An imaging member containing an optional supporting substrate, a photogenerating layer and at least one charge transport layer of at least one charge transport component, at least one polyphenyl thioether of the formula

This disclosure is generally directed to layered imaging members, photoreceptors, photoconductors, and the like. More specifically, the present disclosure is directed to multilayered flexible, belt imaging members, or devices comprised of an optional supporting medium like a substrate, a photogenerating layer, and a charge transport layer, especially a plurality of charge transport layers, such as a first charge transport layer and a second charge transport layer, an optional adhesive layer, an optional hole blocking or undercoat layer, and an optional overcoating layer, and wherein at least one of the charge transport layers contains at least one charge transport component, a polymer or resin binder, a suitable ether like a C-ether, a polyphenyl ether, or a polyphenyl thioether, and an optional antioxidant. Moreover, the photogenerating layer and at least one of the charge transport layers may in embodiments contain a thiophosphate. The photoreceptors illustrated herein, in embodiments, have excellent wear resistance, extended lifetimes, elimination or minimization of imaging member scratches on the surface layer or layers of the member, and which scratches can result in undesirable print failures where, for example, the scratches are visible on the final prints generated. Additionally, in embodiments the imaging members disclosed herein possess excellent, and in a number of instances low Vr (residual potential), and allow the substantial prevention of Vr cycle up when appropriate; high sensitivity; low acceptable image ghosting characteristics; and desirable toner cleanability. More specifically, there is illustrated herein in embodiments the incorporation of suitable ethers in the imaging member to permit scratch resistant characteristics, and the optional incorporation into the imaging member of suitable thiophosphates to enable excellent member electrical properties.
Also included within the scope of the present disclosure are methods of imaging and printing with the photoresponsive devices illustrated herein. These methods generally involve the formation of an electrostatic latent image on the imaging member, followed by developing the image with a toner composition comprised, for example, of thermoplastic resin, colorant, such as pigment, charge additive, and surface additive, reference U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,560,635; 4,298,697 and 4,338,390, the disclosures of which are totally incorporated herein by reference, subsequently transferring the image to a suitable substrate, and permanently affixing the image thereto. In those environments wherein the device is to be used in a printing mode, the imaging method involves the same operation with the exception that exposure can be accomplished with a laser device or image bar. More specifically, the scratch resistant imaging members and flexible belts disclosed herein can be selected for the Xerox Corporation iGEN machines that generate with some versions over 100 copies per minute. Processes of imaging, especially xerographic imaging and printing, including digital, and/or color printing, are thus encompassed by the present disclosure.
The layered photoconductive imaging members of the present disclosure can be selected for a number of different known imaging and printing processes including, for example, electrophotographic imaging processes, especially xerographic imaging and printing processes wherein charged latent images are rendered visible with toner compositions of an appropriate charge polarity. The imaging members are in embodiments sensitive in the wavelength region of, for example, from about 400 to about 900 nanometers, and in particular from about 650 to about 850 nanometers, thus diode lasers can be selected as the light source. Moreover, the imaging members of this disclosure are useful in color xerographic applications, particularly high-speed color copying and printing processes.

Polyphenyl thioether and antioxidant containing photoconductors

Abstract: wherein R1, R2, and R3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, substituted alkyl, substituted aryl, substituted alkoxy, and halogen mixtures thereof, and n is a number of, for example, from about 1 to about 10.


For changing a segmentation of an audio piece after a segment class assignment, at first a short segment is selected, which has a length shorter than a predetermined minimum length. This short segment is preferably merged with the corresponding successor segment or predecessor segment using information on a segment class membership of the short segment itself, but also the successor segment or the predecessor segment, in order to obtain a changed segmentation of the audio signal. With this, a not over-segmented segment representation of the audio signal is obtained, which further includes all audio information, i.e. is not a representation of the audio piece with holes.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to the audio segmentation and in particular to the analysis of pieces of music, to the individual main parts contained in the pieces of music, which may repeatedly occur in the piece of music.
2. Description of the Related Art
Music from the rock and pop area mostly consists of more or less unique segments, such as intro, stanza, refrain, bridge, outro, etc. It is the aim of the audio segmentation to detect the starting and end time instants of such segments and to group the segments according to their membership in the most important classes (stanza and refrain). Correct segmentation and also characterization of the calculated segments may be sensibly employed in various areas. For example, pieces of music from online providers, such as Amazon, Musicline, etc., may be intelligently "intro scanned".
Most providers on the Internet limit themselves to a short excerpt from the pieces of music offered in their listening examples. In this case it would of course also make sense to offer the person interested not only the first 30 seconds or any 30 seconds but a most representative excerpt from the song. This could for example be the refrain or a summary of the song, consisting of segments belonging to the various main classes (stanza, refrain, . . . ).
A further example of application for the technique of the audio segmentation is integrating the segmentation/-grouping/marking algorithm into a music player. The information on segment beginnings and segment ends enables targeted navigating through a piece of music. By the class membership of the segments, i.e. whether a segment is a stanza, a refrain, etc., it can for example also be possible to jump directly to the next refrain or to the next stanza. Such an application is of interest for large music markets offering their customers the possibility to listen into complete albums. Thereby, the customer can do without the troublesome, searching fast-forwarding to characteristic parts in the song, which might make him in fact buy a piece of music in the end.
In the field of the audio segmentation, various approaches exist. Subsequently, the approach of Jonathan Foote and Matthew Cooper is exemplarily illustrated. This method is illustrated in FOOTE, J. T./Cooper, M. L.: Summarizing Popular Music via Structural Similarity Analysis. Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics 2003. FOOTE, J. T./COOPER, M. L.: Media Segmentation using Self-Similar Decomposition. Proceedings of SPIE Storage and Retrieval for Multimedia Databases, Vol. 5021, pp. 167-75, Jan. 2003.
The known method of Foote is exemplarily explained on the basis of the block circuit diagram of FIG. 5. At first, a WAV file 500 is provided. In a downstream extraction block 502, feature extraction takes place, wherein the spectral coefficients as such or alternatively the mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) are extracted as feature. Before this extraction, a short-time Fourier transform (STFT) with 0.05 seconds wide non-overlapping windows is performed with the WAV file. The MFCC features are then extracted in the spectral region. Here, it is to be pointed out that the parameterization is not optimized for compression, transfer, or reconstruction, but for audio analysis. There is a requirement in that similar audio pieces generate similar features.
The extracted features are then filed in a memory 504.
Upon the feature extraction algorithm, now a segmentation algorithm takes place, which ends in a similarity matrix, as it is illustrated in block 506. At first, however, the feature matrix is read (508) in order to then group feature vectors (510) in order to then construct a similarity matrix consisting of a distance measurement between all features, respectively, due to the grouped feature vectors. In detail, all paired combinations of audio windows are compared using a quantitative similarity measure, i.e. the distance.
The construction of the similarity matrix is illustrated in FIG. 8. In FIG. 8 the piece of music is illustrated as stream 800 of audio samples. The audio piece is, as has been detailed, windowed, wherein a first window is designated with i and a second window with j. Altogether, the audio piece has K windows, for example. This means that the similarity matrix has K rows and K columns. Then for each window i and for each window j a similarity measure to each other is calculated, wherein the calculated similarity measure or distance measure D(i,j) is input at the row or column designated by i and j, respectively, in the similarity matrix. A column thus shows the similarity of the window designated by j to all other audio windows in the piece of music. The similarity of the window j to the very first window of the piece of music would then be in the column j and in the row 1. The similarity of the window j to the second window of the piece of music would then be in the column j, but now in row 2. On the other hand, the similarity of the second window to the first window would be in the second column of the matrix and in the first row of the matrix.
It can be seen that the matrix is redundant in that it is symmetrical to the diagonal and that on the diagonal there is the similarity of the window to itself, which illustrates the trivial case of 100% similarity.
An example for a similarity matrix of a piece can be seen in FIG. 6. Here again, the completely symmetrical structure of the matrix with reference to the main diagonal can be recognized, wherein the main diagonal can be seen as a bright strip. Furthermore, it is pointed out that due to the small window lengths in comparison with the relatively rough time resolution, in FIG. 6 the main diagonal is not seen as a bright continuous line, but is only about recognizable from FIG. 6.
Hereupon, using the similarity matrix, as it is illustrated for example in FIG. 6, a kernel correlation 512 with a kernel matrix 514 is performed to obtain a novelty measure, which is also known as "novelty score", and which could be averaged and is illustrated in smoothened form in FIG. 9. The smoothing of this novelty score is schematically illustrated in FIG. 5 by a block 516.
Hereupon, in a block 518 the segment boundaries are read out using the smoothened novelty value course, wherein local maxima in the smoothened novelty course have to be determined and, if required, shifted by a constant number of samples caused by the smoothing for this, in order to in fact obtain the correct segment boundaries of the audio piece as absolute or relative time indication.
Hereupon, as it can already be seen from FIG. 5 in a block designated with clustering, a so-called segment similarity representation or segment similarity matrix is established as shown in block 520. An example for a segment similarity matrix is illustrated in FIG. 7. The similarity matrix in FIG. 7 in principle is similar to the feature similarity matrix of FIG. 6, wherein now, however, features from windows, as in FIG. 6, are no longer used, but features from a whole segment. The segment similarity matrix has a meaning similar to the feature similarity matrix, but with a substantially rougher resolution, which is, of course, desired when considering that window lengths lie in the range of 0.05 seconds, whereas reasonably long segments lie in the range of maybe 10 seconds of a piece.
Hereupon, in a block 522, then clustering is performed, i.e. a classification of the segments into segment classes (a classification of similar segments into the same segment class), in order to then mark the segment classes found in a block 524, which is also designated as "labeling". In the labeling, it is determined which segment class contains segments that are stanzas, that are refrains, that are intros, outros, bridges, etc.
Finally, in a block designated with 526 in FIG. 5, a music summary is established, which may for example be provided to a user in order to hear only e.g. a stanza, a refrain and the intro of a piece without redundancy.
Subsequently, it will be gone into the individual blocks in still greater detail.
As has already been explained, the actual segmentation of the piece of music takes place only when the feature matrices are generated and stored (block 504).
Subject to on the basis of which feature the piece of music is to be examined regarding its structure, the corresponding feature matrix is read out and loaded into a working memory for further processing. The feature matrix has the dimension of number of the analysis window by number of feature coefficients.
By the similarity matrix, the feature course of a piece is brought into a two-dimensional representation. For each paired combination of feature vectors, the distance measure is calculated, which is kept in the similarity matrix. For the calculation of the distance measure between two vectors, there are various possibilities, namely for example the Euclidean distance measurement and the cosine distance measurement. A result D(i,j) between the two feature vectors is stored in the i, jth element of the window similarity matrix (block 506). The main diagonal of the similarity matrix represents the course of the entire piece. Accordingly, the elements of the main diagonal result from the respective comparison of a window with itself and always have the value of the greatest similarity. In the cosine distance measurement, this is the value 1, in the simple scalar difference and the Euclidean distance this value equals 0.
For the visualization of a similarity matrix as it is illustrated in FIG. 6, each element i, j is assigned a gray scale. The gray scales are graded proportionally to the similarity values, so that the maximum similarity (the main diagonal) corresponds to the maximum similarity. By this illustration, the structure of a song may already be recognized optically due to the matrix. Regions of similar feature expression correspond to quadrants of similar brightness along the main diagonal. It is the task of the actual segmentation to find the boundaries between the regions.
The structure of the similarity matrix is important for the novelty measure calculated in the kernel correlation 512. The novelty measure develops by the correlation of a special kernel along the main diagonal of the similarity matrix. An exemplary kernel K is illustrated in FIG. 5. If this kernel matrix is correlated along the main diagonal of the similarity matrix S, and all products of the overlying matrix elements for each time instant i of the piece are summed, the novelty measure is obtained, which is exemplarily illustrated in smoothened form in FIG. 9. Preferably, not the kernel K is used in FIG. 5, but an enlarged kernel, which is additionally overlaid with a Gaussian distribution, so that the edges of the matrix move toward 0.
The selection of the prominent maxima in the novelty course is important for the segmentation. The selection of all maxima of the un-smoothened novelty course would lead to a strong over-segmentation of the audio signal.
Therefore, the novelty measure should be smoothened, namely with various filters, such as IIR filters or FIR filters.
If the segment boundaries of a piece of music are extracted, now similar segments have to be characterized as such and grouped in classes.
Foote and Cooper describe the calculation of a segment-based similarity matrix by means of a Cullback-Leibler distance. For this, on the basis of the segment boundaries acquired from the novelty course, individual segment feature matrices are extracted from the entire feature matrix, i.e. each of these matrices is a sub-matrix of the entire feature matrix. The segment similarity matrix 520 thus developed is now subjected to a singular value decomposition (SVD). Hereupon, singular values in decreasing order are obtained.
In block 526, then an automatic summary of a piece is performed on the basis of the segments and the clusters of a piece of music. For this, at first the two clusters with the greatest singular values are selected. Then the segment with the maximum value of the corresponding cluster indicator is added to this summary. This means that the summary includes a stanza and a refrain. Alternatively, also all repeated segments may be removed to ensure that all information of the piece is provided, but always exactly once.
With reference to further techniques for the segmentation/music analysis it is referred to CHU, S./LOGAN B.: Music Summary using Key Phrases. Technical Report, Cambridge Research Laboratory 2000, BARTSCH, M. A./WAKEFIELD, G. H.: To Catch a Chorus: Using Chroma-Based Representation for Audio Thumbnailing. Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop of Signal Processing to Audio and Acoustics 2001. http://musen.engin.umich.edu/papers/bartsch wakefield waspaa01final.pdf.
It is disadvantageous in the known method that the singular value decomposition (SVD) for segment class formation, i.e. for assigning segments to clusters, on the one hand is very computing-intensive, and on the other hand problematic in the judgement of the results. When the singular values are about equally large, a potentially wrong decision is taken in that the two similar singular values actually represent the same segment class and not two different segment classes.
Furthermore, it has been found out that the results obtained by the singular value decomposition become more and more problematic when there are strong similarity value differences, i.e. when a piece contains very similar portions, like stanza and refrain, but also relatively dissimilar portions, like intro, outro or bridge.
It is further problematic in the known method that it is always assumed that the cluster among the two clusters with the highest singular values, which has the first segment in the song, is the cluster "stanza" and that the other cluster is the cluster "refrain". This procedure is based on assuming, in the known method, that a song always begins with a stanza. Experience has shown that significant labeling errors are obtained with this. This is problematic in so far as the labeling is, as it were, the "harvest" of the entire method, i.e. what the user gets to know immediately. Even if the preceding steps have been precise and intensive, everything becomes relative when at the end it is labeled wrongly, since then the trust of the user in the entire concept could suffer altogether.
At this point it is to be pointed out that in particular there is need for automatic music analysis methods, without always being able to examine and, if necessary, correct the result. Instead a method is only employable in the market when it can run automatically without any human post-correction.
It is further disadvantageous in the known concept that in the segmentation it is built upon the segmentation calculated by the singular value decomposition. In other words, this means that both the clustering and the final labeling builds upon the segmentation determined by singular value decomposition. In this way, however, the clustering and labeling, and thus also the music summary that is the actual product of the entire method for the listener, can never become better than the underlying segmentation.
If over-segmentation takes place, as it often happens in particular for kernel-correlation-based concepts, it is predicted to obtain far too many segment classes in the end which then have to be post-processed to completely remove spurious segment classes which actually do not correspond to any main part, if necessary. This "post-repair" is unfavorable in that audio information is eliminated with this. When navigating through the audio piece due to the segment classes already designated, a listener will then not be able to hear the entire audio information, since insignificant segments which actually do not correspond to any main part have been completely eliminated in this method.
Even more important, however, is the fact that an over-segmentation, which may also occur by other segmentation methods, points to the fact that the original primary segmentation was not correct. The segments, for example, of the segment class designated with "refrain" are then of different quality. A segment in which the segmentation was correct has a longer refrain, whereas another segment in which the segmentation was not correct has a shorter refrain. If the segmented representation of the audio piece is then worked with, this leads to synchronization problems and also to irritation of the user, which may even go so far that the user loses trust in the segmentation concept.

Apparatus and method for changing a segmentation of an audio piece

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Forderung der angewandten Forschung eV


A semiconductor memory device includes a first block having first memory cells and first select transistors, a second block having second memory cells and second select transistors, and arranged adjacent to the first block in a first direction, the second select transistor being arranged to face the first select transistor and commonly having a diffusion region with the first select transistor, a first interconnection layer provided on the diffusion region between the first and second blocks and extending in a second direction, and a second interconnection layer having a first portion provided in contact with an upper portion of the first interconnection layer and extending to a portion outside the first interconnection layer, and a second portion extending in the second direction and connected to the first portion in a portion outside a portion on the first interconnection layer.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a semiconductor memory device and a manufacturing method thereof, for example, a buried common interconnection structure used in the semiconductor memory device.
2. Description of the Related Art
As a nonvolatile semiconductor memory, a NAND flash memory that electrically performs data program and erase operations is known. The NAND flash memory has a plurality of units each including a memory cell group configured by a plurality of memory cells that are serially connected along a first direction and source-side and drain-side select transistors that are respectively serially connected to both ends of the current path of the memory cell group. The above units are arranged in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction. The diffusion regions of the select transistors (source-side transistors) are connected to a common source line extending in the second direction. As contacts that connect the diffusion regions of the source-side select transistors to the common source line, contacts using a buried interconnection layer are disclosed in Jpn. Pat. Appln. KOKAI Publication No. 2003-188252 (particularly, FIGS. 41 and 42). Further, the transistors (drain-side transistors) are respectively connected to a plurality of bit lines via bit line contacts.
The buried interconnection layer that connects the source-side select transistors to the common source line is formed in the same step as the formation step of the bit line contacts for simplifying the manufacturing process. Since the buried interconnection layer is formed in a line form extending in the second direction, in the step of forming holes for the bit line contacts in an interlayer insulating layer, etching gas tends to more easily enter in a groove for the buried interconnection layer than holes for the bit line contacts. As a result, the groove for the buried interconnection layer may be formed deeper than the holes for the bit line contacts.
Further, when the buried interconnection layer and bit line contacts are formed by a dual damascene method, the groove for the common source interconnection is formed by etching while the groove for the buried interconnection layer is opened. As a result, the bottom of the buried interconnection layer becomes deeper than that of the diffusion region to thereby increase junction leakage.

Semiconductor memory device and manufacturing method thereof


Systems and methods for optimizing the power of a battery in a mobile device are provided. The systems and methods include receiving a request from at least one of a plurality of applications running on the mobile device. The systems and methods further include determining user characteristics from interacting with at least one of the applications and determining a user dwell time threshold based upon the user's interactions with an application. The systems and methods further include buffering requests if the user dwell time is less than the user dwell threshold level.

The described aspects relate to power optimization, and more specifically to apparatus and methods relating to power optimization for wireless device services based on user behavior.
Power consumption and extending battery life has been a design consideration since the first mobile devices were introduced. Modern mobile devices support a wide array of services including voice, video and audio playback, and internet use. Thus, power consumption and battery life optimization is now being considered with respect to each of these services.
Generally optimizing battery life for a mobile device included efficient hardware design modifications for longer battery life. However, optimizing the hardware in a mobile device for data service is difficult since there are many different types of data services available.
Therefore, improved apparatus and methods without having to modify the hardware of the mobile device are desired.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


In a method for providing a portable flood barrier (1), flood barrier sections (2, 3, 4) comprising two parallel, spaced apart, inflatable, elongated tubes (5,6 or 5,7) which are joined by a waterproof web (8) are placed on the ground (9) with the side of one of the tubes (6 or 7) facing the flooded area (10), and the other tube (5) facing away from the flooded area (10). Both tubes (5,6 or 5,7) are inflated, and ballast water (13) is filled on the web (8), whereupon, when floodwater (14) rises, the tube (6 or 7) facing the flooded area (10) floats in the floodwater (14) and due to its buoyancy rises, thereby forming a flood barrier (1).

1. Field of Invention
The invention relates to a method for providing a portable flood barrier, in which flood barrier sections comprising two parallel, spaced apart, inflatable, elongated tubes joined by a waterproof web are placed on the ground with the side of one of the tubes facing the flooded area, and the other tube facing away from the flooded area. The invention also relates to a portable flood barrier section comprising two parallel, spaced apart, inflatable, elongated tubes. Further the invention relates to a portable flood barrier system comprising flood barrier sections.
2. Description of Prior Art
Flooding, caused by heavy rain, storms or melted snow, is a problem causing great economical damage and sometimes personal injury. For the purpose of flood control various types of barricades are built.
A well-known type of barricade is the sandbag barricade. This barricade is labour intensive and relatively slow to build. Thus there is a need for a portable barrier which can easily and quickly be erected.
Various types of portable flood barriers are known.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,981,392 describes a water inflatable structural module for constructing temporary dikes and related structures, comprising two identical elongated flattened cylinders which are sealed at opposite lateral ends to form a sealed, watertight chamber within a cylinder. The cylinders are joined by a flexible web. The cylinders can be inflated with water. Several modules may be stacked in an interlocking structure of any desired height without the use of fastening elements.
U.S. 5,645,373 describes a temporary flood control system comprising elongated flexible, inflatable, tubular ballast members secured to each other and adapted to be disposed on the ground for anchoring a generally sheetlike vertically extendable barrier wall or an inflatable tubular barrier member disposed above and connected to the ballast members. The ballast members are at least partly fillable with a dense ballast liquid, such as water, and may be inflated with pressurized air.
SE 503 551 describes a flood barrier comprising at least one water-filled chamber and a web or skirt which is kept in place by the floodwater. A similar construction in which the chamber is filled with air is also known.
De 3 810 493 describes a flood barrier comprising two inflatable hoses of different size, which are joined by a very short web. Both hoses may be partly filled with water. When used as a flood barrier, the larger hose is placed facing the flooded area, while the smaller hose is placed behind the larger hose as a support.
A general problem with these portable flood barriers according to prior art is their lack of resistance against lateral pressure from the flooded area, which may lead to lateral movement of the flood barrier and the subsequent breaking through of water. A further problem, particularly on soft or permeable ground, is water-flow from the flooded area underneath the barrier.
The object of the invention is to provide a method for providing a portable flood barrier, a portable flood barrier section and a flood barrier system comprising portable flood barrier sections which shall be quick and easy to erect, which shall withstand lateral pressure from the flood area, and in which the above mentioned problem of floodwater flowing underneath the barrier shall be reduced.
The objects are achieved by a method for providing a portable flood barrier, a portable flood barrier section and a flood barrier system as mentioned in the preamble, which are characterized by the features of the claims.
The invention relates to a method for providing a portable flood barrier, in which flood barrier sections comprising two parallel, spaced apart, inflatable, elongated tubes joined by a waterproof web are placed on the ground with the side of one of the tubes facing the flooded area, and the other tube facing away from the flooded area. According to the invention both tubes are inflated, and ballast water is filled on the web. This is done in an area in which flooding is expected to take place, preferably prior to the rising of the floodwater. Some water on the ground in which the barrier sections are placed will, however, normally not preclude the use of the invention. When the floodwater rises, the tube facing the flooded area floats in the floodwater and rises due to its buoyancy thereby forming a flood barrier.
The actual barrier is formed by the floating tube facing the flooded area. The method according to the invention thus relates to a principle, in which a physical phenomena created by the floodwater itself contributes to the formation of the barrier.
The barrier section and the flood barrier system according to the invention are favourable in the method for providing the flood barrier.

Portable flood barrier and method of installation


To provide a production method of a liquid crystal display device and a liquid crystal display device, in which generation of a joint line on a display screen is suppressed and yield can be improved even if a substrate is subjected to an alignment treatment by completing exposure for the substrate through several exposures in a liquid crystal display device including pixels each having two or more domains. The present invention is a production method of a production method of a liquid crystal display device, the liquid crystal display device including: a pair of opposed substrates; a liquid crystal layer formed between the pair of opposed substrates; and an alignment film arranged on a liquid crystal layer side surface of at least one of the pair of opposed substrates, and the liquid crystal display device having two or more regions which differ in alignment azimuth in a pixel, wherein the production method comprises an exposure step of exposing the alignment film in such a way that a substrate plane is divided into two or more exposure regions through a photomask in each exposure region, and in the exposure step, exposure is performed in such a way that adjacent two exposure regions have an overlapping exposure region where the adjacent two exposure regions partly overlap with each other, and the photomask comprises a halftone part corresponding to the overlapping exposure region.

A liquid crystal display device has been widely used in a TV, a monitor for personal computers, and the like, because it is a display device with low power consumption and it can be reduced in weight and thickness. However, according to the liquid crystal display device, light polarization is generally controlled by a tilt angle of a liquid molecule in accordance with an applied voltage, and therefore the light transmittance depends on a viewing angle. Therefore, in the liquid crystal display device, a contrast ratio is reduced and gradation reversal at the time of intermediate scale display, and the like, are caused, depending on the viewing angle. Accordingly, such a common liquid crystal display device has room for improvement in that the viewing angle characteristics are insufficient.
An alignment division technique in which alignment and tilt directions of liquid crystal molecules are divided into two or more regions in one pixel has been developed. According to this technique, if a voltage is applied to a liquid crystal layer, the liquid crystal molecules are tilted in different directions in the pixel, thereby improving the viewing angle characteristics of the liquid crystal display device. The respective regions which differ in the alignment azimuth of the liquid crystal molecules are each referred to as a domain. The alignment division is also referred to as multi-domain.
With regard to the liquid crystal mode where the alignment division is performed, examples of horizontal alignment mode include multi-domain twist nematic (TN) mode, multi-domain electrically controlled birefringence (ECB) mode, and multi-domain optically compensated birefringence (OCB) mode. In addition, multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA) mode, patterned vertical alignment (PVA) mode, and the like are mentioned as a vertical alignment mode. Various modifications have been made to further improve the viewing angle in the liquid crystal display devices in various modes.
A rubbing method, a photo alignment method, and the like, may be mentioned as such an alignment division method. With regard to the rubbing method, an alignment division method of separating a rubbing region from a non-rubbing region by patterning a resist has been proposed. However, according to such a rubbing method, an alignment film surface is provided with an alignment treatment by being rubbed with a cloth wound on a roller, which causes the following defects: damage on switching elements by a fiber of the cloth, dusts such as rubbed scraps, or static electricity; characteristic shift; and characteristic deterioration. In such a point, the rubbing method still has room for improvement.
In contrast, the photo alignment method is an alignment method in which a photo alignment film is used as a material for the alignment film, and the photo alignment film is irradiated with a light beam such as UV, thereby being provided with an alignment regulating force. Accordingly, the alignment film can be provided with the alignment treatment in a contactless manner. Therefore, generation of soils, dusts, and the like during the alignment treatment can be suppressed. In addition, use of a photomask at the time of exposure makes it possible to irradiate the alignment film with a light beam under conditions which vary depending on a region in the alignment film surface. As a result, domains having a desired design can be easily formed.
As a conventional alignment division method using the photo alignment method, the following method may be mentioned if one pixel is divided into two domains. A method in which a half region of the pixel is subjected with the first exposure using a photomask including a transmissive part and a shielding part corresponding to each pixel, and then the photomask is shifted by about a half-pitch, and then the rest region of the pixel is subjected to the second exposure under conditions different from those in the first exposure. According to such a photo alignment method, each pixel can be easily divided into two or more domains using the photomask. For example, the Patent Document 1 discloses a technology of VAECB (vertical alignment ECB) mode in which an alignment treatment is performed by the photo alignment method.
In addition, an increase in size, particularly in the liquid crystal display device, has rapidly proceeded recently. Liquid crystal TVs in 40 to 60-inch model have rapidly developed, although plasma TVs conventionally accounted for the greatest share of the devices in such a size. However, it is very difficult to perform the alignment division in such a 60-inch liquid crystal display device by the above-mentioned conventional photo alignment method. The reason is given below. An exposure device which can be installed in a factory is limited, and therefore it is realistically impossible to install an exposure device capable of completing exposure for the 60-inch substrate by one exposure. That is why it is impossible to complete exposure for the entire surface of the 60-inch substrate by one exposure. Accordingly, the exposure for the substrate needs to be completed through several exposures, when a large liquid crystal display device is subjected to the alignment division. Further, also if the alignment division treatment is performed for a relatively small liquid crystal display device in 20-inch model by the photo alignment method, the exposure for the substrate might need to be completed through several exposures in the case where the size of the exposure device needs to be decreased as much as possible. However, if the exposure for the substrate is completed through several exposures and thereby a liquid crystal display device is prepared, a joint line between the exposure regions is clearly observed on the display screen.
Accordingly, if the liquid crystal display device is subjected to the alignment division by completing the exposure for the substrate through several exposures, there is still room for improvement in that generation of the joint line on the display screen is suppressed and the yield is improved.
[Patent Document 1]
Japanese Kokai Publication No. 2001-281669

Production method of liquid crystal display device with halftone overlapping masking and liquid crystal display device


An embodiment of the invention is associated with a virtualized environment that includes a hypervisor, client LPARs, and virtual servers that each has a SEA, wherein one SEA is selected to be primary SEA for connecting an LPAR and specified physical resources. A first SEA of a virtual server sends a call to the hypervisor, and in response the hypervisor enters physical adapter capability information, contained in the call and pertaining to the first SEA, into a table. Further in response to receiving the call, the hypervisor decides whether or not the first SEA of the virtual server should then be the primary SEA. The hypervisor sends a return call indicating its decision to the first SEA.

1. Field
The invention disclosed and claimed herein generally pertains to a network virtualized environment, wherein a Virtual Input/Output Server (VIO Server or VIOS) has a shared ethernet adapter (SEA) for connecting client Logical Partitions (LPARs) to physical network resources. More particularly, the invention pertains to an environment of the above type having two VIO Servers, in order to provide a primary SEA and a backup SEA. Even more particularly, the invention pertains to an improved or enhanced failover mechanism, to selectively exchange the primary and backup roles or states of the two SEAs, as required.
2. Description of the Related Art
As is known by those of skill in the art, VIOS is a special purpose virtual machine that can virtualize I/O resources to other virtual machines, such as client LPARs, in a network virtualized environment comprising a central electronics complex (CEC) or other computer system environment. VIOS works by owning physical resources, e.g. storage and network resources, and mapping respective physical resources to virtual resources. Client LPARs connect to physical resources via these mappings.
In a useful arrangement or configuration, a client LPAR is connected to an internal virtual ethernet, and the SEA of a VIOS, comprising a module on the VIOS, is used to establish a bridge between the internal virtual ethernet, and an external physical ethernet network. The client LPAR thus has access to network IO resources, delivered via the VIOS. However, this arrangement could be quite undesirable, if the VIOS represented a potential single point of failure for that client LPAR. To avoid this single point of failure, the VIOS have typically been configured in pairs, along with a failover method, so that if one VIOS goes down, the other VIOS takes over. Thus, the client partition is not impacted.
In a common prior art failover arrangement, two VIO Servers are provided, wherein each one has a SEA. The SEA of one of the VIO Servers is initially selected to be the primary SEA, which is responsible for establishing a bridge as described above, to connect client LPARs to physical resources. The SEA of the other VIO Server becomes the backup SEA, and remains passive while in that role. Each of the SEAs is configured with a trunk virtual ethernet adapter and a corresponding trunk priority, and the SEA with the higher trunk priority becomes the primary SEA.
The information about liveliness of each SEA, and changes in its trunk priority, is exchanged between the two SEAs by extending a control channel between them. The control channel is a virtual ethernet on a separate virtual local area network (VLAN) for exchanging keep alive (KA) messages and other state information between the primary and backup SEAs. More particularly, the primary SEA sends KA packets to the backup SEA at prespecified intervals, such as every 300 msecs, wherein the KA packets contain the priority of the primary SEA.
Upon reception of each KA, the backup SEA checks whether the priority of the primary SEA is higher than its own priority, and if so it just keeps listening to KAs. However, if the backup SEA trunk priority is found to be higher, then the backup SEA kicks off a state change, and sends a RECOVERY packet to the primary SEA to indicate the priority of the backup SEA. Upon receiving the RECOVERY packet, the primary SEA will validate that the backup SEA priority is indeed higher. The primary SEA accepts the RECOVERY packet by sending a NOTIFY packet to the backup SEA. Once the NOTIFY packet is received, the backup SEA takes over as primary SEA, and starts sending KAs to the previous primary SEA, which goes to backup state and starts listening to KAs.
In the above arrangement, if the primary SEA goes down, the backup SEA waits for the time period of a specified number of successive KAs, such as 3KAs or 900 msec. If no KA is received by the backup SEA during this period, the backup SEA then takes over as primary SEA, and becomes responsible for subsequent bridging tasks.
The above prior art arrangement has some significant drawbacks. For example, this design has complete dependence on the control channel. Any issues that occur with the control channel will cause SEA failover to behave in an unpredictable manner, and may likely result in network outages. There are instances where the primary SEA is functioning fine, but due to problems on the control channel (such as packet drops or communication failures), the backup SEA has not received KAs. The backup SEA therefore assumes the primary SEA is dead, and takes over as primary SEA. This results in both of the SEAs bridging simultaneously, which can result in network loops unless switches have implemented Spanning Tree Protocol (STP). These network loops can bring an entire network to a standstill.
Further drawbacks include the complexity of failover configuration using control channels, which are faced by many customers and other users. Also, the requirement of using a VLAN as a control channel prevents LPARs from using this VLAN for any communication.
The above prior art arrangement, and additional drawbacks and disadvantages thereof, is described hereinafter in further detail, in connection with FIG. 2.

Enhanced failover mechanism in a network virtualized environment

International Business Machines Corporation


The present disclosure relates to a circuit breaker positioning system and method including a circuit breaker casing and circuit breaker cell for connecting and disconnecting a circuit breaker to an external electrical circuit. The circuit breaker positioning system includes a motion system for receiving a rotational force from an external source and translating the rotational force into a displacement of the casing relative to the cell.

Commercial- and industrial-type low-voltage circuit breakers may come in a variety of shapes and sizes, and connecting and disconnecting such circuit breakers in an external circuit may require more than simply actuating a switch or button. Indeed, in some cases circuit breakers may need to be physically displaced with respect to connectors in order to be properly and fully connected or disconnected from the external circuit. This may be done by having movable connectors which can extend or retract, or by displacing the whole circuit breaker, to name a few possibilities.
In cases where the circuit breaker as a whole is displaced to effect connection or disconnection, this may be accomplished through manual labor or by way of a motorized system. While motorized systems may be simpler and less time consuming to operate, there is an inherent risk of damaging or destroying connectors of both the circuit breaker and the external circuit if the motorized system displaces the circuit breaker too quickly, or if too great a force is applied. As such, there is a need for a circuit breaker positioning system which provides greater control for the connecting and disconnecting of a circuit breaker to an external circuit

Circuit breaker positioning system and method for connection and disconnection thereof


A distinct cultivar of Campanula plant named xe2x80x98La Belloxe2x80x99, characterized by its upright growth habit; double white-colored campanulate flowers; and temperature tolerance from xe2x88x9230 to 40xc2x0 C.

Botanical classification/cultivar designation: Campanula persicifolia cultivar La Bello.
The present Invention relates to a new and distinct cultivar of Campanula plant, botanically known as Campanula persicifolia, and hereinafter referred to by the name xe2x80x98La Belloxe2x80x99.
The new Campanula originated from a cross-pollination made by the Inventor in 2000 of two unidentified selections of Campanula persicifolia, not patented.
Asexual reproduction of the new cultivar by cuttings taken at Rijpwetering, The Netherlands since 2000, has shown that the unique features of this new Campanula are stable and reproduced true to type in successive generations.
Plants of the cultivar La Bello have not been observed under all possible environmental conditions. The phenotype may vary somewhat with variations in environment such as temperature and/or light intensity without, however, any variance in genotype.
The following traits have been repeatedly observed and are determined to be the unique characteristics of xe2x80x98La Belloxe2x80x99. These characteristics in combination distinguish xe2x80x98La Belloxe2x80x99 as a new and distinct cultivar:
1. Upright growth habit.
2. Double white-colored campanulate flowers.
3. Temperature tolerance from xe2x88x9230 to 40xc2x0 C.
Plants of the new Campanula differ from plants of the parent selections and cultivars known to the Inventor in flower color and flower form.


The present invention relates to a combined norovirus and rotavirus vaccine for prevention of norovirus and rotavirus infection and/or viral-induced diarrheal and vomiting diseases in man. More specifically, the invention comprises a method of preparing combination vaccine compositions comprising norovirus and rotavirus antigens, in particular mixtures of norovirus VLPs and rotavirus recombinant VP6 protein or double-layered VP2/VP6 VLPs. In addition, the invention relates to methods of inducing an immune response.

Rotavirus gastroenteritis causes more than 500 000 deaths every year in young children worldwide. Rotaviruses (RV), members of the family of Reoviridae, is the single most important causative agent of severe diarrhea in young children also in developed countries, resulting in fewer deaths than in developing countries but numerous hospitalizations at high cost. Live oral rotavirus vaccines have been available since 2006. Both the WHO and many indivictual countries now recommend vaccination of all healthy children against rotavirus.
In the development of a live oral rotavirus vaccine, Professor Timo Vesikari of the University of Tampere has played a key role. The first clinical trials of any rotavirus vaccine were conducted in Tampere in 1982. Prof. Vesikari and his team were instrumental in the pivotal trials establishing the efficacy and safety of the two currently licensed live oral rotavirus vaccines, the bovine-human reassortant pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq® (Merck) and the human rotavirus vaccine Rotarix® (GSK) (Vesikari et al. Safety and efficacy of a pentavalent human-bovine (WC3) reassortant rotavirus vaccine. N Engl J Med 2006;354:23-33; Vesikari et al. Efficacy of human rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus gastroenteritis during the first 2 years of life in European infants: randomised, double-blind controlled study. Lancet 2007;370:1757-63).
The currently available live attenuated oral rotavirus vaccines, while efficacious and successfully implemented in many countries, have potential safety issues that may limit their use in the long run. An earlier live oral rotavirus vaccine, based on rhesus rotavirus (RotaShield®, Wyeth), was withdrawn in the USA in 1999 because of association with intestinal intussusception, which may have occurred in about 1 in 10 000 recipients of the first dose of the vaccine. The currently licensed rotavirus vaccine does not involve such a great risk but a rare association cannot be excluded.
Furthermore, in 2010, it was discovered that both licensed live rotavirus vaccines contained porcine circovirus (PCV) DNA. Although the significance of this finding is unknown, it caused temporary suspension of one of the vaccines and a decrease in rotavirus vaccination overall. Both of these issues are inherent to live vaccines only, and together emphasize the need to develop non-live alternatives for rotavirus vaccines.
A rotavirus genome consists of 11 segments of double stranded RNA held in the inner core of the three-layered virus. The three layers consist of a core protein VP2 bound to dsRNA, an inner capsid protein VP6, and an outer capsid glycoprotein VP7 with hemagglutinin spike protein VP4. The major capsid protein VP6 determines viral group specificity and is the most conserved, immunogenic, and abundant rotavirus protein. The outer capsid proteins VP7 and VP4 contain neutralizing epitopes and induce protective immunity on the basis of neutralizing antibodies.
The mechanism of active protection induced by live oral rotavirus vaccines is not fully known. Surface proteins VP7 and VP4 are known to induce serotype specific neutralizing antibodies. However, there is significant cross-protection between serotypes that cannot be explained by serotype-specific immunity. VP6 is an immunodominant protein in rotavirus infection and after vaccination. Although VP6 does not induce neutralizing antibodies it induces heterologous rotavirus specific immunity.
The first rotavirus recombinant VP6 (rVP6) protein was produced from the rBV expression system more than two decades ago (Estes M et al. 1987). VP6 alone forms oligomeric structures including tubules, spheres and sheets in vitro composed of a variable number of trimers (Lepaualt J, Embo J, 20, 2001). Co-expression of VP2 and VP6 in rBVs results in the formation of double-layered virus-like particles (dl VLPs). Coexpression of VP2, VP6, and VP7 (with or without VP4) leads to triple-layered VLPs resembling native infectious rotavirus particles. A majority of the immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy studies in animal models has accomplished using different rotavirus VLPs or non-human recombinant VP6 protein with an adjuvant. No human clinical trials with the non-live subunit rotavirus protein vaccines using either VLPs or the recombinant VP6 protein have been accomplished so far.
After elimination or reduction of rotavirus in many areas, the relative role of norovirus as a causative agent is increasing. Noroviruses (NV) are members of the family Caliciviridae causing sporadic acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans of all age groups, and are associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis worldwide. NV cause annually approximately 1 million hospitalizations and more than 200 000 deaths worldwide in children less than 5 years of age. After rotavirus, the second most important viral cause of acute gastroenteritis in young children is norovirus.
A norovirus genome consists of a single stranded RNA of about 7.6 kb that is organized into three open reading frames (ORF 1-3). The ORF1 codes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase similarly to other ssRNA viruses; the ORF2 encodes the major capsid protein VP1 and the ORF3 codes a small structural protein VP2. Most NVs affecting humans belong to two genogroups (GI and GII), and these two genogroups are divided into at least 8 GI and 17 GII genotypes. In recent years, it is the genotype GII-4 that has been primarily responsible for the majority of sporadic gastroenteritis cases and outbreaks.
A unique feature of the capsid VP1 protein is its ability to self-assemble into the empty virus-like particles (VLPs). Cloning of genogroup I Norwalk virus capsid gene into a recombinant baculovirus (rBV) has led to the production of the first norovirus VLPs twenty years ago (Jiang et al. 1992). These VLPs are morphologically and antigenically similar to the native NV. The three-dimensional structure of norovirus VLPs, viewed by using electron cryomicroscopy and computer image processing techniques, shows that the norovirus capsid forms a T=3 icosahedral symmetrical structure containing 180 molecules of the VP1 capsid proteins organized into 90 dimers with a diameter of 38 nm. Norovirus VLPs are widely used as a source of antigen in diagnostic serological assays, as well as for development of candidate vaccines against noroviruses. Although the receptor/s for norovirus binding and entry is/are not completely elucidated, it has recently been found that NV recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) as receptors. Among the HBGAs, the most commonly encountered blood groups are ABO (ABH) and Lewis. These complex carbohydrates are found on the red blood cells and mucosal epithelial cells or as free antigens in biological fluids. Further, it has recently been found that the recognition of HBGAs by NV is strain-specific, and several distinct receptor binding patterns have been identified.
For norovirus, a live vaccine is not an option, because noroviruses cannot be cultivated in a cell culture. Therefore, the candidate vaccines for norovirus have been and are likely to be either VLP vaccines or soluble antigen vaccines.
The use of non-replicating subunit vaccines and subviral particles in modern vaccine design started in the mid 80's with the discovery of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) particles found in blood of HB infected patients. These vaccines are generally safe as they are deprived of any live attenuated or inactivated viruses or their genetic material, and they are relatively easily and cost effectively produced in high quantities. An example of a subunit protein vaccine are virus like particles (VLPs) which mimic empty shells of live viruses and therefore possess antigenic and immunogenic properties similar to those of the live virus. Vaccine induced serum neutralizing antibodies are important to for protection against viral infections. Essential features of VLPs include that they resemble the natural virus and therefore retain neutralizing epitopes which are conformation-dependent.
There are several intriguing features or major attributes of NV VLPs and RV VP6 protein which make them promising vaccine candidates. Because of their repetitive, multivalent structures, VLPs are extremely immunogenic. The presentation of an antigen in a highly organized, dense, repetitive array on the surface of VLPs provokes strong antibody responses at very low doses, whereas the same antigen presented as a monomer is normally nonimmunogenic. B cells are efficiently activated by these repetitive structures (as are VLPs or rVP6 trimers organized into hexagons and packed into the higher order structures, e.g. tubules) which lead to cross-linking of B cell receptors on the cell surface. The particulate nature of VLPs, especially in a size range of around 40 nm, which is optimal for uptake of nanoparticles by professional antigen presenting cells (APC), namely dendritic cells (DC), via macropinocytosis and endocytosis (Fifis T., J Immunol, 2004, 173). Therefore, VLPs similarly to live viruses directly activate and mature DC without the need for other cells. DC play a central role in activating innate and adaptive immune responses and are involved in long lived memory IgG production and are the only APC capable of activating naïve T cells. VLPs efficiently prime CTL in the absence of intracellular replication (Keller S A et al., Intro, J Immunol, 2010). Therefore, VLPs are efficient in stimulating both cell mediated immunity (CMI) and humoral immune response.
As already mentioned above, VP6 is the most abundant and immunogenic subgroup-specific antigen of rotavirus. The ability of VP6 to form multimeric structures and the strong immune response that VP6 can elicit make it an excellent rotavirus vaccine candidate. VP6 does not induce neutralization antibodies to rotavirus but instead induces heterotypic cross-protective immunity by eliciting strong T helper (Th) cell responses which promote cross-reactive immunity (Burns J W et al., 1996 Science; Parez N et al, 2004, J Virol). VP6-specific CD4+ Th cells provide cognate help to B cells specific for neutralizing epitopes on the VP7 and/or VP4 molecules (Esquirel F R, Arch. Virol 2000, 145, 813). In addition, VP6-specific CD4+ Th cells were shown to protect against murine rotavirus infection either by a direct cytotoxic mechanism in mucosa or by antiviral cytokines production.
Given the severity of rotavirus and norovirus infections and deficiencies in the currently available vaccines, there is a need for both non-live norovirus and rotavirus vaccines, especially for the prevention of acute gastroenteritis in childhood. Immune responses to NV and RV are complex, and the correlates of protection are not completely elucidated. Collectively, the above-described unique properties attributed to the VLPs including NV VLPs and to the VP6 protein of RV suggest that a vaccine consisting of these two components represents a viable strategy to immunize against NV and RV infection.

Norovirus capsid and rotavirus VP6 protein for use as combined vaccine


A method and system delay the laminar-to-turbulent transition of a supersonic or hypersonic boundary layer flow moving in a flow direction over a surface. For supersonic boundary layer flow, oblique first-mode instability waves present in the boundary layer and propagating at an oblique angle relative to the flow direction cause a laminar-to-turbulent transition in the boundary layer flow. These instability waves have a wavelength associated therewith in a direction perpendicular to the flow direction. Flow disruptors are used to generate modulations within the boundary layer flow wherein a wavelength of the modulations along the direction perpendicular to the flow direction is less than one-half of the wavelength of the instability waves. For hypersonic boundary layer flow, the flow disruptors generate modulations within the boundary layer flow wherein the wavelength of the modulations is less than streak spacing for optimal transient growth or, equivalently, in the range of one to two times the boundary layer thickness.

It is well-established in aerodynamics that boundary layer transition from a laminar flow to a turbulent flow leads to large increases in skin friction on an aerodynamic surface. Therefore, delaying a boundary layer's laminar-to-turbulent transition (or "BLT" as it is known in the art) can produce a significant reduction in the overall drag experienced by an aerodynamic surface.
In the subsonic or incompressible boundary layer case, there are streamwise or planar Tollmien-Schlichting (TS) instability waves as well as oblique TS instability waves where "obliqueness" is viewed relative to the streamwise direction. However, in the subsonic or incompressible boundary layer regime, only streamwise or planar TS instability waves are of concern since they are the ones that first amplify sufficiently to cause BLT. In the presence of free stream turbulence or discrete-roughness-elements, one observes narrow, streamwise elongated regions of alternating high and low streamwise velocity in the boundary layer. These elongated regions are known in the art as "streaks". As is also known in the art, streaks stabilize the unstable and streamwise TS waves and weakly oblique TS waves when the wavelengths of the TS waves are between four and five times that of the streak wavelength.
In the supersonic and hypersonic regimes, the mechanism causing BLT is very different as the most amplified (or dominant) instabilities correspond to highly oblique first-mode waves for supersonic and planar/axisymmetric Mack mode waves for hypersonic. Furthermore, the compressible boundary layer always exhibits a generalized inflection point that induces the inviscid instability characteristic to the instability waves that is not present in favorable to weakly-adverse pressure gradient incompressible boundary layers. At supersonic speeds, which correspond to Mach numbers higher than 1 but roughly lower than 5, the generalized inflection point of the compressible boundary layer leads to the highly obliqueness of the first mode waves. At hypersonic speeds, which correspond to Mach numbers roughly higher than 5, a region of relative supersonic flow induces the acoustic mode characteristic to the inviscid Mack mode waves. Although the dominant inviscid Mack-mode waves in hypersonic flow are planar as the viscous TS waves in the subsonic flow, they are fundamentally different because of the physical mechanisms that lead to their exponential growth. As is known in the art of BLT in a supersonic boundary layer, the BLT process involving oblique first-mode instabilities is characterized by a strong amplification of stationary streamwise streaks, and further, that artificial suppression of such streaks has been shown to delay the onset of BLT. In a hypersonic boundary layer, the BLT process involving planar/axisymmetric Mack-mode instabilities is characterized by the non-linear saturation of the Mack-mode waves and subsequent three-dimensional secondary instability that quickly lead to the onset of BLT.

Method and system for delaying laminar-to-turbulent transition in high-speed boundary layer flow

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AS REPRESENTED BY THE ADMINSTRATOR OF NASA


A suspension arrangement for a bogie beam for a vehicle includes a connector having an arrangement for pivotally connecting the connector to a vehicle main body for pivoting around a substantially horizontal bogie pivot axis. The suspension arrangement includes a resilient arrangement for connecting the connector and the bogie beam to each other.

The present disclosure relates to a suspension arrangement. Moreover, the present disclosure relates to a bogie beam assembly and/or a vehicle.
The present disclosure can be applied in heavy-duty vehicles, such as trucks, buses and construction equipment. Although the invention will be described with respect to an articulated hauler, the invention is not restricted to this particular vehicle, but may also be used in other vehicles, for instance other types of work machines such as a wheel loader, a dumper truck, or any other type of construction equipment.
A vehicle, for instance a work machine, may comprise a bogie beam from which two or more wheels are suspended. Generally, such a bogie beam is pivotally connected to a vehicle portion, such as a vehicle frame.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,324,417 discloses a bogie beam system that comprises a variable spring means connecting a portion of the bogie beam to a vehicle frame in order to mitigate the pivot motion of the bogie beam relative to the vehicle frame.
Although the U.S. Pat. No. 4,324,417 system may be appropriate for many applications, there is still a need for improving bogie beam systems.
It is desirable to provide a reliable suspension arrangement for a bogie beam for a vehicle.
As such, an aspect of the present disclosure relates to a suspension arrangement for a bogie beam for a vehicle. The suspension arrangement comprises a connector having a means for pivotally connecting the connector to a vehicle main body for pivoting around a substantially horizontal bogie pivot axis.
According to an aspect of the present disclosure, the suspension arrangement further comprises a resilient means for connecting the connector and the bogie beam to each other.
By virtue of the fact that the resilient means is adapted to connect the connector to the bogie beam, the magnitude of displacements of the bogie beam relative to the vehicle main body, such as a vehicle frame of the vehicle main body, may be reduced in a straightforward manner.
This in turn implies that the vehicle hosting the suspension arrangement may be driven at a higher speed on an uneven ground, as compared to a vehicle not equipped with the suspension arrangement, even when the vehicle is driven in an unloaded condition (or a condition with low load) in which the suspension from the wheels connected to the bogie beam may be low.
For instance, the intended position of the resilient means, viz between the connector and the bogie beam, implies a space efficient suspension of the bogie beam.
Further, by virtue of the fact that the connector has a means for pivotally connecting the connector to a vehicle main body, the resilient means may be designed with a focus on providing an appropriate suspension in at least the vertical direction. This in turn implies an appropriate versatility in the design of the resilient means.
As a non-limiting example, the pivotally connecting means may be such that the connector can pivot within at least a predetermined pivot range around the substantially horizontal bogie pivot axis. Purely by way of example, the size of the predetermined pivot range may be at least 10°. For instance, the predetermined pivot range may be a deviation of at least ±5° from an initial angular position of the connector.
Moreover, and again as a non-limiting example, the resilient means may be such that a relative motion of at least 10 millimeters, alternatively at least 30 millimeters, optionally more than 40 millimeters, between the connector and the bogie beam can be obtained. For instance, the relative motion may be a substantially vertical relative motion.
Optionally, the suspension arrangement comprises a bearing, such as a slide bearing or a roller bearing, at least a portion of which forming part of the means for pivotally connecting the connector to the vehicle main body. The bearing implies a cost efficient way of pivotally connecting the connector to the vehicle main body.
Optionally, the resilient means comprises a first resilient member. Optionally, the first resilient member comprises a rubber spring, preferably a rubber shear spring. By virtue of a rubber spring, a reliable and durable resilient means may be obtained.
Optionally, the resilient means comprises a second resilient member. Optionally, the second resilient member comprises a rubber spring, preferably a rubber shear spring.
Optionally, the connector has a connector extension in a connector direction. The connector direction extends from a connector top portion to a connector bottom portion.
Optionally, the vehicle extends in a vertical direction that is positive in a direction from the ground up towards the vehicle and the connector direction substantially extends in a negative vertical direction when the connector is connected to the vehicle main body.
Optionally, the first resilient member is adapted to extend from the connector to the bogie beam in a direction having a component extending in the connector direction.
Optionally, the second resilient member is adapted to extend from the connector to the bogie beam in a direction having a component extending in the connector direction.
An extension in the connector direction for the first and/or the second resilient member implies that the suspension by the resilient member may be achieved at least partially by a compression of the resilient member. Many types of resilient members, such as e.g. rubber elements, generally have better suspension characteristics when operating in a compressed state than when operating under tensile strain.
Optionally, the first resilient member is adapted to extend from the connector to the bogie beam in a first direction having a component extending in a first horizontal direction, perpendicular to the connector direction, and the second resilient member extends from the connector to the bogie beam in a second direction having a component extending in a second horizontal direction. The second horizontal direction is substantially opposite to the first horizontal direction.
The above horizontal directions imply that the first and second resilient members substantially keep the horizontal position of the connector in relation to the bogie beam.
A second aspect of the present disclosure relates to a bogie beam assembly comprising a bogie beam and a suspension arrangement according to the first aspect of the present disclosure. The resilient means connects the connector to the bogie beam.
Optionally, the bogie beam comprises a bogie beam abutment portion. The connector has a connector abutment portion which is adapted to abut a portion of the bogie beam abutment portion when the resilient means has been deformed to a predetermined extent.
By virtue of the fact that a connector abutment portion is adapted to abut the bogie beam abutment portion, the bogie beam may be pivoted relative to a portion of a vehicle, such as a vehicle frame, even if the resilient means has been deformed to a large extent and/or even if the resilient means has ceased to function properly, e.g. due to a resilient means failure. This in turn implies that the basic functionality of the bogie beam, viz the ability to pivot relative to a vehicle portion, may not be dependent on the function of the resilient means.
Optionally, the bogie beam assembly comprises an initial gap between the connector abutment portion and the bogie beam abutment portion. Preferably, the initial gap may be at least 10 millimetres, more preferred at least 30 millimetres, alternatively at least 40 millimetres. The initial gap may be obtained when the vehicle is in an unloaded condition. Moreover, the bogie beam assembly may be such that the connector abutment portion abuts the portion of the bogie beam recess wall when the vehicle is in a loaded condition. In a loaded condition, sufficient suspension may be obtained from the wheels connected to the bogie beam assembly.
Optionally, the connector abutment portion and the portion of the bogie beam recess wall are such that when the connector abutment portion abuts the portion of the bogie beam recess wall, the bogie beam may be pivoted relative to a portion of a vehicle in both a positive and a negative direction.
As a non-limiting example, the connector abutment portion and the portion of the bogie beam recess wall may be such that when the connector abutment portion abuts the portion of the bogie beam recess wall, at least two abutment points are obtained which are located at a distance from one another. Purely by way of example, the connector abutment portion and the portion of the bogie beam recess wall may have corresponding shapes.
Optionally, the bogie beam comprises a bogie beam cavity delimited by a bogie beam cavity wall, preferably said bogie beam cavity wall comprising the bogie beam abutment portion.
A third aspect of the present disclosure relates to a vehicle, preferably an articulated hauler, comprising a suspension arrangement according to the first aspect of the present disclosure and/or a bogie beam assembly according to the second aspect of the present disclosure.
It should be noted that the appended drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale and that the dimensions of some features of the present invention may have been exaggerated for the sake of clarity.


Provided herein is a novel approach to simultaneous fiber presence detection and improved laser eye safety of an optical transceiver. The subject optical transceiver is fitted with at least one switch in its receptacle that controls the laser diode and indicates the presence of a fiber (or fibers) within such a receptacle. If a fiber is present within the subject module receptacle, the laser switch is permitted to be “on”, whereas the absence of a fiber will prevent the laser switch from turning on, thereby permitting effective control of the laser at a single point of failure within the entire optical transceiver system. The typical optical transceivers of today exhibit limited optical power output due to eye safety limit criteria. With this novel approach, however, a module's output power can be increased to higher level since the only way a person's eye may be exposed to the laser is the removal of the fiber receptacle from the subject module and once the fiber is absent from the module, the laser turns off and/or put optical transceiver into standby mode automatically to save power.

Transceivers are used frequently within communications equipment to transfer information, generally through the conversion of electrical impulses to light impulses and vice-versa. Lasers and photodetectors permit such conversions within transceivers. Unfortunately, the distance such information can be transported is limited by the output optical power of the laser, the non-linearity effects of fiber (dispersions), and other limitations of the receiver.
As the optical communications network employs such a transceiver (or a plurality of transceivers) as a mechanism for data transfer, it is important that the laser output present no health hazard to bystanders. For example, if the optical cable were to become unplugged, the laser output would no longer be contained and may be freely emitted into the environment. It is possible that the emitted laser output may be received by a human eye, and if the intensity of the laser output is too high, harm could occur. Accordingly, for safety purposes, the optical intensity of the laser is kept low such that eye safety is assured should the optical cable become unplugged. Conventional optical transceivers thus have eye safety mechanisms, such as laser bias monitors, for example, that shut down the optical transceiver should the optical power become too large.
Typically, then, past configurations of such optical transceivers were subject to electrically controlled eye safety implementations (such as through the utilization of either hardware or firmware) and all possible single point failure conditions that can cause unsafe levels of laser power were initially identified. It was imperative that, if a single point of failure existed, any such eye safety protocols demonstrate compensation for any such single point failure by either turning the laser off or by limiting the laser optical output power. More important, however, was to avoid any devices that exhibited potential single-point failures. Even in such situations, it was necessary to provide effective protections from eye injuries were the laser portion to become compromised, regardless of the number of failures points present.
It is thus a requirement that such optical transceivers be eye-safety compliant, particularly in the case of not having a single point failure within the transceiver itself. Currently, however, the best methods of controlling any such single- or multiple-point problems also require lower laser power levels to be initially utilized; nothing has been provided within the optical transceiver industry that allows for instantaneous shut-off upon of a laser upon exposure of the laser diode itself to an area outside the transceiver module. Double fault conditions are now primarily utilized and generally followed to prevent any single failure point. With such a double-point failure protocol, at least it has become easier to prevent the subject laser power from reaching unsafe open bore levels upon decoupling from the transmitter port.
This eye-safety problem basically concerns the possibility that the subject laser cannot be deactivated quickly during a fault condition, a system failure, laser or transceiver replacement, or other like activity. To combat such a potential occurrence, the usual reply within the industry has been, as noted above, to decrease laser strength (to lessen the potential eye damage) or to include an entire shut off of the processor in response to changes in the integrity of the system itself, as well as the possibilities mentioned above about optical intensity thresholds. Such remedies have proven uneven at best; reducing initial laser strength in turn decreases transmission distance and hence makes optical networks more complex and costly. Thus, it has been an aim within this industry to provide a manner of increasing laser strength while best ensuring that eye safety is itself not compromised with such an increase in laser strength.
Furthermore, the best remedy for such a problem should take into account the necessity of a separate, independent capability of controlling the power relayed to the subject laser during any type of failure. The previous protocols have not implemented any such possible method or manner. As such, to date, the communications industry has been limited in laser power utilization in order to provide effective and reliable eye-safety mechanisms for potential system breaches or failures. No acceptable previous developments have been accorded the industry to aid in this deficiency.

Laser eye safety and fiber receptacle presence detection


A combustor panel may comprise a panel wall comprising a proximal surface and a distal surface. A standoff may be formed over the distal surface of the panel wall. An aperture may be formed through the standoff and may extend from a face of the standoff to the proximal surface of the panel wall. The face of the first standoff may be oriented at an angle between 90 degrees and 160 degrees relative to a plane parallel to the distal surface of the panel wall.

A gas turbine engine typically includes a fan section, a compressor section, a combustor section, and a turbine section. A fan section may drive air along a bypass flowpath while a compressor section may drive air along a core flowpath. In general, during operation, air is pressurized in the compressor section and is mixed with fuel and burned in the combustor section to generate hot combustion gases. The hot combustion gases flow through the turbine section, which extracts energy from the hot combustion gases to power the compressor section and other gas turbine engine loads.
In the combustion section, a casing or "combustor panel" may surround the combustion chamber. The combustor panel may include various cooling features. For example, raised features, such as bumps or pins, may be formed on the radially outward surface of the combustor panel (i.e., on the surface opposite the combustion gas flowpath) to increase a surface area of the radially outward surface and facilitate dissipation of heat from the combustor panel. Cooling holes may also be formed through the combustor panel. Current methods of forming combustor panel cooling holes tend to include laser drilling through the radially inward surface of the combustor panel. However, the desired density of the raised features and diameter of cooling holes tends to cause the laser to strike the raised features. The laser striking the raised features may break off portions of the raised features. These broken off portions may clog the cooling holes and/or travel into the gas flowpath and damage downstream engine components. Further, breaking off the raised features decreases the surface area of the raised feature/combustor panel, which may reduce heat dissipation and increase cooling variability.

Combustor panel standoffs with cooling holes


A development device having: a main unit having formed therein a first space and a second space extending in a first direction perpendicular to a vertical direction, a first communicating portion and a second communicating portion that allow the first space and the second space to communicate with each other at both ends in the first direction; a first stirring member that extends in the first direction within the first space; a second stirring member that is positioned within the first space between the first stirring member and the second space and extends in the first direction; a conveyance member that extends in the first direction within the second space; and a developer support member that extends in the first direction within the second space.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to development devices, particularly to a development device that forms a toner image using a developer including toner and carrier.
2. Description of Related Art
As a conventionally general development device, for example, a development device described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2011-2760 is known. FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of the development device 500 described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2011-2760. FIG. 8 is a top view of the development device 500 described in Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2011-2760. In the following, the vertical direction is defined as a z-axis direction, the longitudinal direction of the development device 500 as an x-axis direction, and a direction perpendicular to the x-axis direction and the z-axis direction as a y-axis direction.
The development device 500 includes a housing 502, stirring screws 504 and 506, a conveying screw 508, and a developing roller 510. The housing 502 has formed therein a developer stirring portion Sp11, a developer supply and recovery portion Sp12, and communicating portions R11 and R12. The developer stirring portion Sp11 and the developer supply and recovery portion Sp12 communicates with each other at both ends via the communicating portions R11 and R12.
The stirring screws 504 and 506 extend in the x-axis direction within the developer stirring portion Sp11, and convey a developer in the positive x-axis direction. The developer conveyed by the stirring screws 504 and 506 flows into the developer supply and recovery portion Sp12 via the communicating portion R11.
The conveying screw 508 extends in the x-axis direction within the developer supply and recovery portion Sp12, and conveys the developer in the negative x-axis direction. The developer conveyed by the conveying screw 508 flows into the developer stirring portion Sp11 via the communicating portion R12.
The developing roller 510 is provided in the developer supply and recovery portion Sp12, and supports the developer being conveyed by the conveying screw 508, on the periphery.
In the development device 500 thus configured, the developer is sequentially conveyed and circulated through the developer stirring portion Sp11, the communicating portion R11, the developer supply and recovery portion Sp12, and the communicating portion R12, in the same order.
Incidentally, the development device 500 might have uneven density in a toner image. More specifically, there might be an insufficient amount of developer flowing from the communicating portion R11 into the developer supply and recovery portion Sp12. In such a case, a sufficient amount of developer can be supported in the vicinity of an end of the developing roller 510 on the positive x-axis direction side but cannot be supported in the vicinity of an end of the developing roller 510 on the negative x-axis direction side. As a result, uneven density might occur in a toner image developed on a photoreceptor by the developing roller 510.


A needling loom comprising needles actuated in reciprocating motion between a retracted position and a maximum penetration position through a stripping plate, a textile web to be consolidated, and a needling loom table. The stripping plate and the needling loom table bear rails and elements for rapid assembling and disassembling for either pressing the rails against fixed crosspieces for the needling loom to operate, or for releasing the pressure and cause the rails to rest on rollers for extracting and inserting the stripping plate and the table by simple transverse sliding in the passage direction of the web. The invention is useful for reducing the time for assembling and disassembling machine components such as the stripping plate and a needling loom table for maintenance operations, in particular cleaning operations.

This invention relates to a device for the fast assembling and disassembling of a machine part, in particular, but non-limitatively, a plate-shaped part.
This invention also relates to a needling loom equipped therewith for the fast assembly and disassembly of plates such as the stripping plates and/or the needling table, in order to clean them quickly.
Certain machine parts require accurate positioning when they are in service in the machine, but require more or less frequent disassembly for reasons of maintenance, replacement or cleaning.
These operations of disassembly and reassembly require the machine to be stopped. It is therefore particularly important to reduce the duration of this stoppage.
A needling loom conventionally comprises a set of parallel needles actuated in a reciprocating manner in their longitudinal direction in order to penetrate repeatedly through a fibre web in order to consolidate the web by interlacing the fibres composing it. The path of the fibres in the working area of the needles is conventionally defined between two plates pierced with orifices for the needles to pass through. The plate located on the side where the needles are situated when they are in the withdrawn position is called a xe2x80x9cstripping platexe2x80x9d. It serves to prevent the fibre web from being dragged by the needles during their return motion towards the withdrawn position. The other plate, serving to prevent the fibre web from being pushed by the points of the needles, is called the xe2x80x9cneedling loom tablexe2x80x9d. These two plates require periodic disassembly in order that the orifices through which the needles pass can be cleared of fibres and other materials that can become lodged in them in an increasing quantity during operation.
So-called xe2x80x9cfastxe2x80x9d assembly and disassembly devices are known. All of these known devices are more or less ingenious bolting means but which only rarely make it possible to reduce the assembly or disassembly times to less than about one hour and thirty minutes. Such a duration seriously impedes production.
The purpose of the present invention is to propose an assembly and disassembly device that makes it possible to reduce this time considerably, and a needling loom whose plates, such as the stripping plate and/or the needling loom table, are equipped with this device in order to procure improved productivity.
According to a first aspect of the invention, the fast assembly and disassembly device for positioning a machine part in an operating position against support means provided on the machine, and selectively for releasing said part to allow mobility thereof, is characterized by comprising:
guidance means allowing insertion and extraction of the part into and out of the machine respectively;
pressers which are movably mounted with respect to the frame of the machine, and capable of moving the part between the operating position and a preparatory position in which the part is interacting with the guidance means; and
means of simultaneous control of the pressers.
Thanks to the means of control, the pressers can be simultaneously actuated in order to cause movement of the machine part from its operating position to the preparatory position ensuring the interaction with the guidance means. It then suffices to move the machine part along the trajectory defined by the guidance means in order to extract the machine part and to be able to carry out the necessary replacement or maintenance operation. During reassembly, the guidance means make it possible to return the part to the preparatory position. At this stage, the pushers are actuated simultaneously in the direction of returning the part to the operating position. If needed, according to a preferred version of the invention, locking means are also provided in order to stabilise the part in the operating position.
According to a second aspect of the invention, the needling loom comprising:
a frame;
a path for a textile product to be needled;
at least one plate adjacent to a major face of the path;
at least one set of needles carried by a moving beam connected to an actuating mechanism for reciprocating the needles through the path and through orifices in the plate,
is characterized by furthermore comprising at least one device for fast assembly and disassembly of the plate according to the first aspect.
Other features and advantages of the invention will furthermore emerge from the following description, relating to a non-limitative example.

Device for assembling and disassembling a machine part, and needling loom equipped therewith


The systems and methods described herein may enable a processor core to run at higher speeds than other processor cores in the same package. A thread executing on one processor core may begin waiting for another thread to complete a particular action (e.g., to release a lock). In response to determining that other threads are waiting, the thread/core may enter an inactive state. A data structure may store information indicating which threads are waiting on which other threads. In response to determining that a quorum of threads/cores are in an inactive state, one of the threads/cores may enter a turbo mode in which it executes at a higher speed than the baseline speed for the cores. A thread holding a lock and executing in turbo mode may perform work delegated by waiting threads at the higher speed. A thread may exit the inactive state when the waited-for action is completed.

1. Field of the Disclosure
This disclosure relates generally to computer systems, and more specifically to systems and methods for enabling one or more processor cores to run at a higher speed than other processor cores.
2. Description of the Related Art
Many modern processors incorporate multiple processing cores per physical package. Typically, each of these cores exposes one or more logical processors to software. Each core typically includes register state for each of those logical processors, one or more caches, and one or more execution pipelines. Each physical package has thermal and power limits that prevent all cores within that package from running simultaneously at full speed for prolonged periods. Therefore, when all cores are simultaneously active, the package's power control unit (PCU) forces those cores to run at a "baseline" speed. This baseline speed is typically the advertised speed for the processor.
In some of these multi-core processors, if only one (or a small number) of cores is active on a given package, that package's PCU can run that core (or cores) at a speed that is higher than the baseline speed without violating the thermal and power constraints of the package. In one example, this higher speed is 1.1 to 1.5 times faster than the baseline speed, yielding a faster clock rate and faster processing speed for threads running on that core. This facility is referred to herein as "turbo mode". The number of processors that need to be inactive (or quiesced) for the remaining processor(s) to reach turbo mode is referred to herein as the "turbo quorum". The current trend, which is expected to continue, is for the ratio between turbo mode speeds and baseline speeds to increase over time as new generations of processors are delivered.
Other multi-core processors include an asymmetric performance environment in which a fixed set of processors in a system is configured to run faster than the others. In such an environment, threads running contended critical sections could be scheduled or dispatched onto the faster processors to improve overall performance of a group of coopering threads.

System and method for enabling turbo mode in a processor


Examples herein relate to a solid state drive that includes a media, a processing system, and a media command arbiter configured to permit execution of a specific allocation of storage and compute commands based on a configuration, wherein the media command arbiter is to transfer commands to the media based on the configuration. The media can be locally connected to a compute engine processing system that is configurable to perform computations on data stored in the media. The configuration can indicate a number of compute commands and storage commands that are permitted to be performed over a period of time or media bandwidth allocated to compute commands and storage commands. The processing system can include an inference engine that performs one or more of: data pattern recognition, image recognition, augmented reality overlay applications, face recognition, object recognition, or voice recognition, language translation.

Cloud computing leverages distributed computing resources to perform data processing. Batch mode (e.g., offline) processing of data is performed for non-time critical tasks such as tasks that are not subject to completion time requirements such as service level agreements (SLAs). Currently, to run batch mode compute, the data stored in a storage server's solid state drive (SSD) needs to be transferred to a Remote Inference Server to perform processing using a central processing unit (CPU) or inference engines. After all the data processing is completed, the results are sent back to the storage server. Moving large amounts of data for batch mode compute can be very expensive in terms of time spent and energy used and can account for roughly 50-80% of overall energy usage. At the same time, there is need for an additional inference server to run these non-critical compute tasks.


A magnetostatic wave filter comprises a waveguide having a cut-off frequency region. In this waveguide, a YIG thin film is installed as a ferrimagnetic base material. Also, the cut-off frequency region of this waveguide comprises an attenuation band of the magnetostatic wave filter. Electromagnetic wave in the attenuation band of the magnetostatic wave filter is attenuated by this waveguide.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a magnetostatic wave filter, and specifically relates to a magnetostatic wave filter using ferrimagnetic base material, for example, a YIG (Yttrium, Iron, Garnet) thin film.
2. Description of the Prior Arts
FIG. 3 is an illustrative view showing an example of the conventional magnetostatic wave filter. In this magnetostatic wave filter 1, a GGG (Gadolinium, Gallium, Garnet) substrate 3 is installed on a grounded conductor 2, and a YIG thin film 4 is formed on this GGG substrate 3. Furthermore, on the YIG thin film 4, an input antenna 5a and an output antenna 5b each consisting of a wire are formed in parallel with a space therebetween.
FIG. 4 is an illustrative view showing another example of the conventional magnetostatic wave filter. In this magnetostatic wave filter 1, in comparison with the conventional example as shown in FIG. 3, particularly, another YIG thin film 6 is formed on the YIG thin film 4 so as to cover the input antenna 5a and the output antenna 5b. Furthermore, a separate GGG substrate 7 is formed on this YIG thin film 6.
FIG. 5 is an illustrative view showing still another example of the conventional magnetostatic wave filter. In this magnetostatic wave filter 1, in comparison with the conventional example as shown in FIG. 3, particularly, the GGG substrate 3 is mounted on the inner bottom of a hollow cylindrical cavity 8 consisting of metal. Then, two coaxial connectors 9a and 9b are installed on the side surface of this cavity 8, and the input antenna 5a and the output antenna 5b are connected to the core conductors of these coaxial connectors 9a and 9b, respectively.
In this magnetostatic wave filter as shown in FIG. 3 and the magnetostatic wave filter as shown in FIG. 4, the amount of attenuation of the attenuation band thereof is not so large due to electromagnetic wave transmitted from the input antenna directly to the output antenna.
On the other hand, in the magnetostatic wave filter as shown in FIG. 5, as the frequency characteristic thereof is shown in FIG. 6, spurious radiation is generated by a resonance mode of the cavity.