A temperature management system includes: a first temperature detection unit configured to detect a temperature of a heat generation component in an electronic device; a cooling apparatus configured to circulate air in the electronic device and to cool the heat generation component; a second temperature detection unit configured to detect a temperature of air flowing in the electronic device; a parameter setting unit configured to set a target value of the temperature of the heat generation component; and a control unit. The control unit calculates a predicted value of a future temperature of the heat generation component based on the outputs of the first temperature detection unit and the second temperature detection unit, and the power consumption of the electronic device, and determines a manipulated variable of the cooling apparatus based on the predicted value and the target value.

With the advent of advanced information society in recent years, a large amount of data has become handled by computers, and there have increasing facilities such as data centers in which a great number of computers are installed in a single room and managed in a collective manner. For instance, in a data center, a large number of racks (server racks) are installed in a computer room, and a plurality of computers (servers) are housed in each of the racks. Jobs are organically distributed to those computers according to operational states of the computers, and a large quantity of jobs is efficiently processed.
However, computers generate a great deal of heat in associated with operating. When the temperature in the computer increases, malfunction, failure, or performance degradation may be caused. To address this, cooling fans are used to take cool air into the racks and discharge the heat generated in the computers to the outside of the racks.
On the other hand, a great amount of electric power is consumed in the data center and reduction of power consumption is demanded from a viewpoint of energy saving. In order to prevent a computer from causing failure and malfunction due to the heat, cooling fans might be constantly rotated at a maximum revolution speed. However, since a great number of cooling fans are installed in the data center, rotating the cooling fans constantly at a maximum revolution speed causes the power consumption to increase, and reduction of the power consumption is not achieved.
Therefore, in order to reduce the power consumed in a facility such as a data center, it is important to operate cooling equipment efficiently according to the operational states of the computers.
Note that techniques relating to the present application are disclosed in Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication Nos. 2011-257116 and 2002-268775.


A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium may comprise instructions stored thereon for controlling operation of a vehicle travelling from a starting location to a target location. When executed by at least one processor, the instructions may be configured to cause a computing system to generate a travel itinerary for the vehicle to travel over different road segments at respective speeds between the starting location and the target location subject to an arrival time deadline for arriving at the target location, the different road segments being selected on a map to minimize a total fuel consumption of the vehicle in travelling from the starting location to the target location, and send the travel itinerary to a vehicle operator to operate the vehicle to travel over different road segments at respective speeds between the starting location and the target location.

Global positioning system (GPS) and other navigation systems or map services (e.g., Google Maps, MapQuest, etc.) can provide road or route directions for a vehicle to go from a current location to a target destination. These navigation systems or map services may first detect the vehicle's current location, and then, with reference to geographical road maps, identify different paths or routes from the vehicle's current location to the target destination. The navigation systems and map services may present one or more of the paths or routes to the vehicle operator as suggested paths or routes for the vehicle operator to follow to go from the current location to the target destination. The suggested paths or routes may be based on calculations of travel distance (e.g., shortest route), or based on calculations of travel time (e.g. fastest route) using historical traffic conditions data for different paths and routes. However, a path identified as being the fastest route may turn out to be slower when actually used by the vehicle operator because the traffic conditions along the route may have changed.
Consideration is now being given to systems and methods for controlling a vehicle's operation while travelling from a current location to a target destination based on dynamic considerations of multiple constraints including, for example, vehicle speed and fuel economy.

System and method for vehicle fuel consumption optimization


An implementation of an optical system for expanding the field of view can include a first optical element and a second optical element. The first optical element can include a first surface and a second surface. The first surface can be configured to reflect a first light beam incident on the first surface at a first incident angle greater than a first predetermined angle, and the second surface can be configured to reflect the reflected first light beam towards a location. The second optical element can include a third surface and a fourth surface. The third surface can be configured to reflect a second light beam incident on the third surface at a second incident angle greater than a second predetermined angle, and the fourth surface can be configured to reflect the reflected second light beam towards the location. Related apparatus, systems, techniques and articles are also described.

Stroke, head injury and tumors commonly can cause loss of peripheral vision in a condition called Hemianopia. The number of disabled stroke survivors in the United States is estimated to be more than 3 million annually. As many as one third of stroke survivors in rehabilitation have either Homonymous Hemianopia or Hemineglect Hemianopia. Homonymous Hemianopia, which is considered to be a visual field defect, is the loss of half of the visual field on one side in both eyes. Due to reduction of the field of view, life of a patient can be severely affected. For example, it can lead to difficulties with general mobility (obstacle detection and navigation), as people with Homonymous Hemianopia are likely to walk into obstacles such as furniture or objects on the floor on the side of the field loss.
Prism glasses are commonly used to expand the field of view of the patients suffering from field of view glasses. However, the current prism glasses are limited in their ability to expand the field of view (e.g., field view expansion of about 30 degrees), and are unable to reduce collisions that can require further expansion of the field of view. In addition, the prism glasses can distort an image (e.g., minified), and reduce image contrast (e.g., generate false colors). Additionally, when patients scan into their blind side to see farther, the prism glasses can limit the effective range of eye scanning with continued expansion to only 5 degrees.

THE SCHEPENS EYE RESEARCH INSTITUTE, INC.


An electric cooking apparatus, e.g. a deep fryer, is disclosed as including a body, a tank for containing food to be cooked and a control module for controlling the operation of the deep fryer, in which the body, the tank and the control module are releasably engageable with one another, and the tank and control module each includes a respective engagement member which are complementary with and releasably engageable with each other, and the control module is locked against movement from the body when the body, the tank and the control module are engaged with one another. The tank has a bottom surface for supporting the food to be cooked, and when the apparatus is positioned on a horizontal surface, the bottom surface of the tank is inclined relative to the horizontal surface.

This invention relates to an electric cooking apparatus, and in particular such an electric cooking apparatus including removable control module and food container.
There are in existence a large variety of electric cooking apparatus, including, e.g. deep fryers and grills. In some such apparatus, there have been provided with a detachable control module with various electrical and/or electronic components for controlling the operation of the apparatus. However, the connection between the control module and the rest of the apparatus is often rather loose such that accidental disconnection would sometimes occur.
Furthermore, it has always been very difficult to clean the apparatus since such contains a large number of water-sensitive electrical and/or electronic components. In addition, sometimes a user may have poured too little oil into the deep fryer. This is very dangerous as over-heating may occur.
It is thus an object of the present invention to provide an electric cooking apparatus in which the aforesaid shortcomings are mitigated, or at least to provide a useful alternative to the public. Such and other objects of the present invention will become apparent from the ensuing discussion.
According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electric cooking apparatus including a body member, a container adapted to contain food to be cooked and a control module operable to control the operation of said apparatus, wherein said body member, said container and said control module are releasably engageable with one another, wherein said container and said control module each includes a respective engagement member which are complementary with and releasably engageable with each other, and wherein said control module is locked against movement from said body member when said body member, said container and said control module are engaged with one another.
Said control module may conveniently be disengageable from said body member only when said engagement members are disengaged from each other. This would prevent unintentional disengagement of the control module from the apparatus.
Said body member may suitably be free of electrical or electronic components, thus allowing the body member to be cleaned in water or other cleaning liquid.
The container may advantageously be mounted with at least one heating element, for heating up the container and the food and/or cooking medium therein.
The control module may advantageously include at least one electrical connector adapted to electrically connect with at least one complementary electrical connector of said container to close an electric circuit of said apparatus. Conveniently, said control module may include a pair of electrical connectors adapted to electrically connect with a pair of complementary electrical connectors of said container to close an electric circuit of said apparatus. Such seeks to ensure that the apparatus is only operable when such is properly assembled.
Said at least one electrical connector of said container may suitably be carried by a heating element of said container. More conveniently, said at least one electrical connector of said container may be provided at an end of said heating element. Advantageously, said pair of electrical connectors of said container may be carried by a heating element of said container. More suitably, said pair of electrical connectors of said container may each be provided at a respective end of said heating element.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided an electric cooking apparatus including a body member, a container adapted to contain food to be cooked and a control module operable to control the operation of said apparatus, wherein said body member, said container and said control module are releasably engageable with one another, wherein said container has a bottom surface for supporting said food to be cooked, and wherein when said apparatus is positioned on a horizontal surface, said bottom surface of said container is inclined relative to said horizontal surface.
Said container may suitably include an upper rim and said bottom surface of said container may be inclined relative to a plane containing said upper rim of said container. Advantageously, when said body member, said container and said control module are engaged with one another, said bottom surface of said container may slope upwardly from an end proximate said control module to an opposite end thereof.

Eastern Sources Housewares (Hong Kong) Limited


A golf club head for a driver is disclosed. The golf club head includes a face portion and a rearward end portion. An upward facing surface in a crown portion of the golf club head curves up towards the rearward end portion to keep airflow from separating from the crown portion. A downward facing surface on a sole portion of the golf club includes an airfoil that helps keep air stuck to the sole portion of the golf club head. The airfoil portion extends from a toe portion to a heel portion of the golf club head to help maintain smooth airflow across the entirety of the golf club head during a swing.

The present invention relates generally to golf clubs, and in particular to golf clubs with aerodynamic features.
The distance that a golf ball travels when hit by the face of a golf club is determined by the velocity of the club head at the moment of impact with the ball. Drag from the air may reduce the speed of the club head. Some golf clubs use grooves deployed along the top of the club head to decrease resistance and drag. However, the downward curvature of the top surfaces of traditional golf club heads may lead to separation of the airflow along the top, decreasing the efficiency of the upper grooves.
There is a need in the art for a golf club that addresses the shortcomings discussed above.


A digital image signal is watermarked by locally changing geometric features of the image. The watermark consists of a pseudo-random, dense subset of image pixels, e.g., a pattern of lines (20). A number of significant image pixels (21,22,23), i.e., pixels which give the highest response to a predetermined processing operation, is determined and then moved (24) to the vicinity (.delta.) of the line pattern. As a result of this "warping", the majority of significant image pixels (21,22) is eventually located within the vicinity of the line pattern. At the receiver end, the most significant pixels of an input image are again determined. The image is a watermarked image if a statistically high percentage lies within the vicinity of the line pattern.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a method and arrangement for embedding a watermark in an image. The invention also relates to a method and arrangement for detecting a watermark in an image. The expression "image" is understood to mean still images as well as video.
Digital watermarking is a technique used to certify the ownership of digital image or video contents. By imperceivably hiding such ownership information into digital content, it becomes possible to prevent piracy and illegal use of this content. Typical applications of watermarking include copy-protection of digital video and broadcast monitoring.
2. Description of the Related Art
Most presently used techniques for watermarking of digital images boil down to adding a pseudo-noise watermark pattern to an image. This addition may take place in the pixel domain or the frequency domain. Effectively, it means that luminance and/or color components of the watermarked image are slightly different from the original. The detection of a watermark is done by correlating the suspect image with the watermark pattern to be detected. Such a prior art method is disclosed, inter alia, in International Patent Application WO-A-98/03014.
A watermarking method must fulfill a number of basic requirements. Adding the watermark pattern may not affect the visual appearance of the image. There should be many different watermark patterns, since every copyright holder should have at least one distinct watermark. Detection of the watermark must be possible without using the original image. The detection must be fast so as to be able to detect watermarks in video, or to scan the World Wide Web for watermarked images. It should not be easy for attackers to remove the watermark. The method must further be robust to transformations or operations that can be applied to images or video, such as, color transformations, geometric transformations, such as, scaling, translation or rotation, data compression, such as, JPEG/MPEG, noise, embedding of other watermarks, gray scaling, image smoothing, dedicated transformations, A/D and D/A conversions, PAL/NTSC conversions, etc.
The above requirements are conflicting, and there are no methods known that fully satisfy all requirements. Many methods can easily be hacked by attackers who have a number of watermarked images at their disposal. Since detection is based on correlation (which is a linear operation), an attacker needs only a good estimate of the watermark, and he can use this to subtract the guessed watermark from images in order to mislead detection. Simple geometric transformations such as rotations or scaling can only be dealt with at the expense of considerable computing times during detection. It is also difficult to ensure sufficient variation of watermarks. The number of bits that can be embedded using one correlation is limited.

Embedding and detecting a watermark in images


System(s) and method(s) are provided that facilitate managing routing voice and data traffic, associated with a subscription, when there are multiple devices. A client component can manage which communication device of multiple communication devices of a subscriber is active on the network at a given time for the subscriber based in part on location of a mobile device associated with the subscriber, a subscriber profile, and predefined routing criteria, which can facilitate optimal device selection. The mobile device can communicate via a macro network when outside of an area served by consumer premise equipment of the subscriber; and when the mobile device is in the area served by the consumer premise device, voice and data traffic directed to the mobile device can be automatically routed to one of multiple communication devices connected to the consumer premise equipment. The subscriber profile can specify routing preferences of the subscriber.

A subscriber often can have many devices (e.g., personal computer, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), laptop computer, home phone, mobile phone, etc.) that can be utilized to transmit and/or receive voice and data communications. Typically, a subscriber can have a home computer and a home phone (e.g., Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)-based phone) that can be connected to a broadband connection or consumer premise equipment (CPE) (e.g., home base station, such as a femtocell or picocell) to facilitate high-speed communication of data. Often, a subscriber also can utilize a mobile phone that can be used for wireless voice and/or data communications via a macro network (e.g., macro cellular network), a home base station, a Wi-Fi network, or other type of network. While the mobile device can utilize the macro network to facilitate communications from virtually any location serviced by the macro network, the processing speed of a mobile device typically can be more limited than a personal computer, and the transmission/reception speeds on the macro network can be slower than the transmission/reception speeds associated with a broadband or other-high speed connection. Further, the user interface (e.g., graphical user interface (GUI)) on a mobile phone typically has more limited functionality and is more limited in size than a personal computer. Moreover, mobile devices typically are operated off of battery power, where the battery can have a limited useful life.
When the subscriber enters a location, such as home or work, with the subscriber's mobile device, the subscriber also can have access to other communication devices, such as a personal computer, IPTV, VoIP phone, etc., that can be connected to a broadband connection or a home base station that can provide high-speed data communications. When there is a communication (e.g., voice, data) associated with the mobile device while the subscriber is at such a location where other communication devices are accessible, it can be desirable to leverage such other communication devices for voice and data communications, instead of using the mobile phone, as doing so can result in decrease in traffic on the macro network, efficient communication of voice and data via a high-speed communication connection, and reduction in power usage of the mobile phone, which can improve the useful life of the battery of the mobile phone, for example.

Single subscription management for multiple devices


A low-cost high-property optical semiconductor element for a long wavelength is provided, using a GaAs substrate. The optical semiconductor element comprises a substrate of GaAs having a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other, a buffer layer of InjGa1-jAs1-kNk (0xe2x89xa6jxe2x89xa61, 0.002xe2x89xa6kxe2x89xa60.05) formed on the first surface of the substrate, a first conductive type clad layer formed on the buffer layer, an active layer formed on the first conductive type clad layer and comprising a well layer of InzGa1-zAs (0xe2x89xa6zxe2x89xa61), the well layer having a smaller bandgap than the first conductive type clad layer, the active layer having a thickness of more than its critical thickness for the substrate based upon equilibrium theories, and a second conductive type clad layer formed on the active layer and having a larger bandgap than the well layer.

This application is based upon and claims the benefits of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2002-094598, filed on Mar. 29, 2002, No. 2003-078955, filed on Mar. 20, 2003, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a laminated semiconductor substrate and an optical semiconductor element.
2. Related Background Art
A long wavelength (from 1.25 xcexcm to 1.6 xcexcm) optical semiconductor element, especially 1.3 xcexcm wavelength band (from 1.25 xcexcm to 1.35 xcexcm) optical semiconductor element attracts attention as a light emitting element or a photodetector element for optical communication. In the prior art, the semiconductor light emitting element of this long wavelength has a structure in which an active layer (light emitting layer) of an InGaAsP compound semiconductor is formed on an InP substrate (supporting substrate). In this structure, lattice mismatch between the active layer and the substrate is small, and the element is easy to manufacture.
The semiconductor light emitting element using the InP substrate is, however, expensive because the InP substrate is expensive. The element using the InP substrate has a bad temperature characteristic. Therefore, the problem with the semiconductor light emitting element using the InP substrate is that it is expensive and has a bad temperature characteristic. In order to provide inexpensive optical semiconductor elements excellent in temperature characteristic, the development of elements that comprise a GaAs substrate and an active layer of an InGaAs compound semiconductor has been promoted. The GaAs substrate is generally used in an optical semiconductor element for a wavelength of 0.98 xcexcm, and has the advantages of being inexpensive and easy to work. In order to provide inexpensive optical semiconductor elements for a long wavelength, using those advantages, the development of elements using GaAs substrates has been promoted.
However, the problem with the semiconductor light emitting element using the GaAs substrate for a long wavelength also is that its light emission intensity is low. This is because the lattice constant of the InGaAs active layer is large compared to the GaAs substrate and the lattice mismatch between them is large. Therefore, cracks are liable to occur in the active layer.
In somewhat more detail, as the In composition of InGaAs increases, the bandgap wavelength increases. Therefore, in order to provide an optical semiconductor element using an InGaAs active layer for a long wavelength, the In composition of the active layer should increase. In addition, in order to provide an optical semiconductor element for a long wavelength, the thickness of the active layer should be large because if the thickness of the active layer decreases, the wavelength of the element would be short due to a quantum effect. Therefore, in order to provide an optical semiconductor element for a long wavelength, using the InGaAs active layer, an active layer having a high In composition and a large thickness should be formed. However, when the In composition of the active layer increases, the lattice mismatch between the InGaAs active layer and the GaAs substrate would increase. This causes to decrease the critical thickness of the active layer for the substrate based upon equilibrium theories. If the active layer has a larger thickness than the critical thickness, a large number of cracks would usually occur in the active layer. As a result, in the conventional optical semiconductor element using the GaAs substrate for a long wavelength, a large number of cracks would occur in the active layer to thereby extremely decrease the light emission intensity.
In order to prevent cracks from occurring in the active layer, a method of mixing nitrogen (N) into the active layer to thereby decrease the lattice constant of the active layer was used. This method increases the critical thickness of the active layer for the substrate based upon equilibrium theories. In this method, however, the concentration of nitrogen in the active layer increases to thereby decrease the light emission intensity. Consequently, this method cannot provide a sufficiently high light emission intensity. As another method of preventing the occurrence of cracks in the active layer, it has been tried to provide a buffer layer between the substrate and the active layer. This method intends to prevent the number of cracks from increasing in the active layer even when the active layer has a larger thickness than its critical thickness for the substrate based upon the equilibrium theories. In this method, a certain effect is produced when the active layer and the substrate are composed of materials the lattice mismatch between which is small. However, in the conventional buffer layer, the number of cracks occurring in the active layer cannot be sufficiently reduced when there is a large lattice mismatch between the substrate and the active layer. Thus, even by using such buffer layer, the light emission intensity cannot sufficiently increase.
As described above, the problem with the conventional semiconductor light emission element using the GaAs substrate for a long wavelength is that the light emission intensity is low.
As with the optical semiconductor element using the GaAs substrate for a long wavelength, the problem with the laminated semiconductor substrate is that as the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the semiconductor layer increases, high properties cannot be obtained.
More particularly, generally, a semiconductor element is produced by using a laminated semiconductor substrate that includes a semiconductor substrate hundreds of xcexcm thick and a semiconductor layer several tm thick formed on the substrate. When the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the semiconductor layer increases in this laminated semiconductor substrate, the number of cracks occurring in the semiconductor layer is liable to increase. This is because as the number of the lattice mismatch increases, the critical thickness of the semiconductor layer for the substrate based upon the equilibrium theories decreases whereas when the semiconductor layer is formed so as to have a thickness of more than the critical thickness, cracks are liable to occur. Therefore, in the semiconductor element, the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the semiconductor layer should be reduced as much as possible.
The substrates generally used in the semiconductor elements are limited to substrates made of Si, GaAs, InP, GaP and InAs, respectively, and all substrates having their respective proper lattice constants cannot be used. Therefore, when the formation of a semiconductor layer having a specified function on a substrate is tried, there occurs a lattice mismatch between the semiconductor layer and the, substrate in many cases. In order to reduce the number of cracks occurring in the semiconductor layer even when there is such a lattice mismatch, a method of growing a buffer layer having a lattice constant between those of the substrate and the semiconductor layer has been tried. This method is disclosed, for example, in Published Japanese Patent Application Hei 7-94524. In this method, when the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the semiconductor layer is small the buffer layer absorbs a considerable number of cracks in the semiconductor layer to thereby reduce the number of cracks therein.
In this method, however, when the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the semiconductor layer increases, the buffer layer itself would be subjected to distortion to thereby store distortion energy for elastic deformation in the entire buffer layer. When the distortion energy becomes larger than the crack energy, it is difficult to prevent the occurrence of cracks. Therefore, when the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the semiconductor layer increases in the conventional buffer layer, it is difficult to alleviate the influence of the lattice mismatch. More specifically, when the lattice mismatch is not less than 1%, it is difficult to alleviate the influence of the lattice mismatch and the number of cracks in the semiconductor layer cannot be reduced sufficiently.
As described above, the problem with the laminated semiconductor substrate is that when the lattice mismatch between the substrate and the semiconductor layer increases, a high property cannot be obtained. This is because it is difficult to increase the thickness of the semiconductor layer beyond its critical thickness for the substrate based upon the equilibrium theories and reduce the number of cracks occurring thereon.
The present invention is based upon the recognition of such problems. It is an object of the present invention to provide at low cost an optical semiconductor element using a GaAs substrate for a long wavelength and having high properties. It is another object of the present invention to provide a laminated semiconductor substrate including a substrate and a semiconductor layer laminated on the substrate, wherein the semiconductor layer has a thickness of not less than its critical thickness for the substrate based upon the equilibrium theories and the number of cracks occurring therein is reduced.
According to embodiments of the present invention, there is provided an optical semiconductor element comprising:
a substrate of GaAs having a first surface and a second surface opposite to each other;
a buffer layer of InjGa1-jAs1-kNk (0xe2x89xa6jxe2x89xa61, 0.002xe2x89xa6kxe2x89xa60.05) formed on said first surface of said substrate;
a first conductive type clad layer formed on said buffer layer;
an active layer formed on said first conductive type clad layer and comprising a well layer of InzGa1-zAs (0xe2x89xa6zxe2x89xa61), said well layer having a smaller bandgap than said first conductive type clad layer, said active layer having a thickness of more than its critical thickness for said substrate based upon equilibrium theories; and
a second conductive type clad layer formed on said active layer and having a larger bandgap than said well layer.
According to embodiments of the present invention, there is further provided a laminated semiconductor substrate comprising:
a semiconductor substrate;
a semiconductor layer formed over said semiconductor substrate and having a larger thickness than its critical thickness for said semiconductor substrate based on equilibrium theories; and
a buffer layer formed between said semiconductor substrate and said semiconductor layer, said buffer layer being made of InjGa1-jAs1-kNk (0xe2x89xa6jxe2x89xa61, 0.002xe2x89xa6kxe2x89xa60.05).

Laminated semiconductor substrate and optical semiconductor element


The present invention relates to novel use of indolyl and indolinyl hydroxamates. Particularly, the invention relates to use of indolyl and indolinyl hydroxamates in the manufacturing a medicament or a pharmaceutical composition for treating a ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, spinal cord injury, cranial nerve injury, peripheral nerve injury and a neurodegenerative disorder or cognitive deficit.

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) are a group of related human maladies that share a common pathophysiological feature, the progressive degeneration of selective neuronal populations over the course of time. These neurodegenerative diseases include but are not limited to Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Lewy Body Disease and related movement disorders, and Friedrich's Ataxia and related Spinocerebellar Ataxia's. As a result of increases in the elderly population, it is expected that the number of patients with neurodegenerative disorders involving forms of dementia such as Alzheimer's disease will increase. Because these diseases progress with age and affect both the patient and their living environment, it is important to find a therapeutic method at an early stage. Characteristic clinical symptoms of Alzheimer's disease include progressive cognitive deterioration, declining ability to participate in daily activities, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and behavioral changes. Plaques containing misfolded proteins, called beta amyloids, form in the brain many years before the clinical signs of Alzheimer's are observed. Together, these plaques and neurofibrillary tangles form the pathological hallmarks of the disease. These features can only be discovered at autopsy and help to confirm the clinical diagnosis.
Huntington's disease (HD), is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease whose symptoms are caused by the loss of cells in the basal ganglia of the brain. This damage to cells affects cognitive ability (thinking, judgment, memory), movement, and emotional control. HD is characterized by uncontrollable, dancelike movements and personality changes. HD patients develop slurred speech, an unsteady walk and difficulty in swallowing. There is no effective treatment for HD. After a long illness, individuals with HD die from complications such as choking or infection.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an idiopathic, slowly progressive, degenerative CNS disorder characterized by slow and decreased movement, muscular rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability. Despite extensive investigations, the cause of PD remains unknown. The loss of substantia nigra neurons, which project to the caudate nucleus and putamen, results in the depletion of the neurotransmitter dopamine in these areas.
Acute and/or chronic neuronal loss in the adult CNS results in the irreversible loss of function due to the very poor ability of mature nerve cells to proliferate and compensate for the lost neurons. Thus attenuating or reducing neuronal loss is essential for preservation of function.
Therefore, there is a need in the related art an agent or a compound to treat a neurodegenerative disease.

Use of indolyl and indolinyl hydroxamates for treating neurodegenerative disorders or cognitive decicits


A power converter can include a magnetic energy storage element, a main switch, a synchronous rectifier switch, and an energy recovery circuit. The energy recovery circuit can include a resonant circuit and an auxiliary switch configured to operate in conjunction with the main and synchronous rectifier switches to store energy in the resonant circuit and deliver energy therefrom to reduce switching losses associated with the main and synchronous rectifier switches. The converter can be a buck, boost, buck-boost, or other converter type. The auxiliary switch may be operated according to a two-pulse control mode or using a conventional buck converter controller with additional delay elements. The resonant circuit inductance may be a discrete inductor or a parasitic inductance, such as a PCB trace, which may be designed to provide a desired inductance value selected to efficiently provide sufficient energy to achieve reduced switching losses of the main and auxiliary switches.

There exist a number of DC-DC power conversion topologies and implementations, sometimes also known as switching converters. One such topology in common use is the buck converter, which converts an input DC voltage to a lower DC output voltage. Another is the boost converter, which converts an input DC voltage to a higher DC output voltage. Still another is the buck-boost converter, which converts an input DC voltage into an output DC voltage that may be higher or lower. Each of these and other converter types derived therefrom are used in a variety of applications. In general, they are based on a switching a magnetic circuit component (e.g., an inductor). More specifically, the switch is operated so that in one switch state energy is stored in the magnetic circuit element (inductor) and in the other state energy is delivered from the magnetic element to a load. There are many variations on this basic operating principle.
In some applications, such as consumer electronics, it is desirable to employ higher switching frequencies. Among other advantages, higher switching frequencies allow for lower inductance values for the magnetic circuit element (i.e., inductor), which in turn can lead to reduced physical size for the inductor and thus reduced physical size occupied in the device. One disadvantage to higher switching frequencies can be increased inefficiency of the converter due to increased switching losses.


A multi-port aggregated cable includes: a plurality of duplex optical fibers, each duplex optical fiber having a first end and a second end; a first optical interface attached to each of the duplex optical fibers at the first end thereof and defining multiple ports, one for each of the duplex optical fibers, the first optical interface aggregating the duplex optical fibers at the first end thereof; and a second optical interface attached to each of the duplex optical fibers at the second end thereof and defining multiple ports, one for each of the duplex optical fibers, the second optical interface aggregating the duplex optical fibers at the second end thereof.

Many large-scale computing systems include a "fabric" in which a set of computing resources, such as processing, memory, and storage, are interlinked through multiple connections and operate cohesively with one another. Traditional fabrics are built by interconnecting multiple switch systems using multiple individual-port cables. Most switch systems have one multi-port switch chip and multiple pluggable electrical module cages (for electrical cables or optical transceivers) for the ports that dominate the faceplate area that in turn drives the switch system form factors, e.g., 1U, 2U, etc. Larger switch systems based on "chassis" have multiple switch chip cards interconnecting to I/O cards with pluggable module cages, and again single-port optical transceivers take up significant amount of volume. Optically integrated switches enable high-density switch chips and the corresponding passive optical connectors enable less faceplate area within a system. Liquid cooling of switch chips further improves switch chip density within a system.
While examples described herein are susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, the drawings illustrate specific examples herein described in detail by way of example. It should be understood, however, that the description herein of specific examples is not intended to be limiting to the particular forms disclosed, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the examples described herein and the appended claims.

High-density fabric systems interconnected with multi-port aggregated cables

Hewlett Packard Enterprise Development LP


Systems and methods for controlling an orthopedic joint device of a lower extremity, the orthopedic joint device comprising an upper part, a lower part mounted in articulated fashion to the upper part, and a conversion device arranged between the upper and lower parts. The conversion device provides for, during pivoting of the upper part relative to the lower part, mechanical work from a relative movement between the upper and lower parts to be converted and stored in at least one energy store and supplied back to the joint device with a time offset in order to assist the relative movement. The stored energy is converted back and the supply of mechanical work takes place in a controlled manner during the assistance of the relative movement.

Most prostheses of the lower extremity are constructed in such a way that movement energy is only converted into heat in order to influence the behavior of the prosthesis; there predominantly is no active supply of energy. By way of example, the prosthesis user controls a prosthetic knee joint when walking by way of his stump with the hip muscles. In this case, experiments from the gait laboratory have shown that this type of walking requires more energy than the walking of healthy subjects. Prosthesis users must apply substantially greater amounts of energy than healthy subjects, particularly in the case of slow walking and alternating climbing of steps.
If energy is supplied to the prosthesis or orthosis during specific phases of walking, the prosthesis or orthosis user needs to apply less of his own energy, the good ground clearance during the swinging phase can be increased and, overall, the movement becomes more comfortable and pleasant.
There are so-called active prosthetic knee joints, in which a drive emulates the whole movement pattern; in this case, the motor is designed in such a way that the conventional gaits can be mapped. As a consequence, the motor must be designed to be relatively powerful and the supply of energy is correspondingly difficult. In the case of sufficiently powerful motors, a malfunction in the controller may constitute a risk to the user. If the motor is designed to be less powerful, it is no longer possible to cover the whole gait spectrum. A further disadvantage consists in the user being forced to follow the movement after a specific movement has been introduced, even if the situation or the intent of the user has changed. Then, the user can no longer influence the movement and he is moved.
In addition to prosthetic knee joints driven purely by a motor, US 2010/0312363 A1 has disclosed a prosthetic knee joint with motors and spring stores, in which energy from the movement is stored in the springs for reducing the drive outlay and released again after reaching a specific angular position. Here, the assistance can be dimensioned in such a way that walking in the plane, or the climbing of steps, is made possible.

Orthopedic joint device and method for controlling same


A THz photomixer emitter is disclosed. The emitter comprises a photoconductive material, an antenna structure, and an electrode array. The electrode array is disposed such that an electric field associated with photocarriers generated in the photoconductive material is coupled to the antenna for emission of a THz wave via the antenna structure. The electrode array is configured such that an electric field resonance pattern of the electrode array is substantially aligned with an emission field pattern of the antenna structure.

A THz wave falls in the electromagnetic spectrum range of around 0.1-10 THz. It has unique applications, because inter alia, its spectrum range resides in many molecular fingerprint regions. Potential applications include astronomy, wireless communications, security and safety, spectroscopy and biomedical technologies. Recent advances in THz technology have made many of these potential applications feasible. Some examples include THz imaging, spectroscopy and sensing. There are generally two types of THz wave: a pulsed T-ray and a continuous wave (CW) THz. The CW THz technology has the advantages of high spectral resolution, fast response time, tunability and low cost. However, the technology also suffers the drawbacks of low emission power, typically in the range of <10−6 Watts preventing the technology being used for certain applications.
Present photoconductive antenna (PCA) THz photomixers usually employ an interdigitated electrode design for their active region to create photocarriers which act as current source for the planar THz antenna. The interdigitated configuration generates nano-antenna oscillation in a direction perpendicular to the dipole antenna thereby reducing the overall device efficiency. The relatively large gap between finger electrodes is also not conducive to enhancing the electric field for both the pumping light and the THz wave, while resulting in relatively large circuit capacitance that is undesirable for high frequency operation.
The above-mentioned drawbacks impede the performance and/or advancements of PCA THz photomixing emitters. In view of the forgoing, it is highly desirable to develop ways which enhance the emission power of PCA THz photomixing emitters.

Agency for Science, Technology and Research


According to one embodiment, a solid-state imaging device includes an imaging region including unit pixels which are two-dimensionally arranged on a semiconductor layer and each of which includes a photoelectric conversion unit and a signal scanning circuit unit. The unit pixel includes a transfer gate provided on the semiconductor layer, a photogate provided on the semiconductor layer, a first semiconductor layer of a first conductivity type, which is provided in the semiconductor layer below the photogate, and a second semiconductor layer of the first conductivity type, which is adjacent to the first semiconductor layer and provided in the semiconductor layer between the transfer gate and the photogate.

In recent years, as pixel miniaturization has progressed, a back-side illumination type solid-state imaging device intended to increase the numerical aperture has been proposed. In the back-side illumination type solid-state imaging device, an interconnection layer is positioned on the side opposite to the light illumination surface side, so there is no need to take into consideration light reflection by the interconnection, etc. This provides a given level of freedom to design of the interconnection layer. Hence, a photogate structure mainly intended to form a pseudo conductive diffusion layer by arranging a gate interconnection on each photodiode and applying a bias to its gate has been proposed. In the above-mentioned photogate structure, an n-type impurity, for example, is implanted into a region in, for example, a semiconductor substrate, where each photodiode is to be formed, thereby forming an n-type semiconductor layer.

Solid-state imaging device and method of manufacturing the same


A metal-air fuel cell includes an anode and a cathode with an electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. The anode includes a plate-like body made of a composite anode plate including a reaction layer, a reaction-enhancing layer and a collector layer. A plurality of fins are formed on and extending from a surface of the anode plate. A plurality of openings are selectively defined in the anode plate in correspondence to the fins. The fins are arranged in an array with fins in adjacent rows aligned with each other or offset with respect to each other. The anode plate further includes a plurality of openings corresponding to each fin.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to a metal-air fuel cell, and in particular to an anode structure of the metal-air fuel cell battery.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Batteries have been developed and widely used in a variety of fields. A variety of batteries are currently available, including lead-acid battery, zinc-manganese battery, nickel-cadmium battery, nickel-hydride battery, lithium ion battery, and metal-air fuel cell, such as zinc-air fuel cell battery. In recent year, emphasis has been placed on the metal-air fuel cell because of its high energy density and potential long shelf life. The overall reaction is oxidation of metal, such as zinc, and the reaction release electrons.
FIG. 1 of the attached drawings shows a conventional zinc-air fuel cell battery in which the anode comprises a zinc plate as the fuel of the battery. As shown, the battery comprises a zinc plate 1 as the anode arranged between cathode plates 2. Air 3 containing oxygen penetrates through the cathode plates 2 to enter the battery. Oxygen of the air reacts with the cathode plate 2 and becomes oxygen ions entering the electrolyte of the battery. The zinc plate 1 is positioned in the electrolyte and reacts with the electrolyte to release energy. The anode 1 and cathode 2 have terminals 10, 20 for external connection.
The surface area of the zinc plate of the zinc-air battery is a critical factor that affects the electrical performance of the battery. The larger the surface area of the zinc plate is, the larger the energy can be released at a predetermined time interval. This is still one of the major issues of the metal-air fuel cell to be addressed.
In addition, the conventional zinc-air fuel cell battery has a low energy density which causes problems in supply of large power. Thus, improving the zinc-air fuel cell battery in order to supply large power is another major issue to be addressed.
Thus, a primary object of the present invention is to provide a metal-air fuel cell comprising an anode structure for providing an increased contact surface area between the zinc fuel plate and air for enhancing reaction speed and efficiency.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a metal-air fuel cell comprising an anode plate having a plurality of apertures to enhance the performance of the battery.
A further object of the present invention is to provide a metal-air fuel cell comprising an anode plate having a plurality of fins extending therefrom to enhance the performance of the battery.
To achieve the above objects, in accordance with the present invention, there is provided a metal-air fuel cell comprising an anode and a cathode with an electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. The anode includes a plate-like body made of a composite plate including a reaction layer, a reaction-enhancing layer and a collector layer. A plurality of fins are formed on and extending from a major surface of the plate-like body. A plurality of openings are selectively defined in the plate-like body in correspondence to the fins. The fins can be arranged in an array with fins in adjacent rows aligned with each other or offset with respect to each other. If desired, the plate can be made wavy.

Anode structure having increased contact surface area for metal-air fuel cell battery

8F, No. 12, Alley 30, Lane 358, Rueiguang Rd., Neihu Chiu


Apparatuses, methods, systems, and program products are disclosed for dynamically loading firmware based on workloads. A workload module determines a workload configured to be executed on a system. A firmware module determines a firmware configuration associated with the workload. A loading module dynamically accesses the firmware configuration associated with the workload from a remote data store, and loads the firmware configuration on the system prior to execution of the workload.

Computer devices may include a number of different component devices such as processors, memory, storage drives, network cards, graphics cards, and/or the like. Many of these component devices are controlled using firmware that is conventionally stored in non-volatile memory devices associated with the component devices. Because the firmware is stored in a non-volatile memory device, the firmware for a component device is rarely if ever changed. Even if firmware is changed during the lifetime of the component device, it can be difficult and time consuming to "flash" the device with new firmware, which makes it impractical to frequently change a device's often based on different factors or conditions.

Dynamically loading firmware based on workloads

LENOVO ENTERPRISE SOLUTIONS (SINGAPORE) PTE. LTD.


An axial-flow turbine has at least one row of bowed guide vanes (7) and at least one row of rotor blades. The bowing of the guide vanes (7) over the vane height is selected at right angles to the chord and is directed towards the pressure side of the respectively adjacent guide vane in the peripheral direction. The guide vanes are tapered in their radial extent. Secondary losses, which occur due to the deflection of the boundary layers in the guide vanes, are reduced by this measure.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to an axial-flow turbine with at least one row of bowed guide vanes and at least one row of rotor blades.
Bowed guide vanes are, in particular, employed in order to reduce the secondary losses which occur due to the deflection of the boundary layers in the guide vanes.
2. Discussion of Background
Turbines with bowed guide vanes are known, for example, from DE-A-37 43 738. In this publication, vanes are shown and described whose bowing over the vane height is directed towards the pressure side of the respectively adjacent guide vane in the peripheral direction. Also known from this publication are vanes whose bowing over the vane height is directed towards the suction side of the respectively adjacent guide vane in the peripheral direction. This is intended to reduce both radial boundary layer pressure gradients and boundary layer pressure gradients extending in the peripheral direction in an effective manner and, in consequence, to reduce the aerodynamic blading losses. To whichever side of the adjacent vane the bowing of this known vane is directed, it extends precisely in the peripheral direction in each case. This means that in the case of the cylindrical vanes represented, their leading edges at least are located in the same radial plane over the height of the vane.


A hydraulic antivibration device arrangement capable of achieving a downsizing and weight reduction, and a reduction of booming noise by suppressing a reaction force to impingement upon stopper action is provided. By disposing a protuberant rubber portion 35 at an upper end of a main body member 2, its spacing distance from a roll center can be lengthened, the reaction force to impingement can be diminished, and input load to the main body member 2 can be diminished. Consequently, reduction of rigidity and strength required for respective components as well as enhancement of durability is possible, which permits to make the components thin-walled thereby making a hydraulic antivibration device arrangement 100 lightweight as a whole. Diminishing of such reaction force upon stopper action also enables vibrations input through a car body side bracket 120 to the body frame to be suppressed, thereby reducing the generation of booming noise.

As an antivibration device for supporting and fixing a vibration generator such as an automotive engine or transmission so as not to transmit vibrations thereof to a vehicle body frame, hydraulic style antivibration devices are known.
Hydraulic antivibration devices each have a liquid-sealed chamber comparted by partition means into a first and a second liquid chambers, which are put in communication with each other through an orifice, and perform both a vibration attenuating function and a vibration insulating function due to a fluid fluidization effect through the orifice between the first and second liquid chambers and a vibration-deadening effect of a vibration-isolating base.
Of these, there is such a hydraulic antivibration device that the partition means comprises an elastic partition membrane made of rubber-like elastomer material and a pair of displacement-regulating members regulating the displacement amount of the elastic partition membrane from both sides thereof.
According to the hydraulic antivibration device of this type, when a relatively small amplitude vibration is input, the elastic partition membrane is subjected to reciprocating displacement, thereby absorbing a hydraulic pressure fluctuation between both liquid chambers, so that a low dynamic spring characteristic can be obtained. On the other hand, when a relatively large amplitude vibration is input, for example, owing to irregularities of the travelling road surface, the displacement-regulating members serve to regulate the displacement amount of the elastic partition membrane from its both sides to enhance the membrane stiffness, thereby rendering the fluid easy to fluidize between both liquid chambers through the orifice, so that a high damping characteristic can be obtained.
However, a problem with the hydraulic antivibration device of this type was that because of the construction that the elastic partition membrane is made to impinge (abut) on the displacement-regulating members, the displacement-regulating members oscillate upon impinging, which oscillation is transmitted to the body frame to generate a strange sound (noise).
As a technology of suppressing the generation of such strange sounds, for example, WO 02/095259 A1 discloses, in connection with a hydraulic antivibration device constructed so that a vibration-isolating base made of rubber-like elastomer material is interconnected between a boss member and a cylindrical main body member and a liquid-filled chamber is formed between a diaphragm provided at the main body member and a vibration-isolating base, a technology for connecting the boss member to a body frame side while connecting the main body member to an engine side (Patent Reference 1).
According to this technology, it is possible to construct a part of a vibration transmission path from partition means (the elastic partition membrane and the displacement-regulating members) to the vehicle body frame by the vibration-isolating base, and consequently, even if the elastic partition membrane impinges on the displacement-regulating members, which in turn oscillate, it is possible to suppress transmission of the oscillation to the body frame by virtue of the vibration insulating effect of the vibration-isolating base constituting a part of the vibration transmission path, thus reducing the generation of strange noises.
[Patent Reference 1] WO 02/095259A1 (FIGS. 1, 2, etc.)

Hydraulic antivibration device arrangement, hydraulic antivibration device, and car body side bracket


Fuel injection valves 3 each inserted into injection valve mounting holes 2 are fixed to cylinder head 1 through bifurcated clamps 21. Clamps 21 each include base portion 22 brought into abut contact with and supported on middle bolt 14a which is disposed at the middle portion of cam bracket 13, bifurcated tip end portion 23 pressing fuel injection valve 3, and intermediate portion 24 fastened by bolt 25 having a tip end portion which is screwed into cylinder head 1. Four clamps 21 are arranged on a straight line along a direction of a row of cylinders. Respective clamps 21 corresponding to cylinders #1 and #2 and respective clamps 21 corresponding to cylinders #3 and #4 are arranged symmetrically with each other such that base portions 22 are disposed on an outside. Core supporting hole 31 is disposed at a central portion of cylinder head 1 which is free from coverage by clamp 21. With this construction, it is possible to effectively release gas.

It is known that in an in-cylinder direct injection internal combustion engine, for instance, such as a diesel engine, fuel injection valves are inserted into injection valve mounting holes extending through a substantially central portion of a combustion chamber, and fixed to the engine by using bifurcated clamps, respectively.
Patent Literature 1 discloses a cylinder head for an in-line four-cylinder internal combustion engine of such a type. An intake camshaft and an exhaust camshaft are disposed on opposite sides of four fuel injection valves arranged in an in-line manner. Four clamps are arranged in line along a direction of the row of the engine cylinders. Each of the clamps includes a base portion, a bifurcated tip end portion and an intermediate portion therebetween. The base portion is brought into abut contact with and supported on a fulcrum portion formed by a pin which is projectingly fitted to the cylinder head. The bifurcated tip end portion presses the fuel injection valve. The intermediate portion is fastened by a bolt having a tip end portion which is screwed into the cylinder head. The clamp is upwardly and downwardly swingable about the fulcrum portion as a fulcrum. The fuel injection valve is stiffly fixed to the cylinder head by fastening the intermediate portion of the clamp by means of the bolt.

Cylinder head for internal combustion engine


An improved lifting and towing apparatus using a single hydraulic cylinder powering the rotation of a boom to lift a vehicle to be towed or to fold and store the apparatus through the use of a double pivot. The double pivot allows the apparatus to efficiently lift the towed vehicle while minimizing boom overhang when in the folded-stored position, and maximizing ground clearance. The present invention may be used with underlift equipment of various types and sizes, including light and heavy duty equipment, and both wheel and frame-lift systems.

The use of underlift and wheel lift towing apparatus is well known. Such apparatus are disclosed in Brown, U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,334; Hamman, U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,337; Bubik, U.S. Pat. No. 4,637,623; and Bubik, U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,763, and these patents are incorporated herein by reference. Often, such apparatus may be folded into an upright, stored position. (See, for example, Brown, U.S. Pat. No. 4,473,334.) These apparatus usually employ a hydraulic cylinder which, as it is extended, rotates the vehicle lifting boom (also known as a "stinger") about a pivot point into the stored position.
Because it is desirable to maximize the ground clearance of the stinger assembly while in use or when stored, and because the hydraulic cylinder extends down toward the ground as it lifts the stinger, it is important to bring about this folding-storing motion with a minimum of extension of the hydraulic cylinder. This may be accomplished by locating the axis of rotation of the lifting boom close to the connecting point between the hydraulic cylinder and boom. Thus, a small extension by the hydraulic cylinder causes a large movement by the stinger into the upright, stored position. However, as a result of this short moment arm between the hydraulic cylinder and the axis of rotation such a mechanism may suffer from a significant lack of lifting capacity.
In many situations, the vehicle to be towed is not on a level plane with the towing vehicle, e.g., the vehicle may be downhill or in a ditch. In certain cases, the undercarriage of the vehicle to be towed is configured such that in order to lift the vehicle without damage, the stinger must be tilted in order to properly engage the vehicle. While many stinger assemblies are capable of tilting "positively"--from a horizontal position toward a higher position--to engage the vehicle to be towed, many are not capable of "negative" tilt--that is, dropping the stinger below the level of the axis of rotation of the boom in order to properly engage the vehicle. The inability to provide "negative" tilt is a significant drawback in prior equipment.
Furthermore, after the stinger has engaged the vehicle, it is oftentimes desirable to tilt the stinger to reach the optimum lifting position which often requires substantial additional power. However, some prior art apparatus, which employ a single hydraulic cylinder to move the stinger, lack this additional required power.

Single-powered underlift towing apparatus


A system and method for improving link performance and network capacity of a CDMA network is described. In a preferred embodiment, at each sector site, antennas having a relatively narrow horizontal beamwidth are used as transmit antennas, while antennas having a relatively wide horizontal beamwidth are used as receive antennas. Narrow beamwidth antennas are also used to implement hybrid transmit/receive antennas.

In cellular wireless communication networks, or "cellular networks," a served area is divided into cells. Each cell is further divided into sectors, except in the case of omni-directional cells, in which the entire cell comprises a single sector. Each cell is served by at least one base station located at a cell site typically at the center of the cell. All of the base stations are connected to a message switching center ("MSC") via a base station controller ("BSC") and hardware links. A plurality of mobile units are connected to the MSC by establishing radio links with one or more nearby base stations.
In communication systems that utilize narrow-band modulations, such as analog frequency modulation ("FM"), the existence of multiple paths ("multipath") causes severe fading. However, with wideband CDMA modulation, the different paths may be independently received, thereby greatly reducing the consequences of the multipath fading. However, multipath fading cannot be completely eliminated due to the occasional occurrence of unresolved multipath, i.e., multipath that cannot be independently processed.
Diversity is the approach most commonly used to mitigate multipath fading. In a CDMA cellular network, or "CDMA network," three forms of diversity are used. These include:
time
symbol interleaving, error detection, and correction coding PA1 signal energy is spread over a large bandwidth PA1 1. multiple signal paths from simultaneous links between mobile station and different sectors (soft handoff) PA1 2. RAKE receivers are used to combat the multipath environment by separately combining signals arriving with different (resolvable) propagation delays PA1 3. multiple, typically two, antennas at each cell site, wherein all of the antennas at a single cell site are designed to the same specifications PA1 N is the number of users an average sector can support; PA1 f.sub.pilot is the fraction of total sector high power amplifier ("HPA") power allocated for the pilot channel; PA1 f.sub.page is the fraction of total sector HPA power allocated for the paging channel; PA1 f.sub.synch is the fraction of total sector HPA power allocated for the synch channel; PA1 f.sub.user.sub..sub.--avg is the average fraction of total sector HPA power allocated to a user; PA1 hrf is the handoff reduction factor, a calculated value that takes into account the required resources due to different types of handoff; and PA1 v is the average voice activity factor. PA1 N is the number of users per sector; PA1 W is the spread-spectrum bandwidth; PA1 R is the data rate; PA1 E.sub.b /N.sub.o is the ratio of energy per bit (E.sub.b) to the noise power spectral density (N.sub.o); PA1 v is the average voice duty cycle; and PA1 F is the frequency reuse factor.
frequency
space
One of the most important effects achieved by improving a CDMA network is the increase in the network's capacity; that is, the number of calls that can be handled by the network at a given time. It should be noted that the capacity of a CDMA network is soft, i.e., the capacity of the network can be increased, but with a corresponding decrease in call quality.
CDMA network capacity takes two forms, which are forward link capacity and reverse link capacity. In practical CDMA networks, forward link capacity is the limiting form of capacity. The forward link capacity of a CDMA system is dependant on handoff and forward link transmit power requirements between sectors and mobile stations. A higher handoff and higher transmit power requirement will compromise the CDMA capacity. The following equation relates the forward link capacity to the average forward traffic channel gain and average soft handoff percentage for a CDMA network: EQU N=(1-(f.sub.pilot +f.sub.page +f.sub.synch))/(f.sub.user.sub..sub.--avg *hrf* v) (1)
where:
It should be noted from equation (1) that if the factors hrf and f.sub.user--avg are reduced, the overall forward link capacity of the network will be increased.
The reverse link pole (i.e., maximum) capacity may be estimated using the following equation: EQU N=(W/R)*(1/(E.sub.b /N.sub.o))*(1/v)*F (2)
where:
Frequency reuse factor is the ratio of the interference from mobile units within a sector to the total interference from mobiles in all sectors. Wider antennas result in marginally lower frequency reuse factors.
The capacity of a network is typically increased via sectorization. This is accomplished by the use of directional antennas. A directional antenna reduces the interference seen at a base station because it only receives in the direction of the antenna. In fact, if the antenna had no side-lobes or back-lobes, which reduce the frequency reuse factor (F), the out-of-interference would be further reduced, increasing F.
Depending on the purpose of the particular CDMA network considered, cell site separation may be designed based on "link budget" calculations. The link budget enables the network planners to separate the cell sites as far as possible, while maintaining adequate coverage or coverage to a given grade of service. In such cases, the reverse link budget is used to determine cell site separation.
In other cases, in particular, when there is a surplus link budget, the cell sites are positioned in closer proximity to one another. In cases where the network is designed for capacity, there is a surplus link budget. In these cases, higher capacity means a greater number of users in a given area.
In FIG. 1, a typical CDMA network is designated generally by a reference numeral 10. In a preferred embodiment, the system 10 is comprised of a plurality of cells, represented in FIG. 1 by cells C1 and C2. Each of the cells C1, C2, is divided into a plurality of sectors S1, S2, S3 and S4, S5, S6, respectively, through use of a plurality of directional antennas (FIG. 2) located at or near a respective base station BS1, BS2. Although the cells C1, C2, are shown as being divided into three sectors, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art that cells may be subdivided into one or more sectors depending on the configuration of the system 10. As previously noted, each cell C1, C2, comprises a base station B1, B2, respectively, the primary function of which is to provide over-the-air radio frequency ("RF") communication with mobile units, such as a mobile unit 12.
Each base station B1, B2, is further connected via a link to a base station controller ("BSC") 18, which is connected to a mobile switching center ("MSC") 22. As the elements comprising the system 10, as well as the configuration thereof, are well known in the art, the details thereof will not be further described, except as necessary to impart a complete understanding of the present invention.
As illustrated in FIG. 2, for each sector, there are typically two antennas 200, 202, located at a "sector site" 204 thereof. In some cases, as shown in FIG. 2, one of the antennas 200 functions as a hybrid transmit/receive antenna, while the other antenna 202 functions as a receive only antenna. The antennas 200, 202, are usually are separated far enough apart to ensure that the individual energy that each antenna captures has faded independently. Generally, both antennas have been of the same specifications, including antenna beamwidth, material, size, gain, and others.
Clearly, increasing the capacity and reliability of a CDMA network is a constant focus of network planners. Therefore, what is needed is a technique for improving both link performance (i.e., coverage) and capacity of a sectorized CDMA network.

Method and apparatus for improving link performance and capacity of a sectorized CDMA cellular communication network


It is known in structural curtainwall systems to have a series of rafters and purlins supporting glass panes. It known also to provide drainage panels in the supporting elements to drain away any water which seeps past the external surfaces of the glass panes. In this invention, separate panels are formed comprising purlins and sub-frame members and supporting glass panes. These panels will be formed off-site in a factory. The sub-frames of the panels are received directly into channels in the rafters thus enhancing the resistance of the system to leakage particularly where the panels intersect the rafters. The joint between adjacent panels spanning the same pair of rafters is sealed by providing tongue members on the purlins which are resiliently deformable. The biasing of the tongue members provides a seal between adjacent panels. Furthermore, the tongue members form drainage channels to drain water into the drainage channels of the rafters.

Known curtainwall systems including known skylight systems typically include a series of generally parallel rafters attached to a series of purlins which are usually interconnected perpendicular to the rafters. The rafters and purlins provide a framework to support glass panes or panes made of other materials. Such a rafter and purlin structural framework is typically attached to the superstructure of a building.
U.S. Pat. No. 4,621,472 issued to Kloke shows such a framing system, wherein the glazing sheets are directly supported by both rafters and purlins. One of the major problems with skylight systems is providing a structure which will repel water. The glass panes are usually secured to the rafter and purlin framework in part by pressure plates which, when supplemented by gaskets or the like, provide a seal between the glass sheets and the plate. However, water can penetrate the seal. Kloke teaches the use of drainage channels in both rafters and purlins. Water which passes by the seals will enter drainage channels in the purlins and then be discharged into the drainage channels in the rafters and thereafter be removed from the structural system. Kloke also teaches the use of channels along the length of the purlins to trap condensation that collects on the inside of the glass panes and also provides for discharge into the drainage channels of the rafters. The system disclosed by Kloke shows an interconnection between the purlin and the rafter wherein an overlapping portion of the purlin is supported in a cut-out portion through the side of the rafter.
Other such structural systems which include similar drainage means are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,680,905 which issued to Rockar and U.S. Pat. No. 4,850,167 which issued to Beard et al.
However all these known systems utilize the same basic principle of providing a framework system to which the panes are secured in the field. In such systems the structural framework of rafters and purlins is first constructed in the field and then the panes are installed. Although a seal between purlins and panes is created by a pressure plate, this seal is sometimes not very effective and can leak. Also, the drainage channels in the purlins can overflow. Another drawback is that the seal at the interconnection between the purlins and rafters can sometimes fail or be ineffective. In a system where there is a cut-out in the supporting rafter to support the purlin, there is a particular vulnerability at the cut-out for a leak or overflow. Further, assembly in the field is time consuming.
The structural system of this invention seeks to overcome the drawbacks of the known systems.

Structural curtainwall system and components therefor


An organic light emitting diode display includes a substrate, switching elements on the substrate, at least one barrier member on the substrate, a passivation layer covering the switching elements and including a protection opening exposing the barrier member, pixel electrodes on the passivation layer and connected to the switching elements, auxiliary electrodes separated from and formed from a same layer as the pixel electrodes, an organic emission layer including a pixel emission layer and a common emission layer sequentially formed on the pixel electrodes, and a common electrode including an auxiliary common electrode and a main common electrode sequentially formed on the common emission layer. The common emission layer and the auxiliary common electrode have a common contact hole at a position corresponding to a position of the barrier member. The main common electrode is connected with the auxiliary electrode through the common contact hole.

1. Field
Embodiments relate to an organic light emitting diode display and a manufacturing method thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
An organic light emitting diode display includes two electrodes of an anode and a cathode, and an organic light emitting layer interposed between the two electrodes. The anode injects holes and the cathode injects electrons into the light emitting layer. The injected electrons and holes are combined to form excitons and the excitons emit light as discharge energy.
Such an organic light emitting diode display includes a plurality of pixels including an organic light emitting diode which is a self-emission device, and in each pixel, a plurality of thin film transistors and storage capacitors for driving the organic light emitting diode are formed.

Organic light emitting diode display and manufacturing method thereof


The transport device (10, 10a) for web-shaped recording substrates (3, 3a, 3b) includes transport devices (13, 13a, 15, 15a, 15b) driven by an electromotor, wherein the transport devices (13, 13a, 15, 15a, 15b) transport back and forth and asynchronously the recording substrate (3, 3a, 3b) from a starting position (IP, IP1, SP, SP1) to a target position (PP, PP1, TP, TP1). A gear coupling (16, 16a, 16b) is in addition coordinated to the transport devices (13, 13a, 15, 15a, 15b), wherein the gear coupling (16, 16a, 16b) controls automatically the tension of the recording substrate (3, 3a, 3b) tensioned between the transport devices (13, 13a, 15, 15a, 15b). In addition, the transport device (15, 15a, 15b) can be disengaged from the electromotor drive (11, 11a) by actuating an operating lever (19, 19a), wherein the operating lever (19, 19a) engages the gear coupling (16, 16a, 16b), when sheet-shaped recording substrates (2, 2a, 2b) are to be transported in addition to the web-shaped recording substrates (3, 3a, 3b) in the printing device (1, 1a).

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a device for transporting web-shaped recording substrates in printing devices including a first and a second transport device, wherein the transport devices are in each case driven by a gear at different speeds, and wherein one of the transport devices is in addition driven by a coupling.
2. Brief Description of the Background of the Invention Including Prior Art
Modern printing devices, for example ink jet printers, are characterized by a marked user-friendly operating procedure during the printing of web-shaped recording substrates. The operational friendliness of a printing device is of particular importance for the user, where the printing device is to print on sheet-shaped recording substrates in addition to web-shaped recording substrates. In order to fulfill this requirement, however, more complicated, mechanical transport devices are necessary with which the sheet-shaped or, respectively, web-shaped recording substrates are fed to a printing station. In the following, the term continuous form paper or, respectively, individual sheet is employed for the term web-shaped or, respectively, sheet-shaped recording substrate. A recording substrate is intended in this case to include recording substrates which can differ both in their kind, for example, paper, cardboard, foil, as well as in the grade of pretreatment, for example, edge perforation, preprinted forth.
If for example a user wishes to print a single sheet after the printing of alphanumerical characters onto the continuous form paper, then the unprinted part of the continuous form paper, still disposed in a roller wedge of the transport device, has to be moved into a stand-by position for the next printing procedure. The continuous form paper, disposed in the stand-by position, has to be fed again to the printing station following the printing of the individual sheet.
A further requirement associated with such a transport device is brought about in that a printing procedure, interrupted for a certain time period (printing pause), results in that the continuous paper is moved to a so-called tear-off position. If the printing procedure of the continuous form paper is now to continue from the preceding printing procedure, then the continuous form paper has to be transported anew from the tear-off position back into the printing position.
A paper transport device for individual sheets and continuous form paper in printing devices is known from the European Patent document EP-A2-0,123,310. The paper transport device exhibits for this purpose a switching gear, which mechanically couples a drive motor to a printer platen or, respectively, the drive motor to a paper tractor and the printer platen dependent on the operation type, single sheet or continuous form paper, of the printing device. The switching gear is in this case formed such that no malfunctions, such as for example paper jamming, occur during the transition from the operation type continuous form paper to the operation type single sheet or vice versa. The back transport of the individual sheets or, respectively, of the continuous form paper is achieved by the rotation direction reversal of the drive motor. It is a disadvantage of the known paper transport device that the mechanical coupling between the paper tractor and the printer platen has to be very accurate in order to be able to transport the edge-perforated continuous form paper without any problems, perfectly, and accurately in its position.
Furthermore, a paper feed device for printing devices is known from the U.S. Pat. No. 4,688,957, wherewith individual sheets or continuous form paper can selectively be fed over a friction roller to a printing station. A paper tractor, separating rollers, and the friction roller are in this case driven over a gear by an electromotor. A gear coupling is provided in the gear for the selection of the operation type single sheet or continuous paper, where the gear coupling can be manually operated with an operating lever. Since the paper tractor for both transport directions of the continuous form paper is at all times coupled to the friction roller in case of the known feed device during the continuous form paper operation, the same disadvantages occur as with the technical teachings of the European Patent document EP-A2-0,123,310.
In addition it is possible to transport continuous form paper, for example edge-perforated fanfold paper, only backwards, jointly over a tractor and a printer platen. In this case, both the paper tractor as well as the printer platen are driven by a step motor, which is in each case connected over a gear with the tractor and the printer platen. A freewheel is disposed in the gear between the paper tractor and the step motor, where the freewheel blocks in reverse direction. In forward direction, the edge-perforated fanfold paper is manually shifted by rotation of a handwheel from an insertion or, respectively, stand-by position in a roller wedge of the printer platen. In this case, the handwheel of the paper tractor is to be rotated in a direction opposite to the handwheel of the printer platen. When the edge-perforated fanfold paper reaches the roller wedge, then the friction drive of the printer platen takes over the further transport. The advance rate of the edge-perforated fanfold paper is exclusively determined by the friction drive of the printer platen. The friction drive is thereby disengaged from the paper tractor in forward direction by the effective freewheel. This is achieved in that the freewheel is driven faster by the step motor than the edge-perforated fanfold paper is carried along by the friction drive. During the pulling in of the edge-perforated fanfold paper, the paper tractor is pulled along by the edge-perforated fanfold paper.
This principle of pulling in and back transportation of edge-perforated fanfold paper has the disadvantage that the edge-perforated fanfold paper, disposed in the stand-by position, can only be moved slightly, i.e. a maximum of 1/6 inch, backward through the printer platen. If the edge-perforated fanfold paper is moved backwards by a larger distance, then the paper tractor pushes the edge-perforated fanfold paper backwardly out of the printer device as a result of the blocked freewheel. This occurs for example during the change from the continuous form paper operation to the single sheet operation in a printing device. Such a backward motion occurs however for example during the printing of several exponents onto a single sheet.

System for transporting web-shaped recording substrates in printing devices


In the control of a multi-joint robot main body, it is necessary to execute intricate track calculations and synchronous operations in parallel, even if the track calculations are intricate and times required for the calculations are indefinite. For this purpose, a robot controlling device of the present invention includes a shared memory, and first and second processing units connected to the shared memory. The first processing unit performs track calculation processing which includes calculating operation command data indicating a series of command values to be output to arm motors, based on a command to operate the multi-joint robot main body to a desired position posture, and storing the calculated operation command data in the shared memory. The second processing unit performs synchronous processing which includes acquiring the operation command data stored in the shared memory, and synchronously outputting the command values to the arm motors at predetermined time intervals.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a robot controlling device which controls a plurality of driving units which drive joints of a multi-joint robot main body.
2. Description of the Related Art
In a multi-axial multi-joint robot main body, it is necessary to operate the main body while synchronously changing angles of joints. If these joint angles are not synchronously changed, a track of an end point position of the multi-joint robot main body shifts. Therefore, a robot controlling device synchronously controls a plurality of driving units which drive the respective joints of the multi-joint robot main body (see JP-A-2004-524171 (Japanese Translation of PCT International Application)). It is to be noted that the calculation of each joint angle from a desired position posture of the multi-joint robot main body is called an inverse problem. Conversely, the calculation of the position posture of the multi-joint robot main body from the respective joint angles is called a forward problem. A field which handles these problems is called mechanics.
This conventional robot controlling device has a constitution in which two computers having different properties are combined. One of the computers is a general purpose computer, and the other computer is a real time computer. Moreover, the general purpose computer outputs, to the real time computer, a command indicating the desired position posture of the multi-joint robot main body. The real time computer can calculate operation command data where command values each indicating the joint angle of each driving unit are arranged in time series, on the basis of the input command based on inverse kinematics.
When the respective driving units are operated securely on schedule, it is necessary to synchronously output the calculated command values to the respective driving units of the multi-joint robot main body at predetermined time intervals (e.g. 5 ms).
However, the conventional robot controlling device cannot allow the multi-joint robot main body to perform any humanly dextrous operation. Specifically, a very high-level intricate algorithm is hidden in the humanly dextrous operation, and a robot control system has to perform calculations based on the high-level intricate algorithm. Moreover, even when the desired position posture of the multi-joint robot main body is simple, each joint angle of the multi-joint robot main body draws an intricate track. That is, calculation processing based on the inverse kinematics is intricate and requires much time as compared with calculation processing based on forward kinematics.
Therefore, when such intricate track calculations are performed, times required for the calculations become longer than synchronous times (time intervals to output the command values) sometimes. Moreover, the required times change often in accordance with calculation conditions. That is, the times required for the track calculations are indefinite. As the required time, there is supposed time of, for example, 1 s which is incomparably longer than the synchronous time (e.g. 5 ms).
However, in the robot controlling device disclosed in JP-A-2004-524171, it is necessary for the real time computer to execute intricate track calculations and synchronous operations in parallel. Therefore, the real time computer has to complete the track calculations within the synchronous times, but the times required for the track calculations are indefinite, so that the track calculations are not completed within the synchronous times sometimes. In such a case, it is necessary for the real time computer to perform the synchronous operations after completing all the track calculations, and the operation of the multi-joint robot main body has to be stopped until the track calculations end. In consequence, the multi-joint robot main body cannot perform any smooth operation, and the humanly dextrous operation cannot be realized.
To solve the problems, an object of the present invention is to provide a robot controlling device which can execute intricate track calculations and synchronous operations in parallel, even if the track calculations are intricate and times required for the calculations are indefinite.


In an approach for provisioning a server utilizing a virtual consistency group, a processor receives a request to provision a first server utilizing a first application consistency group, wherein the first application consistency group is a virtualized consistency group. A processor defines a storage consistency group. A processor assigns the first application consistency group to the storage consistency group. A processor provisions the first server. A processor assigns to the provisioned first server, storage specified by the first application consistency group.

The present invention relates generally to the field of data storage and consistency modeling, and more particularly to virtualization of consistency groups in a cloud environment.
Cloud computing involves application systems which are executed within the cloud and operated through internet enabled devices. Cloud computing is computing in which large groups of remote servers are networked to allow centralized data storage and online access to computer services or resources. Cloud networks can be classified as public, private, or a hybrid of the two. Cloud services within the cloud service are made available to users on demand via the Internet from a cloud computing provider's servers as opposed to being provided from an end user's personal servers. Cloud services are designed to provide easy, scalable access to applications, resources, and servers, and are fully managed by a cloud service provider. A cloud service provider can fluctuate in size based on the needs of its users and the resources of the cloud service provider.
A consistency group is the concept of grouping all system, middleware, and application volumes that are required to be managed, as a consistent entity. Consistency groups enable users to group "related volumes" together representing, for example, a business transaction, that may involve multiple transactions across a single database/file system, or multiple databases/file systems located on a single or multiple heterogeneous server platform.
Current data protection systems try to provide continuous data protection which enable the organization to roll back to any specified point in time within a recent history. Continuous data protection systems aim to minimize the down time in which site data is unavailable during a recover and to enable recovery as close to possible to any specified point in time within a recent history. One challenge to continuous data protection is enabling compatibility and utilizing a consistency group such that workloads can run across processor architectures and hypervisors. Such a problem may arise in a cloud computing environment.
U.S. Pat. No. 8,977,593 B1 is generally within the field of continuous data protection and describes "[a] new virtual [consistency group] CG may be created which may consist of several internal CGs. The virtual CG may be presented to the user and the user may be able to perform all actions on the virtual CG." (U.S. Pat. No. 8,977,593 B1, Col. 3, Lines 19-22).

International Business Machines Corporation