A method for identifying a remote radio unit in a communication system comprises a plurality of remote radio units communicating with a central unit and pattern providing means for providing information about dedicated gain change patterns of the remote radio units. The method comprises receiving a signal from a station by a remote radio unit of the plurality of remote radio units. The method also includes changing the gain of at least one remote radio unit according to a dedicated gain change pattern of the at least one remote radio unit. The method also includes detecting a gain change pattern for the received signal and identifying the remote radio unit by comparing the detected gain change pattern with information about dedicated gain change patterns of the remote radio units provided by the pattern providing means. An example may be locating a station, such as a user equipment, in a distributed radio system.

Mobile communication systems allow mobility for users thereof. A mobile communication system may be provided by a cellular or otherwise wireless communication system using radio frequencies for sending voice or data between stations, such as user equipment (UE) (e.g. mobile stations, MS) and base transceiver stations (BTS), also called base stations. A base station system commonly comprises an antenna connected with appropriate electronics and control devices and so on. The radio frequencies may be divided in channels including traffic channels for voice and data transfer and signal channels for transferring control signals for the purposes of setting up a call or controlling an ongoing connection. Examples of cellular mobile communication systems include standards such as the GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) or various GSM based systems, such as GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), third generation standards, such as the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) and other communication systems that are based on the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). In addition, local systems may be used to provide mobility. For example, a user may be provided wireless communications by means of systems that are based on any appropriate wireless local area network (WLAN) standards. A mobile user may access the mobile network, for example, by means of a user equipment, such as a personal computer (PC), personal digital assistant (PDA), mobile station (MS) and so on.
Various services can be provided for a user of a mobile user equipment by means of a communication system. Recent development in the field of mobile user equipment has lead to arrangements wherein information about the location of a mobile user equipment is determined and utilized when providing services for the user equipment or other parties. Such services are sometimes called location sensitive services. Location information may be used for various purposes, such as for location of a mobile telephone that has made an emergency call, for locating vehicles or mobile subscribers for commercial purposes and so on.
Information about the location of a mobile user equipment may be defined relative to the location of the base station. This is based on the assumption that a user equipment in communication with a base station must be located within the coverage area of that base station. The geographical location of the base station is commonly known, and therefore it is possible to conclude the location of the user equipment based on the identity of the base station.
Location based services are expected to become very important in relation to future mobile communication systems. As such, the need to accurately determine the position of mobile user equipment may increase and be based on commercial and security aspects.
A base station system having a plurality of remote radio units for transmitting and receiving at least one carrier signal has also been proposed. Such distributed radio units are referred to in the following as remote radio units, but may as well be called as remote heads, radio units, remote units and radio heads, or the like. Non-limiting examples of such distributed systems include an advanced indoor radio (AIR) and a distributed antenna system (DAS). For example, distributed wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) technique may be used in channel multiplexing in such a distributed system. Signals transmitted from the remote radio units may not include an identification of the remote radio unit, but only an identification of the associated base station. Therefore, it may not be possible to determine from which of the remote radio units a signal has been received and thus which remote radio unit is closest to the mobile user. As a base station provided with remote radio units may cover a large area, the accuracy of the location information obtainable for a user equipment relative to the base station may in certain cases be insufficient, for example for commercial or emergency needs.
The accuracy of the location services may be improved by various manners from that of one cell. For example, location services may employ information of measurements regarding time of arrival, signal strength and so on. However, even with these it may be important to be able to tell precisely the radio unit which received signals from the target mobile user equipment.
Therefore, there is a need for improved system for identifying the remote radio unit closest to a mobile unit. It may be desired to achieve increased location accuracy for example inside a building, in particular when distributed base station systems are concerned.

Identifying remote radio units in a communication system


Techniques for video manipulation based on an immersive video experience including rotation are disclosed. Parameters pertaining to a video are determined. Second parameters pertaining to a video display are determined. A minimum scale value is calculated to inscribe a rectangle within an oval based on a height and a width of the video. A height and a width of the video display define the rectangle. A gravity sensor input is preprocessed using a low-pass filter before using it to determine the minimum scale value. The video is preprocessed using a video inset and a viewport inset. The video can be trimmed, and the rectangle can be scaled. A rectangular portion of the video is rendered on the video display wherein the rectangular portion is on or inside the boundaries of the oval.

People love watching, experiencing, and interacting with videos, games, and other video content. While listening to audio presentations such as concerts, podcasts, radio stations, and other audio sources can be quite enjoyable, most people prefer the more immersive experience they gain by adding video to the presentation or game. The videos that people watch can be short, long, useful, silly, etc. While many of the video viewing experiences can include meaningful activities such as research, education, training, work, or information gathering, among many others, more often than not the viewing of videos occurs for diversion, entertainment, gaming, or just passing the time. Watching videos can be competitive or even addictive, with some viewers competing to determine how many cat videos they can tolerate watching in one sitting, and others binge-watching all eight seasons of a popular fantasy drama for days on end. Access to some of the video that is available for viewing is free, while other video content requires a one-time payment or a subscription. Many providers of video content start their own channels and can become quite popular. The most popular providers can even make a living at providing their particular video content. Such "influencers" are paid by subscription, by advertisers, or by others.
People use a wide range of electronic devices to engage with a wide range of video content. The video content can be found at various websites, streamed from online services, or purchased for download. To access a particular website, a person starts a web browser on her or his electronic device and navigates to the website by typing in a web address or universal resource locator (URL). The URL takes the person to a home or landing page. The website homepage provides access to videos that include content such as news, sports, politics, adorable puppy videos, kittens doing wacky things videos, cute children videos, angry or satirical rants, and much, much more. The person can click on a video related to sports scores, conspiracy theories, or whatever video is of interest to her or him. From a user perspective, finding interesting videos, games, news, scores, etc., often begins with navigating to a familiar website. Alternatively, the user can perform a general web search or a search on a particular site. The manner in which the user composes their search can have an immense impact on the success or failure of the search. Having at one time been described as a library with its entire collection strewn on the floor, searching for interesting videos, games, etc., on the web or even on a particular website poses significant challenges to finding a particular item or content of interest. An ill-composed search based on a particularly remembered title or name generates far too many "potential" results or hits. The sheer volume of results is far, far too large to be useful or meaningful to the person. From the customer perspective, the searcher wants to find the desired videos simply and immediately. From a provider perspective, such as an online streaming service, their business succeeds or fails based on presenting videos to prospective customers that the customers want to see. The search needs to present relevant results quickly and concisely to the potential customer. If not, the customer will go elsewhere or will simply give up due to loss of interest, patience, or lack of time.

Immersive video experience including rotation


A method of detecting the onset of turbulence in connection with a body mng through a fluid medium and of reducing body drag and as well reducing the amount of drag noise radiated from the body. First, the body is supplied with sensors each for generating a signal suitable for measuring amplitude of pressure fluctuations of the medium proximate a region of said sidewall of the body in at least a region of the body in which turbulence is expected to occur. During a reference stage during which the body moves through the fluid medium when it is known that turbulence is occurring around at least a portion of said body, the sensors each generate reference temporal pressure data representing fluctuations in pressure of the fluid medium around said body. In response to reference temporal pressure data generated by sensors in a turbulence zone at which turbulence is occurring and sensors in a transition zone between the turbulence zone and a laminar flow zone, method-of-delay phase portraits are generated for a progression of selected delay intervals. During an operational stage, the signals from the sensors are filtered to generate a portion representing the turbulence due to motion of the body through the medium and a portion representing signals from external acoustic signal sources, and the turbulence signal portion is used to generate signals of appropriate phase which are injected into the medium to reduce the turbulence noise signals and thereby reduce drag on the body due to the medium.

(1) Field of the Invention
The invention is generally related to the field of signal processing, and more specifically to reducing drag on a body moving through a fluid medium.
(2) Description of the Prior Art
The boundary layer flow over a body which has an axisymmetric exterior surface moving through a stationary fluid, in which the motion is steady and directed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body, may be characterized by three spatially separated, but somewhat over-lapping, flow zones. These zones may be described as a laminar zone, a transitional zone and a turbulent zone. In the laminar zone, which is generally located toward the leading edge of the body, there are no appreciable disturbances of the pressure of the fluid on the surface of the body, and hence any measured pressure fluctuations within this zone are appreciably negligible. As the flow develops downstream of the leading edge of the body, it enters into the transition zone. The transition zone evolves from the latter stages of the laminar flow, where infinitesimal, linear wavelike disturbances, so-called Tollmien-Schlichting (T-S) waves, develop and begin to amplify both temporally and spatially with distance downstream of the leading edge of the body. The position along the wall at which small disturbance waves begin to amplify is related to both the shape and size of the body, as well as inertial characteristics of the flow of the medium in the vicinity of the wall. A region of decreasing velocity (or increasing pressure) of the fluid relative to the surface of the body downstream of the leading edge of the body marks the beginning of a zone where an adverse pressure gradient sets in. This adverse pressure gradient has a destabilizing effect. At or shortly downstream of this position, T-S disturbance waves would be expected to start to grow.
The amplitude of the T-S waves becomes larger as they convect downstream, and as a result their evolution becomes nonlinear and turbulent bursting is observed. The bursts initially are local and occur intermittently over each point over this portion of the surface of the body. The number of bursts per unit time increases with distance along the surface from the leading edge of the body. Downstream, the bursting finally coalesces in such a way that the flow reaches a fully turbulent state. The position along the wall where bursting fully coalesces is the dividing line between the end of the transitional zone and the start of the turbulent zone.
Nonlinear coupling of energetic modes in the spectra of fluctuations in the velocity of the medium proximate the sidewall of the body, or of fluctuations in the pressure exerted by the medium on the sidewall of the body following T-S wave amplification. The nonlinear nature of the transition produces a temporal power spectrum of frequencies of the T-S waves and combinations of the sums and differences of the respective frequencies. In the time domain, the time scales of interest are the reciprocals of the associated T-S frequencies. These principal time scales are characterized by a value corresponding to the wavelengths of the T-S waves divided by their convective velocities.
The above-mentioned Katz application, METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR IDENTIFYING THE ONSET OF A TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYER INDUCED BY A BODY MOVING THROUGH A FLUID MEDIUM, discloses a method and system for detecting the onset of turbulence in a body moving through a fluid medium. Such turbulence can induce drag on the body as it moves through the medium.

Method and system for reducing drag on a body moving through a fluid medium

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Navy


Proposed changes to a source code generated by client computing devices are integrated with a master version of the code resident on a server computing system remote from the client devices. The client devices connect to the server system over a network and transmit proposed changes to the server system, where resident integration/conflict resolution software automatically integrates the proposed changes into the master version. Any unresolved conflicts remaining after the automatic integration are identified and the server system automatically sends an email notifying the one or more client devices that there are unresolved conflicts. The email includes a link that enables a client device to launch a window on a monitor, and the client device user employs the window to transmit commands directly to and receive further communications directly from the integration/conflict resolution software in an interactive operation to attempt to manually resolve the conflicts.

Current computer software code, such as source code for operating systems and multipurpose applications, is very complex and can comprise thousands of lines. In addition, common computer languages use routines and subroutines that are interrelated in complex ways to effect operations that the software is intended to perform. These factors and others make it a practical impossibility for one person to write such code, or even for a handful of people to collaborate as an organic whole to write it. Accordingly, it is common practice for a large number of individual software developers, usually working in plural teams, to be responsible for different functional parts (sometimes referred to as "branches") of the code.
One typical way this is handled is to have a master version of the entire code in a secure repository, such as a server computer, and to have the individuals and/or teams developing the code work against this master version. The master version can be made available to the developers working on the code, such as by lodging a copy of it on the computer workstation of each developer. The developers' workstations have resident software that enables them to write new lines of code for addition to the master version or to revise existing lines of code. Developers, whether individuals or teams, can then transmit their proposed changes to the server computer on which the master version resides for possible incorporation into the master version ("reverse integration"). The server computer includes resident software that automatically integrates proposed changes into the master version and also determines if the proposed changes would cause any conflicts either among the changes or with the existing master version of the code. (As used herein, the term "conflict" generally refers to a situation in which a particular line or section of code, when executed, would impair or prevent execution of other lines or sections of the code.) Many companies that develop software, particularly large organizations, use proprietary integration/conflict resolution software, but there are commercially available versions of such software that are entirely suitable for the purpose, an example being the Team Foundation Server collaborative software development application available from Microsoft Corporation, the assignee of the present application.
In any case, if such software cannot automatically resolve a potential conflict that would be caused by integrating proposed changes/additions into the master version of a code being developed, the various developers must collaborate to resolve the conflict. Once that is accomplished, the new master version is provided to the developers and/or teams ("forward integration") for further additions and/or revisions as development of the code continues.
Although this paradigm has been used successfully to write code for numerous software products, it is fairly cumbersome and generally requires a large number of communications and/or meetings among the various individual developers and teams to carry out periodic forward and reverse integrations to resolve potential conflicts that would result from proposed changes and thereby permit the code to be completed. As a result, development can be slowed while these communications take place so that all of the developers are working with the same master version of the source code at any one time.

Automated modification integration and conflict resolution for software development


The present invention relates to novel antitumor compounds which are 4'-demethylepipodophylloxtoxin derivatives. More particularly, the novel compounds are 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin allopyranosides, allofuranosides, and mannopyranosides.

The present invention relates to novel antitumor compounds, their use in inhibiting tumor growth, and pharmaceutical compositions containing them. More particularly, the novel compounds are derivatives of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin glucoside.
Etoposide and teniposide are two derivatives of 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin glucoside. The clinical efficacy of etoposide and teniposide in the treatment of a variety of cancers has been well documented and etoposide is currently approved in the United States for the treatment of small cell lung cancer and testicular cancer. The favorable therapeutic and pharmacological profiles of etoposide and teniposide have encouraged much activity in the search for other active analogs within the same class.
Most of the reported analogs and derivatives of etoposide and teniposide contain a D-glucose moiety, although a few derivatives having a different sugar are also known. For example, three D-galactopyranosides were reported in J. Med. Chem., 1971, 10:936-40 and several L-glucopyranosides have been described in Chem. Lett., 1987, 799-802. It is thus apparent that the effect of different sugar substituent on the activity of epipodophyllotoxin derivatives has not been fully explored.
Research effort by the present inventors in this area has led to the novel analogs disclosed and claimed herein. These new derivatives are distinguished over known 4'-demethylepipodophyllotoxin glycosides in having a mannose or an allose moiety. The novel compounds exhibit good activity against experimental leukemia in animal test models.


Provided is a casing structure including: an annular seal member which is disposed at a connection portion between first and second casings to keep air-tightness between an internal space formed by connecting the first and second casings to each other and an outside of the internal space; a first screw member which is threaded from the internal space, is disposed at the inside of the seal member in the radial direction, and fastens the first and second casings to each other; and a second screw member which is threaded from the outside, is disposed at the outside of the seal member in the radial direction, and fastens the first and second casings to each other.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a casing structure. Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2010-074928, filed Mar. 29, 2010, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. Background Art
A turbo compressor compressing a gas such as air or a refrigerant gas through the rotation of an impeller and discharging the compressed gas is known. The turbo compressor includes, for example, a motor generating rotation power, an impeller rotated by the rotation power of the motor transmitted thereto, and a pair of gears transmitting the rotation power of the motor to the impeller (for example, refer to Japanese Patent No. 2910472). The motor is disposed inside a motor casing, and the impeller and the pair of gears are both disposed inside one compressor casing. An annular seal member is disposed at the connection portion between the motor casing and the compressor casing so as to keep the air-tightness thereof.
However, since the above-described compressor casing is provided to surround both the impeller and the pair of gears, the shape of the compressor casing is apt be complicated and the external shape thereof is apt to increase in size. Since the process of manufacturing the compressor casing becomes complicated, manufacturing effort and cost increase. For this reason, instead of the compressor casing, a casing structure may be used which connects an impeller casing (a first casing) surrounding an impeller and a gear casing (a second casing) accommodating a pair of gears. Furthermore, in order to keep the air-tightness of the connection portion between the impeller casing and the gear casing, the annular seal member is also disposed in the connection portion. Further, a plurality of screw members (bolts and the like) is used to connect the impeller casing and the gear casing to each other. When using the screw member, a part of the screw member is threaded into an internal space formed by connecting the impeller casing and the gear casing to each other in order to decrease the size of the casing as much as possible.
However, the screw member is disposed at the outside of the seal member in the radial direction due to the general arrangement relationship between the seal member and the screw member in the connection portion. For this reason, there is a concern that a gas inside the internal space (a gas flowing from the impeller) may flow to the outside or a gas may flow from the outside into the internal space through a penetration hole into which the screw member at the internal space side is inserted.
The invention is made in view of such circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide a casing structure capable of preventing an inflow and an outflow of a gas in a connection portion between a first casing and a second casing even when a part of a screw member connecting the first casing and the second casing to each other is threaded from an internal space formed by connecting the casings to each other.


A voltage comparing circuit has a current pass forming circuit connecting the one main terminals of a first and second field effect transistors which input two input signal voltages on their control terminals, respectively. The current pass forming circuit, respond to the voltage difference between the two input signals, forms an instantaneous current pass between the one main terminals of the first and second transistors to cancel out the charging and discharging current of the associated transistors.

A conventional voltage comparing circuit is shown in FIG. 1. Two input voltages, V.sub.i+ and V.sub.i-, are applied on a non-inverting input terminal 5 and an inverting input terminal 4, respectively. An output voltage Vo appears on an output terminal 2, the voltage Vo corresponding to the difference between the input voltages, V.sub.i+ and V.sub.i-.
Referring to FIG. 1, the voltage comparing circuit is mainly comprised of a differential amplifier, a level shift circuit, and an output circuit, the differential amplifier comprising p-channel Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) transistors M.sub.3 -M.sub.6 and n-channel MOS transistors M.sub.12 -M.sub.14, the level shift circuit comprising p-channel MOS transistors M.sub.7 and M.sub.8 and n-channel MOS transistors M.sub.15 and M.sub.16, and the output circuit comprising a p-channel MOS transistor M.sub.g and an n-channel MOS transistor M.sub.17.
The input voltages V.sub.i+ and V.sub.i- are input to the differential amplifier which amplifies their voltage difference. The two voltages having the amplified voltage difference are applied to the respective gates of the transistors M.sub.7 and M.sub.8 in the level shift circuit.
Given that the input voltage V.sub.i- is a specified reference voltage, when the input voltage V.sub.i+ is less than the reference voltage V.sub.i-, the drain voltage of the transistor M.sub.7 is the threshold voltage V.sub.th of the transistor M.sub.15 and the drain voltage of the transistor M.sub.8 is the high voltage V.sub.cc-h on the high supply voltage terminal 1.
When the input voltage V.sub.i+ increases in excess of the reference voltage V.sub.i-, the gate voltages of the transistors M.sub.7 and M.sub.8 are inverted, so that the drain voltage of the transistor M.sub.7 becomes the voltage V.sub.d voltage-divided by the on-state resistances of the transistors M.sub.7 and M.sub.15 and the drain voltage of the transistor M.sub.8 becomes the low voltage V.sub.cc-l on the low supply voltage terminal 3. To sum up, the drain voltage of the transistor M.sub.7 increases from V.sub.th to V.sub.d, and the drain voltage of the transistor M.sub.8 decreases from V.sub.cc-h to V.sub.cc-l.
When such a voltage change occurs in the level shift circuit, however, charging or discharging current flows into or out of the gate capacitances and the drain and source diffusion capacitances of the transistors in the level shift circuit. This means that the drain voltage of the transistor M.sub.8, that is, the output voltage of the level shift circuit does not increase or decrease until such a charge or discharge terminates. In other words, there is a delay time caused by the charge and discharge which passes between the input voltages changing and the corresponding output of the level shift circuit changing, resulting in delayed response time of the entire voltage comparing circuit.
This conventional circuit operation is simulated and its characteristics is shown in FIG. 2, where the reference input voltage V.sub.i- is 2.5 V, the waveform 21 indicates the input voltage V.sub.i+ increasing from 2.41 V to 2.51 V, and the waveform 22 indicates the output voltage Vo appearing on the output terminal 2 in response to the input voltage V.sub.i+.


A method and apparatus for separating particulate pollutants having a size range from submicrons to several tens of microns from a gas stream. The invention utilizes micron sized liquid particles or mists to remove the particles from the gas stream. The apparatus includes twin fluid atomizers to produce the micron sized particles and a corrugated plate interceptor to remove the liquid and entrain particulate pollutants from the gas stream.

The present invention relates to systems designed to remove pollutants from the air including both particulates and gaseous contaminants. In many industrial operations a considerable quantity of contaminants are produced which must be removed from the air before it can be discharged to the atmosphere. This is particularly true in the case of mining operations where considerable dust is produced in the form of very small particulate matter.
In the past, it has been the practice to use wet scrubbers for removing the particulate matter from the air because of their low capital cost and their ability to remove both the particulate and gaseous contaminants. While wet scrubbers are in wide use, they have a major drawback in that their operation requires considerable energy. The conventional wet scrubber consists of pressure nozzles that produce droplets in the size range of several hundred microns that are ineffective in capturing the respirable-size particulates contained in normal contaminants. It has been the customary practice to use a venturi section in a duct to create sufficient velocity of air flow to break up the large droplets in the scrubbing liquid into small droplets in the range of from 5 to 100 microns. While the use of a venturi section effectively breaks up the large droplets to provide the 5 to 100 micron size droplets required for removing respirable-size particles from the air, it is a very inefficient means for producing the required droplet size. This inefficiency results in an increased cost of operation of the system. The pressure differential over the scrubber length for a conventional wet scrubber is 10 to 100 inches of water column while the pressure differential for the device of the present invention is 5 to 10 inches of water column. From this comparison it is seen that the major energy consumption is in scrubber water atomization.
Another drawback of using wet scrubbers is freezing of the scrubbing water during severe cold weather. Small drops can be quickly frozen as they encounter the cold air, rendering them ineffective in capturing the dust particles. Therefore, wet scrubbers are rarely used in cold regions.
Another method that is in common use for removing particulate matter from air streams is the conventional baghouse in which cloth filters are used to remove the particulate matter from the flowing air stream. While the baghouse is an effective means for removing the respirable size particles from the air stream, it is expensive to install and requires considerable maintenance during operation. The air flow must be reversed periodically to remove the particulate matter which is collected on the individual filters to maintain the air flow through the baghouse. Likewise, provisions must be provided for periodically removing the particulate matter which is collected in the baghouse. This can involve the expenditure of considerable money and time. In order to perform the various maintenance functions on the baghouse, it is necessary to shut down the baghouse temporarily while the maintenance is being performed. If it is desired to maintain continuous operation, this necessitates the installation of sufficient baghouses so that operations can be maintained while a certain percentage of the baghouses are shut down for routine maintenance.
In many installations, the particulate matter filling the baghouse can form an explosive mixture. This is especially true in the case of coal dust or dust from food grains.

Method and apparatus for separating particulates from a gas stream


A surface coil arrangement for use in a nuclear mangetic resonance apparatus includes two identically constructed surface coils arranged geometrically anti-parallel and electrically connected to each other so that radio-frequency magnetic fields which penetrate both coils do not generate any resultant (difference) current. Each surface coil is formed by a coaxial line section in a loop, with the jacket shielding of the coaxial line having a gap at one location in the loop. Both the inner conductor and the jacket shielding at one end of each section are electrically connected to the jacket shielding at the other end of that coaxial line section.

1.Field of the Invention
The present invention is directed to a surface coil arrangement of type suitable for transmitting and receiving radio-frequency signals in a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus.
2.Description of the Prior Art
A surface coil arrangement for conducting an arrangement of a subject in a nuclear magnetic resonance tomography apparatus is described in the article "Rotator Cuff Tears, Preliminary Application of High-Resolution MR Imaging with Counter Rotating Current Loop-Gap Resonators," Kneeland et al., Radiology, 1986, pages 695-699. This surface coil arrangement consists of two identically constructed surface coils arranged geometrically anti-parallel relative to each other, and being electrically connected to each other so that high-frequency magnetic fields which uniformly penetrate both surface coils do not generate a resultant current.
In the use of surface coils for receiving nuclear magnetic resonance signals and whole-body antennas for exciting nuclear magnetic resonance signals in an examination subject, it is a constant problem to decouple the surface coil from the radio-frequency transmitting field. If this is not done, the current induced in the surface coil would generate a radio-frequency field which would be superimposed on the excitation field. This would result in disturbances in the nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, as well as in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Excessive local concentrations of the radio-frequency field acting on the patient could also be generated undesireably due to a surface coil in resonance. Moreover, damage to the reception system could be caused by over-voltages arising in the surface coil.
This problem can be avoided in linearly polarized radio-frequency fields by aligning the surface coil parallel to the excitation field. This solution, however, causes a number of operational limitations. Moreover this solution has no effect at all in circularly polarized excitation fields.
Two loop-gap resonators are described in the aforementioned article, which have identical areas and which are arranged geometrically anti-parallel to each other in an effort to solve this problem. The two resonators are electrically cross-connected at the gaps.
This coil arrangement is insensitive to irradiation by a uniform excitation field, but is more sensitive to the radio-frequency emission emanating from the examination subject in the reception mode. This can be explained by the following radio-frequency oriented considerations.
The electrical wiring of the two surface coils is geometrically anti-parallel, i.e., the respective loops forming the coils are wound in opposite directions. This results in two resonant circuits having the same resonant frequency. Due to the close geometric proximity of the coils, as well as the aforementioned circuit connection, a system of two highly coupled resonant circuits is achieved, which exhibits two separate resonant frequencies under the respective conditions of the current flowing the same direction in the coils, or the current flowing in opposite directions in the coils. Adjustment can be made so that the resonant frequency resulting from oppositely flowing currents is equal to the operating frequency of the nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus. The coil arrangement is thus sensitive for the reception of nuclear magnetic resonance radio-frequency signals from a non-uniform radio-frequency field distribution emanating from the examination subject, however, is not sensitive for the uniform excitation field which would excite isodirectional currents whose resonance frequency is sufficiently different from the operating frequency. The surface coil arrangement constructed in this manner is thus decoupled from the uniform excitation field independently of the position of the surface coil arrangement in relation to the field direction. This is also true for circularly polarized excitation fields.
The balancing as well as the line matching of surface coil arrangements is generally greatly dependent on the load represented by the examination subject. A re-balancing for each different examination subject is therefore generally required. This results in a lengthening of the examination times, and also introduces an uncertainty or fluctuation in the examination results, mainly caused by movements of the examination subject during the examination.
This surface coil arrangement is also sensitive to irradiation by electrical noise emission from external sources.
A surface coil which is only slightly detunable, and is thus relatively insensitive to noise radiation, is described in European application No. 0 222 982, corresponding to U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,766. This surface coil is formed by a coaxial line section shaped into a loop, and having jacket shielding with a gap or interruption at one location within the loop. Both the inside conductor and the jacket shielding at one end of the coaxial line section are electrically connected to the jacket shielding of the other end of the line section in the loop. Due to the action of the jacket shielding, this surface coil is insensitive to capacitive detuning due to external influences, as well as to external, electrical noise emissions. The problem of decoupling from the excitation field, however, remains.

Surface coil arrangement for use in a nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus


A combustor section of a gas turbine includes a combustor liner, a sleeve and a fuel-air mixing tube. The combustor liner defines a combustion chamber. The sleeve surrounds the combustor liner. The combustor liner and the sleeve define an annular flow space. The fuel-air mixing tube is configured to channel a mixture of fuel and air and includes an inlet and an outlet. The inlet is in fluid communication with an exterior of the sleeve, and the outlet is in fluid communication with the combustion chamber. The combustor casing encloses the combustor section upstream relative to the inlet of the mixing tube and extends downstream. The sleeve and the combustor casing define a discharge air space. The discharge space is in fluid communication with the mixing tube. The fuel supplying device is located exteriorly of the combustor casing and is configured to inject fuel into the mixing tube.

The present disclosure relates generally to gas turbines, and more particularly, apparatuses and methods for forming a mixture of fuel and air and routing the mixture for combustion inside the gas turbine.
Large scale combustion applications, such as gas turbines, can emit a significant amount of nitrogen oxides (NOX) into the atmosphere. These emissions are not only harmful to the environment but there may be environmental regulations restricting or preventing the operation of the combustion applications unless the emission amounts are lowered to acceptable levels. Thus, there is a need for combustion applications that can operate while keeping the amount of NOX emissions at low levels.


A method for actuating at least one solenoid valve includes detecting a valve actuation signal, energizing the at least one solenoid valve with a specific constant control current for a specific actuation time which follows the detection of the valve actuation signal, and increasing the control current to a full actuation current for a full actuation time which follows the actuation time. The specific constant control current and the actuation time are dimensioned in such a way that at least two different types of solenoid valves can be at least partially opened by the control current during the actuation time.

Basically, a solenoid valve serves as technical component for controlling the inlet or outlet of gases or liquids or performing open-loop or closed-loop control of the direction of flow. In particular in conjunction with solenoid valves which are used in motor vehicles, efforts have been made for some time now to ensure that they open as quietly as possible. However, the problem regularly arises that in a motor vehicle different types of solenoid valves can be installed in one valve arrangement, so that solutions for suppressing or reducing the generation of noise when the valves open have hitherto been designed as a function of the different types of solenoid valves.
Therefore, for example in the case of a TCS actuation system which has different types of solenoid valves, referred to as the "refresh pulse" which constitutes the energization which ensures that each solenoid valve is reliably opened, there is a preceding current profile which is intended to open the respective valve as quietly as possible in the pressureless state and is designed for this purpose as a function of different types of solenoid valves.
Said current profile is embodied in the manner of a current staircase and is illustrated schematically in FIG. 1. The current profile 4 is basically divided into a generally comparatively short actuation time 2 (also referred to as NVH (noise vibration harshness) pre-actuation), and a directly following full actuation time 3, wherein the actuation time 2 serves to open one or more valves of the valve arrangement as quietly as possible in the pressureless state, while during the full actuation time 3 it is to be ensured that the valve or valves is/are opened. In order to ensure this, the valve or valves is/are energized with a refresh pulse 5 at the start of the full actuation time 3. The refresh pulse 5 has a constant full actuation current 11 which is dimensioned in such a way that it is ensured that each type of solenoid valve of the valve arrangement can be reliably opened.
The current profile 4 is designed to be able to switch or to switch all the valves of the valve arrangement as quietly as possible with the full actuation current 11 before the refresh pulse 5. For this purpose, the current profile is staircase-shaped. The current profile 4 usually has a first step 6, a second step 7 and a third step 8. During the energization at the first step 6, the solenoid valve types are intended to open quietly with comparatively low opening forces. During the energization at the third step 8, the solenoid valve types are intended to open quietly with comparatively high opening forces. During the energization at the second step 7, the solenoid valve types are intended to open quietly with typical opening forces. In this context, the low and high opening forces are considered in comparison with the typical opening forces.

Method for actuating at least one solenoid valve


Method for creating a graph representing web browsing behavior, including receiving web browsing behavior data from one or more web browsers; adding a node on the graph for each web page listed in the web browsing behavior data; adding a first link connecting two or more nodes on the graph, wherein the first link representing a hyperlink for accessing a webpage; calculating an amount of time in which each web page is being accessed; determining a number of units of time in the calculated amount of time; adding one or more virtual nodes to the graph based on the number of units of time; and adding a second link connecting two or more virtual nodes on the graph, wherein the second link representing a virtual hyperlink for accessing a webpage.

Search services currently use conventional link analysis algorithms to compute the importance of a particular web page. The input data for link analysis algorithms are obtained from link graphs which represent the web pages and the hyperlinks that link to those particular web pages. The link analysis algorithms employ a discrete-time Markov process to model the behavior of a web user given the web pages and links listed in a link graph. Unfortunately, link graphs may not accurately represent the importance of each webpage because links can be easily added and deleted by webmasters. Some webmasters even create web pages with link spam, different link functions, and other crawling strategies that may skew the calculation of the importance of a webpage.

Calculating a webpage importance from a web browsing graph


A stable and clear aqueous solution of zinc salt useful as a mouthrinse and a gel dentifrice. In a preferred embodiment the aqueous solution comprises zinc chloride codissolved with a complexing agent of sodium gluconate, in a naturally derived anionic polymer of sodium carboxymethylcellulose. This solution is advantageous because it maintains clarity and chemical stability in temperatures of from about 4.degree. to about 50.degree. C. and may be alcohol-free. The anionic polymer acts as a buffer to provide a solution with a pH in a desirable range of from about 5.7 to about 6.5, which limits astringency and tartness.

The literature is replete with the use of zinc compounds as a source for a physiologically active zinc ion in mouthwashes, rinses, toothpastes and dentifrices. Zinc has been used most often for its ability to meliorate oral malodor (bad breath). Additionally, zinc compounds have been utilized as astringent-desensitizing agents. It has also been proposed by those skilled in the art that the zinc ion has anticalculus and antiplaque properties. The attempted formulation of stable, biologically active zinc containing products has, however, met with problems.
Highly ionized and soluble zinc salts, such as zinc chloride, provide the best source of zinc ions having the greatest bioavailability. However, zinc chloride in aqueous solution over time tends to form oxychlorides and zinc hydroxides. These byproducts all have low solubility and result in cloudy, unaesthetic solutions. Therefore, in an attempt to maintain clear, stable solutions of zinc compounds, the following approaches have been taken by those skilled in this art.
The pH of the conventional zinc chloride solution has been lowered to less than 4.5 through the use of mineral or organic acid buffers in an attempt to provide a clear, stable solution. This technique suffers, however, from the fact that the final products have severe astringency and an unacceptably sour taste.
The use of certain zinc salts such as zinc phenolsulfonate, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,022,880, or carboxymethylsuccinate, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,144,323, which tend to be stable at a higher pH than other zinc salts, has also been proposed.
Sparingly soluble salts such as zinc citrate, have been used to slow down the release of zinc ions thereby reducing astringency and presumably providing a sustained level of in-vivo activity and increased formula stability.
The use of various complexing agents such as sodium gluconate, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,540, glycine, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,339,432 and 4,425,325, sodium citrate, citric acid, and the like, have been proposed in an attempt to produce relatively stable solutions of zinc chloride.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,568,540 discloses an oral hygiene composition containing a fluoride salt, zinc salt, a buffering agent such as sodium gluconate and a vehicle, having a pH of from about 3.5 to 6.0. Opacified dentifrice formulations are disclosed which contain non-ionic polymer binders such as hydroxyethylcellulose polymers.
The reaction or interaction of zinc compounds of varying solubility with anionic polymers containing carboxylic, sulphonic and/or phosphonic acid functionalities is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,138,477.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,664,906 discloses oral compositions which exhibit antimicrobial activity containing hexedine and a zinc compound. Opacified gel dentifrices are disclosed which contain sodium gluconate and a non-ionic binder such as hydroxyethyl cellulose.
All of the products derived from these approaches ameliorate oral malodor with varying degrees of effectiveness. The mechanism that has been most often advanced by those skilled in the art for this effect is the ability of the free Zn.sup.+2 to form insoluble salts with nucleophilic compounds, i.e., valeric acid, skatole, indole-3-acetic acid, hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, and the like, which compounds are typically the cause of oral malodor. All of these substances are respiratory byproducts of the gram-negative (putrefactive) bacteria that are found in the mouth. Once these salts have been formed, they are expectorated with the mouth rinse at once or swallowed with the saliva.
Unfortunately, of the methods noted above, only the lowering of the pH of the zinc chloride solution to less than 4.5 through the use of mineral or organic acid buffers provides well ionized and readily bioavailable zinc ions in a clear, stable solution. This method is unacceptable however, as detailed above.
Some of the weakly complexed zinc compounds resulting from the use of various complexing agents, as noted above, may provide readily available zinc ions, but the formulations suffer from being unstable over time. The stable, strongly complexed or sparingly soluble zinc compounds have only a short term effect against the malodorant chemicals. Once the initial effect has taken place, the remaining unreacted zinc salt or complex is expectorated leaving little or no residual odor control or bacteriostatic effect.
The importance of readily bioavailable zinc is that the cation, once it has entered the oral environment, rapidly adsorbs onto proteins of the oral mucosa and dental pellicle, while simultaneously reacting with oral malodorants. The zinc which does not react immediately will release from the proteinaceous substrate over time, extending its effect significantly. There is also evidence that the retained zinc is bacteriostatic towards gram-negative microbes. The art, however, lacks an aesthetically acceptable composition capable of providing a truly effective amount of bioavailable zinc ions.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,138,477 discloses an oral composition containing a zinc-polymer combination. Suitable zinc compounds include zinc chloride and zinc gluconate. Optionally, the complex can include a dental vehicle containing liquids comprising water and/or a humectant, and solids, comprising carboxymethyl cellulose as a gelling agent. The preferred anionic polymer disclosed is Gantrez.TM., a brand name of a copolymer of maleic anhydride and vinyl methyl ether. This compound is hydrolyzed to form a dicarboxylic acid, which is then complexed with various zinc salts, preferably zinc chloride. The polymer is used in a 4:1 weight ratio with zinc salt, and when adjusted for average carboxyl substitution the zinc to carboxyl group ratio is 1:3. Each zinc ion is capable of being o strongly complexed with the Gantrez.TM. and most likely renders the zinc ion functionally unavailable and therapeutically useless.
The zinc/GantrezT.TM. combination described above has an unacceptably low astringency. Although this lack of astringency may be desirable from an organoleptic viewpoint, it is subjective evidence for the lack of bioavailable zinc ions. Astringency is a side-effect of the zinc ion forming complexes with proteins of the oral mucosa. Attenuation of this effect probably indicates a reduced quantity of available zinc ions. A relatively greater astringency on the other hand would suggest the presence of more available zinc.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,138,477 discloses, at column 2, lines 16-47, that only 53% of the zinc present in the formulations, as measured by equilibrium dialysis, was released after 24 hours, with none being released after 10 minutes or after 1 hour. In the presence of saliva only 7% of the zinc was detected after 24 hours.
Moreover, a release of zinc from the anionic polymer is not induced by exposing the anionic polymer solution to the presence of calcium ions. The relatively more electropositive calcium would be expected to displace the zinc from the polymer, especially in the case where the ionic balance is tenuous. Thus, for at least these reasons it is believed that this zinc/Gantrez.TM. M complex is very strong and most likely renders the zinc ion functionally unavailable.
The art, therefore, lacks a stable and clear aqueous composition of zinc salt, which is truly effective as a mouthrinse and gel dentifrice. A composition having these properties would provide an improved agent for combating the problems of oral malodor, plaque, calculus and periodontal disease.
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a stable and clear aqueous composition comprising a zinc compound which provides a source of bioavailable zinc ions from a readily aqueous soluble zinc salt and is useful as a mouth rinse and gel dentifrice for the control of malodor and prevention of calculus.
It is also an object of the present invention to provide an aqueous zinc containing oral formulation having a pH suitably close to oral pH to limit astringency and tartness.
Other objects and aspects of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following description and the appended claims.

Johnson & Johnson Consumer Products, Inc.


A device for controlling discharge of ammunition units from the barrel of a gun in sequence with muzzle velocities within a large velocity range, enables simultaneous activation of the ammunition units on a target area. The device comprises a plurality of part charges having different predetermined compositions including sizes, types, powder varieties, powder dimensions, and being combinable into plurality of selected combinations defining total charges. A controlling device is provided for receiving information regarding the firing parameters and parameters influencing muzzle velocity including powder temperature of the part charges and pressure in the gun barrel and for calculating relevant velocities from the large range of velocities which allow for plurality of sequentially fired ammunition units to simultaneously arrive at the target area. Also selector devices are provided, responsive to the controlling device for selecting from the plurality of part charges, based on the calculated velocities, corresponding combinations of part charges to define the total charges for respective ammunition units which allow to achieve the calculated velocities with high accuracy.

It is previously known in the art to employ temporally accurate activations of ammunition units at or on target areas. Among other things, it is previously known to discharge, from one and the same gun, salvos of ammunition units which are activated at the same time on the target area for efficient combatting thereof. As a result of this process, the risk will be avoided that the enemy is warned by the first round of the salvos and will have time to withdraw from the effects of subsequent rounds. In such instances, the ammunition units must be capable of being discharged at different angles of elevation of the gun, at different muzzle velocities, different cycles in the ballistic trajectories and the like. The muzzle velocity is an important parameter in this context and it is of crucial importance to maintain efficient control over this. In this context, it is previously known to measure and sense the muzzle velocity and to employ such measurements and sensing for further control and prediction of the ballistic trajectory. It is also known to employ part charges which are composed or combined in the gun so as to give different ranges and muzzle velocities (V.sub.o) from the gun. It is also known, on firing in the field, to remove a certain quantity of the powder from such part charges on site, which thus gives a loss of powder at the site of the gun.

Device for controlling ammunition units discharged in salvos by charges composable from part charges


A power converter for supplying an AC load with a sum of an output voltage of multiplexed PWM inverters each having an output transformer, and an output voltage from a direct-connection PWM inverter having no output transformer. One or a plurality of PWM inverters constituting the multiplexed PWM inverters comprise a circuit for controlling primary or exciting currents of corresponding output transformers connected thereto, and the direct-connection PWM inverter comprises a circuit for controlling a current to be supplied to the AC load.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a variable-voltage and variable-frequency electric power converter for a load such as a motor, and a method of controlling the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
A conventional power converter comprises a DC smoothing capacitor serving as a DC voltage source, a first inverter, a second inverter, an output transformer, a load device, a load current detector, a comparator, a current control/compensation circuit, a proportional amplifier, pulse-width modulation (PWM) controllers, etc.
The first and second inverters are PWM control inverters for converting a DC voltage into a variable-voltage and variable-frequency AC voltage. The first inverter generates output voltage V.sub.L1 through the output transformer. The second inverter directly generates output voltage V.sub.L2. The load device is applied with a voltage of V.sub.L =V.sub.L1 +V.sub.L2. Voltage V.sub.L is adjusted to control load current I.sub.L.
When output frequency f.sub.0 is zero, since no voltage V.sub.L1 can be generated from the output transformer, the second inverter controls load current I.sub.L, and when frequency f.sub.0 is increased to a certain level, the first inverter controls load current I.sub.L in turn.
FIGS. 17 and 18 show load terminal voltage V.sub.L and input signals V.sub.1 * and V.sub.2 * of the PWM controllers of the first and second inverters as a function of output frequency f.sub.0 in the conventional power converter.
When load current I.sub.L is assumed to be constant, load terminal voltage V.sub.L is expressed by output frequency f.sub.0 as follows: EQU V.sub.L =V.sub.C +I.sub.L .multidot.R.sub.L +j.omega..sub.0 L.sub.L I.sub.L ( 1)
V.sub.C : counter electromotive force of load (for motor) PA1 R.sub.L : resistance of load PA1 L.sub.L : inductance of load PA1 .omega..sub.0 : 2.pi.f.sub.0
A broken line in FIG. 17 indicates a voltage drop caused by resistance R.sub.L of the load.
A broken line in FIG. 18 indicates input signal V.sub.1 * of the PWM controller of the first inverter. V.sub.1 *=0 is established for f.sub.0 .ltoreq.f.sub.min, and V.sub.1 * is proportional to f.sub.0 in a region of f.sub.0 >f.sub.min. A solid line in FIG. 18 indicates input signal V.sub.2 * of the PWM controller of the second inverter. Signal V.sub.2 * is controlled to output voltage V.sub.L given by equation (1) for f.sub.0 <f.sub.min, and V.sub.2 *=I.sub.L *.multidot.R.sub.L =constant in a region of f.sub.0 >f.sub.min.
In this manner, in the conventional power converter, the second inverter need only generate required voltage V.sub.L up to minimum frequency f.sub.min at which the output transformer can be operated, and can have a smaller capacity than the first inverter. Since the first inverter generates voltage V.sub.L1 through output transformer, serial or parallel multiplexed operations of this inverter can be easily performed, and its capacity can be easily increased. Therefore, the converter is convenient for one for driving a large-capacity AC motor.
According to the above conventional power converter, when output frequency f.sub.0 becomes high and load current I.sub.L is to be controlled by the first inverter, the following problems are posed.
In general, secondary voltage V.sub.L1 of the output transformer is proportional to output voltage V.sub.1 of the first inverter. However, when a DC component is included in load current I.sub.L due to, e.g., drift of the current detector the output transformer gradually suffers from DC polarized magnetization, and soon, its iron core is magnetically saturated to one side. As a result, secondary voltage V.sub.L1 of the output transformer is decreased, and load current I.sub.L is decreased to be lower than instruction value I.sub.L *. Then, the inverter operates to increase voltage V.sub.1 and further saturate the iron core. Therefore, primary current I.sub.1 of the output transformer is abruptly increased, and may become an overcurrent to destroy elements of the first inverter. In order to prevent polarized magnetization of the output transformer, the sectional area of the iron core may be increased and an air gap is provided. In this case, the weight and dimensions of the output transformer are increased, resulting in an uneconomical system.

Variable-voltage and variable-frequency power converter


A method of and apparatus for efficient encoding and decoding by reconstructing an icosahedron panorama image are provided. The method includes: dividing patches forming a top part and a bottom part, respectively, in development figure of an icosahedron panorama image, from patches forming a middle part; reconstructing the divided patches on a 2-dimensional plane so that patches having a high correlation are placed adjacent to each other; and encoding the reconstructed patches.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to encoding and decoding of moving pictures. More particularly, the present invention relates to a method of and apparatus for efficiently performing encoding and decoding by reconstructing patches of an icosahedron panorama moving picture.
2. Description of the Related Art
An omni-directional video camera system is a camera system that is capable of taking 360-degree omni-directional images from a fixed viewpoint. The omni-directional video camera system takes omni-directional images by mounting and using a special shape mirror such as a hyperboloid mirror, a special lens such as a fish eye lens, or by using a plurality of cameras.
A 3-dimensional realistic broadcasting system is presented as an example of an omni-directional video coding applications for use with such a system. In the 3-dimensional realistic broadcasting system, all image information on views from various viewpoints in a baseball game and the like, for example, is provided to viewer terminals. That is, a variety of image information items, including the view from the pitcher, the view from the catcher, the view from the batter, the view from the audience sitting near first base, are provided to the viewers. Viewers can select a desired viewpoint and view the image from that viewpoint.
An image photographed by the omni-directional camera system has a characteristic corresponding to a 3-dimensional spherical environment. Accordingly, a 3-dimensional image taken by the omni-directional camera system is converted into a 2-dimensional plane image. At this time, the 2-dimensional plane image becomes a panorama image containing the omni-directional image. Omni-directional video coding is performed for the 2-dimensional panorama image.
Generally, the panorama image has a size much larger than that of a conventional 2-dimensional image, and in order to transmit a quality image, requires an excessively large bandwidth. Accordingly, it is very important to efficiently code the image.
Research on a variety of methods for processing the omni-directional image is currently being conducted. In particular, when an icosahedron image is applied to video coding, the developed or resulting figure is formed using 20 equilateral-triangle-shaped patch images, as shown in FIG. 1, and matches relatively accurately with a sphere. Accordingly, the panorama image processing has become a popular research area.
FIG. 2 illustrates a conventional method of coding an icosahedron panorama image. First, a boundary line such as a rectangle marked with dotted lines for an icosahedron is set, and macroblocks are arranged to include all of the boundary line. Then, the icosahedron panorama image is coded in units of blocks.
Black colored blocks are blocks outside the icosahedron having no image information. When encoding and decoding are performed, a skip operation is performed for the black colored blocks.
White colored blocks are blocks inside the icosahedron that are coded using a conventional frame unit coding method. However, gray colored blocks are located on the boundaries of respective patches, and if the conventional frame unit coding technique is used, a lot of high frequency components occur on the boundary such that the coding efficiency is quickly degraded.
For example, in order to process the icosahedron panorama image of FIG. 2, a total of 288 macroblocks comprising 24 blocks in width and 12 blocks in length should be processed, and among them, 109 macroblocks on the boundary part should be processed, which means that low efficiency coding is performed in 38% of the macroblocks. For example, in order to process patches 1, 5, 9, 13, and 17 of the top part, 47 macroblocks out of a total of 96 macroblocks are on the boundary part, which means that low efficiency coding is performed in about 49% of the macroblock on the top part.
Therefore, a need exists for an apparatus and method of efficiently processing an icosahedron panorama image. Specifically, a need exists for efficiently processing the macroblocks of an icosahedron panorama image.

Method and apparatus for encoding and decoding an icosahedron panorama image


A wafer polishing apparatus is provided. The wafer polishing apparatus includes a first polishing roller disposed on a wafer, the first polishing roller extending in a direction in which the wafer extends and a second polishing roller disposed under the wafer, the second polishing roller extending in the direction in which the wafer extends. The wafer polishing apparatus uses the roller to polish the wafer. Thus, the wafer polishing apparatus may easily polish a wafer having a large area.

1. Field of the Invention
Embodiments related to a wafer polishing apparatus.
2. Description of the Related Art
A main process of manufacturing a silicon wafer includes a slice process in which a single crystal ingot is sliced to generate a wafer having a thin disk shape, a chamfering process in which an outer peripheral portion is chamfered to prevent the wafer generated by the slice process from cracking or being recessed, a lapping process for planarizing the wafer, an ashing process for removing deformed portions remaining on the wafer in which the chamfering and lapping processes are completed, a polishing process for polishing a surface of the wafer, and a cleaning process for removing foreign substances.
The polishing process among the above-described processes may be classified into a single side polishing process and a double side polishing process. The both sides (double side) polishing process is a process for polishing both surfaces of the wafer, i.e., top and bottom surfaces of the wafer.


Cable network test instruments are disclosed. The test instruments are configured to collect signal data across a frequency band and analyze the collected data to determine whether orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal leakage is present. Methods of identifying OFDM signal leakage are also disclosed.

Most cable network systems are coaxial-based broadband access systems that may take the form of all-coax network systems, hybrid fiber coax (HFC) network systems, or RF over glass (RFOG) network systems. Cable network system designs, including, for example, cable television (CATV) network system designs, typically use a tree-and-branch architecture that permits bi-directional data transmission, including Internet Protocol (IP) traffic between the cable system head-end and customer locations. There is a forward or downstream signal path (from the cable system head-end to the customer location) and a return or upstream signal path (from the customer location back to the cable system head-end). The upstream and the downstream signals occupy separate frequency bands. In the United States, the frequency range of the upstream band is from 5 MHz to 42 MHz, 5 MHz to 65 MHz, 5 MHz to 85 MHz, or 5 MHz to 200 MHz, while the downstream frequency band is positioned in a range above the upstream frequency band.
Customer locations may include, for example, cable network subscriber's premises. Typical signals coming from a subscriber's premises include, for example, set top box DVR/On Demand requests, test equipment data channels, and Internet Protocol output cable modem carriers defined by the Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification ("DOCSIS"), which is one communication standard for bidirectional data transport over a cable network system.
Signal leakage (egress noise, RF emissions, and so on) may occur due to faulty cabling, insufficient shielding, incomplete connections, faulty or worn connectors, during application of certain digital signal processing techniques, and due to other reasons. Signal leakage may be both wasteful to the cable network operators and may interfere with transmission of other signals and operation of nearby devices or networks.

Leakage detection for OFDM system with fixed pilot


Structural design systems, methods, and computer readable media for automatically positioning primary and auxiliary equipment in a floor plan are disclosed. The system may include at least one processor configured to: access the floor plan demarcating a plurality of rooms; assign functional requirements to each of the plurality of rooms; access at least one data structure containing technical specifications, compatibility rules, and locations for primary and auxiliary equipment; generatively analyze the floor plan using the functional requirements and the technical specifications to select and position in the floor plan primary equipment conforming to the functional requirements; and based on the selection and positioning of the primary equipment, use the compatibility rules and technical specifications to determine whether auxiliary equipment is required for each of the plurality of rooms and to select the auxiliary equipment conforming to the functional requirements of each of the plurality of rooms requiring auxiliary equipment.

In building floor plans, equipment and functional requirements associated with rooms are often unspecified, leaving designers with the challenge of determining which equipment to select and where to place it. This problem is compounded when selecting and placing auxiliary equipment (e.g., cables, screws, patch panels, junction boxes, video recorders, network switches, racks, or other accessories) that support primary equipment. In such data-limited situations, conventional approaches may lack the ability to determine functional requirements and automatically select and place primary and auxiliary equipment that meets those requirements in an efficient and optimized manner.

Structural design systems and methods using modeling and simulation for identifying equipment in floor plans


A piezoelectric film device has a piezoelectric film element and a power supply circuit. The piezoelectric film element is formed of a first electrode, a second electrode, and a piezoelectric film that is sandwiched between the first electrode and second electrode and has a polarization vector in the film thickness direction. The polarization vector is inverted by application of a predetermined voltage or higher through the first electrode and second electrode. The power supply circuit supplies voltage for inverting the polarization vector. The piezoelectric film has each different lattice constant depending on the direction of the polarization vector. The piezoelectric film device keeps a different displacement position corresponding to the direction of the polarization vector even when the voltage application is stopped.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a piezoelectric film device that uses inversion of a polarization vector of a piezoelectric film and is applied to a positioning device or the like, and relates to a driving method of the piezoelectric film device
2. Background Art
Recently, a piezoelectric element has been used as a driving element of a positioning device and applied to various actuators. That is because the piezoelectric element has high conversion efficiency from electric energy to mechanical energy, can be driven by low power consumption, generates a small amount of heat, and does not cause magnetic interference.
However, the piezoelectric element has a problem that the relation between applied voltage and a displacement amount of the piezoelectric element has hysteresis and hence the displacement amount does not uniquely correspond to the applied voltage.
A driving method of minimizing the hysteresis of the piezoelectric element is disclosed by Japanese Patent Unexamined Publication No. H3-256375 (patent document). FIG. 19 is a characteristic diagram showing the relation between the displacement amount of a conventional piezoelectric element and applied voltage.
In FIG. 19, minimum voltage applied to the piezoelectric element is denoted as Vmin, and maximum voltage is denoted as Vmax. When the applied voltage is varied as Vmin→V1→Vmax→V1→Vmin, the displacement draws the hysteresis of A→C→B→D→A and hence the displacement is not uniquely determined. When the applied voltage is monotonically increased from Vmin as Vmin→V1→Vmax or monotonically decreased from Vmax as Vmax→V1→Vmin, however, respective voltage-displacement characteristic curves are A→C→B and B→D→A and the displacement corresponds to the applied voltage one-to-one. When a previously applied voltage (hereinafter referred to as previous voltage) before application of voltage V1 to the piezoelectric element is assumed to be Vmin, the displacement is XC. When the previous voltage is assumed to be Vmax, the displacement is XD. While, for obtaining displacement XC, the applied voltage is set at V1 for previous voltage Vmin, or set at V4 for previous voltage Vmax. When the previous voltage is always set at Vmin or Vmax, the displacement is uniquely determined by applied voltage.
By the technique described above, the piezoelectric element can be uniquely positioned even when the piezoelectric element has hysteresis.
In the conventional driving method of minimizing hysteresis of the piezoelectric element, however, previous voltage Vmin or Vmax must be always applied before causing a desired displacement. In this case, displacement corresponding to the previous voltage occurs, so that desired displacements cannot be continuously obtained. When two positions of the desired displacement and the displacement determined by the previous voltage are controlled, for example, for retaining at least one displacement, voltage corresponding to the displacement must be continuously applied.
In the conventional driving method, any example of driving a piezoelectric element by inverting the polarization direction thereof is not included. An actuator using a conventional piezoelectric element is driven in a state where the polarization direction is kept the same. On the contrary, in a ferroelectric memory or the like, it is used in a state where the polarization direction is consciously inverted. However, the inversion of the polarization direction is limited to elements using not piezoelectric property but ferroelectric property.
The relation between the displacement in the film direction and the applied voltage at the tip of a unimorph-type cantilever formed of gold (Au) electrode/lead zirconate titanate (PZT) film/platinum (Pt) electrode/magnesium oxide (MgO) single-crystal substrate is disclosed in "Measurement of transverse piezoelectric properties of PZT thin films", "SENSORS AND ACTUATORS A: PHYSICAL", vol. 107 Issue 1, 1 Oct. 2003, p 68-p 74 (non-patent document). The PZT film shown in this document is estimated to be a complete c-axis orientation film. This document also shows that there is a high linearity between the applied voltage and the displacement. When alternating voltage of ±35V and 10 Hz is applied to the unimorph-type cantilever, the displacement behavior of the tip thereof forms a butterfly shaped loop, and the loop is asymmetric with respect to the polarization of the voltage.
This document shows that, when alternating voltage with simple sine wave is continuously applied to the conventional unimorph-type cantilever, the displacement asymmetric with respect to the polarization of the applied voltage occurs. However, the document does not show a displacement state of the cantilever obtained when the application of the alternating voltage is stopped. Regarding the voltage application, simple alternating voltage is continuously applied, but an applying method of voltage suitable for complex positional control is not described. Only the configuration of a unimorph-type cantilever having a film and a substrate used for forming the film is disclosed. A configuration where the substrate used in forming the film is removed or a configuration deformed by principles other than the unimorph-type is not disclosed.

Piezoelectric film device, and driving method of the same

Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd.


A stable taste masked, pharmaceutical composition comprising a plurality of coated, non-disintegrating discrete dosage units, said units comprising of a core comprising one or more cephalosporins such as cefuroxime axetil and cefpodoxime proxetil and one or more coating layers. Cefuroxime axetil is in α-crystalline and amorphous forms, where at least 30% of the Cefuroxime axetil is in the α-crystalline form, wherein the particle size distribution of the α-crystalline form being such that 100% of the particles have a particle size below 250μ. The ratio of the crystalline fraction to the amorphous fraction ranges from 0.3:0.7 to 0.99:0.01. The particle size of cefpodoxime proxetil is such that 90% of the particles are below 15μ. The process of preparation of coated, non-disintegrating pellets comprising the steps of reducing the particle size of the one or more cephalosporins, blending with the other excipients, wet granulation, extrusion, spheronization, drying and screening to obtain pellets, said pellets being further coated with one or more layers of film coating to achieve taste masking.

Over the past three decades a variety of antibiotics have become available for clinical use. One class of antibiotics that has seen remarkable growth is the cephalosporins. A majority of the cephalosporins are administered using suspension compositions. However, bitter taste and bioequivalence are major drawbacks of some cephalosporins such as cefuroxime axetil and cefpodoxime proxetil.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,562,181 discloses that cefuroxime axetil can be produced in relatively impure amorphous form or in the form of purer crystalline material. This patent further reveals that substantially pure, crystalline cefuroxime axetil does not have the best balance of properties for commercial use. As per this patent, Cefuroxime axetil is advantageously used in a highly pure, substantially amorphous form. Highly pure cefuroxime axetil when in substantially amorphous form has higher bioavailability upon oral administration than when in crystalline form.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,851 discloses that Cefuroxime axetil, both in crystalline form and the amorphous form, has a tendency to form a gelatinous mass when contacted with aqueous media. This gelling effect is temperature dependent but does occur at temperatures of about 37° C., i.e. at the physiological temperatures at which the disintegration of an orally-administered granule would take place. Where there is a relatively slow dispersion of cefuroxime axetil into the surrounding aqueous medium following ingestion, there is the risk that cefuroxime axetil present in the composition may gel. Such gel formation would lead to poor dissolution of the cefuroxime axetil and hence poor absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, i.e. low bioavailability. In the case of granule formulations the use of particles of small diameter and high surface area is desirable to avoid such gelling.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,851 also discloses that cefuroxime axetil has an extremely bitter taste which is long lasting and which cannot be adequately masked by the addition of sweeteners and flavors to conventional granule presentations. Cefpodoxime proxetil is a highly hydrophobic, bitter drug that has a tendency to form a gel in aqueous media, which thereby results in slow dissolution and hence poor bioavailability. It is therefore necessary that the pharmaceutical composition be formulated such that bridging of molecules to form a gel is prevented and thereby, the dissolution is improved.
Various investigators have tried different means of overcoming these difficulties.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,865,851 disclose integral lipid coatings as a means of overcoming the extremely bitter taste of cefuroxime axetil and the gelling tendency of Cefuroxime Axetil. However, the process of lipid coating involves the use of specialized equipment such as spray drying apparatus, process criticality and may lead to degradation of the active principle if the proper lipid mixture is not selected. In addition, lipid coating results in extreme variability in the bioavailability of the drug from the suspension formulation.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,530 B1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,193 B1 disclose a mixture of amorphous cefuroxime axetil with crystalline cefuroxime axetil such that crystalline cefuroxime axetil forms from about 7 to about 25 weight percent and about 12 to about 25 weight percent respectively of the total amount of amorphous cefuroxime axetil together with crystalline cefuroxime axetil to achieve a comparable bioavailability profile as pure amorphous cefuroxime axetil. These patents disclose the surprising result that it is possible to achieve bioequivalence between formulations comprising of pure amorphous cefuroxime axetil and formulations comprising of up to 25% crystalline cefuroxime axetil.
It would be desirable to have a stable taste masked dosage form, which will address these issues while making use of the less expensive, conventional techniques of making pharmaceutical formulations.
It is now surprisingly found that when cephalosporins are formulated as discrete dosage units such as pellets, the resulting formulations are stable and taste masked.
The present invention is surprising in that such a formulation might be expected to have stability issues due to the stressful processes of preparation and/or bioequivalence issues due to the coating procedures. However, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention are not only adequately taste masked but also show satisfactory stability and bioequivalence.
The present inventors have also surprisingly found that contrary to the disclosures in U.S. Pat. No. 4,562,181 and Ranbaxy's patents U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,530 B1 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,323,193 B1, it is possible to make a bioequivalent formulation comprising of substantial quantities of crystalline cefuroxime axetil when the particle size of the crystalline cefuroxime axetil is reduced such that 100% of the particles have a particle size below 250μ.

Stable taste masked formulations of cephalosporins


There is provided a novel polyester compound having in its main polymer chain an aliphatic cyclic structure with carboxylic acids or carboxylic acid ester groups as represented by the chemical formula (1), a resist material containing the polyester compound and a patterning method using the resist material.

The present invention relates to a vacuum-ultraviolet resist material and patterning method and, more particularly, to a novel polymer compound having in its main polymer chain alicyclic structures with carboxylic acid or carboxylic acid ester moieties.
The mass production of devices with 90-nm pattern resolution by 193-nm lithography technology has already started. To achieve finer device patterning such as 65-nm, 45-nm or 32-nm resolution patterning for higher-density device integration, process and material developments are being rapidly pursued. In particular, extensive development researches are being made to solve problems e.g. etching resistance and pattern edge deformation called line edge roughness (LER) arising in 65-nm resolution patterning or even finer patterning. There are some reports that the introduction of a high proportion of ring structures into a resist polymer contributes to an improvement in etching resistance. Although there are many researches on the mechanism of occurrence of LER, any of the researches does not yet reach a certain cause of LER. It is assumed that LER could be caused due to developer solubility variations and low etching resistance.
As one example of resist resin for 193-nm lithography, a (meth)acrylic ester resin is in wide use. Some reports propose the introduction of a polycyclic compound with e.g. an adamantyl, norbornyl or cholesterol derivative into ester moieties of the (meth)acrylic ester resin for etching resistance improvement. In the case of introducing a high proportion of such polycyclic structures into the (meth)acrylic ester resin for etching resistance improvement, however, the other physical properties of the (meth)acrylic ester resin required for use as the resist material, including solubility in a solvent, adhesion to a substrate and transmittance for excimer laser radiation in a vacuum-ultraviolet range, become deteriorated. The (meth)acrylic ester resin is also still low in etching resistance even when containing a high proportion of polycyclic structures, as compared to a hydroxystyrene resin for 254-nm lithography, and is in need of further etching resistance improvement. On the other hand, a resin having ring structures in its main polymer chain is being under study as an alternative to the (meth)acrylic ester resist resin. Although some reports propose the introduction of cyclopentane or cyclohexane rings to the main polymer chain of the resin for etching resistance improvement, the etching resistance of such a resist resin cannot be improved sufficiently in balance with the other physical properties e.g. solvent solubility, transmittance and resolution contrast.    [Non-Patent Publication 1] Takuya Hagiwara, Yasuhide Kawaguchi, et al., J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol., 16, 557 (2003)    [Non-Patent Publication 2] Francis Haulihan, Will Conley, Larry Rhodes, et al., J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol., 16, 581 (2003)    [Non-Patent Publication 3] Shinichi Kanna, Sanjay Malik, et al., J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol., 16, 595 (2003)    [Non-Patent Publication 4] Takashi, Sasaki, Shigeo Irie, Toshiro Itani, et al., J. Photopolym. Sci. Technol., 17, 639 (2004
Against this backdrop, there has been a demand to create novel polymer compounds having sufficient etching resistance and other required physical properties e.g. transmittance, substrate adhesion and solvent solubility for use as resist materials.

Polyester compound and resist material using the same


An anesthetic evaporator with a pressure control circuit has a differential pressure pick-up (18) can be calibrated in a simple manner. A switchover device (20) is provided according to the present invention at a bypass gap (3), which is designed to connect the gas inlet (4) directly with the gas outlet (5) via a first bypass line (23) and to bridge over the bypass gap (3) via a second bypass line (26) connected to a ventilation duct (27) in a first switching position. The gas flow from the gas inlet (4) to the gas outlet (5) is established via the bypass line (2) in a second switching position. The calibration of the differential pressure pick-up (18) with the pneumatic connections (16, 17) is performed in the first switching position of the switchover means (20) via the ventilation duct (27), which is open toward the ambient atmosphere.

A device of the above-mentioned type has become known from U.S. Pat. No. 3,420,232. Saturated anesthetic vapor from an evaporator chamber is mixed with the anesthetic gas via a dispensing means in the anesthetic evaporator operating according to the bypass principle in order to provide a predetermined concentration of anesthetic in the anesthetic gas. The anesthetic evaporator is provided with a shut-off valve, which is designed to block the gas flow from the evaporator chamber in a first switching position, so that the anesthetic gas flows via a bypass line from a gas inlet to a gas outlet. In a second switching position, the gas flow is released via the evaporator chamber and anesthetic vapor can be mixed with the anesthetic gas by means of the dispensing device. The shut-off valve comprises a lower part, which is provided with gas ducts and is part of the evaporator housing, and a rotatably movable upper part, which is attached thereto and has kidney-shaped gas ducts. Depending on the angular position of the upper part, the kidney-shaped gas ducts of the upper part connect corresponding gas ducts in the lower part, so that a gas flow is released via the shut-off valve or the gas ducts in the lower part are closed.
The upper part has a carrier pin, which is connected with the anesthetic concentration setting member. The shut-off valve is closed in the zero position of the setting member and the anesthetic gas flows via the bypass line directly from the gas inlet to the gas outlet. If the setting member is set from the zero position to a certain anesthetic concentration, the shut-off valve opens above the carrier pin and the gas flow from the evaporator chamber is released.
A certain system pressure must be maintained within the anesthetic tank in case of anesthetics with low boiling point in order to prevent the anesthetic from boiling. A pressure control circuit with a differential pressure sensor and a proportional valve is usually used for the dispensing branch in such evaporators. The carrier gas, which is to be enriched with anesthetic vapor, now flows from a gas inlet to a gas outlet over a first throttle set in a fixed manner, a so-called bypass gap. The anesthetic, which is in the form of a vapor, is mixed with the carrier gas behind the first throttle. The anesthetic evaporated in an evaporator chamber is sent for this purpose via a proportional valve and a second throttle adjustable by the user by means of a setting member. The differential pressure is detected with the differential pressure pick-up upstream of the first throttle and the second throttle. The pressure in front of the second throttle is set with the proportional valve such that the pressure difference equals, on average, zero and an anesthetic concentration that is independent from the gas flow of the carrier gas can thus be set.
An anesthetic evaporator of the type mentioned has become known from EP 469 797 B2. The differential pressure pick-up, which is needed for the pressure control, must be calibrated at regular intervals in order to compensate drift effects. Provisions are made for this purpose for the pneumatic connections of the differential pressure pick-up to be connected with a common pressure source via a separate switchover means, and the common pressure source may also be at atmospheric pressure.

Device for mixing anesthetic vapor with anesthetic gas


Circuitry for testing a power-on-reset circuit in an integrated circuit includes a high-voltage detector coupled to a first I/O pad of the integrated circuit. A power-on-reset circuit in the integrated circuit has an output coupled to a driver circuit that is powered by the high-voltage. A second I/O pad of the integrated circuit is coupled to the output of the driver circuit. The driver circuit may be enabled by a signal provided on a third I/O pad of the integrated circuit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to integrated circuit technology. More particularly, the present invention relates to circuits and methods for testing on-chip power-on-reset circuits
2. The Prior Art
In an integrated circuit, a power-on-reset circuit is used to generate a negative or positive pulse to reset the entire chip when power is ramping up so that the on-chip circuitry is in a known reset state. The highest VCC at which the whole chip is still in the reset mode is called the power-on-reset trip point.
The power-on-reset trip point can not be set to too low a value because the on-chip circuitry will not be working properly at values of VCC that are too low. In other words, the entire chip will not be reset properly to a known reset state. In addition, the power-on-reset trip point can not be set to too high a value because the on-chip circuitry will still be in reset mode at too high a value of VCC.
In order to determine the power-on-reset trip point, the minimum value of VCC at which the chip is still working is characterized during the debugging and qualification stages of the chip development. Due to process variations, including, but not limited to lot-to-lot variations, wafer-to-wafer variations, variations across a wafer, or individual defects, or the sensitivities of the power-on-reset circuit to temperature, layout, or process parameters, the actual power-on-reset trip point may vary from die to die and may be different from the characterized value.
The power-on-reset trip point is not tested, or not 100% tested before shipping. In the prior art, no special power-on-reset trip point test circuit is embedded. The power-on-reset trip point shift, especially shifting to a lower trip point, is causing field application failure.

Method and apparatus to test the power-on-reset trip point of an integrated circuit


A clutchless transmission apparatus and control method thereof. The transmission apparatus comprises a motor (10) and a transmission (20), said motor (10) is connected to said transmission (20) and supplies power to said transmission (20) via an input shaft of the transmission (20), wherein said apparatus further comprises a control device (30), which is electrically connected to said motor (10) and said transmission (20), wherein said control device (30) is configured to determine whether a gear-position shifting is required based on rotation speed of said transmission (20), if a gear-position shifting is required, regulates torque of said motor (10) to control said transmission (20) to disengage, and then regulates the rotation speed of said motor (10) based on the rotation speed of said transmission (20) to control said transmission (20) to engage for shifting gear-position. The clutchless transmission apparatus provided in the present invention doesn't need a clutch during gear-position shifting, and therefore it is light, simple, easy to maintain and control, and can be used in a wide range of application.

In a conventional internal combustion engine automobile, the functions of a clutch are: making the automobile starts stably; interrupting the power supply to the transmission apparatus to assist gear-position shifting; and preventing from overloading on the transmission apparatus. However, the implement for above functions with clutch not only requires the driver to operate skillfully but also causes power interruption inevitably; as a result, the acceleration/deceleration of the automobile is not smooth enough. In addition, the clutch operates by utilizing the friction on contact surfaces between drive part and driven part, utilizing liquid as driving medium or utilizing magnetic force for driving; therefore, the clutch has aging and wearing problems. Furthermore, in a hybrid automobile or electric automobile, since the motor can start the automobile with loads, the startup procedure doesn't need a clutch used in traditional internal combustion engine automobiles. Therefore, when designing a transmission apparatus for hybrid automobile or electric automobile, it is desired that to design a clutchless transmission apparatus and a control method to adapt for the intrinsic characteristics of motor, rather than to improve traditional transmission apparatuses in prior arts, such as the gear-position shifting control method used in a clutchless variable speed operated parallel hybrid automobiles as disclosed in CN1272203C.

Clutchless transmission apparatus for controlling gear-position shifting and control method thereof


An auxiliary power unit (APU) includes, in serial flow communication: an engine compressor, a combustor and a turbine, the turbine rotatable about an engine axis. A first shaft operatively connects the turbine to the engine compressor and extends non-parallel to the engine axis. A second shaft operatively connects the turbine to a load and extends non-parallel to the engine axis. A method of operating an APU is also described.

The sizing of an auxiliary power unit (APU) for an aircraft is typically determined by requirements at a highest commanded generator power and/or Environmental Control System (ECS) flow, leaving the APU running below its maximum power at other points of the operating envelope. Inefficiencies typically exist in space taken up by aircraft components and/or in the complexity and/or cost of manufacturing aircraft components that make efficient use of space.