An ABS modulator support structure of a saddle type vehicle includes a main frame, a down frame, a pair of shroud which cover the right and left side of the frames, a radiator, a reserve tank which stores a coolant for the radiator, and an ABS module. The radiator is arranged on one (left side) side of the down frame 18 in a width direction of the vehicle. The ABS module is arranged on the other (right side) of the sides of the down frame in the width direction of the vehicle. The reserve tank and the shrouds are arranged outside the ABS module.

An ABS modulator is an apparatus which controls a braking force of a brake and prevents a slipping action. However, since this apparatus has a heavy weight, this apparatus is difficult in arrangement and various kinds of layout are studied. As an example, there is a structure in which an ABS module arranged on a side of a main frame and is supported on a sub-frame (see Patent Literature 1).

ABS modulator support structure of saddle type vehicle


It is a matter of a container assembly with at least one stackable container (1) which has a first engaging structure (48) on its top side (19) and a second engaging structure (49) on its underside (18). The engaging structures (48, 49) are so matched to one another that, when two containers (1) are stacked together, they engage in one another in such a way that the containers are secured against shifting relative to one another at right-angles to the stacking direction and at the same time the upper container is prevented from lifting at least in certain areas. The first engaging structure (48) consists of engaging recesses (54) and the second engaging structure (49) of engaging projections (55). Feet (57) provided on the underside (18) of the container (1) are designed as elements of the second engaging structure (49) and are able to engage the first engaging structure (48) from the rear, to prevent lifting of the upper container at least in certain areas.

The invention relates to a container assembly, with at least one stackable container which has a first engaging structure on its top and a second engaging structure on its underside, wherein the two engaging structures are matched to one another in such a way that, when two containers are resting on top of one another, the first engaging structure of the lower container lying on top, and the second engaging structure of the upper container lying below, engage in one another in such a way that the two containers are on the one hand secured against shifting relative to one another at right-angles to the stacking direction and on the other hand, due to rear-engaging elements of the engaging structures engaging from behind at right-angles to the stacking direction, there exists between the containers a locking which prevents lifting of the upper container from the lower container at least in certain areas.
A container assembly of this kind known from DE 44 09 411 A1 has a container in the form of a packing container which, with a sideways-oriented opening, ma be stacked vertically with others of its kind and also has means which facilitate the connection of containers resting on top of one another, to obtain a uniform, manageable container unit. These means which facilitate connection comprise amongst other things a first engaging structure located on the top and consisting of two rear hooks and two pin-like projections in the frontal area. Formed on the underside of the container is a second engaging structure made up of indentations or recesses, and so matched to the components of the first engaging structure that an upper container may be fitted on to a lower container in the course of a combined insert-and-turn process. The upper container is first of all placed at an angle, until the second engaging structure has hooked or engaged from behind with the hooks of the first engaging structure, then the front section of the upper container is lowered until, through the engagement of the projections, fixing secure from shifting is effected at right-angles to the stacking direction. The rear-engaging elements of the engaging structures comprised of hooks and their assigned recesses produce a reciprocal vertical fixing of the containers in the rear part of the containers. Corresponding fixing in the front part of the containers is effected by means of several additional connecting devices, which have coupling means in the form of rotating locking bolts and which may also be used simultaneously to hold in the closed position two side-mounted lid sides assigned to the container opening, after they have been placed on one another by suitable folding down.
A person using the container may easily be injured on the raised engaging structure exposed on the top of the container. This raised first engaging structure also obstructs the attachment of other containers which do not have a suitably matching second engaging structure. Another drawback is that, when the container is stood on an uneven surface, it cannot be stored safely due to its smooth underside, and that the lower container wall may be indented or damaged through irregularities of the floor.
Already known from EP 1 059 240 B1 is a container assembly in which stackable containers are equipped with connecting devices which have rotating locking bolts allowing vertical connection of stacked containers. The rotating locking bolts are in each case mounted rotatably on a bottom part of the container and may be rotated into a connected position reaching past a lid fitted on top and in which in each case they engage from behind an anchoring projection of the bottom part mounted above. On their undersides, the containers are equipped with raised feet which are able to dip into engaging recesses on the top of the container, so as to locate the stacked containers immovably at right-angles to the stacking direction. The feet are not involved in the vertical connection of the containers.
A similar container assembly is disclosed by EP 0 555 533 B1, in which however the coupling means of the connecting devices used for vertical interconnection are in the form of locking tabs pivotably mounted on the bottom part of the container.

Stackable container assembly with reciprocal locking of the stacked containers


A digital signal power amplification apparatus with multiple digital amplification cells connected in series, each amplification cell processing a separate bit of the digital signal. The apparatus additively combines the output from each amplifier into a single amplified signal without the use of separate signal combining circuitry. The apparatus has high linearity, high efficiency, high bandwidth and high power.

The challenge of radio frequency (RF) power amplifiers is to combine high efficiency, high bandwidth, high linearity, and high power. One potential architecture solution is the power digital-analog-converter (PowerDAC). The PowerDAC concept utilizes a digital data stream directly applied to the control of switching-power-amplifiers in a manner analogous to that of more conventional DAC circuits. In frequency ranges of multiple decades (VHF and UHF), and in a dynamic range fourteen bits or greater, conventional power amplifier technology and combiner techniques are inadequate.
The class-D power amplifier can operate efficiently through multiple decades of bandwidth. The class-D amplifier is a switching amplifier; therefore the voltage amplitude of its output is determined directly by its power supply voltage. Class-D amplifiers can suffer from high output resistance. OSISE is an optically-coupled, isolated, gate-drive circuit permitting fabrication of broadband class-D power amplifiers with high-side, floating-source switches, OSISE circuits are a significant development because they allow fabrication of broad-band totem pole, class-D half-bridges. Totem-pole architecture Class-D amplifiers are capable of producing RF power without output baluns or transformers.
Separate PowerDAC circuits may amplify individual bit streams. However, it is difficult to combine the output from separate PowerDACs. Separate signals require separate combining circuitry, which may require filtering and de-coupling. Combining analog conversions of digital signals is ineffective unless the amplification voltage is precise for each progressively less significant bit. Where PowerDAC circuits are separate, there may be no direct relation between the amplification voltages for each bit.
Consequently, it would be advantageous if an apparatus existed that is suitable for amplifying a digital signal and converting the digital signal to an analog signal without the use of separate combining circuitry.

Power digital-analog-converter with switched capacitor voltage division


A measuring instrument includes first and second rigid, elongate measuring elements which are interconnected by a flexible element. The measuring elements are supported in a measuring tube inserted in the foundation soil. Whenever a displacement occurs in the foundation soil or construction, the measuring tube is deformed and the second measuring element is pivoted with respect to the first measuring element. The curvature or bending which thereby occurs in the flexible element of suitable dimensioning or configuration is preferably determined by at least one wire strain gage fitted to the flexible element in the plane of deformation, the elongations being converted, for example by use of a Wheatstone bridge circuit, into proportional electrical current or voltage signals. Preferably, wire strain gages are disposed on all four mutually perpendicular outer sides of the flexible element, in order to allow for the detection of displacements in mutually perpendicular planes.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a measuring instrument for determining displacements, preferably those in the soil, rock, foundation soil or construction materials, which include first and second hinge-coupled elongate, substantially rigid measuring elements, and a measuring device for determining changes of position of the first and second measuring elements relative to each other, brought about by pivoting of the first measuring element relative to the second measuring element, wherein the measuring device includes a flexible element interconnecting the first and second measuring elements and a mechanism for determining the curvature or bending of the flexible element which occurs by pivoting of the first measuring element relative to the second measuring element, as a measure of relative displacement in the foundation soil or construction.
2. Discussion of the Background
Measuring instruments of this type are known from CH-PS 636698 and CH-PS 675910, the use of which make it possible to determine displacements occurring in the foundation soil, constructions or other materials, which have the effect of changing the relative position of two measuring elements in a direction running transversely to the longitudinal axis of the instrument. The measuring device known from the first-named patent specification exhibits an inductive length measuring system, by which, when a measuring element is pivoted out of the reference direction defined by the aligned longitudinal axes of the measuring elements, the size of the deviation from this reference direction is determined. The length measuring system which is used has the disadvantage that it is prone to producing measuring errors. The measuring method using the known instrument is expensive, since the instrument exhibits a large diameter such that a correspondingly large borehole diameter is required when determining displacements in the foundation soil. The instrument is also awkward to use and is not watertight, so that it cannot be employed in a water-filled borehole.
In the case of the instrument known from the second-named patent specification, there is disposed in the one measuring element a laser light transmitter, the emitted laser beam of which, aligned with the longitudinal axis of this measuring element, strikes a receiver which is disposed in the other measuring element and has a photo-detector device, so that if, in the foundation soil, a transverse displacement has occurred which results in pivoting of the measuring elements relative to each other, the laser beam striking the photo-detector device is deflected out of its zero position, the extent of this deflection being determinable by an evaluation circuit. The measuring method is accurate and also allows measurements in two mutually perpendicular lanes, but it is expensive since the electronics are very complex. The measuring range is relatively small and the instrument, due to the optical components present, is sensitive to humidity so that, for this reason and also for the reason of cost, a fixed installation of the instrument into a borehole is out of the question.
In addition, "deflectometers" are known (e.g. the INTERFELS-EASTMAN system), in which a measuring member anchored in a borehole is disposed between two endpieces, which measuring member is cardanically connected, by means of spacing tubes, to the two endpieces. A tensioned wire, extending from the one to the other endpiece and through the tubes and measuring member, is precisely mounted, by means of precision cutters disposed in the endpieces and in the measuring member, and an inductive path sensor is disposed in the measuring member such that it is able to measure a change in the position of the measuring wire resulting from a transverse displacement. In the case of a "chain-deflectometer", this extended embodiment contains a plurality of consecutive measuring embers. The instrument possesses a large diameter, requiring correspondingly large borehole diameters, so that the measuring method is relatively expensive to use. Moreover, the measurement of displacements is only possible in one plane. Any slackening of the tension of the measuring wire affects the measuring accuracy.
In addition, it has also been proposed (e.g. Publication: "Rock Mechanics Suppl. 8" (pages 349-367, Springer Verlag 1979)) to fit wire strain gages in the interior of an aluminum tube encased in concrete in a borehole, in order to measure the bending elongations in the aluminum tube caused by transverse displacements in the foundation soil. However, only a low level of measuring accuracy is thereby obtained, the measuring results also being erroneous if there is a strong shearing deformation between two neighboring measuring points. Fitting of wire strain gages in the interior of a tube is complicated and costly and there is no facility for calibration under this method.

Measuring instrument for determining displacements in soil, rock, foundation soil or construction materials


The use of lift gas for FCC risers is improved by the direct use of reactor vapors as the source of the lift gas. Reactor vapors recovered primarily from the stripping section of an FCC reactor/regenerator section provide an excellent source for lift gas material. These reactor vapors contain high concentrations of light paraffinic materials often with an equal weight percent amount of steam. The recovery of the stripping vapors independent from the product stream allows such gaseous mixtures to be readily processed for use as lift gas. The only processing requirements are the removal of particulate material and the compression of the gas to pressure conditions at the bottom of the riser. Compression of the gas requires a reduction in its temperature to suitable compressor inlet conditions. This invention is readily practiced in the most recent FCC reactor designs that separate the majority of product vapors from the catalyst in a closed riser cyclone arrangement. This invention is particularly suited for use in conjunction with hot catalyst stripping. Hot catalyst stripping produces a high concentration of very low molecular weight gas components in the effluent from the hot stripping zone which are highly suitable for use as lift gas material.

The fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons is the main stay process for the production of gasoline and light hydrocarbon products from heavy hydrocarbon charge stocks such as vacuum gas oils or residual feeds. Large hydrocarbon molecules, associated with the heavy hydrocarbon feed, are cracked to break the large hydrocarbon chains thereby producing lighter hydrocarbons. These lighter hydrocarbons are recovered as product and can be used directly or further processed to raise the octane barrel yield relative to the heavy hydrocarbon feed.
The basic equipment or apparatus for the fluidized catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons has been in existence since the early 1940's. The basic components of the FCC process include a reactor, a regenerator and a catalyst stripper. The reactor includes a contact zone where the hydrocarbon feed is contacted with a particulate catalyst and a separation zone where product vapors from the cracking reaction are separated from the catalyst. Further product separation takes place in a catalyst stripper that receives catalyst from the separation zone and removes entrained hydrocarbons from the catalyst by counter-current contact with steam or another stripping medium. The FCC process is carried out by contacting the starting material whether it be vacuum gas oil, reduced crude, or another source of relatively high boiling hydrocarbons with a catalyst made up of a finely divided or particulate solid material. The catalyst is transported like a fluid by passing gas or vapor through it at sufficient velocity to produce a desired regime of fluid transport. Contact of the oil with the fluidized material catalyzes the cracking reaction. During the cracking reaction, coke will be deposited on the catalyst. Coke is comprised of hydrogen and carbon and can include other materials in trace quantities such as sulfur and metals that enter the process with the starting material. Coke interferes with the catalytic activity of the catalyst by blocking active sites on the catalyst surface where the cracking reactions take place. Catalyst is traditionally transferred from the stripper to a regenerator for purposes of removing the coke by oxidation with an oxygen-containing gas. An inventory of catalyst having a reduced coke content, relative to the catalyst in the stripper, hereinafter referred to as regenerated catalyst, is collected for return to the reaction zone. Oxidizing the coke from the catalyst surface releases a large amount of heat, a portion of which escapes the regenerator with gaseous products of coke oxidation generally referred to as flue gas. The balance of the heat leaves the regenerator with the regenerated catalyst. The fluidized catalyst is continuously circulated from the reaction zone to the regeneration zone and then again to the reaction zone. The fluidized catalyst, as well as providing a catalytic function, acts as a vehicle for the transfer of heat from zone to zone. Catalyst exiting the reaction zone is spoken of as being spent, i.e., partially deactivated by the deposition of coke upon the catalyst. Specific details of the various contact zones, regeneration zones, and stripping zones along with arrangements for conveying the catalyst between the various zones are well known to those skilled in the art.
The rate of conversion of the feedstock within the reaction zone is controlled by regulation of the temperature of the catalyst, activity of the catalyst, quantity of the catalyst (i.e., catalyst to oil ratio) and contact time between the catalyst and feedstock. The most common method of regulating the reaction temperature is by regulating the rate of circulation of catalyst from the regeneration zone to the reaction zone which simultaneously produces a variation in the catalyst to oil ratio as the reaction tempertures change. That is, if it is desired to increase the conversion rate an increase in the rate of flow of circulating fluid catalyst from the regenerator to the reactor is effected. Since the catalyst temperature in the regeneration zone is usually held at a relatively constant temperature, significantly higher than the reaction zone temperature, any increase in catalyst flux from the relatively hot regeneration zone to the reaction zone affects an increase in the reaction zone temperature.
The hydrocarbon product of the FCC reaction is recovered in vapor form and transferred to product recovery facilities. These facilities normally comprise a main column for cooling the hydrocarbon vapor from the reactor and recovering a series of heavy cracked products which usually include bottom materials, cycle oil, and heavy gasoline. Lighter materials from the main column enter a concentration section for further separation into additional product streams.
As the development of FCC units has advanced, temperatures within the reaction zone were gradually raised. It is now commonplace to employ temperatures of about 525.degree. C. (975.degree. F.). At higher temperatures, there is generally a loss of gasoline components as these materials crack to lighter components by both catalytic and strictly thermal mechanisms. At 525.degree. C., it is typical to lose 1% on the potential gasoline yield due to gasoline components thermally cracking into lighter hydrocarbon gases. As temperatures increase, to say 1025.degree. F. (550.degree. C.), most feedstocks lose up to 6% or more of the gasoline yield due to thermal cracking of gasoline components.
One improvement to FCC units, that has reduced the product loss by thermal cracking, is the use of riser cracking. In riser cracking, regenerated catalyst and starting materials enter a pipe reactor and are transported upward by the expansion of the gases that result from the vaporization of the hydrocarbons, and other fluidizing mediums if present upon contact with the hot catalyst. Riser cracking provides good initial catalyst and oil contact and also allows the time of contact between the catalyst and oil to be more closely controlled by eliminating turbulence and backmixing that can vary the catalyst residence time. An average riser cracking zone today will have a catalyst to oil contact time of 1 to 5 seconds. A number of riser designs use a lift gas as a further means of providing a uniform catalyst flow. Lift gas is used to accelerate catalyst in a first section of the riser before introduction of the feed and thereby reduces the turbulence which can vary the contact time between the catalyst and hydrocarbons.
In most reactor arrangements, catalysts and conversion products still enter a large chamber for the purpose of initially disengaging catalyst and hydrocarbons. A final separation of the hydrocarbon vapors from the catalyst is performed by cyclone separators that use centripetal acceleration to disengage the heavier catalyst particles from the lighter vapors which exit the reaction zone.
The benefits of using lift gas to pre-accelerate and condition regenerated catalyst in a riser type conversion zone are well known. Lift gas typically has a low concentration of heavy hydrocarbons, i.e. hydrocarbons having a molecular weight of C.sub.3 or greater are avoided. In particular, highly reactive type species such as C.sub.3 plus olefins are unsuitable for lift gas. Thus, lift gas streams comprising steam and light hydrocarbons are generally used.
The most readily available source for lift gas is from the gas concentration section of an FCC unit's product separation facilities. Taking lift gas from the gas concentration section places additional demands upon these facilities. Since the lift gas passes from the riser through the reactor and back to the gas concentration section, it is essentially a recycle stream. The additional throughput associated with the lift gas reduces the overall gas processing capabilities of the gas concentration facilities. Therefore, obtaining lift gas from the gas concentration section increases the cost of providing and maintaining the gas concentration section and where the gas concentration capacity limits the throughput through the FCC unit, the use of lift gas may be precluded or may reduce the amount of fresh feed processed in the FCC.

Supplying FCC lift gas directly from product vapors


Electrical interconnection of first and second sides of a flex circuit is provided by a tab formed in the flex circuit. At least one circuit trace extends along the tab and provides a contact area on the flex circuit first side. The tab is folded so that the contact area overlays the flex circuit second side. The contact area is then electrically interconnected as by reflow soldering to a contact area on the flex circuit second side.

This invention relates to a method of providing electrical interconnection between opposed sides of a circuit and particularly for use with a flexible circuit. The current technology for providing electrical interconnection between opposite sides of a flex circuit utilizes metalized throughholes that interconnect electrical circuit runners on the opposite sides of the flex circuit. To produce such metalized throughholes requires a number of process steps such as punching or drilling holes in a pare-etch metal clad flexible substrate, clearing the holes, sensitizing the cleaned hole walls, activating the sensitized walls, using an electroless plating process on the activated sensitized walls, and then electroplating the holes to the desired metal thickness for producing reliable interconnection. It is desirable to provide a means for interconnecting front and backside of a flex circuit without the necessity of producing such metalized throughholes.

Method and apparatus for electrically interconnecting opposite sides of a flex circuit


A bulky and reinforced non-woven fabric and a process for producing the fabric are provided, which fabric is composed of a web consisting of 30-100% by weight of hot-melt-adhesive fibers and 70-0% by weight of fibers having a m.p. higher than that of the hot-melt-adhesive component of the hot-melt-adhesive fibers and monofilaments, fibers constituting the web being adhered onto one another and also to the monofilaments and the fabric having wrinkles at a wavelength of 0.1 to 20 mm over the whole surface of the fabric; and which process comprises arranging monofilaments of a percentage of shrinkage of 20% or higher under heat treatment conditions for melt-adhering the hot-melt-adhesive fibers over the whole surface of the web; adhering the fibers constituting the web onto one another and also to the monofilaments through hot-melt-adhesion; and also causing the web to shrink through shrinkage generated in the monofilaments.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a non-woven fabric produced according to a hot-melt adhesion process and having a superior bulkiness and strength.
2 Description of the Related Art
Heretofore, as processes for producing non-woven fabrics using hot-melt adhesive fibers, heated roll process, hot-air-blowing process, etc. have been known, and non-woven fabrics having a basis weight of 15 to 200 g/m.sup.2 have been used in the fields of surface materials for disposable diaper interlining fabrics, disposable clothes, etc.
However, non-woven fabrics produced by conventional processes have been in the form of a thin and flat sheet, deficient in bulkiness and also insufficient in strength. In order to improve the strength of non-woven fabrics, if the temperature and pressure at the time of heat treatment are raised, the non-woven fabrics become thinner and stiffer so that the bulkiness is lost. Processes for improving the strength of non-wove fabrics by incorporating reinforcing fibers thereinto are disclosed in Japanese patent application laid-open No. Sho 61-41357/1986 or Japanese patent application laid-open No Sho 62-215057/1987, but even according to these processes, it is impossible to improve the bulkiness of non-woven fabrics.
As a process for imparting the bulkiness to non-woven fabrics having a low basis weight, there has been known a process of providing crepe-like lateral wrinkles on non-woven fabrics by peeling off non-woven fabrics from a drum by employing a doctor knife in the suction drum dryer process. However, non-woven fabrics obtained according to this process, the bulkiness is improved, but the fabrics have such drawbacks that they are easily elongated by slight tension in the longitudinal direction and liable to be deformed.


A liquid ejecting head includes a plurality of actuators, a plurality of pressure chambers that are provided so as to correspond to the actuators, and communicate with a common liquid chamber, a first member that defines the common liquid chamber, and includes a compliance sheet that absorbs vibrations of liquid on an upstream side of the common liquid chamber, and an inlet that is formed so as to penetrate the compliance sheet, a canopy portion that is provided at an open peripheral edge of the inlet of the first member, and has a receiving surface to which the compliance sheet is joined, and a receiving portion that is provided opposite the inlet across the canopy portion, and receives liquid introduced from the inlet.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a liquid ejecting head that ejects liquid, a liquid ejecting head unit including the liquid ejecting head, a liquid ejecting apparatus, and a method for manufacturing the liquid ejecting head unit, and more particularly, to an ink jet recording head that ejects ink as liquid, an ink jet recording head unit, an ink jet recording apparatus, and a method for manufacturing the ink jet recording head unit.
2. Related Art
As a liquid ejecting head, for example, there is known an ink jet recording head that ejects ink droplets from nozzles by using a pressure change of a pressure generating unit. As the ink jet recording head, there is proposed an ink jet recording head in which a part of walls of a flow channel communicating with a nozzle that ejects ink droplets is formed of a flexible plate (compliance sheet) deformable in response to a pressure change of ink (see, for example, JP-A-2004-106395).
The ink jet recording head of JP-A-2004-106395 is formed by the following method. That is, flow channels are formed by laminating metal plates having recesses or openings formed therein by laser processing or etching. Then, a resin or metal flexible plate (compliance sheet) is bonded to the laminated plates.
In order to bond a flow channel member having upstream flow channels to the inlets of the adherent member to which the compliance sheet is bonded, however, the adherent member needs to have rigidity around the inlets. A low rigidity may cause problems of peeling and ink leakage due to joining failure.
The compliance sheet may be bonded to the adherent member by using an adhesive body obtained by laminating the compliance sheet on a metal rigid member, but the use of the rigid member may cause a problem of an increase in the material cost. Even when the rigid member is directly used as a member that constitutes the flow channels as in JP-A-2004-106395, an unnecessary portion needs to be removed from the rigid member by etching, laser processing, or the like after the compliance sheet has been laminated on the rigid member. This process may cause a problem of an increase in the manufacturing cost.

Liquid ejecting head, liquid ejecting head unit, liquid ejecting apparatus, and method for manufacturing liquid ejecting head unit


A power control system includes: an information processing device including: a determining unit that determines whether to supply power to a device from a power supplying unit, based on first correspondence information, in which an output signal detected by a detecting unit of each of at least one electronic device is associated with identification information of a corresponding electronic device, received from the corresponding electronic device, and a stored second correspondence information, in which identification information to identify a power supplying unit of a power source control device that supplies power to a device is associated with identification information of each of the at least one electronic device, and an instruction unit that instructs the power source control device to supply power or to shut off power supply to a device from the power supplying unit, according to a determination result of the determining unit.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a power control system, a power control method, and an information processing device.
2. Description of the Related Art
Conventionally, there are known management devices, which is called as intelligent taps, smart taps or the like, capable of controlling power supply to an electrical device connected to a tap through a power line, to manage power. With such a management device, for example, control to selectively stop the power supply to an electrical device, to which power need not be supplied, and the similar control can be performed.
An object of the present invention is to provide a power control system, a power control method, and an information processing device that can efficiently control power to a device.

Power control system, power control method, and information processing device


A transistor device includes a channel, a first source/drain region positioned on a first side of the channel, a second source/drain region positioned on a second side of the channel opposite the first side of the channel, and a tunnel barrier disposed between the channel and the first source/drain region, the tunnel barrier adapted to suppress band-to-band tunneling while the transistor device is in an off state.

In the semiconductor integrated circuit (IC) industry, technological advances in IC materials and design have produced generations of ICs where each generation has smaller and more complex circuits than the previous generation. In the course of IC evolution, functional density (i.e., the number of interconnected devices per chip area) has generally increased while geometry size (i.e., the smallest component (or line) that can be created using a fabrication process) has decreased. This scaling down process generally provides benefits by increasing production efficiency and lowering associated costs. Such scaling down has also increased the complexity of IC processing and manufacturing.
A common device within integrated circuits is a transistor. A typical transistor either allows or prohibits electric current from flowing between the source terminal and the drain terminal based on both the voltage applied at the gate and the type of transistor. Specifically, while transistor is in an on state, current is allowed to flow between the source terminal and the drain terminal. While the transistor is in an off state, current is prohibited from flowing between the source terminal and the drain terminal. Typically, even in the off state, current may leak through the transistor device. It is desirable to reduce this leakage current as much as possible.

Hetero-tunnel field-effect transistor (TFET) having a tunnel barrier formed directly above channel region, directly below first source/drain region and adjacent gate electrode

TAIWAN SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING COMPANY, LTD.


A data card for facilitating a transaction, including a card body having a front surface and a back surface, a first data storage section storing a first set of data, a second data storage section storing a second set of data, a third data storage section storing a third set of data, and a fourth data storage section storing a fourth set of data. At least two of the first data storage section, the second data storage section, the third data storage section, and the fourth data storage section store different data. Each of the data storage sections is operable for facilitating the same transaction.

Data cards are commonly used to store information for performing transactions. The transactions may, for example, be financial transactions such as purchases performed at a point of sale ("POS") terminal or cash withdrawals carried out using an automated teller machine ("ATM"). Additionally, data cards may be used to perform other actions including transactions related to identity verification, security access, medical procedures, and machine operation.
Traditional data cards have a single magnetic strip located on a back face of the data card for storing data. Use of such data cards involves reading data stored on the data cards by swiping the data card through, or inserting the data card into, a reading device. For example, in performing financial transactions as described above, the data card may be swiped through a card reader at a POS terminal, or the data card may be inserted into an ATM to read the data stored thereon.
Data card reading devices typically include a magnetic reading mechanism for reading data encoded on the magnetic strip of the traditional data card. Reading of traditional data cards, therefore, requires swiping or inserting the data card such that the magnetic data strip is properly oriented with respect to the reading device. As a result, a cardholder or merchant must determine the proper orientation of the data card before inserting the data card into the ATM or swiping the data card at the POS terminal.
This orientation requirement often necessitates multiple attempts at swiping or inserting the data card before the proper orientation is selected. For example, the ATM or POS terminal may not be marked or not clearly marked with swiping or insertion instructions. Persons with impaired vision may encounter particular difficulty in properly orienting and presenting the data card to the reading device. Furthermore, such reading devices are placed in outdoor locations, which may present additional visibility and security concerns.
Additionally, in some instances a card reading device may be configured to capture and retain a data card that has been improperly presented for reading, requiring a user to perform an inconvenient retrieval process to regain possession of the data card.
Therefore, a need exists for a data card that includes a plurality of data storage sections such as magnetic data strips. For example, two magnetic data strips may be located on the two horizontal edges of the front surface and two magnetic data strips may be located on the two horizontal edges of the back surface of a data card, such that the data card may be swiped or inserted in any orientation by a user without concern for the orientation of the data card.


A single use biopsy device (100) is disclosed. The device (100) includes a receptacle (102) having a port (104) for allowing tissue from a biopsy site to protrude into the receptacle (102) and a cutter (106) that is supported in the receptacle (102) and arranged so that when tissue from a biopsy site protrudes into the receptacle (102) through the port (104) the cutter (106) is movable to sever the tissue so as to obtain a biopsy sample. A stop (108) arrests the cutter (106) after the cutter (106) has severed the tissue. The arresting of the cutter by the stop (108) prevents reuse of the device (100). A method of obtaining a biopsy sample from a biopsy site using the biopsy device (100) is also disclosed.

Various devices have been used to obtain biopsy samples.
One type of simple biopsy device includes a blade that is located on an end of a rod and a receptacle having an opening for receiving tissue to be biopsied. In use, the rod is used to push the blade into the receptacle so as to sever biopsy tissue that is protruding into the receptacle through the opening. In devices of this type, the blade is removable from the receptacle after use so that the blade, the rod and the receptacle may be cleaned and sterilised for reuse. Unfortunately, once the blade is removed from the receptacle there is a risk that a user of the device may make accidental contact with the blade and thus sustain a "stick injury".
Another biopsy device, for use with an aspiration type biopsy procedure, includes a cylindrical capsule containing a cylindrical spring-activated knife. In devices of this type, tissue is first drawn into an opening in the capsule by way of suction and thereafter the knife is triggered so as to cut the tissue and obtain a biopsy sample. Spring-activated devices of this type are typically used to perform multiple biopsy procedures.
Reusing a biopsy device introduces a number of difficulties. Firstly, if the device is not properly sterilised following each biopsy procedure there is a prospect that further use of the device may lead to infection or cross-contamination.
In addition, cleaning and sterilisation of existing biopsy devices typically requires these devices to be disassembled, and then subsequently reassembled for use. During disassembly, or assembly, the biopsy device may sustain accidental damage that may not be readily detectable to a user, but that may nevertheless render the device unfit, or unsafe, for use, unbeknown to a user. For example, a cutting edge of the blade (or knife) may be damaged in a way that blunts or chips the blade (or knife). In an aspiration biopsy device, such damage may render the device incapable of forming a seal with a biopsy site.
The present invention seeks to provide a single use biopsy device that renders itself non-reusable after performing a biopsy procedure.


The present disclosure provides a communication method. The method includes acquiring route information of a route, which includes a destination; determining a first resource scheduling for a communication connection of a mobile device based on the route information of the route; determining whether the communication connection of the mobile device based on the first resource schedule requires more resources than a second alternative resource scheduling; and if so, using the second alternative resource scheduling for the communication connection of the mobile device.

In the process of frequently switching between base stations, establishing a communication connection with a stationary communication device, and establishing an ad hoc network with other devices, it is important to ensure a mobile device can smoothly switch between the base stations, establish a stable communication connection with the stationary communication device, and smoothly establish the ad hoc network with other devices, a stable and reliable network connection with large bandwidth and low delay. The conventional method of network switching takes a passive approach on the network side. When a terminal device is moving at a high speed, there is a high probability that a signal may attenuate during the base station switches, which may affect the network quality.

Communication method, electronic device, and communication system


Apparatus and methods for electronic circuit protection under high stress operating conditions are provided. In one embodiment, an apparatus includes a substrate having a first p-well, a second p-well adjacent the first p-well, and an n-type region separating the first and second p-wells. An n-type active area is over the first p-well and a p-type active area is over the second p-well. The n-type and p-type active areas are electrically connected to a cathode and anode of a high reverse blocking voltage (HRBV) device, respectively. The n-type active area, the first p-well and the n-type region operate as an NPN bipolar transistor and the second p-well, the n-type region, and the first p-well operate as a PNP bipolar transistor. The NPN bipolar transistor defines a relatively low forward trigger voltage of the HRBV device and the PNP bipolar transistor defines a relatively high reverse breakdown voltage of the HRBV device.

1. Field
Embodiments of the invention relate to electronic systems, and more particularly, to protection circuits for integrated electronic systems.
2. Description of the Related Technology
Certain electronic systems can be exposed to a transient electrical event, or an electrical signal of a relatively short duration having rapidly changing voltage and high power. Transient electrical events can include, for example, electro static discharge (ESD) events arising from the abrupt release of charge from an object or person to an electronic system. Transient electrical events can also include, for example, voltage spikes resulting from delivering a varying current to an inductive load, signals received by way of electromagnetic inductive coupling, or transient electrical events arising from starting a motor, such as a load dump transient electrical event resulting from starting an automotive engine.
Transient electrical events can destroy an integrated circuit (IC) inside an electronic system due to overvoltage conditions and high levels of power dissipation over relatively small areas of the IC. High power dissipation can increase IC temperature, and can lead to numerous problems, such as gate oxide punch-through, junction damage, metal damage, and surface charge accumulation. Moreover, transient electrical events can induce latch-up (in other words, inadvertent creation of a low-impedance path), thereby disrupting the functioning of the IC and potentially causing permanent damage to the IC from self-heating in the latch-up current path.
Certain integrated circuits, for instance, those used in automotive signal conditioning and sensing applications, are required to tolerate a relatively high level of over-voltage stress as well as false conditions at the input and/or output pins, such as short-to-battery condition. Thus, there is a need to provide an IC with protection from such transient electrical events. Furthermore, there is a need for a protection component providing an asymmetrical current versus voltage characteristics and that is able to safely sustain over-voltage stress and false conditions encountered in the relatively harsh automotive environment applications.

Methods for protecting electronic circuits operating under high stress conditions


A mixing system for mixing material includes a mixer having a housing, an arm in operable cooperation with the housing, wherein the arm is constructed and arranged to rotate about a first axis of rotation, and a basket constructed and arranged to rotate about a second axis of rotation in the opposite direction while the arm is rotating. A holder is removably received within the basket. A material container receives the material to be mixed, and the container is received within a lower half of the holder.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a holder for use in a DAC centrifugal mixing system. More specifically, the invention relates to a DAC centrifugal mixing system having a modified holder configured to reduce the time needed to mix small materials.
2. Discussion of the Prior Art
In DAC centrifugal mixing systems, various weighted holders have been developed to allow mixing of different materials. In particular, the receptacle holding the material is placed within the top half of the holder. In other configurations, the receptacle is offset in the upper half of the weighted holder, thereby increasing the circumference of the mixing circle as the machine spins.
The present invention provides a mixing system for mixing viscous materials comprising a mixer, a material container and a holder.
According to a first aspect of the preferred embodiment of the present invention, a mixing system for mixing material includes a mixer having a housing, an arm in operable cooperation with the housing, wherein the arm is constructed and arranged to rotate about a first axis of rotation, and a basket constructed and arranged to rotate about a second axis of rotation in the opposite direction while the arm is rotating. A holder is removably received within the basket. A material container receives the material to be mixed, and the container is received within a lower half of the holder.
According to yet another aspect of the invention, a mixing system for mixing material includes a mixer having a housing, an arm in operable cooperation with the housing, wherein the arm is constructed and arranged to rotate about a first axis of rotation, and a basket constructed and arranged to rotate about a second axis of rotation in the opposite direction while the arm is rotating. A holder is removably received within the basket, and the holder includes a support wall forming a ridge. The material container includes a cap and a receptacle that receives the material to be mixed, and the receptacle includes a support surface. The cup is received substantially within the holder and the support surface abuts the ridge of the holder.
According to another aspect of the invention, a mixing apparatus for mixing material includes a mixer having a housing, an arm in operable cooperation with the housing, wherein the arm is constructed and arranged to rotate about a first axis of rotation, and a basket constructed and arranged to rotate about a second axis of rotation in the opposite direction while the arm is rotating. A holder is removably received within the basket. A material container includes a cap and a receptacle that receives the material to be mixed.
These and other objects, features, and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration and not of limitation. Many changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications.

Deep holder for dual asymmetric centrifugal mixing system


A signal line sharing protocol and hardware permit control of a remotely located active device configured to provide different load configurations to an antenna. As an example, the communication system may include a master device. The master device may include a general purpose output and a radio frequency port. The communication system may further include a first duplexer and a second duplexer. The first duplexer may include a first port, a second port, and a third port, where the second port is coupled to the radio frequency port and the third port is coupled to the general purpose output of the master device. The second duplexer may include a first port, a second port, and a third port, where the first port of the second duplexer is in communication with the first port of the first duplexer, wherein the second port is coupled to an antenna, and where the third port is in communication with a slave device. The slave device may be coupled to the antenna. In response to commencement of a command from the master device, the slave device may clamp the antenna to ground.

Multiple standards have competing requirements that limit the ability of a user to simultaneously use different standards. As an example, both 802.11b/g/n and Bluetooth standards operate at 2.4 GHz, which can result in interference problems. In some cases, devices physically separate the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth antennas to overcome the potential interference problems. In other cases, the 802.11/b/g/n and the Bluetooth operations are configured to disable one operation before beginning the other operation, which prevents simultaneous operation.
In addition, there may be a desire to provide different antenna matching loads depending upon the operation of the wireless interface. This may require the ability to control the load matching of an antenna remotely, which may include active tuning of an antenna.
To overcome these problems without adding additional wires, there is a need to provide a control means over the existing wiring to permit addition of a controlled device near an antenna. There is also a need for a simple control function to control remote devices that have no dedicated supply, control, or signal lines.


A topical solubilized ivermectin pharmaceutical composition for the treatment and/or prevention of inflammatory skin conditions is disclosed herein. The topical solubilized ivermectin pharmaceutical composition comprises an ivermectin and a cyclodextrin. Particularly, ivermectin is combined with cyclodextrin to form an ivermectin-cyclodextrin complex solubilized in a Tween80-water solution up to a 30% by weight of solution. The present invention features a formulation of Ivermectin-cyclodextrin complex solubilized in a Tween80-water solution incorporated into lotion or cream or gel base that is highly effective in the treatment inflammatory skin conditions at a concentration of, in some embodiments, 0.125% to 5% ivermectin by weight.

Inflammatory skin conditions occur when a layer of the skin becomes inflamed due to the recognition of a foreign element by the immune system. In response the immune system begins to generate antibodies.
Moreover, inflammation is a response to stimulus that occurs in our body when our body recognizes a foreign invader such as infectious viruses and bacteria which are recognized by our immune system. A response is sent to fight against the dangerous pathogens and begin the healing process. Furthermore, our body is designed in such a way that it also sends a response in order to promote healing and recovery when we encounter a wound or area of damaged tissue. Skin inflammation usually occurs as a rash that may be raised, red, or warm. Some inflammatory rashes cause blisters or pimples, and some may burn, sting, or itch.
Moreover, the common causes of skin inflammation are infection, immune system dysfunction, allergic reaction, gut condition, photosensitivity, and injury or wound. Infection includes bacterial, fungal and viral infections which causes skin inflammation. Some of the most common bacterial skin infections include cellulitis and staph infections. Furthermore, some common viral infections include warts and herpes simplex, and common fungal infections include ringworm and athlete's foot. Additionally, seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic skin condition that causes red, scaly skin patches and dandruff and is caused by yeast that resides in the oil on the skin. A second cause of skin inflammation is immune system dysfunction in which the immune system does not function properly and causes immune cells to mistakenly attack our body's own healthy cells, for example in psoriasis. A third cause of skin inflammation is an allergic reaction. An allergic reaction occurs if your immune system overreacts when it senses a foreign substance and sends cells to attack the invader. Foods, medications, and pollen can all trigger allergic reactions and cause skin redness, hives, and inflammation. A fourth cause of skin inflammation is gut condition in which gut conditions and an imbalanced gut microbiome are linked to skin inflammation and chronic inflammatory skin conditions. A fifth cause of skin inflammation is photosensitivity. Photosensitivity is an extreme sensitivity to sunlight that can trigger an immune system response. A photosensitive reaction can be induced by spending time in the sun while taking certain medications, including some antibiotics and diuretics. Photosensitive skin becomes red, inflamed, and burned after only minimal UV radiation exposure. A sixth cause of skin inflammation is injury or wound. Cuts, scrapes, burns, and surgical wounds cause redness, swelling, and warmth at the site of the injury. The immune system sends an inflammatory response to help heal damaged tissue.
Various pharmaceutical preparations have been used for the treatment and prevention of inflammatory skin conditions, including skin cleansing compositions, antibacterial compositions, anti-inflammatory compositions and dermatological compositions. However, the compositions provided in the prior arts involve the use of alcohol and propylene glycol which cause skin irritations. An object of the invention is to provide compositions which overcome such prior art problems. "Irritating" is defined as "producing a visibly noticeable immune response or inflammation." "Non-irritating" is defined as "the absence of the production of a visibly noticeable immune response or inflammation."
Discussing a different aspect of the prior art, Ivermectin is a mixture of two compounds belonging to the avermectin class, 5-O-demethyl-22,23-dihydroavermectin Ala and 5-O-demethyl-22,23-dihydroavermectin Alb. They are also known as 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a and 22-23-dihydroavermectin B1b. Ivermectin comprises at least 80% of 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1a and less than 20% of 22,23-dihydroavermectin B1b. This active agent is part of the avermectin class, a group of macrocyclic lactones produced by the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis (Reynolds J E F (Ed) (1993) Martindale). The extra pharmacopoeia, 29th Edition, Pharmaceutical Press, London).
In the middle of the 1980s, ivermectin was presented as a broad-spectrum anti-parasitic medicinal product for veterinary use (W. C. CAMPBELL, et al., (1983). Ivermectin: a potent new anti-parasitic agent, Science, 221, 823-828). It is effective against most common intestinal worms (except tapeworms), most acarids and some lice. It in particular exhibits considerable affinity for the glutamate-dependent chloride channels present in invertebrate nerve cells and muscle cells. Its binding to these channels promotes an increase in membrane permeability to chloride ions, resulting in hyperpolarization of the nerve or muscle cell. Neuromuscular paralysis which can lead to the death of certain parasites results therefrom. Ivermectin also interacts with other ligand-dependent chloride channels, such as those involving the neuromediator GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid).
Ivermectin is more particularly an anthelmintic. It has already been described in humans in the treatment of river blindness caused by Onchocerca volvulus, of gastrointestinal strongyloidiasis (anguillulosis) (product Stromectol®), and of human scabies (Meinking T L et al., N. Engl. J. Med., 1995 Jul. 6; 333(1):26-30, "The treatment of scabies with ivermectin") and also in the treatment of microfilaraemia diagnoses or suspected in individuals suffering from lymphatic filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti.
Ivermectin along with cyclodextrin in specific concentration can lead to solve the problem of prior arts. Cyclodextrins are a family of cyclic oligosaccharides, consisting of a macrocyclic ring of glucose subunits joined by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Cyclodextrins are produced from starch by enzymatic conversion. Furthermore, cyclodextrins have shown to enhance absorption into the skin by 20 times or more and hence can be used to form a complex with solubilized ivermectin in order to prevent or treat inflammatory skin conditions.
Ivermectin has been successfully used for the treatment of dermatological conditions such as rosacea however the formulations that are used have alcohols such as propylene glycol and exhibit adverse events such as painful sensation, dry, itchy, irritated skin to an extent of approximately 20% such that there is need for an improved delivery system of ivermectin for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
A number of solutions were introduced in order to solve the abovementioned problems. In one of the closest relevant arts, U.S. Pat. No. 8,815,816 discloses that dermatological conditions/afflictions such as rosacea, common acne, seborrheic dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, acneform rashes, transient acantholytic dermatosis, and acne necrotica miliaris, most notably rosacea, are treated by topically applying onto the affected skin area of an individual in need of such treatment, a topical pharmaceutical composition which comprises ivermectin. Moreover, Ivermectin has been successfully used for the treatment of dermatological conditions such as rosacea however the formulations that are used comprise alcohols such as propylene glycol and exhibit adverse events such as painful sensation, dry, itchy, irritated skin to an extend of approximately 20% such that there is need for an improved delivery system of ivermectin for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.
Another relevant art, U.S. Pat. No. 6,133,310 discloses the use of ivermectin topically in the form of a prototype of a lotion consisting of a mixture of ivermectin and water, and also mentions the possibility of a prototype of a cream consisting, for its part, of a mixture of ivermectin and an excipient such as propylene glycol or sodium lauryl sulfate but describes no pharmaceutical composition as such. These mixtures are similar to experimental preparations used in the context of initial results of proof of concept. In fact, the elements disclosed in that patent provide no teaching to those skilled in the art regarding the feasibility of industrially acceptable pharmaceutical compositions containing ivermectin, in particular having good cosmetic properties and a shelf-life which is sufficiently long for an industrial pharmaceutical product (minimum of 2 years).
Another relevant prior art reference, U.S. Pat. No. 6,673,374 discloses a pharmaceutical composition and methods for treating inflammatory skin conditions. The compositions include hydrogen peroxide, one or more moisturizing agents, and an anti-inflammatory agent. The pharmaceutical compositions may optionally include one or more exfoliants. The compositions can be used to treat inflammatory skin conditions such as dermatitis, including, but not limited to seborrheic dermatitis, nummular dermatitis, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, and stasis dermatitis; psoriasis; folliculitis; rosacea; acne; impetigo; erysipelas; paronychia, erythrasma; and eczema.
The prior art described above, indicate that some studies have been carried out to treat inflammatory skin conditions. There still remains a need to develop a composition which is free from alcohol and propylene glycol which are skin irritants. Moreover, it is required that the composition utilizes 100% pure organic materials and is free from harmful chemicals. Furthermore, there is a need to utilize solubilized ivermectin cyclodextrin complex for the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions.
Hence, there remains a greater need for effective complex of ivermectin and cyclodextrin to maximize the anti-inflammatory effects of ivermectin and cyclodextrin that has been solved by present instant invention.
All the problems, disadvantages and the limitations of the above-mentioned relevant and conventional arts are being overcome by the method and composition of the present instant invention, which has various technical advancements and certainly economic benefits over the conventional arts.

Topical solubilized ivermectin for inflammatory skin conditions


A combination air data probe performs a number of different pressure measurements from a single structure. Measurements of total pressure and total temperature are performed in an improved structural configuration which renders these measurements substantially insensitive to aircraft angle of attack. Static temperature is computed free of recovery factor error because of compensatory effects in the pressure and temperature signals. Another part of the probe provides measurement of static pressure and pressures for determining angle of attack.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to aircraft instrumentation and, more particularly, to devices extending into the air stream for sensing parameters which are used to develop derived air data for instrument readout.
2. Description of the Related Art
It has long been customary to use probes which project from or are mounted to the external surfaces of an aircraft to make various air data measurements which are useful in providing certain instrument displays to a pilot. These probes have been of various types, ranging from the early Pitot tube to multi-aperture, multi-purpose probes mounted at various selected points on the aircraft. One particular probe which is used in certain trans-sonic and supersonic aircraft is disclosed in the De Leo et al U.S. Pat. No. 3,318,146. This is a generally cylindrical probe with a hemispherical forward surface and is designed to be mounted from the side of an aircraft. Other probes of a similar type may have a cylindrical body with a conical or ogival forward surface.
The De Leo et al probe contains a forward facing total pressure (P.sub.T) port, located on the central axis of the probe, and four other ports distributed every 90.degree. around the central axis with the axes of these ports being inclined at substantially 45.degree. from the central axis. A first pair of these ports is located in a central vertical plane, the other pair being located in a central horizontal plane. In this probe, each of the ports is connected to its own separate conduit which leads to a corresponding sensor coupled to a computer in which appropriate scale factors can be supplied for developing desired output information. In straight and level flight, the pressure at the central axis port is total pressure, equal to the normal Pitot or stagnation pressure of the aircraft. The pressure measurement at the central port admittedly varies with aircraft attitude. In this particular instrument, the off axis ports are used to derive measurements of angle of attack (.alpha.) and angle of side slip (.beta.). With the five discrete pressure measurements available from this probe, angle of attack, angle of side slip, total pressure, static pressure and Mach number can be derived.
Mach number is the ratio of the speed of the aircraft to the speed of sound in the fluid medium and is a function, for the De Leo et al probe, of the average pressure of the off-axis ports divided by the total pressure. The relationship between the pressures and Mach number can be expressed as:
For subsonic speeds, EQU P.sub.T /P.sub.S =(1+0.2M.sup.2).sup.3.5 ( 1)
For supersonic speeds, EQU P.sub.T /P.sub.S =(1.2M.sup.2).sup.3.5 [ 6/(7M.sup.2 - 1)].sup.2.5 ( 2)
where M is Mach number, P.sub.T is total pressure and pS is static pressure. P.sub.S can be calculated when P.sub.T and M are known or it can be measured independently by static pressure ports.
While the scale factor and certainty of air flow angle detection of hemisphere probes like that of De Leo et al are superior in performance, the total pressure measurement varies with air flow angle approximately in proportion to a cosine squared function. It is preferable that the total pressure measurement be insensitive to angle of air flow to at least +/-20 degrees.
An alternative probe configuration utilizes the angle insensitive ogival total pressure source in conjunction with angle-of-attack sensing ports which are back on a second conical segment of the cylindrical afterbody. Probes of this type are disclosed in the De Leo et al U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,096,744 and 4,378,696. The characteristic of this differential pressure to angle of attack is much weaker at low angles and becomes non-linear at high angles of attack with a consequent loss of predictability.
The McCormack U.S. Pat. No. 4,718,273 discloses an air data sensor probe for providing measurements of total pressure, static pressure and angle-of-attack for an aircraft in flight. The probe is essentially cylindrical with a hemispherical nose. It has a vertically elongated central opening for measurement of total pressure and a plurality of off-axis openings, manifolded by pairs, to measure angle of attack. Static pressure is measured by a plurality of ports mounted back from the nose, manifolded together to provide the static pressure reading.
According to a paper entitled "Calibration of the Orbiter Air Data System for Space Shuttle Orbital Flight Testing" by Tymms and Hillje which was presented at the 1980 Air Data Systems Conference at the USAF Academy, the Space Shuttles have used a combination probe which provides measurements of total pressure, static pressure and upper and lower .alpha. pressure (for differential .alpha.) from a data probe which is somewhat like those described hereinabove. It has a hemispherical nose containing a central opening for total pressure and a pair of upper and lower ports for .alpha., and a number of ports are located at a station aft on the cylindrical surface supporting the hemispherical nose. However, the total pressure port is sensitive to .alpha. (angle of attack) because it is a small diameter port on a much larger radius surface, thereby sensing the pressure distribution on the surface which varies as the angle of attack changes. Total pressure probes are often made with an opening almost equal to the nearby probe diameter so as to provide an .alpha.-insensitive pressure measurement.
The probes used on the Space Shuttles also have a total temperature sensor mounted thereon. The total temperature and the total pressure openings of the probes used on the Shuttle are entirely independent of, and unrelated to, each other.