catheter over the guide element, and deploying a second anchor from the second delivery catheter.

Advances have been made in the techniques and tools used in minimally invasive surgery. For example, catheters are now routinely used to access various body tissues (e.g., organs such as the heart, and vessels, such as coronary arteries). Procedures that require prolonged access to the body tissue and exchange of various tools are often lengthy due to the number of different tools that must be passed to the target site from a proximal position outside the patient's body. Methods of rapid-exchange and over-the-wire catheter systems have been developed to try to compensate for and reduce surgery times.
Rapid-exchange catheters generally include a guidewire lumen that extends for only a portion of the length of the catheter shaft. A rapid-exchange catheter may be relatively easily threaded over a guidewire, delivered to a target site, and withdrawn from the target site. Because rapid-exchange catheters do not need to be threaded over the entire length of a guidewire, rapid-exchange catheters may be relatively short in length. In some variations, a rapid-exchange catheter may be shorter in length than the guidewire over which the rapid-exchange catheter is advanced. The guidewire, in turn, may also be relatively short in length. After being withdrawn from a target site, a rapid-exchange catheter can be removed from the guidewire over which it was threaded, and exchanged with another rapid-exchange catheter, which, in turn, can be delivered to the target site over the guidewire. Some methods of removing a rapid-exchange catheter from a guidewire include withdrawing the rapid-exchange catheter over the guidewire. Other methods include using a rapid-exchange catheter with a perforated sheath, and splitting the sheath open at its perforations to remove the rapid-exchange catheter from the guidewire. The relative ease with which rapid-exchange catheters can be exchanged over a guidewire, as well as the relatively short length of rapid-exchange catheters and their guidewires, may result in reduced procedure time when such catheters are used. Additionally, rapid-exchange procedures can allow for different types of catheters (e.g., catheters having balloons of different sizes or catheters carrying different therapeutic agents) to be efficiently delivered to a target site in one-procedure. Furthermore, the use of rapid-exchange catheters in a procedure may result in a reduction in the number of operations required to complete the procedure.
Over-the-wire catheters generally include a guidewire lumen that extends along the entire length of the catheter shaft. Over-the-wire catheters may be used, for example, in peripheral procedures, such as balloon angioplasty procedures. An over-the-wire catheter may be relatively easily tracked over a guidewire and delivered to a target site. Once the over-the-wire catheter has been used to perform a procedure at the target site, it may be withdrawn over the guidewire and removed from the subject.
In instances in which multiple catheters must be delivered to a target body tissue, rapid-exchange and over-the wire techniques are particularly desirable, as they may result in reduced procedure time and/or highly accurate catheter delivery. Accordingly, additional methods and devices for advancing a plurality of catheters to a target body tissue would be desirable. Similarly, catheters configured to be advanced quickly and successively to a target body tissue would also be desirable.

Methods and devices for catheter advancement and delivery of substances therethrough


A method for processing a silver halide color photographic material for prints comprising a color developing step, a bleach-fixing step, and either a stabilizing step or a water washing step is described, wherein the silver halide color photographic material comprises a reflective support having thereon at least one silver halide emulsion layer containing a silver halide having a silver chloride content of not less than 90 mol % and substantially not containing silver iodide, and the color developing step is conducted using a processing solution that does not substantially contain benzyl alcohol.. According to the method of the present invention, the amount of water required in a water washing step or a stabilizing step can be greatly reduced without decreasing liquid stability of the water for washing or the stabilizing solution, and color prints having improved preservability are obtained.. The method is particularly useful when the silver halide color photographic material contains a pyrazoloazole type magenta coupler.

Conventional processing steps of silver halide color photographic materials for prints include a water washing step, etc. Over the years, some techniques have been suggested for the purpose of reducing the amount of water used, such as the amount of washing water, etc., in view of environmental conservation, water resources, or cost. For example, in S. R. Goldwasser, "Water Flow Rates in Immersion-Washing of Motion Picture Film" in Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, Vol. 64, pages 248 to 253 (May, 1955), a method for reducing the amount of washing water by means of utilizing multistage water washing tanks and countercurrent water is described.
Also, for the purpose of omitting the water washing step or extremely reducing the amount of washing water, a technique using a multistage countercurrent stabilizing process, as described, e.g., in Japanese Patent Application (OPI) No. 8543/82 (the term "OPI" as used herein refers to a "published unexamined Japanese patent application"), is known.
These methods are effective in saving water, and have been applied to various types of automatic developing machines. However, it has been found that washing water into which ions from a bleaching step and thiosulfates from a fixing step are introduced during processing is very unstable, and the reduction in a wide range of the amount of washing water leads to prolonged remaining time of washing water and results in causing a problem in that various precipitates, floating scum, and coloration are generated.
These precipitates and floating scum create many problems. For example, they adhere on photographic light-sensitive materials and choke up or stain filters in an automatic developing (processing) machine.
In order to solve these troubles, various methods for preventing precipitation in washing water are proposed. For instance, in L. E. West, Phot. Sci. and Eng., Vol. 9, pages 344 to 359 (1965), there are described the addition of chelating agents and sterilizers to washing water.
Further, the addition of various antimold agents are described in Japanese Patent Application (OPI) Nos. 8542/82, 105145/83, 157244/82 and 4050/86, etc. However, these compounds have some problems in that they have poor solubility, that they are troublesome in view of their relative lack of safety, that they have only insufficient effects on preventing generation of floating scum, precipitates, and coloration, or that they harm stability of images formed and, therefore, satisfactory results cannot be obtained.
Moreover, as a result of our investigations it has found that when color photographic light-sensitive materials for prints are subjected to processing with saving water, color fading of magenta dyes formed in prints is accelerated during preservation of the prints at high temperature and high humidity.

Method for processing silver halide color photographic material for prints


A control system of a starting motor for an automatic transmission vehicle includes a starting switch having a plurality of nodes and an ignition key for connecting the plurality of nodes to a battery, a position sensor detecting a shift lever position and generating a pulse width modulation signal corresponding thereto, a shift control module receiving the pulse width modulation signal from the position sensor and generating a starting control signal, and a starting relay electrically connected to the starting switch and the shift control module and applying the battery power to the starting motor, wherein the shift control module generates the starting control signal if the shift lever position is a P position or an N position.

(a) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a control system of a starting motor for an automatic transmission vehicle. More particularly, the present invention relates to a control system of a starting motor for an automatic transmission vehicle that prevents a malfunction of the starting motor.
(b) Description of the Related Art
An engine of an automatic transmission vehicle can be started only when a shift lever position is parking (P) or neutral (N). Such function is controlled by an inhibitor switch. If the D, 2, L, or R node is selected in the inhibitor switch, the engine is not started.
However, the inhibitor switch may not determine an exact position of the shift lever because of a complex structure of the inhibitor switch and wearing of the nodes of the inhibitor switch.
To solve such problems, a control system of a starting motor using a position sensor has been designed.
In such a system, a position sensor detects a shift lever position and generates a signal corresponding thereto. A shift control module receives the signal and determines whether the shift lever position is the parking (P) or neutral (N) position. The shift control module controls the starting relay so as to operate the starting motor.
However, when the vehicle is exposed to very low temperatures, battery voltage drops rapidly in a few milliseconds. Accordingly, the processor does not operate normally because of the low battery voltage. Therefore, the processor does not control the starting relay. The engine thus may not start in very low temperatures.
To solve such problems, the shift control module further includes a buffer so that the engine can be started in very low temperatures when the processor does not operate normally. The buffer amplifies the starting control signal transmitted from the processor and outputs the starting control signal to a first switching element.
However, since the buffer is used to start the engine in very low temperatures, many problems may occur. Since the starting control signal of the processor is amplified by the buffer during a predetermined time ΔT1, the starting control signal applied to the starting relay is delayed.
Therefore, if the shift lever position is changed to a drive (D) position or a reverse (R) position during the delay time, the starting relay is turned on regardless of the shift lever position. Thus, problems such as a quick start may occur. Such problems may occur under normal conditions as well as in very low temperatures.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the invention and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.

Control system of starting motor for automatic transmission vehicle


A semiconductor device comprising processing logic. The processing logic is arranged to configure interleaver logic to re-order data symbols of a data stream according to a quadrature permutation polynomial function. The processing logic is further arranged to: divide a cyclic group of values defined by the QPP function into a set of subgroups, the set of subgroups being capable of being defined by a set of linear functions; derive inverse functions for the set of linear functions defining the subgroups; and configure the interleaver logic to load the data symbols of the data stream into a buffer at locations within the buffer corresponding to a cyclic group of values representative of the inverse function for the QPP function based on the inverse functions of the set of linear functions defining the subgroups.

In the field of digital communications, turbo codes are a class of high performance error correction codes used to achieve maximal information transfer over a limited-bandwidth communication link, particularly in the presence of data-corrupting noise.
3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a name given to a project within the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to improve the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) mobile telephony standard, in order to cope with future requirements, such as improving efficiency, lowering costs, improving services, etc. Although the LTE is not a standard, per se, it is anticipated that a majority of modifications and extensions defined in the LTE, if not all of them, will be included within release 8 of the UMTS system. One such modification is the use of turbo codes for the channel coding scheme for transport blocks.
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a turbo decoder 100, as is known in the art. The turbo decoder 100 is arranged to receive three sub-blocks of bits. The first sub-block of bits (xk) comprises an m-bit block of payload data (dk). The second sub-block comprises n/2 parity bits (Y1k) for the payload data, computed using a first recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) coder. The third sub-block comprises n/2 parity bits (Y2k) for a known permutation of the payload data, also computed using a second RSC coder. For the illustrated example, the second and third sub-blocks are received as a concatenated block. (Yk), and separated into their separate sub-blocks (Y1k) and (Y2k) by demultiplexing mechanism 110. The decoder 100 comprises two elementary decoders 120, 130, serially interconnected with an interleaver 140 located between the two decoders 120, 130 for de-interleaving data bits within received data blocks.
As is known in the art, an interleaver, such as the interleaver 140 illustrated in FIG. 1, receives a stream of data comprising m bit blocks of data, re-orders the data bits within each block according to some scheme, criteria, function, etc, and outputs the re-ordered data bits. A conventional method for performing such a task comprises receiving the m-bit data block to be interleaved and storing all m bits of data in a first buffer. Once all m bits of data have been received, they can then be stored in a second buffer in the new order, and once all the data bits have been re-ordered in the second buffer, the interleaved data block can be outputted.
Such a conventional method of performing interleaving suffers from the problems of requiring two buffers to store the block of m data bits, and having to wait until all m bits of data have been received before the data block can be re-ordered. As a result, such a conventional method is inefficient in terms of the time taken to perform the interleaving, since it must wait until all m bits of data have been received and stored within the first buffer before commencing the re-ordering.
One known method for bypassing the need for a second buffer comprises writing the received data into a buffer in the order in which it is received, and then reading it from the buffer in the order in which the data is to be interleaved. However, this technique is not feasible when the operation of turbo decoding is performed by multiple processors, whereby received data block are divided into a plurality of segments, each segment being decoded by a different processor. In this case reading data from the first buffer (which has yet to be de-interleaved) requires multiple instances of the same interleaver, one for each segment or processor, where each interleaver instance reads data from a different position within the buffer. As will be appreciated by a skilled artisan, this is much more complicated than simply writing the received data to the first buffer, and then interleaving the data and writing it to a second buffer prior to decoding. Accordingly, such a solution significantly increases the cost and complexity of development.
As previously mentioned, one modification proposed in the 3GPP LTE is the use of turbo codes for the channel coding scheme for transport blocks. In particular, the 3GPP LTE proposes the use of the Quadratic Permutation Polynomial (QPP) function:Pi(x)=(f1x+f2x2)% M where M, f1 and f2 are parameters, sets of which are predefined within the 3GPP LTE.
In an article entitled 'On Quadratic Inverses for Quadratic Permutation Polynomials over Integer Rings' by Jonghoon Ryu and Oscar Y. Takeshita from the department of Electrical and Computer Engineering of The Ohio State University, submitted as a Correspondence to the IEEE Transactions on Information Theory on Apr. 1, 2005 (and revised Nov. 15, 2005) (http://arxiv.org/pdf/cs.IT/0511060), it is proposed to use quadratic inverse functions for some of the parameter sets for the QPP function defined in the 3GPP LTE.
As will be appreciated, the use of an inverse function enables a location of a data bit within the re-ordered/interleaved data block to be determined as the data bit is received. Accordingly, the data bit may be stored directly into its interleaved location within an interleaved buffer. For example, in a case where a block of data bits (b0, b1, b2, b3, b4) is to be interleaved according to an interleaving function f defining the new order of the data bits as being (2, 3, 4, 0, 1), the data bits are reordered to (b2, b3, b4, b0, b1). The inversed interleaving function f−1 defines the relative position of the data bits within the reordered block for each bit (3, 4, 0, 1, 2). Thus, b0 may be stored directly into position '3' of the buffer, b1 may be stored directly into position '4' of the buffer, b2 may be stored directly into position '0' of the buffer, etc.
In this manner, it is not necessary to wait until all data bits within an interleaving block have been received before the interleaving can be performed, since the interleaving is performed 'on the fly'.
However, a problem with the use of quadratic inversions is that such inversions are not readily available for all of the parameter sets for the QPP function defined in the 3GPP LTE. Accordingly, this does not provide a practical solution for interleavers that are required to perform interleaving of a data stream for each of the parameter sets for the QPP function defined in the 3GPP LTE.

Method and apparatus for interleaving a data stream using quadrature permutation polynomial functions (QPP)


A wireless signal blocking lockbox comprises a housing and a locking mechanism is presented. The housing comprises an access panel, a plurality of layers, and a storage body. The plurality of layers comprises an outer layer, a wireless signal blocking layer, and an inner layer. The access panel and the storage body are selectively connected to each other through the locking mechanism. The plurality of layers is distributed about the housing. The wireless signal blocking layer is positioned between the outer layer and the inner layer.

Checking our phones has become a daily habit where people end up spending countless hours on their phones and other electronic devices instead of interacting with the people around them. On average people spend about four hours a day on just their phones. While using electronic devices has various benefits to help people become more productive and connect with other people easier, it must be noted that phones and other electronic devices can cause a huge distraction. Lots of the time when used excessively a phone can prove to be more of a distraction than a tool that can be used productively. In order to take time away from electronic devices and specifically phones many people have created various ways to limit our phone use. One method to limit phone use is by turning it off and placing it out of the general vicinity. This method only works as long as the individual has developed their self-restraint and can be trusted not to turn their phone back on while performing a task. Another more recent effort to limit the amount of time spent on our phones is the development of various applications that limit the use of certain applications on an electronic device. The issue with these apps is that they only limit the use of certain aspects within a phone and cannot fully limit the use of the phone as a whole.
An objective of the present invention is to provide users with a device that limits all phone interaction. The present invention intends to provide users with a device that can block out cellular and internet signals and keep the phone away from the user for a specified amount of time. In order to accomplish that, a preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a phone box, a plastic case, and an aluminum case. Further, the aluminum case blocks any cellular or internet signals from reaching the phone or electronic device within the phone box. Thus, the present invention is a box that blocks cellular signals from reaching a phone to allow the user to detach from their electronic device for a specified amount of time in order to interact with the physical world around them.


Systems and methods discussed herein are directed to managing customer Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) and embedded SIM (eSIM) profiles and allocated Mobile Station International Subscriber Directory Numbers (MSISDN) for connected devices, e.g., cars, in different use-cases. For example, in configurations, users may have a primary electronic device, e.g., a mobile phone having a primary MSISDNPRIMARY that is instantiated on a primary Integrated Circuit Card Identifier (ICCID), ICCIDPRIMARY in the billing system of a wireless communication network. When the user has a secondary device paired with the mobile phone, that secondary device may have a secondary MSISDNSECONDARY that is activated with a secondary ICCIDSECONDARY in the billing system. Thus, the secondary device may be used by the user in conjunction with the primary device and is paired with the primary device such that incoming calls are forked to both the primary device and the secondary device.

Electronic devices are increasingly able to communicate with other entities, e.g., other electronic devices. Many of these devices are referred to as "connected devices," such as, for example, devices configured as Internet of things (IoT) devices, machine-to-machine (M2M) devices, etc. Such devices, as well as mobile communication devices, such as, for example, smartphones, portable computers, notebooks, laptops, etc., and other types of computing devices, both mobile and stationary, often communicate with other entities, e.g., servers, other similar devices, etc., via wireless communication networks.
With the advent of connected devices with Electronic or Embedded Subscriber Identity Modules (eSIMs), the concept of a paired device needs to be expanded to include several endpoints such as smart speakers, home hubs and connected vehicles (just to name a few examples) that could potentially be extensions of the primary device. Users may wish to extend the communication services in their vehicles, for example, such that it becomes an extension of their primary device. This vehicle could be personally owned or may be a shared/rental vehicle that the user may use for a short duration (e.g., 20 minutes for running errands) or for a limited period (e.g., several days while on business trips or vacations).
For example, consider a car sharing scenario where users typically share a car for 20 minutes on average. This means that there are 3 users of a car every hour and 24 users in an 8-hour day. Accounting for about a 75% take-rate, there are still 18 users in a day using a single car. If the operator of the wireless communication network were to have unique profiles for each one of the users, the operator would essentially need to have 18 different profiles just for a single car per day. Thus, it makes sense for the wireless communication network operator to avoid profile wastage.

Customer profile and billing lifecycle management in connected endpoints in wireless communication networks


An evaporator includes: a container; a first supplying unit configured to supply a liquid phase refrigerant to an inside of the container; a second supplying unit configured to supply the liquid phase refrigerant along a surface of the container; a heat absorbing unit configured to be disposed on the inside, and in which the liquid phase refrigerant supplied to the inside by the first supplying unit absorbs heat supplied from an outside of the container; a storage part configured to be disposed on the inside, stores the liquid phase refrigerant absorbing the heat in the heat absorbing unit, and stores the liquid phase refrigerant obtained by cooling and condensing a gaseous phase refrigerant evaporated by heat absorption in the heat absorbing unit by using the liquid phase refrigerant supplied along the surface by the second supplying unit; and a discharging unit configured to discharge the liquid phase refrigerant stored.

In relation to a technology of cooling an electronic device that generates heat as the electronic device operates, a cooling device, for example, is known in which an evaporator cooling a semiconductor element, a condenser, and a liquid pump are sequentially coupled to a closed circuit by pipes. Further, a method is proposed which partially radiates the heat of a refrigerant heated into a gas-liquid mixed state within an evaporator by an auxiliary condenser or a radiator installed on the evaporator, thereafter condenses and liquefies the refrigerant by a condenser, and feeds the refrigerant to the evaporator again by a liquid pump.
Examples of the related art include Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2006-12875.


In an elevator sheave for a flat belt, hard, thin surface plating can be applied to enhance durability while maintaining traction.

The present invention relates to elevators and, more particularly, to a novel sheave design for improved performance and durability.
Conventional elevator systems have long utilized standard elevator ropes to suspend and move elevator cars. In order to optimize performance in such areas as traction, durability, ride quality and safety, numerous design parameters have limited various components such as motors, sheaves and rope grade to certain sizes, weights and dimensions.
New generation elevator systems are being developed that eliminate the need for various conventional components, through the implementation of superior performing traction and drive systems and other advancements. These types of systems offer many advantages over traditional elevator systems, including structural versatility and economy, convenient access for servicing and repair, and lighter building loads.
One particular advancement is the implementation of high-traction, high durability elevator ropes that are smooth running, light in weight and corrosive-resistant. One such type of rope is made of a plurality of tension-carrying cord members contained in a unitary insulation jacket made of, for example, a urethane material. For optimum performance with such ropes, it is desirable to adapt various components such as sheaves to interface closely.
Conventional elevator sheaves are cast iron and designed to accommodate traditional round, steel wire ropes. With the increasing feasibility of new generation elevator ropes, such as elastomer-coated, flat ropes, new problems related to tracking, traction and durability must be addressed. It is an object of the present invention to provide a sheave design having particular dimensional, geometric, and surface characteristics selected for optimum performance and durability for use with such new generation elevator ropes.
This object and others are achieved by the present invention sheave design. The present invention sheave design provides a hard, corrossion-resistant coating on the sheave contact surface for improved durability. Another aspect of the invention relates to providing a particular circumferential roughness to the contact surface for traction. The circumferential surface roughness is preferably about 1.0 to about 3.0 microns. The coating preferably has a thickness of about 1-2 microns. The coated surface preferably has a hardness of greater than about 40 HRC.


A lead on chip package comprising a semiconductor chip having a plurality of bonding pads and a plurality of minute protrusions formed at both side portions of the upper surface thereof, an insulating film made of a fluoroethylene film having knurled surfaces, and a plurality of inner leads each directly connected to each corresponding bonding pad of the semiconductor chip and provided with knurled surfaces. The formation of minute protrusions is accomplished by using a radio frequency (RF)-sputtering process at a low temperature. The formation of the knurled surfaces at the inner leads can be accomplished by passing the inner leads between rollers each having a knurled outer surface or by coating a nodule or dendrite layer over the surfaces of inner leads by an electro-plating using a high current density. Using the fluoroethylene film, the insulating film can reduce in thickness. By virtue of the knurled surfaces formed at the inner leads and the insulating film, the adhesion can be improved. It is also possible to prevent an occurrence of parasitic capacitance. As a result, there is provided an effect of assisting packages to be laminate.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a memory integrated circuit package and a method of making the same, and more particularly to a lead-on chip type package to be used for packaging a memory integrated circuit of 16-mega grade or greater and a method of making the same.
2. Description of the Prior Art
FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a package construction of a general memory integrated circuit (IC). On the other hand, FIG. 2 is a plan view of a lead frame of the memory IC shown in FIG. 1. For making such a package construction, a lead frame is first prepared which is adapted to package a chip obtained by dicing a wafer. The lead frame is denoted by the reference numeral 13 in FIGS. 1 and 2. As shown in FIG. 2, the lead frame 13 comprises a paddle 13a to which a semiconductor chip 11 prepared by dicing a wafer is attached, a plurality of inner leads 13b electrically connected to the chip 11 inwardly of the package, a plurality of outer leads 13c electrically connected to other elements outwardly of the package, a pair of spaced side rails 13d adapted to maintain the shape of the lead frame 13, dam bars 13e adapted to support the inner and outer leads 13b and 13c such that they are uniformly spaced between the side rails 13d, a pair of support bars 13f adapted to support the paddle 13a between the side rails 13d, and a plurality of locking holes 13g.
Attaching the chip 11 to the paddle 13a of lead frame 13 is achieved by a die bonding that is carried out after the preparation of the lead frame 13 having the above-mentioned construction. Subsequently, a wire bonding is carried out for electrically connecting bonding pads 12 of the chip 11 to corresponding inner leads 13b by means of wires 14. The bonding pads 12 are formed on the surface of chip 11, so as to achieve the wire bonding as mentioned above. They are formed in a double line in case of a dual in line type package and in a single line in case of a single in line type package. The illustrated case corresponds to the dual in line type package.
The lead frame 13 which has been subjected to the die bonding and wire bonding is then positioned in, a mold 15 having a mold cavity corresponding a desired shape of a package to be produced. Thereafter, an epoxy molding compound (EMC) 16 is charged into the mold cavity of the mold 15 and a molding is then carried out to mold the semiconductor chip 11 and the inner leads 13b.
After molding, a trimming is carried out to remove dam bars 13e from the molded package. Subsequently, a forming process for shaping the outer leads 13c into a desired shape is performed. Thus, a memory IC package having the construction shown in FIG. 1 is obtained.
However, recent technical developments in manufacture of semiconductor elements lead memory ICs to be on an increasing trend in capacity. This trend also causes bare chips contained in semiconductor packages to increase in size. As a result, the occupied area of bare chip in the overall area of semiconductor package is on an increasing trend, resulting in an increase in the overall thickness of package.
Such an increase in the area occupied by the bear chip in the overall memory IC package area prevents the provision of a space assuring an accurate arrangement of the lead frame in the package. For solving this problem, there has been known a lead on chip (LOC) packaging technique wherein a packaging is achieved under the condition that a lead frame is laid on a chip.
Such a LOC packaging technique was used by IBM Corporation in U.S.A. in making 1-mega dynamic random access memories (1M DRAMs) and then by Hitachi, Ltd. in Japan in making 4M DRAMs. The LOC packaging technique will be a new packaging technique used in making 16M DRAM.
FIG. 3 is a sectional view of a construction of a conventional LOC package. As shown in FIG. 3, this LOC package comprises a semiconductor chip 31 attached to a paddle 34a of a lead frame and provided with a plurality of bonding pads 32 arranged in a line at the center portion of the upper surface of the semiconductor chip 31, an insulating film 33 formed over the upper surface of semiconductor chip 31 except for the surface portion corresponding to the bonding pads 32, that is, over both side portions of the upper surface of semiconductor chip 31, a plurality of inner leads 34b each extending such that its one end is positioned over the upper surface of semiconductor chip 31 attached to the paddle 34a of lead frame, each inner lead being electrically connected to each corresponding bonding pad 32 by means of a wire 35, a plurality of outer leads 34c each extending from the other end of each corresponding inner lead 34b and having a J shape, each outer lead being electrically connected to other external element, and a package body 36 surrounding the semiconductor chip 31, the insulating film 33 and the inner leads 34b.
Referring to FIG. 4, there is illustrated a construction of a lead frame for the conventional LOC package shown in FIG. 3. In similar to the construction of FIG. 2, the lead frame shown in FIG. 4 comprises a paddle 34a, a plurality of inner leads 34b, a plurality of outer leads 34c, a pair of side rails 34d, dam bars 34e, support bars 34f and locking holes 34g. In this case, however, each inner lead 34b has a sufficiently long length so that its one end can be positioned over the upper surface of the semiconductor chip 31 which is to be attached to the paddle 34a.
Now, a method of making such a LOC package having the above-mentioned construction will be described.
First, a lead frame 34 having the construction of FIG. 4 is prepared. Thereafter, the semiconductor chip 31 which was previously prepared by dicing a wafer is attached to the paddle 34a of the lead frame 34 using a die bonding. As the insulating film 33, a polyimide layer having a predetermined thickness is then coated over both side portions of the upper surface of semiconductor chip 31. A wire bonding is then carried out for electrically connecting the inner leads 34b to corresponding bonding pads of the chip 31, by means of wires 35.
Following the wire bonding, a molding is carried out for molding a predetermined part including the semiconductor chip 31, the insulating film 33 and the inner leads 34b, with an epoxy molding compound. That is, the lead frame 34 carrying the chip 31 is positioned in a mold (not shown). At this time, the outer leads 34c of lead frame 34 are positioned outwardly of the mold. The epoxy molding compound is charged into a mold cavity of the mold and the predetermined part is molded to form the package body 36.
A trimming is then performed for removing dam bars 34d and support bars 34f. Thereafter, a forming process for bending the outer leads 34c into a J-shape is carried out. Thus, a single in line type LOC package is obtained.
Such a LOC package has an advantage of increasing the area occupied by inner leads 34b in the package, in that the inner leads 34b of the lead frame 34 extend to an active cell of the semiconductor chip 31 and are electrically connected to the semiconductor chip 31 by means of the wires 35.
However, this type of LOC package requires the use of a polymer as a non-conductive material for insulating the semiconductor chip 31 from the inner leads 34b of lead frame 34. The polymer is provided between the semiconductor chip 31 and the inner leads 34b of lead frame 34. The use of polymer results in a problem of decreasing bonding forces between the polymer and the lead frame 34 and between the lead frame 34 and the package body 36 made of the epoxy molding compound. Moreover, there is another problem that undesirable parasitic capacitance may occur between each inner lead 34b of lead frame 34 and a circuit of the semiconductor chip 31 disposed beneath the inner lead 34b.
Such a parasitic capacitance caused by the wire bonding between the semi conductor chip 31 and each inner lead 34b of lead frame 34 extending to the upper surface of semiconductor chip 31 can be avoided by forming the polymer layer thick so that the semiconductor chip 31 is perfectly insulated from each inner lead 34b. However, the increased thickness of polymer layer causes the overall memory IC package to increase in thickness. As a result, it is impossible to produce laminated packages.

Method of making integrated circuit package containing inner leads with knurled surfaces


A method of manufacturing a non-woven fabric, comprises: opening and mixing different input fibres to form a uniform fibre mixture having predetermined proportions of the different input fibres; carding the fibre mixture to form a uniform web of predetermined thickness travelling in a first direction; laying onto the web high tenacity yarns which extend in the first direction and are spaced apart transversely of the first direction; depositing fixed lengths of the web in alternating fashion on a conveyor travelling in a second direction transverse to tile first direction to form on the conveyor a mat consisting of overlapping lengths of the web; and needle-punching the mat to form the non-woven fabric. Apparatus for performing this method of manufacture is also provided.

THIS INVENTION relates to a method of and apparatus for manufacturing non-woven fabrics and, in particular, geotextiles.
Non-woven geotextiles are sheet materials which are constructed from synthetic fibres, made of polypropylene and/or other synthetic materials, and are employed in civil engineering applications, such as land drainage, filtration and reinforcement.
In a known production line for manufacturing non-woven geotextiles, quantities of different input fibres to be incorporated in the non-woven product in predetermined proportions are first weighed out by an electronically controlled weighing machine. The constituent input fibres are then subjected to an initial opening and mixing operation in a main opening machine, the opened and mixed fibres then being passed into a mixing and blending bin in which the fibre-to-fibre mixing is improved to optimise the uniformity of the mixture of input fibres. The output of the mixing and blending bin next enters a fine opening machine which ensures that the input fibres are fully opened and blended into a homogeneous mixture to ensure that the finished product has a consistent density. The input fibre mixture emerging from the fine opening machine is transferred to a hopper which includes a vibrating system accurately controlled by photosensitive detectors to deliver a continuous flow of the fibre mixture at a constant flow rate into a carding machine which serves to comb and straighten the mixture of input fibres to form a carded web of desired thickness. The carded web delivered by the carding machine is then deposited as overlapping layers onto a conveyor travelling transversely of the length direction of the carded web by a cross-lapping machine to form a layered web. The conveyor transports the layered web to a series of needle-punching machines which securely interlock and entangle the fibres of the overlapping layers to form a non-woven geotextile strip which is wound into a roll of the required size by a winding machine after leaving the last needle-punching machine.
In the described process, the production line up to the cross-lapping machine is orientated in the length direction of the product. Consequently, the carded web leaving the carding machine inevitably has weaker strength properties in the length direction than in the width direction. Since the length direction then becomes the width direction in the layered web as a result of the action of the cross-lapping machine, the result is that the strength of the finished geotextile product is impaired to some degree in the width direction. Whilst the known process is capable of producing geotextile products having a strength in the width direction which is adequate for many purposes, there are also many circumstances in which a geotextile product having greater strength in the width direction would be desirable.
It is accordingly an object of the present invention to provide a method of and apparatus for manufacturing a length of non-woven fabric which provide the fabric with enhanced the strength in the width direction.
Accordingly, in one aspect, the present invention provides a method of manufacturing a non-woven fabric, comprising: opening and mixing different input fibres to form a uniform fibre mixture having predetermined proportions of the different input fibres; carding the fibre mixture to form a uniform web of predetermined thickness travelling in a first direction; depositing fixed lengths of the web in alternating fashion on a conveyor travelling in a second direction transverse to the first direction to form on the conveyor a mat consisting of overlapping lengths of the web; and needle-punching the mat to form the non-woven fabric; which method is characterised by laying high tenacity yarns onto the web prior to depositing the lengths of the web on the conveyor to form the mat, the yarns extending in the first direction and being spaced apart transversely of the first direction.
Conveniently, the high tenacity yarns are dropped onto the web as the web leaves the carding machine.
In one method embodying the invention, which strengthens the non-woven fabric both in the second direction and transversely of the second direction, each high tenacity yarn is laid on the web so that the yarn both extends along the first direction and undulates transversely of the first direction.
In carrying out a method embodying the invention, the spacing of the yarns transversely of the first direction may be selected to achieve a desired increase in the strength of the non-woven fabric transversely of the second direction.
Preferably, the high tenacity yarns comprise yarns made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of polyester, aramide and glass fibre.
In another aspect the invention provides apparatus for manufacturing a non-woven fabric, comprising: an opening and mixing arrangement for opening and mixing input fibres to form a uniform fibre mixture having predetermined proportions of different input fibres; a carding machine for carding the fibre mixture to form a uniform web of predetermined thickness travelling in a first direction; a cross-lapping machine for depositing lengths of the web in alternating fashion onto a conveyor travelling in a second direction transverse to the first direction to form on the conveyor a mat consisting of overlapping lengths of the web; and needle-punching the mat to form the non-woven fabric; which apparatus is characterised by yarn applying means for laying high tenacity yarns onto the initial web prior to depositing the lengths of the web onto the conveyor, the yarns extending in the first direction and being spaced apart transversely of the first direction.
Conveniently, the yam applying means drops the high tenacity yarns onto the web as it leaves the carding machine.
In one apparatus embodying the invention, the yam applying means lays each high tenacity yam on the web so that the yam both extends along the first direction and undulates transversely of the first direction, thereby strengthening the non-woven fabric both in the second direction and in transversely of the second direction.
Advantageously, the yarn applying means is adjustable to vary the spacing of the high tenacity yarns and thereby vary the strength of the resulting non-woven fabric.
Preferably, the high tenacity yarns are made from one or more materials selected from the group consisting of polyester, aramide and glass fibre.
In a further aspect, the invention provides a non-woven fabric made by the method of the present invention.

Method and apparatus for manufacturing non-woven fabrics

89 Jalan 5/109 C, Taman Sri Seputih, Off Lorong Seputih


In a known method for producing a quartz glass component, a crystal formation layer containing a crystallization promoter is produced on a coating surface of a base body of quartz glass. Starting therefrom, to provide a method for producing a quartz glass component of improved thermal strength and long-term stability which displays a comparatively small deformation particularly also in the case of rapid heating-up processes, it is suggested according to one aspect that a porous crystal formation layer containing amorphous SiO2 particles is produced with a mean thickness in the range of 0.1 to 5 mm, and that a substance which contains cesium and/or rubidium is used as the crystallization promoter.

One embodiment refers to a quartz glass component of high thermal stability which on a coating surface of a base body of quartz glass includes a crystalline stabilization layer which contains SiO2 and a dopant.
One embodiment refers to a semifinished product for producing a quartz glass component which on a coating surface of a base body of quartz glass includes a crystal formation layer which contains a crystallization promoter.
Furthermore, one embodiment refers to a method for producing a quartz glass component of high thermal stability, wherein a crystal formation layer containing a crystallization promoter is produced on a coating surface of a base body of quartz glass.
Quartz glass components are often used for manufacturing processes that require high purity. The temperature stability of quartz glass is here a limiting factor. As the lower softening point for quartz glass, temperature values around 1150° C. are given in the literature. However, the required process temperatures are often above this temperature, so that plastic deformations of the quartz glass components can occur.
It has therefore been proposed to increase the thermal stability of a quartz glass component by providing it with a surface layer of cristobalite. The melting point of cristobalite is around 1720° C. In the following, such a partially or completely crystalline surface layer is also referred to as a "stabilization layer".
However, a structure transformation at a temperature of around 250° C., accompanied by a displacive volume change, which is also known as a "cristobalite jump," can lead to the destruction of the stabilization layer and the component. Therefore, it is hardly possible to cool down the stabilization layer once it has completely formed at elevated temperature, so that it is usually only formed during or immediately before the intended use of the component. In order to promote the formation of the stabilization layer during use, the component has a coating that contains one or more such substances acting as a crystallization promoter. This coating is referred to here as the "crystal formation layer."
Semifinished products which are to be thermally stabilized and consist of electrically fused quartz glass with crystal formation layer are commercially available under the name "HSQ400" (trade name of Heraeus Quarzglas GmbH & Co. KG). A thin Al2O3 layer is here applied to the coating surface. At a high concentration Al2O3 acts as a crystallization promoter, so that a layer of crystalline SiO2 phase, particularly of cristobalite, is formed when the component is heated up to a temperature of at least 1280° C. The crystalline layer becomes thicker in the course of the further annealing process, growing into the coating surface, so that the desired thermal stabilization is achieved owing to the softening temperature of cristobalite which is higher by comparison with quartz glass.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,927,697 A suggests that for the thermal stabilization of a quartz-glass diffusion tube a stabilization layer should be produced by applying a mixture consisting of SiO2 powder and a substance to the outer surface of the tube, the mixture promoting devitrification of quartz glass and thus acting as a crystallization promoter. Cristobalite powder and also oxidic, nitridic and carbidic compounds of boron, aluminum, phosphorus, antimony, zinc, magnesium, calcium or gallium are mentioned as crystallization promoters. In one exemplary procedure, a dispersion (slurry) of water and an Al2O3-doped quartz glass powder is applied to the outer wall of a hollow cylinder of quartz glass, and the slurry layer is dried. Subsequently, the hollow cylinder is elongated into a quartz glass tube, the outer wall of the tube crystallizing while forming the stabilization layer.
A similar method for the production of a quartz glass component of improved temperature stability is also known from WO 2003/095384 A1. The quartz glass component, for instance a crucible or a tube, is provided with a stabilization layer of cristobalite by applying a slurry of SiO2 powder and dopant powder to the component and by heating it to a temperature in the range of 1000-1600° C. The dopant consists for instance of barium, strontium or calcium or of a rare earth metal. The dopant concentration in the coating is at least 0.1 atomic percent.
In the method according to EP 753 605 A1 the thermal stability of a commercially available crucible base body of opaque, bubble-containing quartz glass is increased by treating the vitreous wall thereof with a chemical solution containing a crystallization promoter. When the quartz glass crucible is heated up, for instance during the intended use in the crystal pulling process, the quartz glass crystallizes in the area of the coated crucible wall on the surface while forming crystalline SiO2 phase. Boron, alkaline-earth and phosphorus compounds are mainly named as crystallization promoters, with barium hydroxide being used in one example. The softening temperature of the crystalline SiO2 phase which is higher by comparison with quartz glass contributes to a higher thermal strength of the quartz glass crucible, it counters the entry of contaminants from the crucible wall into the silicon melt, and it can improve the chemical resistance of the surface.
A similar method for the stabilization of a quartz glass element with at least two mutually opposite surfaces is also known from GB 1377804 A. The surfaces have a cristobalite layer formed by surface devitrification of the quartz glass. Aluminum, magnesium, calcium, cesium or mixtures thereof are mentioned as crystallization promoters.
A reaction tube for thermal applications is known from JP S63011533 A, on the inner and/or outer wall of which a layer of beta-cristobalite is produced; fine particles applied to the wall serve as crystallization promoters.
To increase the thermal stability of a quartz glass crucible, EP 2 460 913 A1 proposes to produce non-contiguous crystalline areas with thicknesses in the range of 1 to 900 μm. Aluminum with a concentration in the range of 20 to 60 ppm serves as the crystallization promoter.
The quartz glass components produced according to the known methods exhibit significant deformations, which may lead to a failure of the component, in thermally demanding processes, particularly in fast heating-up processes, despite the formation of a stabilization layer. This can be ascribed to the fact that the evolving crystalline layer is so thin at the beginning that it can only bear a small load and therefore displays a small stabilization effect. Or to the fact that the nucleation and crystallization process sets in comparatively late or progresses slowly, so that an initially low stabilization is here also observed. With a permanent temperature exposure the crystalline layer may also grow into the coating surface of the component, thereby leading to a mechanical weakening.
It is therefore the object of one embodiment to provide a quartz glass component of improved thermal strength and long-term stability which displays a comparatively small deformation particularly also in fast heating-up processes.
It is the object of one embodiment to indicate a semifinished product and a method for the reproducible production of such a quartz glass component.

Quartz glass component of high thermal stability, semifinished product therefor, and method for producing the same


Tellurium (Te)-containing precursors, Te containing chalcogenide phase change materials are disclosed in the specification. A method of making Te containing chalcogenide phase change materials using ALD, CVD or cyclic CVD process is also disclosed in the specification in which at least one of the disclosed tellurium (Te)-containing precursors is introduced to the process.

Phase-change materials exist in a crystalline state or an amorphous state according to temperature. A phase-change material has a lower resistance and a more ordered atomic arrangement in a crystalline state than in an amorphous state. A phase-change material can be reversibly transformed from the crystalline state to the amorphous state based on an operating temperature. Such characteristics, that is, reversible phase change and different resistances of different states, are applied to newly proposed electronic devices, a new type of nonvolatile memory devices, phase-change random access memory (PRAM) devices. A resistance of a PRAM may vary based on a state (e.g., crystalline, amorphous, etc.) of a phase-change material included therein.
Various types of phase-change material can be used for memory devices, the most commonly used phase change materials are ternary composition of chalcogenides of group 14 and group 15 elements, such as germanium-antimony-tellurium compounds, commonly abbreviated as GST. The solid phases of GST can rapidly change from crystalline to amorphous or vise versa upon heating and cooling cycles. The amorphous GST has relatively higher electric resistance and the crystalline GST has relatively lower electric resistance.
Currently, Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) processes, or spattering, are used in the manufacture of re-writable optical disks to coat a thin layer of phase change material on the plastic substrates. However, the PVD processes are not suitable for electronic devices due to film growth control and film properties. To make PRAM, Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD), or Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) techniques are used to deposit a thin film of GST on the substrate of silicon. The development of phase-change memory devices raises the need for ALD/CVD processes with proper precursors for low temperature deposition.

Tellurium (Te) precursors for making phase change memory materials


The present disclosure relates to a vehicle and a method for controlling thereof, and more particularly to a technique for removing noise generated in a vehicle air conditioner. The vehicle may include an air conditioner, comprising: a speaker configured to output sound; a blower fan configured to blow air that is heat-exchanged in the air conditioner; an air vent configured to regulate a discharge amount of the air discharged into the vehicle; and a controller configured to sense a noise acoustic signal of the blower fan that is determined corresponding to an opening degree of the air vent, and to control the speaker to to output by generating an acoustic signal having an opposite phase to the sensed noise acoustic signal.

The statements in this section merely provide background information related to the present disclosure and may not constitute prior art.
A vehicle means a device that can carry people or goods to a destination while driving on roads or tracks. The vehicle can be moved to various positions mainly by using one or more wheels installed in the vehicle body. Such a vehicle may be a three-wheeled or four-wheeled vehicle, or a two-wheeled vehicle such as a motorcycle, a construction machine, a bicycle, and a train traveling on a rail arranged on a railroad.
Generally, a heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system includes a cooling system for cooling an interior of an automobile and a heating system for heating an interior of the automobile. Such an air conditioning system is a device for controlling air in a vehicle based on a method of obtaining a cold wind by using heat exchanged air by blowing air to the surface of the evaporator, since the refrigerant is compressed by using the power unit of the automobile and the refrigerant is condensed again into the outside air, then rapidly expanded and then evaporated, so that the refrigerant takes away heat from the outside when evaporating and becomes cold, and obtaining a hot wind by blowing air on the surface of a heater using cooling water heated by an engine using heat generated by burning fuel in a power generating device.
The air discharged from the air conditioning system is discharged to the inside of the vehicle through an air vent (air outlet) provided inside the vehicle. On the other hand, noise is generated due to rotation of the blower fan for blowing air generated from the air conditioning system.
Further, depending on a degree of opening or closing of the air vent, there is a restriction on the flow of air discharged into the vehicle interior, which may cause an increase in noise generated from the air conditioning system.
That is, as the degree of opening of the air vent is smaller, the flow of air is not smooth, so that the noise generated from the air conditioning system is increased.
In recent years, studies is being conducted to methods for removing noise by determining the degree of noise generated from the air conditioning system of a vehicle.

Vehicle and method for controlling thereof


Disclosed is a method for making dry coffee aroma gas with improved aroma characteristics. A stream of moisture-containing coffee aroma gas is passed through and allowed to exit a desiccant bed of calcium sulfate granules, wherein said granules initially contain less than about 0.5% adsorbed moisture by dry weight of said granules. The stream of moisture-containing coffee aroma gas is discontinued after the adsorbed moisture content of the calcium sulfate granules increases from less than about 0.5% to at least about 4.3% by dry weight of said granules, but before the moisture content of the stream of desiccant-treated coffee aroma gas exiting the desiccant bed exceeds about 1000 ppm. All of the desiccant-treated coffee aroma gas which exits the desiccant bed is collected and combined until the stream of moisture-containing coffee aroma gas is discontinued. The desiccant-treated coffee aroma gas contains between about 10 and about 200 ppm of moisture and does not exhibit an unbalanced and excessively musty aroma. The desiccant-treated coffee aroma gas can be used to aromatize food substrates, e.g., instant coffee.

Coffee aroma gas is commonly used to enhance the aroma of various coffee products. To accomplish this, the coffee aroma gas is incorporated into a liquid carrier such as coffee oil and then used to aromatize the various coffee products.
For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,335,149 to Stipp (assigned to The Procter & Gamble Company) issued Jun. 15, 1982, discloses a method for the direct condensation of coffee aroma gas onto a fluidized bed of cryofied coffee oil particles. A bed of particulated solid coffee oil is placed in a vessel cooled by a cryogenic fluid. The particulated solids are fluidized to provide an adsorbent bed thereof. Gaseous aroma volatiles from a coffee aroma gas are then condensed onto the cooled and fluidized bed of particles having a temperature of below -150.degree. F. The aromatized particles thus formed can be equilibrated, melted and then added to instant coffee to provide aroma. Stipp teaches that it is usually desirable to remove any moisture from the coffee aroma gas prior to condensation to remove undesirable heat loads and to minimize plugging of the fluidized bed of cryofied coffee oil particles. Although Stipp does not disclose a method for doing so, it was well known that water-cooled condensers could be used to remove some of the aroma gas moisture, typically up to about 50% of the aroma gas moisture.
An improved method for removing moisture from coffee aroma pas was described in U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 07/902,747, filed Jun. 23, 1992, and now abandoned. In the method described therein, moisture is removed directly from coffee aroma gas by passing it through a bed of hydratable calcium sulfate granules. The resulting desiccated gas is then condensed and combined with an aroma carrier, e.g., coffee oil, equilibrated and melted. The melted product is an aromatized coffee oil that can be added to instant coffee to provide aroma. Removing moisture directly from the coffee aroma gas helps minimize the generation of excessive sulfurous aromas in the aromatized coffee oil. In the presence of water, aromatized coffee oils can rapidly develop excessive sulfurous aromas.
It has been found, however, that the desiccant-treated coffee aroma gas made according to the Patent Application disclosure often exhibits an unbalanced and excessively musty aroma. Aromatized coffee oil containing this desiccant-treated coffee aroma gas likewise often exhibits an unbalanced and excessively musty aroma.
It is therefor an object of the present invention to provide a process for removing moisture from coffee aroma gas using a calcium sulfate desiccant, which process does not cause the development of unbalanced and excessively musty aromas in the desiccant-treated coffee aroma gas.
These and other objects of this invention will become evident from the disclosure herein.

Making dry coffee aroma gas with improved aroma characteristics


A bee swarm box and associated method of use is disclosed. The bee swarm box includes a first and second body portions. The first and second body portions are convertible between a closed configuration and a nested configuration. In the closed configuration, the first and second body portions are brought together forming an internal cavity configured to receive bees and a first plurality of framelike elements. In the nested configuration, the first aligning portion of the first body portion projects so as to nest with the first aligning portion of the second body portion, aiding the first and second body portions in forming the nested configuration. The nested configuration saves space when transporting the bee swarm box between locations.

Swarming is the process by which a new bee colony is formed when the queen bee leaves the colony with a large group of worker bees. In the prime swarm, about 60% of the worker bees leave the original hive location with the old queen.
A bee swarm box is used to collect bees that are swarming. However, conventional bee swarm boxes have many disadvantages. For example, conventional bee swarm boxes do not accept conventional beehive frames, are not durable, are not easily cleaned, and cannot be easily transported between locations. Therefore, a need exists for a bee swarm box that allows for convenient shipping and storage, while also easily forming a bee swarm box that is durable by holding up to repeated use while being easy to clean.


At the time of a maintenance work, a user computing machine does not give user data to a person (maintainer) who carries out maintenance and does not accept operations and data that are not relevant to the maintenance work so as to prevent the leakage of user data. Specifically, a user computing machine includes: a user data determination section determining whether a file of a VM of a computing machine used by a user is data created by the user, and a VM copy section, creating a copy of a VM which does not include data created by the user by calling the user data determination section. The maintenance is performed by supplying the VM which does not include data created by the user to a computing machine of the maintainer.

In recent years, computing machines have been in widespread use with increasing opportunities for even those who are not well informed about computing machines (i.e. computing machine beginners) to use computing machines. Such a computing machine beginner occasionally fails to solve a problem arising with a computing machine trouble and carry out periodical maintenance such as deletion of unnecessary files by himself or herself. Therefore, it is necessary to ask someone who is knowledgeable about a computing machine to carry out maintenance. In such an occasion, moving costs need to be covered to send a person who carries out maintenance (i.e. maintainer) to a place where a troubled computing machine is located and carry out maintenance for the computing machine, so that it has been in demand to realize maintenance from somewhere remote.
Meanwhile, in the inside of a computing machine, since various kinds of user data such as photos, addresses, contact information, passwords, business related data, unpublished data and other personal information are stored, requirements that data as stated above must not be seen by a third party and/or leaked need to be satisfied.
As a technique related to computing machine maintenance, JP2004-171412A (patent literature 1) discloses a virtual PC (Personal Computer) rental device, a program for a computer to execute and a virtual PC rental system. According to this related technique, in a thin client of an image transfer type, a VM (Visual Machine) on a server side is rolled back to a normal state, whereby maintenance is carried out. However, since a server administrator who carries out maintenance can freely access data held by the VM, it may lead to the browsing of user data and the leakage of user data.
JP2007-201969A (patent literature 2) also discloses a remote maintenance system. According to this related technique, a computing machine which carries out maintenance is provided with a communication control section and a communication control section demands a person who carries out maintenance to provide a password. By setting the period of validity for the password, it is made possible to specify a period of time to allow maintenance. For this reason, a person who requests a maintenance service can grasp a period of time during which maintenance is carried out, and a feeling of suspicion can therefore be reduced. However, since a person who carries out a maintenance service can, after inputting a password, freely access data, it may lead to the browsing of user data and the leakage of user data.
As stated above, in the above related techniques, since entire data including user data is given to a maintainer at the time of a maintenance work, there is a possibility that user data is leaked. In addition, since a maintainer also carries out maintenance by accessing a user computing machine and operating the user computing machine, there is another possibility that a setting may be changed so that someone other than a user can access entire data including user data.

Maintenance system, maintenance method and program for maintenance


A system may include generation of extension metadata defining a functional extension associated with a business object, and generation of a runtime metadata buffer comprising enhanced metadata, the enhanced metadata based on core metadata of the business object and the extension metadata. In some aspects, a service request associated with the business object is received, it is determined whether the service request is associated with the functional extension, an extension service associated with the functional extension is provided if it is determined that the service request is associated with the functional extension, and a core service associated with core data of the business object is provided if it is determined that the service request is not associated with the functional extension.

A business object is a software entity representing real-world items used during the transaction of business. For example, a business object may represent a business document such as a sales order, a purchase order, or an invoice. A business object may also represent items such as a product, a business partner, or a piece of equipment.
A business object may include business logic and/or data having any suitable structure. The structure of a business object may be determined based on the requirements of a business scenario in which the business object is to be deployed. A business solution for a particular business scenario may include many business objects, where the structure of each business object has been determined based on the requirements of the particular business scenario.
A customer deploying a business solution may desire changes to the business objects included in the business solution. For example, a customer may require additional business logic (i.e., functional extensions) associated with fields of a business object.
Commonly-assigned and co-pending patent application U.S. Ser. Nos. (Dynamic Extension Fields for Business Objects, 12/198/315) and (Dynamic Node Extensions and Extension Fields for Business Objects, 12/198,351) describe systems for adding extension fields to a business object. A customer may require functional extensions associated with the extension fields, such as logic to calculate the value of an extension field based on other fields of the business object (e.g., a value of extension field "OverallAmount" of the "PurchaseOrder" business object). Functional extensions may also be desired for performing integrity checks on the extension fields, and/or for persistency handling related to the extension fields.
Conventionally, functional extensions are added to a business object by employing class extensions at the technical implementation level. Components of the database system relating to the extensions must be recompiled to effect such a change, and the change occurs globally with respect to all instantiations of the business object within the system. In some scenarios, particularly service-on-demand scenarios, multiple customers (tenants) receive services from a single application platform. If one of the multiple tenants adds functional extensions to a business object using class extensions, each other tenant would be forced to adapt to the additional extension logic.
Systems for adding functional extensions to a business object are desired. Such a system may reduce a need for recompiling the application platform, may enable one or more tenants to add respective functional extensions, and/or may provide tenant-specific views provided by tenant-specific functional extensions.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.

Functional extensions for business objects


The magnetic poser unit (100) comprises a magnetic core (10) including a first, a second and a third winding channels (2a, 2b, 2c) respectively arranged around a first, a second and a third crossing axis (A-A, B-B, C-C) orthogonal to each other, each of said winding channels (2a, 2b, 2c) being intended for receiving one coil wound around the magnetic core (10), each coil having at least one turn. The crossing axis (A-A, B-B, C-C) define orthogonal planes providing eight octants, each including a protrusion defining a protruding spacer (20), being spaced to each other by said winding channels (2a, 2b, 2c). The magnetic core (10) is a composed core formed by several different partial magnetic cores assembled together including two side partial magnetic cores (12), each including four protruding spacers (20). The magnetic core (10) further includes a through hole (30) housing a device for heat dissipation (50).

U.S. Pat. No. 4,210,859 discloses an inductive device that may be utilized as an inductor or transformer in a variety of applications, comprising a magnetic core and orthogonal windings for producing two or three substantially orthogonal magnetic fields at all point within the core. FIGS. 16 and 17 of this patent document disclose embodiments for inductive device structures which accommodate several orthogonal windings on the same core. However, this disclosure, when detailing a triaxial inductive device does not solve at least two problems related to the construction of the core and to the self-heating of the inductor, when this is or is associated to a transformer, the last problem making the proposal practically unfeasible, mainly when operating under high power.
Different approaches have been attempted to try and remove heat (produced by the Foucault currents generated) from the core of magnetic power units particularly in the case of power transformers.
DE19814896 discloses a power transformer for high current having a closed cylindrical core of soft magnetic high permeability material high saturation induction and low magnetic losses. This is wound with a primary coil and a secondary coil. The core is within a casing that is then filled with a suitable resin. At least one insulated rod-shaped or tubular heat pipe (9) made of a metallic body container filled with a liquid for cooling the unit is set in the centre attached to the core. The heat pipe forms at least one part of the winding of the transformer.
EP0498897 (B1) reveals an electrical wiring material that can use as cooling means for heating portions in electronic apparatuses and a transformer having a coil of one side also serving as the cooling means. The document discloses a material for electrical wirings provided with a cooling function. The material is characterized in that it comprises a slender hollow conductor in which an operating liquid is sealed. Also, this EP patent relates to a transformer in which the material for electrical wirings is used for the coil on its low voltage side. Since the coil heated by the large current flowing through it dissipates the heat by itself, there is no necessity to provide other coiling means.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,777,835B1 discloses an electrical power cooling technique and particularly an apparatus for cooling a high power electrical transformer and electrical motors by using thermally conductive material interleaved between the turn layers of a high-power transformer and iron core laminates to provide a low resistant thermal path to ambient. In an embodiment heat is dissipated through the core to a base plate, while thermally conductive strips are placed in preselected positions between the windings and are preferably of high modulus graphite laminate material, to conduct heat along its fibre orientation, which is unidirectional. However, the thermally conductive material explained to evacuate the heat is a material that conducts electricity and that cannot work in high-frequency commuted magnetic fields since the heat induced in the graphite by magnetic induction losses or Eddy currents would be higher than the heat to be evacuated.
US20150310976 discloses a magnetic element comprising magnetic blocks (prismatic and without protrusions or channels) stacked together forming two parallel columns, and two magnetic plates connecting the ends of said columns creating a closed magnetic flux path which directs the magnetic flux generated by conductive coils wound around said columns in a direction perpendicular to the surfaces of each magnetic block which are facing other magnetic blocks. Each of the parallel columns includes a conductive wounded coil producing a magnetic field causing a self-heating of the magnetic blocks. A metallic heat conduction pipe is disposed through at least one column, producing a cooling effect by heat dissipation. As in the previous case the material used for the heat pipe is not compatible for a high-frequency commuted magnetic field.
While this document teaches how an arrangement of several stacked magnetic blocks can conduct a magnetic flux in a direction perpendicular to the surfaces of the magnetic blocks facing other magnetic blocks, it does not provide any hint about how a magnetic flux can be properly directed in a different direction using stacked magnetic blocks and in particular how to produce a magnetic element made from multiple stacked magnetic blocks which conducts properly multiple orthogonal magnetic fluxes within said magnetic element, produced by several orthogonal coils wound around the magnetic element.
Moreover, the teaching of US2015310976 is far away from a highly compact magnetic power unit with a complex shape structure in particular for a structure for a 3D-power unit.
EP1315178 describes a cubic magnetic core which is nested within a plastic shell made of two parts, each part including four protrusions intended for defining winding channels, but being the magnetic core a regular cube easily producible.
In contrast to the previous cited background the magnetic power unit of this invention is specially designed for high frequency transformers (10 KHz 1 MHz) for switched power electronics where the thermal effects generated by the losses in the core and copper are several orders of magnitude higher than those present in transformers in the field of electricity (50 Hz-60 Hz) such as the majority of the previous cited antecedents.
EP1526606 describe a tri-axial antenna consisting of a planar magnetic core which include eight protrusions which define three orthogonal winding channels wherein three coils are wound. The disclosed antenna has different requirements than a magnetic power unit because the low power typically used on the antennas and the planar shape of the embodiment avoids the overheating of the magnetic core, being not necessary a device for cooling the planar magnetic core. The invention solves the above problems by a special construction of the core and by including associated means for an effective heat dissipation. In this way, it is obtained a highly magnetic power unit up to 50% smaller than the average size of other known magnetic units and with a power density increasing up to 200 W/cm3.
The teaching of this invention provides a magnetic unit that can be implemented in one or more transformers or one or more inductors and/or combinations of magnetically coupled or uncoupled transformers and inductors.

Compact magnetic power unit for a power electronics system


Disclosed herein are various embodiments for constructing an abstract domain topology. In one embodiment, a Path Computation Element (PCE) is configured as a parent PCE to at least one child PCE. Each of the child PCEs is responsible for providing path computational services for a domain. Communication is established between the parent PCE and the at least one child PCE. The parent PCE receives from each of its child PCEs domain connection information corresponding to the domain of each child PCE. The parent PCE builds and maintains an abstract domain topology based on the domain connection information that it receives from its child PCEs. In one embodiment, the domain connection information is communicated from the child PCE to the parent PCE by adding a new notification-type (NT) and notification-value (NV) to a notification object in a Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) notification message.

A Path Computation Element (PCE) is a system component, application, or network node that is capable of determining a suitable route for conveying data between a source and a destination. A PCE enables networks to separate route computations from the signaling of end-to-end connections and from actual packet forwarding. The Path Computation Element Communication Protocol (PCEP) is a special set of rules that allows a Path Computation Client (PCC) to request path computations from a PCE.

Connections and accesses for hierarchical path computation element (PCE)


Examples of the disclosure provide for calibrating a virtual reality environment based on data input in response to initial calibration prompts to provide a customized detection phase for a behavior analysis session. User interaction data are received during the customized detection phase and is dynamically pushed through a trained machine learning component to generate a dynamic behavior vector for the behavior analysis session, the dynamic behavior vector updating during the customized detection phase. The virtual reality environment is dynamically modified during the customized detection phase using the dynamic behavior vector.

Childhood is an extremely sensitive period in human development, during which the brain, especially the circuitry governing emotion, attention, self-control, and stress, is shaped by the interplay of the child's genes and experiences. One of the unfortunate experiences that marks many childhoods is bullying. Bullying is a global social phenomenon that has existed in neighborhoods and schools for centuries and is still rising today. Bullying is defined as aggressive behavior that is persistent, intentional, and involves an imbalance of power or strength. It usually targets children and teenagers due to their lack of empathy, which is the capacity to understand or feel what another being is experiencing from within the other being's frame of reference, or the capacity to place oneself in another's position. Bullying can occur as verbal, physical, relational, or cyber-bullying.
The main roles identified in bullying includes the bully, the victim, and the bystander, with a negative impact on everyone involved. In particular, for the bullies, the consequences vary from violent behavior and anti-social personality disorder to educational problems, while the victims face anxiety, depression, lower self-confidence, and even self-harmful tendencies. The bystander tends to feel fearful and powerless to act, and guilty for not acting. One problem with bullying is the distinction in these roles—bully, victim, bystander—since a child may have multiple roles at various times. For example, a child may be the one subjected to bullying in one situation, while being the bully in another setting, depending on the social surroundings, which increases the difficulty in realizing effective intervention.

Using virtual reality for behavioral analysis


For selecting a network, a method is disclosed that includes associating interface executable code with one or more network interfaces, selecting one of the network interfaces responsive to detecting network communication originating at the executable code, and directing the network communication to the selected network interface.

Field
The subject matter disclosed herein relates to computer networking and more particularly relates to selecting a network.
Description of the Related Art
As technology continues to advance, computing devices may perform a wide variety of different tasks in different scenarios. As computing devices decrease in size, they may travel more with their respective users. As computing devices move with their respective users, the computing devices may come in and out of contact with a wide variety of different networks.
In some scenarios, a computing device may automatically connect with certain recognized networks. A computing device may be configured to generally prefer one network over another. In response to a preferred network becoming available, the computing device may switch to the preferred network. The preferences may be set by a user of the computing device.
In some examples, a computing device may switch to a network based on availability of a network. For example, a mobile device may be configured to use a local network when it is available and to use a broadband network when the local network is not available.
In certain examples, network preferences and settings may be set at an operating system level for the computing device. In one example, a mobile device may be configured to prefer a local network when it is available because the local network may be faster than a broadband network. However, the local network may be a public network and the user may unknowingly transmit private information on the public network. Therefore, a user may have to decide between network performance and network security. Because certain networks may be preferred for a wide variety of specific reasons, currently selection technologies may be ineffective in selecting an appropriate network.


An electronic device, system and method for automatically managing wireless connections with a plurality of other devices are provided. The electronic device may be a security token access device and may be adapted to wirelessly pair and optionally securely pair with other devices. Connection information, which may comprise security information, is maintained at the electronic device for each connected device. When a connected device becomes stale, the electronic device implements one or more steps to manage the stale device's connection.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates generally to security token access devices, and in particular to the management of connections to a security token access device that is capable of maintaining connections with multiple user devices.
2. Description of the Related Art
Security tokens are physical devices for use in authenticating a user of a computer or communication system or device to that system or device. Security tokens may comprise memory for storing financial or personal data, or private data such as private keys used in the S/MIME (Secured Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) encryption technique. Preferably, some of this data may be secured using a PIN (personal identification number) or a password as an access control measure, such that the user must be validated to the security token by providing the correct PIN or password before accessing the protected data stored in the token's memory. A common type of security token is a smart card, also referred to as a chip card or integrated circuit card, which is typically used in association with a smart card access devices with an embedded integrated circuit (such as a microprocessor and/or memory) for use as storage of sensitive data or user authentication. Applications of security tokens are known in the art.
Some security tokens are used in conjunction with a security token access device that establishes a communication link between the security token and the user device. The access device may store and maintain information relating to a valid communication link, such as the address of the user device, pairing information and cryptographic keys, and the like. Security information, which may include pairing information, may be required in order to have a secure connection between the access device and the user device. If the security information is not present, then a secure pairing must first be established before the user device can receive or transmit data from or to the security token.
However, access devices typically rely on a dedicated connection with the connecting device, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection between the user device and the access device, or a wireless communication link between the access device and a single connecting device. Therefore, the security token access device is effectively dedicated for use with a single user device, and cannot be used in conjunction with a further user device without first severing the connection between the first device and the access device. This is inconvenient for a user who uses multiple user devices, for example a personal computer and a mobile communication device, and requires the use of the security token and access device with the multiple user devices in order to perform secure operations with the user devices, such as digitally signing electronic messages sent from the user devices.
It is therefore desirable to provide a system and method by which a security token access device may be used with multiple user devices over a wireless connection. It is further desirable to provide a system and method for managing multiple connections from user devices to an access device to identify and remove connections to user devices that are no longer in use by an unauthorized user.

Management of multiple connections to a security token access device