The subject matter described herein includes methods, systems, and computer readable media for next hop scaling with link aggregation. According to one aspect of the subject matter described herein, a system for next hop scaling is provided. The system includes a packet forwarding device including a plurality of packet processors for performing next hop and link aggregation group (LAG) selection operations. Within this plurality of packet processors, ingress packet processors are configured to indicate, for received packets that have a next hop on a different packet processor, that an egress next hop selection operation is needed. Egress packet processors of the plurality of packet processors are configured to perform the egress next hop and member selection operations for the packets for which an egress next hop selection operation is indicated, wherein forwarding of the packets is limited to active LAG group members local to the egress packet processor.

Address resolution protocol (ARP) is the protocol by which bindings between IP addresses and MAC addresses are communicated between devices. When a device needs to send an IP packet to another device, the sending device must first determine the MAC address corresponding to IP address of the next hop (next machine in the path to the destination or the destination itself, if the next machine is the destination). The sending device can use ARP to determine the next hop MAC address. The sending machine broadcasts an ARP request with the next hop IP address to all machines within a particular domain, and the machine whose IP address is contained in the ARP request responds with the machine's MAC address. Once the sending machine obtains the next hop MAC address, the sending machine stores the binding between the IP address and the MAC address in memory so that the binding can be used for forwarding subsequent packets to the same machine.
In some packet forwarding architectures, the lookup used to determine the next hop information for a received packet is performed solely by the ingress packet processor, i.e., the packet processor associated with the port of a packet forwarding device on which the packet is received. The ingress packet processor performs a layer 3 route lookup based on the IP address in the received packet to identify not only the destination port in the packet forwarding device for the packet, but also the destination MAC address for the packet. Using such an ingress lookup architecture designed for full-mesh traffic, because a packet destined for a particular host may arrive on any port of the packet forwarding device, the memory associated with each packet processor must store a complete set of ARP bindings for all of the hosts connected to the packet forwarding device.
Because the memory accessible by each packet processor is typically limited, the number of hosts that can be connected to a packet forwarding device can be limited by the memory available to a single packet processor, which greatly limits the scalability of the packet forwarding device. For example, in a packet forwarding architecture where each packet processor has a fixed amount of memory for storing ARP bindings, the maximum number of ARP table entries is limited by the amount of memory of a single packet processor, because each packet processor must store the same complete set of ARP bindings. Stated differently, the requirement that each packet processor store the same complete set of ARP bindings reduces the scalability of the system by a factor of 1/(# of packet processors). Adding packet processors does not increase the number of hosts that the packet forwarding device can serve once the maximum number of ARP table entries, which is limited by the ARP binding storage space available to a single packet processor, is reached. Such a limitation is undesirable, especially when there is a need for the packet forwarding device to serve large numbers of connected hosts.
One particular network configuration for which it is desirable to have a packet forwarding device serve large numbers of connected hosts occurs when virtualization is used. In a virtualization environment, a single physical host may be configured with many virtual hosts. Each virtual host has its own separate operating system, network address, and MAC address. Each virtual host would require an ARP binding in a packet forwarding device. Thus, connecting many physical hosts to the packet forwarding device, where each of the physical hosts includes plural virtual hosts further increases the need for scalable packet forwarding device architectures.
Accordingly, in light of these difficulties, there exists a need for methods, systems, and computer readable media for next hop scaling. In addition, however, although improved next hop scaling could help customers with large data centers using server virtualization or large layer 2 forwarding domains, those same customers often also heavily depend on link aggregation (also known as port load sharing) for resilience and load balancing. A link aggregation group (LAG) may consist of a plurality of physical ports that behave as a group. Customers have two expectations for LAG behavior that must be addressed within any distributed IP next hop scaling method that may be developed: (1) Packets to a particular MAC address (and network address) from multiple sources (or to multiple addressees from a single source) may utilize all active ports in a LAG for load balancing; and (2) The network adapts quickly when a port in the LAG goes down or up, to achieve expectation (1).
Accordingly, for any methods and systems for next hop scaling that are developed, it can be desirable that such developments do not impede the ability of such methods and systems to incorporate link aggregation.

Methods, systems, and computer readable media for next hop scaling with link aggregation


A detachable unit to be attached to a unit-receiving apparatus includes a unit body, a rotary member, an urging member urging the rotary member toward a downstream side in a detachable-unit-attaching direction, a contact-receiving portion provided on the rotary member, first and second support-receiving portions provided at respective ends of the rotary member, first and second supports provided at respective positions of the unit body corresponding to the positions of the first and second support-receiving portions, and first and second rotary support members provided between the first support-receiving portion and the first support and between the second support-receiving portion and the second support, respectively, and supporting the respective ends of the rotary member such that the rotary member is rotatable. The first and second rotary support members are supported in such a manner as to be movable in a detachable-unit-attaching-and-detaching direction.

(i) Technical Field
The present invention relates to a detachable unit and an image forming apparatus.
(ii) Related Art
Some related-art image forming apparatuses include elements provided in the form of detachable units that are detachable therefrom so that the elements are replaceable if, for example, the elements are damaged or are worn out with time or the elements fail.

Detachable unit and image forming apparatus


A semiconductor device comprises one or more transistors and two or more layers of dielectric material encapsulating a front side of said one or more transistors. The gate of each of said one or more transistors is located within a cavity, or air-box, in at least one of the dielectric layers, so that the gate terminal is physically separated from said dielectric material. Such an arrangement may reduce parasitic capacitance. In another arrangement, a semiconductor device comprises one or more gallium nitride high electron mobility transistors and one or more dielectric layers encapsulating a front side of said one or more transistors, wherein the gate terminal of each of said one or more transistors is located within a cavity in at least one of the one or more dielectric layers, separated from said dielectric material.

High frequency active circuits, designed to operate at a frequency above 50 GHz, may be vulnerable to damage for a number of reasons. Such circuits may include features with extremely small physical dimensions, such as a few nanometers, that may be fragile, especially in areas around transistor gates. In addition, interconnects and passive components, such as capacitors and thin-film resistors, on a front-side of a circuit may be sensitive to scratches. Therefore, such circuits are at risk of damage when handled during packaging and assembly. Also, the front-side of the circuit may be exposed to humidity and other environmental conditions that may cause performance degradation or accelerate failure of active components.
Encapsulation, or passivation, has been used to provide some physical protection for active areas, interconnects and passive components on the front-sides of micro-electronic chips, using a layer or coating of a material having a higher dielectric constant than air. Examples of dielectric materials used for this purpose include BCB (benzocyclobutene), spin-on glass and polyimide. The protective dielectric material can also be used to provide mechanical support for multi-layer interconnects, allowing additional flexibility in the design of the circuit. However, the presence of dielectric material around gates of components of the circuit causes parasitic capacitance to increase. Parasitic capacitance can cause a significant degradation in the performance of the circuit, particularly at high frequencies, potentially affecting one or more of gain, frequency drift, noise, output power and power-added efficiency. For example, a GaN (gallium nitride) amplifier encapsulated with BCB can show a deterioration of approximately 1.5 dB in small signal gain and a shift in operational frequency of 10-15%, when compared with an unencapsulated amplifier that is otherwise identical. Such decreased performance can occur even where a low-loss dielectric material is used for encapsulation.
Therefore, the protection and flexibility provided by conventional methods is offset by a decrease in the performance of the circuit. In low frequency circuits, operating below 30 GHz, the benefits may outweigh the degradation in performance. However, at higher frequencies, above 30 GHz, the reduction in gain, output power and efficiency of the circuit can be problematical. Hence, the usefulness of conventional dielectric encapsulation and passivation protection methods for high frequency circuits is limited.

Method and structure for encapsulation and interconnection of transistors


The invention relates to a method for masking noise as well as a control device and a masking system for carrying out said method. According to the invention, several zones in a room are independently exposed to soft sonic radiation in a basic state for masking purposes. The masking system thus comprises means for independently exposing zones in a room to sonic radiation. The masking system further comprises means which allows noise generated in a zone to be registered and preferably also be analyzed. The masking exposure to sonic radiation is reduced in the zone in which the external noise was generated and/or the masking exposure to sonic radiation is increased in the other zones in accordance with the measured or registered noise and, if applicable, the result of the analysis of the measured external noise. All in all, this allows the level of masking noise to be kept low compared with the prior art while very reliably achieving the desired masking effect.

The invention relates to a method for masking noise as well as a control device and a masking system for carrying out said method.
It is known from the reference EP 0 376 482 A2 to employ noise masking systems in open-plan offices and similar premises to ensure confidential conversations in a confined space. The need for the possibility to exchange information in a zone of a room despite the presence of other persons exists in banks, for example.
It is further known from the reference EP 0 376 482 A2, in the respective premises, to generate a permanent background noise in the entire room or confined to limited zones of the room for noise masking purposes in order to camouflage voices and prevent more remote persons from following conversations.
However, human beings try to instinctively drown out a sound source. A permanently present sound source thus results in persons speaking louder than actually necessary. In FIG. 4 this correlation becomes apparent. This is also known as "Lombard effect", such as from "H. V. Fuchs, Schallabsorber and Schalldämpfer, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007". Background noises having high sound levels may cause hearing problems which in turn cause persons to speak up. This results in a higher auditory threshold which in turn causes persons to speak up. In this cause-effect spiral the sound pressure levels are getting louder and louder until they become unbearable in the end. Typical masking systems give additional support to this effect. Such a masking sound source has thus to be adjusted at a volume higher than necessary if a human being spoke with usual sound intensity. Nevertheless, it cannot be achieved that confidentiality is observed in this way, since human beings will always speak up with increasing volume of the masking noise.
Another system for masking noise is known from the reference EP 1 291 845 A2. A loudspeaker is used to generate noise with such frequencies that are able to specifically camouflage human speech. An air diffuser which houses the loudspeaker helps to direct the sound into the room in which human voices are to be masked. Said device can be equipped with a microphone which is used to identify the appearance of external noise and only after the appearance and registration of external noise does the loudspeaker of the masking system generate sound due to masking purposes.
This noise masking system is also disadvantageous in that human beings will automatically speak up with the generation of the masking noise. A relatively loud masking noise has thus to be generated in order to achieve the desired masking effect.
It is known from the German patent application 102007000568 to absorb in rooms above all noises having a frequency within a range of about 200 and about 700 Hz in offices and the like by a respective sound absorber in order to ensure a quiet atmosphere in offices. A quiet atmosphere is supposed to guarantee good work performances. If it is very quiet in an office, however, human beings are especially sensitive to occurring noises and are easily distracted by quietly appearing noises in particular. Above all related noises occurring in a quiet atmosphere reduce the work performance. FIG. 5 illustrates this correlation by means of a study on the effect of train noises on the cognitive performance of school children in second class. The comprehensibility upon playing in two different train noises into a class room was practically not changed compared to the reference measurement without any static noises. In contrast, playing in foreign language caused a significant decrease in comprehensibility of more than 20%. Although this static noise did not contain any useful information for the second graders, as none of them was able to understand the foreign language, the work performance was reduced merely due to the related way of speaking.
If, in accordance with the theory known from the reference EP 1 291 845 A2, a relatively low masking noise was generated in such cases only upon the appearance of external noise, this would notably interfere with the ability to concentrate and thus the work performance of persons present in such a room.


Wood is treated with at least one photocatalytically degradable organic substance, organic compound or at least one biocide to reduce the contamination by organic substances, organic compounds and/or biocides from wood or wood-base materials into the immediate surroundings, in particular in closed spaces. The wood treatment agent contains at least one photocatalyst which brings about the degradation of the at least one organic substance, organic compound and/or the at least one biocide. The application/introduction of the at least one photocatalyst to or into the wood can take place together with or after the introduction of the wood preservation agent.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a wood treating agent and to a method of treating wood or wood-based materials or the like. More specifically, the invention relates to wood or a wood-based material or the like and to a use of photocatalysts to degrade organic substances, organic compounds and/or biocides.
2. Description of Related Art
The chemical protection of wood or wood-based materials or the like is accomplished by means of wood preservatives containing biocides. These preservatives are applied to the wood or are introduced into the wood and set up in it very long-lasting biocidal barriers to fungi and insects, which destroy wood. Wood or wood-based materials or the like may also contain organic substances and/or organic compounds.
The introduction of a wood preservative into the wood is performed by, for example, what are referred to as surface treatment processes such for example as brushing, dipping or spraying or by protracted exposure processes such for example as soaking in a tank or by impregnation processes such for example as impregnation in a pressurized vessel. What all these processes have in common is that the wood preservative makes its way into the interior of the wood via the surface thereof and, depending on the process selected, leaves behind it or creates, over a greater or lesser depth, a biocide-charged barrier zone or a barrier zone which is charged with organic substances and/or organic compounds. Within the barrier zone, the distribution of the organic substances and/or organic compounds and/or biocides, which will all also be referred to below as materials, is approximately uniform only in the case of the above-mentioned impregnation processes. In the case of the surface treatment processes and protracted exposure processes there is, as a rule, an exponential decrease in the content of the above-mentioned materials, which is also referred to as the active principle content, inwards from the surface.
In the case of the surface treatment processes, the depth of penetration of the wood preservative is usually approximately 1 to 5 mm and the depth over which it is effective, referred to above as the barrier zone, is usually 0.5 to 3 mm, there being a sharp exponential decrease in the distribution of the above-mentioned materials, and in particular in the biocide distribution, inwards from the surface in the barrier zone.
In the case of the protracted exposure processes, the depth of penetration of the wood preservative is usually approximately 5 to 15 mm, and the depth over which it is effective is 3 to 12 mm, there being a moderate exponential decrease in the distribution of the above-mentioned materials, and in particular in the biocide distribution, inwards from the surface in the barrier zone.
In the case of the impregnation processes, the depth of penetration of the wood preservative is usually more than 20 mm and the depth over which it is effective is likewise more than 20 mm, the distribution of the above-mention materials, and in particular the biocide distribution, being almost uniform in the barrier zone.
Particularly in the above-mentioned surface treatment processes but also in the protracted exposure processes, very high concentrations of the above-mentioned materials occur on and immediately below the treated surface of the wood or wood-based material or the like. The concentration gradient between the surface of the wood and the immediate surroundings causes a transmission of materials from the wood into the surrounding air or onto the suspended matter contained in the air. In enclosed spaces, additional pollution of the air in the spaces by biocides may occur particularly as a result of the desorption of biocide molecules from dust particles. Even if the desorption effects mentioned are only slight, it is desirable for them to be prevented at least in the area directly surrounding dwellings, in order to limit the total biocidal pollution in the immediate environment in which people live or they stay for short periods to a level which is feasible in technical terms. The high biocide concentration on wood surfaces is also a problem wherever treated wood comes into direct contact with humans or animals (patio decking, playgrounds, animal stalls, etc.). Much the same applies to pollution by individual ones or all of the materials mentioned above.

Wood treating agent and method of treating wood or wood based materials or the like


The invention is a column contact apparatus for contacting gas with liquid in an upflow in a column container, containing two or more stages of honeycomb structural bodies in the column container in a vertical direction, a space portion formed between the respective stages of the honeycomb structural bodies and a flow-aligning portion as back-flow prevention means provided in the space portion between the respective stages such that the flow-aligning portion is not brought into contact with the honeycomb structural bodies, the flow-aligning portion including a plurality of holes with hole diameters of 0.5 mm to 8 mm.

As methods for reacting two phases of gas and liquid (gas-liquid two-phase) in a reaction column in which catalyst is accommodated, a downward co-current type or downflow type method (Japanese National Phase Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2004-522567 (US2002/0076372)) in which the gas-liquid is flowed from top to bottom and reacted and an upward co-current type or upflow type method (JP-A 2003-176255 (US2003/0050510)) in which the gas-liquid is flowed from the bottom to the top and reacted are known. As a support body of catalyst used in these methods, a honeycomb structural body or a monolith structural body configured by a plurality of parallel narrow tubular channels is used since a pressure loss when fluid flows is small.
As a flow regime of the gas-liquid two-phase flow flowing through the narrow tubular channels configuring the honeycomb structural body, Taylor flow in which gas bubbles and liquid slug alternately flow is known. In the above-mentioned Taylor flow, since it is a very thin liquid film that separates the gas bubbles from the catalyst fixed on an inner wall of the channels, mass transfer between the gas and the solid wall is fast. Further, an internal circulating flow is generated in the liquid slug, and mass transfer inside the liquid slug is promoted as well. For these reasons, the honeycomb structural body is expected as a catalyst support body for a gas-liquid-solid catalyst reaction.
In the honeycomb structural body, since pressure loss is small, it is easy to apply an upflow type column as a reactor. In the upflow of the gas-liquid two-phase, since the liquid is in a continuous phase under a broad range of flow rates of the gas and the liquid, advantage that the flow in the narrow tubular channels in the honeycomb easily becomes Taylor flow is obtained. Also, according to regularity of the channel structure, it is considered that the flow becomes uniform with respect to a cross-sectional surface of the honeycomb.
At present, however, it is known that gas bubbles tend to flow into only part of channels selectively and the flow becomes unstable so that the flow becomes non-uniform with respect to the cross-sectional surface of the honeycomb.
The flow state inside a reaction column can be evaluated from residence time distribution (Kenji Hashimoto: Reaction Engineering (Baifukan, 1993) pp. 179-197 [in Japanese] (Literature 1)). The residence time distribution is directed to a distribution of time in which the fluid flowing into the apparatus at a certain moment resides in the apparatus. The residence time distribution can be obtained by, for example, momentarily injecting a tracer into an apparatus via an inlet to measure concentration response (change in concentration) of the tracer at an outlet of the apparatus so as to normalize the concentration response as a probability density (impulse response method).
As a residence time distribution E(t), a completely mixed flow and a plug flow that are model flow states completely opposite to each other are known. The completely mixed flow is directed to a flow state model of a continuous stirred-tank reactor, namely a flow in which the fluid is momentarily mixed to be uniform in the reactor, while the plug flow is directed to a flow state model of a tubular reactor, namely a flow in which the fluid are not mixed at all in the flow direction in the reactor. Since these assumptions cannot be strictly probable, these two flows are referred to as ideal flows.
The actual flow takes an intermediate residence time distribution between the completely mixed flow and the plug flow. For example, a fact that the residence time distribution in the reaction column is close to that of the completely mixed flow indicates that the mixture of the fluid in the reaction column is noticeable, namely the flow inside the reaction column is noticeably turbulent. In the case of the gas-liquid two-phase flow, it is most probable that the completely mixed flow reflects an unstable flow state.
In the completely mixed flow, since a large portion of fluid is discharged from the reaction column in a noticeably short residence time, reaction is not sufficiently progressed inside the reaction column. Accordingly, problems may be caused with respect to reaction activity. In contrast, fluid that remains in the reaction column for a noticeably long residence time also coexists. At this time, there is an increased possibility that the reaction is overperformed, not resulting in an intended product, but side products. That is, this may cause disadvantage on the selectivity of the reaction.
As researches in which the residence time distribution of the liquid is examined with respect to the upflow of the gas-liquid two-phase in the apparatus that accommodates the honeycomb structural body or the monolith structural body, Koei Kawakami, Kimihiro Adachi, Norimichi Minemura, Koichiro Kusunoki; Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu, Vol. 13 (1987) 318 [in Japanese] (K. Kawakami, K. Kawasaki, F. Shiraishi, K. Kusunoki; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 28 (1989) 394) (Literature 2), R. H. Patrick, T. Klindera, L. L. Crynes, R. L. Cerro, M. A. Abraham; AIChE J. 41 (1995) 649 (Literature 3), and T. C. Thulasidas, M. A. Abraham, R. L. Cerro; Chem. Eng. Sci. 54 (1999) 61 (Literature 4) are known.
In Literature 2, a monolith with 80 channels per square inch (80 cpsi, 12.4 per 1 cm2), which is configured by narrow tubular channels with a square cross section of width of 2.4 mm, is used. The monolith has a square cross section with each side of 2 cm and has a height of 10 cm (the number of the narrow tubular channels is 49). One or three of the monoliths are accommodated in a rectangular tube with a square cross section of each side of 2.2 cm. Stainless narrow tubes are inserted into all of the 49 narrow tubular channels so that the gas is uniformly dispersed. The gas is supplied through these stainless narrow tubes. The residence time distribution of the liquid obtained as mentioned above is close to substantially the completely mixed flow. The experimental condition seems that the superficial gas velocity is equal to or less than 5.2 ×10−2 m/s and the superficial liquid velocity is equal to or less than 5.2×10−4 m/s. The superficial velocity is obtained by dividing the flow rate by the cross-sectional area of the column (or the apparatus, reactor).
In Literature 3, a cylindrical tube with an inner diameter of 5 cm accommodates three monoliths (400 cpsi) each configured by narrow tubular channels with a width of 1 mm. The height of total of the three monoliths is 0.33 m. The narrow tubular channels between the monoliths are not consistent with each other. The residence time distribution of the liquid at the superficial gas velocity of 2.2×10−2 m/s and the superficial liquid velocity of 2.3×10−3 m/s is obtained, and the flow is close to the completely mixed flow.
In Literature 4, the monolith is emulated by bundling the narrow tubes (a height of 15.2 cm) having a square cross section with a width of 2 mm. The residence time distribution of the liquid at the superficial gas velocity of 1.2×10−2 m/s and the superficial liquid velocity of 1.2×10−3 m/s is obtained, and the flow is close to the completely mixed flow as expected. Here, the superficial velocity is calculated from device cross-sectional surface of 5.7 cm×2.3 cm.
As described above, with respect to the upflow of the gas-liquid two-phase in the apparatus that accommodates the honeycomb structural body or the monolith structural body therein, only the residence time distribution of the liquid that is close to that of the completely mixed flow is known.
In M. T. Kreutzer, J. J. W. Bakker, F. Kapteijn, J. A. Moulijn; Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 44 (2005) 4898 (Literature 5) and A. Cybulski, J. A. Moulijn (eds.); Structured Catalysts and Reactors, Second Edition (CRC Press, 2006) pp. 426-427 (Literature 6), stability analysis of the flow is performed on the basis of the pressure loss model of Taylor flow in the narrow tubular channels. According to them, in the upflow, the flow becomes unstable irrespective of the flow rate conditions of the gas or the liquid. This is consistent with the result of Literatures 2 to 4.
In A. J. Sederman, J. J. Heras, M. D. Mantle, L. F. Gladden; Catal. Today 128 (2007) 3 (Literature 7), the upflow of the gas-liquid two-phase in the honeycomb is confirmed according to visualization by MRI. The monolith currently used is configured by narrow tubular channels with a square cross section of width of 1.7 mm, and the diameter of the monolith is 42 mm, and the height thereof is 0.15 m, and 200 cpsi. The monolith is accommodated in a circular tube having an inner diameter of 50 mm with a lateral surface sealed so that the flow is not bypassed. For example, velocity distribution of the liquid in the monolith cross-sectional surface obtained at the superficial gas velocity of 9×10−4 m/s and the superficial liquid velocity of 4.1×10−3 m/s is noticeably broad distribution also including downward velocity. This result is also consistent with the Literatures 2 to 6.
As described above, the upflow of the gas-liquid two-phase in the honeycomb packed column in which the honeycomb structural bodies are accommodated is unstable, and only the residence time distribution of the liquid that is close to that of the completely mixed flow is known. Therefore, in the honeycomb packed column, as can be seen in Japanese National-Phase Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2004-522567 (US2002/0076372) and Literature 5, many studies are performed on the downflow.
Since the liquid dispersion is important in the downflow, in Japanese National-Phase Laid-Open Patent Publication No. 2004-522567 (US2002/0076372), the honeycomb structural bodies are shifted and stacked with each other to disperse the liquid. In Literature 5, a spray nozzle and a static mixer are used.
Also, as for the upflow, a method for dispersing the gas-liquid by a static mixer, for example, is disclosed as in JP-A2003-176255 (US2003/0050510). As disclosed in Literature 2, it is known that the residence time distribution of the liquid is close to that of the completely mixed flow even if gas dispersion is improved. Although mass transfer is promoted by the gas-liquid dispersion by the static mixer to increase the reaction efficiency in JP-A 2003-176255 (US2003/0050510), the flow state is not necessarily stable.
Further, one of the problems of a fixed-bed reaction column which is used as a reactor is to reduce the work load necessary for regularly exchanging the catalyst, and reduce costs including expenses for the work loads. To reduce the work load, a method for accommodating the catalyst in a container and packing the container in the reaction column may be applied. JP-A 2009-291695 discloses a configuration in which film catalyst obtained by stacking a corrugated plate film and a flat plate film alternately to be honeycomb structural body is accommodated in a cylindrical case.
When loading the container that accommodates the catalyst therein in the reaction column, clearance is often present between the inner wall surface of the reaction column and the catalyst container. In some cases, the clearance is generated due to dimension accuracy error upon manufacturing, while in some cases, adjustment is performed so that the clearance is formed in advance to facilitate the catalyst container to be taken in and out.
When the clearance is present in the reaction column, however, problems that the clearance becomes a bypass so that the reactant passes through the clearance without passing through the catalyst portion are caused. When reaction substances are two-phase of the gas and the liquid, in the upflow reaction column in which the gas and the liquid enters the reaction column from a bottom thereof and are discharged via a top thereof, in most cases, the liquid is in a continuous phase and the gas is in a dispersed phase where the gas is present as bubbles. In such cases, the bypass flow is in particular noticeable.
In order to restrict or suppress the bypass flow to the clearances, a method for using seal materials at portions corresponding to an inlet and an outlet of the clearance to prevent the gas and the liquid from flowing into the clearance is known. When performing the reaction over a long period of time, however, it is not easy to maintain sealing by the seal materials. Although there is a method for embedding the whole clearance with the seal materials, the work load is heavy and eventually the work load for exchanging the catalyst is heavy as well.
US2004/0120871 discloses a method for filling catalyst particles in a gap (clearance) between the reaction column and the monolith catalysts with respect to the integral monolith catalysts with a honeycomb structure. As for the monolith catalyst here, the accommodating container is not used. As well as the use of the accommodating container, however, it is intended to reduce the work loads for exchanging the catalysts.
Although it is considered that the bypass flow into the clearance is restricted by filling up the clearance with the catalyst particles, the filling work or the exchanging work of the catalyst particles itself results in an increase of the work loads.
Further, it is considered that, according to this method, a size or filling density of the catalyst particles to appropriately restrict the bypass flow into the clearance is unclear and thus, the control of the restriction is difficult. It can be considered that since the fillings in the clearance are also catalysts, a problem is not serious even if the bypass flow is present. A fact that the flow into the monolith catalyst to be utilized is reduced, however, is problematic for an efficient use of the catalyst.
Although Chemical Engineering Handbook, Sixth Edition (Maruzen, 1999) edited by the Society of Chemical Engineers, Japan: pp. 611-612 [in Japanese] (Literature 8) is not directed to control techniques of the bypass flow into the clearance, it discloses an internal loop airlift bubble column. Literature 8 discloses that a dual tubular structure is formed in the column, and by guiding the gas into an inner tube, for example, the liquid is accompanied by the gas so as to cause an upflow in the inner tube and a downflow in an outer tube.

Column contact apparatus and method for operating the same


In a method of operating a semiconductor memory device, a program command is received, and a program operation is performed to increase threshold voltages of memory cells to be programmed by applying a program pulse to a word line. Page data is read from the selected memory cells by applying a verification voltage to the word line, and it is determined whether the number of memory cells corresponding to a program pass is greater than a determined number, based on the page data. A status fail signal is output based on the determination result.

Field of Invention
An embodiment of the present invention relates to an electronic device, and more particularly, to a semiconductor memory device and an operating method thereof.
Description of Related Art
A semiconductor memory device uses semiconductors such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), gallium arsenide (GaAs), or indium phosphide (InP). Semiconductor memory devices are generally classified into volatile memory devices and nonvolatile memory devices.
Volatile memory devices are unable to retain their data without a constant source of power. Examples of volatile memory include static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), and the like. Nonvolatile memory devices are able to retain their data even without a constant source of power. Examples of nonvolatile memory include read only memory (ROM), programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable and programmable ROM (EEPROM), flash memory, phase-change RAM (PRAM), magnetic RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), ferroelectric RAM (FRAM), and the like. Flash memory is generally classified into NOR and NAND type flash memory.

Semiconductor memory device outputting status fail signal and operating method thereof


Disclosed is a method of preparing d-glucaro-1,4:6,3-dilactone using an organic acid or a salt thereof, such that d-glucaro-1,4:6,3-dilactone having high purity can be obtained using potassium glucarate as the organic acid, and simultaneously, the economic efficiency of the preparation process can be remarkably improved.

In the related arts, a method of preparing d-glucaro-1,4:6,3-dilactone using calcium D-glucarate as a starting material has been suggested. For instance, calcium ions can be separated from a calcium D-glucarate aqueous solution using an expensive ion exchange resin, which is followed by distillation using a solvent such as methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK). However, the preparation of calcium D-glucarate may cost highly due to complicated process such as material separation and purification in order to increase the purity of the final product. In addition, the expensive ion exchange resin may not be sufficiently reused after recovery, undesirably increasing industrial preparation costs, because calcium salt in the aqueous solution and the oxidation of glucose have to be carried out simultaneously, which reactions do not occur efficiently.
Therefore, it is necessary to develop preparation techniques that are effective and easy and are industrially useful, compared to the aforementioned method.

Method of preparing d-glucaro-1,4:6,3-dilactone


The invention relates to compositions, kits, and methods for detecting, characterizing, preventing, and treating human breast cancers. A variety of newly identified markers are provided, wherein changes in the levels of expression of one or more of the markers is correlated with the presence of breast cancer.

The increased number of cancer cases reported in the United States, and, indeed, around the world, is a major concern. Currently there are only a handful of treatments available for specific types of cancer, and these provide no absolute guarantee of success. In order to be most effective, these treatments require not only an early detection of the malignancy, but a reliable assessment of the severity of the malignancy.
The incidence of breast cancer, a leading cause of death in women, has been gradually increasing in the United States over the last thirty years. In 1997, it was estimated that 181,000 new cases were reported in the U.S., and that 44,000 people would die of breast cancer (Parker et al, 1997, CA Cancer J. Clin. 47:5-27; Chu et al, 1996, J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 88:1571-1579). While the pathogenesis of breast cancer is unclear, transformation of normal breast epithelium to a malignant phenotype may be the result of genetic factors, especially in women under 30 (Miki et al., 1994, Science, 266:66-71). The discovery and characterization of BRCA1 and BRCA2 has recently expanded our knowledge of genetic factors that can contribute to familial breast cancer. Germ-line mutations within these two loci are associated with a 50 to 85% lifetime risk of breast and/or ovarian cancer (Casey, 1997, Curr. Opin. Oncol. 9:88-93; Marcus et al., 1996, Cancer 77:697-709). However, it is likely that other, non-genetic factors also have a significant effect on the etiology of the disease. Regardless of its origin, breast cancer morbidity and mortality increases significantly if it is not detected early in its progression. Thus, considerable effort has focused on the early detection of cellular transformation and tumor formation in breast tissue.
Currently, the principal manner of identifying breast cancer is through detection of the presence of dense tumorous tissue. This may be accomplished to varying degrees of effectiveness by direct examination of the outside of the breast, or through mammography or other X-ray imaging methods (Jatoi, 1999, Am. J. Surg. 177:518-524). The latter approach is not without considerable cost, however. Every time a mammogram is taken, the patient incurs a small risk of having a breast tumor induced by the ionizing properties of the radiation used during the test. In addition, the process is expensive and the subjective interpretations of a technician can lead to imprecision, e.g., one study showed major clinical disagreements for about one-third of a set of mammograms that were interpreted individually by a surveyed group of radiologists. Moreover, many women find that undergoing a mammogram is a painful experience. Accordingly, the National Cancer Institute has not recommended mammograms for women under fifty years of age, since this group is not as likely to develop breast cancers as are older women. It is compelling to note, however, that while only about 22% of breast cancers occur in women under fifty, data suggests that breast cancer is more aggressive in pre-menopausal women.
Human breast tumors are diverse in their natural history and in the responsiveness to treatments. Variation in transcriptional programs accounts for much of the biological diversity of human cells and tumors. In each cell, signal transduction and regulatory systems transduce information from the cell's identity to its environmental status, thereby controlling the level of expression of every gene in the genome. (Perou, C. et al., (2000) Nature 406:747-752).
Human breast tumors are histologically complex tissues, containing a variety of cell types in addition to the carcinoma cells. Two distinct types of epithelial cell are found in the human mammary gland: basal (and/or myoepithelial) cells and luminal epithelial cells. These two cell types are conveniently distinguished immunohistochemically; basal epithelial cells can be stained with antibodies to keratin 5/6, whereas luminal epithelial cells stain with antibodies against keratins 8/18. (Perou et al., supra)
Gene expression information generated by DNA microarray analysis of human tumors can provide molecular phentotyping that can identify distinct tumor classifications not evident by traditional histopathological methods. (West, M. et al., (2001) PNAS 2001 98: 11462-11467). The analysis of gene expression represents an indirect measure of the genetic alterations in tumors because, in most instances, these alterations affect gene regulatory pathways. Given the tremendous complexity that can be scored by measuring gene expression with DNA microarrays, together with the absence of bias in assumptions as to what type of pathway might be affected in a particular tumor, the analysis of gene expression profiles offers the potential to impact clinical decision-making based on more precise determinations of tumor cell phenotypes. (West et al., supra).
Currently, about 100 critical genes in growth stimulatory pathways have been identified as potential targets for development as therapeutic agents. Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 ("HER2") is a member of a class of molecules in this pathway, called growth factor receptors. Following discovery of the HER2 probe in 1987, it was determined that 25% to 30% of women with breast cancer have amplification of this gene. Although expression does not always follow gene amplification, HER2 expression was found to directly correlate to its degree of amplification, such that amplification results in overexpression in 95% of cases. When HER2 overexpression occurs, at some point between premalignant and preinvasive disease, it affects both the biologic life of the tumor and the prognosis of the patient. The HER2 alteration does not appear to change over time. When it is amplified in the primary tumor, the degree of amplification seems to hold steady throughout the course of disease and is similarly amplified in subsequent metastases.
Moreover, the presence of multiple copies of the HER-2 gene, and the corresponding over-expression of its protein, plays a pivotal role in the rapid growth of tumor cells in 25-30 percent of breast cancer patients. HER2, thus, has a profound significance on breast cancer characterization and management. In a state of overexpression, its impact extends from its tumorigenicity, metastatic potential, effects on hormone dependence, and effects on response to tamoxifen and chemotherapy. Determination of HER-2 status is therefore a critical tool for selecting appropriate therapeutic options. The detection of amplification of the HER2 gene, as a measure of patient disease status and survivability, is further described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,968,603, incorporated herein by reference. In addition, a HER2 inhibitor, "Herceptin" has been developed by Genentech (South San Francisco, Calif.).
Other molecular differences in breast tissue have also been found to be significant in the diagnosis, characterization, management, and therapy of breast cancer. For example, the large scale molecular differences between estrogen receptor ("ER") negative and ER positive tumors are particularly interesting in the light of clinical observations which indicate that the natural history and biological behavior of ER positive and ER negative tumors are distinct even in the absence of hormonal therapy. For example, ER negative cancers tend to recur sooner and show a different rate of recurrence in distant organ sites compared to ER positive tumors. The clinical observations and the molecular profiling data emerging from several laboratories, now strongly suggest that ER negative and ER positive breast cancers are two distinct disease entities rather than phenotypic variations of the same disease. (Pusztai, L. et al., in publication).
If the clinically significant determination is the status of the ER pathways, not just the status of the ER itself, then measurements of gene expression profiles that reflect activity of the pathway could also provide an important advance in understanding the behavior of breast cancers. Genes that encode proteins that synergize with ER, such as HNF3 antibody and androgen receptor, may also provide significant information regarding breast cancers.

Compositions, kits, and methods for identification, assessment, prevention, and therapy of breast cancer

Board of Regents, The University of Texas


A video recorder is disclosed for recording audio and video data of an event. The video recorder includes a processor communicating with memory. The memory stores audio and/or video data of an event. The video data includes a series of picture frames. A set of rules is also stored in the memory. The set of rules specifies either i) multiple regions of interest and/or ii) multiple regions of disinterest within a single picture frame. The set of rules dynamically varies a bitrate of the audio/video data associated with each region of interest and with each region of disinterest. The audio/video data is stored in the memory according to the bitrate specified by the set of rules.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to image analysis and, more particularly, to image compression using adaptive coding.
2. Description of the Related Art
Prior art video security systems are not always effective. Whether the prior art video security system utilizes older, analog video cassette tapes, or more recent digital technologies, often times these prior art security systems do not capture important images that help resolve security situations. The older, analog video cassette-based systems, for example, produce hours of usually unimportant video. If a security situation arises, time and resources are squandered while the video tapes are manually reviewed for important information (e.g., the identity of a thief). Even the newer, digital surveillance technologies, using computer intelligence to isolate "important events," often fail to capture information that can resolve security situations. By the time the computer intelligence has determined that something "important" is occurring, revealing information (such as the thief's face) has not been saved. There is, accordingly, a need in the art to capture video/audio data for improved surveillance needs, a need for producing surveillance data that does not require a large amount of time for manual review, and a need for improved recording of video and/or audio data that is compatible with digital technologies.

Video recorder for detection of occurrences


An organic light emitting display device includes a substrate including first, second and third sub-pixel regions, a first electrode formed in each of the first sub-pixel region, the second sub-pixel region, and the third sub-pixel region of the substrate, a first light emitting layer formed on the first electrode of each of the first sub-pixel region, the second sub-pixel region, and the third sub-pixel region, spacer layers formed on the first light emitting layer of the first sub-pixel region and the second sub-pixel region and including a material of the first light emitting layer, a second light emitting layer formed on the spacer layer of the first sub-pixel region, a third light emitting layer formed on the spacer layer of the second sub-pixel region, and a second electrode formed on the first light emitting layer, the second light emitting layer, and the third light emitting layer.

1. Field of the Invention
An embodiment of the present invention relates to an organic light emitting display device, and more particularly, to an organic light emitting display device capable of reducing a driving voltage and improving emission efficiency.
2. Description of the Related Art
An organic light emitting display device may be formed by a passive matrix method in which organic light emitting diodes (OLED) are coupled between scan lines and data lines in a matrix to form pixels and an active matrix method in which operations of pixels are controlled by thin film transistors (TFT) that function as switches. In general, the organic light emitting display device of the active matrix method includes TFTs for transmitting signals and capacitors for maintaining signals.
The OLED includes an anode electrode, a light emitting layer, and a cathode electrode. When a voltage is applied between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, holes injected into the anode electrode and electrons injected into the cathode electrode are re-combined with each other in the light emitting layer to generate exitons and the generated exitons are transited to a base state to emit light. At this time, the emitted light may have different wavelengths, for example, red, green, and blue wavelengths in accordance with the light emitting layer. The wavelength of the emitted light may be determined by a material (an organic matter including a host material and a dopant material) of the light emitting layer.
Since OLEDs emit light by re-combination of the holes and the electrons, mobilities of the holes and the electrons are very important. For this purpose, the light emitting layer includes an injecting layer and a transport layer that facilitate movements of the holes and the electrons. It is however necessary to develop a technology of improving emission efficiency.
The above information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the background of the described technology and therefore it may contain information that does not form the prior art that is already known in this country to a person of ordinary skill in the art.


A bag includes an upright bag body with a rectangular mouth portion confined by opposite longer walls and opposite shorter walls. At least one of the longer walls is formed with first strap holes therethrough. A carrying strap has opposite sections extending respectively through the first strap holes and formed with a respective retaining end for connecting the carrying strap to the bag body. A backing plate is disposed to lie against one of the longer walls, and is formed with second strap holes that permit extension of the carrying strap therethrough. A sound generating module has a frame unit mounted on the backing plate, and a data storage unit and an audio playback unit mounted on the frame unit. The audio playback unit is coupled to the data storage unit and is operable so as to audibly reproduce audio information stored in the data storage unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a bag, more particularly to a bag with a sound generating module.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventional gift bags are generally formed as an upright rectangular bag body made of paper or plastic. The bag body has two opposite longer walls which are provided with a respective set of strap holes near a top opening of the bag body for extension of a string member or the like to facilitate carrying. Such a conventional gift bag provides better support over conventional soft plastic bags, and defines a generally rectangular receiving space for neat placement of articles therein. Besides, the bag body of the conventional gift bag is often printed with various patterns to enhance the appearance thereof. It would be more desirable if the conventional gift bag is provided with additional functions so as to be able to adapt to different occasions.
Therefore, the main object of the present invention is to provide a bag with a sound generating module.
Accordingly, a bag of the present invention includes an upright bag body, a carrying strap, a backing plate, and a sound generating module. The bag body has a rectangular mouth portion confined by opposite longer walls and opposite shorter walls that interconnect the longer walls and that are shorter than the longer walls. At least one of the longer walls is formed with a set of first strap holes therethrough. The carrying strap has opposite sections that extend respectively through the first strap holes and that are formed with a respective retaining end for connecting the carrying strap to the bag body. The backing plate is disposed to lie against one of the longer walls of the mouth portion, and is formed with a set of second strap holes that permit extension of the opposite sections of the carrying strap therethrough. The sound generating module has a frame unit mounted on the backing plate, a data storage unit mounted on the frame unit for storing audio information, and an audio playback unit mounted on the frame unit and coupled to the data storage unit. The audio playback unit is operable so as to audibly reproduce the audio information in the data storage unit.


The process for obtaining juice, especially apple juice, from a mash obtained by crushing cells is free of enzymatic or biochemical processing steps for removal of pectins and performs the juice extraction continuously. The fluid phase obtained from the mash in a continuous centrifugation process and the foam combined with pectin components floating on it are separated from each other, advantageously by a vibrating screen. This process and eventual subsequent downstream separation steps, including for example removal of residual cellulose fibrous fractions from the fluid phase by centrifugal decantation, must be completed before the reaction of pectin with oxygen begins. An apparatus for performing this process is also described.

Processes for separation of juice from a solid phase in a mash formed by crushing cells of produce are known. They are useful for obtaining fruit juices and juices from other produce such as berries, vegetables or other field produce, especially for obtaining apple juice from apple mash.
In a known process for making apple juice, apple mash is separated mechanically from crushed apples in a press into a liquid phase and a solid phase. Because of the comparatively long time required for the pressing step the pectin contained in the liquid phase reacts with the other fluid components and oxygen and must again be separated by enzymatic or other biochemical treatment methods in subsequent extraction steps.
Apart from the increased process expense, a product obtained using an enzymatic or biochemical subsequent treatment can no longer be spoken of as being completely "natural".

Apparatus for the recovery of food juices


A rotary compressor includes a cylinder having a vane slot and a compression chamber, a shaft having an eccentric portion and configured to perpendicularly pass through a center of the compression chamber, a roller having a coupling groove and configured to orbit in the compression chamber by rotation of the shaft, and a vane having a vane hinge coupled to the coupling groove and a vane body being inserted into the vane slot and configured to divide the compression chamber into a discharge space and a suction space. A shape of the discharge-sided groove close to the discharge space and a shape of the suction-sided groove close to the suction space are asymmetrically formed between the vane hinge and the vane body with respect to the a central axis of the vane.

In rotary compressors, a vane inserted into and installed in a cylinder makes linear movements while a roller makes orbital movements in the cylinder. Accordingly, a suction chamber and a discharge chamber form a compression chamber the volume of which is variable, such that refrigerants are suctioned, compressed and discharged.
The rotary compressors can be classified as a combined one and a non-combined one on the basis of whether the roller and the vane are coupled or not.
As a related art, a combined rotary compressor in which a vane and a roller are coupled as described above is disclosed in European Patent No. 2418386.
FIG. 1 is a view illustrating a compression portion of a combined rotary compressor of the related art, and FIG. 2 is an enlarged view illustrating the concave portion in FIG. 1.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the combined rotary compressor of the related art includes a cylinder 30, a roller 32 and a vane 33.
The cylinder 30 is provided with a compression chamber 39 at a central portion thereof, and provided with a vane slot 30b, a suction portion 40 into which refrigerants are suctioned and a discharge portion 38, from which refrigerants are discharged, at one side thereof.
The roller 32 has a ring shape, and an inner circumferential surface of the roller 32 is coupled to an eccentric portion of a rotational shaft 31 such that the roller 32 orbits in the compression chamber 39.
For the vane 33, a hinge 33a formed at a front end is coupled to one side of an outer circumferential surface of the roller 32, and a rear end is inserted into the vane slot 30b and reciprocates linearly because of orbital movements of the roller 32.
A central axis (Pb) of the vane hinge 33a, as illustrated in FIG. 2, is spaced apart from a central axis (Pa) of the vane 33 or the compression chamber 39 towards the relatively high-pressure discharge portion 38 in parallel with the central axis (Pa).
For the vane slot 30b, a rear end near an outer circumferential surface of the cylinder 30 is inclined towards the discharge portion 38 with respect to a front end near the roller 32.
The vane 33 is asymmetrically formed with respect to the central axis (Pa).
Specifically, for the vane 33, volume of a contraction portion 33g close to the relatively high-pressure discharge portion 38 is smaller than volume of a contraction portion 33f close to a relatively low-pressure suction portion 40 with respect to the central axis (Pa).
That is, when the vane 33 is at a top dead point, volume (Vg) of a space formed among the contraction portion 33g close to the relatively high-pressure discharge portion 38, the roller 32 and the cylinder 30 is smaller than volume (Vf) of a space formed among the contraction portion 33f close to the relatively low-pressure suction portion 40, the roller 32 and the cylinder 30.
When the vane 33 is at the top dead point, the volume (Vg) of the space, formed among the contraction portion 33g close to the relatively high-pressure discharge portion 38, the roller 32 and the cylinder 30, is dead volume. Refrigerants in the compression chamber 39 remain in the dead volume (Vg), and the remaining refrigerants are suctioned into the suction portion 40 because of orbital movements of the roller 32, thereby causing loss of cooling capability.
The rotary compressor of the related art can reduce dead volume and loss of cooling capability, thereby ensuring improvement in compression efficiency.
However, in the rotary compressor of the related art, the central axis (Pb) of the vane hinge 33a is spaced apart from the central axis (Pa) of the vane 33 towards the relatively high-pressure discharge portion 38 in parallel with the central axis (Pa), thereby causing a deterioration of durability of the vane 33.
As a central axis of orbital movements of the roller 32 and the central axis (Pa) of the vane 33 are not aligned, a rotational force load caused by the roller 32 is greatly generated at the front end of the vane 33, thereby causing damage to the contraction portions 33g, 33f having a relatively low strength.
Thus, in a rotary compressor where a vane and a roller are coupled, dead volume needs to be reduced and a structure needs to be improved to enhance durability.

Rotary compressor with a vane discharge-sided groove and a vane suction-sided groove


An image recording apparatus, comprising: a recording device; a cassette; a discharge tray; a conveying path; a conveyor; an electrical power supply; a cooling air flow path; an air blower to apply a wind-force to air; a casing; and an additional cassette device attached to a lower portion of the casing, and in this configuration, the additional cassette device comprises: an additional cassette and an additional conveying path. A relay path is provided between the additional conveying path and the conveying path. The electrical power supply and the cooling air flow path are arranged under the cassette. The electrical power supply is arranged to overlap with the cassette when viewed along the vertical direction, and the cooling air flow path is formed not to intersect with the relay path.

1. Technical Field
Aspects of the present invention relate to an image recording apparatus having a carrying path along which a recording medium is carried, and a cooling air flow path along which air for cooling an electrical power supply flows.
2. Related Art
An image forming device which includes a carrying path along which a sheet-like medium is carried, and a flowing path along which air for cooling an electrical power supply flows is known. The image forming device of this type is configured such that outside air is taken into a main body of the image forming device through a first air intake, and the electrical power supply is cooled by the outside air, by rotating a fan. The outside air is sucked by the fan through a plurality of ventilation holes formed in a sheet carrying guide, and is discharged to the outside through an air outlet provided on a downstream side of the fan. The sheet-like medium accommodated in a paper supply cassette is carried to a region where image formation is performed by an optical writing unit while being guided along the carrying path. The sheet-like medium on which an image has been formed is ejected to a discharge tray while being guided along the sheet carrying guide having the plurality of ventilation holes. Therefore, regarding the image forming device, there is a concern that the carrying path for the sheet-like medium and the flowing path of the air intersect with each other, and the air flowing through the flowing path badly affects carrying of the sheet-like medium.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A method, in a wireless communications device, comprising: receiving a new security mode configuration from a radio access network that is to replace an original security mode configuration as part of a security procedure; detecting, prior to completion of said security procedure, that a cell update message is to be sent to the network; transmitting a first cell update message to the network in accordance with the original security mode configuration; transmitting a second cell update message to the network in accordance with the new security mode configuration; receiving a cell update confirm message, the cell update confirm message sent by the network in accordance with a network determined security mode configuration; ascertaining if the network determined security mode configuration is either the original or new security mode configuration; and completing the cell update procedure in accordance with the ascertained security mode configuration.

In a communication system, a device (typically a mobile device) termed user equipment (UE) communicates wirelessly with a radio access network. Communications between the UE and the radio access network are effected in accordance with a multi-layered communications protocol.
The 3GPP 25.331 specification classifies a Security Mode Command procedure shown in FIG. 1 between the UE 102 and the radio access network 105.
The security consists of two aspects, optional ciphering and mandatory integrity protection. Ciphering provides encryption according to a ciphering configuration to ensure that all signaling and data messages transmitted between the UE and the radio access network are ciphered over the air interface to provide data confidentiality. Integrity protection provides protection against message manipulation between the UE and the radio access network. That is, integrity protection prevents third parties from sending unauthorised signaling messages between the UE and radio access network. Typically, both ciphering and integrity protection are enabled during a call.
As part of the Security Mode Command procedure the radio access network sends a Security Mode Command 112 using the Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol to the UE with an indication of a new integrity protection configuration and new cipher configuration. In response to the Security Mode Command, the UE sends an acknowledgement message 114 to the radio access network and subsequently sends a RRC Security Mode Complete message 116 to the radio access network. In response to receiving the Security Mode Complete message from the UE, the radio access network sends an acknowledgement message 118 to the UE.
The 3GPP 25.331 specification mandates a specific method to handle a cell update procedure during the security mode command procedure. This method is to abort the new integrity protection configuration and new cipher configuration, and continue with the original integrity protection configuration and cipher configuration (used prior to initiation of the security mode command procedure).
This is problematic because the Security Mode Command procedure terminates at different times in the UE and the radio access network, which can lead to the abortion of the Security Mode Command procedure in the UE but not in the radio access network. In particular, the radio access network terminates the Security Mode Command procedure when it sends the acknowledgement 118 to the UE after receipt of the Security Mode Complete message. In contrast, the UE terminates the Security Mode Command procedure when it receives the acknowledgement 118 for the Security Mode Complete message from the radio access network. The transmission of the acknowledgement 118 for the Security Mode Complete message from the radio access network to the UE is not completely reliable and therefore may not be received by the UE.
When the UE performs a Cell Update whilst the UE is waiting for the acknowledgement for the Security Mode Complete message from the radio access network, the UE aborts the Security Mode Command procedure; however the radio access network does not abort the Security Mode Command procedure.
If the UE and radio access network do not abort the Security Mode Command procedure simultaneously, ciphering and integrity protection configuration will be not be the same in the UE and the radio access network which leads to the RRC connection to be lost.
This issue has been addressed in 3GPP 25.331 specification release 10, where it requires updated functions in UE and the radio access network. In the 3GPP method the Security Mode Command procedure is allowed to be completed early if the UE successfully integrity checks an RRC message received on SRB3 using integrity check parameters from the Security Mode Command. This may reduce the time the problem can occur, but does not address the problem described above. In the 3GPP method the UE can signal to the radio access network in the Cell Update message if the Security Mode Command procedure was aborted. Because the Cell Update message is not ciphered, the radio access network can receive and process the Cell Update message and then align its security configuration for the UE, to that indicated. The Change Requests that introduce and subsequently correct this method are 4427 (November 2010), 4583 (May 2011), and 4884 (November 2011) all applying to the 3GPP 25.331 specification.

Recovery from aborted integrity protection change


Method for power skiving a workpiece (50) having a workpiece axis of rotation (R2) and having a rotationally-symmetrical, periodic structure using a power skiving tool (100).

There are numerous methods for manufacturing gearwheels. In the case of cutting soft pre-machining, a differentiation is made between hobbing, gear shaping, generating planing, and power skiving. Hobbing and power skiving are so-called continuous methods.
The gear shaping method can be described or illustrated by a cylinder wheel gearing, since the intersection angle (also called the intersection angle of axes) between the axis of rotation R1 of the shaping tool 1 and the axis of rotation R2 of the workpiece 2 is 0°, as schematically shown in FIG. 1. The two axes of rotation R1 and R2 extend in parallel when the intersection angle of axes is 0°. The workpiece 2 and the shaping tool 1 rotate continuously about the axes of rotation R2 or R1, respectively, thereof. These rotational movements are shown by the reference signs ω1 and ω2. The shaping tool 1 performs a stroke movement in addition to the rotational movement, which is identified in FIG. 1 by the double arrow shx, and removes chips from the workpiece 2 during this stroke movement.
Some time ago, a method was revived, which is referred to as power skiving. The fundamentals are approximately 100 years old.
In the case of power skiving, as shown in FIG. 2A, an intersection angle of axes Σ between the axis of rotation R1 of the power skiving tool 10 (also referred to as the skiving wheel) and the workpiece axis of rotation R2 of the workpiece 20 is specified, which is not equal to zero. The resulting relative movement between the power skiving tool 10 and the workpiece 20 is a spiral movement, which can be decomposed into a rotary component (rotational component) and a thrust component (translational component). A cylindrical screw gearing can be considered to be a drive technology analog, wherein the rotary component corresponds to the rolling and the thrust component corresponds to the sliding of the flanks. The greater the intersection angle of axes Σ is with respect to absolute value, the more the translational movement component required for the machining of the workpiece 20 increases. Specifically, it causes a movement component of the flank cutters of the power skiving tool 10 in the direction of the tooth flanks of the workpiece 20. In the case of power skiving, the sliding component of the meshing relative movement of the engaged gear wheels of the crossed helical equivalent gearing is utilized to execute the cutting movement. In power skiving, only a slow axial feed sax (also called axial feed) in parallel to the axis of rotation R2 of the workpiece 20 is required and the so-called impact movement is omitted, which is typical for gear shaping. Therefore, no reverse stroke movement occurs in the case of power skiving.
The cutting speed in power skiving is directly influenced by the rotational speed of the power skiving tool 10 or of the workpiece 20 and on the intersection angle of axes Σ used of the axes of rotation R1 and R2. The intersection angle of axes Σ and therefore the sliding component are to be selected so that an optimum cutting speed is achieved for the machining of the material at given rotational speed.
The movement sequences and further details of a power skiving method can be inferred from the already-mentioned schematic illustration in FIG. 2A. FIG. 2A shows the power skiving of external gear teeth on a cylindrical workpiece 20. The workpiece 20 and the tool 10 (a cylindrical power skiving tool 10 here) rotate in opposite directions, as can be seen in FIG. 2A, for example, on the basis of the angular velocities ω1 and ω2. The cylindrical tool 10 is inclined away from the workpiece 20 to generate kinematic clearance angles.
Further relative movements are added thereto. The above-mentioned axial feed s is necessary to be able to machine the entire gear tooth width of the workpiece 20 using the tool 10. The axial feed causes a displacement of the tool 10 in relation to the workpiece 20 in the parallel direction to the workpiece axis of rotation R2. The direction of this movement of the tool 10 is identified in FIG. 2A with sax. If spiral gear teeth are desired on the workpiece 20 (i.e., angle of inclination β2≠0), a differential feed sD is superimposed on the axial feed sax, which, as shown in FIG. 2A, corresponds to an additional rotation of the workpiece 20 about the workpiece axis of rotation R2. The differential feed sD and the axial feed sax are adapted at the calculation point AP to one another by computers such that the resulting feed of the tool 10 in relation to the workpiece 20 occurs in the direction of the tooth gap to be generated. In addition, a radial feed srad can be used, for example, to influence the crowning of the gear teeth of the workpiece 20.
In power skiving, the vector of the cutting speed {right arrow over (v)}c essentially results as the difference of the two velocity vectors {right arrow over (v)}1 and {right arrow over (v)}2, which are inclined in relation to one another by the effective intersection angle of axes Σeff, of the axes of rotation R1, R2 of tool 10 and workpiece 20. {right arrow over (v)}1 is the velocity vector on the circumference of the tool 10 and {right arrow over (v)}2 is the velocity vector on the circumference of the workpiece 20. The absolute value of the cutting speed {right arrow over (v)}c of the power skiving process can be changed by the intersection angle of axes Σ and the rotational speed in the crossed helical equivalent gearing. Then, as already mentioned, relatively slow axial feed sax only has a small influence on the cutting speed {right arrow over (v)}c in power skiving, which can be neglected. The axial feed sax is therefore not considered in the vector diagram having the vectors {right arrow over (v)}1, {right arrow over (v)}2, and {right arrow over (v)}c in FIG. 2A.
FIG. 2B shows the power skiving of external gear teeth of a workpiece 20 using a non-inclined conical power skiving tool 10. In FIG. 2B, the intersection angle of axes Σ, the vector of the cutting speed {right arrow over (v)}c, the velocity vectors v, on the circumference of the tool 10 and {right arrow over (v)}2 on the circumference of the workpiece 20, and the angle of inclination β1 of the tool 10 and the angle of inclination β2 of the workpiece 20 are again shown. The angle of inclination β2 is not equal to zero here. The tooth head of the tool 10 is identified in FIG. 2B with the reference sign 4. The tooth face is identified in FIG. 2B with the reference sign 5. The two axes of rotation R1 and R2 do not intersect, but rather are arranged skewed in relation to one another. In the case of a conical power skiving tool 10, the calculation point AP is typically selected on the shared perpendicular line of the two axes of rotation R1 and R2, since tilting of the power skiving tool 10 is not required to provide clearance angles. The pitch circles of the spiral rolling equivalent gearing touch in the calculation point AP.
A tool 10, which comprises at least one geometrically defined flank cutting edge, is used in power skiving. The flank cutting edge/flank cutting edges are not shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B. The shape and arrangement of the flank cutting edges are among the aspects which have to be taken into consideration in practice in a specific design.
In the example shown in FIG. 2A, the power skiving tool 10 has the form of a straight-toothed spur gear. The external contour of the main body in FIG. 2A is cylindrical. However, it can also be conical, as shown in FIG. 2B.
In power skiving, the (tooth) gaps are typically generated in multiple cuts with respect to the tooth depth. This is therefore also referred to as a multiple cut strategy. The computer design of the power skiving tool is essentially performed in this case in view of optimum chip conditions for the final cut, during which the final flank surface is generated.
The individual cuts in different tooth depths are typically executed by a corresponding infeed of the power skiving tool in the tooth depth direction. In power skiving using a non-inclined power skiving tool, the infeed corresponds solely to a change of the axial distance between the axes R1 and R2.
Several studies of power skiving using multiple cut strategy have shown that different chip or cutting conditions result for the individual cuts (at the different infeed depths). However, this is the case in particular if the same power skiving tool is used for the individual cuts in power skiving using multiple cut strategy. The chip or cutting conditions are different, since in particular the respective active pitch circle on the workpiece shifts in relation to the design position for the final cut.
The chip or cutting conditions even change significantly in this case, as precise simulations have shown. If inclined power skiving tools are used, in the extreme case, skiving cannot be performed without collision using an optimum power skiving tool for the final cut at a machining depth of approximately 25%.
These differences of the chip forming conditions at the various cutting depths not only result in wear of different levels on the power skiving tool, but rather they can also have an influence on the quality of the generated tooth flanks.
Furthermore, it is characteristic for power skiving that the part of the chip removed from the incoming tooth flank eF is thinner than the part of the chip removed from the outgoing tooth flank aF. This method property of power skiving can also be problematic in the case of a multiple cut strategy.

Power skiving method having multiple cut strategy


A temperature sensor (10) for use in a cooking appliance of the kind in which an electric heater (1) incorporating at least one heating element (5) is located behind a cooking plate (2). The temperature sensor is adapted to be located between the at least one heating element and the cooking plate. The sensor (10) comprises a sensing element (13) having an electrical parameter which changes as a function of temperature and a housing (12) for the sensing element. The housing has a first surface region (15) with high thermal radiation absorption relative to a second surface region (16). The sensor is adapted to be located with the first surface region (15) of the housing facing substantially towards the cooking plate (2) and the second surface region (16) facing substantially towards the at least one heating element (5).

The present invention relates to a temperature sensor for use in a cooking appliance of the kind in which an electric heater incorporating at least one heating element is located behind a glass-ceramic sheet.
A temperature sensor is required in such heaters, which sensor is set to respond when the glass-ceramic reaches a predetermined temperature to de-energise the heater and prevent damage to the glass-ceramic which would otherwise occur if such predetermined temperature was to be exceeded for an extended period of time.
The most commonly used form of temperature sensor, generally referred to as a temperature limiter, comprises a rod assembled inside a tube, the rod having a significantly different coefficient of thermal expansion from the tube. The rod and tube are secured together at one end thereof and connected to a switch assembly at the other end. The device is arranged on the heater such that the rod and tube assembly is located between the heating element or elements in the heater and the glass-ceramic sheet. When the heater is operated, differential expansion occurs between the rod and tube and the device is tuned such that at a predetermined temperature the switch assembly is operated to de-energise the heater.
It is known to alter the sensitivity of the device to thermal radiation by forming the tube of a radiation reflecting or absorbing material, or by providing a reflecting coating on the surface of the tube. The arrangements of the prior art result in substantially uniform directional sensitivity to thermal radiation around the circumference of the tube.
Instead of the rod-in-tube differential expansion type of temperature limiter, temperature sensors have also been proposed in which a device having an electrical parameter which changes as a function of temperature is provided in the heater or in contact with the glass-ceramic sheet. The parameter is monitored such that, when a value thereof is obtained corresponding to a predetermined temperature of the glass-ceramic, the heater is arranged to be de-energised.
Such a temperature sensor when connected to suitable electronic control circuitry is capable of providing adaptive control of a heater with which the sensor is used and is advantageous over the rod-in-tube differential expansion type of device which is set to switch at a predetermined temperature selected under worst case abuse conditions of the heater.
The temperature sensor may comprise a device, for example, the electrical resistance of which changes with temperature, such as a platinum resistance temperature detector or a thermistor. Alternatively, the sensor may comprise a thermoelectric device, such as a thermocouple, providing a voltage output as a function of temperature.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a temperature sensor of the type comprising a device having an electrical parameter which changes as a function of temperature and which exhibits preferential directional sensitivity to thermal radiation.
According to the present invention there is provided a temperature sensor for use in a cooking appliance of the kind in which an electric heater incorporating at least one heating element is located behind a cooking plate, the temperature sensor being for location between the at least one heating element and the cooking plate, the sensor comprising a sensing element having an electrical parameter which changes as a function of temperature and a housing for the sensing element, the housing having a first surface region thereof with high thermal radiation absorption relative to a second surface region thereof, the sensor being for location with the first surface region of the housing facing substantially towards the cooking plate and the second surface region facing substantially towards the at least one heating element.
The cooking plate may comprise a glass-ceramic sheet.
The housing may comprise a single component or a plurality of components and may be of generally tubular form, such as of substantially circular, rectangular or elliptical cross-section.
In one embodiment, the housing is provided with at least one surface layer to form the first and second surface regions.
When a first or second surface layer is provided to form the first or the second surface region, material comprising the housing may be selected and/or adapted to form a corresponding second or first surface region.
The first surface region of the housing may comprise, or be coated with, a material which has a higher thermal radiation emissivity, or a lower thermal radiation reflectivity, than a material which comprises, or with which is coated, the second surface region of the housing.
The housing may comprise a heat-resistant metal or alloy, such as a stainless steel, a first part of whose surface forms the first surface region, a second part of whose surface having thereon a coating of a material having higher thermal radiation reflectivity than the first surface region and constituting the second surface region. The material having the higher thermal radiation reflectivity may be selected from silver, gold and reflecting oxide material such as aluminium oxide.
Alternatively, the housing may comprise a heat-resistant metal or alloy, such as a stainless steel, a first part of whose surface forms the second surface region, a second part of whose surface having thereon a coating of a material having higher emissivity than the second surface region and constituting the first surface region. The material having the higher emissivity may comprise a heat-resistant black paint.
As a further alternative, the housing may comprise a ceramic material, a first part of whose surface forms the first or second surface region, a second part of whose surface having thereon a coating of a material having higher or lower reflectivity or emissivity than the ceramic material and constituting the corresponding second or first surface region.
The housing may comprise two parts, each such as of semi-cylindrical form, joined together and having different thermal radiation absorption properties, such that one part has higher or lower thermal radiation emissivity or reflectivity than the other, the two parts providing the first and second surface regions.
The sensing element in the housing may comprise a resistance temperature detector, such as a platinum resistance temperature detector, the electrical resistance of which changes as a function of temperature.


A transparent polyimide film, prepared from a copolymerized polyamide acid according to a chemical cyclization method, is provided. The copolymerized polyamide acid requires at least a semi-aromatic polyamide acid, and the semi-aromatic polyamide acid is formed by reacting cyclobutane-1,2,3,4-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (CBDA) and 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)diaminodiphenyl (TFMB). The molar number of dianhydrides of the semi-aromatic polyamide acid is more than 20% of the total molar number of anhydrides of the copolymerized polyamide acid, so that the transparent polyimide film has a light transmittance greater than 80%, a chroma b* less than 5, and a CTE less than 35 ppm/° C.

Polyimide films have excellent heat resistance and mechanical properties, and are therefore often applied to the field of flexible circuit board applications with high temperature processes. In addition, since the transparent polyimide film has good bending resistance and optical properties, in recent years, the polyimide film is one of few materials that can meet the requirements of optical properties and heat resistance in the field of displays for electronic display.
Although the transparent polyimide film has good optical properties and temperature resistance, it is still insufficient in heat stability. In the field of flexible electronic materials, metal lines need to be attached to the polyimide film, and thus the dimensional stability of the line depends on the CTE of the polyimide film In general, the transparent polyimide film has a higher CTE, and thus the metal line attached to the polyimide film has poor dimensional stability under heat. Moreover, in order to reduce the CTE of the transparent polyimide film, a highly rigid aromatic cyclic dianhydride monomer is often used, and the copolymerized polyimide film formed can prepare a transparent polyimide film of a lower CTE. However, this will cause adverse effects such as low light transmittance (less than 80%) and yellow chroma b*.


A system for tagging a vehicle generally includes a vehicle comprising a vehicle identification module comprising a user input processing module configured to receive an initiation communication comprising a data set that includes both target vehicle identifying data and target vehicle status information. The target vehicle status information includes at least an operative defect of a target vehicle. The system comprises a vehicle location database comprising identification information of a plurality of potential target vehicles. The system comprises a server comprising a server validation module configured to: interrogate the vehicle location database for the identification information; and identify the target vehicle of the plurality of potential target vehicles based on the target vehicle identifying data. The server comprises a recipient determination module configured to: analyze the target vehicle status information to determine at least one target information recipient; and transmit a notification signal to the target information recipient.

The ability of vehicle drivers to communicate ad hoc messages in real time to an appropriate authority to tag/identify another vehicle is limited. A faster, safer, and more reliable communication method is needed to tag vehicles that may need to be monitored for any reason. The ability to alert authorities to the presence of a disabled vehicle, a dangerous driver, or a courteous driver, for example, will allow for quicker response time by the proper authority when a response is needed. Many existing systems require the communicating driver to divert attention from driving when communicating a message, which can lead to unsafe road conditions and an increase in vehicle accidents. Additionally, many existing systems lack the ability to easily locate the tagged vehicle based on the location of the communicating vehicle. This can lead to delayed response times, which, in emergency situations, can result in increased injury to vehicle occupants. It would therefore be desirable to enable a driver of a vehicle to communicate in real time with authorities and with drivers of other vehicles on the road to tag/identify a vehicle that may need to be monitored and/or assisted for any reason. Therefore, what is needed is an apparatus, system, and/or method that addresses one or more of the foregoing issues, and/or one or more other issues.


An apparatus and method of its use is provided for baiting a fishing line. A handle has a hole therethrough and a surface for gripping the handle. An elongate tube has a proximal end and a distal end and is fixedly engaged with the hole of the handle at the proximal end. The distal end of the tube has a terminal edge which may include a sharp edge for cutting through a bait. In use, a free end of the fishing line is threaded first through the tube, from the distal end to the proximal end, and then through the handle. The free end of the fishing line is then secured to the handle. A looped portion of the fishing line is then extended from the distal end of the tube and along the tube. The tube is then forced through the bait such that the distal end of the tube extends clear of the bait. The free end of the fishing line is then drawn out of both the tube and the handle. The tube is then withdrawn from the bait, leaving the fishing line within the bait with the free end of the fishing line available for affixing a fishing device to the free end.

A variety of fishing bait threaders exist that include a hollow, sharpened needle attached in some fashion to a handle. The end of the needle typically includes a groove or other means to accept the sharp end of a fishing hook that is attached to a fishing line. In use, a worm or other fishing bait is pierced with the needle and slid down the needle towards the handle. The fishing hook is then engaged with the end of the needle, and the bait is slid back off of the needle and onto the hook and fishing line and positioned as desired for use. Examples of such prior art devices are found in the following patents:
______________________________________ Pat. No. Inventor Issue Date ______________________________________ 4,073,083 Davis Feb. 14, 1978 4,706,403 Reynolds Nov. 17, 1987 4,915,631 Robinson et al. Apr. 10, 1990 4,674,220 Bearce, Jr. et al. Jun. 23, 1987 5,125,180 Dean Jun. 30, 1992 5,155,930 Monarez Oct. 20, 1992 ______________________________________
One drawback to such devices is that they are difficult to use in that one must maintain a tension on the fishing line to keep the hook engaged with the end of the needle while, at the same time, slide the bait off of the needle and onto the hook and line. Indeed, several of these prior art patents are founded upon an improved tension maintaining means that firmly holds the fishing line taunt while baiting the hook. However, such devices are still awkward to use and relatively complicated and costly.
A further drawback of such devices is that the hollow needles of such devices tend to collect dead organic matter as they are forced through the bait. Even after one use such devices pose a serious health threat if the sharp end of the device inadvertently cuts or scrapes a person's skin. Clearly, to some extent, any type of bait piercing device will become unsanitary. However, prior art devices are nearly impossible to clean since only one end of the needles of such devices is open. Over time, dead matter collects at the other, closed end with no easy means by which to remove it.
A further drawback with many such prior art devices is that the end of the needles are bent, making it very difficult to track such a needle through the bait in a straight path. Further, upon sliding the bait onto the hook, the bait is forced for a time to bend along the same arc as the hook. Some baits are not so flexible as to allow such bending without tearing of the bait, especially with a relatively small hook. Moreover, using such devices requires one to choose a hook before choosing a bait, since the hook must be fastened to the line before the line is baited. If a particular hook happens to be already fastened to a line, a suitable bait must be selected for that particular hook. In many situations, however, it is more advantageous to choose the bait first, depending upon the fishing conditions, and only then select the appropriate hook.
Clearly, then, there is a need for an effective bait threading tool that is easy to clean and therefore safer to use. Such a needed device would, to some extent, even be self-cleaning. Further, such a needed device would be extremely simple and inexpensive to manufacture, and would allow the line to be baited before selecting a hook. Such a needed device would track through the bait in a straight line, and therefore would be easier to use. The present invention fulfills these needs and provides further related advantages.