The present invention provides a method for improving the erase speed and the uniformity of erase characteristics in erasable programmable read-only memories. This result is achieved by forming polycrystalline floating gate layers with optimized grain size on a tunnel dielectric layer. Nucleation sites are formed by exposing the tunnel dielectric layer to a first set of conditions including a first temperature and a first atmosphere selected to optimize nucleation site size and distribution density across the tunnel dielectric layer. A polycrystalline floating gate layer is formed on top of the nucleation sites by exposing the nucleation sites to a second set of conditions including a second temperature and a second atmosphere selected to optimize polycrystalline grain size and distribution density across the polycrystalline floating gate layer.

The present invention generally relates to tailoring transistor gate electrode crystal morphology for the formation of integrated circuits. More particularly, the invention relates to processes and structures for improving the erase speed and the uniformity of erase characteristics in erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs).
Memory devices such as erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), or flash erasable programmable read-only memories (FEPROMs) are erasable and reusable memory cells which are used in digital cellular phones, digital cameras, LAN switches, cards for notebook computers, etc. A memory cell operates by storing electric charge (representing an xe2x80x9conxe2x80x9d state) on an electrically isolated floating gate, which is incorporated into a transistor. This stored charge affects the behavior of the transistor, thereby providing a way to read the memory element. The switching speed of such a memory cell for converting from an xe2x80x9conxe2x80x9d state to an xe2x80x9coffxe2x80x9d state is limited in part by the speed of charge dissipation from the floating gate (i.e., the erase speed). Because faster erase speeds equate to faster switching speeds, efforts have been made to increase the erase speeds of such memory devices, as well as to improve the erase uniformity among the memory cells.
A flash memory cell typically consists of a transistor, a floating gate, and a control gate above the floating gate in a stacked gate structure. The floating gate, typically composed of polycrystalline silicon (i.e., xe2x80x9cpolysiliconxe2x80x9d), is electrically isolated from the underlying semiconductor substrate by a thin dielectric layer, which is typically formed of silicon oxide. Because charge is transferred across the dielectric layer by quantum-mechanical tunneling, this dielectric layer is often referred to as a xe2x80x9ctunnel oxidexe2x80x9d layer. Such tunnel oxide layers are typically approximately 100 xc3x85 thick. Properties of the tunnel oxide must be strictly controlled to ensure the ability to read and write by tunneling, while avoiding data loss through charge trapping or leakage. The control gate is positioned above the floating gate, and is electrically isolated from the floating gate by a storage dielectric layer, such as oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO). Electrical access to the floating gate is therefore only through capacitors.
Storing charge on the floating gate programs a memory cell. This is achieved via hot-electron injection by applying a high positive voltage (approximately 12 V) to the control gate, and a high drain-to-source bias voltage (approximately 6 V). An inversion region is created between the source and drain by the control gate voltage, and electrons are accelerated from the source to the drain by the drain bias voltage. Some fraction of these electrons will have sufficient energy to surmount the tunnel oxide barrier height and reach the floating gate. The floating gate is therefore programmed by collecting and storing these electrons to represent an xe2x80x9conxe2x80x9d state.
An EPROM device can be erased (i.e., returned to an xe2x80x9coffxe2x80x9d state) by exposing the floating gate to ultraviolet light, which excites the stored electrons out of the floating gate. The erasure of an EEPROM or FEPROM cell is accomplished via Fowler-Nordheim tunneling, in which applying an electric field, which is sufficient for the stored electrons to traverse the tunnel oxide and enter the substrate, reduces the stored charge in the floating gate. Under this mechanism for discharging the floating gate, a large negative voltage (e.g., xe2x88x9210 V) is applied to the control gate, and a positive voltage (e.g., 5-6 V) is applied to the source while the drain is left floating. Electrons then tunnel from the floating gate through the tunnel oxide, and are accelerated into the source. Because both the programming and erasing of a memory element takes place via charge transfer processes across the tunnel oxide layer, it is important to minimize the defect density in this region that would otherwise create a mechanism for charge trapping or leakage through the tunnel oxide.
A variety of efforts have been aimed at improving the quality of the tunnel oxide and the floating gate for reliable and uniform write and erase characteristics. As critical dimensions continue to shrink, however, maintaining reliability and uniformity while increasing operating speed becomes ever more challenging.
Accordingly, a need exists for improved flash memory device structures and methods of fabrication.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, a method of tailoring the crystal morphology of a polysilicon floating gate layer in a flash memory device is provided. The method includes forming a tunnel dielectric layer, and forming nucleation sites on top of the tunnel dielectric layer under a first set of conditions comprising a first temperature and a first atmosphere. A polysilicon layer is formed on top of the nucleation sites under a second set of conditions different from the first set of conditions, the second set of conditions comprising a second temperature and a second atmosphere.
In accordance with another aspect of the invention, a method of tailoring the erase speed and erase uniformity of a flash memory device is provided. The method includes forming a tunnel dielectric layer and forming a polysilicon floating gate layer on the tunnel dielectric layer. The polysilicon floating gate layer has tailored polysilicon grain sizes.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a method of tailoring the crystal morphology of a crystalline transistor electrode in an integrated circuit is provided. The method includes forming a dielectric layer, and forming nucleation sites on top of the dielectric layer by exposing the dielectric layer to a first set of deposition conditions selected to optimize grain density. A polycrystalline layer is formed on top of the nucleation sites by exposing the nucleation sites to a second set of deposition conditions selected to optimize grain size.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present invention, a polysilicon floating gate layer in a flash memory device is provided. The polysilicon floating gate layer is formed by forming a tunnel dielectric layer, and forming nucleation sites on top of the tunnel dielectric layer under a first set of conditions comprising a first temperature and a first atmosphere. A polysilicon layer is formed on top of the nucleation sites under a second set of conditions different from the first set of conditions, the second set of conditions comprising a second temperature and a second atmosphere.
In the illustrated embodiments, the crystal morphology of a polysilicon floating gate layer in a flash memory cell is tailored for faster erase speed and more uniform erase characteristics. Advantageously, by separating the nucleation and growth of the polysilicon floating gate layer, the crystal structure and distribution density of the nucleation sites can be selected independently of the polysilicon crystal growth. In this way, the distribution density and grain size of the polysilicon layer can be optimized to produce polysilicon floating gate layers with faster erase speeds and more uniform erase characteristics.

Nucleation for improved flash erase characteristics


Character strings in sample data are classified into groups of character strings with the same leading n characters (for example, “abc”). Then, one character string with the highest appearance frequency (the most frequently appearing character string) in the sample data is extracted from each group. The most frequently appearing character strings extracted from each group are registered in a dictionary as initial values in descending order of appearance frequency. Alternatively, character strings in sample data are classified into groups of character strings with the same hash value of leading n characters, the most frequently appearing character string is detected from each of the groups and the most frequently appearing character string is registered in the dictionary as an initial value.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a data compression method utilizing a slide dictionary, and more particularly to a data compression method suited to compress a text document, a program and the like and a compressed data transmitting method using it.
2. Description of the Related Art
A data compression method includes a lossless method and a lossy method. The lossless method is a reversible compression method capable of completely restoring data and is used to compress mainly a text document, a program and the like. The lossy method is an un-reversible compression method and is used to compress an image, voice and a moving image. Data compression is used in order to reduce the amount of data to be transmitted in data communication.
As one of the lossless compression methods, a data compression method using a slide dictionary is known. This data compression method searches for the longest matching partial string from a data series that previously appeared and outputs the location of the partial string and a matched length as codes. The data series previously appeared are stored in a dictionary. Since the detection range of this dictionary slides during compression, the dictionary is generally called a slide dictionary.
The recent spread of mobile terminals is remarkable. In the service of a mobile terminal, a small capacity of communication is frequently conducted. For example, the amount of data of an HTTP request from a mobile terminal to a server (upward data) is approximately only 1 kilobyte (KB). In data exchange between a mobile terminal and a server and wireless communication by an RFID tag or the like, there is a strong tendency that data with similar contents, such as header information or the like, are frequently repeated in a series of data exchange.
In the conventional data compression method utilizing a slide dictionary, partial strings that previously appeared are registered in a dictionary (is learned by a dictionary) Generally, in order to complete a dictionary, approximately 8 KB of data must be read. In this case, if the amount of data is small, registration (learning) sufficient to compress cannot be made. Therefore, a sufficient compression ratio cannot be obtained.
In order to solve this problem, this applicant has proposed a data compression method for improving a compression ratio by registering in advance frequently appearing characters in a dictionary as an initial value prior compression and matching data to be compressed with the initial value in the dictionary (Japanese Patent Application No. H5-241777). According to this data compression method, the compression ratio of a character string registered in a dictionary as an initial value can be improved since it can be compressed even when it first appears.
FIGS. 1A, 1B and 1C explain the method for registering an initial value in a dictionary which is disclosed by the Japanese Patent Application No. H5-241777.
FIG. 1A shows the types of character strings existing in sample data for generating an initial value, using a tree structure. The characters, "a", "b", "c" and "d" of each node in the tree structure shown in FIG. 1A indicate the character in the sample data, and the figure in a rectangle under it indicates the appearance frequency of the character in each character string.
When character strings whose appearance frequency is equal to or more than a prescribed threshold 2 are extracted refer to the tree structure of FIG. 1A, five character strings of "aaa", "abc", "bb", "cc" and "d" are obtained as in FIG. 1B. And these five character strings are registered in the dictionary 1000 as initial values (see FIG. 1C).
In this way, by registering in advance character strings with high appearance frequency in a dictionary, based on sample data, a data compression ratio can be improved.
This applicant has also proposed the super lossless data compression (SLC) method shown in FIG. 2 (Japanese Patent No. 3541930 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,320,522 B1).
In the SLC method, a hash table is used as a dictionary 2001. And an arbitrary number of characters (three characters in this case) at the top of an already appeared character string in data to be compressed 2000 is converted into a hash value by a hash function 2002 and the hash value and the length of the already appearing character string (character string length) are registered in the dictionary 2001. A serial number starting from 1 is assigned to the character string of the data to be compressed 2000 at the top as an appearance position. A character string that repeatedly appears by sliding a sliding window 2005 is checked, and a character string that coincides with an already appeared character string is encoded into a code (appearance position, length). In this case, the appearance position is an appearance position of the already appeared character string that is registered in the dictionary 2001 and is read from the dictionary 2001 using a hash value as a key.
In FIG. 2 shows an example where data to be compressed 2000 is "compression&decompression . . . " and a character string "compression" that appears twice in this character string is encoded into a code (1, 11). The hash value of the leading three characters "com" of "compression" is i and an appearance position (=1) corresponding to the hash value i is read from the dictionary 2001.
The prior art shown in FIGS. 1A-1C improves data compression efficiency by registering a character string that frequently appears as an initial value before compressing data. However, since an appearing character string (short sentence) whose appearance frequency is equal to or more than a prescribed threshold is registered in a dictionary without processing it, the size of the initial value becomes large.
The prior art shown in FIG. 2 converts an arbitrary number of the leading characters of an already appeared character string that is registered into a hash value in order to detect it in a dictionary and registers the hash value together with the appearance position of the already appeared character string in the dictionary. However, in the dictionary (hash table), one hash value can register only one piece of appearance position information. An initial value character string also includes different character strings whose hash values happen to be the same. If there is such hash value collision, an initial value registered in a dictionary is overwritten by an initial value with the same hash value that appeared after it and the initial value previously registered is not used.

Data compression method and compressed data transmitting method


An insulated electrical conductor with preserved functionality in case of fire includes a metallic conductor, a first glass and/or mica containing layer, which is applied to the conductor, and a second plastic layer sheathing the first layer. The first layer consists of at least two longitudinally introduced strips of glass and/or mica applied to the conductor, the width of which is selected such that each of the strips overlaps itself by at least 50%.

This application is based on and claims the benefit of German Patent Application No. 10051962.8 filed Oct. 20, 2000, which is incorporated by reference herein.
The present invention relates to an insulated electrical conductor which will continue to function in case of fire, an electrical cable incorporating such a conductor, and a process for producing an insulated electrical conductor and an electrical cable.
When cables are exposed to flames, the insulation and sheath materials that are present in the cable usually burn, unless these materials have already completely or partially melted away due to the heat of the fire. Any residues remaining on the conductors after the fire, unless they have become conductive through carbonization or through the action of extinguishing agents, may prevent a short circuit between the conductors or a ground fault and thus permit emergency operation at low operating voltages. As a rule, however, these residues are unable to withstand mechanical loads, so that even the slightest movements, such as thermally induced changes in the length of the conductors during cooling after the fire, or slight vibrations cause the residues to be destroyed and the cable to fail. Cables that must remain operational in case of fire, for instance cables for emergency call systems or for the operation of fire extinguishing systems, are insulated with materials that are stable in a fire. Additionally inserted mineral layersxe2x80x94such as continuous glass filament stripsxe2x80x94can maintain the insulating properties in a fire. Here, too, however, the insulation capacity may be significantly affected by extinguishing agents.
The greatest safety with respect to operability in case of fire is achieved with mineral-insulated cables. These cables are insulated with a solid ceramic mass and enclosed with a sheath of metal. Such cables are extremely expensive, however, and have little flexibility.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,425,865 discloses an insulated conductor in which a first coating of an inorganic barrier material is applied to the conductor. This is a strip of glass fabric reinforced with mica. The mica particles are bonded to the glass fabric strip by means of a silicon resin. The layer may be applied to the conductor by extrusion, in the form of a tape, or in some other manner. In addition, a second abrasion resistant polyimide layer is placed over the first layer. Additional insulation layers may be applied to this polyimide layer. An insulated conductor produced in this manner is distinguished by its low weight, high abrasion resistance, and high flame resistance.
DE Utility Model 87 16 166 discloses a heat resistant electrical cable having a nickel-coated copper conductor, which is sheathed by at least one layer of mica tape and a glass filament braid placed on top of this layer. A metal strip wound with overlaps is applied on top of the glass filament braid and a braid made of metal wires on top thereof. Such a construction is very costly and at best marketable for special applications. The cable furthermore has little flexibility and is very heavy due to the high metal content.
The object of the present invention is to provide an insulated electrical conductor which is flexible, has little weight and can be produced cost-effectively.
This object is attained by an insulated electrical conductor comprising a metallic conductor, a first glass and/or mica containing layer applied to the conductor, and a second plastic layer sheathing the first layer, characterized in that the first layer is made of at least two longitudinally introduced strips (2, 3) of glass and/or mica, which are applied to the conductor, wherein the width of said strips (2, 3) is selected such that the strips (2, 3) overlap each other by at least 50%.
The object of the invention is further attained by a cable including at least two conductors of the type described above.
The essential advantage of the invention is that the longitudinal introduction of, e.g., two mica containing strips and the required overlap actually produces three mica layers on the conductor. If a winding with a thread or strip of a high tensile, flame resistant material is provided, the two strips are held together during production as well as in case of fire.
Other advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and claims below.

Insulated electrical conductor with preserved functionality in case of fire


A free style playing stick is kept in the air by striking or catching it with a secondary spinner stick or a player's hand, foot, knee and the like. For ease of play a pair of additional striking surfaces are provided at each end and a pair symmetrically about the center. The additional striking surfaces are of sufficient size to allow a rod to be stopped which is traveling along its axis. The additional striking surfaces about the center are discs which are spaced apart from one another a distance less than the width of an average person's foot. The stick may be blow molded.

Juggling games of manual dexterity are known where a secondary hand-held stick is used to strike the juggling stick and keep it in the air. To promote the ease of play, various forms of additional striking surfaces have been utilized as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,106,039, 3,528,659, 3,433,809, 3,008,264, 2,377,498, 2,364,137, 4,750,745, 4,796,883 and 4,895,377. Of all the prior juggling sticks, those disclosed by this inventor in U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,377 having the outwardly facing cones at the center of the stick are by far the easiest to keep active during play. The inventor's previous U.S. Pat. No. 4,895,377 is incorporated herein by reference. Because the cones are hollow and open-ended to keep the weight of the stick low, such juggling sticks are difficult and expensive to manufacture. Expensive or complicated manufacturing techniques are required to produce such a stick.
The juggling stick 10, accordingly to 4,895,377, includes a central rod 12, a cone 14 at each end of the rod oriented to have the access of the cone 14 coincident with the access of the rod 12 with the larger ends of the cone toward the middle. A pair of centrally located cones 16 are also oriented to have their axes coincident with the axes of the rod 12 and are oriented to have the larger end of each centrally located cone 16 closer to the ends of the rod 12.
A player striking juggling stick 10 in the attitude shown in FIG. 1 at striking surface 18 can catch the juggling stick 10 on a secondary handheld spinner stick. A player striking the outside surface 20 of the cone 16 with a secondary spinner stick might easily lose control of the juggling stick 10 and end play.


A method allowing for heterogeneous types of communication between heterogeneous devices includes receiving a message from a mobile device belonging to a message sender based on the type of the electronic device of the message sender, converting the message into a proprietary format, determining a device type of the message recipient using the user interface component, based on the data including the device number or the application number of a device belonging to the message recipient, converting the proprietary communication format of the message to a format corresponding to a device type of the message recipient, and delivering the approved communication message to the message recipient.

Text messaging is often used between private mobile phone users, as a substitute for voice calls in situations where voice communication is impossible or undesirable. Some text messages such as Short Message Service (SMS) can also be used for the remote controlling of appliances. The use of text messaging for business purposes has grown significantly as well. As companies seek competitive advantages, many turn to new technology, collaborative applications, and real-time messaging such as SMS, Instant Messaging (IM), and mobile communications.
Some particular uses of text messaging include the use of SMS for confirming delivery, ordering a service, or other tasks such as communication between a service provider and a client. Businesses, however, are usually not equipped with devices that are capable of conducting commercial transactions by virtue of text messaging. In addition, businesses usually list/advertise their land line phone numbers, but rarely do they provide mobile numbers available for consumers to initiate commercial transactions using text messaging. Thus, consumer is not provided with the system that allows searching and finding a business of interest and initiating a commercial transaction with that business using text-messaging capability of a mobile device or other communication device in a simple and yet efficient manner.
Therefore, there is a need to enable consumers to efficiently participate in commercial transactions using text-messaging capabilities of mobile devices by providing convenient, fast and reliable system and method for conducting commercial transactions via mobile wireless devices or other devices.

Methods and systems of communication interexchange allowing for heterogenous types of communication between heterogenous devices


A drive system 20, 20′ for rotating a wheel 11, 11′ of an aircraft landing gear 10, 10′, is disclosed having a drive element 24, 24′, a motor 21, 21′ operable to rotate the drive element, and a driven gear 25, 25′ adapted to be attached to the wheel. The drive system has a drive configuration in which the drive element is capable of meshing with the driven gear to drive the driven gear, wherein the drive system further comprises a transmission error measurement apparatus 30, 40, the apparatus configured to obtain, over time, measurement data of one or more characteristics of the drive system when in the drive configuration, the measurement data providing an indication of a transmission error between a torque commanded by the motor and a resulting torque at the driven gear. An aircraft 100 and a method of providing an indication of a transmission error in a drive system is disclosed.

The present disclosure relates to drive systems for rotating a wheel of an aircraft landing gear.
The present invention concerns a drive system for rotating a wheel of an aircraft landing gear. More particularly, but not exclusively, this invention concerns a drive system for rotating a wheel of an aircraft landing gear, the drive system comprising a drive element, a motor operable to rotate the drive element, and a driven gear adapted to be attached to the wheel so as to be capable of rotating the wheel, wherein the drive system has a drive configuration in which the drive element is capable of meshing with the driven gear to drive the driven gear.
The invention also concerns an aircraft and a method of providing an indication of a transmission error in a drive system for rotating a wheel of an aircraft landing gear.
Transmission error is caused by a drive element and driven gear not being perfectly aligned during engagement (meshing). This could be caused by misalignment during installation, deflections during use (such as manoeuvres like braking, steering and landing or when moving in and out of the driving configuration) or wear of the drive element and driven gear. Drive systems for driving a wheel of an aircraft landing gear are known, such as in WO 2015/140520. In this arrangement, the drive system is provided with a rotary damper in the drive path between the motor and drive pinion (drive element). The rotary damper acts to protect the drive path by reducing the oscillations experienced that are caused by transmission error between the drive pinion and driven gear. However, there is a limit to the amount of transmission error that the rotary damper (or other compliance device) can absorb. There may come a time when the vibrations experienced by the drive system are causing damage to the drive system, or landing gear, even with a compliance device in place.
Another example of a drive system is US 2013/240664 where a drive pinion speed is matched to an aircraft air speed (for example, prior to landing). Speed sensors are used to do this. In addition, they may be used, in real time, to help control ground manoeuvres.
However, it is not known in such either arrangement how much vibration is actually being caused, or an indication of the damage that could be being caused to the drive system by any transmission errors.
The present invention seeks to mitigate the above-mentioned problems. Alternatively or additionally, the present invention seeks to provide an improved drive system.

Drive system for rotating a wheel of a landing gear having a transmission error measurement apparatus


A nonvolatile memory apparatus includes: a memory cell array including a plurality of planes and configured to store a plurality of code addressable memory (CAM) data in independent planes. A redundancy cell array is configured to replace the memory cell array and a CAM data read unit is configured to read the plurality of CAM data from the respective planes in parallel, in response to a CAM data read command, and store the read data.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a semiconductor integrated circuit, and more particularly, to a nonvolatile memory apparatus, a repair circuit for the same, and a method for reading code addressable memory (CAM) data.
2. Related Art
A nonvolatile memory apparatus represented by a flash memory apparatus has advantages in that it may freely record and erase data and conserve data stored therein even though power supply is cut off. Thus, the nonvolatile memory apparatus has been recently adopted as a storage medium for a variety of digital devices.
Such a nonvolatile memory apparatus adopts a repair method in which main memory cells and redundancy memory cells are used together, in order to improve the yield. In the repair method, when a defect exists in a main memory cell, the main memory cell is replaced by a redundancy memory cell. In order to repair a memory cell in which a defect occurs, repair address information, column address information in which the memory cell having a defect is included, input/output port address information and so on need to be stored in a separate storage unit.
Conventionally, repair information has been stored by using a fuse. In such a repair method using a fuse, the repair information is stored by fuse cutting, before a nonvolatile memory apparatus is packaged. Therefore, after the packaging is completed, the repair information cannot be updated.
Recently, repair information has been stored in a CAM. In such a repair method using a CAM, a specific block of a memory cell array including a plurality of blocks is allocated as a CAM cell block to store repair address information or option information as CAM data.
CAM data includes CAM setting data CAMDATA_LOG such as internal bias information or internal logic setting information, redundancy address information CAMDATA_RED, and bad block information CAMDATA_BAD. Such CAM data is read from a corresponding storage area at every normal operation of a nonvolatile memory and stored in a latch of a repair circuit.
FIG. 1 is a timing diagram explaining a conventional method for reading CAM data.
As a normal operation of a nonvolatile memory apparatus starts, a log data load signal CAMLOG_LOAD is asserted, and thus CAM log data CAMDATA_LOG is stored in a latch according to a designated address. When the storing of the CAM log data CAMDATA_LOG is completed, a redundancy address information load signal CAMRED_LOG is asserted to store redundancy address information CAMDATA_RED in a designated address area of the latch. Then, when a bad block information load signal CAMBAD_LOAD is asserted, the CAM bad block information CAMDATA_BAD is stored in a designated address area of the latch.
In FIG. 1, CAM_BUSY represents a CAM data read enable signal outputted from a controller, and CAMADD represents address information for storing the respective CAM data.
As such, since the respective CAM data are sequentially read and stored in the latch, a considerable amount of time is required for reading the CAM data at the initial stage of a normal operation.
Furthermore, since the operation of reading the CAM data and storing the read CAM data in the latch is performed whenever a normal operation starts, the operation may serve as a factor which determines the operation speed of the nonvolatile memory apparatus. Accordingly, there is a demand for a method capable of reducing the operation time.

Nonvolatile memory apparatus, repair circuit for the same, and method for reading code addressable memory data


This invention is a fabric delivery system for liquid laundry detergent compositions which comprises a .beta.-ketoester selected from a Markush group of .beta.-ketoesters. Laundry compositions also contain surfactants and carriers.

In addition to the removal of stains, dirt, soil, grime, and grease from fabric, laundry detergent formulators have attempted to deliver a "fresh" or "clean" odor to washed clothing to provide an olfactory aesthetic benefit and to serve as a signal that the product is effective. Laundry detergent compositions, including rinse-added fabric softeners and dryer-added substrates, are currently formulated with perfiune and fragrance ingredients which are aesthetically pleasing to the consumer and which attempt to deliver a prolonged "fragrance" or "pleasurable smell" to fabric which has been laundered via automatic appliance.
Liquid laundry detergent compositions are typically formulated with adjunct materials which are designed and formulated to work in high or low density liquid laundry detergent compositions. For example, certain enzymes, bleaches, soil release agents, and dispersants which comprise granular laundry detergent compositions may not be compatible with liquid laundry detergent formulations. Therefore, liquid laundry detergents comprise adjunct materials which are especially designed to fit the special needs of liquid compositions.
Attempts have been made to deliver perfiume ingredients, especially fragrance raw material alcohols and ketones, which have an enduring fragrance benefit, from liquid laundry detergent compositions. The admixture of fragrance and perfume raw materials into a perfume component, which is subsequently added to the liquid laundry composition, may provide a short-term fragrance benefit, however, these materials have, in general, failed to provide a lasting fragrance benefit to fabric.
Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for a fragrance delivery system wherein fragrance raw materials are delivered to fabric by way of a liquid laundry detergent composition comprising one or more pro-fragrance or pro-accord compounds having high substantivity and water dispersing properties which provides the cleaned clothing or fabric with a "fresh" or "clean" smell for a protracted period after washing. The aforementioned laundry detergent compositions are typically granular detergents or laundry bars

Fragrance delivery system for liquid detergent compositions


A stereographic camera system and a method of operating a stereographic camera system. The stereoscopic camera system may include a left camera and a right camera having respective left and right lenses, a zoom mechanism to set a focal length of the left and right lenses, a focus mechanism to set a focus distance of the left and right lenses, and an IOD mechanism to set an interocular distance between the left and right cameras. A foreground distance sensor may sense, in near-real time, a distance to a closest foreground object. A controller may cause the IOD mechanism to set the interocular distance based on, in part, the focal length, the focus distance, and the distance to the closest foreground object.

1. Field
This disclosure relates to camera systems and specifically to camera systems including a stereographic camera.
2. Description of the Related Art
Humans view the environment three-dimensionally using binocular vision. Binocular vision is both a visual system and an analytical system. Our brain perceives both distance and speed based, in part, on triangulating visual light information received by the retinas of our respective laterally separated, forward facing eyes. Since both eyes are forward facing, the fields of view of each of our eyes overlap, with each eye perceiving a slightly different perspective of the same area. As we focus on objects closer to our eyes, our eyes rotate towards each other. As we focus on distant objects, our eyes rotate towards a parallel view. The angle between the lines of sight of each eye is commonly termed the convergence angle. The convergence angle is higher when we view objects closer to our eyes and lower when viewing distance object. The convergence angle may be essentially zero, indicating essentially parallel lines of sight, when we view objects at great distance.
Three dimensional (3D) imaging, also known as stereographic imaging, dates at least as far back as 1838. Historically, stereographic cameras commonly include two lenses spaced laterally apart a similar distance as an average human's eyes, approximately 65 mm. The effective distance of the lenses from each other is known as the interocular distance. The interocular distance has a strong effect on the apparent depth of a stereographic image. Increasing the interocular spacing increases the apparent depth of a stereographic image. Decreasing the interocular spacing has the effect of decreasing the apparent depth of a stereographic image.
The presentation of stereoscopic images is commonly achieved by providing a first image to be seen only by the left eye and a second image to be seen only by the right eye. Differences, or disparity, between the two images may provide an illusion of depth. Two images having disparity may be perceived as three-dimensional. Two images, or portions of two images, exhibiting excessive disparity may not be perceived as three-dimensional, but may simply be seen as two overlapping two-dimensional images. A variety of techniques, including polarization, filters, glasses, projectors, and shutters have been used to restrict each eye to viewing only the appropriate image.
One approach to displaying stereographic images is to form the left-eye image on a viewing screen using light having a first polarization state and to form the right-eye image on the same viewing screen using light having a second polarization state orthogonal to the first polarization state. The images may then be viewed using glasses with polarizing lenses such that the left eye only receives light of the first polarization state and the right eye only receives light of the second polarization state. Stereoscopic displays of this type typically project the two polarized images onto a common projection screen. This technique has been used to present 3D movies.
A second approach to displaying stereographic images is to form the left-eye and right-eye images alternately on a common viewing screen at a high rate. The images may then be viewed using shutter glasses that alternately occult either the right or left eye in synchronism with the alternating images.
Throughout this description, elements appearing in schematic views and block diagrams are assigned three-digit reference designators, where the most significant digit is the figure number and the two least significant digits are specific to the element. An element that is not described in conjunction with a figure may be presumed to have the same characteristics and function as a previously-described element having a reference designator with the same least significant digits. Elements that have similar functions for either the left or right eyes are assigned the same reference designator with a suffix of either "L" or "R" to indicate left-eye or right-eye, respectively.

3D camera with foreground object distance sensing


The manufacturing method of a microfluidic device includes the steps of: preparing a first substrate which is obtained by curing silicone resin containing an unreacted part of a Si—H group and a platinum catalyst after being cured and has a flat first surface in which a concave groove or a through hole is partly provided and a second substrate which has a flat second surface in which a concave groove or a through hole is partly provided as necessary and has a hydroxyl group on a flat face of the second surface; and joining the first substrate and the second substrate by sticking the first surface of the first substrate and the second surface of the second substrate together.

The development of a microfluidic device, in which various kinds of fluids are analyzed and tested or reacted with each other by using fine flow channels in the scale of nanometers to micrometers, has been proceeding.
As a manufacturing method of such a microfluidic device, a method of fabricating it by sticking two substrates in which concave grooves for flow channels are formed in advance has been generally known.
In the technique disclosed in International Patent Publication WO2008/087800, respective joint surfaces of two resin substrates, at least one of which has a groove for a flow channel formed therein, are activated by plasma irradiation or ion beam irradiation, and then the substrates are joined together while applying pressure thereto.
In the technique disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open Publication No. 2012-223858, after at least one of two substrates, at least one of which has a groove for a flow channel formed therein, is irradiated with ultraviolet light so as to activate a joint surface thereof, the substrates are joined together while applying pressure thereto, and the substrates are further heated after releasing the pressure.

Manufacturing method of microfluidic device


A high energy catapult assembly may comprise an outer tube and an inner tube located within the outer tube. The outer tube may be configured to telescope relative to the inner tube. A propellant cartridge may be located in an inner tube chamber of the inner tube. An actuator may be configured to change an open volume of the inner tube chamber.

Current ejection seats utilize a high energy catapult assembly (sometimes referred to as a rocket-catapult assembly) to expel the ejection seat from an aircraft. The high energy catapult assembly is an energetic device that includes a catapult stage and a rocket stage. The catapult stage fires first, ejecting the ejection seat and any occupant of the ejection seat from the aircraft cockpit. The rocket stage then ignites and propels the ejection seat and its occupant to a height associated with safe parachute recovery. Current high energy catapult assemblies use a gas generator that generates pressure in the catapult and forces the ejection seat and its occupant from the aircraft. The body mass of ejection seat occupants can vary greatly. The force required to eject a heavier occupant can injure a lighter occupant. However, if the amount of force generated by the catapult is reduced, the proper aircraft separation velocity may not be achieved for a heavier occupant. In this regard, the catapult needs to generate enough force to propel a lighter occupant without causing injury, but also enough energy for a heavier occupant to achieve proper aircraft separation velocity.

Variable volume high energy catapult assemblies for ejection systems


A traffic amount calculation portion calculates a traffic amount caused by transmission signals received by a transmission signal reception portion. An average traffic amount calculation portion calculates an average traffic amount that is an average of the traffic amount in a nearest predetermined interval. Further, a modulation method setting portion changes a modulation method used by a modulation portion based on the calculated average traffic amount. In addition, a transmission portion transmits transmission signals by using a transmission power amount corresponding to the modulation method used by the modulation portion.

1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a wireless transmission apparatus, a wireless transmission method and a computer program.
Priority is claimed on Japanese Patent Application No. 2009-222271, filed Sep. 28, 2009, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
2. Background Art
In conventional cases, a wireless transmission apparatus which handles continuous signal sequences such as PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) signal and SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) signal successively conducts wireless transmission/reception operations to transmit continuous signals without interruption and suspension. However, recent years, transformation from the networks which handle continuous signal sequences to the networks which handle discrete signal sequences, for example, Ethernet (registered trademark) signals have been increased, and in accordance with such a transformation, applications of conventional wireless transmission apparatuses which handle continuous signal sequences to transmission of discrete signal sequences are increasing.
When applying the wireless transmission apparatuses which handle continuous signal sequences to transmission of discrete signal sequences, such wireless transmission apparatuses continuously conducts wireless transmission/reception operations, that is, always conducts wireless transmission/reception operations regardless of whether or not there are transmission signals. Therefore, a certain amount of electric power is consumed regardless of an increase/decrease in the amount of traffic.
A method for resolving such a problem is proposed in which the electric power consumed by the wireless transmission apparatus is reduced by controlling the electric power for a wireless transmission based on the traffic amount.
For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a technique in which a wireless transmission apparatus selects a modulation method with the lowest transmission speed between modulation methods with a wireless transmission capacity which conforms to a traffic amount. Here, in the modulation method with a low transmission speed, a multi-level number of a modulation is small, and when the multi-level number is comparatively small, the bit-error ratio of a wireless transmission path is comparatively small. In other words, it is possible to conduct a transmission with a low bit error ratio when using a small electric power for transmission because the modulation method with a low transmission speed is used.
However, in the adaptive modulation control method in response to the above-described traffic amount, an adaptive modulation controlling operation follows instant changes of transmission signals. Therefore, if it is instantly determined that a large amount of wireless transmission capacity is necessary even when a large bandwidth is not necessary based on an average of the traffic amount, results of saving the electric power consumption can be insufficient because the transmission power is increased by conducting an extending operation on a wireless transmission capacity.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application, First Publication No. 2006-165939

Wireless transmission apparatus, wireless transmission method and computer program


Bearing assemblies and bearing packages, incorporating said bearing assemblies, utilize opposing polycrystalline diamond compact bearing surfaces which can be immersed in a process fluid such as a wellbore fluid. The bearing assemblies are mounted to support the shaft for both axial and radial loading of the shaft. A static bearing surface is mounted in a static bearing housing. A rotating bearing surface, which opposes the static bearing surface, is mounted in a rotating bearing housing which supports the rotating shaft and co-rotates with the shaft. The rotating bearing surface opposes the static bearing surface and is rotatably supported thereon.

Progressive cavity pumps (PCP) are well known for production of fluids from a wellbore. PCP's comprise a stator and a rotor. The stator is a tubular element having an elastomeric helical passage formed therethrough. The stator is installed in the production tubing which is then lowered into the wellbore. The rotor is a helical element that rotates in the helical passage to pump wellbore fluids uphole through the stator, and through the production string to surface. The rotor is installed in the stator and is suspended from, and rotatably driven, by a sucker rod string which extends downhole through the wellbore from surface.
It is well known that placement of the rotor in the stator is inexact, load causing axial displacement of the rod string and rotor suspended therefrom. One factor includes pumping torque loads on the rod string which vary dramatically during the pumping operation due to differences in gradients of fluids being pumped and the passage of solids through the pump. When the torque increases on the rod string, the consequent torsional deformation of the rod string produces a shortening of the rod string. Conversely, when torque on the rod string decreases, the rod string lengthens. Further, uphole pumping loads impose downhole axial loads on the rod string. The lengthening and shortening of the rod string causes the rotor to move vertically up and down inside the stator which detracts significantly from pump efficiency and can lead to premature wear of the pump.
A further complicating factor in dealing with rotor placement is the fact that the movement of the rod string to rotor connection is eccentric, rotating not only about a rotor axis but also moving in a circular or elliptical path. The eccentric motion of the rotor causes the rod string to move violently laterally within the production string, leading to premature wear of the production string and undesirable stresses on both the production string and the rod string. The lateral motion may also cause the pump stator to move from side to side in the production casing, which is also undesirable and may result in wear of the production string.
Others have attempted to reduce movement of the rotor and to support the rod string from the radial and axial loading imposed thereon. U.S. Pat. No. 5,209,294 to Weber teaches sealed bearings which act between the rod string and the production tubing to transfer loads to the production tubing. Bypass passageways are provided to direct wellbore fluids away from the sealed bearings so as to increase bearing life.
Clearly there is a need for efficient means to support the rod string under axial and radial loading on the rod string and the eccentric motion of the rotor and connected rod string.

Bearing package for a progressive cavity pump


A combustion system for an internal combustion engine includes a cylinder wall; a cylinder head disposed at an end of the cylinder wall, an internal surface of the cylinder wall and the cylinder head defining a combustion chamber; a fuel injector having a discharge nozzle disposed within the combustion chamber and configured to discharge a fuel jet along a fuel jet axis; and a bluff body disposed within the combustion chamber, the fuel jet axis intersecting an exterior surface of the bluff body. The exterior surface defines a first aperture and a second aperture therethrough, and an interior surface of the bluff body defines a first flow passage extending from the first aperture to the second aperture. The first aperture faces away from the fuel jet axis and the second aperture faces away from the fuel injector along the fuel jet axis.

An internal combustion engine having a direct fuel injection system typically injects a jet of fuel directly into a combustion chamber of the engine. In some cases, these fuel jets may have a core that is rich in fuel, and while the fuel rich core may have insufficient access to an oxidant, for instance, air, the combustion chamber may also provide a sufficiently high temperature to the fuel rich core and hence, aid in the production of soot. Although it may be possible that most of the produced soot may oxidize in the combustion chamber before exhaust is routed out of the combustion chamber, some portion of this soot may continue to exist in its unoxidized state within the combustion chamber.
If left unchecked, this unoxidized soot may, over time, build up in the combustion chamber causing detrimental effects such as sludging of lubricants or other fluids used in the internal combustion engine. Besides, even if the unoxidized soot were expelled from the combustion chamber, it would manifest itself cumulatively as particulate matter that, in turn, is an undesired constituent of engine emissions.
Although some designs of combustion systems are known to help mitigate the formation of soot, for instance, U.S. Pat. No. 6,176,087 that discloses incorporation of a bluff body in gas turbine engines, it will be acknowledged that conditions associated with operation of gas turbine engines are different than those typically experienced during operation of reciprocating internal combustion engines. To that end, manufacturers have been trying to implement better designs of combustion systems in their reciprocating internal combustion engines for minimizing the amount of soot that may be produced during operation of the reciprocating internal combustion engine.

Bluff body combustion system for an internal combustion engine


A method for recovering alkali and aluminum during treatment of Bayer red mud using a calcification-carbonation method, including steps of mixing the Bayer red mud with calcium aluminate or with calcium aluminate and lime, performing calcification dealkalization conversion in a high-concentration alkaline liquor, and carbonizing the calcified residues produced during dealkalization to obtain carbonized residues; and then performing low-temperature aluminum dissolution, aluminum precipitation and the like to obtain calcium aluminate products, which is returned to the calcification dealkalization conversion of the red mud for recycling. Part of an alkali-containing and aluminum-containing liquid phase after calcification dealkalization conversion can be used as supplementary alkali in the Bayer production course for recycling. The method is energy-saving and environmentally-friendly, and allows recovering alkali and aluminum from the red mud and harmless treatment of the Bayer red mud.

Aluminum belongs to a mainstay industry of the non-ferrous metallurgical industry in China; by 2013, China's primary aluminum production capacity reached 18 million tons, with aluminum oxide production capacity close to 40 million tons, ranging the top in the world. At present, more than 80% of aluminum oxide in China is produced by using the Bayer method: the silicon-containing phase in bauxite can be converted to hydrated sodium aluminosilicate (Na2O.Al2O3.1.7SiO2.nH2O) in aluminum oxide production with the Bayer method, namely, 1 kg of silicon oxide in minerals enable 1 kg of aluminum oxide to be removed from red mud and cause an loss of 0.608 kg of alkali. Containing alkali and aluminum, red mud has two problems: first, high content of the alkali makes the red mud not usable in cement and other bulk industries; second, during treatment of low-grade bauxites, the losses of aluminum oxide are too large, so that the overall yield is lower.
In order to achieve efficient utilization of the red mud and extraction of valuable elements, Chinese aluminum industry participants have been doing a lot of research and development work. The conventional utilization technologies for the red mud are generally divided into two types: one type is to use the red mud overall as a general industrial raw material, for example, in patent application numbered 200910303512 and titled "High-Volume Flyash Cement and Preparation Method thereof", invented by Zhang Kaiyuan et al., flyash, red mud, lime, cement clinker, gypsum and admixtures are used as raw materials, the red mud is dried, and then the dried red mud and the cement clinker are mixed and ground together; the lime and the gypsum are crushed; the admixtures are prepared into a solution; the flyash, the red mud, the lime, the cement clinker, the gypsum and the admixtures are uniformly mixed and finely ground to obtain the high-content flyash cement; and another example, in patent application numbered 200710105971 and titled "Process and Method for Completely Converting Aluminum Industrial Process Waste Residues into Ecological Building Materials" invented by Wang Wenju et al., the inherent substance properties of six kinds of waste residues generated in the production process of the aluminum industry—solid waste red mud (sintering method and Bayer method), boiler slags, beneficiation tailings, cinder, gas slag and sludge—are utilized to convert waste residues into novel road construction materials and building wall materials through processes of drying, crushing, reasonable proportioning, processing shaping (rolling & extrusion), solidifying or sintering.
The other type is to respectively extract valuable metal elements therein, in which the most typical manner is treating the Bayer red mud by a sintering method, or by an acid leaching method. For example, in the patent application numbered 201010561605 and titled "Process Method and Equipment for Separating Iron and Aluminum Silicon Residues and Removing Alkali Metal from Red Mud" invented by Dong Yafei et al., red mud, coal power, lime and adhesives are uniformly mixed in proportion so as to obtain a mixture, and the mixture is compressed to obtain granules; after drying, rotary hearth furnace smelting reduction, grinding and magnetic separation, iron and aluminum silicon residues are separated out; the separated iron is used for electric steel making or steel casting and the like, while the aluminum silicon residues are used for the production of high-grade and good-quality cement or as raw materials of refractory materials.
In the conventional technologies of using red mud, direct usages generally have problems of low product prices, low profits, and the like. Extracting valuable elements separately usually has problems of high energy consumption, high equipment requirements and the like during treatment. Thus, currently industrialized red mud is treated mostly by direct stockpiling. Although some aluminum oxide production enterprises dealkalize red mud and use the dealkalized red mud for cement and other industrial applications, there are two problems in direct dealkalization: first, when dealkalization is performed on the red mud with lime, only sodium oxide can be recovered; although the alkali content in red mud can be reduced to the level as required by the cement industry, since the products are monotonous, the overall benefit is low; second, low-concentration alkaline solutions produced after dealkalization of red mud in low-concentration alkaline solutions or clear water cannot be directly used and is required to be concentrated by evaporation, therefore the energy consumption is high.

Method for recovering alkali and aluminum in course of treatment of bayer red mud by using calcification-carbonation method


A hard surface cleaning solution having improved cleaning and descaling properties. The cleaning solution includes the following components: a first organic acid, a second organic acid, a surfactant, a solvent and a diluent. The first organic acid is a carboxylic acid, preferably lactic acid, while the second organic acid is also a carboxylic acid, preferably gluconic acid. The surfactant is selected from the group consisting of amine oxides, preferably lauramine oxide. The solvent may be an alkoxylated alcohol, preferably selected from the propylene glycol ether class of compounds.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates in general to an improved cleaner for hard surface cleaning applications, including kitchens, bathrooms, tubs and tiles, amongst others, and more particularly to a hard surface cleaning composition having improved cleaning and descaling properties.
2. Background Art
Hard surface cleaning compositions have been known and used in a variety of applications, including bathrooms, kitchens and other areas, particularly for toilets, showers, bathtubs, sinks, tiles, countertops, walls, floors and the like. Often times, hard surfaces accumulate both soap scum stains, which are typically residues of various types of soaps used in a household, as well as hard water stains, which are typically the result of the deposition of calcium, lime or various salts on hard surfaces over the course of time and use of various household surfaces.
Cleaning solutions for these household surfaces have been formulated to address both the removal of soap scum stains, as well as the descaling of hard water stains. In particular, many of these cleaning solutions have employed a combination of components, in a number of instances including strong inorganic acids, organic acids or a combination of both, a surfactant or wetting agent, a solvent and a diluent to address one or both of these types of stains and/or build-ups. The acid component is typically selected to address descaling of hard water stains, while the surfactant component is typically a detergent selected to attack soap scum. Further, other additives have also been used in combination with cleaning formulations to either enhance performance or make a particular formulation more desirable from a visual or odor perspective, such as stabilizing agents, colorants and fragrances, amongst others.
It has also become important for cleaning solutions to be formulated in such a way as to have less impact on the environment (to be "green"). One way in which this is encouraged is through a program of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, known as the Design for the Environment Program ("DfE"). DfE certifies "green" cleaning products through the Safer Product Labeling Program. One aspect for obtaining certification is to have a cleaning solution which is less acidic, specifically, to have a pH greater than 2, for household cleaning products.
It is desirable to provide a cleaning solution which minimizes and/or eliminates the more corrosive inorganic acids, as well as the more corrosive organic acids, and instead uses less corrosive, but equally effective organic acids to achieve the desired cleaning results.
It is yet further desirable to find a cleaning solution with a specific combination of organic acids, surfactants and solvents which act in a synergistic manner to improve cleaning performance on hard surfaces.


In an embodiment, at least one interface mechanism may be provided. The mechanism may permit, at least in part, at least one process allocate, at least in part, and/or configure, at least in part, at least one network-associated object. Such allocation and/or configuration, at least in part, may be in accordance with at least one parameter set that may correspond, at least in part, to at least one query issued by the at least one process via the mechanism. Many modifications are possible without departing from this embodiment.

In one conventional distributed computing system, a switch fabric permits communication among the system's resources. Depending upon the particular application to which the system is intended to be put, the nature and/or characteristics of the fabric and resources may vary. For example, for high performance parallel computing applications, the fabric and resources may be configured so as to provide low latency, high bandwidth, and scalable communication between or among the system's resources and processes. Additionally, in prior conventional techniques, the system's intended usage model has dictated the specific types of programming models and interfaces to be employed. For example, systems that implement scientific coding-related usage models typically have employed the Message Passing Interface (MPI) programming model (e.g., of the type described in "MPI: A Message-Passing Interface Standard, Version 3.0," Message Passing Interface Forum, Sep. 21, 2012) and related/conforming interfaces. Also, for example, conventional systems that operate on irregular data structures have employed the Partitioned Global Address Space (PGAS) programming languages model and related/conforming interfaces. Additionally, for example, conventional systems that process relatively large amounts of data have employed the Map Reduce programming model of Google Inc. of Mountain View, Calif., United States of America, and related/conforming interfaces. The respective underlying philosophies, semantics, and/or other specifics of these programming models and interfaces tend to be very different from each other.
Typically, in order to be able to provide sufficiently high performance, the interfaces are designed in such a way as to be very closely attuned to the specific fabric hardware that is employed in the system. This tends to increase the degree to which such interfaces differ from each other, depending upon the particular programming model and fabric hardware employed in the system.
As can be readily appreciated, as a result of the foregoing, in such conventional systems, hardware or software developed in accordance with a particular programming model, and/or for use with a specific interface and/or fabric hardware often cannot be easily redeployed for use, or interoperate with, other hardware or software developed in accordance with different programming models, and/or for use with other interfaces and/or fabric hardware. Additionally, in such conventional systems, it is often difficult to combine and/or utilize library functions, interfaces, etc. associated with a specific programming model and/or fabric hardware, with other library functions, interfaces, etc. associated with other programming models and/or fabric hardware. Furthermore, none of these conventional systems permit cohesive, robust interoperability of multiple different programming models, libraries, interfaces, and/or fabric hardware in a single system. Additionally, none of these conventional systems facilitate relatively easy extensibility of the programming models and/or interfaces employed (e.g., so as to be enhanced to support new, other, and/or additional features, capabilities, functions, etc.), while also permitting implementation of hardware-specific optimizations.
Although the following Description of Embodiments will proceed with reference being made to illustrative embodiments, many alternatives, modifications, and variations thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Accordingly, it is intended that the claimed subject matter be viewed broadly.

At least one mechanism to permit, at least in part, allocation and/or configuration, at least in part, of at least one network-associated object


A magnetic device for magnetic random access memory (MRAM), spin torque MRAM, or spin torque oscillator technology is disclosed wherein a perpendicularly magnetized magnetic tunnel junction (p-MTJ) with a sidewall is formed between a bottom electrode and a top electrode. A first dielectric layer is 3 to 400 Angstroms thick, and formed on the p-MTJ sidewall with a physical vapor deposition RF sputtering process to establish a thermally stable interface with the p-MTJ up to temperatures around 400° C. during CMOS fabrication. The first dielectric layer may comprise one or more of B, Ge, and alloys thereof, and an oxide, nitride, carbide, oxynitride, or carbonitride. The second dielectric layer is up to 2000 Angstroms thick and may be one or more of SiOYNZ, AlOYNZ, TiOYNZ, SiCYNZ, or MgO where y+z>0.

A MTJ is a key component in MRAM, spin-torque MRAM, and other spintronic devices and comprises a stack with a tunnel barrier layer such as a metal oxide formed between two magnetic layers that provides a tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) effect. Since MTJ elements are often integrated in CMOS devices, the MTJ must be thermally stable in order to withstand annealing temperatures around 400° C. for up to several hours that are commonly applied to improve the quality of the CMOS units for semiconductor purposes.
Perpendicularly magnetized MTJs (p-MTJs) wherein the free layer (FL) and reference layer (RL) have perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) are preferred over their counterparts that employ in-plane anisotropy because a p-MTJ has an advantage in a lower writing current for the same thermal stability, and better scalability. P-MTJs are a major emerging technology for use in embedded magnetic random access memory (MRAM) applications including spin torque (STT) MRAM, and in standalone MRAM applications. STT-MRAM, which uses spin-torque for writing of memory bits, was described by C. Slonezewski in "Current driven excitation of magnetic multilayers", J. Magn. Magn. Mater. V 159, L1-L7 (1996), and is highly competitive with existing semiconductor memory technologies such as SRAM, DRAM, and flash.
P-MTJs have a general structure where an insulating tunnel barrier is sandwiched between two magnetic layers. One of the magnetic layers is called the reference layer and has a magnetization fixed in an out-of-plane direction in the (+y) direction, for example. The second magnetic layer called the free layer has a magnetization that is also "out-of-plane", but may be switched from a (+y) direction in a parallel or P state to a (−y) direction in an anti-parallel or AP state, or vice versa. When a current is passed through the p-MTJ in a perpendicular to plane direction, the different in resistance between the P state (Rp) and AP state (Rap) can be characterized by the equation (Rap−Rp)/Rp that is also known as DRR or the magnetoresistive (MR) ratio. It is important for p-MTJ devices to have a large DRR value since this property is directly related to the read margin for the memory bit, or the ease of differentiating between the P state (0 bit) and AP state (1 bit).
Spin-torque (STT)-MRAM based technologies are desirable for nonvolatile memory applications. However, to compete with high speed embedded SRAM technologies, p-MTJs must be fabricated into high density arrays with single bits that can be written at high speed (<100 ns) at low writing currents. To achieve the goal of low writing currents, total volume in the free layer must be reduced, which is most easily achieved by reducing the physical dimensions of the p-MTJ. However, as the physical dimensions decrease, the effect of current conductance through "edge" or sidewall regions of the p-MTJ device becomes more pronounced. P-MTJs are highly susceptible to sidewall damage, both chemical and physical, induced by etching and deposition processes, and exacerbated by the CMOS process requirement of annealing at 400° C. Accordingly, these edge regions are of particular importance as crystal structure damage from etching, encapsulation, and annealing processes may greatly affect p-MTJ properties including free layer coercivity (Hc), DRR, and resistance-area product (RA).
Typically, encapsulation with a dielectric layer is used to isolate p-MTJ devices from one another in a STT-MRAM array. The dielectric layer is deposited with a chemical vapor deposition (CVD), plasma enhanced CVD (PECVD), atomic layer deposition (ALD), or reactive dc-sputtering physical vapor deposition (PVD) method that involves reactive gases, radicals, ions, or other excited species having a tendency to attack p-MTJ sidewalls and damage the magnetic layers therein. Sidewall damage leads to a reduction in device performance, substantial non-uniformity between bits that translates into an undesirable larger distribution of key metrics, and lower device yields. It is important for the encapsulation layer to form a thermodynamically stable interface with p-MTJ sidewalls to prevent oxygen diffusion through a p-MTJ sidewall during an oxide dielectric layer deposition, for example, or intermixing of the dielectric layer with one or more p-MTJ layers that also results in degradation of device performance.
Although methods are available to remove sidewall damage caused by ion bombardment, and by exposure to atmosphere during dielectric layer deposition, the methods are generally time consuming and costly. Moreover, some p-MTJ sidewall damage may be too extensive to repair. There is a need to improve the encapsulation process to prevent parallel conduction along p-MTJ sidewalls, and avoid damage to the device by depositing an encapsulation layer, which will form a thermodynamically stable interface with the p-MTJ and increase DRR.

Dielectric encapsulation layer for magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) devices using radio frequency (RF) sputtering


The present invention relates to a novel trolley coupling structure that allows coupling of base parts of trolleys aligned in the vertical or horizontal direction. The present invention provides a trolley coupling structure in which a first receiving recess part is provided in a base part of one trolley, a second receiving recess part is provided in a base part of another trolley, a locking member is pivotally attached to the first receiving recess part, a recess part body and a bent section are formed in the respective first and second receiving recess parts, and retaining of the locking member is achieved by constraining and locking a constraining piece part of the locking member at the bent section.

In conventional coupling structures of trolleys, there has been known a structure in which a protruding part and a recess part are provided on an edge part of a base part of one trolley, a recess part is provided on an edge part of a base part of the other trolley at a position corresponding to the protruding part, a protruding part is provided on the same at a position corresponding to the recess part, thereby achieving concavo-convex engagement.
However, in such coupling, there is a risk that vertical vibration caused when the trolleys get over a step leads to uncoupling.
Further, at the time of achieving the coupling with the use of a different part such as a pin, the uncoupling is likewise apt to occur since the base parts are simply locked, and whether the coupling has been achieved cannot be determined by seeing from outside.


A hinged spreader board of a pre-set length with shaped ends is pivoted open inside a frame to mate with the inside faces of the sides of a frame and maintain the sides apart by the length of the board while attaching the frame to a wall. Additional hinged sections of pre-set lengths allow the spreader board to be opened to various lengths to accommodate frames of different widths. The frame spreader boards fold up for storage.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to door frame alignment devices and particularly to a hinged and foldable spreader for door jambs and other frame structures with ends that conform to the profile of the inner surface of the frame, which spreader may be placed between the frame legs in an angled position and pressed downwardly into an extended straight position to set said legs to a predetermined distance from one another.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Building construction involves precise measurements and calculations in order for a structure to be properly built. One mistake or miscalculation can be magnified many times over and can, result in the redoing and recalculation of substandard work. No construction feature requires more precision and accuracy than setting door jambs.
Prior art devices are often overly complex or expensive and not always sufficiently sturdy to withstand repeated usage over time. Most are a set length for only one size frame.
U.S. Pat. No. 824,777, issued Jul. 3, 1906 to Brooks, shows a support for fitting doors that comprises two main horizontal arms hinged together and adapted to lock in horizontal position. A slidably adjustable and rigidly securable arm is provided on one of the hinged arms, which extends beyond the hinged arm. A door holding bracket is provided on the non-slidable hinged arm. Sockets are provided on the outer ends of the door holding arm and the slidable arm. Rubber pads are secured in the sockets and extend therefrom.
U.S. Patent Application #20020170189, published Nov. 21, 2002 by Cheatham, describes an apparatus used to align door jambs and like structures. A base member comprises a substantially longitudinal section through which a channel is formed in the top surface thereof, one end extending into a first jamb spreader. A first extension member is slidably coupled within the channel of the base member, the extended end of the extension member depending into a second jamb spreader. A second extension member is slidably coupled within the channel of the base member opposite the first extension member, the end opposing the second jamb spreader depending into a third jamb spreader. The jamb spreader of the first and second extension members include horizontal and vertical leveling members. By positioning the opposed jamb spreaders against the opposed door jambs or surfaces, the alignment of the door jambs and door frame may be determined to be in square and plumb alignment.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,851,868, issued Dec. 3, 1974 to Lagasse, provides an adjustable self-supporting door buck spreader, which is adapted for use in the installation of door frames of different sizes, and particularly for door frames which are made of metal. The door buck spreader comprises a pair of overlapping elongated members each having buck engaging means provided at one end thereof, measuring means for indicating the distance between the buck engaging means, first adjustment means for adjusting the distance between the buck engaging means, and second adjustment means for adjusting the buck engaging means for use with door bucks having different sized ribs. Each of the buck engaging means includes magnetic means operable for magnetically holding the door buck spreader in engagement with the bucks of a metal door frame thereby to enable the buck spreader to be self-supporting. To employ the door buck spreader, the pair of elongated members are extended until the measuring means indicates that the distance between the door buck engaging means corresponds to the width desired for the door openings. The door buck spreader is then positioned between the bucks of the door frame so that the buck engaging means of the spreader are in engagement therewith. Thereafter, with the door buck spreader operating to maintain the door bucks spaced apart the desired distance, the door frame is anchored to the floor or other suitable supporting surface.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,775,036, issued Jul. 7, 1998 to Stanley, Sr., discloses an apparatus that allows for the alignment of objects with respect to one another, which has a base element having an upper extendable member positioned upon and movable relative to the base. Recesses are provided on either end of the base and extendable member, which allow for the apparatus to hold objects in alignment with respect to one another. The apparatus may be used to align door jambs and window frames when installing portals within a wall structure. Fasteners may be loosened to allow for relative movement between the base and extendable member. When the proper length is attained the fasteners are tightened allowing the apparatus to hold the aligned objects until the objects are set in place within the final construction.
U.S. Pat. No. 1,336,426, issued Apr. 13, 1920 to Frederickson, indicates a gage used for spacing and holding the parts of a door frame or similar structure while the same are being placed in position. The gage comprises a spacing member and a transverse bar disposed at each end of the member, each of the bars being adapted to engage one side of a door frame. The gage also comprises a fixed clamp jaw at one end of each of the transverse bars and a movable clamp jaw on the other end of each said transverse bars, said movable clamp jaws being slidable toward and away from the fixed clamp jaw. The clamp jaws of each transverse bar are adapted to engage the opposite edges of the adjacent door frame side. The gage further comprises means for securing the movable clamp jaws to their respective transverse bars, whereby to rigidly clamp the latter to the door frame sides.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,829,727, issued May 16, 1989 to Kuzara, Jr., puts forth a method and apparatus for preparing a frame for installation in a door opening. An apparatus and method are provided for squaring and decambering at the assembly plant, and shimming at the job site, a thin metal door frame wherein the frame becomes an integral part of its own setting jig until installation, after which the semi-permanent setting jig is removed. Temporary jigs are used in the method to set the minimum door width tolerance and to square the frame elements.
U.S. Pat. No. 5,340,095, issued Aug. 23, 1994 to Eicher, III, describes a door buck spreader that had the capability to support and transport a door buck, or door frame, from its time of construction to its time of final installation. This spreader is a self-contained unit that does not require any additional support members or apparatus. The spreader is capable of setting standard size door and window bucks to bucks as large as eight feet across. The present invention is capable of precise adjustment due to the intel action between a threaded core member and two elongated tubular elements that each engage the core in one end and are rigidly attached to frame mounts at the other ends thereof. The present invention is further capable of adapting to most any door buck by means of longitudinally and laterally displaceable spacer elements and securing such door bucks to the spreader itself by means of a frame clamp assembly.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,152,424, issued Nov. 28, 2000 to Lapat, claims a door and window frame spreader, which comprises a screw device for imposing spreading forces on opposing surfaces, having a pin adjustable length and employing a rod member having a groove in the end for engaging the pin.
U.S. Pat. No. D310,159, issued Aug. 28, 1990 to Priola, shows the ornamental design for a jack-type door jamb spreader.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,530,186, issued Mar. 11, 2003 to Torstensen, concerns a door framing apparatus and method of use. A method and apparatus are provided for installing and trimming a plurality of wooden mounting blocks within a roughed out door frame to prepare the roughed out door frame to receive a finished door frame. The apparatus includes a pair of vertical standard units connected together by a pair of horizontally adjustable spreader units that are adapted to cooperate with one another to conform to the outside dimensions of the finished door frame. Each of the vertical standard units is provided with a plurality of router templates and means for plumbing each vertical standard unit relative to one of the vertical studs in the roughed out door frame; such that the wooden mounting blocks can be glued to the vertical studs and then trimmed using the router templates so that the trimmed mounting blocks are perfectly aligned to receive the finished door frame.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,027,686, issued Apr. 3, 1962 to Oates, illustrates a door frame setting and holding means for placing and securely holding a door frame in an intended set position, which comprises a readily applicable and removable jig. The jig embodies a first T-shaped member comprising an elongated plate providing cross-head, said plate having spaced lengthwise slots, and an elongated leg fixed at an outer end to a median portion of an inward said of said plate and disposed at a right angle to the plate. The jig also comprises a second T-shaped member of the same construction as the first T-shaped member. The legs of the T-shaped members are overlapped and separably and adjustable joined together. The jig further comprises a clamp on the outward side each of the cross-heads for holding the upright members of a door. End brackets are attached to the cross-heads that straddle the outer surfaces of the wall, which have nail openings therethrough for temporarily nailed the brackets to wall surfaces that they bear against.
U.S. Pat. No. 827,284, issued Jul. 31, 1906 to Andersson, is for a threshold gage that comprises a two-membered gage body; the outer ends each member of the gage-body notched to form obtuse angles. The threshold gage also comprises a chamber in each end of the gage body, jamb-face and rabbet gages connected with the gage body and partly contained in said chambers and adapted to independent, longitudinal, and pivotal adjustment with relation to the gage body. Springs contained in the chambers bear against the inner ends of each of the said gages and exert a constant longitudinal pressure thereon, and also a pivotal pressure upon any gage that may be forced up against a surface which is slanting or disposed laterally other than at right angles to the threshold. Collars for holding the gage body, thumb-screws for holding the gages at the desired adjustment, and stops carried by the gage body are provided.
U.S. Pat. No. 3,168,305, issued Feb. 2, 1965 to Lee, provides a doorjamb setter comprising a pair of laterally spaced uprights, means on the uprights for holding the uprights in line with door side jambs, an adjustable gage bar that extends between and connects to the uprights, and side jam clamps on the uprights that comprise channel brackets fixed on the uprights, and L-shaped members having foot portions overlapped and slidably confined in the channel brackets. The foot portions have registered longitudinal slots. The doorjamb setter further comprises clamping screws extending through the slots and threaded into the channel brackets.
What is needed is a sturdy, easy-to-use, inexpensive spreader which quickly sets up inside the frame to spread the frame the exact distance desired.


A device for the output of notes of value includes a stacking unit for stacking notes of value to a value note stack, an output compartment for the output of the value note stack to a user of the device, as well as a transport unit with a pushing plate for the transport of the value note stack from the stacking unit to the output compartment. A guide element, which serves for guiding the notes of value during the stacking of the notes of value by the stacking unit, is mounted on the pushing plate.

This relates in general to devices for the output of notes of value.
In devices for the output of notes of value, such as automated teller machines (i.e. automated transactions machines) or automatic cash register systems (i.e. point of sale systems), the notes of value to be output are normally offered to the user as a wad of notes of value. For this, the notes of value removed from the individual cash boxes are at first stacked by a stacking unit to a value note stack, which stack is then transported to the output compartment and is output thereat. The stacking units are usually designed such that the notes of value individually removed from the cash boxes are stacked on top of one another on a support element by vane and/or stacker wheels. Normally, this takes place at a high speed to minimize the waiting period for the user and to achieve a high throughput. It may be the case that the various notes of value of the value note stack are often not perfectly aligned with one another but project to the front and/or to the side relative to one another so that no uniform value note stack is formed. This may be problematic for the subsequent handling since the protruding notes of value may cause problems during the transport of the value note wad. In addition, an inaccurately stacked value note wad is oft considered unsightly for the customer during the output and may make a bad impression.
In known automated teller machines this situation may be partially minimized in that the stacking unit may have guide elements, in particular, for example, guide fingers, against which the notes of value are transported during stacking so that they cannot shift with respect to one another or shift only very little, and a fairly aligned value note stack is formed.
However, dependent on the currencies and/or the denominations received in the automated teller machine, as notes of value of different sizes are stacked, the position of the guide elements relative to the support element on which the notes of value are stacked may have to be adapted accordingly. If the distance of the guide elements relative to the side from which the notes of value are fed to the stacking unit is too little, then the notes of value may not be received in the stacking unit. If, on the other hand, the distance is too large, there is again the problem that the notes of value may not stacked in a perfectly or closely aligned manner.
In other known systems, the position is adapted manually, in particular such that the guide elements can be arranged in different notches of the support element of the stacking unit. This has may have disadvantage that when another currency or denomination is received in an automated teller machine, a complex, manual adaptation is required. In addition, when different denominations are handled in the automated teller machine and thus notes of value of different sizes are stacked, the largest denomination to be stacked may have to be adjusted so that, when a value note wad with a smaller denomination is stacked, the adaptation of the guide elements to the largest denomination is maintained and thus there may be an unnecessary large distance and the stacking of the notes of value of the smaller denomination may not be carried out in a most desired manner.

Device for the output of notes of value with an adjustable guide element


The series TFT comprises a semiconductor layer including a first body, a second body and a connecting portion serially connecting the first body to the second body. The first body has a first channel region and first source/drain regions positioned at both sides of the first channel region. The second body has a second channel region and second source/drain regions positioned at both sides of the second channel region. And the connecting portion is interposed between the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region to serially connect the first body to the second body and having a conductive type different from that of at least one of the first source/drain region and the second source/drain region. A first gate is positioned to correspond to the first channel region, and a second gate is positioned to correspond to the second channel region. An active matrix OLED can be manufactured using such series TFTs.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a thin film transistor, an organic light emitting device (OLED) comprising the same, and a method for fabricating the OLED and, more particularly, to a series thin film transistor, an active matrix OLED comprising the same, and a method for fabricating the active matrix OLED.
2. Discussion of the Related Art
Typically, an OLED is an emissive display of a fluorescent organic compound that has been electrically excited to emit light. Depending upon how the display pixels are driven, OLEDs are classified as either passive or active matrix (AM) OLEDs. In an AM OLED, each pixel is driven by its own pixel driving circuit. The AM OLED uses less power than a passive matrix (PM) OLED, and the AM OLED can be implemented in a larger area and at a higher resolution. The pixel driving circuit includes a switching thin film transistor (TFT), a driving TFT, and a capacitor for its basic configuration. Additional TFTs may be added to the pixel driving circuit to compensate for the threshold voltage, carrier mobility, etc., of the TFTs. In this case, the driving TFTs may be connected to one another by means of a local interconnection line. Such serially interconnected TFTs are referred to as a series TFT.
FIG. 1 shows a cross-sectional view of an OLED having a series TFT in accordance with the prior art.
Referring to FIG. 1, a first patterned semiconductor layer 30 and a second patterned semiconductor layer 35 are positioned on substrate 10. The first patterned semiconductor layer 30 consists of a first channel region 30a and first source/drain regions 30b, 30c, which are formed at both sides of the first channel region 30a. The second patterned semiconductor layer 35 consists of a second channel region 35a and second source/drain regions 35b, 35c, which are formed at both sides of the second channel region 35a. A first gate electrode 50 and a second gate electrode 55 are positioned above the first channel region 30a and the second channel region 35a, respectively. A gate insulating layer 40 is interposed between the channel regions 30a, 35a and the gate electrodes 50, 55. An interlayer 60 is formed to cover the gate electrodes 50, 55, the gate insulating layer 40, and the semiconductor layers 30, 35. In interlayer 60 and gate insulating layer 40, a first contact hole 61 and a second contact hole 63 are formed to expose the first source/drain regions 30b, 30c, respectively, and a third contact hole 65 and a fourth contact hole 67 are formed to expose the second source/drain regions 35b, 35c, respectively. Also formed in the interlayer 60 and the gate insulating layer 40, are the first source/drain electrodes 71, 73 and the second source/drain electrodes 75, 77. Finally, an interconnection line 74 is formed on the interlayer 60. Consequently, the first source/drain electrodes 71, 73 are contacted with the first source/drain regions 30b, 30c, which are exposed in the first and second contact holes 61, 63; the second source/drain electrodes 75, 77 are contacted with the second source/drain regions 35b, 35c, which are exposed in the third and fourth contact holes 65, 67. and The interconnection line 74 serially connects the first source/drain electrode 73 to the second source/drain electrode 75. Thus, the first semiconductor layer 30 and the second semiconductor layer 35 are serially connected to each other by the first source/drain electrode 73, the second source/drain electrode 75, and the interposed interconnection line 74. As a result, the first TFT 51 and the second TFT 56 are serially connected to each other.
In order to implement this series TFT, two contact holes are required, namely the second contact hole 63 for forming the first source/drain electrode 73 and the third contact hole 65 for forming the second source/drain electrode 75. Because these two contact holes are required to be formed on the substrate, this increases the size of the area that the pixel driving circuit occupies, which adversely impacts the ability to increase the aperture ratio. In addition, having two contact holes adversely impacts a design rule that peripheral patterns should maintain regular intervals with respect to the contact holes.

Active matrix organic light emitting device having series thin film transistor, and fabrication method therefor


Systems and methods are provided for conducting a simulated conversation with a language learner include determining a first dialog state of the simulated conversation. First audio data corresponding to simulated speech based on the dialog state is transmitted. Second audio data corresponding to a variable length utterance spoken in response to the simulated speech is received. A fixed dimension vector is generated based on the variable length utterance. A semantic label is predicted for the variable-length utterance based on the fixed dimension vector. A second dialog state of the simulated conversation is determined based on the semantic label, and third audio data corresponding to simulated speech is transmitted based on the second dialog state.

Spoken language understanding (SLU) in dialog systems is generally performed using a natural language understanding (NLU) model based on the hypotheses produced by an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. However, when new spoken dialog applications are built from scratch in real user environments that often have sub-optimal audio characteristics, ASR performance can suffer due to factors such as the paucity of training data or a mismatch between the training and test data.

Exploring ASR-free end-to-end modeling to improve spoken language understanding in a cloud-based dialog system


A one trip method for cleaning an existing string while performing testing on the string allows in the same trip the drilling of additional wellbore. The cleanup equipment is retracted after the testing is completed so that it will not impede the advancement of the drill bit at the lower end of the string. The cleanup tools are typically extend for run in through the string and they can be collapsed by a technique such as dropping a ball to shift a sleeve to disable the piston assembly that holds the cleanup tools extended and allows them to be retracted using a return spring or other source of potential energy.

Presently, after casing is run in and cemented, the quality of the cement job is tested with a cement bond log. To ensure the success of such testing the casing or tubular string is cleaned with scrapers and related wellbore cleanup tools. The intent is to continue to make more hole after getting appropriate results from the cement bond log. In the past this has entailed as many as three trips in the hole for wellbore cleanup, testing and then drilling open hole below the string just tested.
More recently the cement testing run has been combined with the wellbore cleanup run in US Publication 2010/0126718 combines wellbore cleanup tools such as scrapers, mills, and wipers/brushes in conjunction with a cement bond log tool in a single trip as described in paragraph 123.
The present invention allows for single trip wellbore cleanup coupled with testing with the ability to continue drilling more hole. The wellbore cleanup tool is retracted after the testing in the existing tubular and then normal drilling commences with the cleanup equipment taking flow through itself so that the cuttings can be removed from the drill bit location as more hole is drilled. The cleanup tools in the retracted state do not impede drilling progress. These and other aspects of the method of the present invention will be more readily appreciated by those skilled in the art from a review of the description of the preferred embodiment and the associated drawings while appreciating that the full scope of the invention is to be found in the appended claims.

One trip tubular cleaning and drilling additional open hole