The present invention prevents a conveying force of a rotation body from being locally deteriorated, and increases lifetime of the rotation body. A printer 1000 changes, by means of control of a controller, starting position at which rotation speeds of skew feeding correcting drive rollers 21a and 22a are changed. With this, the printer 1000 prevents a conveying force from being concentrated on specific positions of the skew feeding correcting drive rollers 21a and 22a, thereby preventing local wearing and deterioration of the conveying force, and the skew feeding correcting drive rollers 21a and 22a can be used for a long term.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an image processing apparatus which forms an image on a conveyed sheet or reads an image of a conveyed original.
2. Description of Related Art
A conventional image forming apparatus which forms an image on a sheet such as a copying machine and a printer and a facsimile machine and a conventional image reading apparatus which reads an image of an original such as a scanner include a sheet conveying apparatus which conveys a sheet or an original.
In the case of the sheet conveying apparatus of the image processing apparatus such as the image forming apparatus and the image reading apparatus and it is necessary to straightly send a sheet or an original to the image forming portion of the image forming apparatus or the image reading portion of the image reading apparatus. If the sheet conveying apparatus obliquely sends a sheet to the image forming portion, the image forming apparatus obliquely forms an image on the sheet. If the sheet conveying apparatus obliquely sends an original to the image reading portion, the image reading portion obliquely reads the original. Thus, the sheet conveying apparatus includes a registration apparatus which registers the skew feeding before an inclined (skew fed) sheet or original is sent to the image forming portion or the image reading portion.
As systems of the registration apparatus, there are a loop registration system and a shutter registration system. According to the loop registration system, a tip end of a sheet is butted against a nip of a pair of stopped rollers to form the sheet with a warp and the skew feeding of the sheet is registered utilizing rigidity of the sheet. According to the shutter registration system, a tip end of a sheet is butted against a shutter member provided in a sheet conveying passage and then, the shutter member is retracted from the sheet conveying passage.
In recent years, however, with the digitization of the image forming apparatus and the image reading apparatus, there is a tendency that a distance between sheets or originals ("sheet-gap", hereinafter) is reduced. The reason why the sheet-gap is reduced is that more sheets can be processed within a short time and substantial image forming speed can be enhanced without increasing the processing speed of image formation, and that more originals can be read within a short time without increasing the reading speed of originals.
Therefore, time required for registration is one of the factors which determine the sheet-gap. As one of methods for shortening the time required for registration and there is an active registration method in which skew feeding of sheets is corrected while conveying sheets. According to this method, a tip end of a conveyed sheet is detected by two sensors disposed in a sheet conveying passage in a direction intersecting with a sheet conveying direction, and when the sheet is skew fed, a control portion calculates the inclination of the tip end of the sheet based on a difference in detection time. Then, a sheet conveying speed of a plurality of skew feeding correction rollers which are disposed in a direction intersecting with the sheet conveying direction and which rotates independently are controlled on the calculated skew feeding amount and the sheet is turned to correct the skew feeding (see Japanese patent Application Laid-open No.H8-108955).
According to this active registration method, since the skew feeding can be corrected while conveying a sheet, reduce the sheet-gap as compared with the loop registration method and the shutter registration method in which a sheet is once stopped.
A sheet conveying apparatus in which the active registration method is employed will be described based on FIG. 24. A sheet conveying apparatus 900 includes a tip end detection sensor 904 which detects a tip end of a sheet, a pair of conveying rollers 905 and 906, skew feeding detection sensors 913 and 914 which detect skew feeding of a sheet, and a pair of registration rollers 907 and 908 which correct the skew feeding of a sheet. The pair of conveying rollers 905 and 906 includes a drive rollers 905a and 906a which are rotated by a motor 910 and which have half-moon shaped cross sections, and follower rollers 905b and 906b which follow the drive rollers 905a and 906a.
If the tip end detection sensor 904 detects the tip end of a sheet, the drive rollers 905a and 906a rotate by predetermined number of times and sends a sheet into the pair of registration rollers 907 and then, the drive rollers 905a and 906a stop at a position where nip between the follower rollers 905b and 906b is released. At that time, the drive rollers 905a and 906a rotate in a state where the directions of the half-moon shapes match with each other (the same phases).
Each of the pair of registration rollers 907 and 908 comprises a pair of rollers which independently rotate in a direction intersecting with the sheet conveying direction. The pair of registration rollers 907 and 908 turn a sheet such that sheet conveying speeds of the pair of rollers disposed in the direction intersecting with the sheet conveying direction are different from each other, and correct the skew feeding of the sheet with the skew feeding amount detected and calculated by the skew feeding detection sensors 913 and 914. The nip of the pair of conveying rollers 905 and 906 of the sheet which is turned by the pair of registration rollers 907 and 908 and whose skew feeding is corrected is released. Therefore, no load is added from the pair of conveying rollers 905 and 906, the skew feeding is corrected smoothly.
With this, the sheet conveying apparatus 900 can continuously convey a sheet while maintaining the correcting precision of the skew feeding at high level without restraining a rear end side of the sheet by the pair of conveying rollers 905 and 906. The structure of the sheet conveying apparatus 900 can also be applied to an image reading apparatus which convey an original.
As described above, correction of the skew feeding of a sheet is extremely important to enhance the forming precision of an image or the reading precision of an image of the image forming apparatus or the image reading apparatus. In the case of the active registration method using the skew feeding correcting rollers which are coaxially disposed and independently rotate, the skew feeding correcting precision is deteriorated depending upon a machining error of the skew feeding correcting rollers in some cases.
The reason is as follows. That is, in the case of the two pairs of skew feeding correcting rollers having machining errors, even if the rollers rotate at isogonal speed, since a circumferential speed of the roller is irregularly varied in the nip portion, the skew feeding correcting rollers irregularly convey a sheet in a meandering manner. Even if the skew feeding amount of a nipped sheet is 0, if the skew feeding correcting rollers pass the sheet to a downstream pair of conveying rollers in a state where the sheet is conveyed in the meandering manner, there is a fear that the skew feeding correcting rollers pass the sheet in the skew feeding state. As a result the skew feeding correcting precision of a sheet of the sheet conveying apparatus 900 is deteriorated.
To solve this problem, it is conceived that all of the skew feeding correcting rollers always maintain positions thereof on their outer peripheries where the rollers start coming into contact with a sheet at the same level (phases of the pair of registration rollers are aligned with each other), thereby preventing the skew feeding correcting precision from being deteriorated. That is, if the meandering states of sheets conveyed by the skew feeding correcting rollers are brought into exact agreement every time, the variation of the skew feeding amount is reduced. If the fact that a constant amount of skew feeding is generated in a sheet is previously found, reduce the amount of skew feeding by carrying out the skew feeding correcting control in which the control amount is corrected correspondingly.
The skew feeding correcting precision of a sheet is pertinent to a conveying load of a sheet and a conveying force of the skew feeding correcting rollers. It is necessary to always satisfy the relation of a conveying load of a sheet<a conveying force of the skew feeding correcting rollers.
If the relation of a conveying load of a sheet>a conveying force of the skew feeding correcting rollers, it is impossible to correct the skew feeding. Even if the conveying load of a sheet and the skew feeding correcting rollers are close to each other, a slip is generated between the sheet and the skew feeding correcting rollers, and the skew feeding can not be corrected sufficiently.
The conveying load of a sheet is mainly generated when the sheet slides on a conveying path. Thus, the conveying load of a sheet can be reduced to some degree if the sheet can easily slide on a conveying path where skew feeding of sheet is corrected.
In the case of the sheet conveying apparatus of the active registration system, a conveying load of a sheet is reduced. Thus, there is proposed a sheet conveying apparatus in which an upstream conveying roller of the skew feeding correcting roller is configured such that it can move in a direction intersecting with the sheet conveying direction, it follows the turning motion when the skew feeding of a sheet is corrected and a load at the time of turning is reduced (see Japanese patent Application Laid-open No. H10-175752).
In the conventional sheet conveying apparatus, an upstream side of the skew feeding correcting roller is formed into a shape or structure in which a conveying load is small. However, since a conveying load applied to the skew feeding correcting roller can not be 0, a slip may be produced between the skew feeding correcting roller and a sheet in some cases. Further, when a sheet is turned by a speed difference between the skew feeding correcting rollers, since the sheet is turned in the roller nip, a slip is generated between the skew feeding correcting roller and the sheet in a rotation direction of the sheet. Since an inertial force of a sheet is applied to the slip phenomenon generated between the skew feeding correcting roller and the sheet, the slip phenomenon appears most seriously at an instant when a turning acceleration is applied to the sheet.
When control is performed (phase control) such that all of the skew feeding correcting rollers always maintain positions thereof on their outer peripheries where the rollers start coming into contact with a sheet at the same level, slip phenomena are concentrated on the same position on the outer periphery of the skew feeding correcting roller. Therefore, there is a problem that the same portions on the outer peripheries of the skew feeding correcting rollers are worn, a conveying force of a sheet is largely deteriorated at the worn portion, and a conveying amount of a sheet is reduced, and the skew feeding correcting precision is deteriorated. This problem is not limited to the skew feeding correcting roller, and the same problem is also generated when the conveying roller which conveys sheets in the sheet conveying direction while accelerating or decelerating the sheets is controlled in phase.
Hence, in a conventional sheet conveying apparatus having the conventional skew feeding correcting rollers or conveying rollers whose phases are controlled, the rollers are exchanged periodically in accordance with reduction in conveying force of the skew feeding correcting rollers or conveying rollers to maintain the sheet conveying precision such as the skew feeding correcting precision. However, if the rollers are exchanged periodically, cost is increased.
The image forming apparatus having the sheet conveying apparatus of the active registration system is a high speed machine in which the number of images to be formed per unit time is high in many cases, and the image forming apparatus is used commercially in many cases. Thus, if the stop time required for maintenance in which the skew feeding correcting rollers or conveying rollers are exchanged is long, this deteriorates the image forming efficiency.
In recent years, sheets to be used are diversified from thin sheet to thick sheet from small size of about postcard size to large size of about 330 mm×488 mm, and image forming apparatuses which cope with the diversification are increased. Thus, in the case of the sheet conveying apparatus, the skew feeding correcting roller is prone to be worn locally when a thick sheet or large size sheet is conveyed, the conveying force is reduced, the number of exchanging operations of the skew feeding correcting rollers or conveying rollers is increased, and a serviceability ratio is deteriorated.
As described above, it is required that lifetime of a rotation body such as the skew feeding correcting roller and the conveying roller whose phase is to be control is increased.
The present invention prevents a sheet conveying force of a rotation body such as a skew feeding correcting roller and a conveying roller from being reduced locally, reduces the deterioration in the skew feeding correcting precision, and increases the lifetime of the rotation body.


A mobile communication device with a wireless module and a controller module is provided for handling random access failures in a multi-carrier system. The wireless module performs wireless transceiving to and from a cellular station. The controller module performs operations of a Media Access Control (MAC) layer. The operations includes: retrying a random access procedure on a carrier frequency with the cellular station via the wireless module, and stopping the retry of the random access procedure in response to the retry of the random access procedure being failed or receiving a message from the cellular station via the wireless module.

1. Field of the Invention
The invention generally relates to the techniques for handling random access failures, and more particularly, to apparatuses, systems, and methods for handling random access failures in a multi-carrier system.
2. Description of the Related Art
In order to meet users' demand for higher data rate in wireless communications, support of wider transmission bandwidths is required. A so-called Carrier Aggregation (CA) technique has been proposed to allow expansion of effective bandwidth delivered to a user terminal through concurrent utilization of radio resources across multiple carriers. The CA technique is most useful when it is difficult to derive a contiguous and extra wide bandwidth. With the CA technique, 2 or more frequency bands may be aggregated to form a larger transmission/receive bandwidth. Each of the aggregated frequency bands is generally referred to as a carrier frequency.
Specifically, each carrier frequency needs to be configured and activated before it may be used for data transmission or reception. The network side may first transmit a Radio Resource Control (RRC) message to configure the carrier frequencies for a Mobile Station (MS) (or may be referred to as a User Equipment), and then transmit a Medium Access Control (MAC) activation command to the MS to activate one of the carrier frequencies. After that, the MS may initiate a random access procedure on the activated carrier frequency for uplink timing alignment, requesting radio resources, or other purposes. If the MS is configured with more than one carrier frequency, there may be several random access procedure being concurrently performed or waiting to be performed on multiple carrier frequencies for the MS.

Mobile communication devices, cellular stations, multi-carrier systems, and methods for handling random access failures


A motor vehicle roof which can be lowered into a rear receiving space, with a rear roof part (8) which is pivotally supported on the body and a front roof part (6) which is pivotally supported thereon. The rear roof part (8) has a lengthwise dimension which is equal essentially to twice the lengthwise dimension of the rear window (22). The rear window can be moved out of a position which closes a rear window cutout to under the closed front section of the rear roof part.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention relates to a lowerable vehicle roof for motor vehicles of the type having a rear roof part with a rear window and at least one front roof part which adjoins the forward enc of the rear roof part, the rear roof part being able to swing to the rear and being supported on the vehicle body to be able to be lowered into a rear receiving space, and the front roof part being supported in the area of the front edge of the rear roof part to be able to swing into a position which adjoins the inside of the rear roof part, and the rear window being movable between a position which closes a rear window cutout and a position which clears the window cutout.
2. Description of Related Art
Lowerable motor vehicle roofs of the above-mentioned type are known in different embodiments, especially as hardtop roofs for roadster-like sports cars. Such roofs make it possible to easily convert a closed motor vehicle provided with a hardtop into an open vehicle. In the open version, the entire motor vehicle roof is housed in a receiving space which can be covered by a cover and which is provided in the rear part of the motor vehicle.
Published European Patent Application EP 0 922 597 B1 and its counterpart U.S. Pat. No. 6,019,416 disclose a lowerable motor vehicle roof of the type noted above. Here, on the rear roof part, between the side pieces which border it laterally, there is a middle part which can be moved in the lengthwise direction and which comprises a rear window and a frame strip which reduces it to a given size. This middle part can be moved completely forward to under the front roof part. So that the middle part can be completely held under the front roof part, it must have at least one lengthwise dimension which corresponds to that of the middle part. It is pointed out here that the expressions xe2x80x9clengthwise directionxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9clengthwise dimensionxe2x80x9d generally refer to the displacement direction of the rear window and generally agree with the direction of travel of the motor vehicle, also in this embodiment.
In the known construction, the motor vehicle roof is divided in the lengthwise direction in a ratio 1:1, i.e., the front and the rear roof part each have roughly the same lengthwise direction. Such a design is especially effective in a two-part roof package and thus yields the smallest possible lengthwise dimension of the receiving space. A smaller lengthwise dimension of the front roof part would mean that the middle part cannot be completely accommodated under it, a result of which swinging of the front roof part relative to the rear roof part would no longer be possible, while a larger dimension of the front roof part would mean a larger lengthwise dimension of the roof package which has been folded together. When the motor vehicle roof is divided in a ratio 1:1, the lengthwise dimension of the rear roof part, on the other hand, is generally so large that it cannot fully correspond to the lengthwise dimension of the rear window, since then the area of the rear window becomes too large, for example, with respect to the possible incident solar radiation. For this reason, in the known construction, the area of the rear window is reduced to a reasonable size by providing a frame strip. In addition to the described disadvantages of the known structure, however, it is regarded as especially disadvantageous that the middle part is pushed beyond the joint between the front and the rear roof part and that, accordingly, the guide rails for the middle part must extend beyond the joint and a possible displacement drive beyond this joint must be effective; this is structurally very complex.
A primary object of this invention is to devise a motor vehicle roof of the type mentioned initially above, which is structurally simple and enables a division of the surface which is more favorable relative to the known construction.
This object is achieved in accordance with the invention in that the rear roof part has a dimension in the lengthwise direction of the motor vehicle roof which corresponds to at least twice the lengthwise dimension of the rear window, comprising a rear section which has a rear window cutout and a front section which forms a closed surface, the rear window being adjustably supported on the rear roof part between the rear position which closes the rear window cutout and the front position which is covered with the front section.
It is pointed out that the terms xe2x80x9cfrontxe2x80x9d and xe2x80x9crearxe2x80x9d relate here, for example, to the direction of adjustment of the rear window in or opposite the direction of opening of the rear window, which in this embodiment, also agree with the direction of travel of the motor vehicle or the opposite direction.
According to this invention, the rear roof part is dimensioned such that the rear window within the rear roof part can be adjusted between its rear position which closes the rear window cutout and its front position which clears it. Accordingly, the rear window need not be pushed over the joint to the roof part which forwardly adjoins it, so that guides which bridge this joint, and optionally, a displacement drive which is effective beyond this joint, are not necessary. In this way, the structural simplification as compared to the aforementioned known design is considerable.
In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the motor vehicle roof is divided into two parts, i.e., the rear roof part is forwardly adjoined by a single front roof part; the latter, preferably, has a lengthwise dimension which is essentially roughly equal to the lengthwise dimension of the front section of the rear roof part, the rear window cutout being open to the rear, i.e., the side pieces which border it laterally are not joined to one another on their back ends; this embodiment makes it possible to arrange the motor vehicle roof in the lowered state such that the two side pieces (C pillars) which border the rear window cutout extend forward laterally next to the rear seat or rear seatback, so that the receiving space necessary for holding the remainder of the roof package can be made correspondingly smaller, as is described more accurately using one embodiment.
One especially favorable design of the motor vehicle roof arises when the lengthwise dimensions of the front roof part and of the front and rear section of the rear roof part are each essentially the same. It has been found that, in this design, a reasonable rear window size results with an area which need not be made artificially smaller by more or less wide frame parts.
For the rear window, various supports are possible; in one preferred embodiment of the invention, the rear window is movably supported in lateral guide rails located on the rear roof part, preferably, such that the rear window can be lowered out of a rear closed position, which is flush with the top surface of the rear roof part, to under this surface, and can be moved forward into the open position or vice versa. One such arrangement is already known from sliding roofs for motor vehicles.
According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the side pieces (C pillars) which laterally border the rear roof part are supported on the motor vehicle body to be able to pivot directly around a first pivot axes which lies transversely to the lengthwise axis of the motor vehicle. Pivot supports represent structurally especially simple supports.
According to another embodiment, the front roof part is supported on the rear roof part to be able to pivot around a second pivot axis which lies in the area of the joint between these roof parts.
In order to pivot the rear roof part between its closed position and its lowered position, in another embodiment, it is provided that the rear roof part is drive-coupled to an actuator for the pivoting motion. The front roof part is preferably coupled via at least one linkage gear which is located on a side of the vehicle to the rear roof part such that, when the rear roof part is pivoted to the rear, the front roof part pivots automatically into contact with it and vice versa. In this way, the front roof part does not require its own drive.
The linkage gear according to an embodiment of the invention is made as a four-bar mechanism, with a connecting rod with a roof-side end coupled to the front roof part and with a body-side end coupled to the body such that the coupling points of the connecting rod and the first pivot axis of the rear roof part and the second pivot axis of the front roof part form the four hinge points of the four-bar mechanism, as is described using one embodiment.
In order for the C pillars to extend in the above desired manner, laterally next to the rear seat with the motor vehicle roof lowered, in another embodiment of the invention, it is provided that the C pillars are pivotally supported essentially at a coupling point which lies between their rear and front end point. In this way, the rear sections of the C pillars are pivoted forward when the rear roof part is pivoted to the rear, and they can travel from underneath into a position which lies next to the back seat or the back seatback.
According to another embodiment of the invention, the receiving space for accommodating the motor vehicle roof has a cover which can be pivoted, around a pivot axis which is located in the area of its rear edge and which lies transversely to the lengthwise axis of the motor vehicle, between a closed position which closes the receiving space and a pivoted-up open position which clears it, a shelf surface fixed on the front edge of the cover with a width which corresponds at most to the width of the rear window cutout. The shelf surface, which lies inside with the motor vehicle roof closed, can be easily entrained when the motor vehicle roof is opened, after pushing the rear window forward, when the cover is pivoted up through the rear window opening, so that a separate adjustable support and separate drive for the shelf surface is not necessary. The access opening of the receiving space is enlarged by entraining the shelf surface.
In order to close the surface areas which are occupied by the C pillars, which are located laterally next to the shelf surface after pivoting and lowering the motor vehicle roof, and with the motor vehicle roof closed, according to another embodiment of the invention, there are surface elements on the shelf surface which can be displaced laterally between a first operating position which lies under the shelf surface and an extended second operating position which laterally flushly adjoins the shelf surface, and which have a horizontal projection which corresponds to the base surface of the C pillars.
One embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawings and is explained detail below.

Webasto Vehicle Systems International GmbH


An interleaving/deinterleaving processing method, a channel encoding system using it and a computer readable recording media for realizing it is provided. The interleaver includes: an interleaving storing unit for storing data sequence; the writing address generating unit for obtaining inter-location offset of a memory on which symbols are to be written in order to perform a writing operation and for generating a writing address to be practically written on, data and a memory control signal; an address offset generating unit for receiving a middle value (MID_OFF) and a start signal from the writing address generating unit, the middle value and the start signal being used for obtaining an offset between an inter-location offset of the memory; a reading address generating unit for generating increasing the address offset generating unit originated signal to as much as a symbol""s memory inter-location offset; the first and the second selecting unit for selecting appropriate signal between a control signal and address in the writing address generating unit and the reading address generating unit transferred writing operation needed reading operation, and in a real interleaving operation needed reading operation; and a third selecting unit for selecting appropriate symbol in the memory output signals and performed from the reading address generating unit transferred interleaving.

The present invention relates to an interleaving/deinterleaving processing method, a channel encoding system using it and a computer readable recording media for realizing it, and more particularly, to a method for realizing a inter-column substitution including interleaving/deinterleaving processing apparatus and method and thereof adopt reading media which can read the program, wherein the interleaving/deinterleaving operation processing apparatus and method which is used in error correction generated from a channel environment of mobile communication.
That is, the present invention embodiment the interleaving/deinterleaving, which is essential in realizing CDMA mobile communication system, and using strong application technology for effective and correct signal transfer. Especially, in mobile communication, there generated burst error by multi-channel caused multi-fading. So a codification and an interleaving can make effective transfer by changing a burst error to a random error.
In an international mobile telecommunication-2000 (IMT-2000), an interleaving/deinterleaving processing apparatus is accepted to a transmission time interval (TTI) and an utmost transfer rate is reached to 2 Mbps. At this time, transfer time interval is structured to 10xcx9c80 ms, so assuming that 384 Kbps data rate and 80 ms transfer time interval, then a memory for a first interleaving is reached to 553 Kbits, and if two RAM is used for reading and writing according to a conventional method, a memory which using the interleaving over 1 Mbits and occupied almost whole area of the chip. Moreover, thereof needed a second deinterleaving and a memory for the first and the second interleaving, so memory downsizing is necessary for making high data rate supply modem in one chip.
Another characteristics is performing an inter-column substitute before a block interleaving performing.
In here, refer to the conventional interleaving/deinterleaving structure.
First, in a three memory used structure, one is used for storing input data, another is used for the interleaving/deinterleaving sequence same as for the first memory reading address storing and the other is for storing the interleaving/deinterleaving result.
Second, improving the first structure, instead of storing the interleaving/deinterleaving sequence in the memory, producing an address through a counting machine. This structure uses two memory which divided in two structure following its use; one is uses two memory for storing input data and the interleaving/deinterleaving result, the other uses the memory for reading and writing, in turn.
Third, one memory use structure, reach to the inputted sauce data memory in two-dimension so writes in column direction, reads in column direction and changes the direction in turn.
The first and the second structure are easy in embodiment, but the memory size is fixed from 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps reached high data rate required application, so they are not good for applying in a terminal but the third structure is efficient.
However, in the IMT-2000, the interleaving process method performing inter-column substitution before a simple block interleaving, so simple column and row substitute method cannot complete the process. Because the inter-column substitution need nonlinear structure instead of the two-dimensional structure.
The conventional interleaving/deinterleaving method considers processing timing, and use two memories and during one memory writes input data, the other memory reads storing data. This method has an advantage of obtaining enough processing timing because the memory has small size when a data rate is low. However, considering an increased data and memory size, using two memories is not an advantage any more.
Furthermore, in the IMT-2000 standard, the first interleaver operates to the transfer time interval, up to 80 ms, and to receive this, the memory size has to be larger in proportion to the data rate and transfer time interval. So using two memories is resulted in make a chip to a several or using an outer memory. Therefore, memory size downsizing for the interleaving/deinterleaving to realize one modem to one chip is very important. Furthermore, different from the conventional interleaving performing method, the inter-column is preceded, so when uses one memory in writing and in reading, in column and in row respectively,
To consider the above, performing the interleaving/deinterleaving by using one memory to downsizing the memory size and making one chip modem which can support high data rate needed service is required.
It is, therefore, an object of the present invention to provide an apparatus and a method for processing data burst error correction used an interleaving/deinterleaving, and an address generator to write data in basic read position by generating an address, and using one memory, records the next data thereof, and using channel encoder system to realize it.
In accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an interleaving performing device, including: an interleaving storing unit for sequence storing which is inputted from a writing address generating unit and from a first and a second selecting unit; the writing address generating unit for demanding a memory inter-location offset (WR_OFF) to performing a writing operation in the interleaving storing unit memory block and for generating a practically writing address, data and memory control signal; an address offset generating unit for inputting a middle value (MID_OFF) and a start signal (cal_start) for demand a memory inter-location offset (RD_OFF) from the writing address generating unit, to read in an interleaving sequence and for generating an intermediate variable (COL_OFF) which is used for the memory inter-location offset (RD_OFF) and an inter-column substitution; a reading address generating unit for increasing the address offset generating unit originated signal to as much as a symbol""s memory inter-location offset (RD_OFF) and create an address for reading the interleaving storing unit to generate memory control signal; the first and the second selecting unit for selecting appropriate signal between a control signal and address in the writing address generating unit and the reading address generating unit transferred writing operation needed reading operation, and in a real interleaving operation needed reading operation; and a third selecting unit for selecting appropriate symbol in the memory output signals which are generated from the reading operation, and performed from the reading address generating unit transferred interleaving.
In accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a deinterleaving performing device, including: an deinterleaving storing unit for sequence storing which is inputted from a writing address generating unit and from a first and a second selecting unit; the writing address generating unit for demanding memory an inter-location offset (WR_OFF) to performing a writing operation in the deinterleaving storing unit memory block and for generating practically writing address, data and memory control signal; an address offset generating unit for inputting a middle value (MID_OFF) and a start signal (cal_start) for demand a memory inter-location offset (RD_OFF) from the writing address generating unit, to read in deinterleaving sequence and for generating an intermediate variable (COL_OFF) which is used for a memory inter-location offset (RD_OFF) and an inter-column substitution; a reading address generating unit for increasing the address offset generating unit originated signal to as much as a symbol""s memory inter-location offset (RD_OFF) and create an address for reading the deinterleaving storing unit to generate memory control signal; the first and the second selecting unit for selecting appropriate signal between a control signal and address in the writing address generating unit and the reading address generating unit transferred writing operation needed reading operation, and in a real interleaving operation needed reading operation; and a third selecting unit for selecting appropriate symbol in the memory output signals which are generated from the reading operation, and performed from the reading address generating unit transferred deinterleaving.
In accordance with a third embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a channel encoding system which is using data burst error correction used the interleaving/deinterleaving performing device, including: an encoding unit for encoding inputted sauce""s data column; an interleaving unit for performing inter-column included block interleaving, to the encoding unit transferred data; a modulating unit for modulating block interleaved data through the interleaving unit and transfer it through a channel; a demodulating unit for demodulating the block interleaved data which is modulated through the modulating unit; a deinterleaving unit for performing an inter-column substitution included block deinterleaving to the block interleaved data which is demodulated through the demodulating unit; and a decoding unit for decoding the deinterleaved data by the deinterleaving unit.
In accordance with a forth embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a interleaving performing method for data burst error correction used interleaving performing device, including the steps of: a) storing input sequence of writing address generator, a first and a second multiplexing device; b) obtaining a memory inter-location offset (WR_OFF) in a successively inputted symbol which will be written, and for performing a writing operation in the stored memory block; c) generating a memory inter-location offset (RD_OFF) which is inputting a middle value and a start signal (cal_start) for reading it in an interleaving sequence, and a medium variable (COL_OFF) which is used in an inter-column substitution; d) increasing the generated signal to a successively readable symbol""s memory inter-location""s offset (RD_OFF), and generating memory control signal for reading a stored interleaver RAM; e) choosing a corresponding cycle needed signal between the reading address generator and the writing address generator transferred writing operation needed reading operation and a real interleaving performing needed reading operation""s control signal and address; and f) choosing a corresponding symbol between the memory output signals which are generated by the reading address generator transferred interleaving performing reading operation.
In accordance with a fifth embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a deinterleaving performing method for data burst error correction used deinterleaving performing device, including the steps of: a) storing frame symbol of inputting from a writing address generator, a first and a second multiplexing device; b) obtaining a memory deinter-location offset (WR_OFF) in a successively inputted symbol which will be written, and for performing a writing operation in the stored memory block; c) generating a memory inter-location offset (RD_OFF) which is inputting a middle value and a start signal (cal_start) for reading it in deinterleaving sequence, and a medium variable (COL_OFF) which is used in an inter-column substitution restoration; d) increasing the generated signal to a successively readable symbol""s memory inter-location""s offset (RD_OFF), and generating memory control signal for reading a stored interleaver RAM; e) choosing a corresponding cycle needed signal between the reading address generator and the writing address generator transferred writing operation needed reading operation and a real interleaving performing needed reading operation""s control signal and address; and f) choosing a corresponding symbol between the memory output signals which are generated by the reading address generator transferred deinterleaving performing reading operation.
In accordance with a sixth embodiment of the present invention, there is provided an interleaving/deinterleaving performing method including the steps of: handling an interleaving/deinterleaving performing source data (interleaving)""s frame (block) or an interleaved data (deinterleaving) frame block, storing it in a memory; regarding the storing frame as a former frame, during the interleaving/deinterleaving, the former frame next corresponded symbol is inputted and needs the memory which can store it; and writing according to the previous symbol reading position for the next frame corresponded symbol, without adding the memory.
In accordance with a seventh embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a computer readable recording media including: a first function for correcting burst error of data, using one memory, considering an interleaving sequence followed a read position, for writing next data, in processor possessed interleaving performing device, inputting writing address generator and a first and a second multiplex device, storing an input sequence; a second function for performing a writing operation in a stored memory block, demanding successively inputted symbol used a memory inter-location offset (WR_OFF), generating a real usable address, data, and a memory control signal; a third function for generating an inter-column substitution used medium variable (COL_OFF) and a memory inter-location offset (RD_OFF) for inputting a medium value (MID_OFF) and a start signal (cal_start), and reading it an interleaving sequence; a forth function for increasing the generating signal to as much as a successively readable symbol inter-location""s offset (RD_OFF), and making an address for reading an above stored interleaver RAM, then generating a memory control signal; a fifth function for selecting respectively between the reading operation which is needed for the writing address generator and reading address generator transferred writing operation and a real interleaving performing needed reading operation""s control signal and address; and a sixth function for selecting corresponding symbol between the reading address generator transferred interleaving performing reading operation generated memory output signals.
In accordance with a eighth embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a computer readable recording media including: a first function for correcting a burst error of data, using one memory, considering a deinterleaving sequence followed read position, for writing next data, in processor possessed deinterleaving performing device, inputting a writing address generator and a first and a second multiplex device, storing an input sequence; a second function for performing writing operation in the stored memory block, demanding successively inputted symbol used a memory inter-location offset (WR_OFF), generating a real usable address, data, and a memory control signal; a third function for generating an inter-column substitution restore used a medium variable (COL_OFF) and a memory inter-location offset (RD_OFF) for inputting a medium value (MID_OFF) and a start signal (cal_start), and reading it in a deinterleaving sequence; a forth function for increasing the generating signal to as much as a successively readable symbol inter-location""s offset (RD_OFF), and making an address for reading an above stored deinterleaver RAM, then generating memory control signal; a fifth function for selecting respectively between the reading operation which is needed for the writing address generator and reading address generator transferred writing operation and a real interleaving performing needed reading operation""s control signal and an address; and a sixth function for selecting corresponding symbol between the reading address generator transferred deinterleaving performing reading operation generated memory output signals.
In the present invention, inter-column storing and one memory using structure is basically using one memory following the interleaving/deinterleaving sequence, and considering the inter-column substitution, record next data. Considering following three major points, first, it performed a writing operation according to the reading sequence, so it needs a calculation for the next reading sequence, displacement and for the inter-column substitution restoring used offset. Second, as a method of ensuring the maximum processing timing, speedy and simultaneous operation performable hardware structure is needed. Third, there needs a consideration of data rate changing, that is, changing of an inputted data block size.

Apparatus and method for processing interleaving/deinterleaving with address generator and channel encoding system using the same

Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute


Provided are crystal forms A, B, D, E, F, G and H of valsartan disodium salt and a preparation method therefor.

Valsartan (Formula I) is a specific angiotensin (AT) II receptor antagonist that selectively acts on the AT1 receptor subtype without any agonist activity.

Valsartan is a drug that has very low bulk density and is insoluble in water. The melting point of the free acid form of valsartan is 80-95° C. in the closed crucible, 105-110° C. in the open crucible, and the enthalpy of fusion is 12 kJ/mol. The melting point and the measured melting enthalpy of 12 kJ/mol demonstrated the poor stability of the valsartan particles in the free acid form.
A more stable form of valsartan is required during the process of drying or milling, as well as during the preparation of the formulation. Valsartan is a free acid having two acidic hydrogen atoms, one attaching to a carboxyl group and the other attaching to a tetrazole ring. Therefore, an acidic hydrogen atom or two acidic hydrogen atoms can be replaced with a monovalent or divalent cation. Valsartan sodium salt can improve the solubility of valsartan in solution, but it is hygroscopic and needs to be stored in a cool and dry environment. The valsartan disodium salt disclosed in CN01813039.9 is known to have a melting point starting from 260 and becoming brown at 295. The sodium salt is analyzed by elemental analysis, and the obtained substance (hygroscopic) can be equilibrated in air (C24H27N5O3Na2, 5.36 mol H2O, molar mass 576.05), from which it is known that the sodium salt has a hygroscopicity of up to 20%. It needs to further study the solid form of valsartan sodium salt in order to obtain the valsartan sodium salt with improved physical properties such as solubility and hygroscopicity.
It is difficult to form a salt of valsartan having the desired advantageous properties, however, the crystalline forms of the valsartan disodium salt in the present invention exhibit the desired improved properties.

Crystal forms of valsartan disodium salt

NANJING NORATECH PHARMACEUTICALS CO., LTD


A process for restoring imaging members, which comprises (1) providing, subsequent to its utilization and removal from an electrophotographic imaging device, an amorphous silicon photoconductive imaging member with a protective overcoating; (2) contacting this member with a fluorine containing composition for an effective time period enabling the removal of the protective layer; (3) washing and drying the surface of the resulting imaging member; and (4) subsequently depositing a protective layer thereover.

This invention is generally directed to processes for treating imaging members such as amorphous silicon, and more specifically, the present invention is directed to a simple direct, economically attractive process for restoring amorphous silicon photoconductive substances with fluorine containing compositions. In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a process for treating and restoring hydrogenated or halogenated amorphous silicon photoconductive substances including drums with fluorine containing compositions, such as hydrofluoric acid, thereby for example increasing the charge acceptance of these substances. Moreover, in accordance with the process of the present invention amorphous silicon containing undesirable invisible latent scratches on the surface thereof can be treated with fluorine containing substances for the purpose of eliminating the print out of these scratches. Further, in accordance with the process of the present invention image defects which appear as white spots obtained with previously commercially used electrophotographic overcoated amorphous silicon devices can be eliminated. Additionally, by treating amorphous silicon in accordance with the process described hereinafter aging of stored photoconductive drums, which translates into loss of image resolution, can be prevented. Another embodiment of the present invention is specifically directed to restoring used, especially commercially used, amorphous silicon imaging members including drums comprised of amorphous silicon, especially hydrogenated amorphous silicon, and or halogenated amorphous silicon which may contain dopants and contain a protective overcoating layer. The processes of the present invention may also be applicable to the treatment of imaging members comprised of amorphous silicon, including hydrogenated amorphous silicon, and/or halogenated amorphous silicon.
In an embodiment of the present invention, the process comprises restoring hydrogenated or halogenated amorphous silicon imaging members with protective overcoatings by exposing these members to vapors of hydrogen fluoride for an effective time period of, for example, from about 1 minute to about 240 minutes thereby removing the protective overcoating of, for example, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, amorphous carbon, and the like; spray washing the surface of the resulting member; drying the surface; and subsequently depositing a protective overcoating thereby resulting, for example, in a member that when reincorporated into electrophotographic imaging devices enables the achievement of images of increased resolution with substantially no white spots as compared to the member prior to treatment, which is substantially unusable.
Amorphous silicon photoconductors treated in accordance with the process of the present invention are useful as photoconductive imaging members in an electrophotographic imaging or printing apparatus wherein, for example, electrostatic latent images formed on the surface thereof are developed with toner particles, transferred to a suitable substrate such as paper, and subsequently optionally permanently affixed thereto by heat, for example.
Electrophotographic imaging systems, particularly xerographic imaging systems, are well known, and are extensively described in the prior art. In these systems, generally a photoresponsive or photoconductor material is selected for forming the latent electrostatic image thereon. This photoreceptor is generally comprised of a conductive substrate containing on its surface a layer of photoconductive material, and in many instances a thin barrier layer is situated between the substrate and the photoconductive layer to prevent charge injection from the substrate as injection would adversely effect the quality of the resulting image. Examples of known useful photoconductive materials include amorphous selenium, alloys of selenium such as selenium tellurium, selenium arsenic, and the like. Additionally, there can be selected as the photoresponsive imaging member various organic photoconductive materials, including, for example, complexes of trinitrofluorenone and polyvinyl carbazole. Recently, there have been disclosed layered organic photoresponsive devices containing separate charge transport and photogenerating layers. Examples of charge transport layers include various diamines, while useful photogenerating compositions include trigonal selenium, metal and metal-free phthalocyanines, vanadyl phthalocyanines, and the like.
In the patentability search report, there were located the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,382,071 directed to a process for preparing silicon tetrafluoride using hydrogen fluorine gas, reference the Abstract of the Disclosure, and note column 1, lines 16 to 18; according to the teachings of this patent, hydrogen fluoride gas is employed as a fluorine source to avoid water in the reaction system and this gas can be introduced into the reaction system at a desired rate and rapidly dissolves in sulfuric acid, which is used as the liquid dispersion medium to react with the dispersed silicon oxide, see column 2, lines 25 to 46; 4,468,443 directed to a process for producing photoconductive members from gaseous silicon compounds, see the Abstract of the Disclosure for example, and note column 2, lines 15 to 54, wherein a photoconductive layer, which comprises substance for formation of such a layer under a gaseous state, is disclosed; as starting substances effectively used for the incorporation of carbon atoms, there can be selected a number of materials, reference column 5; and note the combination compounds represented by the formula B in column 6, beginning at line 35, including SiF.sub.4 ; and 4,849,315 mentioned herein, which relates to processes for restoring halogenated and hydrogenated amorphous silicon imaging members wherein the member subsequent to its utilization in and removal from an electrophotographic imaging apparatus is contacted with a fluorine containing composition, reference the Abstract of the Disclosure.
Also known are amorphous silicon photoconductors, reference for example U.S. Pat. No. 4,265,991. There is disclosed in this patent an electrophotographic photosensitive member containing a substrate, a barrier layer, and a photoconductive overlayer of amorphous silicon containing 10 to 40 atomic percent of hydrogen, and having a thickness of 5 to 80 microns. Additionally, this patent describes several processes for preparing amorphous silicon. In one process, there is prepared, according to the teachings of this patent, an electrophotographic sensitive member by heating the member contained in a chamber to a temperature of 50.degree. C. to 350.degree. C. introducing a gas containing silicon and hydrogen atoms into the chamber causing an electrical discharge in the space of the chamber, followed by depositing amorphous silicon on an electrophotographic substrate at a rate of 0.5 to 100 Angstroms per second. The charge acceptance of these devices is found to be limited by the surface conditions. Further, in some instances as a result of corona interaction with the surface of the devices prepared in accordance with the process of this patent, the surface conductivity undesirably increases resulting in a loss of image resolution, and a decrease in image density within less than about 1,000 imaging cycles. Accordingly, while the amorphous silicon photosensitive devices of the '991 patent are useful, their selection as a commercial device for a number of imaging cycles is not readily achievable. Also known are the aforementioned members with protective overcoatings of silicon nitride, silicon carbide, amorphous carbon, including hydrogenated, 10 to 45 atomic percent for example, and the like. These members, especially when selected for use in commercial electrophotographic, especially xerograpahic, imaging apparatus are generally only useful for about 300,000 copies in most instances; thereafter it is the present practice to discard these members or drums and replace them with new members at a substantial cost. With the processes of the present invention, the used imaging members, including drums of amorphous silicon with protective overcoatings, can be restored and reused thereby enabling a substantial cost savings of about $500 or more per drum in an embodiment of the present invention. Generally, the restoration process of the present invention results in a cost of about $30 per drum as compared to the costs of new drums of $500 or more.
In Xerox U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,315, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, there is illustrated an improved process, which comprises (1) providing an amorphous silicon photoconductive substance, and (2) contacting this substance with compositions containing fluorine for a sufficient period of time to enable an increase in the charge acceptance of the photoconductive substance, and/or the elimination of surface scratches contained thereon by, for example, etching away the old surface and reforming a new surface. In one specific embodiment of the aforementioned patent, there is provided an improved process for treating amorphous silicon photoconductive materials, which comprises (1) providing a virgin unused amorphous silicon photoconductive substance, and (2) contacting this substance with vapors generated from hydrofluoric acid for a period of time of from about one minute to about 240 minutes, and preferably from about 10 minutes to about 60 minutes, wherein there results an amorphous silicon photoconductor which has increased charge acceptance and resolution as compared to amorphous silicon not treated with hydrofluoric acid vapors.
In a further specific embodiment of the aforementioned patent, there is provided an improved process for restoring hydrogenated or halogenated amorphous silicon imaging members, which comprises (1) providing a hydrogenated or halogenated amorphous silicon photoconductive member subsequent to its utilization in and removal from an electrophotographic imaging apparatus, and (2) contacting this member with vapors generated from hydrofluoric acid for a period of time of from about one minute to about 240 minutes, and preferably from about 15 minutes to about 60 minutes wherein the charge acceptance of the removed member has increased, and/or surface scratches contained therein have been substantially eliminated.
Illustrated in U.S. Pat. No. 4,357,179, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, is a method for preparing devices containing high density amorphous silicon or germanium wherein with respect to the amorphous silicon, n-doping or p-doping can be affected with dopants such as phosphorous or boron, reference the disclosure in column 5, beginning at line 44, and specifically at lines 55 to 65.
Also, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,150 there is disclosed a method for preparing hydrogenated amorphous silicon wherein ammonia is introduced into a reaction chamber with a silane gas for the purpose of enhancing the photoconductivity of the resulting hydrogenated amorphous silicon films, reference the disclosure in column 1, beginning at around line 20.
Further, U.S. Pat. No. 4,237,151 discloses the preparation of hydrogenated amorphous silicon substances by thermally decomposing silane or other gases at elevated temperatures and under specific vacuum conditions wherein a gaseous mixture of atomic hydrogen and atomic silicon result, followed by depositing this mixture onto a substrate situated outside a heated tungsten tube wherein a film of hydrogenated amorphous silicon is formed on the substrate. In column 4, beginning at line 58, it is indicated that conventional doping gases can be added to the silane if desired.
Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 4,356,246 describes a specific noncrystalline silicon powder having excellent photoconductivity comprised of silicon and hydrogen, which powder exhibits specific characteristics such as an infrared absorption spectrum characterized by absorption peeks centered about certain areas, reference the Abstract of the Disclosure. There is disclosed in column 5, beginning at line 41, that in addition to hydrogen, other elements such as oxygen, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, phosphorous, boron, solely or in the form of a combination, may be contained in the amorphous silicon particles for the purpose of controlling the electrical conductivity thereof.
Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,361,638 discloses a light sensitive electrophotographic element including a photoconductive layer comprised of amorphous silicon and a carbon based material doped with hydrogen and fluorine, reference the disclosure in column 4, beginning at line 3.
Furthermore, U.S. Pat. No. 4,365,013, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, illustrates an amorphous silicon layer, which apparently can be rendered highly photoconductive by doping with hydrogen, or by doping with impurities, reference the disclosure in column 2, beginning at line 46. Doping materials disclosed include halogens such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, reference the disclosure in column 2, beginning at line 57.
Other prior art include U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,342,044; 4,394,426; 4,468,443 and 4,490,208. In the '044 patent, reference column 4, beginning at line 54, and particularly at line 65, there is disclosed that the nonoptimum spectral response of the prior art amorphous silicon photoresponsive devices is overcome by adding one or more band gap adjusting elements to the amorphous photoresponsive alloy. More specifically, as stated at line 65, "The amorphous alloy incorporates at least one density of states reducing element, fluorine. The compensating or altering element, fluorine or elements, can be added during deposition or thereafter.". Also, disclosed in the '208 patent are methods of obtaining thin films of silicon by doping a p or n type thin film of silicon with an impurity element under a plasma discharge of gas of at least one element selected from among fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and hydrogen, reference column 1, lines 51 to 63. In the '426 patent, there is disclosed a photoconductive member containing amorphous silicon atoms as a matrix, hydrogen or halogen atoms; and as an intermediate layer an amorphous material containing, for example, silicon atoms and nitrogen atoms.
Additionally, described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,634,647, the disclosure of which is totally incorporated herein by reference, are processes for preparing amorphous silicon, which is useful for incorporation into an electrophotographic imaging apparatus, wherein images of high resolution can be obtained for a number of imaging cycles. This process involves simultaneously treating amorphous silicon with dopants such as boron and phosphorus.
Substantial interest has been directed to obtaining amorphous silicon photoreceptor materials since they possess a number of advantages in comparison to, for example, amorphous selenium based materials in that amorphous silicon is of extreme hardness and will not crystallize or wherein crystallization is minimized over extended time periods even at temperatures as high as several hundred degrees Centigrade. Additionally, especially hydrogenated or halogenated amorphous silicon photoconductors have excellent photoelectronic properties, high absorption coefficients through the visible region, and are relatively low in useful life cost in comparison to selenium photoconductors. Moreover, amorphous silicon photoreceptors are capable of ambipolarity as they can be xerographically charged, and discharged either positively or negatively in various imaging systems. Furthermore, amorphous silicon can be modified by adding various dopants thereto such as boron and phosphorus, enabling this material to function as a p or n type semiconductor device; and amorphous silicon may be alloyed with other materials including germanium and tin for the purpose of providing a material which will be photosensitive in the infrared region of the spectrum. Moreover, amorphous silicon materials are inert and nontoxic rendering them highly desirable as a photoconductive imaging member.
While processes are known for preparing amorphous silicon with protective overcoatings, in some instances these processes result in members which, after repeated usage in electrophotographic imaging devices, have decreased charge acceptance causing the resulting images to be of poor density. In addition, the images have scratch printout. Scratches, both latent and visible can be produced as a result of handling, mechanical interaction with the developer carrier beads or the cleaning system. While it is not desired to be limited by theory, it is believed that as a result of a continuous mechanical interaction of developer carrier beads with the protective surface of the amorphous silicon, undesirable scratches result thereon which if deep, for example, about one micron, can scratch through the protective overcoat of, for example, silicon carbide or nitride. The silicon-hydrogen and/or silicon-silicon bonds in the scratched regions are broken, and in the presence of water vapor are reformed into silicon-hydroxy type bonds. The charge acceptance in the regions of scratch, which is limited by the surface conditions, decreases as a result of this mechanical interaction causing an undesirable reduction in the density of the images in the scratched regions. Further, the mechanical damage caused by the developer beads during the development step lowers the charge acceptance of the entire amorphous silicon photoresponsive device or drum, and causes a corresponding decrease in the density of the total image.
Another type of mechanical damage observable with many overcoated hydrogenated or halogenated amorphous silicon imaging members is confined to small isolated areas of the surface; this damage also generally being referred to as scratches. These scratches are caused, for example, during xerographic imaging processes wherein the amorphous silicon photoconductor is subjected to cleaning with wiper blades. Furthermore, interaction of the amorphous silicon with isolated carrier particles contained in the developer mixture can cause scratches. Additionally, these scratches can be generated during the handling of an amorphous silicon (hydrogenated or halogenated) drum while it is being manufactured, and during the positioning of this drum within the machine involved. These latent scratches, which are not visible, damage the surface of the amorphous silicon causing a reduction in the charge acceptance thereof, and a print out of the scratches. Thus, subsequent to a minimum number of imaging cycles mechanical interaction of amorphous silicon member with carrier beads causes a reduction in image density wherein scratches print out. Eventually, the amorphous silicon photoreceptor, which was initially selected for its durability, may no longer be useful, and thus is discarded.
Additionally, it is believed that the degradation of the electrophotographic performance of amorphous silicon is caused by the sensitivity of the silicon imaging device to chemical alterations by exposure to a corona atmosphere, especially at high humidities. These sensitivities create fundamental limitations for the practical use of devices wherein the exposed surface contains substantially amorphous silicon. While this problem can be minimized by encapsulating the silicon with a chemically passive hard overcoating of amorphous silicon nitride, amorphous silicon carbide, or amorphous carbon, such devices when incorporated into xerographic imaging systems can result in image blurring and very rapid image deletion in a few imaging cycles, typically less than about ten. Furthermore, in these overcoated devices poor image quality with cycling is caused by an increase in the surface conductivity of the underlying amorphous silicon layer, rather than to abrasion or chemical interaction as occurs with amorphous silicon containing no protective overcoating layer. This conductivity increase is induced by the electric field existing at the surface of the overcoated device, similar to the effect resulting from the field effect in well known metal-insulator-semiconductor devices, causing a lateral spreading of the photogenerated charges in the fringe electric fields associated with line or edge images projected on the photoreceptor surface thereby resulting in undesirable image blurring and image deletion. The composition of the silicon nitride or silicon carbide has to be optimized to prevent this image blur. The material required to prevent image blur is non-stoichiometric and is not mechanically as durable, and is likely to wear off in 300,000 copies as a result of cleaning action. Also, the thickness of the overcoat in the virgin device is determined by the residual potential arising from the overcoat. Therefore, the protective overcoat thickness is limited to less than one micron. The aformentioned amorphous silicon drums must thus be replaced after about 300,000 copies at substantial cost. This disadvantage is avoided with the processes of the present invention in that the used drums can be restored and commercially reused.
Accordingly, there continues to be a need for obtaining amorphous silicon imaging members which can be repeatedly used in a number of imaging cycles. Additionally, there continues to be a need for processes for treating amorphous silicon photoconductive materials for the purpose of increasing charge acceptance and resolution thereof, and eliminating surface scratches and white spots therefrom. Moreover, there continues to be a need for restoring overcoated amorphous silicon photoconductive materials thereby resulting in the elimination of surface scratches and an increase in charge acceptance for these materials, and enabling imaging members, especially commercially used drums, to be restored rather than be disposed of. Further, there continues to be a need for processes wherein commercially used amorphous silicon photoconductive members can be treated primarily for the purpose of increasing the charge acceptance thereof. Also, there continues to be a need for direct economical processes for restoring overcoated amorphous silicon imaging members, which subsequent to restoration can be selected for incorporation into an electrophotographic imaging system, and wherein there results in many instances increased charge acceptance allowing the restored member to be useful for a substantial number of imaging cycles without causing a degradation in image quality, and specifically without resulting in images of low density and poor resolution. Furthermore, there continues to be a need for processes to refurbish or rejuvenate overcoated amorphous silicon drums that show loss of density and scratch print out subsequent to use in an imaging apparatus.

Processes for restoring amorphous silicon imaging members


A drill pipe guide system having a support structure configured to be positioned on a rig floor or drillship floor, an articulating arm coupled to the support structure, wherein the articulating arm is coupled to the support structure, wherein the articulating arm is configured to pivot relative to the support structure, and a clamp coupled to the articulating arm, wherein the clamp is configured to encircle a drill string and limit radial movement of the drill string as the drill string is lowered beneath the rig floor or drillship floor.

Present embodiments relate generally to the field of drilling and processing of wells, and, more particularly, to a drill pipe system and method for guiding a drill pipe into a wellbore.
In conventional oil and gas operations, a drilling rig is used to drill a wellbore to a desired depth using a drill string, which includes drillpipe, drill collars and a bottom hole drilling assembly. During drilling, the drill string may be turned by a rotary table and kelly assembly or by a top drive to facilitate the act of drilling. As the drill string progresses down hole, additional drillpipe is added to the drill string.
During drilling of the well, the drilling rig may be used to insert joints or stands (e.g., multiple coupled joints) of drillpipe into the wellbore (e.g., a surface wellbore or a subsea wellbore). Similarly, the drilling rig may be used to remove drillpipe from the wellbore. As an example, during insertion of drillpipe into the wellbore by a traditional operation, each drillpipe element (e.g., each joint or stand) is coupled to an attachment feature that is in turn lifted by a traveling block of the drilling rig such that the drillpipe element is positioned over the wellbore or over a subsea wellhead beneath an offshore drilling rig or ship. An initial drillpipe element may be positioned in the wellbore or sea and held in place by gripping devices near the rig floor, such as slips. Subsequent drillpipe elements may then be coupled to the existing drillpipe elements in the wellbore or sea to continue formation of the drill string. Once attached, the drillpipe element and remaining drill string may be held in place by an elevator and released from the gripping devices (e.g., slips) such that the drill string can be lowered into the wellbore or towards subsea equipment at the sea floor. As the drill string is lowered into the wellbore or sea, umbilical cables or lines may be positioned adjacent to the drill string and clamped to the drill string. The umbilical cables or lines supply various supplies, such as air pressure, electrical power, hydraulic power, fiber optics, or other supplies to components within the wellbore and/or subsea components.


A flat spray nozzle containing a nozzle carrier, a nozzle orifice and a pre-nozzle. The pre-nozzle is releasably connected to the nozzle orifice. In this way on the one hand good centering of the pre-nozzle is ensured and on the other hand handling, especially cleaning, is made substantially easier.

In order to equalize the flow profile in flat spray nozzles, it is known for a pre-nozzle having a central circular opening to be arranged before the nozzle orifice which is provided with a long nozzle opening.
In a known construction this pre-nozzle is inserted loosely between the nozzle orifice and the nozzle carrier and is held in position by the connecting nut which connects the nozzle orifice to the housing support. The disadvantage of this known construction is the poor centering of the pre-nozzle, as a consequence of which the nozzle openings of the pre-nozzle and the nozzle orifice are not exactly aligned with one another.
In a further known construction the pre-nozzle is pressed into the nozzle orifice. This fixed connection does ensure satisfactory centering, but it excludes the possibility of simple cleaning of the nozzle orifice.


A retro-reflect type light pipe, an illumination device including the same, and a projection display including the illumination device are provided. The retro-reflective type light pipe includes an incident portion through which light is incident, a guide portion which guides the incident light such that the incident light propagates internally therewithin while being reflected at inner walls thereof, and which thereby mixes the incident light thus providing uniform light. A retro-reflective portion, provided at one end of the guide portion, re-reflects the incident light toward the incident portion. The illumination device includes a light source, the retro-reflective type light pipe, and an optical path-changing member provided between the light source and the retro-reflective type light pipe, which changes the direction of the light emitted from the light source such that the light from the light source propagates toward the retro-reflective type light pipe.

1. Field of the Invention
Apparatuses consistent with the present invention relate to an illumination device which can be miniaturized by providing uniform light with a relatively short light pipe, and a projection display including the same.
2. Description of the Related Art
In general, projection displays provide images by projecting the images produced from display devices on a screen using illumination devices. Display devices include digital micro-mirror devices (DMDs), transmissive liquid crystal display devices (LCDs), liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS), and so forth.
Illumination devices, which enable light incident from a light source to be illuminated with a uniform profile, are widely used for projection displays such as projectors and so on.
FIG. 1 is a schematic view illustrating an optical arrangement of a related art illumination device. Referring to FIG. 1, the related art illumination device includes a condenser lens 14 which condenses light incident from a light source, a light pipe 22 which mixes the light, and an illumination lens 56. The related art illumination device mixes the light incident from the light source using the light pipe 22 and thus provides uniform light. The uniform light formed at an output end of the light pipe 22 is projected onto an image display device 52 through the illumination lens 56. However, in the related art illumination device illustrated in FIG. 1, the light pipe 22 must have a predetermined length for providing the uniform light and a large space is required for arranging optical components, which makes it difficult to miniaturize the projection display. Furthermore, it is difficult to form uniform light when a plurality of light sources are used, each of which projects collimated light such as a laser beam.

Retro-reflective type light pipe, illumination device including the same and projection display including the illumination device


An electric torch (10) includes a main body (1), a head assembly (2), and a rear assembly (3) releasably engaged with a rear end of the main body. The rear assembly includes a rear cover (31) for enclosing an electrically conductive spring (315), an electrically conductive cathode plate (314), and a magnetic controlled member (313, 318) therein. The spring is electrically engaged between negative terminal (152) of the battery pack and the cathode plate. The magnetic controlled member is disposed between the cathode plate and rear end of the rear cover, and can divert electric current flows in the torch under an attractive force of a magnet. The main body and the rear cover are electrically conductive, and given an electrically nonconductive surface treatment except for certain areas (11-13, 3111-3112, 3121, 3121′, 3122) for electrically connection. The torch is waterproof and multifunctional.

The present invention relates to an electric torch or flashlight, and especially to an electric torch readily switching electrically current control circuit, presenting good waterproof, and being suitable for use by emergency workers.
An electric torch is one daily article for lighting. Particularly when power cut takes place in house, no power is supplied to outside at night, or the army or the police work at night, the electric torch is a necessary tool for lighting. Usually, only one switch as a turnable knob is set about a longitudinal axis of a main body of the torch, or mounted on the rearward end portion of the body for enabling a user to turn the flashlight on or off in a user selected one of intermittent operation and continuous operation. However, such switch is not always convenient or enough if the torch is mounted in a seat or rack. For instance, the torch is attached to a gun, or is worn by the user on the arm or head; therefore, an additional outer switch is necessary for the user to easily control by his finger. Moreover, a charger is always necessary for recharging the torch. Thus the electrically current control circuit of the torch needs to change between inner and outer switches or charger. There are some kinds of torches in the art comprising a tail plug at a rear end for electrical connection with an outer switch or a charger, but which will result in poor waterproof of the torch and even undesirably or wrongly lighting in water. Furthermore, the traditional torch is only used for lighting, and its function is very simple.
Therefore, an improved electric torch is desired which overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art.


Described herein are systems and methods for providing access to a database in a multi-tenant environment, including the use of a connection pool, and support for live addition of a tenant. When a pluggable database (PDB), for use by a tenant, is added to a multi-tenant database, it can generate an event to notify the connection pool. The connection pool environment consumes this PDB-add event, and dynamically configures a new tenant to access the shared pool. Since the new tenant addition is based on receipt of an event from the database, the connection pool does not require manual configuration for that tenant. Once a tenant is added, it can borrow connections from the pool in the same manner as existing tenants, and can also share existing pool properties, such as, for example a maximum pool size, or maximum number of connections per tenant.

Generally described, in a database environment, a connection pool operates as a cache of connection objects, each of which represents a connection that can be used by a software application to connect to a database. At runtime, an application can request a connection from the connection pool. If the connection pool includes a connection that can satisfy the particular request, it can return that connection to the application for its use. In some instances, if no suitable connection is found, then a new connection can be created and returned to the application. The application can borrow the connection to access the database and perform some work, and then return the connection to the pool, where it can then be made available for subsequent connection requests from the same, or from other, applications.

System and method for supporting live addition of a tenant in a connection pool environment


To provide a technology of improving the corrosion resistance of a spark plug.

A spark plug used for an ignition of an internal combustion engine, such as a gasoline engine, includes a shaft-like center electrode, a cylindrical insulator which holds the center electrode on the inner side thereof, and a metal shell which holds the insulator on the inner side thereof. A substantially L-shaped ground electrode is provided on the metal shell so as to form a spark discharge gap between the ground electrode and center electrode. The metal shell and ground electrode are generally configured from an iron-based material, such as carbon steel, and the outer surface thereof is subjected to a plating treatment for corrosion protection (See Japanese Document No. JP-A-2002-184552).
However, the metal shell has regions, such as an inner wall surface of a cylindrical hole in which is held the insulator and concave portions of the outer surface, through which it is difficult for an electric current to flow in a plating bath, and there is a possibility that the thickness of a plated layer to be formed becomes non-uniformity. When the thickness of the plated layer is non-uniform, it may happen that a stress concentration occurs in a region of the plated layer comparatively small in thickness in a process of crimping the metal shell, or the like, thus accelerating a peeling off of the plated layer. It is an actual situation that no sufficient ingenuity has been exercised so far in suppressing a peeling off of the plated layer by making the thickness of the plated layer uniform, and improving the corrosion resistance of the spark plug.

Abstract: A spark plug having a metal shell on the outer surface of which a nickel plated layer is formed as a protective surface film. The nickel plated layer is such that when the atomic concentrations of constituent elements are measured in a depth direction by an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the concentration of carbon atoms is 1.0% to 10.0% at a depth at which the atomic concentration of Ni elements is 80%.


Provided are a computer program product, method, and system for capturing information on a rendered user interface including user activatable content. A user interface is executed on the computer system. An initial representation is generated of a rendered user interface. A determination is made of locations rendered in the user interface associated with user activatable content, wherein user activatable content is rendered in response to user selection of a location in the user interface associated with the user activatable content. For each determined location, content is captured from the activatable content rendered in response to the user selecting the determined location to create a captured content object having the captured content. The captured content objects and the initial representation are stored. The initial representation and the captured content objects are processed to generate output to render the initial representation of the user interface and the captured content from the captured content objects.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method, system, and computer program product for capturing information on a rendered user interface including user activatable content.
2. Description of the Related Art
A user interface for an application executing in a computer may provide an initial view of content and graphical controls the user may select, and also provide hidden content that the user activates by interacting with the user interface regions with a user input device, such as a mouse and keyboard. Such hidden content that is activated in response to user interaction may comprise graphics, pictures, schematics, and animations. Further, the user interface may provide several touchpoints where hover help, context menus, and other popup information can be viewed. Examples include two dimensional hardware schematics that can have fly-over text, tips, and hotspots where components can be selected and actions performed and three dimensional virtual worlds where objects have status, actions, and other information available when that object is moused-over or selected.
If a screen capture is taken, then much of the hidden content, content only displayed in response to user interaction, and animation is not captured. Thus, there is a need in the art for improved techniques for capturing information on a user interface.

Capturing information on a rendered user interface including user activatable content

International Business Machines Corporation


The method renders unobservable cross images with low light intensity that appear in the combined reproduction of various different images. It consists of adding a percentage in negative of each of these cross images to the positive of the correct image prior to reproduction, so that as a result of this addition it is possible to obtain, instead of the cross image, a uniform, contrastless image, i.e. where all the points have the same light intensity, which is generally so small as to be unobservable.

The problem of cross images in stereoscopic reproductions is well known. These systems only use two images, which are captured from two horizontally separate points. There have been many methods of directing a different image to each eye. Most of these methods have the disadvantage that the images are not perfectly differentiated and although each eye receives the correct image, i.e. the image captured on the left is directed at the left eye and the image captured on the right is directed at the right eye, there is a low light intensity that cannot be fully differentiated, meaning that part of the left eye image reaches the right eye and vice versa. This part of the image is called cross image, or crosstalk, and the phenomenon of the ghosting effect.
The most commonly used differentiating elements in stereoscopic systems with only two images are linearly or circularly polarised filters, coloured filters and shutter glasses.
Cross images also appear on devices which manage two or more images and on devices where a different image appears depending on the angle from which they are viewed (flip images). In these cases the differentiating element tends to be a lenticular screen or a parallax barrier.
If the reproduction is displayed on a cathode ray tube, liquid crystal screen or projector, plasma screen or micromirror projectors, as the image is stored on an electronic medium it can be processed algorithmically. U.S. Pat. No. 6,532,008 (Guralnick) discloses an algorithm that is applicable to such cases.
If a photographic medium is used, to apply an algorithm it would be necessary to first transfer the images to an electronic medium, which has the following disadvantages, among others: loss of definition, increase in costs and time delay due to the changes of media and electronic processing of the image using algorithms. This method is therefore unsuitable for photographic reproduction systems in general and particularly those that use projected reproduction with a photographic medium.
U.S. Pat. No. 402,191 (Dean et al.) discloses a method that is suitable for the projection of an image on a photographic medium based on scattering the cross image by using special glasses.
There is obviously a need for a general method that eliminates cross images, whatever their medium and therefore suitable for systems where the images are on a photographic medium, without having to first transfer the images to an intermediate electronic medium and without having to complicate the systems currently in use, whether because it makes the reproduction system more expensive or because it uses specially designed viewing glasses for this purpose.
The object of this invention is to meet this need.

Method of rendering cross images unobservable particularly in projected or printed photographic reproductions, and reproduction thus obtained


An RGB light source that uses an optical fiber laser to generate a near-infrared (NIR) output light beam, and a wavelength conversion system that receives the output NIR light beam and forms therefrom red, green and blue light beams. The fiber laser includes multiple stages, wherein the first stage includes a solid-state laser to generate an initial NIR light beam. One or more subsequent stages operate to amplify the NIR light beam to form a relatively high-average-power output NIR light beam. Only light from the fiber laser is used to generate the red, green and blue-wavelength output light beams. The wavelength conversion system includes three or fewer non-linear optical (NLO) units. A color display that utilizes the RGB light source is also disclosed.

The red, green and blue (RGB) color model involves combining different proportions of red, blue and green light to produce other colors. This model is used in many different types of color displays, such as cathode-ray-tube monitors, liquid crystal displays, and plasma-based displays. In the typical color display, each pixel is configured to combine varying amounts of red, green and blue to create a wide range of colors. The 1931 CIE color space, created by the International Commission on Illumination in 1931, is a useful and convenient way to determine the range of colors available based on specific red, blue and green wavelengths. An example set of RGB wavelengths is λR=630 nm, λG=532 nm and λB=465 nm, respectively.
Each type of color display uses some kind of light source to generate red, blue and green light. Such light sources include, for example, high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps used in combination with red, green and blue filters; separate red, blue and green lasers (e.g., laser diodes); and one or more lasers where the laser light is converted to different wavelengths via non-linear effects.
Non-laser-based RGB sources have several shortcomings, including lack of directionality, relatively low brightness, and relatively low conversion efficiency due to their broad spectral band. Also, such broad-band (i.e., "white light") sources are limited by a flat power vs. wavelength curve. If one tries to use extreme wavelengths on the red or blue end of the spectrum to obtain good color map coverage, a great deal of light in the middle of the spectrum needs to be thrown away to achieve a proper tint. This translates into poor wall-plug efficiency. Conversion efficiency can be improved, but at the expense of color map coverage, which means fewer available colors for the display.
Laser-based RGB sources can have high-directionality and relatively high brightness, but typically require a large laser or a number of different lasers. For those laser-based RGB light sources that include one or two lasers, the designs are relatively complex and non-compact. In particular, for those laser-based RGB light sources that use non-linear optical elements (i.e., non-linear crystals), it is important for cost reduction, compactness and overall commercial viability to reduce the number of lasers and non-linear elements.

Fiber laser red-green-blue (RGB) light source


The present invention provides a power tool in which the permanent set of an elastic member is suppressed and the vibration reduction effect is maintained over a long period of time. A rubber ring is disposed as the elastic member between a wheel washer mounted on a spindle and a substrate of a diamond wheel, and these are secured by a locknut screwed to a tip of the spindle. This rubber ring absorbs the vibrations applied to the diamond wheel at grinding work. A mounting hole of the substrate is mounted on a boss portion of the wheel washer with a clearance fit, and spring pins whose both ends are supported by the wheel washer and a portion of a holding plate in the locknut are inserted into insertion holes of the substrate and insertion holes of the rubber ring with a clearance fit.

In grinding work for flattening surfaces of concrete, stone materials or the like with a power tool such as an electric power tool, an air tool, or an engine tool including a disc grinder or a sander, a diamond wheel is used as the tip tool thereof. The diamond wheel is of wheel type (disc type) in which a plurality of diamond grindstones are fixed on a surface of a cup type substrate whose central portion is formed in a cup shape, and it is used after being mounted on the output shaft (spindle) of the power tool at the axial center of the substrate.
In the grinding work with the power tool like this, since the grinding is carried out while the diamond grindstone is pressed against a material to be ground, vibrations caused by shocks at the grinding are directly transmitted to a worker, and it is difficult to continue the work for a long period of time.
In view of this, for example, in a power tool disclosed in Japanese Registered Utility Model No. 3096194 (Patent Document 1), an elastic member is disposed at a mounting portion for a tip tool so as to absorb the shock occurring at the grinding work, thereby reducing the vibrations transmitted from the tip tool to the worker.


The present invention discloses a distributed high-frequency AC electrical system for the electric vehicle. The system divides all loads of the electric vehicle into four load areas according to their spatial positions. Four high-frequency inverters and four DC input interfaces are contained in the system, with each of the four load areas being configured with one of the four high-frequency inverters, and each of the four high-frequency inverters being configured with one of the four DC input interfaces. One end of each DC input interface is connected to the DC side of the corresponding high-frequency inverter, and the other end is connected to the storage battery of the electric vehicle. Each high-frequency inverter outputs a high-frequency AC bus to supply power for the loads in the corresponding load area, and the four high-frequency inverters are in a parallel operation state through a high-frequency connection point that connects the four high-frequency AC buses. The present invention has the advantages of simplifying the electrical system structure of the electric vehicle, improving the system stability, and the like.

Presently, the electrical systems in automobiles are mainly 14V or 42V DC power distribution systems. With the increasing of the vehicles' loads and their power ratings, the 14V DC power distribution system no longer meets the demands of the capacity growth, which leads to increased costs, higher weight, and decreased transmission efficiency. Meanwhile, the 42V DC power-net, proposed by the American Society of Automotive Engineers in the 1990s, is hard to be adopted widely, resulting from its poor safety, low electromagnetic compatibility, electric arc, serious corrosion of the wiring harness joints, and needs for additional 42V/14V converters to meet the requirements from equipment manufacturers.
The HFAC power distribution system transmits the power at the frequency of several kilohertz or higher to achieve the high-efficiency and low-cost power allocation. Since put forward by the NASA Lewis Research Center in the 1980s, it has shown outstanding advantages in fields of aerospace and communication. With the progress of society and the development of technology, more and more space- and volume-limited power distribution systems, such as the electrical system of electric vehicles, micro-grids, shipboard power distribution systems, are faced with more complex load-types and increasing capacity demands. Reducing the costs, increasing the transmission efficiency, saving the space, improving the load capacity, and providing a superior, safer, and more environmentally friendly application environment, are the common challenges. As an advanced power distribution solution, the HFAC technology provides an effective way of exploration and direction of development for this purpose.

Distributed high-frequency AC electrical system for the electric vehicle