An improved method for recovering the protein expressed by open reading frame 2 from porcine circovirus type 2 is provided. Also provided is recombinant PCV2 ORF2 protein, and immunogenic compositions comprising PCV2 ORF2 protein. Moreover, multivalent combination vaccines are provided which include an immunological agent effective for reducing the incidence of or lessening the severity of PCV2 infection, preferably PCV2 ORF2 protein, or an immunogenic composition comprising PCV2 ORF2 protein, and at least one immunogenic active component of another disease-causing organism in swine.

Field of the Invention
One aspect of the present invention is concerned with the recovery of a protein expressed by open reading frame 2 (ORF2) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). More particularly, the protein is a recombinant protein expressed by a transfected virus containing recombinant coding sequences for porcine circovirus type 2, open reading frame 2. Still more particularly, the transfected virus is permitted to infect cells in growth media and the protein expressed by open reading frame 2 is recovered in the supernate, rather than from inside the cells. Even more particularly, the method involves the steps of amplifying the open reading frame 2 gene from porcine circovirus type 2, cloning this amplified portion into a first vector, excising the open reading frame 2 portion from this first vector and cloning it into a transfer vector, cotransfecting the transfer vector with a viral vector into cells in growth media, causing the cells to become infected by the viral vector and thereby express open reading frame 2, and recovering the expressed recombinant protein coded for by open reading frame 2 in the supernate.
In another aspect, the present invention is concerned with an immunogenic composition effective for inducing an immune response against PCV2, and methods for producing those immunogenic compositions. More particularly, the present invention is concerned with an immunological composition effective for providing an immune response that protects an animal receiving the composition and reduces, or lessens the severity, of the clinical symptoms associated with PCV2 infection. Still more particularly, the present invention is concerned with a protein-based immunological composition that confers effective protection against infection by PCV2. Even more particularly, the present invention is concerned with an immunological composition comprising ORF2 of PCV2, wherein administration of PCV2-ORF2 results in protection against infection by PCV2. Most particularly, the present invention is concerned with an immunological composition effective for conferring effective immunity to a swine receiving the immunological composition, and wherein the composition comprises the protein expressed by ORF2 of PCV2.
In another aspect of the present invention, combination vaccines or multivalent vaccines are provided. More particularly, the present invention provides immunogenic compositions effective at inducing an immune response against infection by PCV2 and at least one other disease-causing organism for swine.
Description of the Prior Art
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a small (17-22 nm in diameter), icosahedral, non-enveloped DNA virus, which contains a single-stranded circular genome. PCV2 shares approximately 80% sequence identity with porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1). However, in contrast with PCV1, which is generally non-virulent, swine infected with PCV2 exhibit a syndrome commonly referred to as Post-weaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS). PMWS is clinically characterized by wasting, paleness of the skin, unthriftiness, respiratory distress, diarrhea, icterus, and jaundice. In some affected swine, a combination of all symptoms will be apparent while other swine will only have one or two of these symptoms. During necropsy, microscopic and macroscopic lesions also appear on multiple tissues and organs, with lymphoid organs being the most common site for lesions. A strong correlation has been observed between the amount of PCV2 nucleic acid or antigen and the severity of microscopic lymphoid lesions. Mortality rates for swine infected with PCV2 can approach 80%. In addition to PMWS, PCV2 has been associated with several other infections including pseudorabies, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), Glasser's disease, streptococcal meningitis, salmonellosis, postweaning colibacillosis, dietetic hepatosis, and suppurative bronchopneumonia.
Open reading frame 2 (ORF2) protein of PCV2, having an approximate molecular weight of 30 kDa when run on SDS-PAGE gel, has been utilized in the past as an antigenic component in vaccines for PCV2. Typical methods of obtaining ORF2 for use in such vaccines generally consist of amplifying the PCV2 DNA coding for ORF2, transfecting a viral vector with the ORF2 DNA, infecting cells with the viral vector containing the ORF2 DNA, permitting the virus to express ORF2 protein within the cell, and extracting the ORF2 protein from the cell via cell lysis. These procedures generally take up to about four days after infection of the cells by the viral vector. However, these procedures have a disadvantage in that the extraction procedures are both costly and time-consuming. Additionally, the amount of ORF2 recovered from the cells is not very high; consequently, a large number of cells need to be infected by a large number of viral vectors in order to obtain sufficient quantities of the recombinant expressed protein for use in vaccines and the like.
Current approaches to PCV2 immunization include DNA-based vaccines, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,023. However, such vaccines have been ineffective at conferring protective immunity against PCV2 infection and the clinical signs associated therewith.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) is caused by a virus which was first isolated and classified as an arterivirus as recently as 1991. The disease syndrome had been first recognised in the USA in the mid 1980's and was called "mystery swine disease". It has also been called blue ear disease. The name porcine arterivirus has been proposed recently. The virus of PRRS has a particular affinity for the macrophages particularly those found in the lung. Macrophages are part of the body defences. Those present in the lung are called alveolar macrophages. They ingest and remove invading bacteria and viruses but not in the case of the PRRS virus. Instead, the virus multiplies inside them producing more virus and kills the macrophages. Once it has entered a herd it tends to remain present and active indefinitely. Up to 40% of the macrophages are destroyed, which removes a major part of the bodies defence mechanism and allows bacteria and other viruses to proliferate and do damage. A common example of this is the noticeable increase in severity of enzootic pneumonia in grower/finisher units when they become infected with PRRS virus. It may take up to a year for all breeding stock, particularly in large herds, to become infected for the first time and although the virus appears to spread rapidly in a herd, it may be some 4-5 months before at least 90% of the sows have become sero-positive. Some sows remain naive. Furthermore, it is not uncommon for sow herds 1-2 years after infection to contain less than 20% of serological positive animals. This does not, however, necessarily mean they are not still immune nor does it mean that they have stopped passing on immunity to their offspring. Adult animals shed virus for much shorter periods of time (14 days) compared to growing pigs which can excrete it for 1-2 months. The clinical picture can vary tremendously from one herd to another. As a guide, for every three herds that are exposed to PRRS for the first time one will show no recognisable disease, the second would show mild disease, and the third moderate to severe disease. The reasons for this are not clearly understood. However the higher the health status of the herd, the less severe the disease effects. It may be that the virus is mutating as it multiplies, throwing up some strains that are highly virulent and some that are not. PRRS infects all types of herds, including high or ordinary health status and both indoor and outdoor units, irrespective of size.
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (M hyo) is a small bacterium (400-1200 nm) classified in the mycoplasmataceae family. M hyo is associated with Enzootic Pneumonia, a swine respiratory disease commonly seen in growing and finishing pigs. M hyo attacks the cilia of epithelial cells of the windpipe and lungs, causing the cilia to stop beating (ciliostasis) and eventually causing areas of the lungs to collapse. Depending on the extent of the disease, daily live weight gain of infected swine can be reduced by up to 17%. Enzootic Pneumonia is widespread in swine populations and present in almost every swine herd. M hyo is considered to be a primary pathogen that facilitates entry of PRRSV and other respiratory pathogens into the lungs. Three separate strains, 232, J & 7448, have had their genomes sequenced (Minion et al., J. Bacteriol. 186: 7123-33, 2004; Vasconcelos et al., J. Bacteriol. 187: 5568-77, 2005).
Porcine proliferative enteritis is a common diarrheal disease of growing-finishing and young breeding pigs characterized by hyperplasia and inflammation of the ileum and colon. It often is mild and self-limiting but sometimes causes persistent diarrhea, severe necrotic enteritis, or hemorrhagic enteritis with high mortality. The etiology is the recently classified intracellular bacterium Lawsonia intracellularis. The organism has been cultivated only in cell cultures, and attempts to propagate it in cell-free medium have failed. Koch's postulates have been fulfilled by inoculation of pure cultures of L intracellularis into conventionally reared pigs; typical lesions of the disease were produced, and L intracellularis was reisolated from the lesions. The more common, nonhemorrhagic form of the disease often affects 18- to 36-kg pigs and is characterized by sudden onset of diarrhea. The feces are watery to pasty, brownish, or faintly blood stained. After ˜2 days, pigs may pass yellow fibrinonecrotic casts that have formed in the ileum. Most affected pigs recover spontaneously, but a significant number develop chronic necrotic enteritis with progressive emaciation. The hemorrhagic form is characterized by cutaneous pallor, weakness, and passage of hemorrhagic or black, tarry feces. Pregnant gilts may abort. Lesions may occur anywhere in the lower half of the small intestine, cecum, or colon but are most frequent and obvious in the ileum. The wall of the intestine is thickened, and the mesentery may be edematous. The mesenteric lymph nodes are enlarged. The intestinal mucosa appears thickened and rugose, may be covered with a brownish or yellow fibrinonecrotic membrane, and sometimes has petechial hemorrhages. Yellow necrotic casts may be found in the ileum or passing through the colon. Diffuse, complete mucosal necrosis in chronic cases causes the intestine to be rigid, resembling a garden hose. Proliferative mucosal lesions often are in the colon but are detected only by careful inspection at necropsy. In the profusely hemorrhagic form, there are red or black, tarry feces in the colon and clotted blood in the ileum.
Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVD) and Border's Disease are two viruses, which are in the same group of pestiviruses as the virus of swine fever (hog cholera) but which primarily infect cattle and sheep respectively. They can get into pig breeding herds and cause reproductive problems. The disease is not a common cause of infertility in the sow and would be considered low on the list of possibilities from a diagnostic point of view.
Leptospirosis is a contagious disease of animals, including man, caused by various immunologically distinct leptospiral serovars, most of which are regarded as subgroups of Leptospira interrogans. There are five serovars and groups which are important in swine: pomona, australis, tarassovi, canicola, icterohaemorrhagicae, and grippotyphosa. Infections may be asymptomatic or cause various signs, including anorexia, pyrexia, listlessness, jaundice, abortions, stillbirths and other vague reproductive problems, and death. After acute infection, leptospires frequently localize in the kidneys or reproductive organs consisting of scattered small grey foci of a focal interstitial nephritis, and are shed in the urine, sometimes in large numbers for months or years. Because the organisms survive in surface waters for extended periods, the disease is often waterborne. In the USA, the disease is primarily due to the serovars Leptospira hardjo, Leptospira pomona, and Leptospira grippotyphosa. Diagnosis can be difficult because antibody titers can be transient, lasting less than a month. Further, Leptospira can also be found in healthy animals. L. australis serovar bratislava is most commonly associated with reproductive problems. Chronically infected herds display abortions, still births and weak piglets.
Brucellosis is caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella and is characterized by abortion, retained placenta, infertility, orchitis in boars, and severe metritis in sows. In piglets, the disease is characterized by posterior paralysis and lameness. The disease in pigs is caused almost exclusively by Brucella suis biovars 1, 2, and 3. A number of other mammals can carry and transmit Brucella suis to pigs. Infection spreads rapidly and causes many abortions in unvaccinated herds. Transmission occurs mainly by contact with another pig, although venereal transmission is possible. Serological diagnosis can be difficult due to a relatively common organism, Yersinia enterocolitica O:9 which shares a common antigen with Brucella and often causes false positive results. Post-mortem lesions usually include metritis and orchitis, and can include abscessation, sometimes with necorsis foci in the liver.
Clostridium is a ubiquitous gram-positive bacteria, of the family clostridiaceae, usually found in the soil, but also occurs naturally in the gut of most animals C. difficile infections in swine are characterized by severe mesocolonic edema, diarrhea and edema in other tissues such as the hydrothorax. Clostridium enteritis in swine is caused by C. perfringens, and is characterized by chronic enteritis, which is accompanied by diarrhea, weight loss and fever. Infection with C perfringens types A, B and C causes severe enteritis, dysentery, toxemia, and high mortality in young calves. Types B and C both produce the highly necrotizing and lethal β toxin that is responsible for the severe intestinal damage. This toxin is sensitive to proteolytic enzymes, and disease is associated with inhibition of proteolysis in the intestine. Sow colostrum, which contains a trypsin inhibitor, has been suggested as a factor in the susceptibility of young piglets. The disease can cause sudden death in piglets less than one week old, and is most common within 3 days of birth. In older piglets, Clostridium enteritis causes a thickening of the small intestine making absorption of food and nutrients difficult. Piglets usually die as a result of a combination of the infection and lack of nutrients. Death may occur in a few hours, but less severe cases survive for a few days, and recovery over a period of several days is possible. Hemorrhagic enteritis with ulceration of the mucosa is the major lesion in all species. Grossly, the affected portion of the intestine is deep blue-purple and appears at first glance to be an infarction associated with mesenteric torsion. Smears of intestinal contents can be examined for large numbers of gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, and filtrates made for detection of toxin and subsequent identification by neutralization with specific antiserum.
Clostridium novyi has been suspected but not yet confirmed as a cause of sudden death in cattle and pigs fed high-level grain diets, and in which pre-existing lesions of the liver were not detectable. The lethal and necrotizing toxins (primarily α toxin) damage hepatic parenchyma, thereby permitting the bacteria to multiply and produce a lethal amount of toxin. Usually, death is sudden with no well-defined signs. Affected animals tend to lag behind the herd, assume sternal recumbency, and die within a few hours. Most cases occur in the summer and early fall when liver fluke infection is at its height. The disease is most prevalent in 1- to 4-yr-old sheep and is limited to animals infected with liver flukes. Differentiation from acute fascioliasis may be difficult, but peracute deaths of animals that show typical lesions on necropsy should arouse suspicion of infectious necrotic hepatitis. The most characteristic lesions are the grayish yellow necrotic foci in the liver that often follow the migratory tracks of the young flukes. Other common findings are an enlarged pericardial sac filled with straw-colored fluid, and excess fluid in the peritoneal and thoracic cavities. Usually, there is extensive rupture of the capillaries in the subcutaneous tissue, which causes the adjacent skin to turn black (hence the common name, black disease).
Clostridium septicum is found in soil and intestinal contents of animals (including man) throughout the world. Infection ordinarily occurs through contamination of wounds containing devitalized tissue, soil, or some other tissue-debilitant. Wounds caused by accident, castration, docking, insanitary vaccination, and parturition may become infected. General signs, such as anorexia, intoxication, and high fever, as well as local lesions, develop within a few hours to a few days after predisposing injury. The local lesions are soft swellings that pit on pressure and extend rapidly because of the formation of large quantities of exudate that infiltrates the subcutaneous and intramuscular connective tissue of the affected areas. Accumulations of gas are uncommon. Malignant edema associated with lacerations is characterized by marked edema, severe toxemia, and death in 24-48 hr.
Tetanus toxemia is caused by a specific neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani in necrotic tissue. Almost all mammals, including swine, are susceptible to this disease. Although tetanus is worldwide in distribution, there are some areas, such as the northern Rocky Mountain section of the USA, where the organism is rarely found in the soil and where tetanus is almost unknown. In general, the occurrence of C tetani in the soil and the incidence of tetanus in man is higher in the warmer parts of the various continents. Clostridium tetani, an anaerobe with terminal, spherical spores, is found in soil and intestinal tracts. In most cases, it is introduced into the tissues through wounds, particularly deep puncture wounds, that provide a suitable anaerobic environment.
Infection with Salmonella spp can produce diarrhea in animals of all ages, especially those that are stressed, closely stocked, or exposed to a heavily contaminated feed or water supply. Salmonellosis is caused by many species of salmonellae and characterized clinically by one or more of three major syndromes—septicemia, acute enteritis, and chronic enteritis. The incidence has increased with the intensification of livestock production. Although various types of Salmonella can cause infections in pigs the classic salmonellas found in swine are S. choleraesuis and S. typhimurium. Their resulting clinical patterns of most salmonella are not distinct and different species of salmonellae tend to differ in their epidemiology. Plasmid profile and drug-resistance patterns are sometimes useful markers for epidemiologic studies. Septicemic salmonellosis is often associated with S choleraesuis. Infected piglets demonstrate a reluctance to move, anorexia, a high fever of 40.5 C-41.6 C, and may have a shallow cough. Piglets may also be found dead with cyanotic extremities. S choleraesuis is one of the rare diseases that can cause both pneumonia and diarrhea and mortality of infected piglets is often high. Enterocolitis is generally associated with the more common S typhimurium. Infections are characterized by yellow or watery diarrhea that may contain blood or mucus as the infection progresses. Mortality is low and often associated with dehydration and potassium deficiency from the diarrhea. Feces of infected animals can contaminate feed and water, fresh and processed meats from abattoirs, plant and animal products used as fertilizers or feedstuffs, pasture and rangeland, and many inert materials. Although S choleraesuis is rarely found in feed. It can also be passed directly through contact with an infected animal Salmonella can survive for months in wet, warm areas such as in feeder pig barns or in water dugouts. Rodents and wild birds also are sources of infection. The prevalence of infection varies among species and countries and is much higher than the incidence of clinical disease, which is commonly precipitated by stressful situations such as sudden deprivation of feed, transportation, drought, crowding, parturition, and the administration of some drugs.
Escherichia coli is a bacteria of the enterbacteriaceae family and is one of the main types of bacteria naturally occurring in the small intestines of all mammals. Although usually harmless, some E coli strains can produce a number of exo- and endotoxins that cause infection and disease. Heat-labile (LT) and heat-stable (ST) exotoxins are actively produced by some strains and are responsible for causing scour. Shigela-like toxin type II variant (SLT-IIe), Stx2e and verotoxin edema disease act on the wall of the small arteries resulting in oedema. Endotoxins, such as Lipid A, play a role in mastitis and urinary tract infections. E. coli infection is characterized by a number of different symptoms depending on the particular strain involved, including diarrhea, sunken eyes, unthriftiness, visible weight loss, stunted growth, depression, bowel edema, mastitis, cystitis, pyelonephritis and death. E. coli can be classified and coded by their cell wall (O antigens) and fimbriae (F antigens). For example, scour is often associated with E. coli Abbotstown: O147, F4, F5, whereas bowel edema is associated with F18 fimbriae. Correctly identifying the code is essential to the selection of the correct vaccine. E. coli infections compromise a pig's immune system and deaths are often the result of secondary infections and disease.
Swine Pox is a disease which causes skin lesions, paules, pustules and scabs.
Eperythrozoonosis is a Rickettsial (haemotrophic) disease caused by Eperythrozoon suis, an extracellular bacterial organism that adheres to pig erythrocyte membranes, inducing its deformation and damage. The disease is characterized by anemia and icterus (yellow discoloration of mucous membranes, sclera and inner ears). It can lead to poor conception rates, other vague reproduction problems, and even death.
Hog cholera also known as Classical Swine Fever (CSF) or African Swine Fever (ASF) is a disease caused by a Flaviviridae virus, which is an enveloped RNA virus, or in the case of ASF, an enveloped DNA virus that is related to the Pox viruses. Clinically, CSF and ASF are indistinguishable. The first symptoms are a decrease in activity and drowsiness with some anorexia and the swine may appear chilled. Within days, pigs present with a marked fever (41-42 degrees Celsius), which is sometimes accompanied by a reddening of the skin. Next, pigs develop a conjunctivitis and constipation leading to yellowish diarrhea. In herds, the pigs will appear chilled and will often huddle together. A few pigs may convulse before dying. Pigs start to die with a spreading purple discoloration of the skin and death often occurs within 10-20 days post-infection. Surviving pigs will oftentimes be affected by a severe retardation of their growth and arched backs. In established herds, piglets infected from their mothers during pregnancy can result in abortion, mummification, malformations, still births and weak born piglets. Piglets born from CSF-infected mothers may remain healthy but continually spread the disease throughout their lives.
Pneumonic pasteurellosis and Streptococci are caused by Pasteurella multocida and various species of streptococci, typically S. suis. Infection by the causal agent generally represents the final stage of the post-weaning respiratory syndrome. Clinical signs appear in three forms, the acute form is most commonly associated with P. multocida serotype B. animals present with dyspnoea, labored breathing, thumping, high fever (42.2 Celsius), prostration, and finally death. In some cases the abdomen becomes purple with discoloration. A second form is a sub-acute form it is characterized by pleuritis, coughing, and difficulty in breathing. Pigs can loose significant amounts of weight and may have poor or no growth with serious consequences in pig flow. The chronic form presents with the occasional cough, thumping, and little or no fever. This form generally affects pigs from 10-16 weeks of age.
Streptococcal meningitis causes inflammation of the meninges which are the membranes covering the brain. In the sucking piglet it is usually caused by Streptococcus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, or sometimes bacteria such as E. coli and other streptococci. S. suis has many serotypes. In most countries S. suis type 1 is the main one in sucking piglets, but this may not be true in other countries. For example in Denmark it is type 7. S. suis also causes joint problems particularly types 1 and 14. S. suis is carried for long periods in the tonsils and may be transmitted to the sucking piglet from the sow or from other piglets. The sow also provides a variable level of immunity in the colostrum. Streptococcal meningitis in sucking piglets is sporadic in individual piglets. Streptococcal meningitis may be worse in sucking pigs when the organism has been introduced into the herd for the first time, or where it is secondary to infection with PRRS.
Pseudorabies, also known as porcine rabies virus, Suid herpes virus in which the causal agent is an enveloped herpes DNA virus. In naïve herds, neonatal pigs present with a range of severe central nervous signs from fitting to severe in coordination. Posterior paralysis may result in piglets sitting in a manner that resembles dogs. Additionally, mortality is high. In weaned pigs, the central nervous signs may be reduced but may be accompanied by an increase in respiratory signs. Oftentimes, respiratory diseases are associated with secondary infections. Weaned pigs can waste and suffer ill thrift and are often stunted. In growing pigs, the central nervous signs continue to reduce while the respiratory signs increase. The degree of respiratory disease depends on the presence and severity of secondary infections. In adults, reproductive signs predominate. Sows may abort and animals infected close to term are likely to give birth to stillborn or weak piglets. In established herds, there may be few clinical signs.
Swine Influenza Virus causes swine flu and belongs to the influenza Type A virus group. In naïve herds, clinical signs may present in explosive outbreaks with all or many animals becoming ill at the same time. Animals may present with inactivity, depression, huddling/pilling and anorexia. The animals are often mouth-breathing and breathing is labored. Coughing may ensue upon movement. Other clinical signs include a nasal discharge and puffy eyes with rectal temperatures between 40.5-41.5° Celsius. The high temperatures in a breeding stock can result in abortions, infertility, production of small weak litters, and increased still births. In established herds, annual reinfection appears.
Spirochaetal colitis is caused by the Brachyspira pilosicoli bacteria. This infection generally effects 10-20 week old growers/finishers. It is characterized by a non-fatal wasting diarrhea of growing pigs that results in an increased number of days needed to finish. The diarrhea also results in reduction in feed efficiency and produces watery diarrhea or loose stools. About half of the pigs may show transient to persist to watery to mucoid green to brownish diarrhea without blood. The clinical signs are more common 10-14 days after mixing and changing of the feed.
Swine dysentery is caused by the bacteria Brachyspira hyodysentheriae. There are twelve known sero-types at this time. Clinical signs in established herd include diarrhea, a rapid loss of condition in some pigs, a hairy appearance, dehydration, painful abdomen, and the death of one or two pigs before other pigs show any signs. In a key outbreak in naïve herds, all age groups from suckling piglets to adult sows can be effected.
Transmissible gastroenteritis is a disease of the intestines caused by a coronavirus. It is in the same family as porcine respiratory coronavirus, epidemic diarrhea virus, and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus. Initial clinical signs are watery diarrhea, vomiting, and anorexia. Piglets less than 21 days of age generally die, weaners become unthrifty, while growers, finishers, and adults are generally mildly affected and will survive if provided with adequate water.
Parvovirus is a disease characterized by reproductive problems in pigs. The causal agent is a small DNA non-enveloped virus. Fetuses are the only affected group and the effect on the fetus depends upon the age at which it becomes infected. At 10-30 days of age, infection results in death and reabsorbtion of the fetus. Between 30-70 days of age, infection results in death and mummification. And from 70 days to term, infections results in the birth of weak piglets and mummification. The disease is able to cross the placenta and then move to each fetus along the uterus. In the sow, the clinical signs are still births, mummified piglets, embryonic deaths, infertility, and the production of a significantly reduced number of live-born offspring. Abortion is not a characteristic feature of parvovirus infection.
Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia, also known as APP and Haemophilus pleuropneumonia, is caused by the Actinobacillus pleuopneumonia bacteria. There are currently 15 serovirus described and the severity of the clinical signs differ between the different serovirus and the presence of other factors. Serovirus 1, 5, 9, 10, and 11 are considered to be more virulent. Additionally, serovirus 1, 9, and 11; 2, 6, and 8; and 4 and 7 may cross-react. Pigs of all ages are susceptible. Clinical signs are a sudden illness that results in animals lying down a lot and presenting a high rectal temperature of 41.5° Celsius. Animals are generally anorexic and do not drink, their extremities become cyanotic and cold to the touch. Cyanosis can spread to the whole body and severe breathing difficulties, often with mouth breathing, develop before death. Blood-stained froth can be seen at the mouth and nostrils and death generally occurs within 24-48 hours. Acute clinical signs include a high percentage of animals in a group being depressed and lying down, high rectal temperatures of 40.5-41° Celsius, anorexia, lack of drinking, severe respiratory distress, coughing, mouth breathing, cyanosis, vomiting, and abortion. Sub-acute clinical signs include intermittent coughing in a group of pigs, a general loss of appetite, and a reduction in growth. Cyrovar type 3 presents with arthritis, endocarditis, and abscesses. In chronically effected herds, daily weight gain may not be affected, but an intermittent cough may be heard.
Glässers Disease is caused by the bacterium Haemophilus parasuis (Hps), of which there are at least fifteen different types. It is found throughout the world and organisms are present even in high health herds. If such herds are set up using SPF or MEW techniques and are free from Hps, it can be devastating when they first become contaminated, producing an anthrax-like disease with high mortality in sows. In the majority of herds in which the bacterium is endemic, sows produce a strong maternal immunity which normally persists in their offspring until 8 to 12 weeks of age. As a result, the effects of the infection in weaners are usually nil or minimal. Disease may however be seen in suckling pigs. Pigs usually become sub-clinically infected when still protected by maternal antibody and then stimulate their own immune response. If however, the maternal immunity wears off before they become infected they may develop severe disease. This is usually sometime after weaning. It can also act as a secondary pathogen to other major diseases particularly enzootic pneumonia (EP) (Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae). Outbreaks of disease are sometimes experienced in sucking pigs, particularly in gilt herds. Hps attacks the smooth surfaces of the joints, coverings of the intestine, lungs, heart and brain causing pneumonia, heart sac infection, peritonitis and pleurisy. It is respiratory spread. Disease caused by Hps is rare in sows unless the dry sow is naïve. Lameness or stiffness, slight swellings over the joints and tendons, and rarely meningitis, are occasionally seen in gilts. In piglets, acute disease presents with rapidly depressed pigs with elevated temperature, inappetence, and a reluctance to rise. One characteristic feature is a short cough of 2-3 episodes. Sudden death in good sucking piglets is not uncommon. Hps is also known to cause individual cases of arthritis and lameness with fever and inappetence. Chronic disease is characterized by pale and poor growing pigs. Sudden death may also occur. For weaners and growers, pigs with glassers disease become rapidly depressed or may be just found dead. Other symptoms include elevated temperature, anorexia, a reluctance to rise, nervous signs such as fits and convulsions including meningitis, and poor pigs, that are wasting and hairy often result. In young growing pigs, the following symptoms are most common: fever, mild meningitis, arthritis, lameness, pneumonia, heart sac infection, peritonitis and pleurisy. Again, a characteristic feature is a short cough of only 2-3 episodes.
Exudative epidermitis is caused by the bacterium Staphylococcus hyicus which lives normally on the skin without causing disease. It is not known why sometimes it flares up and causes a dermatitis which oozes greasy fluid. It produces toxins which are absorbed into the system and damage the liver and kidneys. In the sucking piglet disease is usually confined to individual animals, but it can be a major problem in new gilt herds and weaned pigs. During the days immediately preceding farrowing, the bacterium multiples profusely in the sow's vagina so that piglets are infected during the birth process or soon thereafter. Symptoms in sows include uncommon but localised lesions may be seen particularly behind the face and eyes. Severely affected piglets will die. In piglets, symptoms include localised lesions on the flanks and behind ears. Lesions usually commence with small, dark, localised areas of infection around the face or on the legs. The skin along the flanks the belly and between the legs changes to a brown color, gradually involving the whole of the body. The skin becomes wrinkled with flaking of large areas and it has a greasy feel. In severe cases, the skin turns black due to necrosis and the piglets die. A more localised picture is seen if the sow has passed some immunity to the piglet, with small circumscribed lesions approximately 5-10 mm in diameter that do not spread. For weaners and growers, symptoms usually commence about 3 days after weaning with localised, brown areas of infection or dermatitis around the face or on the legs, where the skin has been damaged. It may ulcerate. The skin along the flanks the belly and between the legs changes to a brown colour gradually involving the whole of the body. The skin becomes wrinkled with flaking of large areas and progresses to a dark greasy texture and in severe cases turns black. Such cases usually die due to the toxins produced by the staphylococci organisms. In nurseries up to 15% of the population may be involved and dehydration is common.
Swine erysipelas is caused by a bacterium, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae that is found in most if not all pig farms. Up to 50% of animals may carry it in their tonsils. It is always present in either the pig or in the environment because it is excreted via saliva, feces or urine. It is also found in many other species, including birds and sheep, and can survive outside the pig for a few weeks and longer in light soils. Thus it is impossible to eliminate it from a herd. Infected feces are probably the main source of infection, particularly in growing and finishing pens. The bacterium alone can cause the disease but concurrent virus infections, such as PRRS or influenza, may trigger off outbreaks. Disease is relatively uncommon in pigs under 8-12 weeks of age due to protection provided by maternal antibodies from the sow via the colostrum. The most susceptible animals are growing pigs, non vaccinated gilts, and up to 4th parity sows. The organism multiplies in the body, and invades the bloodstream to produce a septicaemia. The rapidity of multiplication and the level of immunity in the pig then determines the clinical symptoms.
Eperythrozoonosis (Epe) is a disease caused by a bacterium called Eperythrozoonosis suis which attaches to the surface of red blood cells and sometimes destroys them. The pig may then become anaemic and the products left after the destruction of the cells may cause jaundice. Clinical disease is more commonly seen in young growing pigs. However it can also cause reproductive problems in the breeding herd. A sow may carry Epe and yet remain quite healthy, however, it can cross the placenta resulting in weak pale pigs at birth. Epe is present in most if not all herds but the mechanisms which allow it to become pathogenic and produce disease in some populations and not in others are unknown. The incidence of disease is low.
Encephalomyocarditis, or EMC, infects and causes disease in a wide range of vertebrate animals but pigs appear to be the most susceptible of farm animal species. The virus is world-wide but differs in pathogenicity and virulence in different countries and regions. In most countries of Europe, particularly those in the EU, it tends to be relatively mild or non-pathogenic and disease in pigs is rarely diagnosed. In Australia the strains appear to be much more virulent for pigs than those in New Zealand. Virulent strains in Florida, the Caribbean and probably Central America damage the heart and cause death whereas those in the Mid West of the US tend to cause reproductive problems. Clinical disease in pigs tends to occur when rat numbers increase to plague levels. Pigs can be infected from rats or from rat-contaminated feed or water. It does not seem to spread very readily between pigs. In affected herds there are usually no clinical signs in weaned and growing pigs.
Aujeszky's disease, or AD, is an important disease of pigs caused by a herpes virus. The virus can remain hidden in nerves of the pig in a carrier state for long periods of time and then be reactivated. Once introduced into a herd, the virus usually remains there and it can continually affect reproductive performance at varying levels. The virus can survive for up to three weeks outside the pig. Acute outbreaks of disease occur when virulent strains of the virus first infect an unvaccinated susceptible herd. The virus crosses the uterus and placenta and infects the foetuses. The pig is the main host. However, dogs and cattle may also become infected, show nervous signs, and die.
Porcine Cytomegalovirus Infection (PCMV) is caused by a herpes virus found in the tissues throughout the body including the nose of newborn piglets where it causes inflammation (rhinitis). PCMV is present throughout the world and exists in most if not all pig populations but most infections are sub-clinical and clinical disease is rare. Serology carried out in the UK, for example, indicates that over 90% of herds have been exposed to infection. The rhinitis produced by this virus is uncommon and occurs mainly in newborn pigs and has no relationship to atrophic rhinitis caused by the toxin-producing bacteria Pasteurella multocidia. In most herds therefore the infection is insignificant and apart from sometimes causing a mild sneeze has no major effect on the health of the pig.
Blue Eye Disease is a viral disease that causes nervous symptoms, reproductive failure and opacity or blueing of the cornea. It is seen mainly in Mexico but has also been reported in other countries. It is not seen in Europe. Symptoms include inappetence, corneal opacity—conjunctivitis, nervous signs such as fits and convulsions, a tendency to sit like a dog, fever, increased returns, increased weaning to mating intervals, stillbirths, mummified piglets, high mortality in piglets, swollen testicles, and loss of libido.
Japanese B Encephalitis Virus (JE) is a virus spread by mosquitoes and is only important in countries where the insects are prevalent. Most domestic animals are affected. It causes an encephalitis in the human. The pig is an important source of infection. Symptoms include mummified or stillborn piglets, nervous signs in piglets such as fits and convulsions, and oedema fluid in piglets. It can also cause infertility and swollen testicles in boars.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea (PED) is caused by a coronavirus somewhat similar to that which causes TGE. This virus is widespread in Europe. The virus damages the villi in the gut thus reducing the absorptive surface, with loss of fluid and dehydration. After introduction of the virus into a susceptible breeding herd, a strong immunity develops over two to three weeks. The colostral immunity then protects the piglets. The virus usually disappears spontaneously from breeding herds particularly small ones (<300 sows). Acute outbreaks of diarrhoea occur when the virus is first introduced into a susceptible population. In such cases up to 100% of sows may be affected, showing a mild to very watery diarrhoea. Two clinical pictures are recognised: PED Type I only affects growing pigs whereas PED Type II affects all ages including sucking pigs and mature sows. The incubation period is approximately 2 days and diarrhea lasts for 7 to 14 days. In sucking pigs, the disease can be mild or severe with mortalities up to 40%. In large breeding herds, particularly if kept extensively, not all the females may become infected first time around and there may be recrudescence. This only occurs in piglets suckling from sows with no maternal antibodies and is therefore sporadic.
Porcine Respiratory Corona Virus Infection (PRCV) first appeared in pigs in Europe some ten years or more ago. It is related to but distinct from TGE virus, which is another corona virus. It is thought to spread between farms on wind and so it is extremely difficult to keep herds free from it. Infection often takes place in the sucking pig at 2 to 3 weeks of age but is not of importance. It may have an effect on lung tissue when other respiratory pathogens are present in chronic respiratory disease complexes. Sows usually present no symptoms, but coughing may occur in the presence of other respiratory agents coughing may be associated. In piglets, a transient cough may be present. In weaners and growers, herds exposed for the first time have few if any signs of disease. The most common symptom is a transient coughing lasting only a few hours.
Rotavirus Infection is a virus infection that is widespread in pig populations. It is present in most if not all pig herds with virtually a 100% sero-conversion in adult stock. A further epidemiological feature is its persistence outside the pig where it is resistant to environmental changes and many disinfectants. Maternal antibodies persist for 3-6 weeks after which pigs become susceptible to infection but exposure does not necessarily result in disease. It is estimated that only 10-15% of diarrheas in pigs are initiated by a primary rotavirus infection. In a mature herd, disease appears after piglets are 7 to 10 days of age. It becomes progressively less important with age. However if pathogenic strains of E. coli are present, severe disease can occur with heavy mortality.
Rabies is caused by a virus and considered a rare disease in pigs. It is invariably fatal in all species including the human—hence its importance. Rabies is absent from the UK but present in may other countries throughout the world. Infection in piglets and sows is rare. In sows, weaners, and growers, the onset of disease is sudden with symptoms that include a nervous twitching of the face muscles, fits and convulsions, rapid chewing, salivation, muscles that may go into spasm, and posterior paralysis may occur. Death usually takes place within 3 days.
Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD) is a different virus from the virus that causes foot and mouth disease (FMD). However, it produces a disease in pigs that is clinically indistinguishable from FMD. This disease should always be considered if sudden widespread lameness appears with vesicles or blisters on the snout, tongue and tops of the claws.
Tuberculosis affects mammals, including people, birds, and swine. The causal organism, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is sub-classified into types, human, bovine and avian. The avian type is referred to as M. avium or more often the avian/intracellulare complex because it is not a uniform species. M. avium itself infects mainly birds but is also found in the environment along with M. intracellulare which is predominantly saprophytic or free living. Pigs are rarely infected by the human or bovine types but are commonly infected by the avian/intracellulare complex. The avian/intracellulare complex also causes sub-clinical non-progressive infection in healthy people. The main concern is that it could cause more serious disease in immuno-suppressed people and people with AIDS. In most countries if lesions are found in the neck at slaughter the whole head is condemned and if they are found in the mesenteric lymph nodes which drain the intestines the offals are condemned. If they are more widespread in the body, which is rare, the whole carcass may be condemned or cooked. If small lesions are missed by the meat inspector normal kitchen cooking destroys the organism. In all pigs, infection causes small nodules in the lymph nodes of the neck and those that drain the small intestine. In the great majority of cases the lesions are non-progressive, they do not spread through the body, do not make the pig ill and are not excreted. There are no clinical symptoms and there is no difference in performance between infected and non-infected pigs.
The virus of vesicular exanthema of swine (VES) is different from those causing foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and swine vesicular disease (SVD) but it produces a disease in pigs that is clinically indistinguishable from FMD and SVD. Unlike FMD, it only effects pigs. Symptoms include low mortality, but there may be some deaths in suckling piglets. Other symptoms include salivation, inappetance, and vesicles around the mouth, nose, tongue and feet.
Vesicular Stomatitis (VS) causes a disease that occurs mainly in South and Central America, occasionally in the USA and rarely as epidemics extending as far North as Canada and as far South as Argentina. The VS virus produces a disease in pigs that is clinically indistinguishable FMD, SVD and VES. Most often however infection of pigs is subclinical. In all pigs, infection is characterized by drooling saliva, foot lesions and lameness, a reduction in growth rate, a rise in body temperature to 40-41° C. (106-107° F.) the appearance of vesicles (blisters) up to 30 mm diameter on the nose, lips, and teats and around the coronets of the feet which may make the pigs lame. Mortality is usually low and most pigs recover in one to two weeks.
Atrophic Rhinitis, Progressive and Unprogressive Disease which causes inflammation of the nose and it can be caused by a variety of bacteria and irritant substances. During the process of infection, the delicate structures or turbinate bones in the nose become damaged and atrophy or disappear. Progressive atrophic rhinitis describes a specific disease where the nose tissues permanently atrophy. It is caused by specific toxin producing strains of Pasteurella multocidia (PMt). There are two types A and D. In sucking pigs, sneezing, snuffling and a nasal discharge are the first symptoms, but in acute outbreaks where there is little maternal antibody, the rhinitis may be so severe to the extent that there is haemorrhage from the nose. By three to four weeks of age and from weaning onwards, there is evidence of tear staining and malformation of the nose associated with twisting and shortening. Severely affected pigs may have problems eating. There is considerably reduced daily gain. In severe outbreaks pigs may not grow to market weight.
Eastern equine encephalomyelitis viruses (EEEV) are members of the Alphavirus genus, family Togaviridae. EEEV can be transmitted to equines and humans during the bite of an infected mosquito. In addition to horses and humans, EEEV can produce severe disease in common livestock species such as swine and cattle. EEEV, or virus-specific antibodies, have been recovered from birds such as the turkey, pheasant, quail, ostrich, and emu, among others.
Mycoplasma arthritis is caused by Mycoplasma hyosynoviae infection. This arthritis, is characterized by inflammation of one or more joints and is common in all sucking and growing pigs and sows. However, it is rare in piglets.
Infection in swine is also caused by adenovirus and hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus.
Accordingly, what is needed in the art is a method of obtaining ORF2 protein, which does not require extraction of the ORF2 protein from within infected cells. What is further needed are methods of obtaining recombinant ORF2 protein in quantities sufficient for efficiently preparing vaccine compositions. What is still further needed are methods for obtaining ORF2 protein which do not require the complicated and labor-intensive methods required by the current ORF2 protein extraction protocols. Finally, with respect to compositions, what is needed in the art is an immunogenic composition which does confer protective immunity against PCV2 infection and lessens the severity of or prevents the clinical signs associated therewith.

Multivalent PCV2 immunogenic compositions and methods of producing such compositions


The present invention pertains to antagonists of excitatory amino acid receptors, their method of preparation as well as compositions pertaining to them, which have the general formula: ##STR1## wherein m and n are independently 0,1,2, or 3: R1 and R2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, halomethyl, nitro, amino, alkoxy, hydroxyl, hydroxymethyl, C1 to C6 lower alkyl, C7 to C12 higher alkyl, aryl and aralkyl; Z is a monoacidic radical; R3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, and C1 to C6 lower alkyl; the stereoisomers thereof in their resolved or racemic form, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In a preferred embodiment m is 2 or 3 and n is 1.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention pertains to novel non-N-methyl-D-aspartic acid excitatory amino acid (EAA) antagonists and particularly to novel, potent and selective antagonists of kainic acid (KA) and AMPA-type [(RS)-alpha-aminomethyl-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole propionic acid]-type receptors having anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, antiepileptic, analgesic, antiemetic, neuroprotective and cognition enhancing actions achieved through the antagonisms of these receptors. In particular, the invention is directed to: 2-[(alkyl)phenyl]-2-aminoalkanoic acids and their interaction with KA and AMPA receptors, their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and to uses thereof.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Excitatory amino acids (EAA) mediate a substantial portion of the chemical synaptic activity occurring in the central nervous system. Current understanding recognizes at least three major ionotropic receptors for EAAs. Most commonly identified by prototypical agonists, these include:
(1) receptors activated by AMPA [(RS)-alpha-aminomethyl-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole propionic acid], a cyclic analog of L-glutamate (GLU), (2) receptors recognizing the pyrrolidine neurotoxin kainic acid (KA), and (3) receptors responding to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), a synthetic analog of L-aspartate (D. R. Curtis, A. W. Duggar, D. Felix, G. A. R. Johnston, A. K. Tebecis and J. C. Watkins, Brain Res., 41, 283-301 (1972); J. C. Watkins and R. H. Evans., Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 21, 165-204 (1981); A. C. Foster and G. Fagg, Brain Res. Rev. 7, 103-164 (1984)]. In addition to these major channel-linked receptors, evidence now suggests the presence of "metabotropic" EAA receptors which directly activate second messenger responses (D. Schoepp, J. Bockaert and F. Sladeczek, In C. Lodge and G. L. Collingridge (eds.) Tr. Pharmacol. Sci., Special Report, "The Pharmacology of Excitatory Amino Acids," Elsevier, Cambridge, UK., pages 74-81, (1991)]. Furthermore, it is now apparent that the NMDA-mediated ionotropic responses are subject to complex regulatory influences and, that this particular recognition site may exist as a supramolecular entity similar to the GABA/benxodiazepine/barbiturate effector proteins [E. Costa, Neuropsychopharmacology, 2, pages 167-174 (1989)]. PA1 5-methyl-2-(3-carboxypropyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-methyl-2-(3-sulfonoethyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-methyl-2-(3-carboxyethyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-methyl-2-(2'-tetrazolylethyl)phenylalanine PA1 3,5-dimethyl-2-(2-carboxypropyl)phenylalanine PA1 3,5-dimethyl-2-(2-sulfonoethyl)phenylalanine PA1 3,5-dimethyl-2-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylalanine PA1 3,5-dimethyl-2-(2'-tetrazolylethyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-chloro-2-(2-carboxypropyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-chloro-2-(2-sulfonoethyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-chloro-2-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-chloro-2-(2'-tetrazolylethyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-methyl-(2-carboxypropyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-methyl-(2-sulfonoethyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-methyl-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-methyl-(2'-tetrazolylethyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-fluoro-2-(2-carboxypropyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-fluoro-2-(2-sulfonoethyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-fluoro-2-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylalanine PA1 5-fluoro-2-(2'-tetrazolylethyl)phenylalanine PA1 4,5-dichloro-2-(2-carboxypropyl)phenylalanine PA1 4,5-dichloro-2-(2-sulfonoethyl)phenylalanine PA1 4,5-dichloro-2-(2-carboxyethyl)phenylalanine PA1 4,5-dichloro-2-(2'-tetrazolylethyl)phenylalanine
In general, EAA agonists are potent convulsants in animal models. Additionally, AMPA, KA and the endogenous NMDA agonist, quinolinic acid (QUIN) and the mixed ionotropic/metabotropic agonist ibotenic acid have been used to produce laboratory models of neurodegenerative disorders [K. Biziere, J. T. Slevin, R. Zaczek, J. S. Collins and J. T. Coyle. IN H. Yoshida, Y. Hagihara and S. Ebashi (eds.), "Advances in Pharmacology and Therapeutics," Pergamon, New York, 1982, pp. 271-276; R. Schwarcz, W. O. Whetsell and R. M. Mango, Science, 219, pages 316-318 (1983)]. It has been suggested for some time that a dysfunction in EAA neurotransmission may contribute to the neuropathology associated with epilepsies and neurodegenerative conditions [B. Meldrum and M. Williams (eds.), "Current and Future Trends in Anticonvulsant, Anxiety and Stroke Therapy," Wiley Liss, New York, (1990)].
The development of selective NMDA antagonists has further expanded the understanding of EAA neurotransmission, physiology and pathophysiology in the mammalian brain. In particular, substantial preclinical evidence is now available suggesting that NMDA receptor antagonists may be useful as anxiolytics, anticonvulsants, antiemetics [European Patent Application No. 432,994], antipsychotics or muscle relaxants, and that these compounds may prevent or reduce neuronal damage in instances of cerebral ischemia, hypoxia, hypoglycemia or trauma [R. P. Simon, J. H. Swan, T. Griffiths and B. S. Meldrum, Science, 226, pages 850-852 (1984); D. N. Stephens, B. S. Meldrum, R. Weidman, C. Schneider and M. Grutzner, Psychopharmacology, 90, pages 166-169 (1986); D. Lodge and G. L. Collingridge (eds.) "The Pharmacology of Excitatory Amino Acids," Elsevier Trends Journals, Cambridge, UK. (1991); A. I. Fader, J. A. Ellison and L. J. Noble, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 175, pages 165-174 (1990)].
Given the broad therapeutic potential of EAA antagonists, it is not surprising that efforts have been initiated to identify additional antagonist compounds. The advent of potent and selective antagonists of EAAs exemplified by .alpha.-amino-.omega.-phosphonoalkylcarboxylic acids has provided a point of departure for the pharmacologic intervention of EAA action at their receptors [J. C. Watkins, Can. J. Physiology Pharmacol., 69, 1064-1075 (1991)]. While there has been substantial success in finding competitive and non-competitive antagonists of NMDA receptors, there are few reports of potent and selective antagonists of KA or AMPA-type EAA receptors [J. C. Watkins, P. Krogsgaard-Larsen and T. Honore, In D. Lodge and G. L. Collingridge (eds.), "The Pharmacology of Excitatory Amino Acids," Elseiver Trends Journals, Cambridge, UK., pages 4-12 (1991); M. J. Sheardown, E. O. Nielsen, J. A. Hansen, P. Jacobsen and T. Honore, Science, 247, pages 571-573 (1990); A. Frasden, J. Drejer and A. Shousboe, J. Neurochem., 53, pages 297-300 (1989)]. Identification of such antagonists is important since these agents are expected to share many of the potential therapeutic actions of antagonists of NMDA-type EAA receptors.
In the past, 2-amino-4-(2-phosphonomethylphenyl)butyric acid has been reported by Matoba et al. [Chem. Pharm. Bull. 32, pages 3918-3925 (1984)]. More particularly, Matoba et al. prepared several amino-phosphonic acids and notably, 2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid, 2-amino-4-(2-amino-5-phosphonomethyl-phenyl)butyric acid, 2-(2-amino-2-carboxy) ethylphenyl-phosphonic acid and N-benzylproline-4-phosphonic acid. One of the target compounds, 2-amino-4-(2-phosphonomethylphenyl)butyric acid was synthesized starting with (2-bromoethyl) phenethylbromide. This dibromide was treated with triethyl phosphite to give diethyl (2-(2-bromoethylphenyl)methylphosphonate, and this bromophosphonate derivative was treated with sodium diethyl acetamindomalonate to give the expected acetamidomalonylphosphonate derivative which was purified through a silica gel column. It should be pointed out that none of the Matobe et al. compounds contain substituents on the benzene ring.
Related compounds having NMDA antagonist activity has been reported in Rzeszotarski et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,899. In particular, Rzeszotarski et al. disclose potent and selective EAA neurotransmitter receptor antagonists having the general formula: ##STR2## wherein R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, lower alkyl, halogen, amino, nitro, trifluoromethyl or cyano, or taken together are --CH.dbd.CH--CH.dbd.CH--; n and m=0, 1, 2, or 3; and the pharmaceutically acceptable salts and the 2-acetamido-2-carboethoxy esters thereof. Rzeszotarski et al. also disclose specific compounds, including 2-amino-3-[2-(2-phosphonoethyl)phenyl]propanoic acid, 2-amino-3-[2-(3-phosphonopropyl)phenyl]propanoic acid, 2-amino-5-[2-phosphonomethylphenyl]pentanoic acid, and 2-amino-3-[2-phosphonomethylphenyl]propanoic acid which are disclosed as antagonists of NMDA and show very low binding affinity for kainate receptors; see Table I on column 13 of U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,899. The valuable pharmacological properties of the present new compounds are particularly surprising in view of the compounds disclosed and described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,657,899.

Omega-[2-(alkyl)phenyl]-2-aminoalkanoic acids as antagonists of excitatory amino acid receptors


An elastomeric composition for a curing bladder comprises isobutylene based elastomer, curative and a hydrocarbon polymer modifier comprising monomers selected from the group consisting of piperylenes, cyclic pentadienes, aromatics, limonenes, pinenes, amylenes, and combinations thereof, wherein the cyclic pentadienes comprise at least 10 weight percent of the monomers by total weight of the monomers. Also disclosed are a tire curing bladder made from the elastomeric composition, a tire curing press containing the bladder, a method of making the tire curing bladder, an improvement to the process of making the tire curing bladder to improve processability of the mixture and fatigue life and DeMattia cut growth, a method of making a tire using the tire curing bladder, and an improvement to the process of making a tire to extend a pull point of the curing bladder and/or to reduce the curing time for the tire construct.

(1) Field of the Invention
This invention relates to tire curing bladders, their manufacture and their use.
(2) Description of Related Art including information disclosed under 37 CFR 1.97-1.98
Pneumatic rubber vehicle tires are generally produced by building, molding and curing a green or uncured tire in a molding press. The green tire construct is pressed outwardly against a mold surface by means of an inner fluid-expandable bladder, commonly referred to as a curing bladder. By this method, the green tire is shaped against the outer mold surface which defines the tire tread pattern and configuration of the sidewalls. By application of heat and pressure via the curing bladder, the tire is molded and vulcanized at elevated temperatures.
Briefly, the proper selection of elastomers and compounding materials for the bladder formulation is essential in ensuring durability, required service life, and efficient curing bladder operation in a tire factory. Butyl rubber, e.g., isobutylene-isoprene copolymer, is the elastomer of choice in curing bladder formulations due to excellent heat aging resistance, good flex and tear resistance, and impermeability to air, inert gases, and water vapor. Fundamentally, this is due to the superior heat and steam resistance of cured butyl rubber and this has resulted in its wide use for high heat resistant applications.
Recently, there has been a global shortage of butyl rubber, creating a need to use less butyl rubber in the manufacture of curing bladders. There is also an ongoing need to improve the durability and service life of curing bladders, i.e., to extend the pull point of the curing bladder—bladder failure, when it occurs, can lead to the loss of up to six tires in a typical tire manufacturing process. There is also an ongoing need to improve heat transport through the bladder to improve the efficiency of the curing process and increase production rates on the vulcanization press.


A penetrant composition for applying to and penetrating into weather exposed surface materials to prevent moss growth thereon is described. The composition is an aqueous solution containing Na.sub.2 O, SiO.sub.2 and a surfactant for increasing the permeability of the composition into the surface material. A method of protecting weather exposed surface material from moss growth thereon is also described. The method involves the steps of providing a composition including water, Na.sub.2 O, SiO.sub.2 and a surfactant. Approximately 1 gallon of the composition is applied per 100 square feet of surface to be protected. The composition is allowed to dry on and in the surface material at ambient temperatures.

Roofing and other weather exposed materials are exposed to the effects of sunlight and moisture resulting in physical and chemical changes, commonly called weathering. Initially, weathering results from the sun's ultraviolet rays which dull the color of the roof material, generally lightening the color of the roof. Gradually, the roof is colonized by microfungi which darkens the color of the roof material. As the roof continues to age, the surface and sharp edges of the roof are eroded by continued exposure to heat and cold and from abrasive particles carried by wind and rain. Roof material destroying organisms, such as moss, further degrade the roof's surface and edges. Loose debris from trees may begin to accumulate on the roof, particularly in recesses such as between shakes or tiles and in bends or corners of the roof. After each rain, these areas remain moist for a longer time than roof areas exposed to direct sunlight. Because of these moist conditions, moss growth is increased.
Moss damages the roofs in at least two ways. First, during a rain, the moss retards the shedding of water, which promotes leaks and roof rotting. Second, after the rain stops, the moss prevents the roof material from drying, which further encourages the growth of additional roof destroying organisms.
The most common currently used method for removing moss from roofs involves washing the roof under high pressure and then treating the roof with an oil-based sealer and/or U-V blocking agent such as zinc. During pressure washing, water is applied to the roof material at a pressure of approximately 2500 to 3500 pounds per-square-inch. Pressure washing removes most of the moss, but at the same time tears away the outer roof material. After pressure washing, the roof is thinner by as much as an eighth to a quarter of an inch. Thus, pressure washing removes years of useful life from the roof by literally removing the exposed outer surface of the roof material. Furthermore, after pressure washing, the former roof material must be cleaned out from gutters and off siding, windows, lawns, shrubs and sidewalks.
After pressure washing, oil-based sealing agents are applied to the roof material. It is believed that treatment with "replenishing oils" seals the roof against further weathering. However, the natural oil coating may actually provide an additional food source for moss. Furthermore, the petroleum-based oil products are likely to be oxidized (broken down) by sunlight, reducing the life of the oil, while increasing the flammability of the roof.
Another moss growth prevention method used after pressure washing involves metal based treatments. Typically, a zinc or other metal based solution is applied to the roof. However, these zinc and other metal based solutions are environmentally unsafe and often damage glitters, stain concrete, and poison the surrounding landscape.
The use of metals such as zinc and copper, to kill lichens, such as algae and fungi, on roof is described in Little, U.S. Pat. No. 3,888,684. Specifically, Little describes granules coated with an inner and outer coating, each such coating containing algicidal compounds, such as zinc and copper ions. When exposed to moisture, the granules' inner and outer coatings leach the zinc and copper ions to produce a bimetallic effect to retard the growth of lichens, such as algae and fungi. The copper and zinc containing granules disclosed in Little have the disadvantage of being environmentally toxic. In addition, the granules themselves are easily washed off the roof by rain, thereby rendering the granules ineffective.
Lodge, U.S. Pat. No. 3,998,644, also describes a metal based roof coating for preventing algae growth. Specifically, Lodge describes an alkaline metal silicate with zinc hydroxychloride dispersed in a solution. The composition is applied to a roof, forming a hard coating on the roof. The zinc metal based treatment described in Lodge has the disadvantage of being environmentally toxic. An additional drawback is that the hard coating may break down during weathering, leaving portions of the roof unprotected.
No one has previously disclosed an environmentally compatible penetrant composition which is effective for preventing moss growth on roofs.
Therefore, objects of the present invention are to provide a stable, non-oil based, non-toxic, non-flammable composition which does not include toxic metals such as zinc or copper, which is cost effective to produce and apply, and effective for removing moss from numerous different porous weather exposed surfaces, particularly roofs, without pressure washing, without causing deterioration of gutters or downspouts, without harming plants or animals, resulting in a lengthening of the life of the weather exposed surface.

Composition and method for preventing moss growth on roofs


Disclosed herein are methods and compositions related to the treatment, prevention, and/or amelioration of cancer in a subject in need thereof. In particular aspects, the present technology relates to the use of poxviruses, including a recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus or vaccinia virus with deletion of vaccinia host-range factor C7 (MVAΔC7L and VACVΔC7L, respectively), alone or in combination with immune checkpoint blocking agents, as an oncolytic and immunotherapeutic composition. In some embodiments, the technology of the present disclosure relates to a MVAΔC7L or VACVΔC7L virus further modified to express human Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L).

The following description is provided to assist the understanding of the reader. None of the information provided or references cited is admitted to be prior art.
Malignant tumors such as melanoma are inherently resistant to conventional therapies and present significant therapeutic challenges. Immunotherapy is an evolving area of research and an additional option for the treatment of certain types of cancers. The immunotherapy approach rests on the rationale that the immune system may be stimulated to identify tumor cells, and target them for destruction. Despite presentation of antigens by cancer cells and the presence of immune cells that could potentially react against tumor cells, in many cases, the immune system is not activated or is affirmatively suppressed. Key to this phenomenon is the ability of tumors to protect themselves from immune response by coercing cells of the immune system to inhibit other cells of the immune system. Tumors develop a number of immunomodulatory mechanisms to evade antitumor immune responses. Thus, improved immunotherapeutic approaches are needed to enhance host antitumor immunity and target tumor cells for destruction.

Vaccinia virus mutants useful for cancer immunotherapy


A disk drive is disclosed comprising a disk having a plurality of data tracks, wherein each data track comprises a plurality of data sectors, and a head is actuated over the disk. A suspect sector list (SSL) stores a plurality of SSL entries, wherein each SSL entry identifies at least one suspect data sector. The disk drive further comprises a disk controller for executing an access command received from a host computer to access at least one of the data sectors. If an error is detected while executing the access command, the disk controller generates an SSL entry having a priority level selected from at least three priority levels and adds the SSL entry to the SSL. A verification operation is executed for each suspect data sector identified by each SSL entry, wherein the SSL entries are processed relative to the priority level assigned to each SSL entry.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to disk drives for computer systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to a disk drive performing multi-level prioritization of entries in a suspect sector list for identifying and relocating defective data sectors.
2. Description of the Prior Art
When manufacturing a disk drive, servo sectors 20-2N are written to a disk 4 which define a plurality of radially-spaced, concentric data tracks 6 as shown in the prior art disk format of FIG. 1. Each data track 6 is partitioned into a plurality of data sectors wherein the servo sectors 20-2N are considered "embedded" in the data sectors. Each servo sector (e.g., servo sector 24) comprises a preamble 8 for synchronizing gain control and timing recovery, a sync mark 10 for synchronizing to a servo data field 12 comprising coarse head positioning information such as a track number for use during seeking, and servo bursts 14 which provide fine head positioning information for use during tracking. In a "headerless" format, the servo data field 12 also includes information identifying the data sectors between the servo sectors. Each data sector similarly comprises a preamble and a sync mark for synchronizing to a user data field.
A media defect may render one or more data sectors unusable since data written over a media defect may be unrecoverable. In addition, defects in the servo sectors may corrupt the sector identification information or interfere with the tracking operation thereby rendering all or part of a data track unusable. During an Intelligent Burn-In (IBI) phase of the manufacturing process the disk drive is tested rigorously in an attempt to identify all of the unusable (defective) data sectors so that they are not used during normal operation. Invariably a number of suspect data sectors will pass the manufacturing IBI but then identified as too unreliable during normal operation and therefore relocated to spare data sectors. Media defects may also manifest during the life of the disk drive due, for example, to particles contaminating the surface of the disk, the head striking the surface of the disk, or other degradation.
Prior art disk drives execute an off-line scan to scan all of the usable data sectors in a background operation in an attempt to identify and relocate defective data sectors. The off-line scan typically involves reading data from each data sector, the data having been written during IBI or while in-the-field during normal operation. If heroic recovery techniques (e.g., retries, firmware error recovery, etc.) are needed to recover a data sector, the data sector is rewritten and read again. If after a number of write/read operations the data sector cannot be recovered reliably, the data sector is deemed defective and relocated to a spare sector. The data sector is written/read a number of times to ensure that an inability to recover the data sector is due to a media defect rather than a transient write problem. This helps ensure only truly defective data sectors are relocated since performance degrades as the number of relocated data sectors increases, however, it also increases the time required to verify a data sector. Consequently scanning the entire disk surface can require a significant amount of time, particularly as the number of tracks per inch (TPI) increases with higher capacity disk drives as well as for applications where the disk drive is operating frequently with only minimal idle time available for the off-line scan.
There is, therefore, a need for a more intelligent off-line scan capable of identifying and relocating defective data sectors in a disk drive to minimize catastrophic data loss.

Disk drive performing multi-level prioritization of entries in a suspect sector list to identify and relocate defective data sectors


A fuel cell installation includes a support structure and a cell stack assembly that is removably insertable into the support structure from an uninstalled position to an installed position during an installation procedure. The cell stack assembly includes a fitting. An interfacing structure is mounted on one of the support structure in the cell stack assembly. The interfacing structure carries a connector that is configured to receive the fitting in interconnected relationship. At least one of the fitting and the connector floats in a plane relative to the support structure during the installation procedure. In operation, the fitting engages the connector when the cell stack assembly is inserted into the support structure. The fitting is repositioned relative to the connector to ensure that the fitting and connector are aligned with one another and connected upon installation.

This disclosure relates to a fuel cell installation in which access to connections may be difficult. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a support structure used in conjunction with removable cell stack assemblies.
One type of proton exchange membrane cell stack assembly includes internal manifolds having opposing end plates secured to one another to load the cell stack assembly components. In one exemplary arrangement, the end plates include electrical fittings and fluid fittings used to supply and return the fuel, reactant and coolant.
In some applications, it is desirable to utilize multiple cell stack assemblies that that can be easily installed and removed relative to a support structure. One such arrangement requires installation of the cell stack assemblies in a direction along its length with one of the end plates inserted into the support structure first. For installations in which there is limited access to the first-installed end plate, the electrical and fluid connections are difficult to achieve. The connections must be made blind with limited space for tools or hands to access, align, and secure the fittings on the end plate to the connections provided at the support structure. The cell stack assemblies are likewise difficult to remove from the support structures.
What is needed is a fuel cell installation for which it is simple to align the cell stack assembly with the support structure and achieve the connections between the electrical and fluid fittings and the connections at the support structure, without having tool access to make these connections.

Fuel cell support structure and method of assembly/disassembly thereof


Embodiments of circuits, apparatuses, and systems for a voltage regulator with a bandwidth variation reduction network are disclosed. Other embodiments may be described and claimed.

Low dropout (LDO) voltage regulators are a class of linear voltage regulators that are specifically designed to operate with small differentials between an input voltage and an output voltage. A typical LDO voltage regulator will have a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) connected between a supply voltage and an output voltage. The MOSFET may have a gate connected to an output of an operational amplifier and may be, along with one or more resistors, part of a feedback network for the operational amplifier. The gain-bandwidth product of the feedback network is dependent on the gain of the MOSFET and the bandwidth of the feedback network, which may change as a function of an output load current.

Voltage regulator with a bandwidth variation reduction network


The present disclosure relates to a lighting device that employs at least one string of LEDs as a lighting source. The string of LEDs is coupled in series with a first switch, wherein the string of LEDs and the first switch are coupled between a power supply node and ground. During a normal operation mode, a system controller is configured to operate the first switch to deliver a drive current to the string of LEDs from the power supply node. The system controller is associated with circuitry that allows the system controller to monitor the drive current and determine when an overcurrent condition occurs. Upon detecting the overcurrent condition, the system controller will open the first switch to stop the drive current from flowing through the string of LEDs.

In recent years, a movement has gained traction to replace incandescent light bulbs with solid-state lighting devices that employ more efficient lighting technologies. One such technology that shows tremendous promise employs light emitting diodes (LEDs). Compared with incandescent bulbs, LED-based light devices are much more efficient at converting electrical energy into light and are longer lasting, and as a result, lighting fixtures that employ LED technologies are expected to replace incandescent bulbs in residential, commercial, and industrial applications.

Overcurrent handling for a lighting device


A method and apparatus for a varying-radix numeration system is described. A method includes receiving a first sequence of values, determining a number of positions for a second sequence of values, and generating the second sequence of values, each value of the second sequence corresponding to a radix, the radix for each value of the second sequence varying over the second sequence in relation to an application value, the application value corresponding to a position in the second sequence and a sum of a set of values in the second sequence.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to the field of data processing. More specifically, the invention relates to encoding.
2. Background of the Invention
Typically, mathematical and engineering systems use a decimal system and/or binary system to represent numbers and to perform calculations. Over time, alternative numeration systems have been developed for different applications. Such numeration systems include fixed-radix, mixed-radix and mixed-base.
A fixed-radix numeration system has a constant radix for all positions of a sequence of digits. In fixed-radix numeration systems, the weights of successive positions are successive integral powers of a single radix, multiplied by the same factor. Examples of fixed-radix numeration systems include decimal, binary and hexadecimal systems.
A mixed-radix numeration system is a radix numeration system in which all radices of each position of a sequence of digits are constant, but not necessarily the same. The mixed-radix numeration system is a more general numeration system in which there may not be integral ratios between the radices of all digits. For example, time is measured with a mixed-radix numeration system. Hours are measured in tens of minutes and minutes having radices 6 and 10 respectively.
In a mixed-based numeration system, numbers are represented as the sum of a sequence of position values. Each position consists of a mantissa and a base. The base of a given position is constant for a given application, but the bases across positions are not necessarily integral ratios between the radices of all the positions. For example, years are measured with a mixed-base numeration system. Years are measured with tens of months and months having bases 12:10:1.
The above numeration systems are satisfactory methods to represent numbers, but are inefficient for modeling operation sequences. The above numeration systems are also inefficient for transmission of data in some special cases.

Method and apparatus for varying-radix numeration system