There is disclosed a device and method in a wireless communication system and a wireless communication system, the device including: a secure channel establishing unit configured to establish a secure communication channel between a first apparatus and a second apparatus using a location-based service; a data security key generating unit configured to generate a data security key for protecting service data based on at least a channel key extracted from the secure communication channel; and a controlling unit configured to control the service data protected using the data security key to be transmitted on the secure communication channel. According to the embodiments of the disclosure, it is possible to improve security of data transmission.

In recent years, with the development of mobile communication technology, the location-based service such as Proximity-based Service (ProSe) of 3GPP has been widely applied in various application fields such as navigation, information push, mobile payment and the like, so as to provide better convenience for users. Further, existing wireless data transmission using the location-based service may be generally established on Near Field Communication (NFC), Bluetooth or wireless LAN (WiFi) channels. Security of a wireless communication system may be guaranteed by related communication protocols, applications or the like and is independent from the channel. Further, initialization of security parameters of the wireless communication system usually needs an additional third party secure channel, which increases complexity of an application system. In the current wireless communication system, in order to guarantee the secure data transmission, it is generally considered how to verify account information of an apparatus at one end of communication or only an apparatus at one end is verified, while for an apparatus at other end of the communication, there is no valid verification. As such, the apparatus at one end may face a risk of being attacked by a vicious third party apparatus. On the other hand, the NFC, Bluetooth or WiFi channels or the like lack dedicated security protection, and thus in system design which is based on these channels but data security of which is independent from the channels, a physical channel generally becomes an attack point that an attacker attacks the wireless communication system.

Device and method in wireless communication system and wireless communication system


A raceway system is disclosed. The raceway system includes a base cap mountable to a top surface of an office furniture panel, at least one horizontal raceway section positionable adjacent the base cap, at least one corner raceway section positionable adjacent the base cap, and a cover securable to the base cap. The base cap has at least one aperture for wiring to pass therethrough. The corner raceway section has a channel extending axially therethrough, and the corner raceway section allows the wiring to pass vertically through the aperture and the channel.

The present invention is directed to a raceway system for office furniture and, more particularly, to a raceway system that allows for the routing of wiring from atop office furniture panels down into corner outlets at desk or floor level.
Cable management systems are known in the raceway industry. One such system is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,831,211. The ""211 patent discloses a raceway 34 comprising a series of cable channels 36 which mount to the top of most major partition panel configurations and associated cable channel caps 38 which mount on the cable channels 36 in various positions to accommodate the different partition panel configurations. However, none of the cable management systems, including the one disclosed in the ""211 patent, provide a raceway system having a base cap including an aperture for routing wiring from atop office furniture panels down into corner outlets at desk or floor level.
It would be desirable to provide a raceway system that allows for the routing of wiring from atop office furniture panels down into corner outlets at desk or floor level.
It would also be desirable to provide a raceway system having a base cap including an aperture for routing wiring from atop office furniture panels down into corner outlets at desk or floor level.
A raceway system is disclosed. The raceway system includes a base cap mountable to a top surface of an office furniture panel, at least one horizontal raceway section positionable adjacent the base cap, at least one corner raceway section positionable adjacent the base cap, and a cover securable to the base cap. The base cap has at least one aperture for wiring to pass therethrough. The corner raceway section has a channel extending axially therethrough, and the corner raceway section allows the wiring to pass vertically through the aperture and the channel.
The base cap has one aperture for wiring to pass therethrough, and the base cap has four posts to control the wiring as the wiring passes through the channel. Preferably, the base cap has two apertures and six posts. More preferably, the base cap has four apertures and eight posts.
The base cap has two recessed areas for positioning two horizontal raceway sections therein. Preferably, the base cap has three recessed areas for positioning three horizontal raceway sections therein. More preferably, the base cap has four recessed areas for positioning four horizontal raceway sections therein.
Preferably, the base cap has a slot for receiving a screw to secure the base cap to the corner raceway section in a plurality of predetermined positions.
Preferably, the cover has three tabs for securing the cover to the base cap, and the cover has four breakouts to allow the wiring to pass through the cover on each of four sides. More preferably, the cover has four tabs.
Preferably, the corner raceway section has a grooved slot for receiving a screw therein, and the corner raceway section has two flanges for engaging a raceway cover or a faceplate.
The end cap assembly comprises an end cap and a bottom support. Preferably, the end cap has two retaining slots for securing the end cap to the corner raceway section, and the bottom support has a plurality of ribs for locating and securing the corner raceway section therein. Moreover, the bottom support has a cut out area to allow the wiring to pass therethrough.
Preferably, the raceway system includes two horizontal raceway sections. More preferably, the raceway system includes four horizontal raceway sections.
Preferably, the raceway system includes two corner raceway sections. More preferably, the raceway system includes four corner raceway sections.


A system and method of measuring displacement of energized components within a tap changer compartment. A fiber optic sensor assembly is provided within a transformer compartment. The sensor assembly monitors displacement of one or more energized components within the transformer compartment. The sensor assembly transmits information to a control box assembly that uses the information to output analog or digital signals, control signals, voltage and/or ampere measurements or other information.

A tap changer is a device fitted to power transformers for regulation of output voltage to required levels. This is normally achieved by changing the ratios of the transformers on the system by altering the number of turns in one winding of the appropriate transformer(s). Tap changers cause more failures and outages than any other component of a power transformer. Tap changer failures are categorized as electrical, mechanical or thermal. Many failures begin because of mechanical problems with contacts, transition resistors or insulation breakdowns.
It is important to monitor the condition of a tap changer to potentially avoid failures or outages of the transformer. Historically, to determine a tap changer's condition, a tap changer compartment would be de-energized and physical measurements of components of the tap changer would be taken. Physical observation of the components would also assist in determining the condition of the tap changer.
Some systems have been developed that enable tap changer to be evaluated on-load without affecting its normal operation and requiring de-energizing. These systems use a combination of acoustic emission and vibration techniques (AE/VA). Acoustic Emission assessment is based on the fact that no acoustic activity is expected from inside the tap changer compartment if the tap changer is not being operated and it is in good condition. Vibration techniques include obtaining a signature of one operation of the tap changer and performing a comparison of its characteristics (time, amplitude, energy, etc.) with another signature obtained some time in the future or with another unit having the same operation. When using a combination of both techniques, evaluation of the condition of the tap changer in an off-load state is performed using acoustic emission whereas on-load evaluation is made using the vibration technique.
These systems, however, have drawbacks. For example, the vibration technique may require complex analysis that is costly to perform. Additionally, these systems do not monitor displacement of components within the tap changer. Displacement monitoring provides a good indication of how much wear has occurred to a tap changer component. Furthermore, tap changer compartments contain oil that impedes various types of sensors from obtaining accurate measurements.
These and other drawbacks exist.

System and method for monitoring displacement within energized tap changer compartments


A paper board having a desired pattern and a plurality of folding lines embossed thereon defining a polygonal bottom section, an inner peripheral wall section extending outwardly from each side of the bottom section and pairs of corner sections disposed between two adjacent inner peripheral wall sections permitting the formation of a container. Wall edge, outer wall and plate sections extending outwardly from each inner peripheral wall section may be folded outwardly and downwardly to the underside of the bottom section to form hollow walls of the container.

The present invention relates to a non-slip paper-made container. The paper-made container is made from a paper board having an adequate thickness and cut into a predetermined pattern and embossed with folding lines. The folding lines define a bottom section and several wall sections projecting outward from the edges of the bottom section, whereby the paper board can be folded about the folding lines and heat-sealed to form a paper-made container which has hollow walls and a non-slip bottom.
Presently commercially available dishes or plates for containing foods mainly include conventional porcelain and paper or polymer made containers, wherein the polymer-made containers are integrally formed from foam material to have a flat rectangular or circular configuration. Such containers have a recessed bottom section for containing foods and can be used in combination with a food wrap to keep the foods fresh. However, such containers are not subject to natural decomposition after they are used and discarded, and therefore, will cause serious pollution of and detriment to the whole ecological environment that will cost the entire society higher price to protect the environment.
The paper-made container is manufactured from a paper board cut to a predetermined pattern and embossed with a plurality of folding lines which define a bottom section and several wall sections, whereby the paper board can be folded about the folding lines and heat-sealed to form a solid container with a basin-like bottom. At present, due to the limited cutting and folding techniques, such paper container is one-layer structure with undesirable thickness. Therefore, the overall structural strength of such paper container is not enough and the container is liable to break down and be damaged when it is used to contain relatively heavy foods and thus causes troubles in use. Moreover, either the polymer-made or paper-made container has a smooth bottom and therefore, in case of careless collision or movement, the container is liable to slide down to the floor and cause the foods therein to be spilled. As a result, even though the paper-made food container is subject to natural decomposition, it still has undesirable shortcomings. Therefore, an improved paper-made food container is still required.
It is therefore tried by the applicant to develop a paper-made container which has secured structure and can be conveniently used.

Foldable paper board for forming a container

11th-1 Floor, No. 90, Fu Hsin S. Road, Sec. 1, Tah An District


The present invention provides a handover method, a base station and a system. The handoff method comprises: a low-power base station monitors an uplink signal which is sent by a user equipment served by a neighbor base station, and obtains signal measurement information of the uplink signal and characteristic information of the uplink signal; the low-power base station sends the signal measurement information of the uplink signal and the characteristic information of the uplink signal to at least one macro base station which covers the low-power base station, so that the macro base station, according to the signal measurement information, determines whether the user equipment to which the characteristic information corresponds is unloaded to the low-power base station.

Along with the development of the radio network technology, a heterogeneous network (Heterogeneous Network, hereinafter referred to as HetNet) system has been proposed, and the heterogeneous network includes different radio networks, for example, a typical HetNet scenario is that there are a plurality of femtocell (Femto) base stations or picocell (Pico) base stations within the coverage range of a macro base station to provide a hot spot coverage. Generally, different base stations have different transmission powers and coverage ranges, a macro base station has a transmission power of tens of watts and a coverage radius of 500 m to 1000 m, which can be referred to as a high-power base station; and a base station with a relatively small transmission power and a relatively small coverage range can be referred to as a low-power base station, such as a Femto base station or a Pico base station, and the low-power base station has a relatively small transmission power and a relatively small coverage range, for example, a Femto base station generally has a coverage radius of about 10 m. Each base station can manage a plurality of cells, a cell managed by a macro base station is called a macro cell (Macro cell), a cell managed by a femto base station is called a femto cell (Femto cell), and a cell managed by a pico base station is called a pico cell (Pico cell). Each cell covers a certain range, which can serve a plurality of user equipments (User Equipment, hereinafter referred to as UE).
In a HetNet network, a low-power base station (such as a Femto base station or a Pico base station) is often within in the coverage range of a macro base station, and thereby a problem of strong interference at short range between the low-power base station and the macro base station may occur. If a unidirectional communication link from a base station to a UE is defined as a downlink and a unidirectional communication link from a UE to a base station is defined as an uplink, then there are mainly several types of strong interference as follows in the HetNet network: 1) in the downlink, the strong interference of a low-power base station on a UE served by the macro base station close to the low-power base station; 2) in the uplink, the strong interference of the UE served by the macro base station close to the low-power base station on the low-power base station.
The macro cell managed by a macro base station is mainly used to ensure cell coverage, while the low-power base station is mainly used to further improve system capacity. In the HetNet system, however, when a UE served by a macro base station approaches a low-power base station, because the signal of the macro cell is strong, the condition for UE enabling handover, measurement and reporting is not satisfied, thereby failing to realize the unloading of the UE served by the macro base station to the low-power base station.

Handover method, base station and system


A structural element for forming a transition joint between a support bar and an associated mounting sleeve in the fabrication of support structure for holding prosthetic teeth. The element is precision molded of plastic and comprises a solid elongated body with an outwardly open elongated recess extending longitudinally of the body. The recess is sized to closely engage the associated mounting sleeve throughout the length of the recess. On the side of the body opposite the recess, there is an outwardly open elongated groove having a width to resiliently engage the support bar. In its preferred form, the groove and the recess have longitudinal axes which are in the same plane to assure that the support bar is in alignment with the axis of the support sleeve. Also, the recess has a generally semi-cylindrical configuration sized to conform to the exterior of the support sleeve and to make contact therewith throughout its length.

The subject invention is directed toward the art of dental devices and appliances and, more particularly, to articles for facilitating the manufacture or formation of dental implant attachment structures.
During the formation of support structure for mounting or insertion in dental implant anchoring means for the purpose of holding prosthetic teeth, it is generally required to form a precise pattern of the necessary support structure. The pattern is then used for direct or indirect molding of the support structure in high strength material.
The process of forming the patterns is generally quite difficult and time consuming and involves fabricating support bar assemblies that join between the screws or pins which extend outwardly of the gum tissue from the anchors or attachment elements implanted in the alveolar bone. Typically, the pattern for the support bar assembly is formed by positioning sleeves on each of the screws and then connecting the support bar patterns between adjacent sleeves and joining the ends of the bars to the associated sleeves with wax or a suitable adhesive. As can be appreciated, the bars must each be individually cut to a precise length and then joined to the sleeves. It is very difficult and time consuming to produce good transition joints between the bar ends and the associated sleeves.


An LED filament assembly includes a frame, a first electrode disposed on a first end of the frame, and a second electrode disposed on a second end of the frame. The LED filament assembly includes a first group of LED chips capable of emitting a first color, a second group of LED chips capable of emitting a second color, and a third group of LED chips capable of emitting a third color. The first group of LED chips is disposed on the frame along a longitudinal axis, connected in series, and electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode. Similarly, the second and the third group of LED chips are also disposed on the frame along the longitudinal axis, connected in series, and electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode. A lamp including such an LED filament assembly is also disclosed.

In the past, the LED light sources have to be equipped with optical components, such as lens, so as to provide satisfactory illuminance and large illumination area. However, such optical components may affect the lighting effect, and may lead to higher power consumption. The LED filament may provide 360° full-angle illumination without the need of additional optical components. Not only the full-angle illumination may be accomplished, but also the lighting performance is excellent.
Conventionally, the LED filament may be a monochromatic white filament, monochromatic LED filament, or dual-color high and low color-temperature LED filament. It can be understood that the color is monotonous, and various colors and multi-color temperature adjustment cannot be realized.

LED filament assembly and lamp including the same


Valve trim apparatus having multiple fluid flow control members are disclosed herein. An example valve trim apparatus includes a primary valve seat and a first flow control member having a cavity and a first seating surface. The first flow control member is movable relative to the primary valve seat to control fluid flow between an inlet and an outlet of the fluid valve. A second flow control member is disposed within the cavity. The second flow control member is slidably coupled relative to the first flow control member. A secondary valve seat is coupled to the first flow control member. The second flow control member is to move relative to the secondary valve seat to throttle a fluid flow across the secondary valve seat.

Control valves are often used in process control plants or systems to control the flow of process fluids. In some instances such as power generation or petroleum refining applications, process conditions produce elevated levels of noise (e.g., aerodynamic noise) as the process fluid flows through a process system. To control and/or abate noise (and control other fluid flow characteristics through a passageway of a valve), control valves typically include a valve trim assembly or apparatus. However, for effective noise abatement and/or control, known valve trim apparatus are often employed only with valves configured in flow-up configurations. In particular, noise abatement valve trim apparatus employ apertures that jet or spray a high pressure fluid flow into a plurality of flow passageways.

This patent is subject to a terminal disclaimer.


A method for evaluating the quality of a lens comprising illuminating imaging light on a screen through the lens to form a projected image, where the imaging light having a test-pattern image is generated using a test sheet on which a test pattern for measuring a resolution of the lens is formed to evaluate the resolution of the lens; detecting a brightness of the test-pattern image displayed on the screen by an image-capturing device using an imaging sensor; calculating an input level on the basis of the detected brightness of the test-pattern image; and calculating an evaluated value of resolution. The method, further comprises adjusting a position of the test sheet to a position corresponding to a focus of the lens by detecting the test-pattern image while moving the test sheet back and forth in the direction along an optical axis of the lens.

1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a method for evaluating the quality of a lens to be used in an optical apparatus such as a projector, which includes the steps of: illuminating imaging light including a test pattern for the measurement of resolution on a screen through the lens; and detecting the brightness of the test pattern image displayed on the screen by an image-capturing device having an image sensor, and calculating the evaluated value of resolution on the basis of the detected brightness level. Also, the present invention relates to a lens-evaluating apparatus using such a lens-evaluating method.
2. Description of the Related Art
Heretofore, there has been used a projector that comprises: a plurality of liquid crystal panels for modulating a plurality of color light beams for each of them on the basis of image information; a cross-dichroic prism for combining color light beams modulated by each of the liquid crystal panels; and a projector lens for forming a projecting image by extending and projecting a beam of light on a screen to form a projected image.
The projector lens used in such a conventional projector may cause variations in its optical characteristics such as image resolution, flare, chromatic aberration, curvature aberration, and the distribution of illuminance of the projected image due to variations in its manufacturing process or the like. Variations in the characteristics of the projector lens influence on the quality of an image displayed on a screen by the projector. Therefore, the characteristics of the lens are evaluated before the shipment of the lens and before the assembly of a projector with the lens.
Concretely, for example, the resolution of the projector lens is evaluated by forming a test pattern for the resolution measurement on a test sheet, illuminating light on the test pattern to generate imaging light that includes a test pattern image, introducing the imaging light into a projector lens provided as a testing sample to be evaluated, and projecting the imaging light from the projector lens on the screen. Then, the test pattern image displayed on the screen is detected by an image capturing apparatus using an image sensor such as a charge coupled device (CCD), followed by subjecting the detected image using a computer or the like to evaluate the resolution of the projector lens.
Similarly, when the projector lens is evaluated for the generation of flare, it can be performed using a flare-testing pattern formed on a test sheet. When the projector lens is evaluated for the generation of chromatic aberration, a color beam filters can be used. Each of the color light beam filters has a function of extracting a color light beam which corresponds to a specific color included in the light emitted from a light source. In other words, the light beam passed through the color beam filters of red, green, and blue illuminates a screen to represent an image of test pattern. Then, the image displayed on the screen is detected by an image-capturing device using an image sensor such as CCD. Subsequently, the detected image is subjected to an arithmetic operation by a computer or the like to evaluate the chromatic aberration of the projector lens.
Furthermore, for evaluating the curvature aberration of the projector lens and the illuminating distribution of a projected image, an image of test pattern displayed on the screen is visually observed to check the qualities.
Conventionally, a basic lens has been applied in the method for evaluating the quality of a lens. In such a method, the deviation between the basic lens and a target lens to be evaluated is measured to evaluate the quality of the target lens. Specifically, the basic lens that shows an average level of each characteristic of the lens is used for the evaluation, where a test sheet is adjusted to be positioned on the back-focal surface of the basic lens. Then, an imaging beam illuminates a screen through the basic lens. Subsequently, an image sensor positioned on each of four corners of the screen scans a test pattern formed on the test sheet by means of a pattern matching. The test pattern is imaged and is then provided image data. From the resulting image data, it is judged whether focus is achieved using a specific indexical value (edge strength) of the test pattern image to check the quality of focusing. As a result, four indexical values can be obtained. Depending on the resulting four indexical values, a six-axis adjusting part is controlled to adjust the spatial arrangement of the test sheet (test pattern) such that these four indexical values become almost equal to each other and become the maximum values. Subsequently, in a state of fixing the test sheet being justified using the basic lens, the target lens to be evaluated is subjected to the characteristic evaluation of the lens.
Therefore, the evaluation of optical characteristics of the lens in quick motion can be performed because of no need to adjust the focus of the target lens on the test sheet.
However, the back-focal surface of the actual lens is curved. Such a curvature of the back focus of the lens is unique to an individual lens. In other words, the positioning of the test sheet is performed using the basic lens, and the evaluation of the quality of each lens is performed on the position of the test sheet being adjusted by the basic lens. For the evaluation of optical characteristics of each lens, there is a problem that the quality of the lens can be evaluated under the conditions in which the test sheet (test pattern) and the back-focal surface of each lens are misaligned with respect to each other.
If the evaluations are carried out to check the curvature aberration of the projector lens and the illuminating distribution of the projected image by visually observing the projected image, the exact characteristic value of the project lens cannot be obtained and a criterion of judgment whether the characteristic value is acceptable or not is obscure.
A primary object of the present invention is to provide a method for properly evaluating the characteristics of a lens and a lens-evaluating apparatus using such a method.
A method for evaluating the quality of a lens (also referred to as a lens-evaluating method) in accordance with present invention comprising: illuminating imaging light on a screen through the lens to form a projected image, where the imaging light having a test-pattern image is generated using a test sheet on which a test pattern for measuring a resolution of the lens is formed to evaluate the resolution; detecting a brightness of the test-pattern image displayed on the screen by an image-capturing device using an imaging sensor; calculating an input level on the basis of the detected brightness of the test-pattern image; and calculating an evaluated value of resolution, and adjusting a position of the test sheet to a position corresponding to a focus of the lens by detecting the test-pattern image while moving the test sheet back and forth in the direction along an optical axis of the lens.
Here, the imaging element may be selected from a CCD (charge-coupled device) sensor, a MOS (metal oxide semiconductor) sensor, and so on. Also, the image-capturing device may be a device for obtaining image data, such as a video capture board that receives an output from the imaging element and converts it into an image signal to be transmitted to a computer.
According to the present invention, as the method has the step of adjusting the focus of the projector lens, the evaluated value of resolution can be calculated on the basis of imaging light detected under the condition in which the position of the test sheet is adjusted to the focal position of the test lens. Therefore, it becomes possible to correctly calculate the evaluated value of resolution by preventing the image from out of focus or the like due to a bend in the back-focal surface of the lens or the like.
In addition, for focal adjustment of each lens, the deviation obtained by shifting the test sheet in the direction along the optical axis may be recorded to estimate the variation in the process of manufacturing individual lens, allowing the operator to grasp the optical characteristics of the lens with a high degree of accuracy.
In the above description, preferably, the method for evaluating the quality of a lens may comprise: switching the imaging light including the test-pattern image into a plurality of color light beams; and measuring a chromatic aberration of the lens on an optical axis thereof by detecting a plurality of imaging light beams corresponding to the plurality of color light beams being switched.
Here, the chromatic aberration of the lens can be measured by acquiring the focal position by moving the test sheet back and forth in the direction along the optical axis of the lens on the basis of a switched color light beam.
According to the present invention, as the method has the step of switching color light beams and the step of measuring chromatic aberration, the optical characteristics of the lens can be measured with a high degree of accuracy because of the measurement of chromatic aberration in addition to evaluate the resolution of the test lens.
Furthermore, there is no need to form an additional pattern for the measurement of chromatic aberration on the test sheet, so that the test pattern on the test sheet can be simplified.
Preferably, the lens may be constructed as a combination of lenses in which a plurality of converging elements is arranged in the direction along the optical axis of the lens. If a zooming mechanism is provided for allowing the projected image to be scaled up or down by changing a relative position of each of the converging elements, the steps of illuminating the imaging light, detecting the imaging light, calculating the input level, and calculating the evaluated value may be performed at least at a minimum magnitude of the lens and a maximum magnitude of the lens.
As described above, the evaluation of resolution can be performed at the minimum and maximum magnifications of the lens. Therefore, the resolution of a scalable combination of lenses can be evaluated even if it is scaled up or scaled down with a high degree of accuracy.
Preferably, furthermore, if the imaging element is constructed so as to be movable along the surface of the screen, the method may further comprise the steps of: moving the imaging clement along an outer peripheral end of the project image on the screen; acquiring an end image by the image-capturing device using the imaging element at a predetermined position during the movement of the imaging element by the step of moving the imaging element; and calculating the amount of curvature aberration of the projected image on the basis of the end image of the projected image acquired by the step of acquiring the end image.
According to the present invention, the imaging element is capable of moving along the surface of the screen. As the methods includes the steps of moving the image element, acquiring the end image, and calculating the amount of curvature aberration, the imaging element is allowed to move along an outer peripheral end of the project image on the screen. Thus, an end image can be acquired by the image-capturing device using the imaging element at a predetermined position during the movement of the imaging element by the step of moving the imaging element. Therefore, it eliminates ambiguity over the accuracy of evaluation, which has been performed by visual observation, resulting in the correct evaluation of curvature aberration.
Preferably, furthermore, if the test sheet includes a frame portion formed in the vicinity of a periphery of an area on which the projecting image is formed, the step of acquiring the end image may acquire an image of the frame portion formed on the screen.
Furthermore, as the image of the frame-shaped shading portion is acquired by the step for the acquisition of the end image, the brightness levels of the image of the shading portion can be obtained within the range between the bright area on the outside of the frame-shaped portion and the bright area on the inside of the shading portion, the predetermined brightness level can be used as a threshold to grasp positions corresponding to such a threshold, by which the frame-shaped portion is sandwiched. Therefore, the middle point is calculated from these positions, so that the coordinates of the middle of the image of the shading portion can be easily grasped. Thus, such coordinates can be used to acquire the amount of aberration with a high precision in contrast to the designed value and to evaluate the curvature aberration of the lens can be evaluated with a higher degree of accuracy.
Preferably, in the above method for evaluating the quality of a lens, if the steps of illuminating the imaging light, detecting the imaging light, calculating the input level, and calculating the evaluated value are performed on a plurality of positions within the projected image, the method may further comprise the steps of: acquiring an illuminance at a predetermined position, on which the steps of illuminating the imaging light, detecting the imaging light, calculating the input level, and calculating the evaluated value are performed, in the projected image; and calculating an in-plane illuminance of the whole projecting image by calculating an illuminance of other position on the basis of the input level and the illuminance of the predetermined position and an input level of other position.
Here, the specified calculation of in-plane illuminance can be performed with the following equation.
Le=Loxc3x97Iie/Iio
wherein lie denotes an input level of the other position, lio denotes an input level of the predetermined position, and Lo denotes an illuminance of the predetermined position.
According to the present invention, the illuminance at other position can be calculated on the basis of input levels of a plurality of positions only by acquiring the illuminance at a predetermined position through the illuminometer. Therefore, the in-plane illuminance of the projected lens can be acquired by the measurement of illuminance only at one predetermined position in the projected image, grasping the optical characteristics of the lens with a higher accuracy.
An apparatus for evaluating the quality of a lens (also referred to as a lens-evaluating apparatus), comprises: a test sheet on which a test pattern for evaluating a resolution of a lens is formed; a light source for introducing imaging light into the lens by illuminating light on the test sheet, where the imaging light includes a test-pattern image generated by the test pattern; a screen on which the imaging light is projected from the lens; an image sensor for imaging the test-pattern displayed on the screen; an image-capturing part for generating an image signal by capturing an image taken by the image sensor; and a signal-processor including a calculator for obtaining an evaluated value of resolution, in which an input level and the evaluated value of resolution are computed on the basis of the image signal outputted from the image-capturing part, wherein the signal-processor has a means for adjusting a position of the test sheet to a position corresponding to a focus of the lens by detecting the test-pattern image while moving the test sheet back and forth in the direction along an optical axis of the lens.
According to the present invention, as the apparatus has the means for adjusting the focus of the projector lens, the evaluated value of resolution can be calculated on the basis of imaging light detected under the condition in which the position of the test sheet is adjusted to the focal position of the test lens. Therefore, it becomes possible to obtain the same actions and the same effects as those obtained by the method for evaluating the quality of the lens.
In the above description, preferably, the apparatus for evaluating the quality of a lens may further comprise: a switching part for switching the imaging light including the test-pattern image into a plurality of color light beams; and a measuring part for measuring a chromatic aberration of the lens on an optical axis thereof by detecting a plurality of imaging light beams corresponding to the plurality of color light beams being switched.
According to the present invention, as the apparatus has the switching part for switching color light beams and the measuring part for measuring chromatic aberration, it is possible to obtain the same actions and the same effects as those obtained by the method for evaluating the quality of the lens because of the measurement of chromatic aberration in addition to evaluate the resolution of the test lens.
Preferably, the apparatus for evaluating the quality of a lens in accordance with the present invention may further comprise: a mechanism for moving the imaging element along the surface of the screen, wherein the signal processor includes: an imaging element controller for controlling a movement of the imaging element along an outer peripheral end of the projected image on the screen; an end image detector for acquiring an end image by the image-capturing device using the imaging element at a predetermined position during the movement of the imaging element by the imaging element controller, and a calculator for calculating the amount of curvature aberration of the projected image on the basis of the end image of the projected image acquired by the end image detector.
According to the present invention, there is provided a mechanism for moving the imaging element along the surface of the screen, and the signal processor includes the imaging element controller, the end-image detector, and the calculator for calculating the amount of curvature aberration. Therefore, the amount of curvature aberration of the lens can be calculated by the calculator for calculating the amount of curvature aberration, so that it becomes possible to obtain the same actions and the same effects as those obtained by the method for evaluating the quality of the lens.
Preferably, in the apparatus for evaluating the quality of a lens in accordance with present invention, the test sheet may include a frame portion formed in the vicinity of a periphery of an area on which the projecting image on the screen is formed.
According to the present invention, the test sheet has frame portion formed in the vicinity of a periphery of an area on which the projecting image on the screen is formed, so that the imaging element can be moved along the periphery of the frame portion by the image element controller to acquire the end image of the frame portion at the predetermined position by the end image detector, allowing the calculation of the amount of curvature aberration based on the resulting end image by the calculator of the amount of curvature aberration. Therefore, the signal processor may easily obtain the end image of the frame portion to calculate the amount of curvature aberration, so that the amount of curvature aberration of the lens can be quickly evaluated with a high accuracy.
Preferably, in the apparatus for evaluating the quality of a lens in accordance with present invention, the test sheet may include a flame portion formed in the vicinity of a periphery of an area on which the projecting image on the screen is formed.
According to the present invention, the test sheet has a flame portion formed in the vicinity of a periphery of an area on which the projecting image on the screen is formed, so that the imaging element can be moved along the periphery of the flame portion by the image element controller to acquire the end image of the flame portion at the predetermined position by the end image detector, allowing the calculation of the amount of curvature aberration based on the resulting end image by the calculator of the amount of curvature aberration. Therefore, the signal processor may easily obtain the end image of the frame portion to calculate the amount of curvature aberration, so that the amount of curvature aberration of the lens can be quickly evaluated with a high accuracy.
Preferably, furthermore, the apparatus for evaluating the quality of a lens in accordance with the present invention may further comprise an illuminometer that detects an illuminance of a predetermined position in the projected image.
According to the present invention, as the apparatus includes the illuminometer that detects the illuminance of a predetermined position in the projected image, the difference in illuminance caused by the lens can be evaluated by making a comparison between the detected illuminance levels for each lens under examination.
Preferably, furthermore, in the apparatus for evaluating the quality of a lens in accordance with the present invention, if the acquisition of an input level by the calculator for obtaining the evaluated value of resolution is performed at each of a plurality of positions in the projected image including a predetermined position where the illuminance is detected, the signal processor may include a calculator for calculating an in-plane illuminance of the whole projecting image by calculating an illuminance of other position on the basis of the illuminance of the predetermined position detected by the illuminance detector, the input level of the predetermined position calculated by the calculator for calculating the evaluated value of resolution and the input level of the other position.
According to the present invention, therefore, as the signal processor includes the calculator for obtaining the in-plane illuminance, the in-plane illuminance can be calculated by such a calculator using the same procedure as that of the method of evaluating the quality of the lens. Therefore, it becomes possible to obtain the same actions and the same effects as those obtained by the method for evaluating the quality of the lens.

Lens-evaluating method and lens-evaluating apparatus


A one-way clutch having a number of cams arranged circumferentially between an outer clutch member and an inner clutch member and held between a pair of ring-shaped side plates. A friction member is interposed between one of the clutch members and at least one of the side plates to prevent mutual sliding rotation thereof. The friction member having resiliency is pressed against one of the clutch member to produce intensive frictional force, so that the one-way clutch rotates together with one of the clutch members at all times, thereby wearing of the one-way clutch can be avoided.

The field of the present invention is a one-way clutch, and more particularly a one-way clutch for use in an automotive engine starter.
One-way clutches are widely used in various devices in order to transmit rotative power from one shaft to the other in a prescribed direction, or to allow rotative power to be transmitted from one shaft to the other while the shafts are rotating in one direction and to prevent rotative power from being transmitted from the other shaft to said one shaft.
In automotive engine starters, the rotation of a starter motor is transmitted to a crankshaft, but the rotation of the crankshaft should not be transmitted to the starter motor. To this end, a one-way clutch is disposed between the crankshaft and a driven gear which is rotated by the starter motor.
In a motorcycle, for example, as shown in FIG. 1, a driven gear 04 which can be rotated by a starter motor (not shown) via an intermediate gear 01 is rotatably mounted by a bearing 03 on an end of a crankshaft 02 of an internal combustion engine. The driven gear 04 has a boss 04a over which there is fitted a one-way clutch 010 that is held in position by a rotor 06 of an AC generator 05 on the distal end of the crankshaft 02 and an outer clutch member 08 fixed by bolts 07 to the rotor 06, the rotor 06 and the outer clutch member 08 being collectively referred to herein as the "outer clutch means." The rotation of the starter motor is transmitted via the intermediate gear 01, the driven gear 04, the one-way clutch 010, and the outer clutch means, including rotor 06 and the outer clutch member 08 to the crankshaft 02 for starting the internal combustion engine. When the internal combustion engine is started, the crankshaft 02 is rotated thereby to rotate the rotor 06 and the outer clutch member 08. However, the driven gear 04 is not rotated because of the one-way clutch, and hence the rotation of the internal combustion engine is not transmitted to the starter motor.
FIG. 2 shows the one-way clutch 010 used in the engine starter as described above. The one-way clutch 010 has a number of cams 013 disposed between a pair of ring-shaped side plates 011, 012. The side plates 011, 012 are engaged by a wire cage 015 which alternately engages engaging portions 014 (FIG. 3) projecting in a staggered manner from the inner peripheral edges of the side plates, and the cams 013 are sandwiched and held in position between the side plates 011, 012. A ring-shaped coil spring 018 is wound through grooves 017 defined in the cams 013 and opening outwardly of the one-way clutch for preventing the cams 013 from being dislodged.
In the one-way clutch 010 thus constructed, the inner periphery thereof is fitted over the boss 04a of the driven gear 04, and the outer periphery thereof is retained by the outer clutch member 08. The outer side of the side plate 011 is engaged by the rotor 06 of the AC generator 05 for preventing dislodgement of the clutch.
It is desirable that the one-way clutch 010 thus assembled in position be rotated with the crankshaft 02 by the internal combustion engine, i.e., the outer clutch means, including the rotor 06 of the AC generator 05 and the outer clutch member 08.
To meet the above requirement, the outer peripheral edge of the side plate 011 is bent slightly outwardly into a flange 011a, which is sandwiched between the rotor 06 and the outer clutch member 08 for allowing the side plate 011 to be rotated with the rotor 06 and the outer clutch member 08. However, since the side plate 011 is simply sandwiched between the rotor 06 and the outer clutch member 08, although the side plate 011 tends to rotate with the rotor 06 and the outer clutch member 08, the side plate 011 may rotate more slowly than the rotor 06 and the outer clutch member 08 or may not rotate at all dependent on the friction between these members. If slippage takes place between the rotor 06 and the outer clutch member 08, and the one-way clutch 010, then the portions of the flange 011a and the cams 013 which contact the rotor 06 or the outer clutch member 08 undergo wear.


Apparatus and methods are disclosed for sample preparation, suitable for online or offline use with multilayer samples. Ion beam technology is leveraged to provide rapid, accurate delayering with etch stops at a succession of target layers. In one aspect, a trench is milled around a region of interest (ROI), and a conductive coating is developed on an inner sidewall. Thereby, reliable conducting paths are formed between intermediate layers within the ROI and a base layer, and stray current paths extending outside the ROI are eliminated, providing better quality etch progress monitoring, during subsequent etching, from body or scattered currents. Ion beam assisted gas etching provides rapid delayering with etch stops at target polysilicon layers. Uniform etching at deep layers can be achieved. Variations and results are disclosed.

Stacked electronic circuits can offer higher performance in a smaller package as compared to traditional planar circuits. Monolithic and die-stacking techniques are both used; the former can be more compact. Stacked functional layers can be similar, as in memory banks, or dissimilar. Dissimilar functional layers can employ similar process steps, as for microprocessors and peripheral logic, or can employ different materials or process steps, as for digital and analog circuit layers, or for electro-optics integrating electronic circuitry layers and optical waveguide or device layers in a single package.
Evaluation and metrology can be pressed to keep pace with advances in manufacturing. While ion beam tools can provide pinpoint transverse positioning, accurate vertical positioning can also be desirable. It can be challenging to expose a thin target layer, buried many layers deep within a device, uniformly over a wide device area. Accordingly, there remains a need for improved technology to prepare samples for characterization of buried layers.

Perimeter trench formation and delineation etch delayering


A base station transmits a first spread spectrum signal having a first code. It receives and analyzes an impulse response of multipath components of a second spread spectrum signal having a second code to determine a first received component. The second signal is time synchronized with the first spread spectrum signal. A distance determination is made based on in part a timing difference between the second code of the received second signal and the first code of the base station""s transmitted first signal and the determined first received components for that base station""s received second signal.

1. Field of the Invention
This invention generally relates to spread spectrum code division multiple access (CDMA) communication systems. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and method that determines the geographic location of a subscriber unit within a CDMA communication system.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Wireless systems capable of locating a subscriber are presently known in the art. One wireless technique uses the global positioning system (GPS). In GPS, the communication handset receives data transmitted continuously from the 24 NAVSTAR satellites. Each satellite transmits data indicating the satellite""s identity, the location of the satellite and the time the message was sent. The handset compares the time each signal was received with the time it was sent to determine the distance to each satellite. Using the determined distances between the satellites and the handset along with the location of each satellite, the handset can triangulate its location and provide the information to a communication base station. However, the incorporation of a GPS within a subscriber unit increases its cost.
Another subscriber location technique is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,732,354. A mobile telephone using time division multiple access (TDMA) as the air interface is located within a plurality of base stations. The mobile telephone measures the received signal strength from each of the base stations and transmits each strength to each respective base station. At a mobile switching center, the received signal strengths from the base stations are compared and processed. The result yields the distance between the mobile telephone and each base station. From these distances, the location of the mobile telephone is calculated.
Wireless communication systems using spread spectrum modulation techniques are increasing in popularity. In code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, data is transmitted using a wide bandwidth (spread spectrum) by modulating the data with a pseudo random chip code sequence. The advantage gained is that CDMA systems are more resistant to signal distortion and interfering frequencies in the transmission path than communication systems using the more common time division multiple access (TDMA) or frequency division multiple access (FDMA) techniques.
There exists a need for an accurate mobile subscriber unit location system that uses data already available in an existing CDMA communication system.
A base station transmits a first spread spectrum signal having a first code. It receives and analyzes an impulse response of multipath components of a second spread spectrum signal having a second code to determine a first received component. The second signal is time synchronized with the first spread spectrum signal. A distance determination is made based on in part a timing difference between the second code of the received second signal and the first code of the base station""s transmitted first signal and the determined first received components for that base station""s received second signal.


A field picture coding/decoding apparatus and method is provided. The field picture coding method includes selecting a reference field with respect to an input image, generating a predictive image by deinterlacing with respect to the selected reference field, and performing predictive coding with respect to the input image using the predictive image.

1. Field
One or more embodiments of the present invention relate to movie coding/decoding, and more particularly, to a field picture coding/decoding apparatus and method in a movie of an interlaced scanning scheme.
2. Description of the Related Art
Generally, movie coding uses predictive coding based on motion compensation in order to reduce a transmission bandwidth and to improve coding efficiency.
An interlaced scanning scheme performs sampling of an image of a single frame at different times, and samples alternately repeat by one line. Images sampled at different times are respectively referred to as a top field and a bottom field, and each field may be regarded as a single picture.
Improvement of coding efficiency, reverse compatibility, and forward compatibility when performing layered coding are required for movie coding/decoding of the interlaced scanning scheme.

Method and apparatus for field picture coding and decoding


Tissue adhesive compositions are disclosed which comprise at least one 2-noacrylate ester of the general formula (I) ##STR1## in admixture with from about 2 percent to about 25 percent of at least one oxalic acid polymer of the general formula (II) ##STR2##

For many years surgical tissue closure has been accomplished by a variety of fundamental techniques such as the use of clamps, staples or a variety of sutures. Disadvantages associated with use of those techniques has led to the development of new techniques for joining damaged mammalian tissues and reducing or preventing the loss of blood or other bodily fluids as well.
One approach has been the development of tissue adhesives for joining tissues, derived from either natural or synthetic products. Adhesive bonding with natural products such as fibrin or glues derived from mollusks such as mussels and barnacles has shown promise. Fibrin glue has been prepared by reacting a cryoprecipitate of fibrinogen and thrombin in the presence of calcium ion to produce fibrin monomer. This monomer reacts in the presence of a factor found in the patient's blood (Factor XIII) to form a polymer. These fibrin glues have found use in topical and spray applications as a hemostatic agent on bleeding anastomoses, bleed points caused by needle holes or suture lines, and on the heart surface to control bleeding. The fibrin glues have only a modest tensile strength and therefore have not found significant use for repairing tissues which are subjected to load.
Barnacle glue has shown promise since its polymerization is rapid and occurs under conditions which are similar to the environment in which they would be used. It also maintains its adhesive properties under adverse chemical conditions. However under typical use conditions the resulting adhesive joint has unacceptable tensile strength. Preparation of glues from mollusks is difficult however, and large quantities of material must be processed to obtain a significant amount of adhesive. To prepare 1 milligram of adhesive from barnacles requires the harvest and treatment of at least 150 barnacles.
For these reasons a great deal of attention has been given to the development of synthetic adhesive systems. Especially prominent has been the development of adhesive and hemostasis-inducing compositions comprising fast curing monomers such as dialkyl methylene malonates (U.S. Pat. No. 3,221,745) and monomeric lower alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates (U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,223,083 and 3,264,249). Because the lower alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates did not appear to combine the desired, if not necessary, properties of low toxicity and adequate adsorption by tissues, the use of alkoxyalkyl 2-cyanoacrylates was developed (U.S. Pat. No. 3,559,652). Other polymers presently under investigation include polyurethanes and epoxy resins. The latter two polymer systems suffer disadvantages of limited "pot life" or "open time", have significant exotherms when polymerized and exhibit toxicity to surrounding tissues.
It is advantageous for tissue adhesives to able to be absorbed or degraded in the body, otherwise known as bioabsorption or biodegradation. Among the advantages are that it has been shown that long-term implants of nondegradable films and disks in rodents will induce neoplasms, and although there are no studies to show this will occur in primates, it is a matter for concern. Second, it is obviously more desirable that a device used in vivo should only remain as long as necessary to ensure proper healing. This should reduce or prevent adverse tissue reactions and/or foreign body responses. In orthopedic applications absorbable pins and plates that could perform in place of metal implants would require only a single surgical procedure. Absorbable polymers would also be useful for use with implantable systems for long-term drug delivery. The absorption ability of current materials ranges from the least degradable materials such as ceramics and carbon fibers through metallic alloys to the most degradable, organic polymers having reactive chains.
Shalaby in Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology, Swarbrick and Boylan, eds., Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1988, pp. 465-476 has classified bioabsorbable polymers into three groups; soluble, solublizable and depolymerizable. Soluble polymers are water-soluble and have hydrogen-bonding polar groups, the solubility being determined by the type and frequency of the polar group(s). Solublizable polymers are usually insoluble salts such as calcium or magnesium salts of carboxylic or sulfonic acid-functional materials which can dissolve by cation exchange with monovalent metal salts. Depolymerizable systems have chains that dissociate to simple organic compounds in vivo under the influence of enzymes or chemical catalysis.
The response of tissues to biodegradable materials is dependent on the rate of absorption, but more importantly it is regulated by the toxicity of the degradation products. Thus it is important to have controlled absorption to decrease the toxicity and reaction of surrounding tissue to products that do elicit a response. It also is important to ensure that the mechanical properties of the polymer are maintained for sufficient time to allow proper healing. Thus absorbable polymeric adhesives and the products of their bioabsorption must be compatible with the surrounding tissues.
2-cyanoacrylates bond rapidly and form strong adhesive joints. Their properties may be modified easily by modification of their substituent groups. They are well-suited for biological applications since, unlike other adhesives such as epoxy resins and polyurethanes, 2-cyanoacrylates may be used as pure monofunctional monomers having well-defined properties. They homopolymerize rapidly at room temperature in the presence of weakly basic moieties such as water and other weakly basic species present in bodily fluids. Since their introduction in 1958 they have found use in many surgical applications such as hemostasis, as sealants, for retrofilling and as general tissue adhesives. A 2-cyanoacrylate suitable for use as a tissue adhesive should be non-toxic and biodegradable, should wet and spread on tissue substrates and polymerize quickly to a thin. polymeric film. The polymeric adhesive should have a degree of flexibility, especially when bonding soft tissues. Biodegradability is especially important because the adhesive should be replaced by the body's tissues and not slow or bar complete healing.
In the homologous series of poly(alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates) the lower homologs such as the methyl ester exhibit the highest rate of bioabsorption but also elicit the greatest tissue response. They also do not wet, spread or polymerize on biological substrates as rapidly as the higher homologs. On the other hand, the higher alkyl esters such as the isobutyl ester elicit minimal tissue reaction but degrade slowly if at all. Therefore the main drawbacks for use of the alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates has been their histotoxicity and/or lack of biodegradability. Despite those deficiencies, the n-butyl and isobutyl and other higher esters have been found acceptable as tissue adhesives. In an effort to combine the higher biodegradability of the lower alkyl esters with the lower toxicity of the higher esters Banitt and Nelson (U.S. Pat. No. 3,559,652) developed alkoxyalkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives which were stated to be bioabsorbable and to exhibit minimal toxicity and inflammation. Kronenthal and Schipper (U.S. Pat. No. 3,995,641) developed a carboxyalkyl 2-cyanoacrylate which was stated to be useful as an adhesive or a wound dressing.
Other problems which have been observed with alkyl 2-cyanoacrylate adhesives are their low monomer viscosities and the formation of a high modulus crust on soft tissues. Due to their low molecular weight and rapid polymerization times 2-cyanoacrylates may be formulated with biologically acceptable modifiers. Because the monomer initiates with any anionic or free radical source, formulations with modifiers are not easily made. Control of the viscosity of the monomeric adhesive may be obtained by adding a biologically acceptable thickening agent. Millet has reported that polylactic acid is an effective thickening agent (Structural Adhesives: Chemistry and Technology, S.R. Hartshorn ed., Plenum Press, New York, 1986, pp.249-303)
Plasticizers are commonly used to decrease the brittleness of polymers. Plasticizers function by lowering the glass transition temperature and the modulus of the polymer. Plasticizers may be internal or external. Internal plasticization is accomplished by using mixtures of compatible monomers to form a copolymer having segments of varying hardness. External plasticization may be obtained by the addition of esters such as cyanoacetates, malonates, adipates, sebacates and the like (Millet, op. cit.).
Therefore it is clear that there is a need for tissue adhesives which have been modified by plasticizers/modifiers which exhibit biodegradability, an acceptable histotoxicity and reasonably match the modulus of the tissues being joined by the adhesive.

The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Army


Provided is a resistive memory device that can be integrated with a high integration density and method of forming the same. In an embodiment, a bit line is formed of copper using a damascene technique, and when the copper bit line, a copper stud may be formed around the copper bit line.

Embodiments of the present invention relate to resistive memory devices and methods of forming the same, and more particularly, to phase-change memory devices that can be integrated with a high integration density and methods of forming the same.
Phase-change memory devices are memory devices to store and read information using a difference in electrical conductivity (or resistivity) of phase-change material, for example, chalcogenide. These phase-change memory devices are highlighted as a next generation memory owing to their characteristics, such as random access and non-volatility.
However, like other memory devices, since the phase-change memory devices require a higher level of integration density, a new phase-change memory device capable of satisfying such a requirement and a method of forming the same are needed.


A free-standing substrate of a polycrystalline nitride of a group 13 element is composed of a plurality of monocrystalline particles having a particular crystal orientation in approximately a normal direction. The free-standing substrate has a top surface and a bottom surface. The polycrystalline nitride of the group 13 element is gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, indium nitride or a mixed crystal thereof and contains zinc at a concentration of 1×1017 atoms/cm3 or more and 1×1020 atoms/cm3 or less.

There have been known light-emitting devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that use sapphire (α-alumina single crystal) as a monocrystalline substrate, with various types of gallium nitride (GaN) layers formed thereon. For example, light-emitting devices have been mass-produced having a structure in which an n-type GaN layer, a multiple quantum well (MQW) layer with an InGaN quantum well layer and a GaN barrier layer laminated alternately therein, and a p-type GaN layer are formed in a laminated manner in this order on a sapphire substrate. There have also been proposed multilayer substrates suitable for such an application. Patent Document 1, for example, proposes a gallium nitride crystal multilayer substrate including a sapphire base substrate and a gallium nitride crystal layer formed through crystal growth on the substrate.
It will be appreciated that when a GaN layer is formed on a sapphire substrate, dislocation is likely to occur because the GaN layer has a lattice constant and a thermal expansion rate different from those of the sapphire substrate, which is heterogeneous with respect to the GaN layer. Further, since sapphire is an insulating material, on the surface of which no electrode can be formed, it is impossible to form a vertically-structured light-emitting device including electrodes on the front and rear surfaces thereof. LEDs are hence receiving attention in which various types of GaN layers are formed on a gallium nitride (GaN) single crystal. Such a GaN monocrystalline substrate, which is of a homogeneous material with the GaN layers, allows for easy matching in the lattice constant and the thermal expansion rate and is expected to have an increased performance compared to using a sapphire substrate. Patent Document 2, for example, discloses a free-standing n-type gallium nitride monocrystalline substrate with a thickness of 200 μm or more.
However, monocrystalline substrates are generally expensive, though having only a small area. In particular, while cost reduction in manufacturing LEDs using a large-area substrate has been demanded, it is not easy to mass-produce large-area monocrystalline substrates, and the manufacturing cost may contrariwise further increase. Hence, an inexpensive material has been required that can be substituted for gallium nitride or the like of these monocrystalline substrates. There have been proposed polycrystalline gallium nitride free-standing substrates that meet such a requirement. Patent Document 4, for example, discloses a polycrystalline gallium nitride free-standing substrate composed of multiple gallium nitride-based monocrystalline particles that have a particular crystal orientation in approximately the normal direction. Patent Document 3 also describes a polycrystalline gallium nitride free-standing substrate composed of multiple gallium nitride-based monocrystalline particles that have a particular crystal orientation in approximately the normal direction, in which the crystal orientations of the gallium nitride-based monocrystalline particles measured through inverse pole figure mapping of the electron back scatter diffraction (EBSD) on the substrate surface are distributed in a manner inclined at various angles with respect to the particular crystal orientation, with an average inclination angle of 1 to 10 degrees.
Patent Document 3 provides an oriented GaN free-standing substrate in which polycrystalline particles of which the substrate is composed are controlled to have an inclination angle (tilt angle) of 1 to 10 degrees and a light-emitting device. This invention provides a polycrystalline gallium nitride free-standing substrate in which the surface can have a reduced defect density and a light-emitting device using the polycrystalline gallium nitride free-standing substrate to have a high luminous efficiency.
Patent Document 5 provides a high-resistance and low-defect Zn-doped GaN crystal and a method for manufacturing the crystal. The Na-flux method is used as a crystal growth method, in which Zn is added into a flux to cause the growth of a GaN single crystal.
Patent Document 6 provides a method for manufacturing a gallium nitride single crystal. In a mixed flux of Na and an alkali or alkali-earth metal, gallium and nitrogen are reacted with each other to manufacture a gallium nitride single crystal. However, Patent Documents 5, 6 are intended to provide the growth of a single crystal.

Free-standing substrate comprising polycrystalline group 13 element nitride and light-emitting element using same


An inductor assembly comprising a first magnetic core and an electrically conductive material configured to wind around at least a portion of the first magnetic core. The electrical conductive material has one or more support structures that extend beyond an outside boundary of the first magnetic core.

This section introduces aspects that may be helpful to facilitating a better understanding of the inventions. Accordingly, the statements of this section are to be read in this light. The statements of this section are not to be understood as admissions about what is in the prior art or what is not in the prior art.
As electrical circuits, such as power modules, are reduced in size, power management and packaging to thermally manage of the module becomes an increasingly difficult task. Although heat sinks can facilitate the removal of heat, space limitations make their use increasingly impractical. Consequently, the ability to remove heat from electrical components can present a circuit design limitation.

Multi-function inductor and manufacture thereof


A susceptor assembly includes electrically conductive vanes positioned with respect to each other and to an planar susceptor member having an electrically lossy layer thereon to prevent overheating of the susceptor in an unloaded microwave oven.

Microwave ovens use electromagnetic energy at frequencies that vibrate molecules within a food product to produce heat. The heat so generated warms or cooks the food. However, the food is not raised to a sufficiently high temperature to brown its surface to a crisp texture (and still keep the food edible).
To achieve these visual and tactile aesthetics a susceptor formed of a substrate having a lossy susceptor material thereon may be placed adjacent to the surface of the food. When exposed to microwave energy the material of the susceptor is heated to a temperature sufficient to cause the food's surface to brown and crisp.
The walls of a microwave oven impose boundary conditions that cause the distribution of electromagnetic field energy within the volume of the oven to vary. These variations in intensity and directionality of the electromagnetic field, particularly the electric field constituent of that field, create relatively hot and cold regions in the oven. These hot and cold regions cause the food to warm or to cook unevenly. If a microwave susceptor material is present the browning and crisping effect is similarly uneven.
To counter this uneven heating effect a turntable may be used to rotate a food product along a circular path within the oven. Each portion of the food is exposed to a more uniform level of electromagnetic energy. However, the averaging effect occurs along circumferential paths and not along radial paths. Thus, the use of the turntable still creates bands of uneven heating within the food.
This effect may be more fully understood from the diagrammatic illustrations of FIGS. 1A and 1B.
FIG. 1A is a plan view of the interior of a microwave oven showing five regions (H1 through H5) of relatively high electric field intensity ("hot regions") and two regions C1 and C2 of relatively low electric field intensity ("cold regions"). A food product F having any arbitrary shape is disposed on a susceptor which, in turn, is placed on a turntable T. The susceptor is suggested by the dotted circle while the turntable is represented by the bold solid-line circle. Three representative locations on the surface of the food product F are illustrated by points J, K, and L. The points J, K, and L are respectively located at radial positions P1, P2 and P3 of the turntable T. As the turntable T rotates each point follows a circular path through the oven, as indicated by the circular dashed lines.
As may be appreciated from FIG. 1A, during one full revolution point J passes through a single region H1 of relatively high electric field intensity. During the same revolution the point K passes through a single smaller region H5 of relatively high electric field intensity, while the point L experiences three regions H2, H3 and H4 of relatively high electric field intensity. Rotation of the turntable through one complete revolution thus exposes each of the points J, K, and L to a different total amount of electromagnetic energy. The differences in energy exposure at each of the three points during one full rotation is illustrated by the plot of FIG. 1B.
Owing to the number of hot regions encountered and cold regions avoided, points J and L experience considerably more energy exposure than Point K. If the region of the food product in the vicinity of the path of point J is deemed fully cooked, then the region of the food product in the vicinity of the path of point L is likely to be overcooked or excessively browned (if a susceptor is present). On the other hand, the region of the food product in the vicinity of the path of point K is likely to be undercooked.
Since non-uniform cooking due to the presence of hot and cold regions is undesirable it has been found advantageous to employ a susceptor assembly formed by the combination of a field director structure with a susceptor. The field director structure includes one or more vanes, each having a conductive portion on a paperboard support. The field director structure mitigates the effects of regions of relatively high and low electric field intensity within a microwave oven by redirecting and relocating these regions so that food warms, cooks and browns more uniformly. Use of the field director structure alone (i.e., without a susceptor) has also been found advantageous.
When a susceptor assembly is placed in an "unloaded" microwave oven (i.e., an oven without a food product or other article being present) and the oven is energized deleterious problems of overheating of the susceptor, and/or overheating of the field director structure, and/or arcing have been observed.
By "overheating of the susceptor" (or similar terms) it is meant heating of the lossy susceptor material to the extent that the susceptor substrate burns.
"Overheating of the field director structure" (or similar terms) means heating of the paperboard support of the vanes to the extent that it burns. Such overheating may be caused by either the heat generated by a lossy susceptor material or by arcing.
"Arcing" (or similar terms) is an electrical discharge occurring when a high intensity electric field exceeds the breakdown threshold of air. Arcing typically occurs in the vicinity of the electrically conductive portions of the vanes, particularly along the edges, and especially at any sharp corners. Arcing may cause the paperboard support of the vanes to discolor, to char, or, in the extreme, to ignite and to burn.
Most common expedients to prevent arcing are impractical in microwave oven applications. These expedients are also not suitable for disposable packaging for convenience foods.
In view of the foregoing it is believed advantageous to provide a field director structure and a susceptor assembly incorporating the same that prevents the occurrence of arcing, the occurrence of overheating of the field director, and the occurrence of overheating of the susceptor.

Microwave susceptor assembly having overheating protection


A programmable compensated delay for a double data rate (DDR) synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) interface is provided. A programmable compensated delay apparatus includes a reference delay calibration circuit for providing a measured number of delay elements in one cycle. A programmable delay register provides a desired delay value. A conversion logic is coupled to the reference delay calibration circuit and the programmable delay register for receiving both the measured number of delay elements in one cycle and the desired delay value. The conversion logic provides a number of required delay elements. A delay circuit is coupled to the conversion logic for receiving the number of required delay elements and providing the desired delay. A SDRAM control logic provides a refresh start signal to the reference delay calibration circuit for updating the delay circuit during each DRAM refresh. The DQS clock strobe on the DDR SDRAM is applied to the delay circuit and is delayed by the desired delay.

The present invention relates generally to the data processing field, and more particularly, relates to a programmable compensated delay for a double data rate (DDR) synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) interface.
DDR SDRAM use a source synchronous interface for reading and writing data. The source synchronous clock strobe on DDR SDRAM is named DQS. When data is read from a DDR SDRAM, the DQS clock strobe is driven by the SDRAM. The SDRAM edge aligns the DQS clock strobe with the data. It is the responsibility of the device receiving SDRAM read data to delay the incoming DQS and center the incoming DQS in the middle of the incoming data. Strobe centering relative to data is required to handle skew uncertainty between the DQS and data coming out of the SDRAM, as determined by the SDRAM specification. It is also required to handle skew uncertainty created by card wiring, card loading, and inter-signal interference (ISIS). Lastly, DQS centering is required to support the data latch setup and hold times.
When DDR interfaces are operated at high frequencies, tight tolerance is required for the circuitry used to implement the delay of DQS. A common method to account for process variation effects on DQS delay between different manufactured chips is to calibrate DQS delay at system startup time. Temperature and voltage also affect delay. Temperature and voltage can dynamically change during system operation. A common method to compensate for temperature and voltage fluctuations is to continually calibrate the DQS delay.
A need exists for an improved mechanism to implement the delay of DQS. It is desirable to provide such an improved mechanism to implement the delay of DQS that effectively compensates for temperature and voltage fluctuations during system operation.
A principal object of the present invention is to provide a programmable compensated delay for a double data rate (DDR) synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) interface. Other important objects of the present invention are to provide such programmable compensated delay for a double data rate (DDR) synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) interface substantially without negative effect and that overcomes many of the disadvantages of prior art arrangements.
In brief, a programmable compensated delay for a double data rate (DDR) synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM) interface is provided. A programmable compensated delay apparatus includes a reference delay calibration circuit for providing a measured number of delay elements in one cycle. A programmable delay register provides a desired delay value. A conversion logic is coupled to the reference delay calibration circuit and the programmable delay register for receiving both the measured number of delay elements in one cycle and the desired delay value. The conversion logic provides a number of required delay elements. A delay circuit is coupled to the conversion logic for receiving the number of required delay elements and providing the desired delay.
In accordance with features of the invention, a SDRAM control logic provides a refresh start signal to the reference delay calibration circuit for updating the delay circuit during each DDRAM refresh. The DQS clock strobe on the DDR SDRAM is applied to the delay circuit and delayed by the desired delay.

Programmable compensated delay for DDR SDRAM interface using programmable delay loop for reference calibration

International Business Machines Corporation


A fault associated with a communication medium is analyzed by correlating a first set of information indicative of echo associated with the communication medium with a second set of information indicative of echo. The fault is characterized based on the correlation between the first set of information and the second set of information. The first set of information and the second set of information can include echo canceller coefficients generated by an echo canceller coupled to the communication medium.

Telecommunication service providers use a variety of techniques to troubleshoot faults occurring in systems that use a copper twisted-pair telephone line (also referred to here as a "local loop"). Typically, a fault such as an open circuit or a short circuit in a local loop is found using either a handheld testset or by a mechanized metallic loop test (MLT) system. These devices are normally able to measure the distance from the test device to the loop fault. In some situations, this approach can reduce the circuit restoral time as well as associated labor cost.
Although nearly all plain old telephone service (POTS) circuits are attached to such an MLT system, a large number of fielded high speed digital subscriber line (HDSL) circuits are not. These HDSL circuits include HDSL, HDSL2, and HDSL4 circuits, which are also collectively referred to here as "HDSLx" circuits. These HDSLx circuits typically carry critical DS1 data and have mean-time-to-restoral (MTTR) times that are typically subject to service level agreements. Returning these HDSLx circuits to service quickly after a fault is typically a high priority for service providers.

Fault characterization using information indicative of echo


An FRP molded article molded by hot runner injection molding with a mixture of thermoplastic resin and reinforcing fibers of 0.1-7 mm in average length dispersed in the thermoplastic resin; and a hot runner injection molding method therefore. The molded article is preferable for use as a housing for electronic terminal equipment, cellular phones, etc.

The present invention relates to an FRP molded article and a production process thereof.
The FRP molded article of the invention comprises a thermoplastic resin used as a matrix resin and reinforcing fibers having an average fiber length of 0.1 to 7 mm dispersed in the matrix resin. The FRP molded article is thin-walled and has excellent mechanical properties and low volume resistivity. It can be preferably used as a housing of an electronic terminal machine or device, portable cellular phone, etc.
The molded article of the invention can be produced by a hot-runner injection molding method.
Injection-molded articles made from synthetic resins are widely used, for example, as structural parts such as functional parts and mechanical parts, and housings of office machines and devices, electronic terminal machines and devices, portable cellular phones, etc. Especially the injection-molded articles made from carbon fiber-reinforced resins are widely used as housings of computer terminal machines and apparatuses, portable cellular phones, etc., since they have excellent mechanical properties and high electromagnetic wave shielding capability.
Molded thermoplastic resin articles are mostly produced by injection molding methods. When a desired injection molded article made from a thermoplastic resin is produced by an injection molding method, the portions called sprue runners to be thrown away after molding are formed in addition to the portion destined to be a product. Usually the rate by weight of the sprue runners to the molded article is small, and the shapes of the sprue runners do not pose any large problem.
However, in the case where a molded article reinforced by carbon fibers or other reinforcing fibers is produced by an injection molding method, especially in the case where a complicatedly shaped large-sized molded article like a housing of a terminal machine or device of a personal computer is produced by an injection molding method, a molten resin composed of a mixture of a thermoplastic resin and reinforcing fibers is poor in flowability. Therefore, multi-gate molding, in which many gates are used for injecting the molten resin, is employed. In this case, the rate by weight of a sprue runner portion in a molded article thereto becomes large and as a result material to be thrown away increases.
A thermoplastic resin reinforced by reinforcing fibers is high in the unit cost of material compared with general engineering plastics. Therefore, in the conventional molding methods, in which the number of sprue runners to be thrown away is large, the cost of the molded article is inevitably higher.
If sprue runners exist, flow resistance acts on the molten resin flowing there, to break and thin the reinforcing fibers contained in the molten resin. As a result, the physical properties of the obtained molded article decline.
Injection molding using hot runners is already practically used for molding of thermoplastic engineering plastics not containing reinforcing fibers.
On the other hand, several cases are known, in which a thermoplastic resin containing reinforcing fibers is molded by means of injection molding using hot runners. However, no attempt is known, in which a thermoplastic resin containing carbon fibers as reinforcing fibers is molded by means of injection molding using hot runners.
One reason is that in the case where a thermoplastic resin reinforced by reinforcing fibers is molded by means of hot-runner injection molding, it is feared that the product becomes poor in appearance and is warped. As another reason, since no means for technically overcoming the feared defects has been examined, molded article manufacturers consider that there is a risk in employing the technique for producing sellable molded articles.
An object of the invention is to greatly reduce sprue runners that raise the cost of the injection-molded article made from a highly functional material, i.e., a thermoplastic resin reinforced by reinforcing fibers, and another object is to provide an injection molded article made from a thermoplastic resin reinforced by reinforcing fibers, which is substantially free from defects such as poor appearance and warping.
The FRP molded article of the invention to achieve the above-mentioned objects is as follows:
An FRP molded article comprising a thermoplastic resin and resin-reinforcing fibers having an average fiber length of 0.1 to 7 mm dispersed in said thermoplastic resin, produced by a hot-runner injection molding.
In the FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferable that the fibers are at least one kind of fibers selected from a group consisting of carbon fibers, glass fibers and aramid fibers.
In the FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferable that the length of the hot-runner sprue used in the hot-runner injection molding is 10 to 600 mm.
In the FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferable that the depression formed by the tip of a gate pin used for opening and closing a gate provided at the tip of the hot-runner sprue exists on the surface of the molded article.
In the FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferable that the depression has a diameter of 0.1 to 10 mm and a depth of 2 mm or less.
In the FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferable that the hot-runner injection molding has plural hot-runner sprues having opening-closing gates at the tips thereof respectively and each of the opening-closing gates is controlled independently each other.
In the FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferable that the hot-runner sprue comprises plural hot-runner sprues and a resin passing through a first sprue of an injection molding machine communicating to the plural hot-runner sprues passes through respective resin passages and is injected from the respective gates provided at the tips of the respective hot-runner sprues substantially at the same timing.
In the FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferable that the geometrical lengths of the respective resin passages are equal to each other.
In the FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferable that there are time differences in the opening and closing timings of the respective gates.
In the FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferable that the molded article is an equipment body.
The process for producing the FRP molded article of the invention for achieving the above-mentioned objects is as follows:
A process for producing an FRP molded article, comprising:
(a) a first step, in which resin pellets having resin-reinforcing fibers having an average fiber length of 0.1 to 7 mm mixed in a thermoplastic resin used as a matrix resin are heated and molten at 220 to 350xc2x0 C. in a resin-melting cylinder of an injection molding machine, to prepare a molten resin having the fibers dispersed therein, and
(b) a second step, in which the molten resin obtained in the first step is fed to a hot-runner sprue through a first sprue of the injection molding machine and further through the resin passage of a hot-runner injection molding apparatus; the gate of the hot-runner sprue is opened and closed to control the start and end of injection of the molten resin into a cavity of a mold used for molding an article; the molten resin fed into the cavity is solidified in the mold; the mold is opened; and the molded article is taken out.
In the process for producing an FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferred that the length of the hot-runner sprue is 10 to 600 mm.
In the process for producing an FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferred that the gate is opened and closed by a gate pin going into and out of the gate, and that a depression is formed on the surface of the molded article by the tip of the gate pin.
In the process for producing an FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferred that the depression has a diameter of 0.1 to 10 mm and a depth of 2 mm or less.
In the process for producing an FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferred that the hot-runner sprue comprises plural hot-runner sprues and the opening and closing of the respective gates provided at the tips of the plural hot-runner sprues can be controlled respectively independently.
In the process for producing an FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferred that the hot-runner sprue comprises plural hot-runner sprues, and the resin passing through a first sprue of an injection molding machine communicating to the plural hot-runner sprues passes through respective resin passages and is injected from the respective gates at the tips of the respective hot-runner sprues at the same timing.
In the process for producing an FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferred that the geometrical lengths of the respective resin passages are equal to each other.
In the process for producing an FRP molded article of the invention, it is preferred that there are time differences in the opening and closing timings of the respective gates.

FRP molded article and method of producing the same