An electronic cigarette and an electronic cigarette-based control method are provided. The electronic cigarette includes an electronic cigarette body, which is provided with multiple atomizers, a battery, a smoking switch, an input module and a microprocessor electrically connected to the input module, the smoking switch, the battery and the atomizers. Multiple electromagnetic switches are electrically connected to the microprocessor, which are arranged opposite air intake holes of the atomizers one to one and used for opening or closing corresponding air intake holes. According to a trigger signal, the microprocessor enables the battery to power a target atomizer and a target electromagnetic switch to prevent an airflow from flowing through atomizers not operating, making the airflow only flow into the target atomizer, thereby increasing air into the target atomizer, the amount of vapor to be atomized and the concentration of smoke.

In conventional technology, an electronic cigarette includes an atomizer in which cigarette liquid is stored. When an action of a user smoking the electronic cigarette is sensed, the electronic cigarette controls a battery of the electronic cigarette to supply power to the atomizer, for a heating wire inside the atomizer to atomize the cigarette liquid inside the atomizer.
The atomizer in conventional technology is capable of storing only a limited amount of cigarette liquid with only a single flavor. Therefore, if the user wants to smoke cigarette liquids with different flavors, multiple electronic cigarettes are needed, which causes inconvenience to the user. In conventional technology, there also exists an electronic cigarette provided with multiple atomizers. When the user begins to smoke the electronic cigarette, an airflow is formed inside the electronic cigarette, which flows through each of the atomizers to drive smoke to a mouthpiece, thus the smoke can be inhaled by the user through the mouthpiece. However, if only some of the atomizers operate and the others do not operate, the airflow inside the body of the electronic cigarette will flow into the atomizers which operate as well as the atomizers which do not operate, and the airflow flows into the atomizers which do not operate will not drive the smoke, which causes a waste of the airflow, reducing the amount of air flowing into the atomizers which operate and thereby reducing the amount of smoke atomized by the atomizer. Further, the airflow inhaled by the user contains an airflow carrying the smoke as well as an airflow which does not carry smoke, thereby reducing the concentration of the smoke in the airflow inhaled by the user, thus smoking experience of the user is reduced.

Electronic cigarette and electronic cigarette-based control method

HUIZHOU KIMREE TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. SHENZHEN BRANCH


An adjustable leg support for providing support to and stabilizing a leg of a table, chair or similar article that is shorter than the other legs to prevent the article from wobbling. The adjustable leg support includes a screw-threaded rotatable base that is detachably coupled in surrounding engagement to a correspondingly threaded platform. The platform has a flat shelf that is laid upon the floor below the short leg to be supported. A rotational force is applied to the rotatable base which causes an axial displacement of the platform upwardly through the base towards the short leg. Rotation of the base continues until the flat shelf of the platform is raised and the short leg is seated on the shelf by which to eliminate the gap between the short leg and the floor. The rotatable base and the platform are mated to one another along opposing sets of screw threads that lie outside and surround the short leg to be stabilized.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to an adjustable leg support for providing support to and stabilizing a leg of a table, or the like, that is shorter than the other legs of the table to prevent the table from wobbling. The adjustable leg support includes a platform that moves axially relative to a rotatable base until the short leg is seated on the platform.
2. Background Art
Often times, one leg of an article, such as a table, desk, chair or the like, is shorter than the other legs. Consequently, the article will wobble which creates an uncomfortable situation for a user. To overcome this inconvenience, it is known to insert a folded napkin or a matchbook between the short leg and the floor to fill the space therebetween. However, such temporary fixes are very unreliable and tend to fail over time, particularly if the short leg is shifted even slightly along the floor. What is more, the aforementioned conventional fixes are not selectively and easily adjustable to accommodate legs of different length. Therefore, such fixes have proven to be unstable especially in cases where there is a large gap between the short leg and the floor.
Leveling devices to selectively adjust the height of a short leg are also known. Such devices often include a flat base and an upstanding threaded post to be attached to the short leg. However, the bottom of all of the legs must first be threaded and/or receive a threaded insert so that the threaded post can be rotated into receipt by any one of the legs.
Other adjustable leveling devices include complementary screw-threaded bodies which are rotated into mating engagement with one another until a gap between a short leg and the floor is filled and eliminated. Because the threaded bodies which extend one above the other are located directly below the short leg, such leveling devices may not be suitable when the gap to be eliminated is very short (e.g., less than ½ inch).
Accordingly, it would be desirable to have available a reliable leg support that is selectively adjustable to stabilize a relatively short leg regardless of the size of the gap between the leg and the floor and without having to make alterations to any of the legs so as to prevent an article with which the short leg is associated from wobbling.


The present invention describes a method and apparatus for providing an intelligent speed dialing service for a phone user according to a pre-selected dialing algorithm. More specifically, this invention provides an intelligent speed dialing feature to call a list of available phone numbers of the person to be contacted. With this invention, a caller can dial pre-programmed speed dialing digits on the phone station to call the person to be contacted, according to a pre-program algorithm, to automatically dial one or multiple phone numbers of the person to be contacted. The present invention greatly improves the convenience of using the speed dialing feature of a phone station, especially when the advanced call forwarding feature such as “follow me” is not available to or not enabled by the person to be contacted.

As technology advances and working habits change, it is very common for people to be reachable by multiple phone numbers. For example, they may be reached by their home phone number, office phone number, or mobile phone number. In many cases, the caller has no idea which number can reach the person to be contacted at the time of making the phone call. The only available option for the caller is to dial a different number if the call is not answered. This can be very inconvenient especially if the caller is using a calling card to make the phone calls. In some cases, more than 20 digits need to be dialed to make a phone call when using a calling card service.
Speed dialing is a convenient feature that is available in most phone stations to ease the dialing process. When using this feature, the caller does not need to dial the actual phone number of the person to be contacted, and the number of keys that needs to be entered is much less than the number of digits of the actual phone number. However, the caller still needs to dial the first speed dialing code and then wait for the answer. If the call is not answered, then another speed code must be dialed, and so on.
New advanced call forwarding services such as "follow me" or "find me", as offered by RingCentral and Google Voice (formerly known as GrandCentral), can help save the caller from dialing multiple phone numbers in order to reach the person to be contacted. With such services, a separate phone number is given to the person to be contacted by the phone service provider such as Google Voice. The person to be contacted has to pre-program a list of phone numbers that he/she can be reached on the phone system of his/her service provider using this given phone number, generally through a Web site provided by the service provider. When another person wishes to contact this person, this given phone number is called. The phone service provider then forwards the call to the first phone number on list that is associated with the given phone number. When the first phone number on the list is called and not answered, the next phone number on the list will be called and so on. The caller does not need to dial any additional phone numbers. This will help the person to be contacted avoid missing important phone calls.
Unfortunately, not every person to be contacted has such services available. As mentioned above, the service is associated with the person to be contacted. The caller has no control of such service. If such service is not available or enabled by the person to be contacted, the only option for the caller is to dial all the phone numbers associated with the person to be contacted one at a time until the person to be contacted is reached.
It is desirable to enhance the speed dialing feature to allow the caller to reach the person to be contacted in a simpler dialing procedure. The prior art does not present a solution for a more convenient dialing procedure to reach a person to be contacted with multiple phone numbers.
The present invention provides a method and apparatus to allow a phone user to program a more convenient dialing procedure to reach a person to be contacted with multiple phone numbers using a pre-selected dialing algorithm selected by the user.


A display substrate includes a driving element, a switching element, a gate line, a data line, a driving voltage line and an electroluminescent element. The driving element includes a driving control electrode formed from a first conductive layer, and a driving input electrode and a driving output electrode formed from a second conductive layer. The switching element includes a switching control electrode formed from the second conductive layer, and a switching input electrode and a switching output electrode formed from a third conductive layer. The gate and data lines are formed from the second and third conductive layers, respectively. The driving voltage line is formed from the third conductive layer. Thus, misalignment between upper and lower patterns may be prevented to improve the reliability of a manufacturing process and increase an aperture ratio, thereby enhancing display quality.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a display substrate and a method of manufacturing the display substrate. More particularly, the present invention relates to a display substrate for an electroluminescent display device and a method of manufacturing the display substrate.
2. Description of the Related Art
Nowadays, organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display devices are attracting attention as display devices that can overcome problems of liquid crystal display (LCD) devices. An OLED device includes two electrodes and an organic light-emitting layer disposed between the two electrodes. An electron injected from one electrode and a hole injected from the other electrode are combined with each other in the organic light-emitting layer to form an exciton, and the exciton discharges energy and emits light. The OLED device corresponds to a self-light-emitting device, and does not require a separate light source. Thus, power consumption is low, and display quality, including factors such as response time, viewing angle, contrast ratio, etc., is excellent.
The OLED device of an active matrix type includes a switching thin-film transistor (TFT) connected to a signal line to control a data voltage and a driving TFT receiving the data voltage and applying the data voltage to a control electrode, so that current passes through a light-emitting element.
In order to obtain optimized characteristics of the OLED device, the switching TFT and the driving TFT require different characteristics from each other. The switching TFT requires a high on/off current ratio (Ion/Ioff). In contrast, the driving TFT requires high electric mobility and stability so that sufficient current may pass through a light-emitting element.
Thus, the driving TFT typically employs a polysilicon TFT having high electric mobility. In order to manufacture the polysilicon TFT, a method in which amorphous silicon is heat-treated in a furnace at a high temperature of about 600° C. to about 700° C. to be crystallized into polysilicon is usually used. However, a glass substrate is expanded during the above heat-treatment process, so that misalignment between upper and lower patterns is generated to deteriorate the reliability of a manufacturing process.

Display substrate for driving an electroluminescent element


A driver-state detection system and method with an accelerator pedal control function detects a driver's state and controlling an accelerator pedal to prevent an accident. The driver-state detection system with an accelerator pedal control function includes a driver-state detector detecting a driving state of a driver and determining whether the driver is carelessly driving a vehicle or not, a pedal controller receiving an operation signal from the driver-state detector, a vehicle state detector determining whether the vehicle is driven or stopped, based on ambient signals of the vehicle, an operation pedal installed to receive operation signals from the pedal controller and the vehicle state detector, and a vibration generator installed on the operation pedal and provided to generate or cancel a vibration of a motor.

1. Field of Invention
The present invention relates to a driver state detection system and method with an accelerator pedal control function, and more particularly, to a driver state detection system and method with an accelerator pedal control function, which is capable of detecting a driver's state and controlling an accelerator pedal to prevent an accident.
2. Description of Related Art
In general, when a vehicle approaches a given extreme driving condition of a road, an active accelerator pedal device of the vehicle controls a pedal force of an accelerator pedal and informs the driver that the vehicle approached the extreme driving condition. When the driver drives the vehicle in a state where the driver set a target speed of the vehicle, an electronic control unit detects an actual vehicle speed and compares the detected speed with the target speed of the driver. When the actual vehicle speed approaches the target speed, the electronic control unit operates an actuator to increase a pedal reaction force or apply a specific feeling, in order to inform the driver that the actual vehicle speed approached the target speed.
Further, the active accelerator pedal device may check a distance from a preceding vehicle and increase a reaction force of the accelerator pedal or apply a specific feeling to limit the speed.
However, in the structure of the active accelerator pedal device according to the related art, the operation of the actuator is transmitted to the accelerator pedal through a plurality of links or cables and other members to control the step force of the accelerator pedal. Accordingly, since the construction of the mechanism becomes complex, the production cost of the active accelerator pedal device may increase, and the durability thereof may decrease.
Therefore, there is demand for a system which detects driving carelessness or effectively informs a driver of driving carelessness, when detecting the driving carelessness.
The information disclosed in this Background section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art.

Driver state detection system and method with accelerator pedal control function


A noise-absorbing device includes a substantially flat base and embossed and/or hollow elements each including at least one recess. This base reveals with the embossed and/or hollow elements, a configuration exhibiting a fractality zone of between 1 cm and 50 cm, of fractal dimension greater than 2.5 enabling the localization of the waves over the sound frequency range, in the vicinity of the elements.

The present invention relates to a soundproof wall. It aims at limiting the effects of the noise, among other things noises issued from various modes of transportation (roads, railways, airports). This soundproof device may be arranged on any type of infrastructure (wall, ceiling, floor, tunnel, building, . . . ).
The solution consisting in covering certain portions of roads or of motorways is not always possible. Often, it is sought to attenuate, if not to suppress, the effects of the noise by the construction on the bank of the carriageway, soundproof walls, also called acoustic screens, along the existing carriageways.
The conception of these soundproof walls results from the application of the circular R/A 89.66 dated 17 May 1989 which defines the requirements thereof in terms of noise, aesthetics and cost.
Generally, it is known that the sizing method of such walls is based on the calculation of the direct transmissions and on the calculation of sound attenuation by absorption, by reflection and by diffraction.
The absorbing panels are generally in the form of a caisson wherein is placed an absorbing material such as mineral wool, clay foam, etc. . . . whereas the masking panels are made of a hard wall such as glass, smoothed concrete, etc . . . .
The present invention falls into the former category, i.e the field of sound-absorbing panels. The device offered forms not only a sound-proof shield, but also enables the absorption thereof and reduces the effect of multiple reflections.
The purpose of the invention is to improve the performances of a soundproof wall fitted with absorbing panels while offering a new geometry consisting, among other things, in increasing the interaction surface of the acoustic waves with a partially absorbing material.
The invention falls within the framework of so-called fractal geometries and space filling surfaces. In particular, it has been sought here to realise such an object in a practical manner, which imposes a restriction on the first orders of fractality.


A 90 degree Alternate-Phase (AP) on-off keying (OOK) transmission format for high bit rate, long-haul optical transmission systems employing a chirped or a chirp-free pulse stream generated by a pulse generator (e.g., Mach Zehnder modulator) driven by mixing two electrical signals—one for intensity modulation and another for pulse modulation. These electrical signals may be two properly skewed sinusoidal electrical signals at half the desired data rate thereby generating a pulse stream in which the maximum optical phase modulation occurs at the intensity peak of each pulse and is 90 degrees out of phase with its nearest neighbors.

High-capacity long-haul transmission at low cost is of crucial importance to meet the ever-increasing demand in optical communications. Designing long-haul (e.g., designed for distances in excess of 1000 km) dense wavelength-division-multiplexed (DWDM) systems is a means to achieve high capacity and low cost. However, many of the current high bit rate (e.g., with data rates of 40 Gb/s) DWDM systems use a pseudo linear transmission format called return to zero (RZ) on-off keying (OOK) transmission, in which the presence or absence of light to convey information, e.g. a digital "one" is represented by the presence of an optical pulse and a "zero" is represented by the absence of a pulse. These systems suffer from various non-linear transmission penalties, such as intra-channel cross-phase modulation (XPM) and intra-channel four wave mixing (FWM), the latter of which results in the amplitude fluctuation in "1s" and the generation of ghost pulses through energy transfers from "1s" to "0s". These effects undesirably limit the ultimate reach of the system.
While intra-channel XPM can be effectively suppressed by optimum dispersion management, intra-channel FWM remains a limiting nonlinear penalty in long-haul high-bit-rate transmission, despite various attempts that have been made to deal with that effect. For example, different signaling or modulation formats, such as return to zero (RZ), carrier-suppressed RZ (CS-RZ), chirped RZ (C-RZ), modified duo-binary, etc., have been suggested. Unfortunately, however, these attempts have not met realistic commercial needs, due, in part to problems associated not just with performance limitations, but also with expense, and implementation difficulty. For example, one approach to suppressing ghost pulse generation is to use duobinary and modified duobinary formats. However, that approach is not optimal, because the implementation of these transmission formats generally requires either complicated electronics or extra optical component hardware on the transmitter side of the transmission link.

High-bit-rate long-haul fiber optic communication system techniques and arrangements


A vacuum machine for a zipper a bag comprising a casing, a motor, vanes, a suction mouth, a suction opening, a vent, a power supply, a switch and so on, wherein the suction opening is disposed corresponding to the vanes; the suction mouth is of tubular shape and is exposed out of the casing, and the rear end of which connects to the suction opening, wherein it also comprises a clamping member that connects with the casing and surrounds a section of the suction mouth; a clamping gap is formed between the clamping member and the suction mouth; the clamping member comprises an upper clamping member and a lower clamping member which are disposed substantially parallel to each other, thereby forming a clamping gap opening, the width of which is between 2 mm and 5 mm. The vacuum machine is simple in structure, small in size, convenient for use, highly flexible and suitable for zipper bags of different sizes and types. It not only vacuumes zipper bags, but also securely seals the zipping strips of zipper bags, thereby solving the problem of difficulty in sealing the zipping strips accurately.

The present invention relates to vacuum machines and more particularly pertains to a vacuum machine for zipper bag.
There are different types of zipper bags in the marketplace for general household food storage. The structure of these zipper bags can be divided into two types, namely the zipping strip type and the sliding tab type. The zipping strip type is disposed with zipping strips for sealing on the two inner surfaces of the zipper bag opening. The zipping strips are interlockable grooves and ridges corresponding to each other. Users may seal the zipper bag by lightly pressing the zipping strips to insert the ridges into the grooves. However, it is often difficult to press the zipping strips accurately with fingers, especially for zipper bags with relatively wide openings. Users usually cannot seal the whole bag openings and this causes leakage of substance inside and fails to attain the effect of sealing.
The sliding tab type zipper bag is also disposed with interlocking zipping strips on the upper inner surfaces of the bag opening, with a sliding tab provided in addition thereto. The sliding tab is usually like a clamp which clamps the zipping strips in its clamping gap. Users only need to slide the sliding tab along the bag opening and the sliding tab would press and seal the zipping strips, thereby achieving sealing. Although sliding tab type zipper bags can seal bag openings easily, most sliding tabs are primitive in their structure and become loose easily. They are therefore not suitable for prolonged repeated use.
Moreover, both zipping strip type and sliding tab type zipper bags fail to attain the effect of complete vacuum. This is particularly apparent when they are used for food storage. If there is plenty of air inside a zipper bag, food becomes oxidized and rotten easily and cannot be stored for a long period of time. Although there are vacuum machines for vacuum sealing of plastic packaging bags in the marketplace, these vacuum machines are usually of complex structure and are bulky in size, which are not suitable for general household use. Some zipper bags are disposed with unidirectional suction valves for the vacuuming function, but this increases production costs and lacks flexibility. If users need to use zipper bags of different sizes, they would need to buy extra vacuum zipper bags.
Chinese Utility Model Patent No. 02271835.4 discloses a micro vacuum machine which is small and light. It draws out air from a zipper bag through a cylindrical suction mouth inserted into the bag so as to attain the vacuuming effect. However, users still need to press the zipping strips of the zipper bag with their hands when using this vacuum machine, which fails to solve the problem of difficultly sealing the zipping strips accurately. Even if a sliding tab zipper bag is used, users have to remove the suction mouth and zip the sliding tab at exactly the same time. The time lag between the two actions may cause entrance of air into the zipper bag, thereby reducing the vacuuming effect.


A cell measurement method used in a mobile station camping on a serving cell is provided, wherein the serving cell sends system information of neighbor cells to the mobile station. A first set of the neighbor cells is determined based on a measurement rule for cell reselection. A second set of the neighbor cells is determined based on a report request for radio link establishment. A subset is chosen from the second set. Finally, the neighbor cells of a union of the first set and the subset are measured.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a system and method for cell measurement in a Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), and more particularly to a system and method for cell measurement a UMTS based on cell reselection and report requirement.
2. Description of the Related Art
In current Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) cellular system design, measurement for cell reselection is based on a measurement rule. However, system information of a serving cell can also carry an additional cell measurement and send a "report on Random Access Channel (RACH)". Thus, when both are simultaneously performed, the measurement configuration is undefined.
According to the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) specification, cell measurement should be based on a signal strength and/or quality of a serving cell. Normally, thresholds are established by system information of the cell via a Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH). The 3GPP specification allows the measurement target to be decided dynamically after comparing thresholds with the measurement result of the serving cell, in order to reduce measurement burden for a mobile station and prioritize a candidate cell during a cell reselection procedure.
Additionally, the 3GPP specification also defines a rule for "measured results on RACH". The 3GPP specification requires the user equipment (UE) to report the measurement result for one or more cells, by system information of the cell via the BCCH. However, the 3GPP specification does not mention or comment on the correlation between the two rules.

Method of cell measurement based on cell reselection and measured report in UMTS cellular system


In a method of operating a hybrid drive train for a motor vehicle including an internal combustion engine, an electric machine and a transmission, a first clutch arranged between the internal combustion engine and the transmission and the electric machine being arranged in parallel with the first clutch and being connectable to the internal combustion engine by way of a second clutch and to the transmission via a third clutch, the electric machine is connected by means of the second and third clutches to the internal combustion engine and to the transmission for assisting the first clutch transmitting an excessive engine torque, and upon failure of the first clutch, for starting movement of the motor vehicle, the third clutch is engaged and the electric machine is energized for transferring an electric machine torque to the transmission and the second clutch is engaged when the vehicle has reached a speed corresponding to the engine speed.

The invention relates to a method of operating a hybrid drive train of a motor vehicle having an internal combustion engine connectable, via a first clutch, to a transmission and an electric machine which can be connected to the internal combustion engine via a second clutch and, via a third clutch, to the transmission without interposition of the first clutch.
DE 103 19 880 A1 describes a hybrid drive train of a motor vehicle in which a first clutch in the form of a wet starting clutch is arranged between an internal combustion engine and a transmission in the form of an automatic transmission. The drive train has a first electric machine which is directly connected for rotation with an output shaft of the internal combustion engine. The drive train also has a second electric machine. The second electric machine can be connected by means of a clutch to a ring gear of an input planetary gear set of the automatic transmission, to which the internal combustion engine can also be connected by means of the starting clutch. In addition, the second electric machine can be connected by means of a further clutch to a sun gear of the input planetary gear set. The first electric machine is thereby fixedly connected to the internal combustion engine, and the second electric machine can be connected to the transmission without the interposition of the starting clutch. A plurality of different operating modes can be implemented using said drive train.
It is the object of the present invention to provide a method of operating a hybrid drive train of a motor vehicle in a cost-effective and reliable manner selectively by the internal combustion engine or an electric machine or both, or driving the electric machine selectively by the engine or the vehicle depending on different operating modes.

Method for operating a hybrid drive train of a motor vehicle


A sheet storage case for storing therein a stack of sheets. The sheet storage case is assembled into a sheet feeding device which feeds out an uppermost sheet of the stack of sheets. The sheet storage case includes a bottom plate, a first positioning member fixedly secured to the bottom plate and a slidably movable second positioning member provided in the bottom plate. The second positioning member has a sheet receiving portion for receiving the stack of sheets. The second positioning member is movable toward and away from the first positioning member. To mount a stack of sheet on the sheet storage case, the second positioning member is moved away from the first positioning member, the sheets are placed on the sheet receiving portion, and then the second positioning member is moved toward the first positioning member. The side edges of the sheets are aligned, because the sheets are fittedly interposed between the two positioning members. The uppermost sheet is taken out by a mechanism which includes a suction cut which is brought to contact with the uppermost sheet to attract the latter. The suction cup to which the sheet is attracted is swung in the position above the sheet storage case to separate the uppermost sheet from the reminder.

The present invention relates generally to a sheet storage case for storing therein a stack of sheets. More particularly, the invention relates to a sheet storage case adapted to be assembled into a sheet feeding device which feeds out an uppermost sheet of the stack of sheets.
Various types of sheet storage cases or sheet cassette cases have been known in the art. One of the conventional sheet storage cases includes a plate-like member provided within a cassette case which regulates a stacking position of the sheets. The position where such a plate-like member is provided agrees with the size of the sheet to be received. With this structure, no gap is provided between the sheets and the sheet position regulating member. Consequently, it would be rather difficult to dispose a stack of sheets into the cassette case, particularly, to align the edges of the stack of sheets with one another.
In another conventional sheet cassette case, a snubber is provided therein which is assembled in a sheet feed means provided in a copying machine, which sheet feed means takes out each sheet. In such sheet cassette case, an uppermost sheet of the stack of sheets is taken out by the action of the sheet feed means of the copying machine. In this case, one edge of the sheet is temporarily engaged with the snubber so that the sheet is bent. Accordingly, subsequent sheet is separated from the uppermost sheet because of it inherent rigidity. However, a sheet portion engaging the snubber may be subjected to scratching or damage. Particularly, in case of a particular type of the sheet such as the developer sheet, developer materials coated on the surface thereof may be scraped off due to the frictional engagement with the snubber. Therefore, a desirable image formation on the sheet may not be attainable.
A sheet cassette for use in a copying machine is one of the typical examples of the sheet storage case. In such a sheet cassette, a guide plate is fixed in a sheet case by screws, etc. for regulating a position of the sheets. However, it would be rather troublesome in storing the sheets therein, and if a plurality of sheets are irregularly stored in the cassette, the sheets may be deformed or folded.
An image recording apparatus which employs a photosensitive pressure-sensitive recording medium has been known in which special attention should be made with respect to a moisture absorption into the recording medium. In the conventional apparatus, the photosensitive pressure-sensitive recording medium exposed to light in accordance with an imaging information is superposed with a developer sheet (developer material coated sheet) and are uniformly pressed together. In this case, if irregular pressure distribution is provided with respect to the every pressing positions, wrinkles may be generated in the developer sheet or the photosensitive pressure sensitive sheet. The wrinkles are considered to be produced by non-uniformity in density of a base sheet which constitutes the developer sheet, which nonuniformity may be caused by moisture absorption from cutting edges of the developer sheets.
The developer sheets undergo excessive moisture absorption thereinto through an upper surface area of the uppermost sheet and through cutting edges of the sheet stack. For example, when leaving the developer sheet at an atmosphere having a temperature of 28.degree. C., and humidity of 90% for about 30 minutes, a large amount of moisture is absorbed into the sheet. If image recording operation is carried out with employing such developer sheet having large water content, the uppermost sheet does not provide significant problem, since water is uniformly absorbed in an entire area thereof. However, with respect to the subsequent sheets, since water is absorbed into the sheet through the cutting edges, the edge portions of the sheet provide high moisture content ratio, whereas a central portion of the identical sheet still has its dried state. As a result, irregularities in density is provided in the sheet, to thereby promote generation of the sheet wrinkles.
However, no special attention has been drawn to the conventional developer sheet cassette in respect of the moisture absorption. Therefore, an operator must store only a required amount of sheets into the cassette for the copying, and such sheet number counting works may be troublesome for the operator.
In still another conventional sheet storage container, a bottom plate is provided for mounting thereon cut sheets etc. The bottom plate merely serve to mount thereon the sheets. However, in case of exchanging the sheets with another kind of the sheets, a finger must be inserted into a narrow space within the container body for taking out the sheets, which has been troublesome.
In a conventional image recording apparatus of the type having a sheet feeding device, there are provided two sensors, one being adapted for detecting a sheet feed cassette assembled into a main body of the apparatus and the other being adapted for detecting sheets within the cassette. However, employment of the two sensors is disadvantageous in terms of cost and an operational reliability. Further, installations of the mechanical components and assembling works may be troublesome. Furthermore, it would be difficult to perform detection of the sheets within the cassette by a simple arrangement.

Sheet storage case for use in image recording apparatus


A method and apparatus for managing a flight of an aircraft. Conditions in an environment around the aircraft are monitored during the flight of the aircraft on a route having a number of target points. In response to detecting a condition requiring a change to the route of the aircraft, current resources for the aircraft are identified. A determination is made as to whether changing the route reduces the number of target points that can be reached based on the current resources for the aircraft. In response to a determination that changing the route reduces the number of target points that can be reached, the route is changed to include a portion of the number of target points using the condition and a policy.

1. Field
The present disclosure relates generally to aircraft and, in particular, to a method and apparatus for managing aircraft. Still more particularly, the present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for managing an unmanned aerial vehicle during flight.
2. Background
Unmanned aerial vehicles are aircraft that fly without a human operator onboard the aircraft. Unmanned aerial vehicles are used for a number of different purposes. Unmanned aerial vehicles may be used by military organizations to perform surveillance, reconnaissance, target acquisition, attacks on targets, and other suitable operations. Additionally, unmanned aerial vehicles also may be used in non-military applications. These applications include fire-fighting, security, and/or other suitable types of operations.
Unmanned aerial vehicles may have many different shapes, sizes, configurations, and characteristics. Unmanned aerial vehicles may be controlled from a remote location or fly autonomously using a program with a flight plan run by the program on the unmanned aerial vehicle.
Depending on the conditions encountered during a mission performed by an unmanned aerial vehicle, increased challenges in the survivability and performance of the mission may be present. For example, with respect to survivability, an unmanned aerial vehicle may perform a mission at lower altitudes in hostile environments. An unmanned aerial vehicle may have to deviate from a desired route to avoid exposure to threats that may damage or destroy the unmanned aerial vehicle. These threats also may include jamming or other interruptions in the communications links used by the unmanned aerial vehicle.
Additionally, missions may include multiple waypoints through which an unmanned aerial vehicle may fly. The unmanned aerial vehicle may collect information or perform other operations at or near these waypoints. When a hostile environment is present, the route of the unmanned aerial vehicle may change such that reaching the different waypoints to perform operations may be unfeasible with respect to the resources of the unmanned aerial vehicle, such as fuel.
Currently, unmanned aerial vehicles may fly a route using the waypoints that may be followed. These waypoints may include points other than those used to perform different operations. A remote operator may interrupt the route being flown by the unmanned aerial vehicle to take into account hostile environments. Additionally, the remote operator also may make other changes to the waypoints to take into account available resources.
This type of process requires the remote operator to monitor the unmanned aerial vehicle. The position of the unmanned aerial vehicle and information about potential hostile environments are used by the operator to determine whether changes are needed. These types of operations may take more time than desired, as well as require additional resources to operate the unmanned aerial vehicle.
Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a method and apparatus that takes into account one or more of the issues discussed above, as well as other issues.

Management system for unmanned aerial vehicles


Provided is a polyethylene terephthalate-based meltblown nonwoven fabric comprising a mixed polymer comprising 75 to 98% by weight of polyethylene terephthalate and 2 to 25% by weight of a polyolefin. The meltblown fabric has excellent thermal resistance, dimensional stability, strength and hand. Also provided is a process for producing a polyethylene terephthalate-based meltblown nonwoven fabric, which comprises melt blowing a mixed polymer comprising 75 to 98% by weight of polyethylene terephthalate and 2 to 25% by weight of a polyolefin. It is preferable that the melt blowing is conducted at a single orifice throughput of 0.2 to 1.0 g/min and under an air-jet pressure of 0.1 to 1.0 kg/cm.sup.2.

Melt-blowing process comprises extruding a molten polymer through orifices, attenuating the extrudates into fibers by action of high-temperature high-speed gas that blows from near the orifices and collecting them on a belt conveyer comprising a wire net or the like, thereby forming a nonwoven fabric. This process is known to be capable of directly producing nonwoven fabrics comprising microfine fibers that cannot be produced by other processes. One of the features of the melt-blowing process is to extrude a polymer with its melt viscosity being about one order lower than that employed upon conventional melt spinning of general-purpose fibers. It is then become necessary either to use a polymer having a lower degree of polymerization than those used for conventional melt spinning or to elevate the temperature of the polymer being extruded. Any polymer satisfying the above conditions and having threadability, i.e. fiber formability, can be used for producing meltblown nonwoven fabrics. There are thus currently produced meltblown nonwoven fabrics comprising various polyolefins, polyamides, polyesters, polyurethanes or the like. There is, however, almost no production of meltblown fabrics comprising polyethylene terephthalate (hereinafter referred to as "PET"), which is a representative of polyesters and generally has advantages in view of good qualities and low cost.
This is because of low crystallization rate of PET as compared with other crystalline polymers being used for meltblown fabrics. When extruded under the usual melt-blowing conditions, PET does not increase the crystallinity sufficiently, although it can be attenuated into fibers with no problem. Then, the resulting fibers have low thermal stability and, when placed under relaxed condition at a temperature exceeding 70.degree.-80.degree. C., i.e. one exceeding the glass transition temperature of the polymer, shrink to a large extent, which is a very serious problem for practical purposes. Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 45768/1991 proposes to solve the above problem a process which comprises appropriately heat treating under tension the web having been meltblown and collected on a belt conveyer, thereby appropriately increasing the crystallinity. This process, however, requires an additional heat treatment step and, at the same time, yields a nonwoven fabric having lower strength and being more rigid than other meltblown nonwoven fabrics from conventional readily crystallizable polymers. This is considered to be due to the tendency of meltblown polyethylene terephthalate to generate spherulites.
Even with PET, employment of very specific conditions realizes production of a web having an areal shrinkage of not more than 10% in spite of the constituting fiber having crystallized to a low crystallinity, as described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open Nos. 90663/1980 and 201564/1989.
Thus, Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 90663/1980 discloses a process which comprises blowing high-pressure air (1.5 to 6 kg/cm.sup.2) through an air gap having a narrow clearance of 0.2 mm or so. The process further comprises permitting the crystallization of the polymer leaving the orifice to progress by maintaining its intrinsic viscosity [.eta.] at least 0.55, preferably at least 0.6. To this end, it is necessary to extrude the polymer at a viscosity (at least 500 poises) considerably higher than the melt viscosity range that assures good melt-blowing condition of the polymer. The PET meltblown fabric thus obtained has good properties, such as strength, hand and thermal resistance. In commercial production with a machine having a width of at least 1.5 m, it is, however, difficult to maintain such a narrow gap clearance of less than 0.3 mm uniform throughout the machine width. There would occur uneven air blow widthwise, thereby generating uneven attenuation of polymer extrudates and further variation of secondary air flow accompanying the extrudates. As a result, there occurs in the web collected on a belt conveyer a continuous weight unevenness that resembles a wind-wrought pattern on the sand so that it becomes difficult to continue the operation.
In addition, the high pressure of at least 1.5 kg/cm.sup.2 of the primary air produces a large cooling effect due to adiabatic expansion. Then the PET extrudates are readily cooled and the high melting point of PET makes it difficult to produce pseudo-adhesion between the microfibers that formed. Consequently, the microfibers being collected onto the conveyer tend to scatter so that the collecting operation becomes unstable. This tendency becomes more marked with increasing polymer throughput per orifice and increasing volume of the primary air. Furthermore, with the conditions of high single orifice throughput under nigh pressure and high viscosity, shots (polymer particles) and nozzle soiling increase so that it becomes difficult to continue a long-period stable operation. To avoid this problem, a low throughput condition (0.7 to 0.2 g/orifice.multidot.minute) is necessarily employed, which lowers the productivity.
The process disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 201564/1989 comprises jetting high-pressure secondary air through a narrow gap having a clearance of not more than 0.2 mm, and further using a long chamber for orientation having a length of at least 1 meter. Accordingly, this process also encounters large difficulty upon practicing with a large-width equipment on an industrial scale.
Under the above-described circumstances, no PET meltblown nonwoven fabrics are commercially produced today and costly polybutylene terephthalate, which has high crystallization rate and is hence free from the above difficulties, is used, as an only representative polyesters, for producing meltblown nonwoven fabric.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 99058/1985 proposes a process which comprises melt blowing PET in combination with another polymer. In this process, PET and PP are separately melted at different temperatures and then joined at the spinneret part, thereby forming microfine side-by-side composite fiber. In the usual melt spinning of general-purpose fiber, it is relatively easy to provide an equipment capable of joining 2 polymer flows at the spinneret part. With spinnerets for melt-blowing purpose, which must include passages for blowing air and arrange orifices in substantially one line only, provision of such joining device however renders the entire spinning head too complex so that the number of orifices should be extremely reduced, thereby decreasing the productivity. Furthermore, the microfiber obtained by this process is, like those in meltblown fabrics comprising PET only, not provided with increased crystallization rate. As a result, the thermal stability of such fiber is not improved.
In view of the above problems, the present inventors have made intensive studies to obtain, using PET, stably and efficiently, a meltblown nonwoven fabric having the excellent properties of PET, and completed the invention .

Polyethylene terephthalate-based meltblown nonwoven fabric ad process for producing the same


A method and an apparatus for training a handwritten document categorizer are disclosed. For each category in a set into which handwritten documents are to be categorized, discriminative words are identified from the OCR output of a training set of typed documents labeled by category. A group of keywords is established including some of the discriminative words identified for each category. Samples of each of the keywords in the group are synthesized using a plurality of different type fonts. A keyword model is then generated for each keyword, parameters of the model being estimated, at least initially, based on features extracted from the synthesized samples. Keyword statistics for each of a set of scanned handwritten documents labeled by category are generated by applying the generated keyword models to word images extracted from the scanned handwritten documents. The categorizer is trained with the keyword statistics and respective handwritten document labels.

The exemplary embodiment relates generally to recognition of handwritten words in document images without having to detect or identify the individual characters making up the words or the full text. It relates particularly to a document categorizer for handwritten documents which is trained on document statistics generated by identifying discriminative words in training documents using models for these words which may employ synthesized word images as training samples, and finds application in document classification, processing, analysis, sorting, detection, word spotting, and related arts.
Text of electronically encoded documents tends to be found in either of two distinct formats, namely bitmap format and character code format. In the former, the text is defined in terms of an array of pixels corresponding to the visual appearance of the page. A binary image is one in which a given pixel is either ON (typically black) or OFF (typically white). A pixel can be represented by one bit in a larger data structure. A grayscale image is one where each pixel can assume one of a number of shades of gray ranging from white to black. An N-bit pixel can represent 2N shades of gray. In a bitmap image, every pixel on the image has equal significance, and virtually any type of image (text, line graphics, and pictorial) can be represented this way. In character code format, the text is represented as a string of character codes, the most common being the ASCII codes. A character is typically represented by 8 bits.
There are many applications where it is desirable for text to be extracted from a document or a portion thereof which is in bitmap format. For example, a document may be available only in a printed version. In the case of a mailroom, for example, documents, such as letters, often arrive in unstructured format, and for ease of processing, are classified into a number of pre-defined categories. Manual classification is a time consuming process, often requiring a reviewer to read a sufficient portion of the document to form a conclusion as to how it should be categorized. Methods have been developed for automating this process. In the case of typed text, for example, the standard solution includes performing OCR on each letter and extracting a representation of the document, e.g., as a bag-of-words (BoW) in which a histogram of word frequencies is generated. Classification of the letter can then be performed, based on the BoW histogram.
However, a significant portion of the letter flow in a mailroom is typically handwritten. To handle handwritten text, one solution would be to replace the OCR engine with a Handwriting Recognition (HWR) engine. However, this approach has at least two significant shortcomings: (i) the error rate of HWR engines is much higher than that of OCR engines and (ii) the processing time, i.e., the time it takes to obtain the full transcription of a page, is also very high (several seconds per page). When large numbers of documents are to be processed, as in the case of a mailroom, this is not a viable alternative for the handwritten letters.
"Word-spotting" methods have been developed to address the challenge of handwritten documents. Such methods operate by detecting a specific keyword in a handwritten document without the need of performing a full transcription. For example, an organization dealing with contracts may wish to identify documents which include keywords such as "termination" or "cancellation" so that such documents can receive prompt attention. Other organizations may wish to characterize documents according to their subject matter for processing by different groups within the organization.
In word spotting methods, handwritten samples of the keyword are extracted manually from sample documents and used to train a model which is then able to identify the keyword, with relatively good accuracy, when it appears in the document text. One system, based on hidden Markov models (HMMs), represents words as a concatenation of single-state character HMMs. This system employs segmentation of the characters prior to feature extraction. Another system uses multiple-state HMMs to model characters without requiring segmentation of words into characters.
One drawback which limits the usefulness of word spotting methods is that the keyword(s) for a given category need to be chosen carefully by a human operator. For some categories, a single word may be sufficient to ensure that a large proportion of the documents is identified. With other categories, finding a single word is more difficult. The problem is compounded as the number of categories increases since some keywords may be common to two or more categories. As a result, wide-spread deployment of word spotting techniques is difficult.

Handwritten document categorizer and method of training


An access apparatus for use in surgical procedures is provided. The access apparatus includes a zero-closure valve disposed within a housing associated with the access apparatus and adjacent a longitudinal passage defined by an access member operably associated with the access apparatus. The zero-closure valve is configured to provide a substantially fluid-tight seal in the absence of the surgical instrument inserted therethrough. A check-valve is operably associated with the zero-closure valve and is in fluid communication with the longitudinal passage and an insufflation port operably associated with the access member. The check-valve is configured to provide a fluid-tight seal when a pressure inside the access apparatus is greater than a pressure external thereof.

1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates to an access apparatus and, more particularly, to an access apparatus that includes an integral zero-closure valve and check valve for an insufflation port.
2. Description of Related Art
In laparoscopic procedures, clinicians perform surgery in the interior of the abdomen through a small incision, and in endoscopic procedures, clinicians conduct surgery in any hollow viscus of the body through a narrow tube or cannula inserted through a small entrance incision in the skin. In certain instances, one or more insufflation ports are operably associated with the narrow tube or cannula and are configured to provide a pressurized gas, e.g., CO2, into the abdomen after the narrow tube or cannula is inserted into the incision and secured to a patient, thus creating a pneumoperitoneum. The gas provides a positive pressure that raises the inner body wall away from internal organs, thereby providing the surgeon with an operating space. By creating the operating space, the clinician avoids unnecessarily contacting the organs with the instruments inserted through the cannula assembly.
Typically, the one or more insufflation ports include one or more components, such as, for example, intricate manual valves, caps, stopcocks, external tubes and the like, that are configured to maintain the pneumoperitoneum and control for insufflation gas flow. As can be appreciated, the aforementioned components, e.g., intricate valves, increase the cost of manufacture of the insufflation port and/or access apparatus.
Accordingly, it may prove advantageous to provide an access apparatus that includes an easy to manufacture component that is configured to maintain the pneumoperitoneum and control for insufflation gas flow.

Access apparatus including integral zero-closure valve and check valve


Example aspects of an insulated box assembly and a method of assembling an insulated box assembly are disclosed. The insulated box assembly can comprise a plurality of outer lateral sidewalls, the outer lateral sidewalls defining an inner surface, the inner surface defining an inner cavity; a plurality of inner lateral sidewalls received in the inner cavity, the inner lateral sidewalls defining an outer surface; and a monolithic sidewall liner received in the inner cavity between the outer lateral sidewalls and the inner lateral sidewalls, the sidewall liner defining a liner outer surface and a continuous, uninterrupted liner inner surface opposite the liner outer surface, the liner outer surface facing the inner surface of the outer lateral sidewalls, and the liner inner surface facing the outer surface of the inner lateral sidewalls.

Packaging perishable or temperature sensitive contents for storage or shipping can pose challenges. The contents can spoil, destabilize, freeze, melt, or evaporate during storage or shipping if the temperature of the contents is not maintained or the packaging is not protected from hot or cold environmental conditions. Contents such as food, pharmaceuticals, electronics, or other temperature sensitive items can be damaged if exposed to temperature extremes. Many insulated packages are bulky and difficult to store prior to use. Additionally, many insulated packages cannot be recycled and are often disposed of in landfills.

Insulated box assembly and temperature-regulating lid therefor


A method of fabricating a liquid crystal display panel includes forming a first conductive layer on a substrate and patterning the first conductive layer using a first resist pattern printed on the first conductive layer to form a gate pattern. A semiconductor layer and a second conductive layer are stacked on a gate insulating film formed on the gate pattern. A second resist pattern having a stepped part printed on the second conductive layer forms a source/drain pattern of a transistor. A third resist pattern printed on a passivation film formed on the substrate patterns the film. A third conductive layer is formed on the patterned film and the third resist pattern and the third resist pattern is stripped to form a transparent electrode pattern including a pixel electrode connected to the drain electrode of the transistor.

1. Field
The present invention relates to a liquid crystal display panel, and more particularly, to a method of fabricating a liquid crystal display panel capable of reducing a fabricating cost and simplifying a fabricating process.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, a liquid crystal display device represents an image by means of adjusting a transmittance of a liquid crystal material using an electric field. For this purpose, the liquid crystal display device comprises a liquid crystal display panel in which the liquid crystal cells are arranged in a matrix pattern, and a driving circuit for driving the liquid crystal display panel.
The liquid crystal display panel includes a thin film transistor array substrate and a color filter array substrate facing each other, a spacer located for fixedly maintaining a cell gap between two substrates and a liquid crystal stuffed to the cell gap.
The thin film transistor array substrate includes gate lines and data lines, a thin film transistor formed as a switching device at every crossing of the gate lines and the data lines, a pixel electrode formed for every liquid crystal cell and connected to the thin film transistor, and an alignment film applied on them. The gate lines and the data lines receive signal from the driving circuits through each of the pad parts. The thin film transistor, in response to a scan signal supplied to a gate line, supplies to the pixel electrode a pixel voltage signal provided to the data line.
The color filter array substrate includes a color filter formed for every liquid crystal cell, a black matrix for reflecting external light and separating between the color filters, a common electrode commonly supplying a reference voltage to the liquid crystal cells, and the alignment film applied on them.
The liquid crystal display panel is fabricated by combining the thin film transistor array substrate and the color filter array substrate which are separately manufactured, injecting the liquid crystal material between the substrates and sealing the substrates having the liquid crystal material therebetween.
FIG. 1 is a plan view illustrating a part of a related art thin film transistor array substrate, and FIG. 2 is a sectional view illustrating the thin film transistor array substrate taken along line I-I′ in FIG. 1.
The thin film transistor array substrate, shown in FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, includes gate lines 2 and data lines 4 crossing with each other and having a gate insulating film 44 therebetween on a lower substrate 42, a thin film transistor 6 formed at every crossing, and a pixel electrode 18 formed in the cell region arranged by the crossing fashion. Further, the thin film transistor array substrate includes a storage capacitor 20 formed at an overlapped part of the pixel electrode 18 and a pre-stage gate line 2, a gate pad part 26 connected to the gate line 2 and a data pad part 34 connected to the data line 4.
The thin film transistor 6 includes a gate electrode 8 connected to the gate line 2, a source electrode 10 connected to the data line 4, a drain electrode 12 connected to a pixel electrode 18, and an active layer 14 of a semiconductor pattern 68 which defines a channel between the source electrode 10 and the drain electrode 12 and overlaps the gate electrode 8. The active layer 14 overlaps a lower data pad electrode 36, a storage electrode 22, the data line 4, the source electrode 10 and the drain electrode 12, and further includes a channel portion defined between the source electrode 10 and the drain electrode 12. An ohmic contact layer 48 of the semiconductor pattern 68 for making an ohmic contact with the source electrode 10 and the drain electrode 12 are further formed on the active layer 14. The thin film transistor 6 responds to the gate signal supplied to the gate line 2 and makes a pixel voltage signal supplied to the data line 4 be charged to the pixel electrode 18.
The pixel electrode 18 is connected to the drain electrode 12 of the thin film transistor 6 via a first contact hole 16 passing through a passivation film 50. The pixel electrode 18 generates a potential difference along with the common electrode formed on the upper substrate (not shown) by a pixel voltage charged. By this potential difference, the liquid crystal material located between the thin film transistor substrate and the upper substrate rotates due to a dielectric anisotropy, and allows incident light through the pixel electrode 18 from the light source (not shown) to be transmitted to the upper substrate.
The storage capacitor 20 includes a pre-stage gate line 2, a storage electrode 22 overlapping the pre-stage gate line 2 having the gate insulating film 44, the active layer 14 and the ohmic contact layer 48 therebetween, and the pixel electrode 18 connected through a second contact hole 24 formed at the passivation film 50 and overlapped with the storage electrode 22 having the passivation film 50 therebetween. The storage capacitor 20 makes the pixel voltage be charged to the pixel electrode 18 stably maintain until a next pixel voltage is charged.
The gate line 2 is connected to a gate driver (not shown) through the gate pad part 26. The gate pad part 26 includes a lower gate pad electrode 28 extending from the gate line 2 and an upper gate pad electrode 32 connected to the lower gate pad electrode 28 via a third contact hole 30 passing through both of the gate insulating film 44 and the passivation film 50.
The data line 4 is connected to the data driver (not shown) through the data pad part 34. The data pad part 34 includes the lower data pad electrode 36 extending from the data line 4 and an upper data pad electrode 40 connected to the lower data pad electrode 36 via a fourth contact hole 38 passing through the passivation film 50.
FIGS. 3A to 3G are sectional views illustrating a method of fabricating a thin film transistor array substrate of a related art liquid crystal display panel.
First of all, a gate metal layer is formed by a deposition method such as a sputtering method on the lower substrate 42. Thereafter, as shown in FIG. 3A, a printing plate 99 is prepared, wherein the printing plate 99 includes a resist 98 that is printed in a groove 55 of a gate pattern shape representing a gate line, a gate electrode 8, and a lower gate pad electrode 28. Herein, the printing plate 99 may include an organic material such as acrylic or BCB (benzocyclobutene), and may be made by etching a glass substrate itself. A printing roller 88 is contacted with the printing plate 99 while rotating, thereby adhering or transferring the resist 98 to the printing roller 88, as shown in FIG. 3B.
The printing roller 88 having the resist 98 is rotated and contacted with the lower substrate 42 having the gate metal layer, thereby forming a resist pattern 98 of the gate pattern shape on the lower substrate 42. The gate metal layer is etched by using the resist pattern 98 as a mask, to thereby form the gate pattern including the gate line 2, the gate electrode 8, and the lower gate pad electrode 28, as shown in FIG. 3C. Herein, a metal for the gates includes chrome (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), aluminum (Al) and the like in a form of a single-layer structure or a double-layer structure.
A gate insulating film 44 is formed on the lower substrate 42 provided with the gate pattern. The gate insulating film 44 is made of an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) or silicon nitride (SiNx)
An amorphous silicon layer and a n+ amorphous silicon layer are sequentially formed on the lower substrate 42 having the gate insulating film 44 thereon by a deposition technique such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and sputtering.
A resist pattern is formed on the n+ amorphous silicon layer by using a printing roller and a printing plate, in which a resist is printed in a groove with a shape of a semiconductor pattern shape. Thereafter, the amorphous silicon layer and the n+ amorphous silicon layer are patterned using the resist pattern as a mask. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 3D, the semiconductor pattern 68 is formed. The semiconductor pattern 68 has a double-layer structure in which the active layer 14 and the ohmic contact layer 48 are stacked.
A source/drain metal layer is entirely formed on the lower substrate 42 provided with the semiconductor pattern 68 by a deposition technique such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) and sputtering.
A resist pattern is formed on the source/drain metal layer by using a printing roller and a printing plate, in which a resist is printed in a groove with a shape of a source/drain pattern having a data line 4, a source electrode 10, a drain electrode 12, a storage electrode 22 and a lower data pad electrode 36. Thereafter, the source/drain metal layer is patterned using the resist pattern as a mask. Accordingly, there is formed the source/drain pattern including the data line 4, the source electrode 10, the drain electrode 12, the storage electrode 22 and the lower data pad electrode 36.
Next, the ohmic contact layer 48 of the channel portion is etched using the source electrode 10 and the drain electrode 12 as a mask, thereby etching the active layer 14 of the channel portion, as shown in FIG. 3E.
Herein, a metal for the source/drain pattern includes molybdenum (Mo), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta) or a molybdenum alloy.
A passivation film 50 is entirely formed on the lower substrate 42 having the source/drain pattern thereon by a deposition technique such as plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Thereafter, a resist pattern is formed on the lower substrate 42 provided with the passivation film 50 by using a printing roller and a printing plate having a groove with a printed resist. And then, the passivation film 50 is patterned through the use of the resist pattern as a mask, to thereby form first to fourth contact holes 16, 24, 30 and 38 as shown in FIG. 3F. The first contact hole 16 is formed in such a manner to pass through the passivation film 50 and exposes the drain electrode 12, whereas the second contact hole 24 is formed in such a manner to pass through the passivation film 50 and exposes the storage electrode 22. The third contact hole 30 is formed in such a manner to pass through the passivation film 50 and the gate insulating film 44 and exposes the lower gate pad electrode 28, whereas the fourth contact hole 38 is formed in such a manner to pass through the passivation film 50 and exposes the lower data pad electrode 36. Herein, the passivation film 50 is made of an inorganic insulating material such as silicon oxide (SiOx) or silicon nitride (SiNx).
A transparent electrode material is entirely deposited on the lower substrate 42 provided with the passivation film 50 by a deposition technique such as sputtering and the like. Then, a resist pattern is formed on the lower substrate 42 provided with the passivation film 50 by using a printing roller and a printing plate, in which a resist is printed in a groove with a shape of a transparent electrode pattern having a pixel electrode 18, an upper gate pad electrode and an upper data pad electrode. Thereafter, the transparent electrode material is patterned by using the resist pattern as a mask. Accordingly, the transparent electrode pattern including the pixel electrode 18, the upper gate pad electrode 32, and the upper data pad electrode 40 is formed. The pixel electrode 18 is electrically connected, via the first contact hole 16, to the drain electrode 12 while being electrically connected, via the second contact hole 24, to the storage electrode 22 overlapping a pre-stage gate line 2. The upper gate pad electrode 32 is electrically connected, via the third contact hole 30, to the lower gate pad electrode 28. The upper data pad electrode 40 is electrically connected, via the fourth contact hole 38, to the lower data pad electrode 36. In this connection, the transparent electrode material is made of indium-tin-oxide (ITO), tin-oxide (TO) or indium-zinc-oxide (IZO).
In such a method of manufacturing a related art thin film transistor array substrate, since the patterning process using the printing plate is performed over five times to manufacture thin film transistor array substrate, the manufacturing process is complicated, which is a major factor in increasing the manufacturing cost of the liquid crystal display panel. This is because one patterning process using the printing plate includes a lot of processes such as thin film deposition, cleaning, photolithography, etching, photo-resist stripping, inspection processes and the like. Accordingly, recently, the thin film transistor array substrate has been developed using a reduced number of mask processes. There is a need to simplify the manufacturing process and thus to save the manufacturing cost. Also, since a stripper used in a stripping process is very expensive and becomes wastewater after being used one time, the thin film transistor array substrate reducing the number of stripping processes is beneficial.

Method of fabricating liquid crystal display panel


A fast serial interface including a three-wire network connection between a bus controller and one or more bus devices is disclosed. The bus controller processes and issues data packets across the three-wire network that include a command code, a bus device selection code, and a bus device register selection code. If the command code corresponds to write code, then the selected bus device stores the data contained within the packet in the selected register. If the command code corresponds to a read command, the selected bus device retrieves the data stored in the selected register, forms a read data packet and transfers the read data packet to the bus controller.

N/A
N/A
Control of industrial robots requires high speed data lines for transmitting commands to the various robot systems from the robot controller and for receiving status data of the various robot systems by the robot controller. Typically, current robot controllers utilize one or more high speed parallel data busses to communicate to and from the robot.
High speed parallel data buses require a single conductor for each data bit that is to be transferred to or from the various robot systems and the robot controller. For a high density and high speed transmission system there will be numerous conductors running between the robot controller and the various robot systems. Also, in addition to the data carrying conductors, a number of conductors will be required to carry overhead data such as read and write commands and system select commands. As the chassis and the physical size of various systems continues to decrease, space becomes a more valuable commodity. The use of a parallel data transmission system requires an increased pin count as more systems are linked together and/or larger data words are used. This increased pin count will result in larger interface interference between the pins and conductors that will need to be in close proximity to one another will increase as well. This increase in interference can result in increased complexity in terms of circuits and systems and increase the cost of these systems as well. In addition, as the physically available space decreases, the amount of space taken up by parallel conductor runs inside the chassis can reduce the internal air flow resulting in increased complexity and cost to ensure that proper cooling occurs. Also, purchasing, installing, maintaining, and trouble shooting multiple conductor parallel data communication can be a costly investment for any system. In addition, the time required to trouble shoot a malfunctioning parallel communication system increases with the number of conductors carrying data.
Therefore what is needed in the art is a simple data interface system that is easy to route within a chassis, robust in its ability to carry high speed data, and able to perform data error checking.
A fast serial interface including a three-wire network connection between a bus controller and one or more bus devices is disclosed. The bus controller processes and issues data packets across the three-wire network that include a command code, a bus device selection code, and a bus device register selection code. If the command code corresponds to write code, then the selected bus device stores the data contained within the packet in the selected register. If the command code corresponds to a read command, the selected bus device retrieves the data stored in the selected register, forms a read data packet and transfers the read data packet to the bus controller.
Additional aspects, features and advantages of the present invention are also described in the following Detailed Description.

Fast serial interface used for controller to robot communications


A pressure gauge includes an alarm generating device which is actuated by a modified pressure indicating stick upon detection of an insufficient or overinflated pressure condition within a tire. The pressure checking operation is possible even if there is inadequate surrounding light and the gauge can be checked without the need for reading the pressure indicating stick or an associated scale dial.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a pressure indicator, more particularly to a tire pressure gauge which is provided with an alarm generating device so as to warn the driver upon detection of insufficient or excessive pressure in a tire.
2. Description of the Related Art
A pen-type conventional tire pressure indicator comprises a hollow elongated main casing having a first end, which is to be connected to the inflating valve of a tire so as to open the inflating valve, and a second end which has a central hole formed therethrough. A piston member is movably provided inside the main casing and is in tight contact with an interior wall surface of the main casing. A pressure indicating stick has a first end that is disposed inside the main casing adjacent to the piston member and a second end that extends out of the main casing via the central hole in the second end of the main casing. A biasing spring is provided between the piston member and the second end of the main casing.
When the main casing is attached to the inflating valve of a tire, air pressure from the tire pushes the piston member to move toward the second end of the main casing. The compression spring is compressed, and the pressure indicating stick extends through the second end of the elongated main casing by a length corresponding to the air pressure inside the tire. Since a scale is disposed along a longitudinal length of the pressure indicating stick, the user can easily read the amount of pressure.
A gauge-type conventional tire pressure indicator is generally similar to the pen-type tire pressure indicator except that the former has a circular casing which is disposed around the second end of the elongated main casing. The circular casing has a front side provided with a dial, a rear side opposite to the front side and a toothed wheel rotatably mounted therein. A scale indicator is fixed to the toothed wheel inside the circular casing. The pressure indicating stick employed in this type includes a rack which meshes with the toothed wheel. When the first end of the elongated main casing of the tire pressure indicator is attached to an inflated tire, the pressure indicating stick moves linearly in the elongated main casing so as to rotate the toothed wheel, thus moving the scale indicator in accordance with the incoming pressure.
The tire pressure is usually inspected whenever the driver feels that the tire pressure is insufficient or when a tire has been inflated and it is desired to determine if an excessive or insufficient tire pressure condition exists. The tire pressure is read at the pressure indicating stick or on the scale dial. In the event that the reading operation is carried out under poor visibility, such as where there is inadequate lighting, one would have the difficulty in determining the tire pressure.


An object of the present invention is to provide a cover that is made less prone to be removed even if receiving an impact due to falling or the like, and an operation for removing the cover is made easy. An engaging piece position regulating member made of a viscoelastic body such as an urethane-based resin is provided on a left side of an elastically-deformable engaging piece of a cover, which allows an engaging projection of the engaging piece to leave from an engaging hole when the cover is removed from a device casing by manual operation and inhibits the engaging projection of the engaging piece from leaving from the engaging hole when a rate of deformation larger than a rate of deformation by manual operation is provided to the engaging piece by an impact due to falling or the like.

For example, in a conventional locking structure for a battery cover in a portable electronic device such as a portable phone, the battery cover is less prone to be removed with a battery accommodated in a device casing even if receiving an impact due to falling or the like and, on the other hand, the battery cover can be easily removed at the time of battery replacement (for example, refer to Patent Document 1).
In this conventional locking structure for a battery cover, when the battery cover is slid along a front surface of the device casing to be mounted on the device casing, an elastically-deformable engaging piece provided at a tip part of the battery cover is elastically deformed and is then elastically returned to be engaged with an engaging part provided inside the device casing. With this, the battery cover is made less prone to be removed even if receiving an impact due to falling or the like.
On the other hand, at the time of battery replacement, a plate-shaped elastic body provided at a portion on the front surface of the device casing corresponding to the engaging piece of the battery cover mounted on the device casing is pressed, thereby pressing down the engaging piece of the battery cover via this pressed plate-shaped elastic body to release the engagement of the engaging piece of the battery cover with the engaging part of the device casing. In this state, the battery cover is slid along the front surface of the device casing in a removing direction, thereby making the battery cover easily removable.    Patent Document 1: Japanese Laid-Open (Kokai) Publication No. Heisei 10-069895


A damped spring device for a firearm is disclosed. The damped spring device includes a housing, a cylindrical outer tube fixed to the housing and defining a cavity, and a cylindrical barrel slidably disposed within the outer tube cavity such that the outer tube and the barrel define therebetween an annular space. The barrel is moveable longitudinally through a portion of the cavity between a rest position and a recoil position in response to the firing of the firearm. A prestressed elastomeric spring is disposed within the annular space and operatively engages the outer tube and the barrel for biasing the barrel toward the rest position and for braking the relative movement between the barrel and the outer tube.

Many small arms, including most automatic weapons, have moveable component parts that move or recoil in response to the gas pressure produced by the firing of the weapon. A spring is typically provided in order to cushion the moveable component as it approaches a fully recoiled position, and also to return the moveable component to a rest position in preparation for firing the next round of ammunition. Generally speaking, the spring must have a relatively high pretension, relative to its spring constant, against the moveable component.
After the moveable component has moved to the fully recoiled position, the spring subsequently returns the moveable component in the opposite direction back to the rest position. The spring must exert enough force on the moveable component to quickly return it back to the rest position. In the process, the moveable component comes into contact with a stop or support which helps to define the rest position. The moveable component typically runs into the stop with a great deal of force, and thus ideally the spring must be strong enough so that the moveable component does not continue to vibrate significantly when it contacts the stop.
In the event the moveable component is not biased against the stop with enough force, such as when the force of the spring is low relative to its spring constant, it is then possible that the moveable component will continue to oscillate and vibrate after coming into contact with the stop. In such a situation, the moveable component will experience a relatively significant time delay before it resumes the rest position. During this period of delay, the position of the moveable component relative to the rest of the weapon is undefined, which can cause functional disturbances such as weapon failure. Accordingly, damping mechanisms have been developed.
A good example of a prior art damping mechanism is the well known FN-Browning automatic shotgun which appeared on the market around the turn of the century. The FN-Browning has gained extraordinarily extensive use and has been employed by many hunters since its introduction. The barrel has its own recoil spring that is fully independent of the locking spring that triggers the reloading process and acts on the breech. This recoil spring is a coil spring arranged around the magazine tube, which is positioned beneath and parallel to the barrel. A sleeve mounted on the bottom of the barrel encloses the magazine tube and is biased by the recoil spring. A slotted brake ring is positioned between the magazine tube and recoil sleeve. The brake ring is pressed against the magazine tube by the force of the recoil spring, thus providing a braking action against the outer surface of the magazine tube. Continued vibration of the recoil spring is therefore strongly damped and no longer influences function of the weapon.
However, the damping effect is directly dependent on the force that the spring exerts on the barrel or sleeve. Therefore, the damping force is weakest precisely in the region of the rest position. Moreover, the FN-Browning brake is known to be very reliable, but only when the known shotgun is used under ordinary hunting conditions. A completely oil-free magazine tube already leads to load inhibitions because of the dry friction that results and thus the high braking effect. Use under conditions involving sand or mud exposure (rare in hunting weapons, common in military weapons) is inconceivable.
Another well known prior art damping mechanism involves the use of oil dampers. Oil dampers are similar to the shock absorbers used in vehicles and, like automotive shock absorbers, oil dampers are insensitive to soiling. In principle, it would be reasonable to use appropriately dimensioned oil dampers in a small firearm in which continued vibration of a weapon part is to be avoided. However, the weight, price and space requirements of such oil dampers are high. Moreover, such oil dampers require maintenance in order to ensure trouble-free operation. Finally, oil damped weapons are unsuitable for use as military weapons, which must be able to function flawlessly even after years of storage in an arsenal without major maintenance or reconditioning.
A final manner of achieving adequate damping is to use a cushion of exhaust gas in order to delay the striking of the moveable weapon part against the stop or support. Unfortunately, weapons so equipped are very susceptible to soiling, and typically experience a loss of firing accuracy. Thus, despite its advantages, such a mechanism is not well-suited for use in a sharpshooter's weapon or a weapon with similar requirements on firing precision.
The use of elastomer bodies in weapons has long been known. For example, the homemade shotguns that enjoy widespread use in the Philippines use rubber tension springs as striker springs. The PPSH 41 Russian submachine gun used an elastomer body on the end stop of the breech. Historically, such weapons have proven unsatisfactory due to the fact that the elastomer element gradually degrades with use and does not withstand aggressive weapon lubricant and cleaning agents over the long term.
Some chemically resistant elastomers have since been developed. However, the use of a pressure-loaded or pre-loaded elastomer body as recoil spring, instead of a steel compression spring, is not known, due in part to the fact that since previous applications of elastomers in small firearms have not been promising.
Elastomers have the inherent property of hysteresis, i.e., the energy expended for elastic deformation is not fully released on rebound. Instead, part of the kinetic energy is effectively consumed by being converted to heat energy, which manifests itself as heating of the elastomer body. Hysteresis is generally more pronounced under frequent pulse-like impact loads, such as the type of loads expected in a weapon. Significant energy consumption must therefore be reckoned with. Further, in principle an elastomer material is incompressible, just like a liquid, and thus the elastomer body requires space into which it will expand as the body yields under load. However, in the case of known elastomer buffers, the elastomer body is susceptible to destruction if deformed beyond its strength limits.
Accordingly, in addition to many other objects, features and advantages that will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following description, one of the objects of the present invention is to provide a simple, light, cost-effective, maintenance free and durable damped spring mechanism for a firearm, especially small firearms.


In detecting a nucleic acid by using the nucleic acid amplification method, it is intended to shorten the time required for the measurement so as to systematically and efficiently examine a gene, etc. To achieve this object, use is made of a method of directly amplifying a nucleic acid by treating a collected biological sample wherein a means of inhibiting the degradation activity of the nucleic acid is introduced during or after the step of homogenizing the biological sample and thus the nucleic acid is directly amplified without isolating/purifying the nucleic acid component from the biological sample. In this method, the means of inhibiting the degradation activity of the nucleic acid is introduced at an acidic pH value (more specifically, from pH 2.5 to pH 5) with the use of a salt interacting with a substance inhibiting the nucleic acid amplification reaction and/or the nucleic acid component so as to directly amplify the nucleic acid without isolating/purifying the nucleic acid component.

Recent advances in gene technology and molecular biology have made diagnoses of diseases such as infectious diseases and genetic diseases possible at levels of DNA and RNA. Gene analysis has been immensely facilitated by the method for the nucleic acid amplification such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR; Science, 230: 1350-1354,1985), NASBA (Nucleic Acid Sequence Based Amplifications, Nature, 350, 91-92,1991;
Japanese Patent No. 2648802; Japanese Patent No. 2650159) and LAMP (Loop mediated isothermal amplification of DNA, Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2001-242169) in particular, through which a detection of a trace amount of nucleic acids in biological samples, which had been extremely difficult to detect, has become possible.
PCR is a method which enables to amplify an objective DNA fragment hundreds of thousands-fold by repeating a cycle of a dissociation of double strands of DNA into single strands, binding of primers to sequences flanking specific region of DNA strands and a DNA synthesis by a DNA polymerase. The method was invented by Mullis and others, and is described in Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. S61-274697. PCR can be used as a sensitive method for analyzing nucleic acids from various samples and particularly useful for analyzing nucleic acids in samples derived from body fluids of animals. Accordingly, PCR is utilized for diagnoses of infectious diseases, genetic diseases and cancers. Moreover, the method is suitable for a typing of DNA upon a transplantation and an identification of a parent-child relationship. In these cases, peripheral blood is often used as a sample to be examined.
One of drawbacks of PCR is that the reaction is interfered by pigments, proteins, sugars and other unknown contaminants. In fact, it is widely known that in addition to the most frequently used a thermoresistant DNA polymerase, a TaqDNA polymerase derived from Thermas aquaticus, a number of DNA polymerases are strongly inhibited by the presence of a trace of contaminants derived from body fluids.
RT-PCR is a method where RNA extracted from, for instance, tumor tissues, is converted to cDNAs by a reverse transcriptase (RT), by using an origo (dT) or a random hexamer as a primer, part of cDNAs are utilized for a PCR amplification, then used for detection. A case using this method to diagnose a fibloblastoma is reported (Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi, p.135-141, Vol. 66(2), 1991). Since RT-PCR relies on mRNA which is prone to be degraded, a quick treatment is required after collection of a sample. Furthermore, special care has to be taken to prevent the sample from a contamination of others, as RT-PCR is an extremely sensitive method for detection of DNA.
LAMP is a method for a gene amplification by using more than two sets of primers comprising special primers that form hairpin structures at a distal ends of amplification products as strand displacement reaction proceeds. Amplification products consisted of many repeated structures, whose unit of repeating structure consists of a complementary region in the same strands wherein base sequences of a double-stranded nucleic acid are reversed. Although amplification products of LAMP can be detected by a publicly known method for detection of double-stranded DNA, a detection method taking advantage of their unique structure is reported (Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 2001-242169, WO 00/28082).
Other lines of the method for the gene amplification, TMA, NASBA, and 3SR, are characterized in the use of primers carrying the T7 promoter sequence in one of two primer strands. Therefore, when these primers are hybridized to a target DNA or RNA followed by a reverse transcription (a DNA synthesis using RNA or DNA as a template), a double-stranded DNA with a T7 promoter is synthesized. A large amount of RNA are synthesized as the amplified product by addition of a T7 polymerase to this reaction system, as a result of the activation of the T7 promoter followed by expression of downstream genes. In TMA, NASBA and 3SR, amplification cycles described above proceed at a constant temperature.
A system for detection of nucleic acid utilizing means for nucleic acid amplification is generally composed of a process for treatment of biological materials, a process of extracting of nucleic acids, a process for dispensing measuring reagents, a process for the nucleic acid amplification and a process for an assessment of amplification products. A process of preliminary treatment for the extraction of nucleic acids is needed prior to the nucleic acid amplification by methods such as a PCR method. The methods for nucleic acids extraction have been used wherein gene-containing materials are degraded by an enzyme,a surfactant or a chaotropic agent, then a treatment by phenol (Biochemica et Biophysica Acta, 72: 619-629,1963), alkaline conditions (Nucleic Acid Research, 7: 1513-1523,1979), or phenol-chloroform and so on are carried out. Recently, ion-exchange resins, a glass filter, glass beads or a reagent having an aggregating activity for proteins are used in the process of nucleic acids extraction.
As a system utilizing a nucleic acid-binding carrier for an extraction of nucleic acids, a method of using glass particles and sodium iodide (Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA, 76-2: 615-619, 1979) and a method using hydroxyapatite (Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No; S63-263093) and so on are reported. In these methods, whereas a use of toxic reagents such as an organic solvent is limited, instead there is a problem in that it takes long time to isolate nucleic acids due to repeated centrifugation during the process, making it difficult to handle many samples at a time.
As described, conventional methods for an isolation of nucleic acids have disadvantages in that they employ dangerous reagents such as the organic solvent and alkaline substances, they require centrifugation steps, making it difficult to handle many samples at a time. The disadvantage becomes even more serious in view of automation, in which many samples are treated with high reproducibility to reduce personal costs.
As a method for automating the process for the extraction of nucleic acids, there is a method of using nucleic acid-binding silicate particles and chaotropic ions (J. Clinical Microbiology, 28-3: p.495-503, 1990, Japanese Patent Publication No. 2680462). In this method, by mixing nucleic acid-binding silicate particles and chaotropic ion having an ability to isolate nucleic acids in the sample and the sample, nucleic acids are first combined with nucleic acid-binding silicate particles, allowing a separation of a solid phase from a liquid phase to remove contaminants in the sample, followed by an elution of nucleic acids bound to nucleic-acid binding silicate particles.
Acid treatment of biological samples comprising nucleic acids is reported (International Publication WO 01/00813) as means for removing inhibitory substances on the nucleic acid amplification. However, in spite of the description on the possibility of acid treating biological samples at any given stage for the extraction of nucleic acids from the biological samples, it remains difficult to carry out rapid nucleic acid amplification since no description has been given with regard to conducting the nucleic acid amplification without isolation and the purification of nucleic acids.
A method is reported wherein samples are brought into contact with an anionic solid phase to facilitate the binding of inhibitory substances on the nucleic acid amplification, as means for reducing the inhibition on reaction of nucleic acid amplification (Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 1997-173065). However, it is still difficult to conduct a rapid nucleic acid amplification, since no description was given herein, with regard to carrying out the nucleic acid amplification without isolation and purification of nucleic acids.
The above-mentioned methods for the nucleic acid amplification have been put to practical use in the field of diagnoses of tumors and cancers, a detection of virals as well as bacterial infections, and a detection of various genetic diseases (Handbook of the method of clinical examination, 31st edition, Kanahara & Co., Ltd, published on Sep. 20th, 1998).
However, many aspects are left to be improved in terms of a necessary time for a measurement and sensitivity in the detection of nucleic acids by way of the nucleic acid amplification.

Method and system for detection of nucleic acids