The present invention is directed to saturants for fibrous webs that will confer upon those webs the ability to be heat sealed to many materials without compromising the drapability of the fibrous webs. The present invention is further directed to fibrous webs saturated with the saturant of the present invention and methods for saturating such webs. The invention is further directed to packages or containers comprising the saturated webs and methods of manufacturing such packages. The invention is further directed to temperature sensitive adhesive coatings that can be used with the saturated webs and a method for applying the coating.

The present invention is directed to saturants for fibrous webs. The present invention is further directed to saturated fibrous webs and methods for saturating such webs. The invention is further directed to packages or containers comprising the saturated webs and methods of manufacturing such packages. Such packages have particular utility for the medical field, including packaging for medical instruments and other devices that require sterilization. The invention is further directed to coatings used with the saturated webs, a method for applying the coatings. The invention is further directed to fibrous webs coated with such coatings and articles comprising such webs.
Many products, especially devices and supplies used in surgical and other medical applications, must be sterilized prior to use. Examples of such products in the medical context include but are not limited to surgical devices, implants, tubing, valves, gauzing, syringes, and protective clothing such as surgical gowns and gloves. Such products and supplies are often packaged prior to being sterilized. One sterilization procedure for such products involves using sterilizing gases that will penetrate pores in the packaging. Steam and ethylene oxide are examples of such sterilizing gases. The gas flows through the pores in the packaging material and sterilizes the instruments contained therein. Over time, the gas will then diffuse out of the package. The packaging serves to protect the instruments during sterilization and to preserve their sterility upon subsequent storage until the packages are opened for use of the product. To allow proper sterilization, packaging for medical products should be sufficiently permeable to sterilization gases to allow the gases to sterilize the product within. To avoid contamination after sterilization, the packaging should also prevent the entry of bacteria and pathogens into the package.
Packaging for many medical and sterile supplies includes two components, referred to herein as the base component and the breathable cover. The two components are attached to one another to form such structures as a pouch, which combines two flexible layers, or a rigid container, which uses a rigid base component often in the form of a tub or tray with the breathable cover acting as a lid. The sterile devices are stored between the two layers in a pouch or within the tub, tray, or other space within the rigid base component in a rigid container. The package is completed by sealing the two layers together, often by heating the materials so that a seal is formed using a temperature sensitive adhesive. When the device contained in the package is needed, the package is opened. Such packages are opened commonly and desirably by pulling the two components apart along the seal. Examples of such packages are widely known and include: U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,881 to Augurt, U.S. Pat. No. 4,183,431 to Schmidt et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,217,772 to Brown et al.; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,418,022 to Anderson et al.
Seals between components of a package must have sufficient strength to assure that stresses resulting from package handling after assembly will not cause the seal to open before the desired time and will remain impervious to pathogens. Seal strength is commonly expressed as the force required to separate the two sealed layers when holding the layers at facing edges and pulling the layers in opposite directions, commonly referred to as a xe2x80x9cT-peelxe2x80x9d because peeling results in the two separated portions of the layers forming the arms of the letter xe2x80x9cTxe2x80x9d with the base of the letter xe2x80x9cTxe2x80x9d being the portion of the two layers that remain attached until pulled apart. One method used to evaluate seal strength using a xe2x80x9cT-peelxe2x80x9d is found in American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) method F904-98. Other methods for testing seal strength exist, some of which are based on this ASTM method. Many users of such packages specify that the seal have a minimum strength of 0.70 pounds per inch in a T-peel test. Accordingly, seal strengths that are at least about 0.70 pounds per inch are especially desirable. In some applications, the seal strength desirably is not so great that one or more of the package components will tear before the seal opens. A desirable seal strength in such applications is thus greater than 0.70 pounds per inch but lower than a value that would result in tearing of one or more of the package components upon opening.
The base component in this type of package should be impervious to bacteria and other pathogens. Typical materials used in making base components include, but are not limited to, such polymers as nylon, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene and polystyrene. Of these materials, nylon, polyester, polyethylene (including but not limited to low density, linear low density, ultra low density and high density polyethylene), and polypropylene are particularly useful for flexible base components. Polyester, polyethylene (including but not limited to high density polyethylene), polypropylene, and polystyrene are examples of polymers that are particularly useful for rigid containers such as tubs or trays. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the preceding lists of base components and materials used in making base components are for illustration purposes only and are not meant to be exclusive.
The breathable cover is typically a nonwoven web, which is a sheet comprised of cellulose fibers, synthetic fibers, or a combination thereof. Different materials, including some fabrics, have been used to form breathable covers for use in medical supply packaging. (As used herein, the term xe2x80x9cfabricxe2x80x9d is intended to encompass any sheet-like or web material that is formed in whole or in part from a plurality of fibers). One such material comprises webs of polyolefin fibers such as the spunbonded polyolefin material sold under the trademark TYVEK(copyright) by E.I. Du Pont De Nemours and Co. Others are webs comprising cellulose fibers or papers that have been saturated with one or more polymers such as acrylates to impart certain qualities to the paper. Such polymer reinforcement improves one or more of dimensional stability, resistance to chemical and environmental degradation, resistance to tearing, embossability, resiliency, conformability, moisture vapor transmission, and abrasion resistance, among others. In addition, saturation of paper-based webs by such emulsions ties down the cellulose fibers so that particulate generation is reduced when the fabric is torn or peeled. Polymer saturated papers provide certain advantages over polyolefin webs. Webs made from polyolefins often lack the suppleness, softness, and drapability that polymer saturated papers may possess. Use of cellulose webs is also a less expensive alternative to the polyolefin webs.
The polymer is normally applied by a saturation process, which involves dipping the formed fabric web into a bath of emulsion or subjecting the fabric web to an emulsion-flooded nip. Alternatively, the webs may be subjected to polymer impregnation while still on the forming wire through the use of various emulsion processes and the like. Polymer impregnation may also occur prior to forming the web as described in International Publication Number WO 99/00549 to Deka, et. al. Processes in which polymer is applied to a formed web are generally referred to herein as xe2x80x9clatex saturationxe2x80x9d processes. The term xe2x80x9clatexxe2x80x9d as used herein refers to a synthetic polymer emulsion. Processes in which polymer is applied to the fibers before the web is formed are generally referred to herein as xe2x80x9cwet end deposition,xe2x80x9d the term xe2x80x9cwet endxe2x80x9d referring to the section of the paper machine.
Examples of latex-saturated substrates include products designated as BP 336 and BP 321 that are available from Kimberly-Clark Corporation. These products are base papers that may be used as medical packaging substrates and comprise various amounts of cellulosic pulps and synthetic latex.
In addition to being permeable to sterilizing gases and relatively impermeable to bacteria, the fibrous webs should be strong and should exhibit relatively high internal bonding, or delamination and tear resistance. Surgical instruments and trays containing various surgical instruments are often sterilized while wrapped in the medical packaging substrates. After sterilization, the storage containers may then be placed on shelves in a storage facility for later transportation to the operating room. Because such storage and transportation may involve the bumping or rubbing of the storage containers against one another, the medical packaging substrates must be strong enough to withstand such handling.
In addition, fibrous webs may also possess a certain degree of fluid repellency to prevent further transmission of the bacteria. It is often desired that medical packaging substrate be non-toxic, odorless, lint-free, drapable, supple, smooth, etc. The need for such xe2x80x9ctouch and feelxe2x80x9d characteristics depends on the particular product for which the bacteria barrier fabric is to be used.
Fibrous web packaging substrates may be formed from either cellulosic fibers alone, synthetic polymeric fibers alone, or a combination of both cellulosic and synthetic fibers. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,204,165 to Schortmann discloses a nonwoven laminate having barrier properties that is described as being suitable for industrial, hospital, and other protective or covering uses. The laminate consists of at least one thermoplastic fiber layer bonded with a wet-laid fabric layer made from a uniform distribution of cellulose fibers, polymeric fibers, and a binder. In one embodiment, spunbond polyester fiber layers are ultrasonically bonded on each side of a wet-laid barrier fabric made of eucalyptus fibers and polyester fibers. The barrier fabric is bonded with an acrylic latex binder. The binder is added to the formed polymeric/cellulosic web after the web is formed. The binder may be added by any one of several methods, including foamed emulsion, gravure roll polymer emulsion, spraying, padding and nip-pressure binder pick-up. Schortmann is an example of a barrier fabric formed using a latex saturation process.
Another process for saturating a formed web with a latex binder is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,595,828 to Weber. A polymer-reinforced paper, which includes eucalyptus fibers, is disclosed. After forming the web from eucalyptus fibers and, optionally, other fibers such as non-eucalyptus cellulosic fibers and/or synthetic fibers, the web is saturated with a latex binder.
Various latex emulsions have been used as binder materials for paper-based webs as well as coating materials for nonwoven webs. Polymeric emulsions of acrylates, polymethacrylates, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), and copolymers of the various acrylate and methacrylate esters and the free acids; styrene-butadiene copolymers; ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; nitrile rubbers or acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers; poly(vinyl chloride); poly(vinyl acetate); ethylene-acrylate copolymers; vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymers; neoprene rubbers or trans-1,4-polychloroprenes; cis-1,4-polyisoprenes; butadiene rubbers or cis- and trans-1,4-polybutadienes; and ethylene-propylene copolymers have been used to saturate paper-based webs in order to enhance strength and delamination resistance.
Latexes have also been used as barrier coatings to form fluid impervious webs. For example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,370,132 and 5,441,056 to Weber et al. a nonwoven material""s surface is first treated with a repellent coating material such as a fluorocarbon. The treated surface is then coated with a barrier coating which may be one of the various latex emulsions. Unlike a saturated web which will have latex particles throughout the web, the described webs in the Weber et al. patent have a surface barrier coating comprising a latex or other barrier material.
Although many latex-saturated webs perform well enough to function as medical packaging barrier substrates, saturating a cellulose paper web with a polymer emulsion to obtain the necessary strength typically results in reduced barrier efficacy. It is possible to improve barrier by refining the pulp as part of the papermaking process. Refining can be described as a grinding action that separates the pulp into individual fibers and works to free the outer fibrils from the surface of the fiber. This action creates more sites on the fiber for bonding with other fibers and thereby increases the tensile strength and delamination resistance of the web. Refining also reduces the size of open passages through the sheet and thus decreases the porosity or permeability of the sheet. Refinement techniques are well documented in the art and the relationship between parameters of refinement processes and the desired characteristics of resulting webs is well known to persons skilled in the art. One disadvantage of using highly refined webs, however, is that refining tends to reduce the tear resistance of a web. Despite the availability of several alternative bacteria barrier fabrics, a need still exists for further improved medical substrates that can be used in forming bacteria barrier packages.
A disadvantage of using polymer saturated paper as the breathable cover is the absence in the art of a saturant that will confer upon the paper the ability to form a strong adhesive bond with the base components through heat sealing without compromising drapability of the paper. Heat sealing refers broadly to any process involving the creation of an adhesive seal between two objects through the application of heat, often with pressure. In many applications the base component and breathable cover are attached by heat sealing. Some base components are comprised of polymers capable of forming bonds with other polymeric materials by means of heat sealing. Other base components are extruded or coated with an outer layer comprising heat sealable polymers. Examples of polymeric materials found in base components that have such strong sealability include, but are not limited to polypropylene, polyethylene, (including but not limited to low density, linear low density, and ultra low density polyethylene.), various copolymers of vinyl acetate (including, but not limited to, low and high vinyl acetate compositions of ethylene vinyl acetate) and ethylene acrylic acid. Because many polyolefin webs contain polymeric material that forms strong heat seals with materials used in base components, such webs can be heat sealed to base components, often eliminating the need for applying an adhesive coating to the surface of the breathable cover. By contrast, many polymers used to saturate papers for use as breathable covers lack sufficient affinity for heat sealing to materials used in base components and thus cannot form as strong of a bond without the use of a temperature sensitive adhesive coating.
A saturated paper that can form a sufficiently strong bond to the base component through heat sealing could in many cases eliminate the need to coat the saturated paper altogether. Allowing the saturated paper to bond directly to the base component will result in a seal that involves only one interface of different materials rather than two interfaces on either side of the sealant. Eliminating one of the interfaces reduces the potential for seal failure. In addition, removing the coating step would reduce the potential for departures from product specifications due to errors in that step of the process. Examples of production errors associated with coating include xe2x80x9cskip coating,xe2x80x9d in which the coating is not applied to an entire surface, or the formation of pinholes in the coating. Eliminating the use of the coating and the coating production step would also result in cost savings.
There have been some efforts to develop papers that can be sealed to base components containing heat sealable polymeric materials by impregnating papers with heat sealable polymeric materials. For example, International Publication Number WO 98/24970 to Cohen et al. teaches impregnating papers with a polymer emulsion primarily for the purpose of improving strength. Cohen et al. discusses heat sealability of the impregnated papers and includes examples that involve impregnating paper with ethylene acrylic acid and polyethylene, two heat sealable saturant materials.
In practice, however, saturating paper with heat sealable polymeric materials has resulted in webs that have less than desirable drapability for packages containing some medical products. xe2x80x9cDrapabilityxe2x80x9d refers essentially to flexibility and absence of stiffness in a fibrous web. Sufficient drapability allows a web to conform to the contours of the products contained in the package and thus to assure a higher degree of contact between the web and the surface area of the product. A softer, more drapable web is less brittle and more flexible and would therefore provide for easier handling of flexible packages with less potential for puncture or tear. Coatings applied to saturated papers in the past have served not only to promote heat sealing but also to enhance the paper""s function as a barrier to pathogen contamination. Even for a saturant that forms stronger bonds when heat sealed, there may be a need for a temperature sensitive adhesive coating that is compatible with the saturant for use in some applications in which it is desirable to increase the seal strength further, to improve barrier properties, or both. What is needed in the art therefore is a saturant that may be used to confer heat sealability on a paper without compromising the drapability of saturated paper. A paper saturated with such a saturant could be sealed without the need for an adhesive coating and would have utility for medical products and other products for which drapable heat sealable packaging is desired. In the event that a need to use the paper along with a coating is found to exist, there will be a further need in the art for a coating that is compatible with the saturated paper.
What is further needed in the art are substrates that readily allow sterilization materials to enter into the package and sterilize the enclosed appliances while at the same time exhibiting sufficient strength, at least in terms of delamination and tear resistance, to function as medical packaging. In particular, a need exists for maintaining the barrier efficacy of latex-saturated webs without hindering the enhanced strength of these webs resulting from latex-saturation without additional refinement. Any webs that allow for sufficient amounts of latex add-on without decreasing barrier efficacy would be improvements over known latex-saturated substrates used as medical packaging.
The present invention is directed to a saturant for fibrous webs, or papers, that can be used to confer upon a fibrous web an increased seal strength when heat sealed to a base component, as compared to other acrylic polymer saturants, while still allowing the web to retain its drapability as well is its porosity to sterilization gases and ability to function as a barrier to pathogens characteristic of papers saturated with acrylic polymer emulsions. The saturant combines a heat sealable polymeric material with other saturant polymeric materials that are not heat sealable but that improve the drapability of the saturated paper.
The present invention is further directed to a fibrous web that is saturated with the saturant of the present invention and a method for saturating the fibrous web with the saturant. The present invention is further directed to packaging using the saturated fibrous web and a method of manufacturing the packaging.
While the saturant of the present invention eliminates the need to apply a coating to fibrous webs in many applications, the invention further relates to a coating containing heat sealable polymeric materials that can be used with the saturated paper of the present invention, if desired to enhance further the paper""s seal strength or its function as a barrier to bacteria and other pathogens. Accordingly, the present invention is further directed to a temperature sensitive adhesive coating that can be used with the saturated fibrous web of the present invention.
The present invention is also directed to saturated papers that overcome some of the shortcomings of the prior art by providing a sufficiently strong latex-saturated paper-based web that also exhibits adequate bacteria barrier efficacy to be used for improved medical packaging applications. The use of a particular type of latex as the saturant provides the effective range of bacteria filtration while at the same time allowing the web to maintain its enhanced strength and delamination resistance that are required when such substrates are employed to wrap surgical trays, surgical instruments, medical appliances and the like prior to sterilization.
This aspect of the invention consists of a paper-containing medical packaging substrate that has been saturated with a latex having a glass transition temperature of xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C. or less. Examples of such latex emulsions are certain acrylic latexes sold under the trade name HYSTRETCH(copyright) by Noveon, Inc. Cleveland, Ohio. In particular, three known acrylic latex saturants that meet these characteristics are HYSTRETCH(copyright) V-29, HYSTRETCH(copyright) V-43, and HYSTRETCH(copyright) V-60. The xe2x80x9cV-29xe2x80x9d, xe2x80x9cV-43xe2x80x9d, and xe2x80x9cV-60xe2x80x9d designations represent the glass transition temperatures of the particular latexes. Thus, HYSTRETCH(copyright) V-29 has a glass transition temperature of xe2x88x9229xc2x0 C.; HYSTRETCH(copyright) V-43 has a glass transition temperature of xe2x88x9243xc2x0 C.; and HYSTRETCH(copyright) V-60 has a glass transition temperature of xe2x88x9260xc2x0 C. and are examples of the latexes that provide the required attributes of the present invention.
These and other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a review of the following detailed description of the disclosed embodiments and the appended claims.
Definitions
The following definitions apply throughout this application.
The term xe2x80x9cacrylate,xe2x80x9d xe2x80x9cacrylic polymerxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cacrylic latex,xe2x80x9d as described herein, each refer to homopolymers and heteropolymers of acrylate esters and methacrylate esters.
The term xe2x80x9cbase component materialxe2x80x9d is defined broadly to include any chemical or substance contained in a base component of a package that is capable of forming heat seals with one or more polymers. Examples include, but are not limited to polypropylene, polyethylene, (including but not limited to low density, linear low density, and ultra low density polyethylene.), various copolymers of vinyl acetate (including, but not limited to, low and high vinyl acetate compositions of ethylene vinyl acetate) and ethylene acrylic acid.
The term xe2x80x9cseal strengthxe2x80x9d when used in connection with a fibrous web saturated with a given saturant shall refer to the strength of a seal between a fibrous web and a base component as determined by a T-peel test using ASTM method F904-98 with the following changes: sample width is 15 mm, jaw travel is 125 millimeters at a rate of 300 millimeters per minute.
The term xe2x80x9cenhanced seal strength,xe2x80x9d when used in connection with a saturant that comprises both a drapable saturant component and an additional saturant polymer, refers to the fact that the saturant confers a seal strength upon a seal between a fibrous web saturated with the saturant and a specific base component comprising a specific base component material that is higher than the seal strength of a seal made under identical sealing conditions between an identical base component and a fibrous web saturated under identical saturating conditions and having an identical composition except that it comprises the drapable saturant component without the additional saturant polymer. The term xe2x80x9csignificantly enhanced seal strength,xe2x80x9d when used in connection with a saturant that comprises both a drapable saturant component and an additional saturant polymer, refers to the fact that the saturant confers a seal strength upon a seal between a fibrous web saturated with the saturant and a specific base component comprising a specific base component material that is at least about twice as strong as the seal strength of a seal made under identical sealing conditions between an identical base component and a fibrous web saturated under identical conditions and having an identical composition except that it comprises the drapable saturant component without the additional saturant polymer.
The term xe2x80x9cdegree of enhanced seal strength,xe2x80x9d when used in connection with a saturant that comprises both a drapable saturant component and an additional saturant polymer, refers to the amount by which the seal strength of a seal between a fibrous web saturated with the saturant and a specific base component comprising a specific base component material is higher than the seal strength of a seal made under identical sealing conditions between an identical base component and a fibrous web saturated under identical conditions and having an identical composition except that the saturant comprises the drapable saturant component without the additional saturant polymer.
The term xe2x80x9cdrapable saturant componentxe2x80x9d means a polymer that, when applied as a saturant to a fibrous web without other polymers, results in a web with a Gurley stiffness of less than about 165, expressed in milligrams. Examples of saturant polymeric materials include, but are not limited to, acrylic polymers, nitrile copolymers, and copolymers of butadiene and styrene. It has been found that polymers with glass transition temperatures less than 10xc2x0 C. generally provide for a more drapable web than higher glass transition temperature polymers. Examples of such acrylic polymers include HYCAR(copyright) 26083, 26703 (a formaldehyde-free version of HYCAR(copyright) 26083), 26469, and 26322 available from Noveon, Inc., RHOPLEX(copyright) B-15J available from Rohm and Haas, and FLEXBOND(copyright) 274 from Air Products and Chemicals, Inc. Examples of nitrile copolymers include TYLAC(copyright) 68513-00, available from Reichhold, and HYCAR(copyright) 1562, available from Noveon, Inc. An example of a butadiene-styrene copolymer is GOOD-RITE(copyright) SB1168 available from Noveon, Inc. The examples provided are not intended to be exhaustive. Persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that embodiments including other polymers are possible and the present invention is not limited to any particular polymer or relative concentration. It was observed, however, that use of a drapable saturant component with a glass transition temperature of about 10xc2x0 C. or lower resulted in a saturated paper with improved flexibility and drapability as compared to saturants with higher glass transition temperatures. One desirable embodiment is the use of an acrylate such as RHOPLEX(copyright) B-15J with a glass transition temperature of xe2x88x925xc2x0 C. Still another desirable embodiment uses an acrylic polymer such as HYCAR(copyright) 26703 or 26083 with a glass transition temperature of xe2x88x9215xc2x0 C.
The term xe2x80x9cGurley stiffnessxe2x80x9d means stiffness determined by TAPPI method T543om-00.
The term xe2x80x9cPersoz hardnessxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9cRocker hardnessxe2x80x9d means hardness determined by Test Method B of American Society for Testing and Material (ASTM) Method No. D4366-95.
With respect to above definitions that relate to seal strength and changes in seal strength, persons skilled in the art will also recognize that other factors besides the saturant composition affect the seal strength between a saturated fibrous web and a base component. Such factors include the type of base component material, the amount of base component material present in the base component, and, if the base component material is limited to a coating or outer layer on the base component, the thickness of the coating or outer layer. In addition, conditions under which a heat seal was made can affect sealability, specifically sealing temperature, amount of pressure applied, and duration of exposure to heat and pressure. For purposes of these definitions, however, it is assumed that all conditions regarding saturant composition, base component material composition, and saturant and sealing conditions are unchanged, with the exception of the presence or absence of the additional saturant polymer.
Heat-Sealable Saturated Fibrous Webs
The present invention is directed to a composition used as a saturant for fibrous webs, such as papers, that will confer enhanced seal strength upon the fibrous webs when sealed to base component materials. The invention is further directed to saturants that will provide fibrous webs with a seal strength of at least about 0.70 lb/in. The invention is further directed to the saturated papers and a method for saturating them. The invention is further directed to packaging that includes the saturated papers and a method for making the package. Finally, the invention is directed to a temperature sensitive adhesive coating that can be used with the saturated papers.
Saturant Compositions
The composition of this aspect of the present invention includes a blend of at least two polymeric materials. One of the polymers is a heat sealable polymeric material that will confer upon the paper the ability to be heat sealed to a base component that contains heat sealable polymeric material. Examples of heat sealable polymeric materials that may be used in the saturant of the present invention include, but are not limited to, homopolymers and heteropolymers of lower alkenes. The term xe2x80x9clower alkenesxe2x80x9d means ethylenes and/or propylenes. Examples of heat sealable polymers include but are not limited to polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene acrylic acid and ethylene vinyl acetate. Desirable heat sealable saturant polymers include polyethylene and ethylene acrylic acid. An especially desirable heat sealable polymer is ethylene acrylic acid. An example of commercially available ethylene acrylic acid is MICHEM(copyright) Prime 4983R, available from Michelman, Inc. MICHEM(copyright) Prime 4983R is a dispersion of Dow PRIMACOR(copyright) 5980I, a copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid that has an ethylene content of approximately 80%. An example of a commercially available polyethylene is MICROTHENE(copyright) F FN501-11, a dispersible powder available from Equistar Chemicals L.P.
The other polymer in the saturant is the drapable saturant component. This component helps assure the softness, drapability, and flexibility of the saturated sheet. In one desirable embodiment the drapability, as measured by Gurley stiffness, is less than about 165 milligrams in the machine direction. In another desirable embodiment the drapability, as measured by Gurley stiffness, is less than about 155 milligrams in the machine direction. In another desirable embodiment the drapability, as measured by Gurley stiffness, is less than about 145 milligrams measured in the machine direction. In another desirable embodiment the drapability, as measured by Gurley stiffness, is less than about 100 milligrams measured in the cross direction. In another desirable embodiment the drapability, as measured by Gurley stiffness, is less than about 95 milligrams measured in the cross direction. In another desirable embodiment the drapability, as measured by Persoz hardness, is less than about 70 seconds (mean value). In another desirable embodiment the drapability, as measured by Persoz hardness, is less than about 65 seconds (mean value). In another desirable embodiment the drapability, as measured by Persoz hardness, is less than about 55 seconds (mean value).
The saturant provides fibrous webs with enhanced seal strength. In one desirable embodiment, the webs exhibit a significantly enhanced seal strength. In another desirable embodiment, the degree of enhanced seal strength is at least a ten-fold increase. In another desirable embodiment, the degree of enhanced seal strength is at least a twenty-fold increase. In another desirable embodiment, the seal strength is 0.70 lb/in. or greater but lower than a value that would result in tearing of one or more of the package components upon opening; that is, lower than the internal bond strength of either the reinforced web or the base component. Saturants that provide fibrous webs with seal strengths of at least about 0.70 lb/in are also within the present invention, regardless of whether such saturants involve an xe2x80x9cenhanced seal strengthxe2x80x9d or a xe2x80x9csignificantly enhanced seal strengthxe2x80x9d as compared to another saturant.
Saturant compositions may also include additives that provide the saturant or the saturated web with desirable qualities. By way of example and not an exclusive list, antifoaming agents, chemicals for pH adjustment, pigments, processing aids, and dispersing agents are among the possible additives. Examples of antifoaming agents include, but are not limited to, products such as NALCO(copyright) 7518 available from Nalco Chemical Company or DOW CORNING(copyright) Antifoam available from Dow Corning Corporation. Chemicals used to adjust pH include, but are not limited to, ammonia, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, acetic acid, and sulfuric acid. Dispersing agents or surfactants include, but are not limited to, products such as TAMOL(copyright) 731A available from Rohm and Haas Co., PLURONIC(copyright) F108 available from BASF Corporation, SMA(copyright) 1440 Resin available from ATOFINA Chemicals, Inc., and TERGITOL(copyright) 15S available from Union Carbide Corp. Examples of processing aids may include, but are not limited to, products such as NOPCOTE(copyright) DC-100A available from Geo Specialty Chemicals, Inc. SCRIPSET(copyright) 540 available from Solutia, Inc. and AQUAPEL(copyright) 752 available from Hercules Incorporated. Examples of pigments used to increase opacity include but are not limited to, titanium dioxide such as TI-PURE(copyright) Rutile Titanium Dioxide available from E.I. DuPont De Nemours and Co. and kaolin pigments, which are available from a variety of manufacturers. A wide range of pigments and dyes may also be added to impart color to the saturated sheet. The foregoing list of categories of additives and examples of categories is provided by way of example and is not intended to be exhaustive. Embodiments including other additives are possible and the present invention is not limited to any particular set of additives or relative concentrations.
Persons skilled in the art will recognize that the amount of each component used in the composition may vary depending on factors such as the desired use of the composition and the components to be used in the composition, among others. For example, the composition of processing aids, chemicals for pH adjustment, and dispersing agents may be varied to improve process conditions during production. Adjusting pH, for example, can assist in controlling viscosity of the saturant. Dispersing agents may be used, for example, to improve the dispersion of a pigment in the saturant. Additionally, product specifications such as opacity and wet strength may dictate the composition of the saturant.
Saturated Fibrous Webs
Since the invention is also directed toward saturated papers, the paper or fibrous web to be used is also a component of the invention. Such webs are generally prepared by any of a variety of well known methods for air laying or wet laying fibers to form the web. The fibers may include cellulose fibers alone or in combination with synthetic fibers.
Sources of cellulose fibers include, by way of example and not by way of limitation, woods, such as softwoods and hardwoods; straws and grasses, such as rice, esparto, wheat, rye, and sabai; canes and reeds, such as bagasse; bamboos; woody stalks, such as jute, flax, kenaf, and cannabis; bast, such as linen and ramie; leaves, such as abaca and sisal; and seeds, such as cotton and cotton linters. Softwoods and hardwoods are the more commonly used sources of cellulose fibers; the fibers may be obtained by any of the commonly used pulping processes, such as mechanical, chemimechanical, semichemical, and chemical processes. Examples of softwoods include, by way of illustration only, longleaf pine, shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, slash pine, Southern pine, black spruce, white spruce, jack pine, balsam fir, douglas fir, western hemlock, redwood, and red cedar. Examples of hardwoods include, again by way of illustration only, aspen, birch, beech, oak, maple, eucalyptus, and gum. Softwood and hardwood Kraft pulps generally are desirable for toughness and tear strength, but other pulps, such as recycled fibers, sulfite pulp, and the like may be used, depending upon the application. Cellulose fibers may also be bleached to whiten the pulp fibers using various chemical processes.
Different cellulose fibers provide different attributes to the finished web. The choice of fiber sources is dependent on the final application of the web. For example, softwood fibers are often included in a web to increase tensile strength. Hardwood fibers may be selected for their ability to improve formation, a term referring to the uniformity in distribution of the fibers. In one desirable embodiment, the paper contains between about 30% and about 75% eucalyptus fibers based on total dry weight of the fibers. In another desirable embodiment, the paper contains between about 50% and about 75% eucalyptus fibers based on total fiber dry weight. Other fibers in those embodiments include northern softwood fibers, either alone or in combination with synthetic fibers.
In accordance with this aspect of the present invention, any of the various wood and nonwood pulps and other cellulosic fibers may be incorporated into the pulp furnish. Illustrative examples of suitable lignocellulosic pulps include southern pines, northern softwood pulps, red cedar, hemlock, black spruce and mixtures thereof. Examples of high-average fiber length wood pulps include those available under the trade designations LL19 available from Kimberly-Clark Corporation and INTERNATIONAL PINE(copyright) available from International Paper Company. Other various cellulosic fibers that may be used in the present invention include eucalyptus fibers, such as Primacell Eucalyptus, available from Klabin Riocell, and other hardwood pulp fibers available under the trade designations LL16 available from Kimberly-Clark Corporation, St. Croix hardwood available from Georgia-Pacific Corporation, and Leaf River hardwood available from Georgia-Pacific Corporation. Other cellulosic fibers may be utilized in the present invention, depending on the particular characteristics desired.
Refinement of the pulp may be conducted in order to improve the properties necessary to use the web as a bacteria barrier. In particular, refinement of the pulp may be carried out by beating or otherwise agitating the cellulosic material until the material is sufficiently separated into relatively individual pulp fibers. Such refinement may be carried out by any number of various known methods such as in commercial grade pulp refiners. Such refining processes are within the known skill in the art and often improve the bacteria filtration efficiencies of webs made from highly refined pulp.
The pulp of the invention may be a mixture of different types and/or qualities of pulp fibers. For example, the invention may include a pulp containing more than about 50 percent by weight, low-average fiber length pulp and less than about 50 percent by weight, high-average fiber length pulp (e.g., virgin softwood pulp). The low-average fiber length pulp may be characterized as having an average fiber length of less than about 1.2 mm. For example, the low-average fiber length pulp may have a fiber length of from about 0.7 mm to about 1.2 mm. The high-average fiber length pulp may be characterized as having an average fiber length of greater than about 1.5 mm. For example, the high-average fiber length pulp may have an average fiber length of from about 1.5 mm to about 6 mm. The fiber mixture may contain about 75 percent, by weight, low-average fiber length pulp and about 25 percent, by weight, high-average fiber length pulp.
The low-average fiber length pulp may be certain grades of virgin hardwood pulp and secondary (i.e., recycled) fiber pulp from sources such as, for example, newsprint, reclaimed paperboard, and office waste. The high-average fiber length pulp may be bleached and/or unbleached virgin softwood pulps.
Types of synthetic fibers commonly used include, by way of example and not by way of limitation, polymers comprised of rayon, polyvinyl alcohol, alcohol copolymers, polyesters, polyamides, polyolefins, copolymers, and blends thereof. Examples of polyesters include, but are not limited to, polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polytetramethylene terephthalate, polycyclohexylene-1,4-dimethylene terephthalate, and isophthalate copolymers thereof. Examples of polyamides include, but are not limited to, nylon 6, nylon 6/6, nylon 4/6, nylon 11, nylon 12, nylon 6/10, and nylon 12/12. Examples of polyolefins include, but are not limited to, polyethylenes (including but not limited to high density polyethylene, medium density polyethylene, low density polyethylene, ultra low density polyethylene, linear low density polyethylene and others), polypropylenes (including but not limited to isotactic polypropylene, atactic polypropylene, syndiotactic polypropylene, blends of the foregoing, and others), polybutylenes, (including but not limited to poly(1-butene), and poly(2-butene), polypentenes, (including but not limited to poly(1-pentene), poly(2-pentene), poly(3-methyl-1-pentene); and poly(4-methyl-1-pentene)) and copolymers and blends thereof. Suitable copolymers include random and block copolymers prepared from two or more different unsaturated olefin monomers, such as ethylene/propylene and ethylene/butylene copolymers. Of these suitable polymers, more desirable polymers are polyolefins, most desirably polyethylene and polypropylene, because of their commercial availability, as well as their chemical and mechanical properties. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the preceding list is not exclusive and that blends or copolymers of different polymers may be used. In addition, fibers that combine different polymer fibers in a multicomponent configuration may also be considered for use as a synthetic fiber. One example of a multicomponent fiber is comprised of two fibers having differing characteristics combined into a single fiber, commonly called a bicomponent fiber. Bicomponent fibers generally have a core and sheath structure where the core polymer has a higher melting point than the sheath polymer. Other bicomponent fiber structures, however, may also be utilized. For example, bicomponent fibers may be formed with the two components residing in various side-by-side relationships as well as concentric and eccentric core and sheath configurations. One particular example of a suitable bicomponent fiber is sold under the name CELBOND(copyright) T255 by KoSa. CELBOND(copyright) T255 is a synthetic polyester/polyethylene bicomponent fiber that is capable of adhering to cellulosic fibers when its outer sheath is melted at a temperature of approximately 128xc2x0 C.
The purpose of including synthetic fibers in papers is to impart tear resistance to the sheets. Adding synthetic fibers, however, can also reduce the web""s resistance to delamination. Including synthetic fibers in a cellulose based sheet also increases the permeability of the sheet and thereby reduces its Gurley porosity value. Gurley porosity values are determined using TAPPI Test Method No. T 460 om-96 (1996). Persons skilled in the art will appreciate that these considerations must be weighed when determining synthetic fiber content of a web. For purposes of medical packaging applications, it has been observed that synthetic fiber content over about 30% (based on total dry fiber weight) results in significant loss of strength and ability to control porosity. In one desirable embodiment, synthetic fiber content is between zero and about 10% (based on total dry fiber weight).
Persons skilled in the art are also familiar with several additives that are incorporated into webs during the papermaking process. Examples of such additives include, but are not limited to, wet strength agents, chemicals for pH adjustment, slimicides, sizing agents, drainage aids, defoamers, corrosion inhibitors, fillers, and synthetic polymers. Such additives may be used in different combinations and in different amounts depending upon the process and equipment used to form the sheet. The use of papermaking additives and their purposes are well known and documented in the art.
The refinement of cellulose fibers prior to forming the sheet will impact the final properties of the web. It has been observed that a highly refined sheet that has a Gurley porosity for one ply of between about 20 seconds/100 cc and 120 seconds/100 cc (measured after saturation), and that has a basis weight of about 85 g/m2, provides desirable pathogen barrier characteristics and has desirable permeability to sterilization gases when used in this aspect of the present invention.
Method of Saturating Fibrous Webs
Another element of the invention is the method of saturating the webs. Several methods of impregnating or saturating paper are well known to persons skilled in the art. By way of example and not limitation, saturation methods that are well known include brushing, flooded nip saturation, doctor blading, spraying, and direct and offset gravure coating. The present invention is not limited to any particular application process, and persons skilled in the art will recognize that alternative embodiments are possible with these and other saturation technologies. The amount of saturant or polymer blend applied to the sheet is commonly referred to as percent pickup or add-on. Percent pickup is calculated, on a dry weight basis, by dividing the dry weight of saturant applied by the dry weight of the sheet before saturation and multiplying the result by 100. It has been observed that optimal sealing and barrier properties are achieved for the present invention when pickup values are greater than about 25%. One desirable embodiment uses a pickup value of between about 35% and about 40%. Another desirable embodiment uses a pickup value of between about 40% and about 45%. Still another desirable embodiment uses a pickup value of between about 45% and about 50%. Persons skilled in the art are familiar with methods for designing saturation processes and controlling parameters to achieve a specific pickup value for a given paper.
Embodiments also exist in which the polymer is added to the fibers before the web is formed. This saturation step is performed through addition of the polymer to the xe2x80x9cwet endxe2x80x9d of a web forming process and is commonly referred to as xe2x80x9cwet end depositionxe2x80x9d or xe2x80x9clatex deposition.xe2x80x9d The term xe2x80x9cwet endxe2x80x9d refers to the portions of the web forming process prior to water removal from the fiber mixture; the term xe2x80x9clatexxe2x80x9d refers to the polymer emulsion. By way of example only, the wet end may refer to any mixing, holding, or refining areas of the process. Alternatively, the wet end may include the forming section just prior to water removal. Examples of wet end deposition may be found in International Publication No. 99/00549 to Kapik et. al., which teaches the use of wet end deposition for improving the strength of a medical packaging paper while maintaining a porous substrate; U.S. Pat. No. 5,466,336 to Kinsley. Jr., which describes a process for coagulating an aqueous polymer into a fiber slurry for the manufacture of a paper-based product.
After saturation, the web may be dried by any method or combination of methods known in the industry. Drying methods include but are not limited to, application of heat to the web by use of convection ovens, radiant heat, infrared radiation, forced air ovens, heated rolls or cans, or other heat sources. Another example of a drying method is allowing the web to air dry without the addition of thermal energy other than that present in the ambient environment.
Packages Comprising Fibrous Webs
The packages that include the saturated web and the method for making the packages are two additional elements of the invention. The packaging will include the saturated web of the present invention and the other component, which is the base component. The base component and saturated web are assembled and sealed using a heat seal device that applies heat to the edges or surfaces of the web and base component in which a seal is desired. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that other components may be incorporated in the package. Examples include, without limitation, internal packaging for protection and separation of components, and labels attached to the package. The amount and type of additional components varies widely and depends on the product packaged and its intended use.
Adhesive Coatings
The adhesive coating that may be used with the saturated paper is also an element of the invention. The adhesive coating can be used in applications where the saturation of the web alone does not provide the desired seal strengths with the selected film. The coating can also be used to decrease the web permeability and thereby increase the bacteria barrier. The coating is comprised of between about 50% and about 85% ethylene vinyl acetate and between about 15% and about 50% ethylene acrylic acid, with both percentages based on the total dry weight of the coating. The relative concentrations of these two compounds will be adjusted to maximize compatibility with the sealant used in the base component. One desirable embodiment uses an ethylene acrylic acid level between about 20 and about 30%, expressed as dry weight. Another desirable embodiment uses an ethylene acrylic acid level of between about 15% and about 20%, expressed as dry weight.
The coating composition may also include additives that provide a coating or coated paper with desirable qualities. Examples include, but are not limited to, crosslinking agents, chemicals for pH adjustment, and surfactants. XAMA(copyright) 7, available from Sybron Chemicals is an example of one crosslinking agent. To adjust pH, acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and oxalic acid, and bases such as ammonia, sodium hydroxide, and potassium hydroxide may be added. Examples of surfactants or dispersing agents include, but are not limited to, TAMOL(copyright) 731A available from Rohm and Haas Co., TRITON(copyright) X100 available from Union Carbide Corp. and PLURONIC(copyright) F104 available from BASF Corporation. Where crosslinking agents are used, they typically are included at levels between about 0.5% and 2.0% (based on the total dry weight of the coating), although other ranges are possible. Levels of pH adjusting compounds typically range up to about 1.0% of the total dry weight of the coating depending on the amount of pH adjustment necessary. Surfactant levels typically range between about 0.5% and about 2.0% of the total dry weight of the coating, although other ranges are possible. Embodiments including coatings with different additives or different quantities of the additives are possible and the present invention is not limited to any particular additive, blend of additives, or relative concentrations.
Several technologies for applying coatings are known in the art including, by way of example and not limitation, rod coating, dip coating, spray coating, gravure coating, knife coating, and slot coating. Persons skilled in the art will recognize that alternative embodiments are possible with these and other coating technologies and the present invention is not limited to any particular application process.
After coating, the web may be dried by any method or combination of methods known in the industry. Drying methods include but are not limited to, application of heat to the web by use of convection ovens, radiant heat, infrared radiation, forced air ovens, heated rolls or cans, or other heat sources. Another example of a drying method is allowing the web to air dry without the addition of thermal energy other than that present in the ambient environment. It is desirable that the web be dried in a manner that prevents contact of the coated side with a heated surface such as the surface of a heated can. It has been observed that direct contact of the coated side to a heated surface may result in partial removal of the coating, an effect sometimes referred to as picking.
The porosity of the finished sheet is greatly affected by the amount and type of coating applied since heavier coatings will cause the paper or fabric to be less permeable to sterilization gases. Heavier coatings will also increase adhesive properties and seal strengths. For a medical packaging substrate it is generally desirable to have a Gurley porosity below about 120 sec/100 cc. Gurley porosity is an indicator of permeability; a higher Gurley porosity value indicates that a sheet has lower permeability to sterilization gases and to pathogens. Sheets with Gurley porosities greater than 120 sec/100 cc may make sterilization difficult due to insufficient permeability to sterilization gases. However, decreasing the Gurley porosity of the sheet also increases the likelihood of penetration by bacteria or other pathogens unless a polymer that improves bacteria barrier is applied, although the minimum Gurley porosity varies depending on composition of the paper and saturant. Furthermore, some coating processes are less capable of applying an effective coat with a low coat weight than others. Selecting a coat weight for a sheet is thus a balance between the capabilities of the coating apparatus used, permeability and porosity to both pathogens and sterilization gases, and the desired seal strength. As examples, coat weights between 3.75 g/m2 and 11.00 g/m2 add-on, on a dry weight basis, have been found to provide the desirable porosity range with webs that have Gurley porosity values below 20 sec/100 cc prior to coating. In embodiments that use dispersed ethylene vinyl acetate powder, persons skilled in the art can use milling of the ethylene vinyl acetate powder to control particle size and thereby control the permeability of the coating to obtain a desired permeability. Larger particle sizes, for example, result in greater permeability.
Thus, the invention relates to a coating that can be used with the saturated webs of the present invention. In one embodiment, the coating comprises a copolymer of ethylene and acrylic acid monomers and a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate monomers. The invention further relates to a fibrous web coated with the coatings of the present invention.
Saturants that Improve Barrier Efficacy
In another aspect, the present invention is a medical packaging material comprising a cellulose-containing substrate web that has been saturated with a latex having a glass transition temperature of xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C. or less. More specifically, the present invention involves the saturation of the webs with such low-glass transition temperature latexes in order to improve the barrier efficacy of the web.
Conventional latex saturants, when employed at the add-on levels required to obtain the necessary increased strength characteristics, tend to reduce the barrier efficacy of medical packaging substrate webs. It is believed that the efficacy is reduced because the number of tortuous pathways, which entrap microorganisms within the web, are reduced by polymer saturation. The particular latexes having glass transition temperatures of xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C. and below have been found to actually improve the percent bacterial filtration efficiency (xe2x80x9c% BFExe2x80x9d) and log reduction value (xe2x80x9cLRVxe2x80x9d), both common industry determinations of barrier efficacy, of latex-saturated paper as compared to latex-saturated papers that have not utilized these particular latexes.
For example, the latex-saturated webs of this aspect of the present invention will generally exhibit higher % BFEs and LRVs than comparable latex-saturated webs. Generally, the higher the estimated LRV, the greater the bacteria barrier properties. For example, an LRV change from 1 to 2 indicates a ten times improvement in the barrier.
The paper-based webs of this aspect of the present invention may be formed from cellulosic pulp fibers alone, or a mixture of cellulosic pulp and synthetic fibers. The above discussion regarding suitable fibers for heat-sealable papers, as well as the discussion of refinement of such fibers, applies equally to this aspect of the invention.
In making the web of this aspect of the present invention, a pulp furnish is formed according to normal paper-making or web-making procedures. Briefly, and by way of illustration only, the substrate may be made by preparing an aqueous suspension of fibers with at least about 50 percent, by dry weight, of the fibers being cellulosic fibers; distributing the suspension on a forming wire; removing water from the distributed suspension to form a paper; and then treating the paper with the saturant. In general, the aqueous suspension is prepared by methods well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. Similarly, methods of distributing the suspension on a forming wire and removing water from the distributed suspension to form a paper also are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
In addition to noncellulosic fibers, the aqueous pulp-containing suspension from which the substrates are made may contain other materials as is well known in the papermaking art. For example, the suspension may contain acids and bases to control pH, such as hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide or ammonia, sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, and trisodium phosphate; alum; sizing agents, such as rosin and wax; dry strength adhesives, such as natural and chemically modified starches and gums; cellulose derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, and hemicellulose; synthetic polymers, such as phenolics, latexes, polyamines, and polyacrylamides; wet strength resins, such as urea-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, and polyamides; fillers, such as clay, talc, and titanium dioxide; coloring materials, such as dyes and pigments; retention aids; fiber deflocculants; soaps and surfactants; defoamers; drainage aids; optical brighteners; pitch control chemicals; slimicides; and specialty chemicals, such as corrosion inhibitors, and flame-proofing agents.
In addition to the use of the particular polymers disclosed herein, other binder materials may be used in forming the webs of this aspect of the invention. For example, the additional binder materials may be used as an additional constituent of the saturant in conjunction with the polymers having the specific glass transition temperatures set forth herein. On the other hand, such binder materials may be used at various points in the web-forming or web-saturating process to add additional strength or filtration characteristics to the web.
Any of the latex binders commonly employed for reinforcing paper can be utilized and are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art. Suitable binders include, by way of illustration only, polyacrylates, including polymethacrylates, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), and copolymers of the various acrylate and methacrylate esters and the free acids; styrene-butadiene copolymers; ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; nitrile rubbers or acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers; poly(vinyl chloride); poly(vinyl acetate); ethylene-acrylate copolymers; vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymers; neoprene rubbers or trans-1,4-polychloroprenes; cis-1,4-polyisoprenes; butadiene rubbers or cis- and trans-1,4-polybutadienes; and ethylene-propylene copolymers.
Specific examples of commercially available latex binders are set forth as examples in Table 1 below:
Various other additives may also be used in forming the bacteria barrier substrate. For example, sizing agents to impart water resistance, wet-strength agents to improve delamination resistance, and other agents may be added either to the furnish or to the formed web. One such exemplary sizing agent is AQUAPEL(copyright) 752 available from Hercules Incorporated of Wilmington, Delaware, and one such exemplary wet-strength agent is PAREZ(copyright) 631NC available from Cytec Industries, Inc. of West Paterson. N.J. Other agents, include, by way of example only, starches and dry-strength resins which also enhance the physical properties of the web by increasing the delamination resistance of the final product. One such exemplary starch is a cationic potato starch sold under the designation ASTRO(copyright) X-200 and one such exemplary dry-strength resin is ACCOSTRENGTH(copyright) 85-PHP, also available from Cytec Industries. Another exemplary dry-strength resin is ACCOSTRENGTH(copyright) 85-3000, also available from Cytec Industries. Cross-linking agents, such as X-LINK(copyright) 2833 from Vinamul Polymers and XAMA(copyright)7 available from Sybron Chemicals, Inc. of Birmingham, N.J., and/or hydrating agents may also be added to the pulp furnish or to the formed web.
After the web is formed, the web will then be saturated with the polymer emulsion having a glass transition temperature of xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C. or below. As used herein, the term xe2x80x9csaturantxe2x80x9d is synonymous with the term xe2x80x9cbinderxe2x80x9d and is meant to include any polymeric material which may be used to bind the fibers of the fibrous web or nonwoven substrate together. The saturant may be applied as either a solution of a polymer in a suitable solvent or as a dispersion of very small polymer particles in a liquid phase, such as water, e.g., as a latex. For example, the saturant may be any of the latex binders commonly employed for reinforcing papers, provided such latex has a glass transition temperature of xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C. or less. In particular, the acrylic latexes, which are polyacrylates, meeting this glass transition temperature threshold are particularly useful as the saturants for such medical packaging fabrics. In addition, saturant blends comprising more than one latex binder may be employed. In these blended saturant formulations, one or more of the latexes may have a glass transition temperature of greater than xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C., provided that one or more latexes with glass transition temperatures of xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C. or less comprise at least 50% of the saturant by dry weight.
Various latex binders are well known to those having ordinary skill in the art and include, by way of illustration only, polyacrylates, including polymethacrylates, poly(acrylic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), and copolymers of the various acrylate and methacrylate esters and the free acids; styrene-butadiene copolymers and carboxylated versions thereof; ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers; nitrile rubbers or acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymers; poly(vinyl chloride); poly(vinyl acetate); ethylene-acrylate copolymers; vinyl acetate-acrylate copolymers; neoprene rubbers or trans-1,4-polychloroprenes; cis-1,4-polyisoprenes; butadiene rubbers or cis- and trans-1,4-polybutadienes; and ethylene-propylene copolymers.
In particular, the acrylic latexes such as the above-described polyacrylates tend to provide the desired features of the present invention. While other binder systems may provide adequate strength in the latex-saturated webs, the polyacrylate saturants exhibit the most desirable bacterial filtration efficiencies.
The saturation of a fabric is well known in the art and a fabric may be saturated, for example, by spraying the saturant solution onto one or both sides of the web. Saturation of the fabric may also be accomplished by dipping the web into a bath of saturant and removing the excess liquid by passing the web through a nip roller arrangement. Other saturating methods include brushing and doctor blading and the present invention is not limited to any particular saturating process.
If desired, the paper may be dried after the web is formed and prior to treatment of the paper with the saturant. Drying of the paper may be accomplished by any known means. Examples of known drying means include, by way of illustration only, convection ovens, radiant heat, infrared radiation, forced air ovens, and heated rolls or cans. Drying also includes air drying without the addition of thermal energy, other than that present in the ambient environment.
In one particular method of saturating the web, the web is exposed to an excess of saturant and then squeezed so as to control the amount of material added on to the web. The squeezing of excess saturant from the web may be accomplished by passing the web between rollers. In the process, excess, squeezed-out, saturant may be returned to the supply for further use.
After squeezing out excess material to control the saturant add-on, the saturated web may then be dried. Drying may be achieved by passing the fabric around a series of steam heated drums at a temperature appropriate for the particular saturant composition being used. Alternatively, the web material impregnated with saturant can be air-dried.
The web of this aspect of the invention will typically be saturated at an add-on level of from about 10 to about 100 percent, based on the dry weight of the fibrous web. For example, the saturant may be present in the saturated paper at a level of from about 20 to about 70 percent. As another example, the saturant may be present in the saturated paper at a level of from about 30 to about 60 percent.
Saturant total solids in the saturant composition may range from 10 to 60 weight percent, depending on the desired dry saturant pickup. Dry pickup ranges from 10 to 80 dry parts of saturant per 100 dry parts of fibrous web material by weight. Particularly satisfactory ranges of dry pickup are from 20 to 70 dry parts of saturant per 100 dry parts of fibrous web, and saturant total solids in a range of 20 to 50 weight percent in the saturant composition are used. In other embodiments, the dry pickup may be from about 30 to about 50 dry parts, or from about 40 to about 50 dry parts, of saturant per 100 dry parts of fiber in the web. Wet saturant pickup can range from about 40 to about 300 wet parts per 100 parts of fibrous web material by weight.
The expressions xe2x80x9cby dry weight,xe2x80x9d xe2x80x9cdry parts,xe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9cbased on the dry weightxe2x80x9d refer to weights of fibers, e.g., cellulosic fibers, or other materials which are essentially free of water in accordance with standard practice in the papermaking art. When used, such expressions mean that weights were calculated as though no water were present.
A particularly effective saturant may include from about 60 to about 100 percent, on a dry weight basis, of a latex reinforcing polymer (or a blend of latex reinforcing polymers) having a glass transition temperature of xe2x88x9220xc2x0 C. or less and from about 0 to about 40 percent filler or pigment. Additionally, crosslinking agents, sizing agents, lubricants, antifoaming agents, and acids and bases may comprise about 0 to about 15 percent of the saturant.
After formation of the polymer-impregnated substrate, the fabric is then supplied to a maker of medical packaging. The packaging maker then transforms the fabric into the appropriate packaging necessary for storing medical devices and appliances and surgical instrumentation. Such medical packaging may take the form of sterile wraps for encasing surgical instrument trays, bags, pouches, or other sterilizable containers.
The present invention is further described by the examples that follow. Such examples, however, are not to be construed as limiting in any way either the spirit or scope of the present invention.

Self heat sealable packaging and a method for making same


A slider and a zipper comprising the slider. The slider comprises a pull tab, a slider body, and a safety catch; the slider body is provided with an upper base plate and a lower base plate; the upper base plate is provided with a rear rivet body set and a front rivet body set which are arranged in a corresponding manner; when the pull tab is rotated and contacts the front rivet body set, the front rivet body set contacts a side column of the pull tab to block the overturn of the pull tab. The front rivet body set applies a force on the rotated pull tab, such that the pull tab is rebounded to the rear end of the slider with a horizontal part as a rotating axis, and the safety catch is locked downwards to lock the zipper.

Zipper is a kind of auxiliary material used in clothing and is basically composed of a zipper head, cloth strips, zipper teeth, a square bolt, and so on, wherein the zipper head not only affects the opening and closing function of the zipper, but also affects the appearance and convenience of use, therefore, the structural design of the zipper head is crucial. There are many types of common zipper heads, such as ordinary zipper heads, rail-type zipper heads, train-type zipper heads, and spring-type heads.
A spring-rebound-type slider includes a pull body 01, an insurance member, and a pull tab 02. FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a zipper head in the prior art. The spring-head pull tab 02 is in a "locked" state as shown in FIG. 1, that is, the zipper head cannot be easily moved up or down. When the pull tab 02 is in an upright state (that is, the pull body 01 is at a right angle to the pull tab 02, as shown in FIG. 2), the pull tab is in the "unlocked state". FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the unlocked state of the zipper in the prior art, that is, the zipper head can slide smoothly. However, it is common that the zipper head is in the state of FIG. 2 and will not tip over voluntarily after the zipper is closed, which will cause the zipper to loose. Clothes will slide down after the zipper loses the locking force, which brings great inconvenience to sports and bad experience. At present, the improvement of the spring zipper head on the market is only made on the pull tab 02, and the pull tab 02 is improved by providing a return blocker on the pull tab 02. When the pull tab 02 is pulled to be almost perpendicular to the pull body 01, the blocker is in contact with an upper bottom plate of the pull body 01 and the pull tab 02 rebounds back. The disadvantage of this design is that the pull tab 02 gets stuck when the pull tab 02 is right perpendicular to the pull body 01 and does not rebound back.

ZHEJIANG WEIXING INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD.


To provide a bulb-type lamp in which a globe is fixed to a case without a tilt, and a manufacturing method for the bulb-type lamp. The globe is bonded to a connector using a thermosetting resin, in a state where a neck part of the globe is inserted in a groove of the connector without contacting the bottom of the groove. The connector is then fixed to the case by means of a fitting construction. This makes it unnecessary to perform a heating process to cure an adhesive after an envelope is formed by the globe and the case. Hence the tilting of the globe caused by the thermal expansion of air in the envelope can be prevented.

This application is based on an application Ser. No. 2001-089489 filed in Japan, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a bulb-type lamp having a globe, such as a bulb-type fluorescent lamp and an electrodeless discharge lamp, and a manufacturing method for the bulb-type lamp.
2. Related Art
A bulb-type lamp is a kind of lamp in which a spherical globe, like the one used in an incandescent lamp, is fixed to a case. Examples of such a bulb-type lamp include bulb-type fluorescent lamps and electrodeless discharge lamps. The globe is usually made of glass in consideration of the heat generated in the lamp. Also, the globe is fixed to the case using an adhesive made of a thermosetting resin, such as a silicon resin, which has excellent heat resistance and sealing ability.
The following explains a construction of a bulb-type lamp and a method of fixing a globe to a case, taking a bulb-type fluorescent lamp as an example.
FIG. 10 is a partial broken front view of a conventional bulb-type fluorescent lamp.
This bulb-type fluorescent lamp has a globe 900, a case 910, an arc tube 920, and a holder 930. The globe 900 is made of glass and has one end opened. The case 910 is made of a resin and is engaged with the open end of the globe 900. The arc tube 920 is made up of three U-shaped fluorescent tubes which are bridge-connected. The holder 930 is made of a resin, and is housed in an envelope formed by the globe 900 and case 910. The holder 930 holds the arc tube 920 on one surface and an electric ballast 931 for illuminating the arc tube 920 on the other surface, and is fixed into an opening of the case 910.
Here, a groove 940 is formed between the case 910 and the holder 930, along the periphery of the case 910. An edge part 900a of the globe 900 is inserted in this groove 940 and bonded to the case 910 through a thermosetting adhesive 941.
Such a bulb-type fluorescent lamp can be manufactured as follows. First, the arc tube 920 and the electric ballast 931 are attached to the holder 930. The holder 930 is then inserted into the case 910 with the electric ballast 931 being inserted first. Hence the electric ballast 931 is housed in the case 910. Following this, the thermosetting adhesive 941 is injected into the groove 940 formed between the case 910 and the holder 930, and the edge part 900a of the globe 900 is inserted into the groove 940. The construction is then placed in a heating furnace and heated therein, to cure the thermosetting adhesive 941. As a result, the globe 900 is fixed to the case 910 through the adhesive 941.
With this manufacturing method, however, the globe 900 may be fixed to the case 910 in a tilted position. This causes a failure of holding the globe 900 in a correct position.
Prior to the heating process in the heating furnace, the globe 900 and the case 910 are substantially in tight contact with each other through the adhesive 941 and so the envelope formed by the globe 900 and case 910 is hermetically sealed. When the bulb-type fluorescent lamp in this state is heated in the heating furnace, the air in the envelope expands and the internal pressure increases. This being so, if the adhesive 941 is not hardened yet but is still soft, the internal pressure of the envelope may cause the globe 900 to be pushed up or tilted. If the adhesive 941 hardens in such a state, the globe 900 will end up being fixed to the case 910 in a tilted position (in more detail, the edge part 900a of the globe 900 is tilted upward on one side by about 4 mm). As a result, the globe 900 cannot be held in a correct position.
Bulb-type fluorescent lamps with tilted globes are all abandoned without being reused, because of their defective external appearances. Since these products are almost in finished form, they are costly and so abandoning them inevitably increases manufacturing costs.
To avoid the tilting of the globe, the following method may be employed instead of using a thermosetting resin as above. Which is to say, a stopper is provided to the edge part of the globe, whereas a stopper holding part is provided to the case. By engaging the stopper with the stopper holding part, the globe can be secured to the case. However, because the globe is made of glass, the stopper of the globe is not only difficult to form but also likely to break when engaged with the stopper holding part. For this reason, this type of bulb-type fluorescent lamp is not very practical.
The same problem can be found in electrodeless discharge lamps that have a construction similar to bulb-type fluorescent lamps, namely, a construction in which a globe is fixed to a case.
The present invention has an object of providing a bulb-type lamp that holds a globe in a correct position and so delivers an improved external appearance, and a manufacturing method for the bulb-type lamp.
The stated object can be achieved by a bulb-type lamp including: a globe having a constricted neck part at one end; a connector having a ring-shaped groove in which the neck part of the globe can be inserted, wherein the globe is bonded to the connector in a state where the neck part is inserted in the groove; a holder having a stand that supports an electric ballast; and a case having an opening, and holding the holder in a state where the holder is inserted in the case through the opening with the electric ballast being inserted first, wherein in the opening of the case, the connector to which the globe is bonded is fixed to one of the case and the holder by a fitting construction.
With this construction, the globe is held in place just by engaging the connector, to which the globe is bonded, with the case or the holder. This eliminates the need for the heating process which is conventionally performed after the envelope is formed by the globe and case. Accordingly, the tilting of the globe caused by the expansion of air in the envelope is prevented, with it being possible to hold the globe without a tilt relative to the case. As a result, the external appearance of the bulb-type lamp improves. This reduces the number of defective products, so that increases of manufacturing costs caused by abandoning defective products can be suppressed.
Here, the globe may be bonded to the connector in a state where the neck part which is inserted in the groove is kept from contact with a bottom of the groove.
With this construction, the tilting of the globe can be prevented more efficiently.
Here, the fitting construction may include a depression and a projection that fit together, the depression and the projection each being provided at a different one out of (a) the connector and (b) one of the case and the holder.
Here, the bulb-type lamp may be a bulb-type fluorescent lamp in which a fluorescent tube is supported by the stand of the holder, wherein the globe is a hollow spherical member having an open end at which the neck part is formed, a light diffusion film is formed on an internal surface of the globe using an adhesive, and the adhesive used for forming the light diffusion film is also used for bonding the globe to the connector.
With this construction, it becomes unnecessary to prepare another adhesive to bond the globe to the connector, since a single adhesive serves to form the light diffusion film and also to bond the globe to the connector. This contributes to lower manufacturing costs.
Here, the connector may be a ring having an inner wall and an outer wall which together form a U-shaped cross section, with the ring-shaped groove being present between the inner wall and the outer wall, and the globe is bonded to the connector using part of the adhesive which is gathered in the groove.
With this construction, an excess of low-viscosity adhesive which is used to form the light diffusion film can be gathered in the groove and put to use for bonding the globe to the connector.
Here, an arch-shaped leaf spring may be formed by cutting part of the inner wall of the connector, wherein the leaf spring presses the neck part which is inserted in the groove, to temporarily tack the connector to the globe until the adhesive gathered in the groove hardens.
With this construction, the globe and the connector can be positioned easily at the time of bonding, with it being possible to avoid displacements.
Here, the inner wall of the connector may have a smaller height than the outer wall of the connector.
With this construction, an excessive amount of adhesive in the groove overflows not from the outer wall but from the inner wall, so that the external appearance of the bulb-type lamp will not be ruined.
Here, a depression and a projection that fit together may be each provided at a facing portion of a different one of the connector and the holder, so that the connector and the holder move in conjunction with a rotation of the globe which is bonded to the connector.
With this construction, when the user installs the bulb-type lamp into a socket, the globe will be kept from becoming unattached from the case and turning freely on its own.
Here, the bulb-type lamp may be an electrodeless discharge lamp in which a core supporter is supported by the stand of the holder, and a coil form on which an induction coil is wound is supported by the core supporter.
The stated object can also be achieved by a manufacturing method for a bulb-type lamp, including: a holding step for holding a holder which has a stand supporting an electric ballast, by a case which has an opening, in a state where the holder is inserted in the case through the opening with the electric ballast being inserted first; a bonding step for bonding a globe which has a constricted neck part at one end, to a connector which has a ring-shaped groove in which the neck part of the groove can be inserted, in a state where the neck part is inserted in the groove; and a fixing step for fixing the connector to which the globe is bonded, to one of the case and the holder by a fitting construction, in the opening of the case.
With this method, the globe is held in place just by engaging the connector, to which the globe is bonded, with the case or the holder. This eliminates the need for the heating process which is conventionally performed after the envelope is formed by the globe and case. Accordingly, the tilting of the globe caused by the expansion of air in the envelope is prevented, with it being possible to hold the globe without a tilt relative to the case. As a result, the external appearance of the bulb-type lamp improves. This reduces the number of defective products, so that increases of manufacturing costs caused by abandoning defective products can be suppressed.
Here, in the bonding step a fixed distance may be maintained between a furthermost end of the connector and a furthermost end of the globe, wherein an adhesive is injected into the groove while keeping the neck part which is inserted in the groove from contact with a bottom of the groove, to bond the globe to the connector.
The globe is usually formed from glass and therefore tends to have variations in size. However, if the globe is bonded to the connector by injecting the adhesive into the groove while maintaining a fixed distance between the furthermost ends of the connector and globe and also keeping the neck part of the globe from contact with the bottom of the groove, the globe and the connector are held together without a tilt. As a result, a bulb-type lamp with a uniform height can be produced.
Here, the bulb-type lamp may be a bulb-type fluorescent lamp in which (a) the globe is a hollow spherical member having an open end at which the neck part is formed, and (b) a light diffusion film is formed on an internal surface of the globe using an adhesive in which a light diffusion material is dispersed, wherein when the adhesive is applied to the internal surface of the globe to form the light diffusion film, an excess of the adhesive drops and is gathered in the groove of the connector, the gathered adhesive being used to bond the globe to the connector in the bonding step.
With this construction, the adhesive used for forming the light diffusion film is also used for bonding the globe to the connector. This contributes to lower manufacturing costs.

Bulb-type lamp and manufacturing method for the bulb-type lamp

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A substantially noiseless fastening system for a carrying pack includes a flap attached to the shell of the carrying pack along one edge of the flap, a fastener button attached to the flap near a second edge of the flap, and a button receiver attached to the shell. The button receiver has a tapered interference fit slot terminating in a notch for receiving the fastener button, the slot narrowing towards the edge of the flap attached to the shell. The fastening system also includes a pouch attached to the shell, a locking channel attached to the pouch, and a locking groove attached to the shell. The pouch has an edge that forms an opening between the pouch and the shell, and the locking channel engages the locking groove in an interference fit to close the opening. In addition, the fastening system includes a first strap having a first end and a second end, the first end attached to the shell, a second strap having a first end and a second end, the first end attached to the shell, a first fastener attached to the first strap, a second fastener attached to the second strap, and a noise retarding material coating at least part of the surface of the tangs. The first fastener fastens the first strap to the second strap by receiving the second fastener.

This invention relates to fasteners and, in particular, to substantially noiseless fastening systems for apparel and carrying packs.
Military personnel, police personnel, hunters and outdoorsmen use a variety of fastenersxe2x80x94buttons, hook and loop fasteners, metal snaps, zippers, and friction type buckles, for examplexe2x80x94to secure apparel and carrying packs while in the field. Unfortunately, during manipulation, many of these fasteners generate distinctive sounds that are detectable at long distances, increasing the likelihood that the personnel will be detected and/or located. Moreover, these fasteners can be non-durable, cumbersome to manipulate, non-weatherproof, and/or degraded by environmental conditions.
The present invention substantially reduces or eliminates at least some of the problems and disadvantages associated with conventional fasteners for apparel and carrying packs. Accordingly, in particular embodiments, the present invention provides substantially noiseless fastening systems for apparel and carrying packs.
In one embodiment, the present invention provides a substantially noiseless fastening system for a carrying pack. The fastening system includes a flap attached to the shell of the carrying pack along one edge of the flap. The fastening system also includes a fastener button attached to the flap near a second edge thereof. The fastening system further includes a button receiver attached to the shell. The button receiver has a tapered interference fit slot terminating in a notch for receiving the fastener button. The slot narrows towards the edge of the flap attached to the shell. Thus, the button receiver fastens the flap to the shell by receiving the fastener button in the notch.
In another embodiment, the present invention provides a substantially noiseless fastening system. The fastening system includes a fastener button attached to a first part to be fastened to a second part. The fastening system also includes a non-metallic button receiver attached to the second part. The button receiver has a tapered interference fit slot that has a substantially triangular shape configuration terminating in a notch for receiving the fastener button. Thus, the button receiver fastens the first part to the second part by receiving the fastener button in the notch.
In still another embodiment, the present invention provides a substantially noiseless fastening system. This substantially noiseless fastening system includes a first non-metallic fastener component that is attached to a first part and has two receiving ports. The fastening system also includes a second non-metallic fastener component that is attached to a second part and has two flexible tangs for locking engagement with the receiving ports. The fastening system further includes a noise retarding material coating at least a part of each of the flexible tangs to minimize noise during engagement of the second component with the first component.
The present invention has several technical advantages. One advantage of the present invention is providing fastening systems that have substantially noiseless operation. This is an important attribute to military and non-military personnel in the field. In addition, in particular embodiments, the fastening systems are durable, easy to manipulate, weatherproof, and/or environmentally tolerant, all of which are additional important attributes to military and non-military personnel in the field. Further, the fastening systems can be used on both carrying packs and apparel. Thus, personnel using the fastening system derive the full benefit of near silent operation.
Other technical advantages will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the following figures, description, and claims.

Substantially noiseless fastening systems for apparel and carrying packs

L-3 Communications Integrated Systems L.P.


Methods, apparatus, and computer readable medium manage the utilization of a wireless medium capable of transmitting multiple channels of data simultaneously. A plurality of messages are stored in a queue for transmission on the wireless medium. A wireless medium utilization for transmitting a first message over the multi-channel medium is determined. Each of the messages stored in the queue is delayed based at least in part on the determined wireless medium utilization. In some embodiments, a message may be delayed based at least in part on a state of a connection used by the message. For example, if the connection is in a ramp-up or slow start phase, the message may not be delayed. Messages may also be delayed based on a type of the message. For example, messages generated by interactive applications, such as web browsers or instant messaging applications may not be delayed.

1. Field
The present application relates generally to wireless communications, and more specifically to systems, methods, and devices for communication in a multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) environment. Certain aspects herein provide for improved utilization of a wireless medium when utilizing MIMO.
2. Background
In many telecommunication systems, communications networks are used to exchange messages among several interacting spatially-separated devices. Networks may be classified according to geographic scope, which could be, for example, a metropolitan area, a local area, or a personal area. Such networks would be designated respectively as a wide area network (WAN), metropolitan area network (MAN), local area network (LAN), or personal area network (PAN). Networks also differ according to the switching/routing technique used to interconnect the various network nodes and devices (e.g. circuit switching vs. packet switching), the type of physical media employed for transmission (e.g. wired vs. wireless), and the set of communication protocols used (e.g. Internet protocol suite, SONET (Synchronous Optical Networking), Ethernet, etc.).
Wireless networks are often preferred when the network elements are mobile and thus have dynamic connectivity needs, or if the network architecture is formed in an ad hoc, rather than fixed, topology. Wireless networks employ intangible physical media in an unguided propagation mode using electromagnetic waves in the radio, microwave, infra-red, optical, etc. frequency bands. Wireless networks advantageously facilitate user mobility and rapid field deployment when compared to fixed wired networks.
Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, data, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., bandwidth and transmit power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) systems, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, Frequency Division Multiple Access (TDMA) systems, 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) systems and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) systems.
Generally, a wireless multiple-access communication system can simultaneously support communication for multiple wireless terminals. Each terminal communicates with one or more base stations via transmissions on the forward and reverse links. The forward link (or downlink) refers to the communication link from the base stations to the terminals, and the reverse link (or uplink) refers to the communication link from the terminals to the base stations. This communication link may be established via a single-input single-output, multiple-input single-output or a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system.
A MIMO system employs multiple (NO transmit antennas and multiple (Nr) receive antennas for data transmission. A MIMO channel formed by the Nt transmit and Nr receive antennas may be decomposed into Ns independent channels, which are also referred to as spatial channels, where Ns≦min{Nt, Nr}. Each of the Ns independent channels corresponds to a dimension. The MIMO system can provide improved performance (e.g., higher throughput and/or greater reliability) if the additional dimensionalities created by the multiple transmit and receive antennas are utilized.
A MIMO system supports both time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD) operation. In a TDD system, the forward and reverse link transmissions are on the same frequency region so that the reciprocity principle may allow the estimation of the forward link channel from the reverse link channel. In both FDD and TDD systems, a feedback sent from the user terminal may be used among other methods to convey channel state information to a base station. The channel state information at the base station enables it to extract transmit beamforming gain on the forward link when multiple antennas are available at the base station.

Methods and apparatus for managing wireless medium utilization


An encoded information reading (EIR) terminal can comprise a microprocessor communicatively coupled to a system bus, a memory, a communication interface, and a pluggable imaging assembly identified by a type identifier and configured to acquire an image comprising decodable indicia. The imaging assembly can comprise a two-dimensional image sensor configured to output an analog signal representative of the light reflected by an object located within the field of view of the imaging assembly. The EIR terminal can be configured to output, by processing the analog signal, the raw image data derived from the analog signal and/or a decoded message corresponding to the decodable indicia. The imaging assembly can be communicatively coupled to the system bus via an imaging assembly interface comprising a plurality of wires and a multi-pin connector. The imaging assembly interface can comprise one or more wires configured to carry the imaging assembly type identifier. The EIR terminal can be configured, responsive to receiving the type identifier via the one or more wires, to retrieve from the memory one or more imaging assembly configuration information items corresponding to the type identifier and/or to receive via the communication interface one or more imaging assembly configuration information items corresponding to the type identifier. The EIR terminal can be further configured to control the imaging assembly using the imaging assembly configuration information items.

The use of decodable indicia, such as bar code symbols, for product and article identification is well known in the art. Presently, various types of encoded information reading (EIR) terminals have been developed, such as hand-held bar code scanners, hands-free scanners, bi-optic in-counter scanners, and mobile computers such as personal digital assistants (PDAs). EIR terminals typically utilize a lens to focus the image of the decodable indicia, such as a bar code, onto a multiple pixel image sensor, which is often provided by a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor that converts light signals into electric signals.

Encoded information reading terminal with replaceable imaging assembly


A fabrication method of a panel, a panel and a display device are provided. The fabrication method of the panel includes: forming a first conductive layer on a base substrate by using a patterning process, the first conductive layer including a plurality of first conductive traces provided in a non-working region of the base substrate and a plurality of electrode patterns provided in a working region of the base substrate; forming a plurality of metal traces on the plurality of first conductive traces, wherein, each of the metal traces includes a connection end close to an edge of the working region of the base substrate.

In touch control and display fields, metal materials are commonly used for fabricating electrode traces, an advantage of fabricating the electrode trace with the metal material is that the metal has high conductivity, which may reduce channel impedance, and make touch sensing more sensitive. The metal material is generally copper/aluminum. As impedance requirement becomes lower and lower, it is necessary to take pure copper/pure aluminum with higher conductivity as the material of the electrode trace, to improve electron mobility, so as to improve a product performance.

Fabrication method of panel, panel and display device

Hefei Xinsheng Optoelectronics Technology Co., Ltd.